document_title: The Office (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who is the director of the show this is us

question_tokens: who is the director of the show this is us

text: The Office (U.S. TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Crew[edit]

text: List of showrunners throughout the series' run:

text:
Season 1–4: Greg Daniels
Season 5–6: Paul Lieberstein & Jennifer Celotta
Season 7–8: Paul Lieberstein
Season 9: Greg Daniels

text: Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British series for American television. He then left the position when he co-created the comedy series Parks and Recreation with fellow Office writer Michael Schur and divided his time between the two series.[3] Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season.[4] Celotta left the series after the sixth season and Lieberstein stayed on as showrunner for the following two seasons. He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin-off, The Farm, which was eventually passed up by NBC.[5][6] Daniels returned to the showrunner position for the ninth and final season.[7] Other executive producers include cast members B.J. Novak and Mindy Kaling.[8][9] Kaling, Novak, Daniels, Lieberstein and Schur made up the original team of writers.[10] Kaling, Novak, and Lieberstein also serve multiple roles on the series, as they play regular characters on the show, as well as write, direct, and produce episodes.[11] Credited with twenty-four episodes, Kaling is the most prolific writer on the staff.[11] Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who created the original British series, are credited as executive producer and wrote the pilot and the third-season episode, "The Convict."[12] Merchant later directed the episode "Customer Survey" while Gervais appeared in the episodes "The Seminar" and "Search Committee."[13][14]

text: Randall Einhorn is the most frequent director of the series, with 15 credited episodes.[11] The series also had several guest directors, including Lost co-creator J.J. Abrams, Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon,[15][16] both of whom are fans of the series,[17][18] and filmmakers Jon Favreau, Harold Ramis, Jason Reitman, and Marc Webb.[11] Episodes have been directed by several of the actors on the show including Steve Carell, John Krasinski, Rainn Wilson, Ed Helms, and Brian Baumgartner.[11]

text: Development and writing[edit]

text: Prior to the second episode airing, the writers spent time researching in offices.[19] This process was used for Daniels's other series King of the Hill and Parks and Recreation.[19] The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the original British series.[20] Daniels chose to go this route because "completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do" owing to the show being an adaptation.[20] He had briefly considered using the idea for "The Dundies" as the pilot episode.[21] After the writers knew who the cast was, they were allowed to write for the actors, which allowed the show to be more original for the following episode, "Diversity Day".[20] Following the mixed reaction toward the first season, the writers attempted to make the series more "optimistic" and to make Michael Scott more likable.[22] They also established the supporting characters of the series more, giving them actual personalities. They also made the lights in the office brighter, which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British series.[22]

text: A common problem with the scripts, according to Novak, is that they tend to run too long for the regular 22-minute time slot, leading to several cuts.[23] For example, the script for the episode "Search Committee" was initially 75 pages—10 pages too long.[23] A complete script is written for each episode; however, actors are given opportunities to improvise during the shooting process. Fischer said, "Our shows are 100 percent scripted. They put everything down on paper. But we get to play around a little bit, too. Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers."[24] This leads to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office, all of which are considered part of the show's canon and storyline by Daniels.[25] Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage. In an experiment, a deleted scene from "The Return" was made available over NBC.com and iTunes, explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes.[25] Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information, but he eventually considered the experiment a failure.[25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: According to Jenna Fischer, the series used an unusual casting process that did not involve a script. The producers would ask the actors several questions and they would respond as the characters they were auditioning for.[26] NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott, but the actor declined. Martin Short, Hank Azaria, and Bob Odenkirk were reported to be interested in the part.[27] In January 2004 Variety reported that Steve Carell, of the Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, was in talks to play the role. At the time, he was already committed to another NBC midseason replacement comedy, Come to Papa,[28] but the series was quickly canceled, allowing his full commitment to The Office. Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned. He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais's characterizations.[29] Other people who were considered or auditioned for the role included Ben Falcone, Alan Tudyk, Jim Zulevic, and Paul F. Tompkins. Rainn Wilson was cast as power-hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute, and he watched every episode of the British series before he auditioned.[30] Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael, a performance that he described as a "terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation"; however, the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him. Seth Rogen, Matt Besser, Patton Oswalt, and Judah Friedlander also auditioned for the role.[30]

text: John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam, the central love interests. Krasinski had attended school with B.J. Novak, and the two were friends.[31][32] Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible, creating the original Pam hairstyle.[33] In an interview on NPR's Fresh Air, Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim, with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims (four of each) together to gauge their chemistry. When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski, he told her that she was his favorite Pam, to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim.[26] Adam Scott and John Cho both auditioned for the role of Jim, and Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role of Pam.[34]

text: The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work: Angela Kinsey, Kate Flannery, Oscar Nunez, Leslie David Baker, Brian Baumgartner, Melora Hardin, and David Denman.[35] Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam. The producers thought she was "too feisty" for the character, but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin, which she won.[36] Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson-Gould, before landing the role of Meredith Palmer.[37] Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley, but was eventually cast as Kevin.[38] Ken Kwapis, the director of the pilot episode, liked the way Phyllis Smith, a casting associate, read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis.[39] At the beginning of the third season, Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford. While Jones would later leave the cast for a role on Parks and Recreation, in February 2007, NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular.[40]

text: Four of the show's writers have also performed in front of the camera. B.J. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand-up act. Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts.[35] Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on-screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode, "Diversity Day," where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority. "Since [that slap], I've been on the show" (as Kelly Kapoor), says Kaling.[39] Michael Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight's cousin Mose, and consulting producer Larry Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown. Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook, Martin Freeman, and Lucy Davis, from the British series, to appear in the third season,[41] but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts.[42][43]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Office was filmed with a single-camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary, with no studio audience or laugh track, allowing its "deadpan" and "absurd" humor to fully come across.[44] The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees, seemingly around the clock.[44] The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters, especially Michael Scott, who enthusiastically participates in the filming.[45] The characters, especially Jim and Pam, also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation.[26] The main action of the show is supplemented with talking-head interviews or "confessionals" in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day's events.[26] Actor John Krasinski shot the footage of Scranton for the opening credits after he found out he was cast as Jim. He visited Scranton for research and interviewed employees at actual paper companies.[46]

text: In order to get the feel of an actual documentary, the producers hired cinematographer Randall Einhorn, who is known for directing episodes of Survivor, which allowed the show to have the feel of "rough and jumpy" like an actual documentary.[45] According to producer Michael Schur, the producers to the series would follow the documentary format strictly.[47] The producers would have long discussions over whether a scene could work under the documentary format.[47] For example, in the fourth-season episode "Did I Stutter?," a scene featured Michael going through a long process to go to the bathroom and not pass by Stanley. The producers debated whether that was possible and Einhorn walked through the whole scene in order to see if a camera man could get to all the places in time to shoot the whole scene.[47] Despite the strict nature in the early years of the series, later seasons seem to have loosened the rules on the format, with the camera crew often going into places that actual documentary crews would not, which also changed the writing and comedy style of the series.[48] This inconsistency has received criticism from critics and fans.[48][49]

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Office theme

The song was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The theme song for The Office was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones.[50] It is played over the title sequence, which features scenes of Scranton, various tasks around the office and the main cast members. Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song. Starting with the fourth season, the theme song is played over the closing credits, which previously rolled in silence. The exteriors of buildings in the title sequence are actual buildings in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and were shot by cast member John Krasinski.[51] The mockumentary format of the show contains no laugh track, and most of the music is diegetic, with songs either sung or played by the characters or heard on radios, computers, or other devices.[52] However, songs have been played during montages or the closing credits, such as "Tiny Dancer" by Elton John ("The Dundies") and "Islands in the Stream" by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton ("E-mail Surveillance").[21] Featured music tends to be well known, and often songs reflect the character, such as Michael's attempt to seem hip by using "Mambo No. 5" and later "My Humps" as his cell phone ringtone.[52] Daniels has said that it does not count as film score as long as it already appeared in the episode.[21]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The Office employs an ensemble cast. Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the original British series. While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show. The show is known for its generally large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work. Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott, regional manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch. Loosely based on David Brent, Gervais's character in the British series, Scott is a well-intentioned man whose attempts at humor, while seemingly innocent to himself, often offend and annoy his peers and employees, and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors. Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute, who, based upon Gareth Keenan, is a salesman and the assistant to the regional manager, a fictional title created by Michael.[53] John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert, a salesman and, in later seasons, co-manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute (often accompanied by Pam Beesly). Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury, and is known to have feelings for Pam, the receptionist.[54] Pam, played by Jenna Fischer, is based on Dawn Tinsley. She is shy, but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight.[55] B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard, who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker but is promoted to sales representative in the third season. He later ascends to the position of vice president, North East Region and director of new media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired. After this, he gets a job in a bowling alley and then briefly works for the Michael Scott Paper Company. After all this, and a stint in rehab, he eventually ends up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch.[56]

text: The accounting department features Angela Martin, an admitted uptight and hypocritical woman who wishes to keep things orderly and make sure situations remain as serious as possible; Kevin Malone, a lovable, but dim-witted man who revels in juvenile humor and frequently indulges himself with gambling and M&Ms; and Oscar Martinez, who is intelligent but often patronizing and whose homosexuality and Hispanic heritage made him a favorite target for Michael's unintentional off-color comments. Rounding out the office are the stern salesman Stanley Hudson, who barely stood for Michael's constant references to his Black American heritage (he also doesn't like to take part in time-wasting meetings and sometimes sleeps in them or works on crossword puzzles); eccentric quality assurance representative Creed Bratton; the kind and caring saleswoman Phyllis Lapin-Vance, who marries Bob Vance from Vance Refrigeration across the hall from the office; Andy Bernard, a salesman introduced in season three after the closing of the Stamford, Connecticut, branch of Dunder Mifflin and the merging of the two; the bubbly and talkative customer service representative Kelly Kapoor; the promiscuous alcoholic supply relations representative Meredith Palmer; human resources representative Toby Flenderson, who is admittedly hated by, and often the target of abuse by Michael Scott; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin; warehouse dock worker and Pam's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson, who was fired in the third season; and Michael's former love interest and former vice president for regional sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson (Jan Levinson-Gould until her divorce in season 2).

text: Toward the end of season five, the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon is introduced as Pam's replacement at reception following Pam's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales. A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax transferred to the office as Toby's replacement. She acts as a love interest for Michael, as they share very similar personalities. Jo Bennett is the CEO of Sabre and Gabe Lewis, introduced in the middle of season six, is a Sabre employee who is assigned to the Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch as the regional director of sales. In season nine Clark Green and Pete Miller joined as two new customer service representatives to attempt to catch up on the ignored customer services complaints that Kelly had dismissed while she worked at Dunder Mifflin. Clark is later moved to sales.

text: Initially the actors who portray the other office workers were credited as guest stars before they were named series regulars during the second season.[57] The show's large ensemble has been mainly praised by critics and led to the series winning two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.[58] Carell was reportedly paid $175,000 per episode starting with the third season.[59] Krasinski and Fischer were paid around $20,000 for the beginning of the series.[59] Starting with the fourth season, the two started getting paid around $100,000 per episode.[59]

text: Season synopsis[edit]

text: A typical episode for a half-hour time slot runs 20-and-a-half minutes.[60] The final episode of season two introduces the first of what would be several super-sized episodes that are approximately 28-minute running time for a 40-minute time slot.[61] Season three introduces the first of occasional hour-long episodes (approximately 42-minute running time; suitable for being shown as two separate normal episodes).[62]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season consists of six episodes.

text: The series starts by introducing the office's workers via a tour given by the branch manager Michael Scott for both the camera crew and a first-day temp Ryan Howard.[63] The audience learns salesman Jim Halpert has a crush on receptionist Pam Beesly, who helps him play pranks on co-worker Dwight Schrute, even though she is engaged to Roy, who works in the building's lower-level warehouse. News spreads throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch, leading to general anxiety, but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season is the series' first 22-episode season, and has its first 40-minute "super-sized" episode.

text: Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters, and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters. Michael spends the night with his boss Jan, in the wake of the latter's divorce, but does not sleep with her.[64] Dwight and Angela become romantically involved,[65] but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else. Kelly develops a crush on Ryan, and they start dating. When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam,[66] Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her, even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy. The two kiss, but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after.[67] The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The third season consists of 17 half-hour episodes, four 40-minute "super-sized" episodes, and two one-hour episodes.

text: The season starts with a brief flashback to the last episode of season 2, "Casino Night", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her. Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy. Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch.[68] Michael takes this merger very seriously. Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli, with whom Jim has developed a relationship, and the anger-prone Andy Bernard. The rest of the Stamford branch are irrelevant considering they all quit within the first few episodes of them being there. Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger, and Jim's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three. Meanwhile, Michael and Jan's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job. On the other hand, Dwight and Angela continue their steamy secret relationship. In the season's finale, Jim, Karen, and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan's, who is fired that day for poor performance. Jim wins and rejects the offer off-screen,[69] opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and ask Pam out on a date, which she joyfully accepts. In the final scene, we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan's job due to his business school credentials.[70]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: NBC ordered a full fourth season of 30 half-hour episodes, but ended with only 19 due to a halt in production caused by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[71][72] The season consists of 9 half-hour episodes, and 5 hour-long episodes to make up the 19 total episodes of material created.

text: Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch.[73][74] A self-employed Jan moves herself and her candle business in with Michael, until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season. After Dwight's crude (though well-intentioned) method of euthanasia of Angela's ailing cat without her permission,[75] she leaves him for Andy, leading Dwight into depression. Ryan, in his new corporate life in New York City, attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales; he also learns that his boss, David Wallace, favors Jim, and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim's career. Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website's sales numbers. Toby, embarrassed after accidentally revealing affection for Pam and resting his hand on her leg, announces he is moving to Costa Rica, and is replaced by Holly Flax, who quickly shows fondness toward Michael. In Holly's first full episode, she is led to believe, by Dwight, that Kevin is suffering from some sort of intellectual disability. Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attends a three-month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela, who reluctantly agrees. Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office.[76]

text: Season 5[edit]

text: The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII.[77]

text: Jim proposes to Pam at a gas station halfway between them because he could not wait. Pam ultimately returns from New York to Scranton, where Jim has bought his parents' house for the two of them. Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service, Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley. Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua, New Hampshire, branch and the relationship ends. When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela's continued affair, both men leave her.[78] Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest.[79] Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company, enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople, and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable, Dunder Mifflin's profits are immediately threatened.[80] The members of the Michael Scott Paper Company enjoy throwing cheese balls into each other's mouths and they have a morning cheer to boost morale. In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company, the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp. During the chaos, new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam. The season ends with a scene that obviously announces Pam's pregnancy.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: The sixth season consists of 26 half-hours of material, divided into 22 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes.

text: Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert.[81] Meanwhile, Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another, but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date. Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin, and by Christmas, Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation, a printer company. While Wallace and other executives are let go, the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company. In the season finale, Dwight buys the office park. Michael agrees to make an announcement to the press regarding a case of faulty printers. When Jo Bennet, Sabre CEO, asks how she can repay him, Michael responds that she could bring Holly back to the Scranton branch.[82]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: The seventh season consists of 26 half-hours of material, divided into 21 half-hour episodes, one "super-sized" episode, and two hour-long episodes.[83]

text: This is the final season for Steve Carell, who plays the lead character Michael Scott, as Carell wanted to move on after his contract expired during this season.[84] Beginning with this season, Zach Woods, who portrays Gabe Lewis, was promoted to a series regular.[85] Erin and Gabe have begun a relationship, much to Andy's chagrin, and Andy attempts to win Erin's affection back. Michael's former girlfriend, Holly, returns to Scranton to fill in for Toby who is doing jury duty for the "Scranton Strangler" trial. Michael and Holly eventually restart their relationship. After the two get engaged, Michael then reveals he will be leaving Scranton to go to Colorado with Holly in order to support her elderly parents. Angela starts dating the senator, while Pam and Jim are still adjusting to parenthood. After Michael's replacement (Will Ferrell) is seriously injured, Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: The eighth season consists of 24 episodes.

text: James Spader reprises his role as Robert California, the new CEO of Dunder Mifflin/Sabre.[86] Andy is then promoted to regional manager and works hard to make a good impression on Robert, and asks Dwight to be his number two.[87] Pam and Jim are expecting their second child, Phillip, at the start of the season, to coincide with Fischer's real-life pregnancy.[88] Angela is pregnant with her first son, also named Philip, with State Senator Robert Lipton (although it is implied that Dwight Schrute is actually the child's biological father). Darryl starts falling for new warehouse foreman, Val.[89] Dwight is tasked with traveling to Tallahassee, Florida, to assist Sabre special projects manager Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate) in launching a chain of retail stores, along with Jim, Ryan, Stanley, Erin, and new office temp Cathy Simms. Cathy is also revealed to have ulterior motives for the trip, as she intends to seduce Jim, but fails.[90] Robert later kills the retail store project, and Erin decides to stay in Florida as an elderly woman's live-in helper. Andy goes to Florida and wins back Erin, but this allows Nellie to claim the manager position as her own. Robert tells Andy that he has been demoted back to a salesman, but he refuses to accept the news, which causes him to be fired. Andy becomes motivated to begin a Dunder Mifflin comeback and joins with former CFO David Wallace to buy Dunder Mifflin back from Sabre, putting Sabre completely out of business and giving Andy the manager position once again.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: The final season consists of 25 episodes.

text: Andy, recently returning from Outward Bound manager's training, reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality, abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother. In his absence, Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete, who along with Clark, another new character, replaces Kelly, who left for Ohio with her new husband (Ryan also moves to Ohio for "unrelated reasons").

text: Meanwhile, Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend who offers him a job at Athlead, a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia. Darryl also jumps on board, but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim's relationship with Pam.

text: Angela also must deal with her husband's infidelity with Oscar. She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight, who inherits his family's beet farm. Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career, which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation. Dwight later makes Jim his assistant to the regional manager and the two officially end their grudge.

text: After Jim reconciles with Pam, choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia, Dwight professes his love for Angela and finally marries her. In the series finale, taking place one year after the release of the documentary, the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela's wedding, for which Michael returns (with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man) to serve as the best man.

text: Kelly and Ryan run away together, Nellie now lives in Poland and "adopts" Ryan's abandoned baby, Erin meets her birth parents, Andy gets a job at Cornell, Stanley retires to Florida, Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author, and Oscar runs for State Senate. Jim and Pam, at her persuasion, move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap (previously Athlead) with Darryl (Dwight "fires" them to give them both severance packages), and Creed is arrested for his many crimes.

text: Product placement[edit]

text: The Office has had product placement deals with Staples[91] and the Olympic balers,[92] as well as mentioning in dialogue or displaying clear logos for products such as Sandals Resorts, HP, Apple, and Gateway computers, and Activision's Call of Duty video game series. In "The Merger", Kevin Malone uses a Staples-branded shredding machine to shred a Staples-branded CD-R and many other nonpaper items, including a salad.[91] As with HP, Cisco Systems, a supplier of networking and telephone equipment, pays for product placement, which can be seen on close-up shots of the Cisco IP telephones. Some products have additional branding labels attached; this can be clearly seen with the HP photo printer on Toby's desk in season 6, and less noticeably with the Cisco phones.[93] In "The Secret" Michael takes Jim to Hooters[94] to discuss Jim's feelings for Pam.

text: Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements, but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary. Chili's restaurants were used for filming in "The Dundies" and "The Client," as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch.[95][96][97] Though not an explicit product placement, the producers of the show had to allow Chili's to have final approval of the script before filming, causing a scene of "The Dundies" to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version.[96] Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much-desired gift in "Christmas Party," though the company did not pay for the placement.[98] The travel website TripAdvisor.com was featured during Season 4 when after a visit to Dwight's "agritourism" bed and breakfast, Schrute Farms, Jim and Pam post an online review about their stay. The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B, which itself received hundreds of reviews.[99] The appearance of Second Life in the episode "Local Ad" was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007.[100]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: Critical reviews and commentary[edit]

text: Before the show aired, Ricky Gervais acknowledged that there were feelings of hesitation from certain viewers.[101] The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short-lived NBC series Coupling, which was also based on a British version.[102][103] The New York Daily News called it "so diluted there's little left but muddy water," and USA Today called it a "passable imitation of a miles-better BBC original."[104] A Guardian Unlimited review panned its lack of originality, stating, "(Steve Carell) just seems to be trying too hard.... Maybe in later episodes when it deviates from Gervais and Merchant's script, he'll come into his own. But right now he's a pale imitation."[105] Tom Shales of the Washington Post said it was "not the mishmash that [Americanized version of Coupling] turned out to be, but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim, like when the copying machine is just about to give out."[103]

text:
"The Office has one of the best casts on television.... It also has created several compelling characters and touching relationships, all of which is fairly remarkable for a half-hour comedy."

—Travis Fickett of IGN in June 2007[106]

tag: div

text: The second season was better received. James Poniewozik of Time remarked, "Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions ... with a tone that's more satiric and less mordant.... The new boss is different from the old boss, and that's fine by me."[107] He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica.[107] Entertainment Weekly writer Mark Harris echoed these sentiments a week later, stating, "Thanks to the fearless Steve Carell, an ever-stronger supporting cast, and scripts that spew American corporate absurdist vernacular with perfect pitch, this undervalued remake does the near impossible—it honors Ricky Gervais' original and works on its own terms."[108] The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin expressed its views on the show's progression: "After a rocky start, The Office improved immeasurably, instantly becoming one of TV's funniest, sharpest shows. The casting of Steve Carell in the Gervais role proved to be a masterstroke. The American Office is that rarest of anomalies: a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity."[109]

text: The series has been included on several top TV series lists. The show placed #61 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list.[110] Time's James Poniewozik named it the second-best TV series of 2006,[107] and the sixth-best returning series of 2007, out of ten TV series.[111] He also included it on his "The 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME" list.[112] The show was also named the best show of 2006 by BuddyTV.[113] while Paste named it the sixth-best sitcom of 2010.[114] In 2013 the Writers Guild of America placed it at #66 on their list of 101 Best Written TV Series.[115]

text: The show has some superficial similarities to the comic strip Dilbert, which also features employees coping with an inept superior. John Spector, CEO of The Conference Board, says that both show the impact a leader can have, for good or bad. Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities: "The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional, and no amount of training can fix it."[116] A labor-affiliated group praised the episode "Boys and Girls" for what it considered an unusually frank depiction of union busting on American television.[117] Metacritic, a review aggregation website, graded only the first, third, sixth, and final seasons. However, it denoted that all four of them received "generally favorable reviews" from critics, awarding a 61, 85, 78, and 64 score—out of 100—to each of them, respectively.[118][119][120][121] It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on "Best of Decade" top-ten lists.[122]

text:
"The Office now is a pale, listless shadow of what it used to be."

—Alan Sepinwall of HitFix in September 2011, during the show's eighth season.[123]

text: The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality. The sixth season received criticisms for a lack of stakes for the characters.[124][125][126] Other critics and fans have also criticized the dragging out of the Jim and Pam romance.[127] The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog, referring to "Search Committee," particularly Warren Buffett's guest appearance, "If you're going to jump a shark, jump a big one," and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais's other series, Extras (although he later said on his website, "I fucking didn't [diss The Office], that's for sure").[128] Some critics said the series should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell.[129][130] In an IAmA interview on Reddit, Rainn Wilson felt that the eighth season possessed some mistakes "creatively," such as the chemistry between Spader and Helms, which he called "a bit dark" and argued that the show should have gone for a "brighter and more energized" relationship.[131] Despite this, there are later-series episodes that have received critical acclaim, including "Stress Relief,"[132] "Niagara",[133] "Garage Sale",[134] "Goodbye, Michael",[135] "Dwight Christmas",[136] "A.A.R.M.",[137] and "Finale".[138]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, with five wins.[139] It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (Greg Daniels for "Gay Witch Hunt"), Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Jeffrey Blitz for "Stress Relief"), and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series (David Rogers and Claire Scanlon for "Finale"). Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series.[140][141] Despite this, Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006. The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008,[142][143] won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007[58] and won a Peabody Award in 2006.[144]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Premiering on Thursday, March 24, 2005, after an episode of The Apprentice on NBC, The Office brought in 11.2 million viewers in the U.S., winning its time slot.[104] When NBC moved the series to its intended Tuesday night slot, it lost nearly half its audience with only 5.9 million viewers.[145] The program averaged 5.4 million viewers, ranking it #102 for the 2004–05 U.S. television season.[146] "Hot Girl," the first season's finale, rated a 2.2 with a 10 audience measurement share. Episodes were also rerun on CNBC.[147]

text: As the second season started, the success of Carell's hit summer movie The 40-Year-Old Virgin and online sales of episodes at iTunes helped the show.[148] The increase in viewership led NBC to move the series to the "Must See TV" Thursday night in January 2006, where ratings continued to grow. By the 2005–06 season, it placed #67 (tied with 20/20). It averaged 8 million viewers with a 4.0/10 rating/share among viewers ages 18–49, and was up 80% in viewers from the year before and up 60% in viewers ages 18–49.[149] The series ranked as NBC's highest rated scripted series during its run.[150] The highest rated episode of the series was "Stress Relief," which was watched by 22.9 million viewers. This episode was aired right after Super Bowl XLIII.[151] While later seasons dropped in the ratings, the show was still one of NBC's highest rated shows, and in October 2011 it was reported that it cost $178,840 per 30-second commercial, the most for any NBC scripted series.[152]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
TV season
Timeslot (ET)
Premiered
Ended
Viewership rank
18-49 rank
Viewers
(in millions)
18-49 rating

Date
Premiere
viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale
viewers
(in millions)

1
2004–05
Thursday 9:30 pm ("Pilot")
Tuesday 9:30 pm
March 24, 2005
11.20[153]
April 26, 2005
4.80[153]
102[154]
82[154]
5.40[154]
2.5/6[154]

2
2005–06
Tuesday 9:30 pm
(September 20 – December 6, 2005)
Thursday 9:30 pm
(January 5 – May 11, 2006)
September 20, 2005
9.00[153]
May 11, 2006
7.70[153]
67[155]
N/A
8.0[155]
4.0/10[155]

3
2006–07
Thursday 8:30 pm
September 21, 2006
9.10[153]
May 17, 2007
7.90[153]
68[156]
28[156]
8.30[156]
4.1/11[156]

4
2007–08
Thursday 9:00 pm
September 27, 2007
9.70[153]
May 15, 2008
8.07[153]
77[157]
8.04[157]
2.8[157]

5
2008–09
September 25, 2008
9.20[158]
May 14, 2009
6.72[159]
52[160]
9.04[160]
3.1[160]

6
2009–10
September 17, 2009
8.20[161]
May 20, 2010
6.60[162]
41[163]
11[163]
8.73[163]
4.5/11[163]

7
2010–11
September 23, 2010
8.40[164]
May 19, 2011
7.29[165]
53[166]
11[166]
7.73[166]
4.0/10[166]

8
2011–12
September 22, 2011
7.64[167]
May 10, 2012
4.49[168]
78[169]
29[169]
6.51[169]
3.4/9[169]

9
2012–13
September 20, 2012
4.28[170]
May 16, 2013
5.69[171]
88[172]
41[172]
5.06[172]
2.6/7[172]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The city of Scranton, long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center,[173] has embraced, and ultimately has been redefined by the show. "We're really hip now," says the mayor's assistant.[51] The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall, as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown. The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company, whose tower is shown in the opening credits, plans to add it to the tower as well.[174] Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show.[173][174][175] Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well. In a 2008 St. Patrick's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City, former Taoiseach (Irish prime minister) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin.[176]

text: The inaugural The Office convention was held downtown in October 2007. Notable landmarks, some of which have been settings for the show, that served as venues include the University of Scranton, the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel and the Mall at Steamtown. Cast appearances were made by B.J. Novak, Ed Helms, Oscar Nunez, Angela Kinsey, Brian Baumgartner, Leslie David Baker, Mindy Kaling, Craig Robinson, Melora Hardin, Phyllis Smith, Creed Bratton, Kate Flannery, Bobby Ray Shafer, and Andy Buckley. Writer appearances, besides Novak and Kaling, were made by Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, Jennifer Celotta, Lee Eisenberg, Gene Stupnitsky, Justin Spitzer, Anthony Ferrell, Ryan Koh, Lester Lewis, and Jason Kessler. Not present were writer-actor Paul Lieberstein (who was originally going to make an appearance), Steve Carell, John Krasinski, Rainn Wilson, and Jenna Fischer.[177]

text: On an episode of The Daily Show, Republican presidential candidate John McCain, reportedly a devoted fan of the show, jokingly told Jon Stewart he might take Dwight Schrute as his running mate.[178] Rainn Wilson later accepted on Dwight Schrute's behalf while on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. After the airing of "Garage Sale", where the character of Michael Scott decides to move to Colorado, Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Scott to the position of director of paper distribution in the Department of Natural Resources.[179]

text: The show is often paid tribute by the band Relient K. Band member Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office, and during concerts will often perform a self-described "love song" about the series, titled "The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin," followed by him and the band playing the show's opening theme.[180]

text: Other broadcasts[edit]

text: Aside from NBC, The Office has gone into off-network syndication in the United States. It previously ran on local stations and TBS. After a few years absent from conventional television, it was announced in December 2017 that Comedy Central had picked up the entire series, for its second syndication cycle. Comedy Central started airing The Office on January 15, 2018.[181] In the United Kingdom, the show was named in listings magazines (but not onscreen) as The Office: An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2.[182]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Online releases[edit]

text: Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005. In 2006, ten internet-exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com. "Producer's Cuts" (containing approximately ten additional minutes of material) of the episodes "Branch Closing" and "The Return" were also made available on NBC.com. The Office also became available for download from Amazon.com's Unbox video downloads in 2006. Sales of new The Office episodes on iTunes ceased in 2007 due to a dispute between NBC and Apple ostensibly over pricing.[183] As of September 9, 2008 The Office was put back on the iTunes Store, and can be bought in HD and Regular format. Netflix also offers the show for online viewing by subscribers, in addition to traditional DVD rental. The Office is also available on Microsofts Zune Marketplace. On December 13, 2017, Comedy Central announced that they had acquired all nine seasons of the show from NBCUniversal in a non-exclusive deal, and some episodes will be made available to stream on Comedy Central's official website and mobile app after January 15, 2018.[184]

text: Of the 12.4 million total viewings of "Fun Run", the fourth season's premiere, 2.7 million, or 22%, were on a computer via online streaming. "The Office", said The New York Times, "is on the leading edge of a sharp shift in entertainment viewing that was thought to be years away: watching television episodes on a computer screen is now a common activity for millions of consumers." It was particularly popular with online viewers, an NBC researcher said, because as an episode-driven sitcom without special effects it was easy to watch on smaller monitors such as those found on laptops and iPods.[185] Between the online viewings and those who use digital video recorders, 25–50% of the show's viewers watch it after its scheduled airtime.[186]

text: The show's Internet success became an issue in the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Daniels and many of the cast members who double as writers posted a video to YouTube shortly after the strike began, pointing out how little, if any, they received in residuals from online and DVD viewing. "You're watching this on the Internet, a thing that pays us zero dollars," Schur said. "We're supposed to get 11 cents for every two trillion downloads." The writers were particularly upset that they weren't compensated for the Daytime Emmy Award-winning summer webisodes "The Accountants", which NBC considered promotional material despite the embedded commercials.[187]

text: Promotional[edit]

text: The show's success has resulted in expansion outside of television. Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC, and a licensed video game—The Office—was released in 2007.[188][189] In 2008 two games were introduced via Pressman Toy Corp: The Office Trivia Board Game and The Office DVD Board Game.[190] In 2009, The Office Clue was released, and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010. Other merchandise, from T-shirts and a bobblehead doll of Dwight Schrute[191] to more office-specific items such as Dunder Mifflin copy paper[192] and parodies of the Successories motivational poster series featuring the cast[193] are available. Dunder Mifflin has two websites,[194] and the cast members maintain blogs both as themselves and in character.

text: Cast blogs[edit]

text: Several members of the cast maintained blogs. These include Jenna Fischer, Angela Kinsey, and Brian Baumgartner, who posted regularly during the season.[195] Rainn Wilson wrote in character on "Schrute Space" on NBC.com, which is updated periodically. However, he stopped writing the blog himself.[196] It is unknown whether Creed Bratton authors "Creed Thoughts," the blog attributed to his character.[197]

text: Home video releases[edit]

text:
Season
Region 1 release date
Region 2 release date
Region 4 release date
Episodes
Discs
Bonus features

1
August 16, 2005
April 10, 2006
August 16, 2006
6
1
Deleted scenes from all episodes, five commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes.

2
September 12, 2006
January 28, 2008
April 4, 2007
22
4
Deleted scenes from every episode, ten commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes, The Accountants webisodes, Faces of Scranton video, blooper reel, 17 fake public service announcements, Olympics promos and "Steve on Steve" promos.

3
September 4, 2007
July 21, 2008
August 20, 2008 (Part 1)
April 22, 2009 (Part 2)
25
4
Deleted scenes, eight commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes,[198] "Kevin Cooks Stuff in The Office", 2006 NBC Primetime Preview, Toby wraparound promos, Dwight Schrute music video, Joss Whedon interview, blooper reel, Lazy Scranton video, and a 58th Annual Emmy Awards excerpt. A special edition for Target called the "Nifty Gifty" set also contains footage from the Museum of TV festival and script facsimile.

4
September 2, 2008
June 14, 2010
September 2, 2009 (Part 1)
December 2, 2009 (Part 2)
19
4
Deleted scenes, outtakes, Second Life footage, The Office Convention invitation, The Office Convention: Writer’s Block Panel, "Goodbye, Toby" music video, four commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes.[199]

5
September 8, 2009
February 7, 2011
September 29, 2010 (Part 1)
March 2, 2011 (Part 2)
28
5
Deleted scenes, outtakes, ten commentaries by the cast and crew, "The Academy of Art and Sciences presents, 'The Office,' Summer Olympic promos, Super Bowl promos, Kevin's Loan webisodes, and The Outburst webisodes.[200]

6
September 7, 2010
January 30, 2012
August 4, 2011 (Part 1)
November 9, 2011 (Part 2)
26
5
Deleted scenes, outtakes, gag reel, cast and crew commentaries, two extended episodes, minisode The Podcast, "Welcome to Sabre" corporate welcome video, promos.[201]

Overtime
November 16, 2010
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
The Accountants, Kevin's Loan, The Outburst, Blackmail, Subtle Sexuality and The Mentor webisodes, The Podcast minisode, The Office Convention: Cast Q&A, Paley: Inside The Writer's Room, Subtle Sexuality commentary with Mindy Kaling, B. J. Novak, and Ellie Kemper, Blackmail video commentary with Creed Bratton, Subtle Sexuality music video, Dwight Schrute music video, Lazy Scranton video, Michael Scott's Dunder Mifflin ad and fake PSAs.[202]

7
September 6, 2011
September 3, 2012
August 22, 2012 (Part 1)
November 7, 2012 (Part 2)
26
5
Deleted scenes, blooper reel, "The Third Floor" webisodes, cast and crew commentaries on five episodes, producer's extended cuts of "Training Day" and "Search Committee," Threat Level Midnight: The Movie (A Michael Scott Joint)

8
September 4, 2012
April 7, 2014
February 13, 2013 (Part 1)
August 8, 2013 (Part 2)
24
5
Deleted scenes, blooper reel, "The Girl Next Door" webisodes, producer's extended cuts of "Angry Andy" and "Fundraiser"

9
September 3, 2013[203]
September 15, 2014
February 13, 2014 (Part 1)
June 19, 2014 (Part 2)
25
5
Deleted scenes, gag reel, rare audition footage

text: Proposed spin-offs[edit]

text: A spin-off to the series was proposed in 2008,[204] with a pilot episode expected to debut as the Super Bowl lead-out program in 2009.[205] However, The Office's creative team instead decided to develop Parks and Recreation as a separate series.[206]

text: Another spin-off starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute running a bed-and-breakfast and beet farm, titled The Farm, was proposed in early 2012.[5][207] In October 2012, however, NBC decided not to go forward with the series.[208] The backdoor pilot episode instead aired as part of the ninth and final season of The Office on March 14, 2013.[207][209]


document_title: 2018 National Invitation Tournament

question_text: when does the men's nit basketball tournament start

question_tokens: when does the men 's nit basketball tournament start

root

text: 2018 National Invitation Tournament

text: Experimental rules[edit]

text: In February 2018, the NCAA approved a number of experimental rule changes for use in this tournament:[2]

tag: p

text:
Games were played in 10-minute quarters instead of 20-minute halves. The NCAA has used this timing convention for women's basketball since the 2015–16 season.
As in NCAA women's basketball, as well as the 2017 NIT,[3] there were no "one-and-one" foul shots. Starting with the fifth foul in each quarter, non-shooting fouls by the defense resulted in two free throws, with the exception of administrative technical fouls (for which only one shot is awarded). The 2018 NIT, however, returned to the standard NCAA procedure of treating overtime periods as extensions of the final period of regulation for purposes of team foul accumulation.
The three-point line changed to the current FIBA distance of 22 ft 1.75 in (6.7501 m) from the center of the basket, except along the sidelines. Once the arc reaches a distance of 3 feet (91.4 cm) from the sideline, it becomes a straight line parallel to the sideline.
The free-throw lane was 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, the same width as in (W)NBA and FIBA rules, instead of the 12 feet (3.7 m) in the current NCAA rules.
The shot clock was reset to 20 seconds after an offensive rebound.

tag: ul

text: Participants[edit]

text: Automatic qualifiers[edit]

text: The following teams were guaranteed berths into the 2018 NIT field by having the best regular season record in their conference but failing to either win their conference tournament or earn an at-large berth in the 2018 NCAA Tournament.

text:
Team
Conference
Appearance
Last bid

Florida Gulf Coast
Atlantic Sun
2nd
2014

Hampton
MEAC
1st
Never

Harvard
Ivy
2nd
2011

Louisiana
Sun Belt
6th
2003

Middle Tennessee
C-USA
4th
2012

Northern Kentucky
Horizon
1st
Never

Rider
Metro Atlantic
2nd
1998

Southeastern Louisiana
Southland
1st
Never

UC Davis
Big West
2nd
2015

UNC Asheville
Big South
2nd
2008

Vermont
America East
4th
2014

Wagner
Northeast
4th
2016

tag: table

text: Grambling State won the SWAC regular season title but was banned from the postseason due to low graduation rates and did not participate in the conference tournament. There was thus no automatic qualifier from the SWAC.

text: At-large bids[edit]

text: The following 20 teams were also awarded NIT berths.

text:
Team
Conference
Appearance
Last bid

Baylor
Big 12
6th
2013

Boise State
Mountain West
6th
2017

Boston College
ACC
12th
2011

BYU
WCC
14th
2017

Louisville
ACC
15th
2006

LSU
SEC
8th
2014

Marquette
Big East
16th
2005

Mississippi State
SEC
9th
2012

Nebraska
Big Ten
18th
2011

Notre Dame
ACC
12th
2009

Oklahoma State
Big 12
12th
2011

Oregon
Pac-12
11th
2012

Penn State
Big Ten
11th
2009

Stanford
Pac-12
9th
2015

Saint Mary's
WCC
5th
2016

Temple
American
19th
2015

USC
Pac-12
5th
1999

Utah
Pac-12
14th
2017

Washington
Pac-12
9th
2016

Western Kentucky
C-USA
14th
2006

text: Bids by conference[edit]

text:
Conference
Bids

Pac-12
5

ACC
3

Big 12, Big Ten, C-USA, SEC, West Coast
2

America East, American, ASUN, Big East, Big South, Big West, Horizon,
Ivy, MAAC, MEAC, Mountain West, Northeast, Southland, Sun Belt
1

Atlantic 10, Big Sky, CAA, MAC, Missouri Valley, Ohio Valley, Patriot, Southern, SWAC, Summit, WAC
0

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Saint Mary's bracket

Seed
School
Conference
Record
Berth type

1
Saint Mary's
WCC
28–5
At-large

2
Utah
Pac-12
19–11
At-large

3
LSU
SEC
17–14
At-large

4
Boise State
Mountain West
23–8
At-large

5
Washington
Pac-12
20–12
At-large

6
Louisiana
Sun Belt
27–6
Automatic

7
UC Davis
Big West
22–10
Automatic

8
SE Louisiana
Southland
22–11
Automatic

Baylor bracket

Seed
School
Conference
Record
Berth type

1
Baylor
Big 12
18–14
At-large

2
Louisville
ACC
20–13
At-large

3
Middle Tennessee
C-USA
24–7
Automatic

4
Mississippi State
SEC
22–11
At-large

5
Nebraska
Big Ten
22–10
At-large

6
Vermont
America East
27–7
Automatic

7
Northern Kentucky
Horizon
22–9
Automatic

8
Wagner
NEC
23–9
Automatic

USC bracket

Seed
School
Conference
Record
Berth type

1
USC
Pac-12
23–11
At-large

2
Oklahoma State
Big 12
19–14
At-large

3
Stanford
Pac-12
18–15
At-large

4
Western Kentucky
C-USA
24–10
At-large

5
Boston College
ACC
19–15
At-large

6
BYU
WCC
24–10
At-large

7
Florida Gulf Coast
ASUN
23–11
Automatic

8
UNC Asheville
Big South
21–12
Automatic

Notre Dame bracket

Seed
School
Conference
Record
Berth type

1
Notre Dame
ACC
20–14
At-large

2
Marquette
Big East
19–13
At-large

3
Oregon
Pac-12
22–12
At-large

4
Penn State
Big Ten
21–13
At-large

5
Temple
American
17–15
At-large

6
Rider
MAAC
22–9
Automatic

7
Harvard
Ivy
18–13
Automatic

8
Hampton
MEAC
19–15
Automatic

text: Schedule[edit]

text: The NIT Tournament began on Tuesday, March 13, 2018. Due to a conflict at Taco Bell Arena (with the NCAA tournament), Boise State travelled to the University of Washington for their first round match.[4] The first three rounds were played on campus sites. The Semifinals were held on Tuesday, March 27, and the Championship Game was held on Thursday, March 29, at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

text: Bracket[edit]

text:
First round
March 13–14

Second round
March 17–18

Quarterfinals
March 20

1
Notre Dame
84

8
Hampton
63

1
Notre Dame
63

4
Penn State
73

4
Penn State
63

5
Temple
57

4
Penn State
85

2
Marquette
80

3
Oregon
99

6
Rider
86

3
Oregon
92

2
Marquette
101

2
Marquette
67

7
Harvard
60

text:
First round
March 13–14

Second round
March 18

Quarterfinals
March 20

1
Baylor
80

8
Wagner
59

1
Baylor
77

4
Mississippi State
78

4
Mississippi State
66

5
Nebraska
59

4
Mississippi State
79

2
Louisville
56

3
Middle Tennessee
91

6
Vermont
64

3
Middle Tennessee
68

2
Louisville
84

2
Louisville
66

7
Northern Kentucky
58

text:
First round
March 13–14

Second round
March 19

Quarterfinals
March 21

1
USC
103**

8
UNC Asheville
98

1
USC
75

4
Western Kentucky
79

4
Western Kentucky
79

5
Boston College
62

4
Western Kentucky
92

2
Oklahoma State
84

3
Stanford
86

6
BYU
83

3
Stanford
65

2
Oklahoma State
71

2
Oklahoma State
80

7
Florida Gulf Coast
68

text:
First round
March 13–14

Second round
March 19

Quarterfinals
March 21

1
Saint Mary's
89

8
SE Louisiana
45

1
Saint Mary's
85

5
Washington
81

4
Boise State^
74

5
Washington
77

1
Saint Mary's
58

2
Utah
67*

3
LSU
84

6
Louisiana
76

3
LSU
71

2
Utah
95

2
Utah
69

7
UC Davis
59

text: ^ Game played at Washington due to Taco Bell Arena hosting First and Second Round 2018 NCAA Tournament games.

text:
Semifinals
March 27

Final
March 29

4
Penn State
75

4
Mississippi State
60

4
Penn State
82

2
Utah
66

4
Western Kentucky
64

2
Utah
69

text: * Denotes overtime period

text: Media[edit]

text: ESPN, Inc. had exclusive television rights to all of the NIT Games. It was telecast every game across ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, and ESPN3. Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the semifinals and the championship.


document_title: Jon Krakauer

question_text: when was krakauer considered a success as a writer

text: Jon Krakauer

text: Early life[edit]

text: Krakauer was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, as the third of five children of Carol Ann (née Jones) and Lewis Joseph Krakauer. His father was Jewish and his mother was a Unitarian, of Scandinavian descent.[1][2] He was raised in Corvallis, Oregon, from the age of two. His father introduced the young Krakauer to mountaineering at the age of eight. He competed in tennis at Corvallis High School, and graduated in 1972. He went on to study at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, where in 1976 he received his degree in Environmental Studies. In 1977, he met former climber Linda Mariam Moore, and they married in 1980. They lived in Seattle, Washington, but moved to Boulder, Colorado after the release of Krakauer's book Into Thin Air.[3]

text: Mountaineering[edit]

text: After graduating from college, Krakauer spent three weeks alone in the wilderness of the Stikine Icecap region of Alaska and climbed a new route on the Devils Thumb, an experience he described in Eiger Dreams and in Into the Wild.  In 1992, he made his way to Cerro Torre in the Andes of Patagonia—a sheer granite peak considered to be one of the most difficult technical climbs in the world.

text: Krakauer's most recognized climb was a guided ascent of Mount Everest that became known as the 1996 Mount Everest disaster. Soon after summitting the peak, Krakauer's team met with disaster as four of his teammates (including group leader Rob Hall) perished while making their descent in the middle of a storm.

text: A candid recollection of the event was published in Outside magazine and, later, in the book Into Thin Air. By the end of the 1996 climbing season, fifteen people had died on the mountain, making it the deadliest single year in Everest history to that point. This has been exceeded by the sixteen deaths in the 2014 Mount Everest avalanche, and the 2015 earthquake avalanche disaster in which nineteen people were killed. Krakauer publicly criticized the commercialization of Mount Everest following this tragedy.[citation needed]

text: Journalism[edit]

text: Much of Krakauer's popularity as a writer came from his work as a journalist for Outside. In November 1983, he was able to give up his part-time work as a fisherman and carpenter to become a full-time writer. In addition to his work on mountain climbing, the topics he covered as a freelance writer varied greatly; his writing has also appeared in Architectural Digest, National Geographic Magazine, Rolling Stone, and Smithsonian. Krakauer's 1992 book Eiger Dreams collects some of his articles written between 1982 and 1989.

text: On assignment for Outside, Krakauer wrote an article focusing on two parties during his ascent of Mt. Everest: the one he was in, led by Rob Hall, and the one led by Scott Fischer, both of which successfully guided clients to the summit but experienced severe difficulty during the descent. The storm, and, in his estimation, irresponsible choices by guides of both parties, led to a number of deaths, including both head guides. Krakauer felt the short account did not accurately cover the event, and clarified his initial statements—especially those regarding the death of Andy Harris—in Into Thin Air, which also includes extensive interviews with fellow survivors.

text: Books[edit]

text: Eiger Dreams[edit]

text: Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains (1992) is a non-fiction collection of articles and essays by Jon Krakauer on mountaineering and rock climbing. It concerns a variety of topics, from ascending the Eiger Nordwand in the Swiss Alps, Denali in Alaska or K2 in the Karakoram, to the well-known rock climbers Krakauer has met on his trips, such as John Gill.

text: Into the Wild[edit]

text: Into the Wild was published in 1996 and spent two years on The New York Times Best Seller List. The book employs a non-linear narrative that documents the travels of Christopher McCandless, a young man from a well-to-do East Coast family who, in 1990, after graduating from Emory University, donated all of the money ($24,000) in his bank account to the humanitarian charity Oxfam, renamed himself "Alexander Supertramp", and began a journey in the American West. McCandless' remains were found in August 1992; he had died of starvation near Lake Wentitika in Denali National Park and Preserve. In the book, Krakauer draws parallels between McCandless' experiences and his own, and the experiences of other adventurers. Into The Wild was adapted into a film of the same name, which was released on September 21, 2007.

text: Into Thin Air[edit]

text: In 1997, Krakauer expanded his September 1996 Outside article into what has become his best-known book, Into Thin Air. The book describes the climbing parties' experiences and the general state of Everest mountaineering at the time. Hired as a journalist by the magazine, Krakauer had participated as a client of the 1996 Everest climbing team led by Rob Hall—the team which ended up suffering the greatest casualties in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.

text: The book reached the top of The New York Times' non-fiction bestseller list, was honored as "Book of the Year" by Time magazine, and was among three books considered for the General Non-Fiction Pulitzer Prize in 1998. The American Academy of Arts and Letters gave Krakauer an Academy Award in Literature in 1999 for his work, commenting that the writer "combines the tenacity and courage of the finest tradition of investigative journalism with the stylish subtlety and profound insight of the born writer. His account of an ascent of Mount Everest has led to a general reevaluation of climbing and of the commercialization of what was once a romantic, solitary sport."

text: Krakauer has contributed royalties from this book to the Everest '96 Memorial Fund at the Boulder Community Foundation, which he founded as a tribute to his deceased climbing partners.

text: In a TV-movie version of the book, Krakauer was played by Christopher McDonald. Everest, a feature film based on the events of the disaster directed by Baltasar Kormákur, was released in 2015.[4] In the film, Krakauer is portrayed by Michael Kelly. Krakauer denounced the movie, saying some of its details were fabricated and defamatory. He also expressed regret regarding Sony's rapid acquisition of the rights to the book. Director Baltasar Kormákur responded, claiming Krakauer's first-person account was not used as source material for the film, and alleged that his version of events conflicted with the plot.[5]

text: In the book, Krakauer noted that Russian-Kazakhstani guide Anatoli Boukreev, Scott Fischer's top guide on the expedition, ascended the summit without supplemental oxygen, "which didn't seem to be in [the] clients' best interest".[6] He also wrote that Boukreev descended from the summit several hours ahead of his clients, and that this was "extremely unorthodox behavior for a guide".[7] He noted however that, once he had descended to the top camp, Boukreev was heroic in his tireless rescue attempts of the missing climbers. Five months after Into Thin Air was published, Boukreev gave his own account of the Everest disaster in the book The Climb, co-written with G. Weston DeWalt.

text: Differences centered on what experienced mountaineers thought about the facts of Boukreev's performance. As Galen Rowell from the American Alpine Journal wrote to Krakauer, "the fact that every one of Boukreev's clients survived without major injuries while the clients who died or received major injuries were members of your party. Could you explain how Anatoli [Boukreev]'s shortcomings as a guide led to the survival of his clients…?"[8] Conversely, Scott Fischer, the leader of Boukreev's team who died on the mountain, had complained continuously about Boukreev's shirking responsibility and his inability to meet the demands put upon him as the top guide—complaints documented in transcripts of radio transmissions between Fischer and his base-camp managers[citation needed]. After the publication of Into Thin Air and The Climb, DeWalt, Boukreev, and Krakauer became embroiled in disagreements about Krakauer's portrayal of Boukreev. Krakauer had reached a détente with Boukreev in November 1997, but the Russian climber was killed by an avalanche only a few weeks later while climbing Annapurna.[9]

text: Under the Banner of Heaven[edit]

text: In 2003, Under the Banner of Heaven became Krakauer's third non-fiction bestseller. The book examines extremes of religious belief, specifically fundamentalist offshoots of Mormonism. Krakauer looks at the practice of polygamy in these offshoots and scrutinizes it in the context of the Latter Day Saints religion throughout history. Much of the focus of the book is on the Lafferty brothers, who murdered in the name of their fundamentalist faith.

text: In 2006, Tom Elliott and Pawel Gula produced a documentary inspired by the book, Damned to Heaven.

text: Robert Millet, Professor of Religious Understanding at Brigham Young University, an LDS institution, reviewed the book and described it as confusing, poorly organized, misleading, erroneous, prejudicial and insulting.[10] Mike Otterson, Director of Media Relations for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), told the Associated Press, "This book is not history, and Krakauer is no historian. He is a storyteller who cuts corners to make the story sound good. His basic thesis appears to be that people who are religious are irrational, and that irrational people do strange things."[10]

text: In response, Krakauer criticized the LDS Church hierarchy, citing the opinion of D. Michael Quinn, a historian who was excommunicated in 1993, who wrote that "The tragic reality is that there have been occasions when Church leaders, teachers, and writers have not told the truth they knew about difficulties of the Mormon past, but have offered to the Saints instead a mixture of platitudes, half-truths, omissions, and plausible denials". Krakauer wrote, "I happen to share Dr. Quinn's perspective".[11]

text: Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman[edit]

text: In the October 25, 2007 season premiere of Iconoclasts on the Sundance Channel, Krakauer mentioned being deeply embroiled in the writing of a new book, but did not reveal the title, subject, or expected date of completion. Doubleday Publishing originally planned to release the book in the fall of 2008, but postponed the launch in June of that year, announcing that Krakauer was "unhappy with the manuscript".[12]

text: The book, Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman, was released by Doubleday on September 15, 2009. It draws on the journals and letters of Pat Tillman, an NFL professional football player and U.S. Army Ranger whose death in Afghanistan made him a symbol of American sacrifice and heroism, though it also became a subject of controversy about the handling of the announcement of his death by the U.S. Army. The book draws on the journals and letters of Tillman, interviews with his wife and friends, conversations with the soldiers who served alongside him, and research Krakauer performed in Afghanistan. It also serves in part as a historical narrative, providing a general history of the civil wars in Afghanistan.

text: Writing about the book in the New York Times book review, Dexter Filkins said that "too many of the details of Tillman’s life recounted here are mostly banal and inconsequential", but also stated, concerning Tillman's death, "While most of the facts have been reported before, Krakauer performs a valuable service by bringing them all together—particularly those about the cover-up. The details, even five years later, are nauseating to read".[13]

text: Three Cups of Deceit: How Greg Mortenson, Humanitarian Hero, Lost His Way[edit]

text: Three Cups of Deceit is a 2011 e-book that purports to expose mismanagement and accounting fraud committed by Greg Mortenson, the humanitarian who built schools in Pakistan and Afghanistan; and his charity, the Central Asia Institute. It was later released in paperback by Anchor Books.

text: Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town[edit]

text: Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town (2015) explores how rape is handled by colleges and the criminal justice system. The book follows several case studies of women raped in Missoula, Montana, many of them linked in some way to the University of Montana. Krakauer attempts to illuminate why many victims do not want to report their rapes to the police, and he criticizes the justice system for giving the benefit of the doubt to assailants but not to victims. Krakauer was inspired[14] to write the book when a friend of his, a young woman, revealed to him that she had been raped.

text: Emily Bazelon, writing for the New York Times Book Review, gave the book a lukewarm review, criticizing it for not fully exploring its characters or appreciating the difficulty colleges face in handling and trying to prevent sexual assault.[14] "Instead of delving deeply into questions of fairness as universities try to fulfill a recent government mandate to conduct their own investigations and hearings – apart from the police and the courts – Krakauer settles for bromides," Bazelon wrote. "University procedures should 'swiftly identify student offenders and prevent them from reoffending, while simultaneously safeguarding the rights of the accused,' he writes, asserting that this 'will be difficult, but it's not rocket science".

text: As editor[edit]

text: As of  2004[update], Krakauer edits the Exploration series of the Modern Library.

text: Three Cups of Deceit controversy[edit]

text: Krakauer was featured during a CBS 60 Minutes report on April 17, 2011 where 60 Minutes reporter Steve Kroft raised questions about humanitarian Greg Mortenson and the non-profit Central Asia Institute (CAI). Krakauer questioned the accuracy of events in Mortenson's book Three Cups of Tea and whether Mortenson was kidnapped by the Taliban in 1996 as described in his second book, Stones into Schools. Krakauer went on to question Mortenson's credibility through the financial practices of CAI. Krakauer had been a financial supporter of Mortenson's work and had previously donated $75,000 before becoming disillusioned with him and his management of CAI.[15] The 60 Minutes story largely retraced the conclusions Krakauer came to as described in his e-book, Three Cups of Deceit – How Greg Mortenson, Humanitarian Hero, Lost His Way.[16] The e-book was released the day after the 60 Minutes piece aired.

text: Scott Darsney, a respected mountaineer and friend of Greg Mortenson, wrote a response to Krakauer's allegations that was published as an exclusive article in Outside magazine's online version.[17] Darnsey's response questioned the accuracy and fairness of both the Krakauer piece and the 60 Minutes report. He further stated that Krakauer either misquoted or misunderstood what he said when interviewed by the author.  Darnsey went on to say that Krakauer took Mortenson's experiences in Afghanistan and Pakistan out of context and added, "If Jon Krakauer and some of Greg's detractors had taken the time to have three or more cups of tea with Greg and others—instead of one cup of tea with a select few who would discredit him—they would have found some minor problems and transgressions. But to the extent to call it all 'lies' and 'fraud'? No way." Darnsey stated in reference to the possibility that Mortenson has been dishonest in his financial dealings through CAI, "If Greg is misappropriating funds, then show me the luxury cars, fancy boats, and closets full of shoes. This is not a "ministry" or a business gone corrupt." The Outside article also touched on the allegations that Mortenson lied about being held captive by the Taliban. In light of that controversy, Darnsey stated, "Greg recounted to me his imprisonment in Waziristan when I met him in Beijing. I don't doubt that he was held against his will." Darnsey's article went on to say that Krakauer is a respected journalist and a "stickler for details and getting the facts straight", but that he felt "the research needs to continue".

text: In February 2012, it was reported that an investigation by the Montana Attorney General was underway.[18]

text: On April 5, 2012, the Montana Attorney General's office released a report noting financial "missteps" by CAI and Greg Mortenson. The Attorney General reached a settlement for restitution from Mortenson to CAI in excess of $1 million.[19]

text: According to the May 3, 2013 issue of The Los Angeles Times, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco upheld the 2012 federal dismissal by Judge Samuel Haddon in Montana, stating he had ruled in accordance to the laws and rules governing class action suits.[20] Haddon ruled correctly that readers were not entitled to financial compensation based on any of the arguments presented by the plaintiffs. The suit was filed days after the publication of the above titled book, as well as the "60 Minutes" presentation.[20]

text: According to Central Asia Institute's Board chairman, Steve Barrett, announced on October 9, 2013, that the CAI and Mortenson have fully complied with all the specific actions and repayments as negotiated by the settlement with then Attorney General (now Governor) Steve Bullock.[21]

text: Journalists Jennifer Jordan and Jeff Rhoads began investigating the claims against Mortenson and made a 2016 documentary 3000 Cups of Tea. In the film and interviews Jordan claims that the accusations against Mortenson put forward by 60 Minutes and Jon Krakauer are largely not true. Jordan said in 2014: "We are still investigating this story. So far, our findings are indicating that the majority of the allegations are grossly misrepresented to make him appear in the worst possible light, or are outright false. Yes, Greg is a bad manager and accountant, and he is the first to admit that, but he is also a tireless humanitarian with a crucially important mission."[22][23]

text: Selected bibliography[edit]

text:
Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains (1990) ISBN 0-385-48818-1
Into the Wild (1996) ISBN 0-385-48680-4
Into Thin Air (1997) ISBN 0-385-49208-1 (expanded from an article in Outside magazine)
Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith (2003) ISBN 0-385-50951-0
Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman (2009)
Three Cups of Deceit (2011)
Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town (2015) ISBN 0385538731

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Marshall, John (July 27, 2003). "Two powerful experiences changed the focus of Krakauer's book". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.

Jump up ^ "Maxwell Institute". Maxwellinstitute.byu.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-20.

Jump up ^ "Krakauer's Conspicuous Silence". seattleweekly.com. Retrieved 2017-11-12.

Jump up ^ Hopewell, John (August 6, 2013). "'2 Guns' Helmer Kormakur Set to Climb 'Everest'". variety.com. Retrieved January 17, 2014.

Jump up ^ "'Into Thin Air' author Jon Krakauer is not a fan of 'Everest'".

Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon. Into the Air. Anchor Books, 1999 paperback edition. p. 187.

Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon. Into the Air. Anchor Books, 1999 paperback edition. p. 218.

Jump up ^ DeWalt p.267

Jump up ^ Author's postscript, 1999 edition of Into Thin Air.

^ Jump up to: a b "Church Response to Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven". Newsroom. Intellectual Reserve. June 27, 2003. Retrieved 2009-01-14.

Jump up ^ Krakauer, Jon (July 3, 2003). "A Response from the Author". Retrieved 2006-05-31.

Jump up ^ "News Briefs". Publishers' Weekly. 255 (26). June 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-19.

Jump up ^ Dexter Filkins (September 8, 2009). "The Good Soldier". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.

^ Jump up to: a b "Jon Krakauer's 'Missoula,' About Rape in a College Town". New York Times. May 3, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2015.

Jump up ^ "CBS News 60 Minutes". Cbsnews.com. Retrieved April 17, 2011.

Jump up ^ "Byliner". Byliner.com. Retrieved 2014-02-20.

Jump up ^ "Scott Darnsey Outside Magazine exclusive". Outsideonline.com. Archived from the original on June  7, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2014.

Jump up ^ Alex Heard (February 12, 2012). "The Trials of Greg Mortenson". Outside. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Mortenson still isn't talking. But the case is heating up, with important developments in the lawsuit and hints that the A.G.'s probe could go badly for CAI.

Jump up ^ "Montana Attorney General's Investigative Report of Greg Mortenson and Central Asia Institute" (PDF). Doj.mt.gov. April 5, 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-20. We entered into a settlement agreement with Mortenson and CAI which guarantees in excess of $1 million in restitution from Mortenson for his past financial transgressions

^ Jump up to: a b Kellogg, Carolyn (October 11, 2013). "Fraud suit against Greg Mortenson's '3 Cups of Tea' rejected – Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-20.

Jump up ^ "Central Asia Institute " October 9, 2013: Federal appeals court affirms dismissal of case against CAI and Mortenson". Ikat.org. October  9, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.

Jump up ^ Jennifer Jordan. "About the Film". 3000 Cups of Tea. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

Jump up ^ "Greg Mortenson's Saga Not Over Yet: ExWeb Interview with "3000 Cups of Tea" Producers". ExplorersWeb. April 15, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Cold war (general term)

question_text: when did the cold war get its name

question_tokens: when did the cold war get its name

text: Cold war (general term)

text: Origins of the term[edit]

text: The expression "cold war" was rarely used before 1945. Some writers credit the fourteenth century Spaniard Don Juan Manuel for first using the term (in Spanish), when dealing with the conflict between Christianity and Islam as a "cold war". However he used the term "tepid" not "cold". The word "cold" first appeared in a faulty translation of his work in the 19th century.[1]

text: At the end of World War II, George Orwell used the term in the essay "You and the Atomic Bomb" published October 19, 1945, in the British newspaper Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war, he warned of a "peace that is no peace", which he called a permanent "cold war".[2] Orwell directly referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers.[3] Moreover, in The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote that "[a]fter the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a ‘cold war’ on Britain and the British Empire."[4]

text: The definition which has now become fixed is of a war waged through indirect conflict. The first use of the term in this sense, to describe the post–World War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites and the United States and its western European allies (which in practice acted as satellites of the opposing force) is attributed to Bernard Baruch, an American financier and presidential advisor.[5] In South Carolina, on April 16, 1947, he delivered a speech (by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope)[6] saying, "Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war."[7] Newspaper reporter-columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency, with the book Cold War (1947).[8]

text: Tensions Labelled a Cold War[edit]

text: Since the NATO-Warsaw Pact Cold War (1945–1991), a number of global and regional tensions have also been called "Cold War."

text: Cold War II[edit]

text: Cold War II,[9][10] also called Second Cold War,[11][12][13] Cold War 2.0,[14][15] or the New Cold War[16][17] refers to a renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia or China,[18] and the other led by the United States or NATO. This is akin to the original Cold War that saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, Russia's predecessor.

text: Middle East[edit]

text: An Atlantic Council member Bilal Y. Saab,[19] an About.com writer Primoz Manfreda,[20] an Iranian scholar Seyyed Hossein Mousavian and a Princeton University scholar Sina Toossi,[21] journalist Kim Ghattas,[22] Foreign Policy journalist Yochi Dreazen,[23] Brookings Institution researcher Sultan Barakat,[24] and Newsweek journalist Jonathan Broder[25] use the term "cold war" to refer to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. In February 2016, a University of Isfahan professor Ali Omidi dismissed the assumptions that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia would grow tense.[26]

text: South Asia[edit]

text: A commentator Ehsan Ahrari,[27] a writer Bruce Riedel,[28] a political commentator Sanjaya Baru[29] and a Princeton University academic Zia Mian[30] have used the term "cold war" since 2002 to refer to long-term tensions between India and Pakistan, which were part of the British India until its partition in 1947.

text: East Asia[edit]

text: A Naval Postgraduate School academic Edward A. Olsen,[31][32] a British politician David Alton,[33] a York University professor Hyun Ok Park,[34] and a University of Southern California professor David C. Kang[35] used the term to refer to tensions between North Korea and South Korea, which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945. They interchangeably called it the "Korean Cold War".

text: China's Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng,[36] The Diplomat editor Shannon Tiezzi,[37] and The Guardian columnist Simon Tisdall[38] used the term to refer to tensions between China and Japan. China's state-run newspaper Global Times says that China and Japan "are stuck in a state of 'cold peace' and [m]ust avoid sliding into a cold war."[39]

text: China vs. India[edit]

text: Imran Ali Sandano of the University of Sindh,[40] Arup K. Chatterjee of the Jindal Global Law School,[41] journalist Bertil Lintner,[42] writer Bruno Maçães,[43] politician-lawyer P. Chidambaram,[44] and some others[45][46] use the terms like "new cold war" to refer to growing tensions between China and India.