document_title: The Grand Tour (TV series)

question_text: when does episode 3 of grand tour come out

text: The Grand Tour (TV series)

text: Format[edit]

text: The Grand Tour is presented as a mix of pre-recorded television films and live-audience segments presented in a large tent to an audience of about 300 members.[23] The show and its segments are hosted by Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May. The show is presented from a pair of large tents on a Grand Tour around the world.[24] The presenters sit around a trestle table, with the studio audience seated in front of them.[24]

text: Films[edit]

text: Each show is generally bookended by two television films, or two parts of the same film, produced by one or more of the hosts. Similar to the films from Top Gear, these may focus on one or more cars and their features, including how it performs on the test track. These have also included similar Top Gear-like challenges, such as building their own eco-friendly car chassis atop a Land Rover engine base and undergoing challenges sent by text message by their producer Mr. Wilman, unconventional races between the hosts in different forms of transportation, selecting and driving certain types of cars along a route in a foreign locale in the same manner as the Top Gear specials, or other motoring-related segments.

text: Test tracks[edit]

text: Eboladrome[edit]

text: The show has a dedicated test track called the "Eboladrome", at the former RAF Wroughton. Clarkson states in the first episode that the name is due to its shape resembling the structure of the Ebola virus.

text: It is designed to "trip cars up", according to Clarkson. Section names include the "Isn't Straight", "Your Name Here", "Old Lady's House", "Substation" and "Field of Sheep". In the first episode, the track was said to have been modified following the discovery of an unexploded Second World War bomb.

text: In the first series, the cars were driven by former NASCAR driver Mike Skinner, known as "The American"; Amazon had requested that their test driver be American, according to the hosts. "The American" was portrayed a stereotypical redneck accent and viewpoints, and prone to tangential speech and calling several things communist.[24][25] Due to poor reception, Skinner was replaced by British racing driver Abbie Eaton.[26][1]

text: Prior to the airing of the first episode the lap-board had been pre-populated with ten lap-times by a selection of cars. The laps themselves were not shown, only their lap-times. The first car to be shown, with an on-screen lap-time, was a 2016 BMW M2 with a time of 1:26.2 set by Skinner. The Eboladrome is also used for general filming and testing by the presenters, meaning that other vehicles – such as a Ferrari 488 used in episode one – may appear on the track, but do not set a lap-time set by the racing driver.

text:
Lap board

Car
Time
Condition
Episode

Aston Martin Vulcan
1:15.5

2

Lamborghini Huracán Performante
1:16.8

20

McLaren 650S
1:17.9

not shown

McLaren 720S
1:17.9
Damp
17

Mercedes AMG GT R
1:18.7

15

Audi R8 V10 Plus
1:19.2

not shown

Porsche 911 GT3 RS
1:20.4

not shown

Nissan GT-R
1:21.2

not shown

Porsche 911 C2S
1:21.4

not shown

BMW M4 GTS
1:22.4

4

Porsche 718 Boxster S
1:23.4

not shown

BMW M5
1:24.2

not shown

BMW M3
1:24.3

not shown

Honda NSX
1:26.0
Wet
9

BMW M2
1:26.2

1

Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio
1:27.1
Wet
10

Honda Civic Type R
1:28.2

not shown

Ford Focus RS
1:28.4

6

Lexus GS-F
1:29.6
Damp
12

Ford Mustang GT
1:29.6

6

Ford Fiesta ST200
1:32.8

not shown

Fiat Abarth 124 Spider
1:33.7
Wet
11

Volkswagen Up! GTi
1:39.7
Wet
18

text: Enstone[edit]

text: For the second series, a new test track was created at Enstone Airfield, close to the fixed studio tent location, and which the production team had previously tried to use for Top Gear.[27] The main Eboladrome track was planned to continue to serve for the testing of loud and fast cars.[27]

text: Celebrity Face Off[edit]

text: Following complaints regarding the "Celebrity Brain Crash" segment in the first series, this segment was replaced by "Celebrity Face Off". Two celebrities join the show each week, with a similar background or connection and often from different countries, to see which one of the two is faster. The car used for this segment is a Jaguar F-Type coupe, racing around a half gravel, half asphalt track at Enstone. Prior to showing the lap results, Clarkson spends time to interview the guests.

text:
Lap board

Celebrity
Time
Condition
Episode

Ricky Wilson
1:20.1

14

David Hasselhoff
1:24.1

Kevin Pietersen
1:17.2

15

Brian Wilson
1:17.5

Hugh Bonneville[28]
1:22.2

16

Casey Anderson
1:18.6

Michael Ball[28]
1:23.3
Damp
17

Alfie Boe[28]
1:24.4

Dominic Cooper[28]
1:23.6
Wet
18

Bill Bailey[28]
1:25.1

Luke Evans[28]
1:21.3

19

Kiefer Sutherland[28]
1:17.8

Bill Goldberg [29]
1:20.4

20

Anthony Joshua[29]
1:18.7

Nick Mason[30]
TBA

21

Stewart Copeland[30]
TBA

Dynamo[28]
TBA

S2

TBA
TBA

Rory McIlroy[28][31]
TBA

S2

Paris Hilton[31]
TBA

text: Conversation Street[edit]

text: The trio discuss car news. Running jokes in the first series include Hammond "oversharing" intimate personal information, and Clarkson being cut off after asking "Can I talk about...?" before either Hammond or May introduce the next segment; frequently, the subject he attempts to raise is Alfa Romeo and their new cars. The video introduction to the segment shows the men, in silhouette talking animatedly: in each episode the silhouettes change in various ways.

text: Running gags[edit]

text: The first series included several running gags. During the opening titles of each episode, a camera drone was destroyed. From episode three onward, one of the presenters' names is always seen misspelt during the opening. For "Celebrity Brain Crash", celebrity guests are humorously "killed" in an accident while making their way to the tent. After each "death", May asks "Does that mean he/she's not coming on then?" to which Hammond deadpans "No James, they're not" while bluntly outlining how "dead" the celebrity is. This element of the show reflects the BBC's efforts to stop The Grand Tour from interviewing celebrity guests,[32] as had been the focus of the Top Gear "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" segment.

text: It was announced on 16 November 2017 that both "The American" and "Celebrity Brain Crash" would not be returning and will be replaced for the second series as they had been unpopular with the viewers.[33] The segment was replaced by "Celebrity Face Off" in which celebrities compete for the best lap times around a new track in a Jaguar F-Type.[34] Abbie Eaton replaced "The American", being billed as "Driver". Hammond's crash in Switzerland and Clarkson's pneumonia, both of which were talked about between series, are also often used as a joke.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
18 November 2016 (2016-11-18)
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03)

2
11
8 December 2017 (2017-12-08)
16 February 2018 (2018-02-16)

text: Series 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Tent location
Vehicles tested
Special guests
Original air date

1
1
"The Holy Trinity"
Lucerne Valley, California, United States[36]
McLaren P1, Porsche 918, LaFerrari, BMW M2
Hothouse Flowers, Chris Goodwin, Jérôme d'Ambrosio, Armie Hammer, Jeremy Renner, Carol Vorderman
18 November 2016 (2016-11-18)[n 2]

Clarkson, Hammond and May launch their new programme with a film showing Clarkson leaving London to fly to Los Angeles where he meets Hammond and May. As the Hothouse Flowers play "I Can See Clearly Now" the trio drive Ford Mustangs[n 1] through the California desert to Rabbit Dry Lake, accompanied by a range of cars and a fly-over by the Breitling Jet Team. Following a sequence where they greet the audience and viewers, and introduce the tent, the first feature shows the three presenters testing three hybrid hypercars; with Clarkson in the McLaren P1, Hammond in the Porsche 918 and May in the Ferrari LaFerrari at the Algarve International Circuit in Portugal. Later, Clarkson introduces the show's new test track, the "Eboladrome" with laps by a Ferrari 488 and then tests a BMW M2. Jeremy Renner, Armie Hammer and Carol Vorderman are all humorously "killed" before being able to take part in the show. Returning to Portugal, Jérôme d'Ambrosio performs timed laps in the hypercars. The episode ends with Hammond and May declaring that they will demolish Clarkson's house as forfeit for losing a bet: that the McLaren P1 would be fastest in a timed lap and beat the Porsche 918 and LaFerrari.

2
2
"Operation Desert Stumble"
Johannesburg, South Africa[39][40]
Aston Martin Vulcan, Audi S8 Plus
Johan Ackermann
25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)[n 4]

The tent is at the Cradle of Humankind nature reserve overlooking Johannesburg. The presenters discuss President of South Africa Jacob Zuma, the Nkandla compound firepool controversy and carjacking. Clarkson tests the Aston Martin Vulcan at the Eboladrome. Producer Andy Wilman sends the presenters to the King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Centre (KASOTC) outside Amman, Jordan for a SAS-style military training exercise. Car-builder Johan Ackermann shows his self-built replica of a Sauber Mercedes C9. May visits Soweto to take part in South African motorsport of "Spinning" where cars generate smoke by performing doughnuts set to rap music until the tyres blowout. A person introduced as actress Charlize Theron[n 3] is pounced on by a lion and "killed". Finally the presenters return to KASOTC in Jordan to review an Audi S8 Plus while rescuing a VIP and transporting them to the "British Embassy".

3
3
"Opera, Arts and Donuts"
Whitby, England, United Kingdom[42][40]
Rolls-Royce Dawn, Aston Martin DB11, Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat
Simon Pegg
2 December 2016 (2016-12-02)

The tent is on the quayside of Whitby harbour in North Yorkshire. The presenters go "Grand Touring" in Italy with May in the Rolls-Royce Dawn, Clarkson in the Aston Martin DB11 and Hammond in the Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat. Clarkson and May's tour starts at the Palio di Siena horse race, before viewing The Birth of Venus painting at Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Clarkson and Hammond race each other the Mugello Circuit. In the tent the presenters discuss Whitby jet. Returning to Italy, Hammond visits the Lamborghini Museum whilst Clarkson and May watch Carmen staged at the Verona Arena, in the Piazza Bra. The tour continues via the Piazza dei Signori, Vicenza and ends up in the Venetian Lagoon. Simon Pegg "falls to his death" from Whitby Swing Bridge. Clarkson presents his take on automated vehicles. Fulfilling their bet from episode one, Hammond and May destroy Clarkson's house at Diddly Squat Farm in Chadlington, Oxfordshire.[n 5][41]

4
4
"Enviro-mental"
Whitby, England, United Kingdom[42][40]
Porsche 911 GT3 RS, BMW M4 GTS
Jimmy Carr
9 December 2016 (2016-12-09)

The tent remains on the quayside of Whitby harbour in North Yorkshire. Clarkson reviews the Porsche 911 GT3 RS and compares it to the BMW M4 GTS at the Eboladrome; despite criticising the M4 GTS for sacrificing creature comforts for no overall gain in performance, he declares it the winner simply because Hammond owns a GT3 RS. The presenters travel to South Wales and set out to make the most environmentally friendly car bodies using the platform of a Land Rover Discovery. They take an 11 mile road trip to a dirt track, where they race against three normal cars. The idea of environmentally friendly car bodies is abandoned after Clarkson's meat car is infested with maggots, Hammond's garden car catches fire, and May's mud and hay car falls apart. Jimmy Carr is the guest of "Celebrity Brain Crash", but his jet ski collides with a boat on his way to the tent. To fill in the time, the presenters introduce an Audi TT Mk1 Quattro with Hammond hidden behind the rear bumper to show a new smuggling technique used by illegal immigrants, as well as using Hammond as an improvised parking sensor.

5
5
"Moroccan Roll"
Rotterdam, Netherlands[43]
Mazda MX-5, Zenos E10S, Alfa Romeo 4C Spider
Golden Earring
16 December 2016 (2016-12-16)

The tent is at the Port of Rotterdam. To settle an argument over the best affordable roadster, the presenters go to Marrakech, Morocco with Hammond in a Mazda MX-5, May in a Zenos E10S and Clarkson in an Alfa Romeo 4C Spider. During the road trip Clarkson suddenly pulls over due to a leg cramp while driving the 4C. Later, he challenges Hammond and May to weigh their cars to prove that the 4C is lighter, using an improvised scale and animal carcasses as counterweight. The scale breaks just as Hammond is about to remove the MX-5 from it, and the crew are ordered to leave the premises due to their use of animal carcasses. Clarkson and the film crew leave Hammond and May to focus on the 4C. The presenters stop at Atlas Corporation Studios in Ouarzazate to perform timed laps with their cars. Hammond wins, despite crashing into an Egyptian statue prop. Also in the episode, Hammond and May play an explosive game of Battleships using old cars as the "ships" and several G-Wizes as "missiles". Dutch band Golden Earring perform live outside the tent, but are electrocuted on stage. To fill in the time, Clarkson uses a V-8 engine to inflate a blow-up doll.

6
6
"Happy Finnish Christmas"
Saariselkä, Lapland, Finland[44][45]
Ford Mustang GT, Ford Focus RS
Bob Geldof
23 December 2016 (2016-12-23)

The tent is at the forests of Saariselkä. At the Port of London, Hammond welcomes the new right-hand-drive Ford Mustang GT and gives it a tour of London and Stonehenge before Clarkson arrives and proceeds to argue that Mustang has no place in Britain and that the Ford Focus RS is a better option. This escalates to a chase between both cars up to Cheddar Gorge. The Mustang beats the Focus in a drag race, but is slower around the Eboladrome. In "Conversation Street", Clarkson and May debate over which confectionery creates more mess in a car – a Flake or a Double Decker. A person introduced as a drunk Kimi Räikkönen[n 3] arrives outside the tent for "Celebrity Brain Crash", but collapses from drinking too much vodka and is left to die in the arctic temperatures. To fill in the time, the presenters introduce their "Santaland Grotto", where they talk about their Christmas gift ideas, mostly consisting of everyday items emblazoned with car-manufacturer logos. May introduces Bob Geldof via tablet on a Double telerobot. He then talks about the historic 24 Hours of Le Mans rivalry between Ford and Ferrari, which gave birth to the Ford GT40 and the Ferrari P3.

7
7
"The Beach (Buggy) Boys – Part 1"
Namibia (no audience)[45]
None
None
30 December 2016 (2016-12-30)

The presenters are set a challenge by their producer, Andy Wilman, who wishes to show that beach buggies are poor vehicles. Their challenge is to drive one thousand miles (1,600 km) along Namibia's Skeleton Coast in three beach buggies, each built to their personal specifications but all derived from the Volkswagen Beetle. After 36 hours of going nowhere, the presenters camp by the shipwreck of Eduard Bohlen before venturing to the Namib Desert. The trio climb and descend several dunes and travel through harsh terrain before finally reaching a road. Clarkson's buggy breaks down and is abandoned by Hammond and May, who arrive in Windhoek to have a beer while Clarkson struggles with overheating problems on his way to town.

8
8
"The Beach (Buggy) Boys – Part 2"
Namibia (no tent)[45]
None
None
31 December 2016 (2016-12-31)

Clarkson finally arrives in Windhoek to meet up with Hammond and May and prepare for the second leg of their journey to the Namibia-Angola border. The rough road takes its toll on Clarkson and May's buggies until May suggests they continue off-road, which ends up being worse terrain and they end up in softer sand before returning to the road. After the trio sets camp, May attempts to sabotage Clarkson's buggy when he accidentally sets fire to the front end of his own car. With a third of a mile away from the border, the presenters create a cable car line to cross through a crocodile infested river. Clarkson and May cross successfully, but Hammond is stuck within 200 metres from the goal. Because of this, Clarkson concludes that their failure has proven Wilman right.

9
9
"Berks to the Future"
Ludwigsburg, Stuttgart, Germany[46][47][48]
Honda NSX
Diego Costa, Thibaut Courtois, Gary Cahill, Eden Hazard, Oscar, Willian[49]
6 January 2017 (2017-01-06)

The tent is within the courtyard of Ludwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart, where Clarkson praises Germany as the "cradle of the automobile." May reviews the new Honda NSX at the Eboladrome. Clarkson fuses the body of a 1978 MGB Roadster with the chassis of a Land Rover Discovery to make a "proper" sport utility vehicle, but when the MG body falls off, he replaces it with a 1980s Mercedes-Benz SL and christens it "The Excellent". He then gives Hammond and May a ride in it to the Cobham Training Centre of Chelsea Football Club before having it displayed at the Coys of Kensington car auction, where it fetches £4,000 (it cost £14,000 to make). A human figure introduced as German singer Nena[n 3] is carried away from the courtyard by 99 red balloons. The presenters develop alternative means to recharge mobile phone batteries. May then demonstrates how much power a gym generates to recharge a G-Wiz. Hammond tries his hand on post-apocalyptic "Bug Out" vans, made out of a Volkswagen Transporter T25; Ford Transit Mk.3 and an Alvis Stalwart but it is not long before Clarkson and May destroy his creations using a rocket-propelled grenade, Scimitar and Challenger 2 tanks, and a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun on HMS Richmond.

10
10
"Dumb Fight at the O.K. Coral"
Nashville, Tennessee, United States[36]
Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio
Brian Johnson
13 January 2017 (2017-01-13)

The tent is in Nashville facing the Cumberland River. Clarkson drives the Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio in Wales and at the Eboladrome. The presenters then travel to Barbados to solve the problem of dying coral reefs by dumping five car body shells into the ocean, but they lose four of the cars, a boat, and a raft due to their numerous mishaps. Eventually, they pull a Land Rover into the ocean before Clarkson ditches his partners to chase a trimaran. They reach the reef site and sink the Land Rover. Former AC/DC vocalist Brian Johnson is tackled and trampled to death by American football players on his way to the tent before the presenters instigate a verbal clash with the audience over the meaning of the word "football".

11
11
"Italian Lessons"
Loch Ness, Scotland, United Kingdom
Fiat Abarth 124 Spider
Chris Hoy
20 January 2017 (2017-01-20)

The tent is on the shore of Loch Ness. Hammond test drives the new Fiat Abarth 124 Spider at the Eboladrome. To prove that a second-hand Maserati priced under £8,000 is a better buy than a used Ford Focus, the presenters travel to Circuit de Croix-en-Ternois in France for a series of tests with Clarkson's Biturbo S Coupé, Hammond's 430 Saloon, and May's Zagato Spyder. Because May injured his right arm prior to the challenge, he bought an automatic variant. The presenters then embark on a road trip through Northern France before racing back to England via the Port of Le Havre, with the loser selling his Maserati. Clarkson's Biturbo dies, but he continues the race with it on a tow truck. He reaches the ferry port, but discovers that his Biturbo fell off the tow truck while chasing Hammond. May launches his Spyder toward a boat and crashes in spectacular fashion. The presenters conclude that buying a second-hand Maserati will result in a 66% chance of it working. For "Celebrity Brain Crash", Chris Hoy rows toward the tent, but his boat hits an underwater mine. To fill in the time, Clarkson uses a Bulgarian man to demonstrate a new hands-free system for any car and a Thai woman as an inexpensive massaging back seat.

12
12
"[censored] to [censored]"
Loch Ness, Scotland, United Kingdom
Lexus GS-F, Bentley Bentayga, Range Rover, Jaguar F-Pace
Tim Burton
27 January 2017 (2017-01-27)

The tent remains at the west end of Loch Ness because Hammond and May are convinced that the Loch Ness Monster is deep in the water. Clarkson test drives the Lexus GS-F at the Eboladrome, driving past many animal-like figures. The presenters travel to Wank, Germany, where May in a Bentley Bentayga, Clarkson in a Range Rover, and Hammond in a Jaguar F-Pace plan a road trip on the Romantic Road via Kissing, Bavaria, then Petting, Bavaria, to Fucking, Austria. After passing Landsberg Prison and staying overnight in Fucking, Clarkson and Hammond suggest to May that they should skip Wedding, Germany, and head for the Nürburgring instead. A mistake in the voice recognition of May's navigation system leads them to the Nuremberg Norisring, after which the trio find a quarry to perform timed laps in. Clarkson cheats by climbing a hill and crossing the water to beat Hammond and May's times by two minutes. Tim Burton crosses Loch Ness in a mini-submarine, which implodes before reaching the tent. During the final announcements a mysterious object is seen rising from the loch in the background.

13
13
"Past v Future"
Dubai, United Arab Emirates[50]
Volkswagen Golf GTI, BMW i3
Roger Daltrey, Wilko Johnson, Daniel Ricciardo, Steve Biagioni, Bartek Ostałowski, Conor Shanahan
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03)

The tent is in Dubai. Clarkson compares his Volkswagen Golf GTI to May's BMW i3 with a drag race at an airstrip and a road trip from London to Dartmoor to attend a Roger Daltrey and Wilko Johnson concert. Clarkson and Hammond make May hang out with "winchers" who drive their 4x4s deep into mud. For "Celebrity Brain Crash", F1 racer Daniel Ricciardo drives a hovercraft toward the tent, but crashes before being sucked into the hovercraft's fan. Hammond defeats the Bugatti Veyron in a drag race with the Porsche 918 Spyder, but quickly loses to a 1900 horsepower Nissan Patrol. Later, he travels to Michelin's proving grounds in France to learn how to drift. He must then prove his skills against two professional drifters – double amputee Bartek Ostałowski and 13-year-old Conor Shanahan – at Rockingham Motor Speedway. May ends the episode with a series of outtakes of Clarkson and Hammond attempting to drift cars.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Clarkson drove a blue Fisker-Galpin Rocket Mustang, Hammond a red Shelby GT350 Mustang, and May a white Roush Stage 3 Mustang.[35]
Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00:01 UTC on 18 November 2016; Episode 1 became available 20 minutes earlier, before midnight, on the previous day (17 November 2016).[37][38]
^ Jump up to: a b c Neither credited, or identifiable.
Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00:01 UTC on 25 November 2016; Episode 2 became available 60 minutes earlier, before midnight, on the previous day (24 November 2016)
Jump up ^ This actually happened. The team demolished Clarkson's Oxfordshire home, which was scheduled for demolition, and filmed it for The Grand Tour.

tag: ol

text: Series 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Vehicles tested
Special guests
Original air date

14
1
"Past, Present, or Future"[m 1]
Lamborghini Aventador S, Honda NSX, Rimac Concept One
David Hasselhoff, Ricky Wilson
8 December 2017 (2017-12-08)

The tent is now in the Cotswolds and will remain there for the duration of the series. To determine whether the past, present, or future of motoring is best, the presenters visit Switzerland with Clarkson in a petrol powered Lamborghini Aventador S representing the past, May in a hybrid powered Honda NSX representing the present, and Hammond in an all-electric Rimac Concept One representing the future. After starting at the top of the Gotthard Pass,[51] Hammond brings the trio to a stay at the Park Weggis (de) health retreat and visit the Swiss Museum of Transport and other museums in Lucerne close to a charging station for the Rimac car.[51] May and Clarkson reject this and go to a hill climbing race at Hemberg instead. As Clarkson cannot fit into the Aventador whilst wearing a mandatory racing helmet, Clarkson sends a Lamborghini test driver in his place, thus setting the fastest time of all three. Hammond crashes after completing the course, destroying the Rimac in a fire. Footage taken from YouTube shows the wreckage being extinguished and Hammond being airlifted by the Swiss Air-Rescue (REGA) to hospital. Celebrity Brain Crash is replaced by Celebrity Face Off, in which Ricky Wilson beats David Hasselhoff to determine who the "fastest former talent show host" is.

15
2
"The Falls Guys"[55]
Ford GT, Mercedes AMG GT R[55]
Kevin Pietersen, Brian Wilson[55]
15 December 2017 (2017-12-15)

The presenters race from Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, to an observation tower overlooking the Niagara Falls. Clarkson drives the new Ford GT whilst May and Hammond (on crutches) use public transport, taking the New York City Subway, AirTrain JFK, a JetBlue Embraer E190 flight, plus two Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority buses. Clarkson narrowly wins the race. Clarkson then reviews the Mercedes AMG GT R, after which new test driver, Abbie Eaton, takes it for a timed lap. In "Celebrity Face Off", Kevin Pietersen of South Africa beats Brian Wilson of the U.S. as the "fastest person who makes a living throwing and hitting and catching small balls".

16
3
"Bah Humbug-atti"[56]
Kia Stinger GT, Bugatti Chiron[57]
Hugh Bonneville, Casey Anderson
22 December 2017 (2017-12-22)

The presenters begin with Christmas tree lights made from vehicle parts. May travels to Majorca to race a Kia Stinger GT against a pair of longboard riders along a mountain road, with May racing uphill and the riders downhill. Starting with Scalextric, the presenters exchange humorous and inappropriate Christmas gifts. Hammond and May attempt to relieve lunchtime boredom by inventing "lunchtime office car park racing" at Houghton Hall business park in the Luton/Dunstable Urban Area. After brief interviews, Hugh Bonneville, representing the UK, and Casey Anderson, representing the United States, compete during "Celebrity Face Off" as the "fastest person who lives with a bear", with Anderson winning by setting the faster lap time. Clarkson experiments with the jet set lifestyle, starting in the morning from the Da Vinci super-yacht moored in Saint-Tropez and then driving a Bugatti Chiron to the Alps for skiing at lunchtime, stopping briefly for a drag race against a BMW M4 at Gap–Tallard Airport to give viewers a perspective on how fast the Chiron is. After leaving the Alps, Clarkson then pays an homage to the 1976 film C'était un rendez-vous, by speeding across Turin and reaching the Piazza Carignano (it) in 9 minutes.

17
4
"Unscripted"[60]
McLaren 720S, Audi TT RS, Ariel Nomad
Michael Ball, Alfie Boe, Silvija Jurin[58][61]
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

The presenters begin by having a year-ending awards ceremony. Hammond heads to the Eboladrome to test the McLaren 720S after which Eaton sets a lap time. Since The Grand Tour has been criticised for being too "scripted", the presenters head to Zadar county and the island of Pag in Croatia to make a completely "unscripted" film.[58][59] This results in Clarkson turning up in the Audi TT RS, Hammond turning up in the not at all comparable Ariel Nomad, and May turning up in an old Lada Riva which he turns into a fire engine. They go their separate ways though Clarkson and Hammond end up comparing their cars in a drag race, a rally stage (both of which are won by Clarkson), visiting Maslenica, the Plitvice Lakes National Park, and following the D106 road until running out of road at Žigljen ferry port.[58][59] Due to a lack of fires, May has to setup his own ones until Clarkson and Hammond setup one that proves too difficult for May, which the real fire brigade manage to put out with a firefighting aircraft, destroying May's Lada fire engine in the process. Michael Ball and Alfie Boe compete in "Celebrity Face Off" with Ball setting the faster time and becoming the "fastest classical singer with some kind of interesting connection to the British motor industry".

18
5
"Up, Down and Round the Farm"[63]
Ripsaw EV2, Volkswagen Up! GTI
Bill Bailey, Dominic Cooper, Mark Higgins
5 January 2018 (2018-01-05)

The presenters introduce some of the new cars for 2018 in Conversation Street. Hammond heads to Dubai to test a Sandrail dune buggy in the desert, followed by the Ripsaw "high-end luxury tank", visiting the Dubai Mall. May reviews the Volkswagen Up! GTI at the Eboladrome and in thick fog Eaton records a record slow time. Guests Bill Bailey and Dominic Cooper discuss their shared ownership of old French cars before racing each other in greasy/wet conditions with Cooper becoming the "fastest person who has a failed former career in a band". Clarkson creates a Ken Block-style "Farmkhana"[m 2] film using an old Subaru Impreza WRX STi around Hare Farm, near Rye, with bullet time photography.[62] Hammond and May try to convince the audience that Clarkson's driving was all fake by sharing a "making-of" consisting of outtakes and (apparently) behind-the-scenes footage featuring rally driver Mark Higgins, producer Phil Churchward, plus camera operator Ben Joiner breaking the fourth wall. Clarkson suggests that the whole thing is like sawing a woman in half during a magic show, and that really the audience don't want to know.

19
6
"Jaaaaaaaags"[65]
None
Luke Evans, Kiefer Sutherland
12 January 2018 (2018-01-12)

The presenters head to the area around Grand Junction, Colorado, staying at the Gateway Canyons Resort & Spa,[64] and eventually travelling to Telluride, Colorado with a variety of old Jaguar cars to establish the manufacturer's reputation for reliability with Clarkson buying an XJR, May taking an XK8 convertible and Hammond bringing a Mark X. During the course of the trip the cars are driven around a dirt track (where Hammond's car is badly damaged, and is replaced by an XJ6), along the runway at Telluride Regional Airport,[64] (where May's car is destroyed, and is replaced by an XJS) and down the slopes of the Telluride Ski Resort. Despite Clarkson's car being the best May admitting his car had poor brakes deemed the challenge pointless. Sutherland beats Evans to become "the fastest actor with a middle name of George".

20
7
"It's a Gas, Gas, Gas"[66]
Lamborghini Huracán Performante
Anthony Joshua, Bill Goldberg
19 January 2018 (2018-01-19)

The presenters discuss some new supercars and how handbrake turns impress women. Hammond tests the Lamborghini Huracán Performante at the Eboladrome beating May's Ferrari 458 Speciale in a drag race before Eaton takes it round the track setting a fast time. May and Hammond then look at ingenious ways of filling up with fuel instead of stopping at a fuel station. Anthony Joshua becomes "the fastest man who makes a living out of punching or strangling someone" beating Bill Goldberg. Clarkson then talks about the Rivalry in rallying between Audi with the Quattro and Lancia with the 037. They conclude with a "terrible disappointment" that Lancia is no longer around.

21
8
"Blasts from the Past"[67]
Ford GT, Aston Martin DB4 GT, Jaguar XK SS, Honda Civic Type R
Stewart Copeland, Nick Mason
26 January 2018 (2018-01-26)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Episode title spelt with varied capitalisation and comma use; "Past, Present or Future"[52] / "Past, Present, or Future"[53] / "Past, present or future"[54]
Jump up ^ Segment variously spelt "Farmkhana" in segment titles, or "Farmkana" on the clapper boards.

text: Production[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Clarkson, Hammond and May had been presenters on BBC's Top Gear, both as part of the rotating hosts of the original, and permanent hosts for the 2002 rebooted series up through 2015. Under them, the show had an estimated worldwide audience of 350 million, and listed by Guinness World Records as the highest-viewed factual television programme.[68] Due to several incidents involving Clarkson, BBC terminated Clarkson's contract with the show in March 2015. Both May and Hammond affirmed they would not return to Top Gear without Clarkson, even though the BBC offered them lucrative salaries to remain on for additional series.[69] Along with their departure, their long-time producer and Clarkson's classmate Andy Wilman also opted to leave at this time.[70] BBC retooled the show for 2016, bringing in new hosts Chris Evans and Matt LeBlanc.

text: Shortly after his dismissal, Clarkson stated his intent to start a new car show, saying "I have lost my baby but I shall create another. I don’t know who the other parent will be or what the baby will be like.”[71] Rumors that Clarkson, Hammond, and May were developing a new show through discreet meetings with various networks emerged starting in April 2015.[72][73] These rumors pointed to a potential American broadcaster, as the terms of Clarkson's non-compete clause with the BBC stipulated he could not make a rival car show on a BBC competitor, like ITV.[74] Among those that had been approached included Netflix, who felt Clarkson's team wanted too much money for what they were worth, and BT Sport, believing this show would be a better fit on a network with a more global reach.[75]

text: In July 2015, Clarkson announced he had signed a deal with Amazon to develop a new car show that followed a similar format as Top Gear, with both Hammond and May joining him as co-hosts, and Wilman directing.[76] The deal included 36 episodes across three series which would be available to Amazon Prime members starting in 2016. Wilman stated that Amazon promised them to have the freedom they wanted to make the show how they wanted along with the necessary budget. Additionally, by using a subscription-based service over an advert-based network, they would not be beholden to commercial pressure for their advertisers.[77] Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, said he was "very excited" about bringing this program to Amazon, and that producing the show would be "very, very, very expensive", but added, "[Clarkson, Hammond and May are] worth a lot and they know it."[78] According to insider information reported by The Daily Mirror, Amazon paid GB£160 million for all three series.[79] Wilman denied the show cost this much, but did admit the show was costly, partially due to Amazon's intent to have it filmed in 4K resolutions.[23] The production of this show would be based in the United Kingdom, and done by W Chump & Sons, a company set up by Wilman, Clarkson, Hammond and May.[77]

text: The show's name, The Grand Tour, was revealed in May 2016. Clarkson said the name brought to mind the tradition of Grand Tours, and reflected how the show would travel to several different countries to film.[80] There was speculation that the show could be called Gear Knobs after a trademark application was made for that name by an associated company,[81] but Clarkson stated in October 2015 that this would not be the title.[82][83] He explained in April 2016 that the word "Gear" could not be used for legal reasons.[84]

text: Initially, the show's format was to present individual television films, using location shooting without studio segments.[85][86] They later came up with the idea of using a traveling tent to provide a mobile "studio", to go along with The Grand Tour name. They would be able to use local audience members, and would give the hosts the opportunity to explore the local culture around cars.[23] According to Wilman, the idea to film audience segments in a tent came from Clarkson, who had seen an episode of True Detective that took place at a Baptist revival ceremony.[23]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: Wilman said that lawyers for Amazon were very mindful of any perceived similarities in segments to Top Gear, requiring changes to the format and regular segments.[32][24] Named elements from Top Gear like The Star in a Reasonably Priced Car, the Cool Wall, and the Stig could not be used at all, but they also had to clear other legal concerns. For example, the lawyers said they could test cars on a test track, but they could not post the times using hand-written signs as they had done on Top Gear; instead, they used a digital leaderboard.[87] Wilman described some of the lawyers concerns "got funnier and funnier", such as whether May could say "c*ck", or whether during one of their exotic roadtrips, if they could stop and admire the scenery by saying "it's beautiful" as they frequently did on Top Gear.[87]

text: BBC had explicitly told the crew they could not have celebrities come on the show and race around a track. As a joking response to this, they developed the "Celebrity Brain Crash" segment where celebrities invited on the show would appear to be killed off before reaching the tent.[32] "Celebrity Brain Crash" was replaced in series two by "Celebrity Face Off" where two celebrities compete to be fastest around a track, avoiding the legal complications with the BBC.[88]

text: Filming[edit]

text: United Broadcast Facilities (UBF) in The Netherlands won the contract for the outside broadcasting tent segments.[5] Fourteen microphones are used for recording the audience reaction laugh track within the tent.[5] The mobile studio audio setup uses Lawo mixing desks connected via MADI for live sound mixing, recording and talkback intercoms.[5]

text: During the first series, the studio segments were filmed in various locations around the world. Studio recording for the first series began in Johannesburg, South Africa on 17 July 2016.[39] Recording in the United States took place on 25 September 2016 in Southern California, with further recording taking place in Nashville on 21 November 2016.[36][89] Studio recording in the United Kingdom took place in Whitby on 13 October 2016,[42] with further recordings taking place at Loch Ness in December 2016. Further studio recording took place in Rotterdam on 22 October 2016 and Lapland on 3 November 2016.[43][90][44] Stuttgart (Ludwigsburg) was also a filming location.[46] The final studio filming took place in Dubai in December 2016.[91]

text: For the second series, following Clarkson's pneumonia and Hammond's car crash, the producers decided that there would no longer be a travelling tent.[92][93] Instead the tent would be in one location near Clarkson's home in the Cotswolds as this would be more convenient for the crew to operate. It also would be useful for new features such as Celebrity Face Off.[94] In September 2017, West Oxfordshire District Council gave planning permission for three months of filming from a fixed tent location on the Great Tew Estate, near Chipping Norton.[95] Two-hundred parking spaces already used for hosting the Cornbury Music Festival on the same site would be used to accommodate 350 guests per week, plus 80 members of staff.[95] The time window allowed for the series 2 filming was between October and December 2017.[95]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Following the public naming of the show, Amazon offered new customers a £20 discount for their first year on Amazon Prime during 14–16 May 2016.[96] A trailer announcing the release date of the show as 18 November 2016 was posted on the show's YouTube channel on 15 September 2016.[97] A second, full-length trailer, was released on 6 October 2016.[98] Trailers for series one have used the music "Come with Me Now" by Kongos.,[99] while series two trailers have used "Live and Let Die" by Wings.

text: As part of their marketing campaign, Amazon placed crashed Toyota Prius cars at Hackescher Markt in Berlin, in front of London King's Cross railway station, and on the Hollywood Walk of Fame outside the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.[100]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: In mid-2016 DHL began sponsoring the transport costs of the tent and mobile studio.[101][102] In June 2016, in connection with the sponsorship deal, the presenters had uploaded videos of themselves attempting to assemble DHL-branded shipping boxes.[103] The first episode stated that "promotional consideration" had been given by the Breitling Jet Team, DHL and Samsung.[104] Eight of the Breitling Jet aircraft took part in the opening sequence flyovers.[105] For episode 2, the list included 5.11 Tactical.[106] A DHL Boeing 757 was featured in the opening sequence of episode 5, the tent was located in Rotterdam, and the DHL logo is featured on part of the crash barrier at the Eboladrome.

text: Reception[edit]

text: As of November 2016[update] the show has received positive reviews from critics,[107] with The Guardian saying "Jeremy Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust".[108][dubious – discuss]

text: Daily Express TV reporter, Neela Debnath commented that the first episode "resembled a Hollywood blockbuster" and added that "[The Grand Tour is] basically Top Gear on steroids".[109] However, BBC Arts Editor, Will Gompertz said of the opening that "there is no irony. It feels uncomfortably hubristic" but once the presenters were in the tent "Normal service has been resumed" and that "It seemed to me that Grand Tour is a TV show that wants to be – and quite possibly should be – a movie"[110] The Independent described The Grand Tour as "the best of Top Gear but with a greater budget"[111] TheWrap reported an estimate by Symphony Advanced Media that the opening weekend viewer count for The Grand Tour was three times the size of the opening weekend of The Man in the High Castle.[112]

text: Episode 2 was somewhat less favourably received by fans and critics. The Telegraph wrote about the Jordan segment: "[...] a tedious action movie segment suggested that they were in danger of losing the run of themselves slightly and that Amazon's hands-off policy towards the production had potential downsides."[113] Radio Times said that "many of the viewers were disgruntled to say the least, branding the show as dull and not funny."[114]

text: Richard Hammond was criticised by Stonewall, Peter Tatchell, and Olly Alexander, amongst others, for a comment he made in episode six where he implied that men who eat ice-cream are homosexual.[115][116] It was later revealed that the comment was an in-joke for the Finnish audience as a reference to a controversial TV commercial that aired in Finland.[117]

text: The Grand Tour received a nomination in the Original OTT Streamed category at the 2017 Television and Radio Industries Club Awards.[118]

text: Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant gave the show a positive review, stating "Fans can rest assured Top Gear hasn't gone anywhere, it's just hiding out at Amazon under a different name."[119] Sonia Saraiya of Variety was also positive of the show, stating "When it comes to the cars, The Grand Tour delivers gearhead porn in spades... Clarkson, Hammond, and May's love for machinery... is still present, pure, and appealing, even with the shift in networks and formats."[120]

text: Conversely, in April 2017 Brad Anderson of CarScoops stated that he prefers Top Gear to The Grand Tour. According to Anderson, Top Gear had "become even better", whereas The Grand Tour "seemed more scripted, less natural and at stages, forced... attention is often skewed away from the cars as the presenters, namely Clarkson, seemed to chase controversy and headlines". Anderson continues that in-studio segments became repetitive quickly, particularly "Celebrity Brain Crash", also noting that all three hosts seem to spend far too much time needling each other, and test driver Mike Skinner offers no worthwhile commentary.[121]

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first series of The Grand Tour has a "fresh" rating of 86%, based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 8.0/10.[122]

text: Digital Spy was positive of series 2, episode 1, calling it "An understated premiere for a show that feels like it's finding its feet."[123] The Times was also positive, giving the show 4 out of 5 stars, stating "Some parts of the show are flat but mostly it works, the production values remain high and it has clearly been hit with a juggernaut of money." [124] The Daily Telegraph, while not as positive, still approved of the episode, stating "The writing is still rather ropey. Clarkson’s suggestion of a new nickname for May – “Dingleberry Handpump” – failed to raise a titter even among the super-fans gathered for the London premiere" but also said that "for each wobble, there are just as many moments when The Grand Tour manages the clever trick Top Gear could pull off at its best: raising a chuckle while sneaking in a bit of serious journalism at the same time." and ultimately gave the episode 3 out of 5 stars.[125] Jeremy Clarkson himself believed that they had "hit the ground running with series 2 of the Grand Tour".[126]

text: Radio Times has criticised the gender balance of guests on the "Celebrity Face Off" segment.[127]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Australian free-to-air network Seven Network started broadcasting the first series of The Grand Tour in mid-October 2017.[128]

text: French channel RMC Découverte started broadcasting the first series with the Namibian special episodes on 29 November 2017 and L'Équipe (TV channel) broadcast episodes 1 and 13 on 15 January 2018.

text: At the start of 2018 high-speed Eurostar train services between Paris or Brussels and London began to feature The Grand Tour as part of the available on board entertainment package.[129]


document_title: Age of criminal responsibility in Australia

question_text: what is the age of criminal responsibility in nsw

root

text: Ages of criminal responsibility by jurisdiction[edit]

text:
Jurisdiction
Cannot be charged with a criminal offence
Doli incapax
acts as a rebuttable presumption [3]

Age in adult court
Reference

Commonwealth
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Crimes Act 1914, s4M Criminal Code Act 1995, s7.1;
Crimes Act 1914, s4N Criminal Code Act 1995, s7.2

Australian Capital Territory
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Criminal Code 2002, s25 Criminal Code 2002, s26;
Children and Young People Act 1999, Part 1.3 ss7 and 8, and s69

New South Wales
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987, s5; Common law: doli incapax;
Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987, s3

Northern Territory
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Criminal Code Act, s38(1), s38(2); Juvenile Justice Act, s3

Queensland
Under 10
10 to under 14
17
Criminal Code Act 1899, s29(1); Criminal Code Act 1899, s29(2); Juvenile Justice Act 1992, Schedule 4

South Australia
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Young Offenders Act 1993, s5; Common law doli incapax; Young Offenders Act 1993, s4;

Tasmania
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Criminal Code Act 1924, s18(1);
Criminal Code Act 1924, s18(2); Youth Justice Act 1997, s3

Victoria
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Children Youth and Families Act 2005, s344

Western Australia
Under 10
10 to under 14
18
Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913, s29;
Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913, s29; Young Offenders Act 1994, s3

tag: table


document_title: Lego timeline

question_text: when did lego come to the united states

question_tokens: when did lego come to the united states

text: Lego timeline

text: 1895: The woodworking shop, "Billund Woodworking and Carpenter's Shop", which would eventually evolve into the Lego company which is founded in Billund, Denmark.

tag: ul

text:
1916: Ole Kirk Christiansen purchases the small woodworking shop in Billund.
1919: Godtfred Kirk Christiansen is born.

text: 1924: Ole Kirk's shop burns down when a fire ignites some wood shavings. Ole Kirk builds a larger workshop, renting out most of the space, and using the rest for his own shop.

text:
1932: Ole Kirk Christiansen's shop nearly goes bankrupt in the depression. With a lack of normal carpentry jobs, Ole Kirk starts producing toys, many of which were wooden pull toys.
1934: The company name Lego is coined by Christiansen from the Danish phrase leg godt, meaning "play well". Coincidentally, "Lego" also means "I assemble" in Latin.
1935: The Lego Duck (a wooden toy) is featured.
1937: Godtfred Kirk Christiansen starts creating models.
1939: The company grows to 10 employees.

text:
1942: A fire breaks out in the factory, forcing the company to rebuild.
1943: The company grows to 40 employees.
1947: Ole Kirk purchases the first plastic moulding machine in Denmark, and the company begins manufacturing plastic toys.  The Christiansens are inspired by samples of the "Kiddicraft Self-Locking Building Brick", a design patented by the Briton Mr. Harry Fisher Page.[1] December 27 - Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen is born.
1948: The company grows to 50 employees.
1949: Lego begins producing similar plastic bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks."

text:
1951:
The first ever film about Lego is shot. The photographer is Christian Lund, and the film is black and white with no sound.
1953:
Automatic Binding Bricks are renamed Lego Mursten, or "Lego Bricks."
First baseplates are created.
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen creates "system of play" that leads to the formation of Lego sets.[2]
1954:
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen becomes junior managing director of Lego, and soon has the idea to turn Lego bricks into a toy system.
Lego windows and doors are introduced.
The word Lego is officially registered in Denmark.
First beam bricks are released.
1955:
Lego releases its first toy "system" of the Town Plan along with 27 other sets.[3]
Lego bricks begin selling better, but are not yet the core Lego product.
Lego first exports toys to Sweden.
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen demonstrates the Lego bricks at a toy fair in Nuremberg, Germany.
First Lego trees are released.
1956:
A sales company for Lego is built in Hohenwestedt, Germany.
1957:
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen is appointed Managing Director.
First Lego flags, lights, and windows.
1958:
The Lego brick design is improved to allow better versatility and "locking" ability.
Ole Kirk Christiansen dies; Godtfred inherits leadership of the Lego Company.
The Lego company patents the stud-and-tube coupling system. This new system makes models much more stable. Sloping roof tile bricks are featured.
The company in Billund grows to 140 employees.
1959:
A small staff at Lego, the "Futura" division, is established to develop ideas for new sets.
Lego begins selling its products in other countries such as Norway, Germany, Switzerland, and the UK.
Lego France, British Lego Ltd., Lego Belgium and Lego Sweden are established.

text:
1960:
February: Another warehouse fire consumes most of Lego inventory of wooden toys.
Production of wooden toys is discontinued; the company changes its focus to the plastic building bricks.
Lego Finland and Lego Netherlands are established.
By the end of the year, the company grows to 450 employees.
1961:
The Lego wheel is introduced.
Sales start in the United States and Canada through a license agreement with Samsonite Corp.
Lego Italy established
1961–1962:
Lego makes an arrangement allowing Samsonite to begin producing and selling Lego products in Canada, an arrangement that would continue until 1988.
1962:
Lego sells toys in Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, Morocco, and Japan.
Lego 1/3 elements are introduced.
1963:
Cellulose acetate is abandoned in favor of the more stable ABS plastic in making Lego bricks.
Samsonite begins producing Lego bricks under license in North America.
Lego Austria is established.
The Lego Group starts Modulex.
1964:
The first Lego sets containing instruction manuals are introduced.
Lego sells toys in Lebanon.
A production plant, Lego Werkzeugbau GmbH, is opened in Hohenwestedt, Germany.
1965:
The company in Billund grows to more than 600 employees.
1966:
One of Lego most successful series, the Lego train system is released. Initial train sets include a 4.5-volt motor and rails.
Lego is now sold in 42 countries.
1967:
First Lego hinges.
1968:
Train sets with a 12-volt motor are introduced.
On June 7, the Legoland Park in Billund is opened, at which 3,000 people visit on the opening day.
Lego bricks with magnets are introduced.
1969:
The Duplo system, using larger bricks and targeting younger children but also compatible with existing Lego bricks, is released.
The company in Billund grows to 843 employees.

text:
1970: The company grows to 1,000 employees.
1971: Lego introduces furniture pieces and dollhouses for girls.
1972: Lego adds boat and ship sets, with hull pieces that actually float.
Lego Samsonite license agreement ends
Lego USA established in Brookfield, Connecticut.
1973:
Lego USA moves to its present-day location in Enfield, Connecticut.
All Lego products are placed under one logo, a red square with the word, Lego, in white bordered by black and yellow.
Lego first sells toys to Hungary.
Lego Portugal is established.
1974:
Lego figures are launched, starting with the Lego family.
Bricks and Pieces, the first official Lego newsletter, is introduced in the United Kingdom.
Lego Spain is established.
1975:
The company grows to 2,500 employees.
The Expert Series sets are introduced.
1977:
The Lego Technic (known as the Expert Builder) series is launched.
Lego Town is launched.
Lego Boats is launched.
Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen joins the Lego Group management.
Duplo people are introduced.
1978:
Lego introduces the minifigure with movable limbs and hands that can grasp utensils. This was the company's second most important design, after the brick itself.
Lego Castle is introduced.
Lego Space is introduced.
1979:
Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen becomes president of Lego.
Lego introduces the Fabuland and Scala themes.
Lego Singapore is established.

text:
1980:
Lego establishes the Educational Products Department.
New factories are opened in Switzerland and Jutland, Denmark.
It is revealed in a survey that seventy percent of all Western European families with youngsters under the age of 14 years own Lego bricks.
Lego train tracks are introduced.
1981: The second generation of Lego trains is produced, including a wider variety of accessories.
1982:
Expert Builder series matures and becomes Technic.
The Lego Group celebrates its 50th anniversary on August 13.
The book, 50 years of play is published.
Lego South Africa is established.
First Lego wind-up engine.
1983:
Lego launches the Duplo Baby series.
The company grows to 3,700 employees worldwide.
1984:
Lego Castle series is launched.
Lego pneumatics are added to the Technic series.
Lego Brazil is established.
Lego Korea is established.
1985:
Light & Sound sets are introduced.
Lego company grows to 5,000 employees worldwide; 3,000 of them being in Billund.
The gearstick is introduced.
Danish Foreign Minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, opens the LEGO Centre at Birkenhead Point in Sydney Australia, the first permanent LEGO shop outside Billund[4]
1986:
Lego Technic robots controlled by computers are placed in schools.
Light and Sound sets are launched of Lego Town and Space themes.
Another factory in Manaus, Brazil is opened.
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen resigns as chairman of the board of Lego System A/S and Lego Overseas.
Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen takes over for Godtfred Kirk Christiansen.
1987:
Forestman, Crusaders, and Black Knights, sub-lines of Lego Castle, are introduced.
Blacktron I and Futuron, sub-lines of Lego Space, are introduced.
Lego reaches almost 6,000 employees.
Lego South Africa is closed.
Lego Club is established.
1988:
The first Lego World Cup building contest is held in Billund.
Lego Canada is established.
The "Brick Separator" is introduced.
1989:
Lego Pirates theme is launched.
Lego Educational Products Department is renamed Lego Dacta.
Brick Kicks, the first official Lego Club magazine, is introduced.
Space Police I, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.

text:
1990
Lego Model Team sets are released.
Lego is one of the top 10 toy companies of 1990.
Forestman is discontinued.
The Blacktron I and Futuron themes are discontinued.
Space Police I is discontinued.
M:Tron, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Lego Malaysia is established.
The Duplo Zoo is launched.
9V Technic motors are first introduced in Europe, starting phase-out of 4.5V system.
1991
9V Technic motors are introduced in other markets including North America.
9V Trains motors are made 9V to bring the system into line with the rest of the Lego range.
Lego Paradisa is launched.
Blacktron II, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Imperial Guards, a sub-line of Lego Pirates is introduced.
The company grows to 7,550 employees.
1992
Lego sets two Guinness World Records. Lego Castle and Lego Tower.
Paradisa and Duplo Toolo sets are introduced.
On Swedish television, the world's largest Lego Castle is built.
The Crusaders theme is discontinued.
Wolfpack, a sub-line of Lego Castle is introduced.
Space Police II, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Lego Japan is established.
Lego Hungary is established.
The first Lego Imagination Center is opened in Mall of America (owned by Triple Five Group) in Bloomington, Minnesota, United States.
1993
Duplo introduces a train and a parrot-shaped "brickvac" that could scoop Lego pieces up off the floor.
Space Police I is re-released.
Wolfpack, a sub-line of Lego Castle is discontinued.
Dragon Masters is introduced.
M:Tron, a sub-line of Lego Space is discontinued.
Blacktron II, a sub-line of Lego Space is discontinued.
Space Police II, a sub-line of Lego Space is discontinued.
Ice Planet 2002, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Lego South Africa re-established.
The orange transparent brick is introduced.
1994
The Black Knights theme is discontinued.
Ice Planet 2002, a sub-line of Lego Space is discontinued.
Unitron, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Spyrius, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Islanders, a sub-line of Lego Pirates is introduced.
Lego Mexico is established.
The company grows to 8,880 employees worldwide.
First pink Lego bricks.
Brick Kicks, the official Lego Club Magazine, is renamed Lego Mania Magazine.
1995
Lego Primo series is introduced.
Lego Aquazone is introduced.
Royal Knights, a sub-line of Lego Castle is introduced.
Unitron is discontinued.
Imperial Guards, a sub-line of Lego Pirates is discontinued.
Lego TechBuild, a sub-line of Lego Technic is introduced.
Lego TechPlay, another sub-line of Lego Technic is introduced.
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, son of the company's founder, dies.
Lego Belgium and Lego Netherlands become Lego Benelux.
Lego dolphin element is introduced.
1996
Legoland Windsor is opened in the United Kingdom.
The Lego Watch System is launched.
Lego Wild West is introduced.
Lego.com is launched.
Dark Forest, a sub-line of Lego Castle is introduced.
Time Cruisers is introduced.
Spyrius theme is discontinued.
Exploriens, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Imperial Armada, a sub-line of Lego Pirates is introduced.
Legoland Billund reaches 25 million visitors since its opening in 1968.
It is estimated that 180 billion Lego elements have been made and over 300 million people worldwide play with them.
1997
Lego launches its first computer game, Lego Island.
Lego introduces fiber-optic elements.
Lego Paradisa is discontinued.
Lego Divers is introduced.
Fright Knights, a sub-line of Lego Castle is introduced.
Time Twisters, a sub-line of Time Cruisers is introduced.
Roboforce, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
UFO, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Aquaraiders, a sub-line of Lego Aquazone is introduced.
1998
Lego launches the Lego Creator, Loco, and Chess computer games.
Lego introduces beige bricks.
Lego Adventurers and Insectoids series are introduced.
Lego releases Mindstorms, a programmable computerized brick with Lego-compatible sensors and motors.
The red Lego logo introduced in 1973 is updated. It is a graphically tightened version of the logo used for the past 25 years.
Lego rereleases the Crusaders, Black Knights, and Dragon Masters themes.
Insectoids, a sub-line of Lego Space is introduced.
Lego Cyberslam, is introduced.
1999
Legoland California opens in Carlsbad, California.
Lego Rock Raiders series is introduced.
Lego produces the first licensed theme with Lucasfilm - Star Wars!
UFO and Insectoids themes are discontinued.
Jungle a sub-line of Lego Adventurers is introduced.
Lego Underground is introduced.
Lego Slizers (Throwbots) are introduced.

text:
2000
Knights' Kingdom, Life on Mars, and Soccer/Football are introduced.
Dino Island, a sub-line of Lego Adventurers is introduced, then discontinued. RoboRiders are also introduced, then discontinued.
Lego Underground (Rock Raiders) and Lego Throwbots are discontinued.
Lego Studios is introduced.
The British Association of Toy Retailers names the Lego brick "Toy of the Century".
2001
Lego Bionicle is launched both in Europe and United States.
Lego Brand Retail stores are opened in England, Germany, and Russia.
Lego Life on Mars is introduced, then discontinued.
Lego Alpha Team and Lego Harry Potter are introduced.
Lego Serious Play is unveiled.
Lego Jack Stone.
2002
Company slogan changes from "Just Imagine..." to "Play On".
Lego Wild West is discontinued.
Lego Island Xtreme Stunts, Spider-Man, and Lego Racers are introduced.
Lego Mania Magazine issues are changed to Lego Magazine.
Legoland Germany opened May 17, 2002 in Günzburg.
2003
Lego introduces new skin tones for mini-figures based on actual people.
Clikits, Lego Designer, Lego Hockey, Lego Basketball, and Lego Gravity Games are introduced.
Orient Expedition, a sub-line of Adventurers is introduced.
Lego Island Xtreme Stunts is discontinued.
Lego Inventor is introduced, then discontinued.
Lego World City is introduced.
Lego minifigure celebrates its 25th birthday.
The first full-length CGI LEGO movie, Bionicle: Mask of Light is released.
2004
Lego Quatro brick is introduced for children ages 1–3.
Lego Knights' Kingdom II is introduced.
Orient Expedition, a sub-line of Lego Adventurers is discontinued.
Lego Spider-Man, Lego World City, and Lego Gravity Games are discontinued.
Lego Group reports record loss for 2003 fiscal year.
The colors Dark Stone Grey (199), Medium Stone Grey (194) and Bright Purple (221) replaces Dark Grey, Grey and Medium Reddish Violet, respectively.
The color Medium Lilac (268) is introduced.
2005
Lego System celebrates its 50th anniversary.
Lego Group sells Legoland parks to Merlin Entertainments Group.
Lego Alpha Team is discontinued.
Lego City is introduced.
Lego Dino Attack/Dino 2010 is introduced.
Lego Vikings is introduced.
2006
Lego Exo-Force is introduced.
Lego Batman is introduced.
Avatar: The Last Airbender is introduced then discontinued.
SpongeBob SquarePants is introduced.
Lego Sports is reintroduced.
Remote control (RC) trains are introduced.
Lego Mindstorms NXT 1.0 is released.
Lego Quatro is discontinued.
The color Medium Azure is introduced.
2007
Lego Aqua Raiders, and Mars Mission are introduced.
Lego Castle is reintroduced.
Lego 9V trains discontinued.
Lego Aqua Raiders is discontinued.
2008
On January 28, 2008, Lego celebrated the 50th anniversary of the patent on its interlocking blocks.
Lego Mindstorms celebrates its 10th anniversary.
Lego minifigure celebrates its 30th birthday.
Lego Architecture is introduced
Lego Indiana Jones, Speed Racer, and Agents are introduced.
Lego Exo-Force is discontinued.
Mars Mission is discontinued.
Speed racer is discontinued
2009
Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 is released.
Agents 2.0 is released.
Lego Star Wars' 10th anniversary.
Legoland California 10th anniversary.
Lego Power Miners is introduced.
Lego Pirates is reintroduced.
Lego Batman is discontinued.
Lego Games are introduced.
Lego Space Police III is introduced.

text:
2010
Lego Ben 10.
Lego Atlantis is introduced.
Lego Toy Story.
Duplo Cars is introduced.
Lego Harry Potter is reintroduced.
Lego Prince of Persia.
Lego Hero Factory is introduced.
Lego Space Police III is discontinued.
Lego World Racers is introduced.
Lego Kingdoms is introduced.
Bionicle is discontinued.
Lego Universe is launched.
Lego Minifigures Series 1 and 2.
2011
Lego Minifigures Series 3, 4 and 5.
Lego Ninjago is introduced.
Lego Cars is introduced.
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean.
Lego Alien Conquest is introduced.
Lego Power Miners is discontinued.
SpongeBob SquarePants is reintroduced.
Duplo Winnie The Pooh is introduced.
Lego Life of George.
Lego City Space theme is reintroduced.
Lego Master Builders Academy (MBA) is introduced.
Legoland Florida opens.
Lego Pharaoh's Quest is discontinued.
Lego Harry Potter is discontinued.
The color Olive Green (330) is introduced as part of Lego Cars.
2012
Lego Universe is discontinued.
Lego Dino.
Lego Minifigures Series 6, 7 and 8.
Legoland Malaysia opens.
Lego Super Heroes theme is introduced.
Lego Friends theme is introduced.
Lego Monster Fighters.
Lego Disney Princess is introduced.
Lego Alien Conquest is discontinued.
Lego Build and Rebuild is introduced.
Lego Lord of the Rings is introduced.
Lego The Hobbit is introduced.
The colors Dark Azure (321), Medium Azure (322), Aqua (323), Medium Lavender (324), Lavender (325), are introduced as part of the Friends theme.
The color Spring Yellowish Green (326) is introduced as part of Disney Princess.
2013
Lego Minifigures Series 9, 10 and 11.
Lego Galaxy Squad is introduced.
Lego Ninjago is discontinued
Lego Legends of Chima is introduced.
Lego Mindstorms EV3 is introduced.
Duplo Mickey Mouse & Friends is introduced.
Lego Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is introduced.
Lego Lone Ranger.
2014
Lego Mixels.
Lego Minifigures Series 12.
Lego Ninjago is re-introduced
The Lego Movie, released theatrically in movie cinemas on February 7, 2014.
Lego 30th anniversary of Ghostbusters is introduced. Ecto-1.
The LEGO Movie (Theme).
Lego The Simpsons.
Lego Ultra Agents is introduced.
Lego Hobbit is discontinued.
2015
Lego Minifigures Series 13 and 14.
Bionicle is re-released.
Lego Scooby Doo is released.
Warner Bros announce that there would be a LEGO Batman Movie and a sequel to The LEGO Movie.
2016
Lego Nexo Knights is introduced
Lego Minifigures Series 15 and 16.
LEGO The Angry Birds Movie sets are released.
2017
Lego Batman Movie Minifigures Series
The Lego Batman Movie released in Cinemas, distributed by Warner Bros.
Lego Batman Movie (theme)
Lego Minifigures Series 17
The Lego Ninjago Movie released in Cinemas on September 22, 2017.
Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game releases on PS4, Xbox One and, Microsoft Windows on September 22, 2017.
It is revealed that Unikitty, a character from The Lego Movie, would have her own TV show on Cartoon Network, titled "Unikitty!".
2018
Lego J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World, Lego Unikitty!,and Lego The Powerpuff Girls are introduced.


document_title: List of DNS record types

question_text: which record type on a dns server represents an ipv6 host

text: List of DNS record types

text: Resource records[edit]

text:
Type
Type id. (decimal)
Defining RFC
Description
Function

A
1
RFC 1035[1]
Address record
Returns a 32-bit IPv4 address, most commonly used to map hostnames to an IP address of the host, but it is also used for DNSBLs, storing subnet masks in RFC 1101, etc.

AAAA
28
RFC 3596[2]
IPv6 address record
Returns a 128-bit IPv6 address, most commonly used to map hostnames to an IP address of the host.

AFSDB
18
RFC 1183
AFS database record
Location of database servers of an AFS cell. This record is commonly used by AFS clients to contact AFS cells outside their local domain. A subtype of this record is used by the obsolete DCE/DFS file system.

APL
42
RFC 3123
Address Prefix List
Specify lists of address ranges, e.g. in CIDR format, for various address families. Experimental.

CAA
257
RFC 6844
Certification Authority Authorization
DNS Certification Authority Authorization, constraining acceptable CAs for a host/domain

CDNSKEY
60
RFC 7344
Child DNSKEY
Child copy of DNSKEY record, for transfer to parent

CDS
59
RFC 7344
Child DS
Child copy of DS record, for transfer to parent

CERT
37
RFC 4398
Certificate record
Stores PKIX, SPKI, PGP, etc.

CNAME
5
RFC 1035[1]
Canonical name record
Alias of one name to another: the DNS lookup will continue by retrying the lookup with the new name.

DHCID
49
RFC 4701
DHCP identifier
Used in conjunction with the FQDN option to DHCP

DLV
32769
RFC 4431
DNSSEC Lookaside Validation record
For publishing DNSSEC trust anchors outside of the DNS delegation chain. Uses the same format as the DS record. RFC 5074 describes a way of using these records.

DNAME
39
RFC 6672

Alias for a name and all its subnames, unlike CNAME, which is an alias for only the exact name. Like a CNAME record, the DNS lookup will continue by retrying the lookup with the new name.

DNSKEY
48
RFC 4034
DNS Key record
The key record used in DNSSEC. Uses the same format as the KEY record.

DS
43
RFC 4034
Delegation signer
The record used to identify the DNSSEC signing key of a delegated zone

HIP
55
RFC 8005
Host Identity Protocol
Method of separating the end-point identifier and locator roles of IP addresses.

IPSECKEY
45
RFC 4025
IPsec Key
Key record that can be used with IPsec

KEY
25
RFC 2535[3] and RFC 2930[4]
Key record
Used only for SIG(0) (RFC 2931) and TKEY (RFC 2930).[5] RFC 3445 eliminated their use for application keys and limited their use to DNSSEC.[6] RFC 3755 designates DNSKEY as the replacement within DNSSEC.[7] RFC 4025 designates IPSECKEY as the replacement for use with IPsec.[8]

KX
36
RFC 2230
Key Exchanger record
Used with some cryptographic systems (not including DNSSEC) to identify a key management agent for the associated domain-name. Note that this has nothing to do with DNS Security. It is Informational status, rather than being on the IETF standards-track. It has always had limited deployment, but is still in use.

LOC
29
RFC 1876
Location record
Specifies a geographical location associated with a domain name

MX
15
RFC 1035[1] and RFC 7505
Mail exchange record
Maps a domain name to a list of message transfer agents for that domain

NAPTR
35
RFC 3403
Naming Authority Pointer
Allows regular-expression-based rewriting of domain names which can then be used as URIs, further domain names to lookups, etc.

NS
2
RFC 1035[1]
Name server record
Delegates a DNS zone to use the given authoritative name servers

NSEC
47
RFC 4034
Next Secure record
Part of DNSSEC—used to prove a name does not exist. Uses the same format as the (obsolete) NXT record.

NSEC3
50
RFC 5155
Next Secure record version 3
An extension to DNSSEC that allows proof of nonexistence for a name without permitting zonewalking

NSEC3PARAM
51
RFC 5155
NSEC3 parameters
Parameter record for use with NSEC3

OPENPGPKEY
61
RFC 7929
OpenPGP public key record
A DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) method for publishing and locating OpenPGP public keys in DNS for a specific email address using an OPENPGPKEY DNS resource record.

PTR
12
RFC 1035[1]
Pointer record
Pointer to a canonical name. Unlike a CNAME, DNS processing stops and just the name is returned. The most common use is for implementing reverse DNS lookups, but other uses include such things as DNS-SD.

RRSIG
46
RFC 4034
DNSSEC signature
Signature for a DNSSEC-secured record set. Uses the same format as the SIG record.

RP
17
RFC 1183
Responsible Person
Information about the responsible person(s) for the domain. Usually an email address with the @ replaced by a .

SIG
24
RFC 2535
Signature
Signature record used in SIG(0) (RFC 2931) and TKEY (RFC 2930).[7] RFC 3755 designated RRSIG as the replacement for SIG for use within DNSSEC.[7]

SOA
6
RFC 1035[1] and RFC 2308[9]
Start of [a zone of] authority record
Specifies authoritative information about a DNS zone, including the primary name server, the email of the domain administrator, the domain serial number, and several timers relating to refreshing the zone.

SRV
33
RFC 2782
Service locator
Generalized service location record, used for newer protocols instead of creating protocol-specific records such as MX.

SSHFP
44
RFC 4255
SSH Public Key Fingerprint
Resource record for publishing SSH public host key fingerprints in the DNS System, in order to aid in verifying the authenticity of the host. RFC 6594 defines ECC SSH keys and SHA-256 hashes. See the IANA SSHFP RR parameters registry for details.

TA
32768
N/A
DNSSEC Trust Authorities
Part of a deployment proposal for DNSSEC without a signed DNS root. See the IANA database and Weiler Spec for details. Uses the same format as the DS record.

TKEY
249
RFC 2930
Transaction Key record
A method of providing keying material to be used with TSIG that is encrypted under the public key in an accompanying KEY RR.[10]

TLSA
52
RFC 6698
TLSA certificate association
A record for DANE. RFC 6698 defines "The TLSA DNS resource record is used to associate a TLS server certificate or public key with the domain name where the record is found, thus forming a 'TLSA certificate association'".

TSIG
250
RFC 2845
Transaction Signature
Can be used to authenticate dynamic updates as coming from an approved client, or to authenticate responses as coming from an approved recursive name server[11] similar to DNSSEC.

TXT
16
RFC 1035[1]
Text record
Originally for arbitrary human-readable text in a DNS record. Since the early 1990s, however, this record more often carries machine-readable data, such as specified by RFC 1464, opportunistic encryption, Sender Policy Framework, DKIM, DMARC, DNS-SD, etc.

URI
256
RFC 7553
Uniform Resource Identifier
Can be used for publishing mappings from hostnames to URIs.

text: Other types and pseudo resource records[edit]

text: Other types of records simply provide some types of information (for example, an HINFO record gives a description of the type of computer/OS a host uses), or others return data used in experimental features. The "type" field is also used in the protocol for various operations.

tag: p

text:
Type
Type id.
Defining RFC
Description
Function

*
255
RFC 1035[1]
All cached records
Returns all records of all types known to the name server. If the name server does not have any information on the name, the request will be forwarded on. The records returned may not be complete. For example, if there is both an A and an MX for a name, but the name server has only the A record cached, only the A record will be returned. Sometimes referred to as "ANY", for example in Windows nslookup and Wireshark.

AXFR
252
RFC 1035[1]
Authoritative Zone Transfer
Transfer entire zone file from the master name server to secondary name servers.

IXFR
251
RFC 1996
Incremental Zone Transfer
Requests a zone transfer of the given zone but only differences from a previous serial number. This request may be ignored and a full (AXFR) sent in response if the authoritative server is unable to fulfill the request due to configuration or lack of required deltas.

OPT
41
RFC 6891
Option
This is a "pseudo DNS record type" needed to support EDNS

text: Obsolete record types[edit]

text: Progress has rendered some of the originally defined record-types obsolete. Of the records listed at IANA, some have limited use, for various reasons. Some are marked obsolete in the list, some are for very obscure services, some are for older versions of services, and some have special notes saying they are "not right".

text:
Type
Type id.
Defining RFC
Obsoleted by
Description

MD
MF
MAILA

3
4
254

RFC 973
Obsoleted by: 1034, 1035
Obsoleted by RFC 973: MD(3), MF (4), MAILA (254)

MB
MG
MR
MINFO
MAILB

7
8
9
14
253

RFC 883, RFC 2505
Obsoleted by: 1034, 1035
Obsoleted by: 2050

Records to publish mailing list subscriber lists in the DNS: MB(7), MG(8), MR(9), MINFO(14), MAILB (253). The intent, as specified by RFC 883, was for MB to replace the SMTP VRFY command, MG to replace the SMTP EXPN command, and MR to replace the "551 User Not Local" SMTP error. Later, RFC 2505 recommended that both the VRFY and EXPN commands be disabled, making the use of MB and MG unlikely to ever be adopted.

WKS
11
RFC 1123

Declared "not to be relied upon" by RFC 1123 (with further information in RFC 1127): WKS(11)[12]

NB
NBSTAT

32
33

RFC 1002

Mistakes: NB(32), NBSTAT(33) (from RFC 1002); the numbers are now assigned to NIMLOC and SRV.

NULL
0
RFC 883
RFC 1035
Obsoleted by RFC 1035: NULL(10) (RFC 883 defined "completion queries" (opcode 2 and maybe 3) which used this record, RFC 1035 later reassigned opcode 2 to be "status" and reserved opcode 3.)

A6
38
RFC 3363
RFC 6563
Defined as part of early IPv6 but downgraded to experimental by RFC 3363: A6(38), Later downgraded to historic in RFC 6563.

NXT
KEY
SIG

30
--
--

RFC 3755
RFC 4034
Obsoleted by DNSSEC updates (RFC 3755): NXT(30). At the same time, the domain of applicability for KEY and SIG was also limited to not include DNSSEC use.

RFC 2065

Part of the first version of DNSSEC (RFC 2065).

HINFO
13

Not in current use by any notable application

RP
17

RP may be used for certain human-readable information regarding a different contact point for a specific host, subnet, or other domain level label separate than that used in the SOA record.

X25
19

Not in current use by any notable application

ISDN
RT
NSAP

20
21
22

Not in current use by any notable application

NSAP-PTR
PX
EID

23
26
31

Not in current use by any notable application

NIMLOC
ATMA
APL

32
34
42

Not in current use by any notable application

SINK
40

Defined by the Kitchen Sink internet draft, but never made it to RFC status: SINK(40)

GPOS
27

A more limited early version of the LOC record: GPOS(27)

UINFO
UID
GID
UNSPEC

100
101
102
103

IANA reserved, no RFC documented them [1] and support was removed from BIND in the early 90s: UINFO(100), UID(101), GID(102), UNSPEC(103)

SPF
99
RFC 4408

SPF(99) (from RFC 4408) was specified as part of the Sender Policy Framework protocol as an alternative to storing SPF data in TXT records, using the same format. It was later found that the majority of SPF deployments lack proper support for this record type, and support for it was discontinued in RFC 7208.[13][14]

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
"IANA DNS Parameters registry". Retrieved 2008-05-25.
"Google's Guide to DNS Records". Retrieved 2010-12-09.


document_title: Beautiful Creatures (novel)

question_text: how many books are in the beautiful creatures

text: Beautiful Creatures (novel)

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Ethan Lawson Wate is the 16 year old narrator of the novel. He is a high school boy from the fictional town of Gatlin, South Carolina. Though he is not a Caster himself, he somehow has the ability to protect Lena from powerful magic and Dark Casters. He and Lena share a connection called Kelting, which lets them communicate telepathically, even if they are miles away.
Lena Duchannes is a Caster who appears in Ethan's dreams before moving to Gatlin. She must be claimed for either Light or Dark on her sixteenth birthday.
Sarafine Duchannes, Lena's mother and the strongest Dark Caster. She tries to convince Lena to become a Dark Caster.
Macon Melchizedek Ravenwood, is Lena's uncle. He is an Incubus who chooses to live off dreams rather than blood. While characters in the book compare him to Boo Radley, he is described by the writers in an interview with Boys with Books, as an "Atticus Finch of badasses".
Genevieve Duchannes was the Caster who caused the curse in Lena's family by trying to bring her dead fiancé, Ethan Carter Wate, back to life using the Book of Moons. She was likely a Natural.
Ethan Carter Wate was Genevieve's fiancé who died when he was shot during the great burning of Gatlin. Genevieve tried to bring him back to life by using the Book of Moons, which led to her turning Dark. However, Ethan was only revived for a few moments before dying again.
Ridley Duchannes is Lena's cousin and a Dark Caster. She can manipulate people using a lollipop.
Mitchell Wate, Ethan's father, is a reclusive writer deep in mourning for his wife.
Amarie "Amma" Treadeau is a Seer who is like a grandmother to Ethan. She can communicate with her dead family, whom she calls the Greats. Amma is known throughout Gatlin for her culinary skill.
Marian Ashcroft is the librarian of the Mortal and Caster libraries. She was the best friend of Ethan's late mother, Lila Evers Wate, and has known Ethan since he was born. Though she greatly rues it, she cannot help Ethan when he is in danger because she is a Caster librarian and is bound by their rules.
Hunting Phineas Ravenwood is a ruthless incubus and Macon's brother. Unlike Macon, he feeds on blood, which gives him a more youthful appearance.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Sixteen-year-old Ethan Wate lives in Gatlin, South Carolina, with his widowed father. Lena Duchannes is a mysterious girl with magical powers who appears in Ethan's recurring nightmares. Though she initially rebuffs his attempts at interacting with her, they eventually become friends despite harassment from other classmates that almost gets her expelled. Lena's uncle Macon Ravenwood also attempts to keep Ethan and Lena apart to protect them. Every member of Lena's family is a "Caster" with magical powers. On Lena's sixteenth birthday, she will be "claimed" as either a Light or Dark Caster, but she is terrified of becoming an evil Dark Caster.

text: Meanwhile, Ethan discovers a locket at Ravenwood Manor, Lena's home, that induces visions of Lena's ancestor Genevieve Duchannes and Ethan's ancestor Ethan Carter Wate, who were engaged during the Civil War. Through the locket, they discover that Genevieve tried to resurrect Ethan Carter Wate using the magical Book of Moons. Due to Genevieve's use of the spell, the Book has the ability to determine which of the Duchannes will be Light or Dark. Ethan and Lena find the Book of Moons in Genevieve's grave and study it for ways to prevent Lena from becoming Dark. Furthermore, Lena is continuously spiritually attacked by a Dark Caster named Sarafine, who is actually her mother. While the Duchannes cannot prevent the attacks, Ethan's presence seems to stop them.

text: Lena's sixteenth birthday is celebrated by Ethan, the Duchannes, and her classmates. Macon forbids Lena to attend the party set up by her classmates, but Lena sneaks out anyway and confesses her love to Ethan, who reciprocates. Sarafine reveals herself at the party, accompanied by incubus Hunting Ravenwood. Sarafine tells Lena that she will be able to Claim herself for the Dark or Light at midnight. If she chooses to go Dark, all the Light Casters in her family will die, but she would be able to have a previously-impossible physical relationship with Ethan. If she chooses to go Light, all the Dark Casters in her family will die, including Macon. A fight occurs, culminating in Sarafine escaping and Hunting nearly killing Macon. After Ethan gathers the other Duchannes for help, Ethan searches for Lena, but instead meets Sarafine, who kills him. At midnight, Lena uses her power over nature to block out the moonlight, preventing her from being claimed. She recites a spell from the Book of Moons to resurrect Ethan. The spell works, but as payment, the Book kills Macon.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Kirkus Reviews writes that "Ethan's wry narrative voice will resonate with readers of John Green as well as the hordes of supernatural-romance fans looking for the next book to sink their teeth into".[2] Booklist also positively reviewed the book, stating "there's plenty teens will like: romance, magic, hauntings, and the promise of more to come."[3] The School Library Journal praised Beautiful Creatures's "detailed descriptions" and "satisfying conclusion", writing that it would appeal to fans of True Blood.[4] Publishers Weekly criticized the book's "protracted climax" but wrote that Beautiful Creatures had a "compelling and dimensional mythology".[5] Despite its use of magic, the book is praised for its "authentic" characters and world. Linda Perez of the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy states "Stohl writes clearly and lyrically," "the world they've created... is so believable that readers will find themselves unwittingly believing in magic".[6] According to Ilene Cooper of Booklist "the 600 pages could have been cut to make a tight, better story".[3]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The series was named one of MTV News's "series to watch" in 2010.[7]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Alcon Entertainment, with 3 Arts Entertainment and Belle Pictures, produced a 2013 movie version for Warner Bros., adapted and directed by Richard LaGravenese, starring Alden Ehrenreich and Alice Englert as Ethan Wate and Lena Duchannes and Jeremy Irons, Viola Davis, Emma Thompson, and Emmy Rossum in supporting roles. The film was released on February 14, 2013. The film received mixed to average reviews and was a box office disappointment.

text: Beautiful Creatures: The Official Illustrated Movie Companion by Mark Cotta Vaz, was published in the UK by Penguin Books on 2 January 2013, as a Puffin Paperback.[8][9]

text: Comic book[edit]

text: Yen Press announced in 2012 it was adapting Beautiful Creatures into manga format,[10] with artist Cassandra Jean.

text: Sequels[edit]

text:
Beautiful Creatures was signed by Little, Brown, and Company for a four-book series, the Caster Chronicles, with the follow-up books titled:
Beautiful Darkness, Book 2 – published October 12, 2010
Beautiful Chaos, Book 3 – published October 18, 2011
Beautiful Redemption, Book 4 – published October 23, 2012

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Garcia, Kami; Stohl, Margaret (2009). Beautiful Creatures. Beautiful Creatures. New York: Little, Brown and company. p. 563.