document_title: Kingdom Hearts

question_text: when did the first kingdom hearts come out

text: Kingdom Hearts

text: Titles[edit]

text: Games[edit]

text: Timeline of release years2002Kingdom Hearts20032004Chain of Memories2005Kingdom Hearts II20062007Re:Chain of Memories2008Coded2009358/2 Days2010Birth by SleepRe:coded20112012Dream Drop Distance20131.5 Remixχ20142.5 Remix2015Unchained χ201620172.8 Final Chapter Prologue1.5 + 2.5 Remix20182019Kingdom Hearts III

text:
Kingdom Hearts is the first game in the series, released in Japan on March 28, 2002 for PlayStation 2.[1][2] Tetsuya Nomura has served as game director, his first time in this position. Kingdom Hearts introduced the main characters (Sora, Kairi and Riku) of the series, and established the plot's framework involving hearts and dark beings known as the Heartless. It also established the role of Disney characters in the series, with character cameos from the Final Fantasy series. Kingdom Hearts was released in North America on September 17, 2002,[1][2] and featured additional content that was not in the original Japanese version. The game was later re-released exclusively in Japan as Kingdom Hearts Final Mix on December 26, 2002.[1][2] Final Mix includes the content from the North American release and additional enemies, cutscenes, and weapons.[3]
Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories is a direct sequel to the first game. It was released on the Game Boy Advance in Japan on November 11, 2004.[4][5] Chain of Memories was touted as a bridge between the two PlayStation 2 titles, introducing and previewing plot elements that would be explored in the next game.[6] The gameplay system is a departure from the original and employs card game mechanics in real time. Players construct decks out of cards that correspond to different actions in battle, such as attacking or using magic. It was remade into a PlayStation 2 game titled Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories, which contains polygonal graphics instead of the sprites used in the original game. The remake was released in Japan as a second disc packaged with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix on March 29, 2007, and in North America as a standalone title on December 2, 2008.[7][8]
Kingdom Hearts II takes place one year after the events of Chain of Memories. It was released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 22, 2005.[9][10] The game further explores the "heart" concept by involving a new group of enemies, the Nobodies, which are the cast-off shells of those who have become Heartless. The gameplay is similar to that of the first Kingdom Hearts game, with the addition of the Reaction Command, which performs context-sensitive actions in battle. Kingdom Hearts II was revised into Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix, which contains more material than the original release, such as additional cutscenes and bosses. Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix was released with Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories in a collection titled Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+, which was released in Japan on March 29, 2007.[11]
Kingdom Hearts Coded is an episodic mobile phone game that picks up directly after Kingdom Hearts II. The "preinstall" episode was released exclusively in Japan on November 18, 2008 and eight episodes were released between June 3, 2009 and January 28, 2010.[12] The game was remade for the Nintendo DS as Kingdom Hearts Re:coded, and features updated gameplay combining that of two later titles in the series, 358/2 Days and Birth by Sleep. Unlike the original version, Re:coded was released internationally: October 7, 2010 in Japan;[13] January 11, 2011 in North America;[14] and January 14, 2011 in Europe.[15]
Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on May 30, 2009. It is primarily set between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, focusing on Roxas' time in Organization XIII and his motives for leaving. It is the first game in the series to feature cooperative multiplayer in addition to the traditional use of AI-controlled partners.[16][17] Gameplay is mission-based with optional objectives that yield additional rewards. The game also has a unique panel system which governs character improvement, special abilities, and equipped weapons.
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep is a prequel to the series, released for the PlayStation Portable in Japan on January 9, 2010, and in North America on September 7, 2010 with additional content.[18] The game is set ten years before the events of the first Kingdom Hearts game, revealing the origins of the villain, Xehanort.[19] It consists of four scenarios, three of which focus on one of the game's three protagonists, Terra, Ventus and Aqua. The game was re-released exclusively in Japan under the title Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix on January 20, 2011 with the content from the English versions as well as new features, such as an additional fifth scenario.
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance was released on March 29, 2012 in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS. The game focuses on Sora and Riku's Mark of Mastery exam under Yen Sid in anticipation of Xehanort's return and their subsequent conflicts with enemies from their past.[20] In addition to similar systems inherited from Birth by Sleep, this game features "Dream Eaters" which serve as both enemies and allies. Players may collect and breed friendly Dream Eaters and train them to become more powerful. The English edition came out on July 20, 2012 in Europe while it came out on July 31, 2012 for North America.
Kingdom Hearts χ: At Tokyo Game Show 2012, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts χ, previously known as Kingdom Hearts for PC Browsers.[21] It is a browser game for PCs, and is only playable in Japan since July 18, 2013. It features cartoon-like 2D models and is a prequel to the entire series, taking place before the Keyblade War.
Kingdom Hearts: Unchained χ: An international port of Kingdom Hearts χ that was released for Android and iOS devices featuring content from the original game's release while later diverging from it and providing all-new content.[22] Unchained χ was released in Japan on September 3, 2015,[23] in North America on April 7, 2016,[24] and in Europe on June 16, 2016.[25] In April 2017, it was rebranded as Kingdom Hearts Union X.[26]

text: Other[edit]

text:
A Kingdom Hearts game was developed exclusively for V CAST, Verizon Wireless's broadband service, and was released on October 1, 2004 in Japan and on February 4, 2005 in the United States.[27] It was one of the launch games for the V CAST services.[28] The game, developed by Superscape and published by Disney Mobile with no involvement from Square Enix, features gameplay akin to the first Kingdom Hearts game, modified for the input method of mobile phones.[29] The game's storyline features Sora struggling to free himself from a nightmare induced by Maleficent's magic.
Kingdom Hearts Mobile is a Kingdom Hearts-themed social game in which players can play mini-games together. Unlike Kingdom Hearts for the V CAST and Kingdom Hearts Coded, this game does not have a storyline and focuses more on socializing. The service operates in conjunction with Kingdom Hearts Coded—new avatar costumes become available after the player completes an episode of Kingdom Hearts Coded. Kingdom Hearts-related media such as wallpapers, ringtones, graphics, and other items can be purchased and downloaded through the service for mobile phones.

text: Collections[edit]

text:
Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix was released for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on March 14, 2013.[30] The collection includes remastered versions of Kingdom Hearts Final Mix and Re:Chain of Memories, which include gameplay enhancements and trophy support. In addition, a "Theatre Mode" has been added, consisting of high definition cutscenes from Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days.[31] The collection was released in North America on September 10, 2013[32] in Australia on September 12, 2013,[33] and in Europe on September 13, 2013.[34]
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix: After the announcement of HD 1.5 Remix, Nomura stated that it would be "pretty unnatural" if Kingdom Hearts II did not receive an HD update.[35] In the credits of HD 1.5 Remix, clips of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix, Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix and Kingdom Hearts Re:coded were shown, hinting at another collection.[36] On October 14, 2013, the collection was announced exclusively for the PlayStation 3, and will include the previously mentioned games, with Re:coded appearing as HD cinematics, similar to 358/2 Days in HD 1.5 Remix.[36] The collection was released in Japan on October 2, 2014,[37] North America on December 2, 2014, Australia on December 4, 2014, and Europe on December 5, 2014.[38]
Kingdom Hearts Collector's Pack: HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix: The Collector's pack features both Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix and Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix, a code to get an Anniversary Set for Kingdom Hearts χ, music, and a booklet with art from the series, with a release in Japan.[37]
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue: In the credits of HD 2.5 Remix, clips of Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance were shown as well as the inclusion of a secret ending related to the game, hinting at a possible additional collection.[39] In September 2015, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue. The collection features an HD remaster of Dream Drop Distance as well as Kingdom Hearts χ Back Cover, a cinematic telling of the backstory behind the events of Kingdom Hearts χ, and Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage, a new game taking place after the events of the original Birth by Sleep, told from the perspective of Aqua.[40] It was released in Japan on January 12, 2017, and in North America and Europe on January 24, 2017.[41]
Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix: In October 2016, Square-Enix announced a single-disc compilation release of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix and Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix for the PlayStation 4. The compilation was released on March 9, 2017 in Japan; March 28, 2017 in North America; and March 31, 2017 in Europe.[42]

text: Upcoming titles[edit]

text: Kingdom Hearts III: In September 2010, Tetsuya Nomura stated that his team was too busy with other projects such as Final Fantasy XV (known as Final Fantasy Versus XIII at the time) to work on Kingdom Hearts III. He also stated that his team was doing research concerning the high-definition graphics of the game, and depending on the technical requirements of the next generation consoles.[43] On June 10, 2013, at the E3 Sony press conference, after years of rumors and speculations, Nomura introduced a teaser for Kingdom Hearts III, which stated it was in development for the PlayStation 4. It was announced the next day to be in development for the Xbox One as well.[44] In Kingdom Hearts III, the series protagonist Sora will search for the "Key to Return Hearts" while Sora's friends, Riku and King Mickey, search for Keyblade wielders. The game will conclude the "Dark Seeker Saga", but it will not be the final game in the series.[45] The game is scheduled to be released on January 25, 2019 in Japan and on January 29, 2019 elsewhere.[46][47]

text: Though Kingdom Hearts III will be the end of the "Dark Seeker Saga" centered on Xehanort, it has already been decided where certain characters will end up, in order to potentially continue their story in future games.[48]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Both Square Enix and Disney have released a wide variety of Kingdom Hearts merchandise including toys, figurines, clothing, and jewelry.[49][50] Two of the games, Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, had a soundtrack released to coincide with the video games.[51][52] These were followed by a nine CD complete set which featured both soundtracks and unreleased tracks.[53] Kingdom Hearts has been adapted as a trading card game by the Tomy corporation of Japan.[54] An English version of the game was released in November 2007 by Fantasy Flight Games.[55] The video games have also been adapted into manga and novel series.

text: Like the Final Fantasy games, a series of "Ultimania" books were released in Japan for many of the games. These books include game walkthroughs, interviews, and extra information from the developers. Kingdom Hearts -Another Report- was released along with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ and features game information, visuals by Shiro Amano, and a director interview.[56] In North America, Brady Games released strategy guides for each game. For Kingdom Hearts II, they released two versions, a standard version and a limited edition version. The limited edition was available in four different covers and included a copy of Jiminy's Journal along with 400 stickers.[57]

text: Printed adaptations[edit]

text: A manga based on the Kingdom Hearts storyline has been released in Japan and the United States. The story and art are done by Shiro Amano, who is also known for his manga adaptation of the Legend of Mana video game. The story follows the events that took place in the video games with differences to account for the loss of interactivity a video game provides. The manga was originally serialized in Japan by Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan and eventually released in tankōbon format. The first tankōbon was released in Japan in October 2003.[58] The manga was released in the USA by Tokyopop two years later in October 2005.[59] Yen Press now holds the rights to publish the books for the USA market. The first series, Kingdom Hearts, consists of four volumes, while the second series, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, has two volumes. The third series, Kingdom Hearts II, has had five volumes published and is currently on hiatus. A fourth series based on Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days is being serialized. The games have also been adapted as a light novel series, written by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. Like the manga series, it is divided into separate series based on the games. Kingdom Hearts is divided into two volumes; "The First Door"[60] and "Darkness Within".[61] Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories is divided into two volumes. Kingdom Hearts II is divided into four volumes; "Roxas—Seven Days",[62] "The Destruction of Hollow Bastion",[63] "Tears of Nobody",[64] and "Anthem—Meet Again/Axel Last Stand".[65]

text: Common elements[edit]

text: Disney and Square Enix characters[edit]

text: Kingdom Hearts features a mixture of familiar Disney and Square Enix characters, as well as several new characters designed and created by Nomura.[66] In addition to original locations, the Kingdom Hearts series features many worlds from Disney films.   Sora must visit these worlds and interact with various Disney characters to protect them from enemies. Often, his actions in these worlds closely follow the storylines of their respective Disney films. The main characters try not to interfere with the affairs of other worlds, as it could negatively affect the universe's order.[67][68] Moogles, small creatures from the Final Fantasy series, are another common element in the games. They provide the player with a synthesis shop in order to create and purchase items used in the game. The main cast from The World Ends with You also makes an appearance in the series in Dream Drop Distance, and the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III will feature characters from Pixar's Toy Story series and Monsters, Inc..[69][70][71]

text: Story[edit]

text:
Kingdom Hearts chronology
Back Cover
(Unchained / Union) χ
Birth by Sleep
A Fragmentary Passage
Kingdom Hearts
Chain of Memories
358/2 Days
II
Coded
Dream Drop Distance
III
vte

text: The series starts with Kingdom Hearts, where a 14-year-old boy named Sora is separated from his friends Riku and Kairi when their world, Destiny Islands, is invaded by creatures known as the Heartless. During the invasion, Sora obtains a weapon called the Keyblade that allows him to fight the Heartless. He soon arrives in another world, Traverse Town, where he meets Donald Duck and Goofy, two emissaries from Disney Castle sent to find the Keyblade wielder under orders from their missing king, Mickey Mouse.[72][73] The three band together and travel to different Disney-themed worlds, sealing the hearts of the worlds to prevent them from being devoured by the Heartless as they search for their companions. Along the way, they encounter a group of Disney villains led by Maleficent, who are controlling the Heartless to capture seven maidens called the Princesses of Heart, who possess the power to open the door to Kingdom Hearts, the heart of all worlds.[74][75] Though they eventually defeat Maleficent, the three discover a sentient Heartless named Ansem to be the true orchestrator of the worlds' destruction. The three defeat Ansem and seal the door to Kingdom Hearts, but remain separated from Riku and King Mickey while Kairi remains home to await her friends' return.

text: In Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, Sora, Donald and Goofy's search for Riku and Mickey leads them to Castle Oblivion,[76] a fortress controlled by a mysterious group of non-existent "Nobodies" called Organization XIII, who use the power of a girl named Naminé to manipulate the trio's memories. After defeating the Organization, the three are put to sleep for a year by Naminé to allow them to regain their memories, though they must lose the memories of their experience in Castle Oblivion.[77] Meanwhile, Riku arrives in the basement of the castle and ascends to the surface with the aid of Mickey. Discovering Sora's sleeping state, Riku helps Naminé keep him safe until he is awoken. In Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, a snag in the plan over the year forces Riku to capture Roxas—Sora's Nobody, who is born when Sora briefly becomes a Heartless in the first game—in order to enable Sora's reawakening.

text: In Kingdom Hearts II, Sora and friends awaken from their sleep and resume their search for Riku and King Mickey, learning of the Nobodies and becoming re-familiarized with Organization XIII. Sora once again travels to many Disney-themed worlds and resolves issues caused by the Heartless and Nobodies, and Maleficent's servant Pete. They reunite with King Mickey and encounter Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII and Nobody of Xehanort, revealed to be the human form of the Heartless Ansem.[78][79] The Organization's plan is also revealed: they seek to regain their lost hearts by creating their own version of Kingdom Hearts from the sum of all the hearts released from the Heartless slain by Sora's Keyblade. The three arrive at the headquarters of Organization XIII and team up with their friends. Ansem the Wise uses a device that dissipates some of Kingdom Hearts' power,[80] but it self-destructs, engulfing Ansem. At the top of the Castle that Never Was, Sora and his friends battle Xemnas.[81] After Sora and Riku defeat Xemnas, they get trapped in the realm of darkness, but a letter from Kairi summons a gateway for them, and the two are reunited with their friends at their home.[82]

text: Sometime later, Sora, Riku, and Kairi receive a letter from King Mickey. The letter, written by Mickey during the events of Kingdom Hearts Coded, describes the parts of their past that Naminé learned while restoring Sora's memory.[83] As they read the letter, they learn about the fates of three Keyblade wielders at the hands of Xehanort during the events of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep: Terra, who is possessed by Xehanort; Ventus, who sacrifices his heart to prevent Xehanort from creating the legendary χ-blade, hiding it within a four-year-old Sora's heart; and new Keyblade Master Aqua, who becomes trapped in the realm of darkness after sacrificing herself to save Terra.[84] King Mickey also discovers that the destruction of "Ansem" and Xemnas has led to the reconstruction of Xehanort.[85] To combat the new threat Xehanort poses, Sora and Riku take an exam to attain the Mark of Mastery that will allow them to become Keyblade Masters themselves.[86]

text: During the test in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance, Sora and Riku enter the realm of sleep, where they encounter a young version of Xehanort with the ability to travel through time.[87] The two Keyblade wielders also learn of Xehanort's true goal: assembling thirteen vessels and incarnations of himself (Organization XIII) and pitting them against seven hearts of pure light (the Princesses of Heart) in an ultimate battle to recreate the χ-blade.[88][89][90] Sora is narrowly saved from becoming Xehanort's final vessel, and Riku learns about data that Ansem the Wise had implanted within Sora during his year-long sleep, which may be used to save those connected to Sora.[91] At the end of the exam, Riku is declared a Keyblade Master;[92] in Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue, Sora embarks on another journey to regain his missing power, while Yen Sid assembles any available Keyblade users to defend the Princesses of Heart and combat Xehanort's thirteen vessels.[93]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The Kingdom Hearts games contain elements of action role-playing video games with hack-and-slash elements. The games are driven by a linear progression from one story event to the next, usually shown in the form of a cutscene, though there are numerous side quests available that provide bonus benefits to the characters. In most games, the player primarily controls the principal protagonist of the series, Sora. Sora is usually accompanied by Donald Duck and Goofy, who are artificial intelligence-controlled non-playable characters that aid Sora in battle. In the first and third game, their behavior can be altered to suit different combat objectives. The games feature real-time combat that incorporates physical attacks, magic, and summonings, though each game handles battles differently. The game also allows for items to be used on the field of battle to heal oneself or one's party members.

text: Gummi Ships are another common element of the series, which serve as the main mode of transportation between worlds in the games. The gameplay for the Gummi Ship sections is more akin to a rail shooter. Because it received negative criticism in the first game, it was modified in the third title.[94] Most games also feature a journal which is accessible from the main menu. This journal keeps track of information regarding the story, characters, enemies, and locations. In the first three games, the journal is kept by Jiminy Cricket, who was appointed by Queen Minnie as the royal chronicler.[95] In 358/2 Days, Birth by Sleep and Dream Drop Distance, the main characters write their own journal entries.

text: The games are influenced by their parent franchise, Final Fantasy,[96] and carry its gameplay elements over into their own action-based, hack-and-slash system. Like many traditional role-playing games, Kingdom Hearts features an experience point system which determines character development. As enemies are defeated, the player gains experience which culminates in a "level-up", where the characters grow stronger and gain access to new abilities.[97] The amount of experience is shared with all party members and each character grows stronger as experience is gained.[98]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music for the series has been primarily composed by Yoko Shimomura. Kaoru Wada works as the arranger for orchestral music, including orchestral renditions of the main vocal themes and the ending themes.[99][100] The orchestral music was performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra.[99][100] Soundtracks were released for the first and third installments following the release of their respective games. A compilation soundtrack was later released that included soundtracks for the entire series, including reworked tracks for the re-released Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories.[53][101]

text: While the themes for some of the Disney-based worlds are taken directly from their Disney film counterparts,[100] most of them are given entirely original musical scores. In addition to each world having unique background music, each is given its own battle theme rather than having a common theme to cover all fights. Several of the main characters have themes, and the final boss of each game has several themes played in the various phases of those fights. The fights with Sephiroth feature a modified version of Nobuo Uematsu's "One-Winged Angel" from Final Fantasy VII.[101]

text: The main theme songs for the Kingdom Hearts games were written and performed by Japanese pop star, Hikaru Utada. The three main themes are "Hikari", originally from Kingdom Hearts,[102], "Passion", from Kingdom Hearts II[103], and "Oath" from Kingdom Hearts III. Each song has an English counterpart, "Simple and Clean", "Sanctuary", and "Don't Think Twice" respectively, for the North American and European releases. Utada was the only singer Tetsuya Nomura had in mind for the first Kingdom Hearts theme song.[104] This marked the first time Utada had produced a song for a video game. Both of the first two theme songs reached notable popularity; on weekly Oricon charts, "Hikari" reached No. 1 in 2002 and "Passion" reached No. 4 in 2005.[105][106]

text: Development[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The initial idea for Kingdom Hearts began with a discussion between Shinji Hashimoto and Hironobu Sakaguchi about Super Mario 64.[107] They were planning to make a game with freedom of movement in three dimensions like Super Mario 64 but lamented that only characters as popular as Disney's could rival a Mario game. Tetsuya Nomura, overhearing their conversation, volunteered to lead the project and the two producers agreed to let him direct.[107] A chance meeting between Hashimoto and a Disney executive in an elevator—Square and Disney had previously worked in the same building in Japan—allowed Hashimoto to pitch the idea directly to Disney.[108][109] Development began in February 2000 with Nomura as director and Hashimoto as producer.[110] While Nomura had done previous work in the Final Fantasy series as monster designer and graphic director, he did not gain widespread recognition until he was the lead character designer for Final Fantasy VII. Kingdom Hearts marked his transition into a directorial position, though he also served as the game's character designer. Scenarios were provided by Kazushige Nojima who was a scenario writer for Square from Final Fantasy VII until he left in 2003. Originally the development focused on the gameplay with a simple story to appeal to Disney's target age range. After Kingdom Hearts executive producer Hironobu Sakaguchi told Nomura the game would be a failure if it did not aim for the same level as the Final Fantasy series, he began to develop the story further.[111] In June 2013, Nomura stated the name of the game came from him thinking about Disney Theme Parks, especially Animal Kingdom. However, Nomura could not get the IP with just "Kingdom", so the development team began to think about "heart" as a core part of the story, so they decided to combine the two to form "Kingdom Hearts".[112][113]

text: Nomura placed a secret trailer in Kingdom Hearts in hopes that fans would want a sequel. He was unsure if fans would want a sequel and felt that if they did not, then it would be best to leave certain events in the first game unexplained.[114] After Kingdom Hearts Final Mix was completed, development for Kingdom Hearts II began.[115] There were several obstacles to clear before development could begin on a sequel. One was the development team's desire to showcase Mickey Mouse more;[114] Mickey's inclusion in the first game was restricted to a very small role.[111] Nomura had planned for the sequel to take place a year after the first and originally intended for the events of that year to be left unexplained. To bridge the gap between the two games, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories was developed.[116] Nomura was hesitant about releasing a game on the Game Boy Advance because he felt the 3D graphics of the original game would not translate well into 2D. He changed his position after hearing that children wanted to play Kingdom Hearts on the handheld system.[117]

text: Creation and design[edit]

text: Though Disney gave Nomura freedom in the characters and worlds used for the games, he and his staff tried to stay within the established roles of characters and boundaries of the worlds.[118] Nomura has stated that though many of the Disney characters are not normally dark and serious, there were not many challenges making them so for the story, and despite this, their personalities shine because they maintain their own characteristics.[119] He also felt managing and keeping multiple worlds was problematic.[120] When deciding which worlds to include in the game, the development staff tried to take into account worlds with Disney characters that would be interesting and made an effort to minimize any overlap in the overall look and feel of each world.[111][121]

text: The inclusion of specific Final Fantasy characters was based on the opinions of both fans and staff.[122] Another criterion for inclusion was whether the staff felt the characters would fit into the storyline and in the Kingdom Hearts universe.[123] Initially, Nomura was hesitant to use characters he did not design, because he was unfamiliar with the backstory of such characters.[124] For Kingdom Hearts II, he changed his mind after receiving pressure from his staff.[122] Throughout the development of the games, Nomura has often left certain events and connections between characters unexplained until the release of future games. Nomura does this because he feels that games should have room for fans to speculate and use their imagination. He has stated that with speculation, even though a game gets old, people can still be happy with it.[114]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The first Kingdom Hearts was announced at E3 in May 2001.[66] Initial details were that it would be a collaboration between Square and Disney Interactive, and would feature worlds developed by both companies and Disney characters. New characters were designed by Nomura and include Sora, Riku, Kairi, and the Heartless.[66][125] On May 14, 2002, a press release announced a list of the English voice actors. The list included Haley Joel Osment, David Gallagher, and Hayden Panettiere as the three new characters introduced into the game. It was also announced that many of the Disney characters would be voiced by the official voice actors from their respective Disney films.[66][126]

text: A secret trailer in the first Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts Final Mix hinted at the possibility of a sequel. Rumors for a sequel on the PlayStation 2 were spurred in Japan when a Japanese video game site, Quiter, stated that "an internal (and anonymous) source at Square Japan" confirmed that development of Kingdom Hearts II had begun.[127] It was not until Kingdom Hearts II was announced, along with Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2003 that rumors were confirmed.[128] Initial details were that it would take place some time after Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, which takes place directly after the first game. Other details included the return of Sora, Donald, and Goofy, as well as new costumes. At the 2004 Square Enix E3 press conference, the producer, Shinji Hashimoto, stated that many mysteries of the first game would be answered.[129]

text: To help market the games, websites were set up for each game and demos were on display at gaming events. Each game in the main series was also re-released in Japan with additional content and served as canonical updates to the series.[130][131] The additional content foreshadowed later plot elements in the series. The rereleases of the main series games had the term "Final Mix" added after the title, while Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories and Kingdom Hearts Coded were re-released as Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories and Kingdom Hearts Re:coded and released on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS, respectively, with 3D graphics, voice overs during some cutscenes, and new game content.[132][133]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scoresAs of April 12, 2017.

Game

Metacritic

Kingdom Hearts

85[134]

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

76[135]

Kingdom Hearts II

87[136]

Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories

68[137]

Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

75[138]

Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep

82[139]

Kingdom Hearts Re:coded

66[140]

Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance

75[141]

Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix

77[142]

Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix

81[143]

Kingdom Hearts Unchained χ

70[144]

Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue

78[145]

Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix

84[146]

text: The Kingdom Hearts series has been critically and commercially successful. As of March 2014, the series has sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[147] The three main games in the series all met with positive sales at the time of their releases. In the first two months since the North American release of Kingdom Hearts, it was one of the top three highest-selling video games.[148] Chain of Memories sold 104,000 units in 48 hours in Japan, a record for a Game Boy Advance title at the time.[149] Its positive debut sales placed it in the top spot of sales charts in Japan.[150] In the first month of its North American release, it was ranked 1st on GameSpot's ChartSpot for portable systems and 6th for all consoles.[151] Within three days of the Kingdom Hearts II release in Japan, it shipped 1 million copies, selling through within a month.[152][153] By the end of March 2006, the NPD Group reported that Kingdom Hearts II was the highest-selling console game in North America, with 614,000 copies.[154] In the month after its release in North America, Kingdom Hearts II sold an estimated 1 million copies.[155] As of November 2017, the Kingdom Hearts series has shipped more than 24 million copies worldwide.[156]

text: The games have also received high ratings and positive comments from reviewers. All of the main games in the series have scored a 36 out of 40 or higher from the Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu, known for its harsh grading.[157][158][159] All six games have been praised for their visuals. Game Informer considers the series the eleventh "must-play PlayStation 2" series.[160] The individual games have also won several awards. GameSpot commented that the concept of mixing the serious elements of Final Fantasy with the lighter elements of Disney seemed impossible, but was pulled off quite well. Because of that they awarded Kingdom Hearts "Best Crossover Since Capcom vs. SNK" in their 2002 Best and Worst of the Year awards.[161] IGN named Kingdom Hearts "Best Art Style/Direction" in their 2003 list of "Best Looking Games on PS2".[162] G4 awarded it "Best Story" at their 2003 G-Phoria awards show.[163] Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded Kingdom Hearts II "Best Sequel" of 2006.[164] It tied with Resident Evil 4 as Famitsu's Game of the Year 2005.[165] The manga series has also been well received. Several of the manga volumes were listed on USA Today's "Top 150 best sellers".[166][167][168] The highest ranked volume was Kingdom Hearts volume 4 at #73.[167] Every volume listed stayed on the list for at least two weeks; Kingdom Hearts volume 4 stayed the longest at four weeks.


document_title: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

question_text: who won the nobel peace prize in 1998

question_tokens: who won the nobel peace prize in 1998

root

text: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

text: Laureates

text: As of 2016[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[11] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[10] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other Nobel Prize.

tag: p

text: Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize.[12] He was jointly awarded the 1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him[93] and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full.

text:
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale

1901

Henry Dunant
  Switzerland
For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]

Frédéric Passy
 France
"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress"[9][13]

1902

Élie Ducommun
  Switzerland
"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[9][14]

Charles Albert Gobat
"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][14]

1903

William Randal Cremer
 United Kingdom
"[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][15]

1904

Institute of International Law
 Belgium
"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law"[9][16]

1905

Bertha von Suttner
 Austria-Hungary
For writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[9][17]

1906

Theodore Roosevelt
 United States
"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[9][18]

1907

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
 Italy
"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[9][19]

Louis Renault
 France
"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"[9][19]

1908

Klas Pontus Arnoldson
 Sweden
"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"[9][20]

Fredrik Bajer
 Denmark
"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"[9][20]

1909

Auguste Beernaert
 Belgium
"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][21]

Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
 France
"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[9][21]

1910

Permanent International Peace Bureau
  Switzerland
"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"[22][23]

1911

Tobias Asser
 Netherlands
"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law"[9][24]

Alfred Fried
 Austria-Hungary
"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society"[9][24]

1912

Elihu Root[A]
 United States
"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[9][25]

1913

Henri La Fontaine
 Belgium
"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"[9][26]

1914
Not awarded due to World War I.

1915

1916

1917

International Committee of the Red Cross
  Switzerland
"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families"[9][27]

1918
Not awarded due to World War I.

1919

Woodrow Wilson
 United States
"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[9][28]

1920

Léon Bourgeois
 France
"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'"[9][29]

1921

Hjalmar Branting
 Sweden
"[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[9][30]

Christian Lange
 Norway
"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][30]

1922

Fridtjof Nansen
"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace"[31][32]

1923
Not awarded

1924

1925

Sir Austen Chamberlain[A]
 United Kingdom
For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]

Charles G. Dawes[A]
 United States
"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[9][33]

1926

Aristide Briand
 France
For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]

Gustav Stresemann
 Germany

1927

Ferdinand Buisson
 France
"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[9][35]

Ludwig Quidde
 Germany

1928
Not awarded

1929

Frank B. Kellogg[A]
 United States
"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy"[9][36]

1930

Nathan Söderblom
 Sweden
"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[9][37]

1931

Jane Addams
 United States
"[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[9][38]

Nicholas Murray Butler
"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[9][38]

1932
Not awarded

1933

Sir Norman Angell[A]
 United Kingdom
For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general"[39]

1934

Arthur Henderson
"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[9][40][41]

1935

Carl von Ossietzky[B]
 Germany
"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[9][42]

1936

Carlos Saavedra Lamas
 Argentina
"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia"[9][43]

1937

The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
 United Kingdom
For his work with the League of Nations[9][44]

1938

Nansen International Office for Refugees
 League of Nations
For its work in aiding refugees[45]

1939
Not awarded due to World War II.

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

International Committee of the Red Cross
  Switzerland
"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity"[46]

1945

Cordell Hull
 United States
"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[47]

1946

Emily Greene Balch
"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[48]

John Raleigh Mott
"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[48]

1947

Friends Service Council
 United Kingdom
"compassion for others and the desire to help them"[49]

American Friends Service Committee
 United States

1948
Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate." (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]

1949

The Lord Boyd-Orr
 United Kingdom
"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[50]

1950

Ralph Bunche
 United States
"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[51]

1951

Léon Jouhaux
 France
"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"[52]

1952

Albert Schweitzer
"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[53]

1953

George C. Marshall
 United States
"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[54]

1954

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
 United Nations
"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[55]

1955
Not awarded

1956

1957

Lester Bowles Pearson
 Canada
"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[56] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[9]

1958

Dominique Pire
 Belgium
"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[57]

1959

Philip Noel-Baker
 United Kingdom
"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[58]

1960

Albert Lutuli
 South Africa
(Born in Southern Rhodesia)
"President of the African National Congress,"[59] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[9]

1961

Dag Hammarskjöld[C]
 Sweden
"Secretary General of the U.N.,"[60] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[9]

1962

Linus Pauling
 United States
"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"[61]

1963

International Committee of the Red Cross
  Switzerland
For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[62]

League of Red Cross Societies

1964

Martin Luther King, Jr.
 United States
Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence." King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[63]

1965

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
 United Nations
"An international aid organization." [64]

1966
Not awarded

1967

1968

René Cassin
 France
"President of the European Court for Human Rights"[65]

1969

International Labour Organization
 United Nations
[66]

1970

Norman E. Borlaug
 United States
"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[67] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[9]

1971

Willy Brandt
 West Germany
"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[68]

1972
Not awarded

1973

Henry Kissinger
 United States
(Born in  Germany)
"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"[9][69]

Lê Đức Thọ[D]
 Vietnam (North)

1974

Seán MacBride
 Ireland
(Born in  France)
"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[70] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[9]

Eisaku Satō
 Japan
"Prime Minister of Japan,"[70] "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"[9]

1975

Andrei Sakharov[E]
 Soviet Union
"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"[71]

1976

Betty Williams
 United Kingdom
"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[72]

Mairead Corrigan

1977

Amnesty International
"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"[9][73]

1978

Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat
 Egypt
"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[74]

Menachem Begin
 Israel
 Poland
(Born in  Russia)

1979

Mother Teresa
 India
(Born in Skopje, now  Republic of Macedonia)
"Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[75]

1980

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
 Argentina
"Human rights leader;"[76] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[9]

1981

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
 United Nations
"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[77]

1982

Alva Myrdal
 Sweden
"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[78][79]

Alfonso García Robles
 Mexico

1983

Lech Wałęsa
 Poland
"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[80]

1984

Desmond Tutu
 South Africa
"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[81]

1985

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
 United States
For "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues."[82]

1986

Elie Wiesel
 United States
(Born in  Romania)
"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[83]

1987

Óscar Arias
 Costa Rica
"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[84]

1988

United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces
 United Nations
"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"[85][86]

1989

Tenzin Gyatso,
14th Dalai Lama
 India
(Born in  Tibet)[87]
"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[88][89]

1990

Mikhail Gorbachev
 Soviet Union
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"[90]

1991

Aung San Suu Kyi[F]
 Burma
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[91]

1992

Rigoberta Menchú
 Guatemala
"for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[92]

1993

Nelson Mandela
 South Africa
"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[93]

Frederik Willem de Klerk

1994

Yasser Arafat
 Palestine
(Born in  Egypt)
"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[94]

Yitzhak Rabin
 Israel

Shimon Peres
 Israel
(Born in  Poland)

1995

Joseph Rotblat
 United Kingdom
(Born in  Poland)
"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[95]

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
 Canada

1996

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
 East Timor
"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[96]

José Ramos-Horta

1997

International Campaign to Ban Landmines
  Switzerland
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[97]

Jody Williams
 United States

1998

John Hume
 Ireland
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[98]

David Trimble
 United Kingdom

1999

Médecins Sans Frontières
  Switzerland
"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[99]

2000

Kim Dae-jung
 South Korea
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[100]

2001

United Nations
 United Nations
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[101]

Kofi Annan
 Ghana

2002

Jimmy Carter
 United States
"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[102]

2003

Shirin Ebadi
 Iran
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."[103]

2004

Wangari Muta Maathai
 Kenya
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[104]

2005

International Atomic Energy Agency
 United Nations
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"[105]

Mohamed ElBaradei
 Egypt

2006

Muhammad Yunus
 Bangladesh
"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"[106]

Grameen Bank

2007

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 United Nations
"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[107]

Al Gore
 United States

2008

Martti Ahtisaari
 Finland
"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[108]

2009

Barack Obama
 United States
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[109]

2010

Liu Xiaobo
 China
"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"[110]

2011

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
 Liberia
"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[111]

Leymah Gbowee

Tawakkul Karman
 Yemen

2012

European Union
 European Union
"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."[112]

2013

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
International
"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons."[113]

2014

Kailash Satyarthi
 India
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"[114]

Malala Yousafzai
 Pakistan

2015

Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
 Tunisia
"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011"[115]

2016

Juan Manuel Santos
 Colombia
"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people"[116]

2017

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
  Switzerland
"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons"[117].

tag: table


document_title: Babur

question_text: what was the mother tongue of the mughals

text: Babur

text: Name[edit]

text: Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn is Arabic for "Defender of the Faith" (of Islam), and Muhammad honours the Islamic prophet.

text: The difficulty of pronouncing the name for his Central Asian Turco-Mongol army may have been responsible for the greater popularity of his nickname Babur,[6] also variously spelled Baber,[2] Babar,[7] and Bābor.[4] The name is generally taken in reference to the Persian babr, meaning "tiger".[2][3] The word repeatedly appears in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and was borrowed into the Turkic languages of Central Asia.[7][8] Thackston argues for an alternate derivation from the PIE word "beaver", pointing to similarities between the pronunciation Bābor and the Russian bobr (бобр, "beaver").[9]

text: Babur bore the royal titles Badshah and al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram pādshāh-e ġāzī. He and later Mughal emperors used the title of mirza when they were princes (see imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors).

text: Background[edit]

text: Babur's memoirs form the main source for details of his life. They are known as the Baburnama and were written in Chaghatai Turkic, his mother-tongue,[10] though, according to Dale, "his Turkic prose is highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology or word formation and vocabulary."[3] Baburnama was translated into Persian during the rule of Babur's grandson Akbar.[10]

text: Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the city of Andijan, Andijan Province, Fergana Valley, contemporary Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza,[11] ruler of the Fergana Valley, the son of Abū Saʿīd Mirza (and grandson of Miran Shah, who was himself son of Timur) and his wife Qutlugh Nigar Khanum, daughter of Yunus Khan, the ruler of Moghulistan (and great-great grandson of Tughlugh Timur, the son of Esen Buqa I, who was the great-great-great grandson of Chaghatai Khan, the second-born son of Genghis Khan).[12]

text: Babur hailed from the Barlas tribe, which was of Mongol origin and had embraced Turkic[13] and Persian culture.[14] They had also converted to Islam centuries earlier and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan. Aside from the Chaghatai language, Babur was equally fluent in Persian, the lingua franca of the Timurid elite.[15]

text: Hence, Babur, though nominally a Mongol (or Moghul in Persian language), drew much of his support from the local Turkic and Iranian people of Central Asia, and his army was diverse in its ethnic makeup. It included Persians (known to Babur as "Sarts" and "Tajiks"), ethnic Afghans, Arabs, as well as Barlas and Chaghatayid Turko-Mongols from Central Asia.[16]

text: Rule in Central Asia[edit]

text: As ruler of Fergana[edit]

text: In 1494, at eleven years old, Babur became the ruler of Fergana, in present-day Uzbekistan, after Umar Sheikh Mirza died "while tending pigeons in an ill-constructed dovecote that toppled into the ravine below the palace".[17] During this time, two of his uncles from the neighbouring kingdoms, who were hostile to his father, and a group of nobles who wanted his younger brother Jahangir to be the ruler, threatened his succession to the throne.[6] His uncles were relentless in their attempts to dislodge him from this position as well as from many of his other territorial possessions to come.[18] Babur was able to secure his throne mainly because of help from his maternal grandmother, Aisan Daulat Begum, although there was also some luck involved.[6]

text: Most territories around his kingdom were ruled by his relatives, who were descendants of either Timur or Genghis Khan, and were constantly in conflict.[6] At that time, rival princes were fighting over the city of Samarkand to the west, which was ruled by his paternal cousin.[citation needed] Babur had a great ambition to capture the city. In 1497 he besieged Samarkand for seven months before eventually gaining control over it.[19] He was fifteen years old and for him the campaign was a huge achievement.[6] Babur was able to hold the city despite desertions in his army, but he later fell seriously ill.[citation needed] Meanwhile, a rebellion back home, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) away, amongst nobles who favoured his brother, robbed him of Fergana.[19] As he was marching to recover it, he lost Samarkand to a rival prince, leaving him with neither.[6] He had held Samarkand for 100 days, and he considered this defeat as his biggest loss, obsessing over it even later in his life after his conquests in India.[6]

text: In 1501, Babur laid siege to Samarkand once more, but was soon defeated by his most formidable rival, Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of the Uzbeks.[19][20] Samarkand, his lifelong obsession, was lost again. He tried to reclaim Fergana but lost it too and escaping with a small band of followers, he wandered to the mountains of central Asia and took refuge with hill tribes. Thus, during the ten years since becoming the ruler of Fergana, Babur suffered many short-lived victories and was without shelter and in exile, aided by friends and peasants.[21] He finally stayed in Tashkent, which was ruled by his maternal uncle. Babur wrote, "During my stay in Tashkent, I endured much poverty and humiliation. No country, or hope of one!"[21] For three years Babur concentrated on building up a strong army, recruiting widely amongst the Tajiks of Badakhshan in particular. By 1502, he had resigned all hopes of recovering Fergana; he was left with nothing and was forced to try his luck someplace else.[22]

text: At Kabul[edit]

text: Kabul was ruled by Ulugh Begh Mirza of the Arghun Dynasty, who died leaving only an infant as heir.[21] The city was then claimed by Mukin Begh, who was considered to be a usurper and was opposed by the local populace. In 1504, Babur was able to cross the snowy Hindu Kush mountains and capture Kabul from the remaining Arghunids, who were forced to retreat to Kandahar.[19] With this move, he gained a new kingdom, re-established his fortunes and would remain its ruler until 1526.[22] In 1505, because of the low revenue generated by his new mountain kingdom, Babur began his first expedition to India; in his memoirs, he wrote, "My desire for Hindustan had been constant. It was in the month of Shaban, the Sun being in Aquarius, that we rode out of Kabul for Hindustan". It was a brief raid across the Khyber Pass.[21]

text: In the same year, Babur united with Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah of Herat, a fellow Timurid and distant relative, against their common enemy, the Uzbek Shaybani.[23] However, this venture did not take place because Husayn Mirza died in 1506 and his two sons were reluctant to go to war.[21] Babur instead stayed at Herat after being invited by the two Mirza brothers. It was then the cultural capital of the eastern Muslim world. Though he was disgusted by the vices and luxuries of the city,[24] he marvelled at the intellectual abundance there, which he stated was "filled with learned and matched men".[25] He became acquainted with the work of the Chagatai poet Mir Ali Shir Nava'i, who encouraged the use of Chagatai as a literary language. Nava'i's proficiency with the language, which he is credited with founding,[26] may have influenced Babur in his decision to use it for his memoirs. He spent two months there before being forced to leave because of diminishing resources;[23] it later was overrun by Shaybani and the Mirzas fled.[24]

text: Babur became the only reigning ruler of the Timurid dynasty after the loss of Herat, and many princes sought refuge from him at Kabul because of Shaybani's invasion in the west.[24] He thus assumed the title of Padshah (emperor) among the Timurids—though this tile was insignificant since most of his ancestral lands were taken, Kabul itself was in danger and Shaybani continued to be a threat.[24] Babur prevailed during a potential rebellion in Kabul, but two years later a revolt among some of his leading generals drove him out of Kabul. Escaping with very few companions, Babur soon returned to the city, capturing Kabul again and regaining the allegiance of the rebels. Meanwhile, Shaybani was defeated and killed by Ismail I, Shah of Shia Safavid Persia, in 1510.[27]

text: Babur and the remaining Timurids used this opportunity to reconquer their ancestral territories. Over the following few years, Babur and Shah Ismail formed a partnership in an attempt to take over parts of Central Asia. In return for Ismail's assistance, Babur permitted the Safavids to act as a suzerain over him and his followers.[28] Thus, in 1513, after leaving his brother Nasir Mirza to rule Kabul, he managed to take Samarkand for the third time; he also took Bokhara but lost both again to the Uzbeks.[22][24] Shah Ismail reunited Babur with his sister Khānzāda, who had been imprisoned by and forced to marry the recently deceased Shaybani.[29] Babur returned to Kabul after three years in 1514. The following 11 years of his rule mainly involved dealing with relatively insignificant rebellions from Afghan tribes, his nobles and relatives, in addition to conducting raids across the eastern mountains.[24] Babur began to modernise and train his army despite it being, for him, relatively peaceful times.[30]

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text:
Mughal emperors

Babur
1526 – 1530

Humayun

1530 – 1540
1555 – 1556

Akbar
1556 – 1605

Jahangir
1605 – 1627

Shahryar (de facto)
1627 – 1628

Shah Jahan
1628 – 1658

Aurangzeb
1658 – 1707

Muhammad Azam Shah (titular)
1707

Bahadur Shah I
1707 – 1712

Jahandar Shah
1712 – 1713

Farrukhsiyar
1713 – 1719

Rafi ud-Darajat
1719

Shah Jahan II
1719

Muhammad Shah
1719 – 1748

Ahmad Shah Bahadur
1748 – 1754

Alamgir II
1754 – 1759

Shah Jahan III (titular)
1759 – 1760

Shah Alam II
1760 – 1806

Jahan Shah IV (titular)
1788

Akbar II
1806 – 1837

Bahadur Shah II
1837 – 1857

v
t
e

text: Babur began relations with the Safavids when he met Ali Mirza Safavi at Samarkand; their good relations lasted even after Babur was approached by the Ottomans. The Safavids army led by Najm-e Sani massacred civilians in Central Asia and then sought the assistance of Babur, who advised the Safavids to withdraw. The Safavids, however, refused and were defeated during the Battle of Ghazdewan by the warlord Ubaydullah Khan.[31]

text: Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because the Ottoman Sultan Selim I provided his rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons.[32] In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan. In 1513, Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli the artilleryman and Mustafa Rumi the matchlock marksman, and many other Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur in his conquests; this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[33] From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only in sieges), which would give him an important advantage in India.[30]

text: Formation of the Mughal Empire[edit]

text: Babur still wanted to escape from the Uzbeks, and he chose India as a refuge instead of Badakhshan, which was to the north of Kabul. He wrote, "In the presence of such power and potency, we had to think of some place for ourselves and, at this crisis and in the crack of time there was, put a wider space between us and the strong foeman."[30] After his third loss of Samarkand, Babur gave full attention to the conquest of North India, launching a campaign; he reached Chenab, now in Pakistan, in 1519.[22] Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to Punjab, mainly to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor Timur, since it used to be part of his empire.[30] At the time parts of north India were under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the empire was crumbling and there were many defectors. He received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim.[34] He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne, but the ambassador was detained at Lahore and released months later.[22]

text: Babur started for Lahore, Punjab, in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.[35] When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed.[36] In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dipalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi, as governor.[37] Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi, and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi.[38] He easily defeated and drove off Alam's army and Babur realised Lodi would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.[38]

text: First battle of Panipat[edit]

text: In November 1525 Babur got news at Peshawar that Daulat Khan Lodi had switched sides, and he drove out Ala-ud-Din.[clarification needed] Babur then marched onto Lahore to confront Daulat Khan Lodi, only to see Daulat's army melt away at their approach.[22] Daulat surrendered and was pardoned. Thus within three weeks of crossing the Indus River Babur had become the master of Punjab.[39]

text: Babur marched on to Delhi via Sirhind. He reached Panipat on 20 April 1526 and there met Ibrahim Lodi's numerically superior army of about 100,000 soldiers and 100 elephants.[22][34] In the battle that began on the following day, Babur used the tactic of Tulugma, encircling Ibrahim Lodi's army and forcing it to face artillery fire directly, as well as frightening its war elephants.[34] Ibrahim Lodi died during the battle, thus ending the Lodi dynasty.[22]

text: Babur wrote in his memoirs about his victory:

text: By the grace of the Almighty God, this difficult task was made easy to me and that mighty army, in the space of a half a day was laid in dust.[22]

text: After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India. However, before he became North India's ruler, he had to fend off challengers, such as Rana Sanga.[40]

text: Battle of Khanwa[edit]

text: The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the Rajput ruler Rana Sanga on 17 March 1527. Rana Sanga wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing Delhi and Agra. He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfill promises made to them. Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position at Khanwa (currently in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics: the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when a Silhadi man converted to Islam and joined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.[41]

text: Personal life and relationships[edit]

text: There are no descriptions about Babur's physical appearance, except from the paintings in the translation of the Baburnama prepared during the reign of Akbar.[21] In his autobiography, Babur claimed to be strong and physically fit, and claimed to have swum across every major river he encountered, including twice across the Ganges River in North India.[42] Unlike his father, he had ascetic tendencies and did not have any great interest in women. In his first marriage, he was "bashful" towards Aisha Sultan Begum, later losing his affection for her.[43] However, he acquired several more wives and concubines over the years, and as required for a prince, he was able to ensure the continuity of his line; Babur treated them and his other women relatives well. In his memoirs, there is a mention of his infatuation for a younger boy when Babur was 16 years old.[30] According to the historian Abraham Eraly, bisexuality was common and pederasty high fashion among the central Asian aristocrats of the time.[44]

text: Babur's first wife, Aisha Sultan Begum, was his paternal cousin, the daughter of Sultan Ahmad Mirza, his father's brother. She was an infant when betrothed to Babur, who was himself five years old. They married eleven years later, c. 1498–99. The couple had one daughter, Fakhr-un-Nissa, who died within a year in 1500. Three years later, after Babur's first defeat at Fergana, Aisha left him and returned to her father's household.[45][30] In 1504, Babur married Zaynab Sultan Begum, who died childless within two years. In the period 1506–08, Babur married four women, Maham Begum (in 1506), Masuma Sultan Begum, Gulrukh Begum and Dildar Begum.[45] Babur had four children by Maham Begum, of whom only one survived infancy. This was his eldest son and heir, Humayun. Masuma Sultan Begum died during childbirth; the year of her death is disputed (either 1508 or 1519). Gulrukh bore Babur two sons, Kamran and Askari, and Dildar Begum was the mother of Babur's youngest son, Hindal.[45] Babur later married Mubaraka Yusufzai, a Pashtun woman of the Yusufzai tribe. Gulnar Aghacha and Nargul Aghacha were two Circassian slaves given to Babur as gifts by Tahmasp Shah Safavi, the Shah of Persia. They became "recognized ladies of the royal household."[45]

text: During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.[30] Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from opium.[24] Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (of abstinence); I swore the oath and regret that."[46]

text: Death and legacy[edit]

text: Babur died at the age of 47 on 5 January [O.S. 26 December 1530] 1531 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun

text: After death, his body was moved to Kabul, Afghanistan, where it lies in Bagh-e Babur (Babur Gardens).[47]

text: It is generally agreed that, as a Timurid, Babur was not only significantly influenced by the Persian culture, but that his empire also gave rise to the expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.[4][5]

text: For example, F. Lehmann states in the Encyclopædia Iranica:

text: His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babur was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results.[14]

text: Although all applications of modern Central Asian ethnicities to people of Babur's time are anachronistic, Soviet and Uzbek sources regard Babur as an ethnic Uzbek.[48][49][50] At the same time, during the Soviet Union Uzbek scholars were censored for idealising and praising Babur and other historical figures such as Ali-Shir Nava'i.[51]

text: Babur is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan.[52] On 14 February 2008, stamps in his name were issued in the country to commemorate his 525th birth anniversary.[53] Many of Babur's poems have become popular Uzbek folk songs, especially by Sherali Jo'rayev.[54] Some sources claim that Babur is a national hero in Kyrgyzstan too.[55] In October 2005, Pakistan developed the Babur Cruise Missile, named in his honour.

text: One of the enduring features of Babur's life was that he left behind the lively and well-written autobiography known as Baburnama.[9] Quoting Henry Beveridge, Stanley Lane-Poole writes:

text: His autobiography is one of those priceless records which are for all time, and is fit to rank with the confessions of St. Augustine and Rousseau, and the memoirs of Gibbon and Newton. In Asia it stands almost alone.[56]

text: In his own words, "The cream of my testimony is this, do nothing against your brothers even though they may deserve it." Also, "The new year, the spring, the wine and the beloved are joyful. Babur make merry, for the world will not be there for you a second time."[57]

text: Babri Masjid[edit]

text: Babri Masjid ("Babur's Mosque") in Ayodhya, India was constructed on the orders of Mir Baqi, one of Babur's generals who led forces sent to the region during his reign. In 2003, by the order of an Indian Court, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was asked to conduct a more indepth study and an excavation to ascertain the type of structure that was beneath the mosque.[58] The excavation was conducted from 12 March 2003 to 7 August 2003, resulting in 1360 discoveries. The ASI submitted its report to the Allahabad high court.[59]

text: The summary of the ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century temple under the mosque.[60][61] According to the ASI team, the human activity at the site dates back to the 13th century BCE. The next few layers date back to the Shunga period (second-first century BCE) and the Kushan period. During the early medieval period (11–12th century CE), a huge but short-lived structure of nearly 50 metres north-south orientation was constructed. On the remains of this structure, another massive structure was constructed: this structure had at least three structural phases and three successive floors attached with it. The report concluded that it was over the top of this construction that the disputed structure was constructed during the early 16th century.[62]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Christine Isom-Verhaaren, Allies with the Infidel, (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 58.
^ Jump up to: a b c EB (1878).
^ Jump up to: a b c Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530). Brill. pp. 15, 150. ISBN 90-04-13707-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c F. Lehmann: Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor. In Encyclopædia Iranica. Online Ed. December 1988 (updated August 2011). "Bābor, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad (6 Moḥarram 886-6 Jomādā I 937/14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530), Timurid prince, military genius, and literary craftsman who escaped the bloody political arena of his Central Asian birthplace to found the Mughal Empire in India. His origin, milieu, training, and education were steeped in Persian culture and so Bābor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results."
^ Jump up to: a b Robert L. Canfield, Robert L. (1991). Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 20. "The Mughals-Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis – strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Eraly 2007, pp. 18–20.
^ Jump up to: a b EB (1911).
Jump up ^ Thumb, Albert, Handbuch des Sanskrit, mit Texten und Glossar, German original, ed. C. Winter, 1953, Snippet, p. 318
^ Jump up to: a b Babur, Emperor of Hindustan (2002). The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. translated, edited and annotated by W. M. Thackston. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-76137-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Dilip Hiro (2006). Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur. Mumbai: Penguin Books India. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-14-400149-1.
Jump up ^ "Mirza Muhammad Haidar". Silk Road Seattle. University of Washington. Retrieved 2006-11-07. On the occasion of the birth of Babar Padishah (the son of Omar Shaikh)
Jump up ^ Babur. Babur Nama. Penguin Books. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-14-400149-1.
Jump up ^ "Bābur (Mughal emperor)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lehmann, F. "Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Iran: The Timurids and Turkmen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1994). "The Symbiosis of Turk and Tajik". Central Asia in Historical Perspective. Boulder, Colorado & Oxford. p. 58. ISBN 0-8133-3638-4.
Jump up ^ "Babu, the first Moghul emperor: Wine and tulips in Kabul". The Economist. 16 December 2010. pp. 80–82. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Lal, Ruby (25 September 2005). Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World. p. 69. ISBN 0-521-85022-3. It was over these possessions, provinces controlled by uncles, or cousins of varying degrees, that Babur fought with close and distant relatives for much of his life.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ewans, Martin (September 2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. HarperCollins. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-06-050508-7. Babur, while still in his teens, conceived the ambition of conquering Samarkand. In 1497, after a seven months' siege, he took the city, but his supporters gradually deserted him and Ferghana was taken from him in his absence. Within a few months he was compelled to retire from Samarkand ... Eventually he retook Samarkand, but was again forced out, this time by an Usbek leader, Shaibani Khan ... Babur decided in 1504 to trek over the Hindu Kush to Kabul, where the current ruler promptly retreated to Kandahar and left him in undisputed control of the city.
Jump up ^ "The Memoirs of Babur". Silk Road Seattle. University of Washington. Retrieved 2006-11-08. After being driven out of Samarkand in 1501 by the Uzbek Shaibanids ...
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eraly 2007, pp. 21–23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Mahajan, V.D. (2007). History of medieval India (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. 428–29. ISBN 81-219-0364-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Brend, Barbara (20 December 2002). Perspectives on Persian Painting: Illustrations to Amir Khusrau's Khamsah. Routledge (UK). p. 188. ISBN 0-7007-1467-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Eraly 2007, pp. 24–26.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Christina (February 2004). The Sewing Circles of Herat: A Personal Voyage Through Afghanistan. HarperCollins. p. 153. ISBN 0-06-050527-3.
Jump up ^ Hickmann, William C. (19 October 1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. p. 473. ISBN 0-691-01078-1. Eastern Turk Mir Ali Shir Neva'i (1441–1501), founder of the Chagatai literary language
Jump up ^ Doniger, Wendy (September 1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 539. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
Jump up ^ Sicker, Martin (August 2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege in Vienna. p. 189. ISBN 0-275-96892-8. Ismail was quite prepared to lend his support to the displaced Timurid prince, Zahir ad-Din Babur, who offered to accept Safavid suzerainty in return for help in regaining control of Transoxiana.
Jump up ^ Erdogan, Eralp, "Babür İmparatorluğu'nun Kuruluş Safhasında Şah İsmail ile Babür İttifakı", History Studies, Volume 6 Issue 4, pp. 31–39, July 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Eraly 2007, pp. 27–29.
Jump up ^ Stuart Cary Welch. The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India. Metroplitian Museum of Art. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-87099-499-9.
Jump up ^ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... Retrieved 2014-03-25.
Jump up ^ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... Retrieved 2014-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. pp. 89–90. ISBN 81-269-0123-3.
Jump up ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals, Vol. 2, (Har-Anand, 2009), 27.
Jump up ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals, Vol. 2, 27.
Jump up ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals, Vol. 2, 27–28.
^ Jump up to: a b Satish Chandra, Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals, Vol. 2, 28.
Jump up ^ Keay, John (2011-04-12). India: A History. Revised and Updated. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8021-9550-0.
Jump up ^ Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of medieval India (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. 432–36. ISBN 81-219-0364-5.
Jump up ^ Rao, K. V. Krishna. Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security. Lancer Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-81-7212-001-6.
Jump up ^ Elliot, Henry Miers (1867–1877). "The Muhammadan Period". The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. John Dowson (ed.). London: Trubner. Retrieved 2008-04-02. ... and on the same journey, he swam twice across the Ganges, as he said he had done with every other river he had met with.
Jump up ^ "The Memoirs of Babur, Volume 1, chpt. 71". Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur Emperor of Hindustan, Written by himself, in the Chaghatāi Tūrki. Translated by John Leyden and William Erskine, Annotated and Revised by Lucas King. Oxford University Press. 1921. Āisha Sultan Begum, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, to whom I had been betrothed in the lifetime of my father and uncle, having arrived in Khujand, I now married her, in the month of Shābān. In the first period of my being a married man, though I had no small affection for her, yet, from modesty and bashfulness, I went to her only once in ten, fifteen, or twenty days. My affection afterwards declined, and my shyness increased; in so much, that my mother the Khanum, used to fall upon me and scold me with great fury, sending me off like a criminal to visit her once in a month or forty days.
Jump up ^ Eraly 2007, p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Babur; Dilip Hiro. "Babur's wives and children". In Dilip Hiro. Babur Nama:Journal of Emperor Babur (2006 ed.). Penguin. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-14-400149-1.
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Jump up ^ Muminov, Ibrohim, ed. (1972). "Bobur". Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia (in Uzbek). 2. Tashkent: Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia. pp. 287–95.
Jump up ^ Bobur, Zahiriddin Muhammad (1989). "About This Edition". In Aʼzam Oʻktam. Boburnoma (in Uzbek). Tashkent: Yulduzcha. p. 3.
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Jump up ^ "Sherali Joʻrayev: We Haven't Stopped. We Still Exist". BBC's Uzbek Service (in Uzbek). 13 April 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage by 經典雜誌編著, Zhihong Wang, p. 121
Jump up ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley. "Babar". pp. 12–13. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
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Jump up ^ "ASI submits report on Ayodhya excavation". Rediff.com. 22 August 2003. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
Jump up ^ Suryamurthy, R (26 August 2003). "ASI findings may not resolve title dispute". The Tribune.
Jump up ^ Prasannan, R. (7 September 2003) "Ayodhya: Layers of truth" The Week (India), from Web Archive
Jump up ^ "Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report". Rediff.com. 25 August 2003. Retrieved 2012-06-20.

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