document_title: History of the Brooklyn Dodgers

question_text: in what year did the dodgers move to los angeles

root

text: History of the Brooklyn Dodgers

text: Early Brooklyn baseball[edit]

text: Brooklyn was home to numerous baseball clubs in the mid-1850s. Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn, including the Atlantic, Eckford, and Excelsior clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s. Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds, the Union Grounds and the Capitoline Grounds; enclosed, dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from amateurism to professionalism.

tag: p

text: Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players, officially amateur until 1869, they fielded weak teams in the succeeding National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, the first professional league formed in 1871. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the amateur championship after the Civil War and never entered the professional NA. The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players; the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four, with losing teams.

text: The National League replaced the NA in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members, excluding the Atlantics in favor of the New York Mutuals who had shared home grounds with the Atlantics. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in, changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords[2] and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding.

text: The origin of the Dodgers[edit]

text: The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed as the Brooklyn Grays in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne, who convinced his brother-in-law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start the team with him. Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Street, and Fifth Avenue, and named it Washington Park in honor of George Washington.[3] The Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season. Doyle became the first team manager, and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12, 1883 against the Trenton team. The Grays won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players. The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season.[4]

text: After winning the American Association league championship in 1889, the Grays (by then nicknamed the Bridegrooms) moved to the National League and won the 1890 NL Championship, the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in both professional "base ball" leagues.[5] They lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels. Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Ward's Wonders. In 1899, most of the original Baltimore Orioles stars moved to the Grays (Bridegrooms) along with Orioles manager Ned Hanlon who became the club's new manager under Charles Ebbets, who had by now accumulated an 80% share of the club. The new combined team was dubbed the "Superbas" by the press and would become the champions of the National League in 1899 and again in 1900.

text: Nicknames[edit]

text: The team name, Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers, was coined in 1895.[6] The nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that "'Trolley Dodgers' is the new name which eastern baseball cranks [fans] have given the Brooklyn club."[7] In 1895, Brooklyn played at Eastern Park, bounded by Eastern Parkway (now Pitkin Avenue), Powell Street, Sutter Avenue, Van Sinderen Street,[3] where they had moved early in the 1891 season when the second Washington Park burned down. Some sources erroneously report that the name "Trolley Dodgers" referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides. However, Eastern Park was not bordered by street-level trolley lines that had to be "dodged" by pedestrians.[8] The name "Trolley Dodgers" implied the dangers posed by trolley cars in Brooklyn generally, which in 1892, began the switch from horse-power to electrical power, which made them much faster, and were hence regarded as more dangerous.[6] The name was later shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers.[9] The "Trolley Dodgers" name was later adopted by the team for the 1911 and 1912 seasons, and the "Dodgers" name was used in 1913.

text: Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called "the Dodgers" were the Atlantics (1884, not directly related to the earlier Brooklyn Atlantics), Bridegrooms or Grooms (1888-1898),[10] Ward's Wonders,[11] the Superbas (1899-1910),[12] and the Robins (1914-1931).[13] All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team, often concurrently, but not in any official capacity. The team's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club.[14] However, the "Trolley Dodgers" nickname was used throughout this period, along with other nicknames, by fans and sports writers of the day. The team did not use the name in a formal sense until 1932, when the word "Dodgers" appeared on team jerseys.[15] The "conclusive shift" came in 1933, when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name "Dodgers".[16]

text: Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932. A New York Times article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how "Jimmy Callahan, pilot of the Pirates, did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant", but then goes on to comment, "the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played."[17] Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant-winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins. A 1918 New York Times article used the nickname Robins in its title "Buccaneers Take Last From Robins", but the subtitle of the article reads "Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4, Making Series An Even Break".[18][19]

text: Another example of the interchangeability of different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series, which identifies the matchup in the series as "Dodgers vs. Indians", despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years.[20]

text: Rivalry with the Giants[edit]

text: The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics.

text: "Uncle Robbie" and the "Daffiness Boys"[edit]

text: Manager Wilbert Robinson, another former Oriole, popularly known as "Uncle Robbie", restored the Brooklyn team to respectability. His "Brooklyn Robins" reached the 1916 and 1920 World Series, losing both, but contending perennially for several seasons.[21] Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within a week of each other in 1925, and Robbie was named president while still field manager.[22] Upon assuming the title of president, however, Robinson's ability to focus on the field declined, and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the "Daffiness Boys" for their distracted, error-ridden style of play.[23] Outfielder Babe Herman was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness. The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players – Dazzy Vance, Chick Fewster, and Herman – ended up at third base at the same time. (The play is often remembered as Herman "tripling into a triple play", though only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was credited with a double rather than a triple.)[24] Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play. The incident led to the popular joke:

text:
"The Dodgers have three men on base!"
"Oh, yeah? Which base?"[25]

tag: ul

text: After his removal as club president, Robinson returned to managing, and the club's performance rebounded somewhat.[23]

text: When Robinson retired in 1931, he was replaced as manager by Max Carey.[23] Although some suggested renaming the "Robins" the "Brooklyn Canaries", after Carey, whose last name was originally "Carnarius", the name "Brooklyn Dodgers" returned to stay following Robinson's retirement.[23] It was during this era that Willard Mullin, a noted sports cartoonist, fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of "Dem Bums". After hearing his cab driver ask, "So how did those bums do today?", Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown Emmett Kelly to represent the Dodgers in his much-praised cartoons in the New York World-Telegram. Both image and nickname caught on, so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover, from 1951 through 1957, featured a Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum.

text: Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout.[23] In 1934, Giants player/manager Bill Terry was asked about the Dodgers’ chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously, "Is Brooklyn still in the league?" Managed then by Casey Stengel, who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and went on to greatness managing the New York Yankees,[23] the 1934 Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt. As it happened, the season entered its final games with the Giants tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the pennant, with the Giants’ remaining games against the Dodgers. Stengel led his Bums to the Polo Grounds for the showdown, and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race.[23] The "Gashouse Gang" Cardinals nailed the pennant by beating the Cincinnati Reds those same two days.[23]

text: One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of Leland "Larry" MacPhail as Dodgers' general manager.[23] MacPhail, who brought night games to Major League Baseball as general manager of the Reds, also started night baseball in Brooklyn and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field.[23] He also brought Reds voice Red Barber to Brooklyn as the Dodgers' lead announcer in 1939, just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts, enacted because of the fear of the effect of radio calls on the home teams' attendance.

text: MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942, when he returned to the Armed Forces for World War II. He later became one of the Yankees' co-owners, bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in the Bronx as announcer.

text: The first major-league baseball game to be televised was Brooklyn's 6–1 victory over Cincinnati at Ebbets Field on August 26, 1939. Batting helmets were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941.

text: Breaking the color barrier[edit]

text: For most of the first half of the 20th century, no Major League Baseball team employed a black player. A parallel system of Negro Leagues developed, but most of the Negro League players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience. Jackie Robinson became the first African-American to play Major League baseball in the 20th Century when he played his first major league game on April 15, 1947 as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager Branch Rickey's efforts. The deeply religious Rickey's motivation appears to have been primarily moral, although business considerations were also present. Rickey was a member of the Methodist Church, the antecedent denomination to the United Methodist Church of today, which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the Civil Rights Movement.[26]

text: Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills, Rickey also considered Robinson's outstanding personal character, his UCLA education and rank of captain in the U.S. Army in his decision, since he knew that boos, taunts, and criticism was going to be directed at Robinson, and that Robinson had to be tough enough to withstand abuse without attempting to retaliate.[27]

text: The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its spring training site. Prior to 1946, the Dodgers held their spring training in Jacksonville, Florida. However, the city's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the Montreal Royals – the Dodgers’ own farm club – on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time, citing segregation laws. Nearby Sanford similarly declined. Ultimately, City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field. The team traveled to Havana, Cuba for spring training in 1947, this time with Robinson on the big club. Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its Holman Stadium further south in Vero Beach, and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008, Daytona Beach renamed City Island Ballpark to Jackie Robinson Ballpark in his honor.

text: This event marked the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States, with professional football having led the way in 1946, with the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues, and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement. Robinson was an exceptional player, a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity. He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award, which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor. The Dodgers' willingness to integrate, when most other teams refused to, was a key factor in their 1947–1956 success. They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson, three-time MVP Roy Campanella, Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe, Jim Gilliam, and Joe Black. Robinson eventually became the first African-American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.

text: "Wait ’til next year!"[edit]

text: After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s, the Dodgers were rebuilt into a contending club first by general manager Larry MacPhail and then the legendary Branch Rickey. Led by Jackie Robinson, Pee Wee Reese, and Gil Hodges in the infield, Duke Snider and Carl Furillo in the outfield, Roy Campanella behind the plate, and Don Newcombe, Carl Erskine, and Preacher Roe on the pitcher's mound, the Dodgers won pennants in 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953, only to fall to the New York Yankees in all five of the subsequent World Series. The annual ritual of building excitement, followed in the end by disappointment, became a common pattern to the long suffering fans, and "Wait ’til next year!" became an unofficial Dodger slogan.

text: While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period, in 1951 they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball.[28] On August 11, 1951, Brooklyn led the National League by an enormous 13½ games over their archrivals, the Giants. While the Dodgers went 26–22 from that time until the end of the season, the Giants went on an absolute tear, winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games, including their last seven in a row. At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place, forcing a three-game playoff for the pennant. The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3–1 before being shut out by the Dodgers' Clem Labine in Game 2, 10–0. It all came down to the final game, and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up, holding a 4–2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning. Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson, however, hit a stunning three-run walk-off home run off the Dodgers' Ralph Branca to secure the NL Championship for New York. To this day Thomson's home run is known as the Shot Heard 'Round The World.

text: In 1955, by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age, "next year" finally came. The fabled "Boys of Summer" shot down the "Bronx Bombers" in seven games,[29] led by the first-class pitching of young left-hander Johnny Podres, whose key pitch was a changeup known as "pulling down the lampshade" because of the arm motion used right when the ball was released.[30] Podres won two Series games, including the deciding seventh. The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder Sandy Amorós running down Yogi Berra's long fly ball, then throwing to shortstop Pee Wee Reese, who relayed to first baseman Gil Hodges to double up a surprised Gil McDougald to preserve the Dodger lead. Hank Bauer grounded out and the Dodgers won 2–0.

text: Although the Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1956 during which the Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitched the only World Series perfect game in baseball history and the only post-season no-hitter for the next 54 years, it hardly seemed to matter. Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph, and soon that was all they were left with – a victory that was remembered decades later in the Billy Joel single "We Didn't Start the Fire", which included the line, "Brooklyn's got a winning team."

text: Move to California[edit]

text: Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950, when he bought the shares of team co-owners Branch Rickey and the estate of John L. Smith. Before long, O'Malley was working to buy new land in Brooklyn for a new, more accessible and better ballpark than Ebbets Field. Beloved as it was, Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by infrastructure, to the point where the Dodgers could not "sell out" the park to maximum capacity even in the heat of a pennant race, despite dominating the league from 1946 to 1957.

text: New York City Construction Coordinator Robert Moses, however, sought to force O'Malley into using a site in Flushing Meadows, Queens – the eventual location of Shea Stadium, the home of the future New York Mets. Moses' vision involved a city-built, city-owned park, which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real-estate savvy. When O'Malley realized that he was not going to be allowed to buy a suitable parcel of land in Brooklyn, he began thinking of team relocation.

text: O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing but wanted Robert Moses to condemn one parcel of land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority, after O'Malley had bought the bulk of the land he had in mind. Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls "public purpose" projects. Moses' interpretation of "public purpose" included public parks, public housing and public highways and bridges. What O'Malley wanted was for Moses to use Title I authority, rather than to pay market value for the land. With Title I the city via Robert Moses could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price. Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded, "If you want the land so bad, why don't you purchase it with your own money?"[31]

text: Meanwhile, non-stop transcontinental airline travel had become routine during the years since the Second World War, and teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad timetables. Because of civil aviation advances, it became possible to locate teams farther apart – as far west as California – while maintaining the same busy game schedules.

text: When Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to entice a team to move there, they were not even thinking of the Dodgers. Their original target had been the Washington Senators franchise, which moved to Bloomington, Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins in 1961. At the same time, O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted, and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking. Los Angeles offered him what New York did not: a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark, and own that ballpark, giving him complete control over all its revenue streams. At the same time, the National League was not willing to approve the Dodgers' move unless O'Malley found a second team to willing to join them out west, largely out of concern for travel costs.[32]

text: Meanwhile, Giants owner Horace Stoneham was having similar difficulty finding a replacement for his team's antiquated home stadium, the Polo Grounds. Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis, but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco, ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis. So the two arch-rival teams, the Dodgers and Giants, moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season.

text: The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24, 1957, which the Dodgers won 2–0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates.

text: On April 18, 1958, the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A., defeating the former New York and newly relocated and renamed San Francisco Giants, 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.[33] Sadly, catcher Roy Campanella, left partially paralyzed in an off-season accident, was never able to play for Los Angeles.

text: A 2007 HBO film, Brooklyn Dodgers: The Ghosts of Flatbush, is a documentary covering the Dodgers history from early days to the beginning of the Los Angeles era. In the film, the story is related that O'Malley was so hated by Brooklyn Dodger fans after the move to California, that it was said, "If you asked a Brooklyn Dodger fan, if you had a gun with only two bullets in it and were in a room with Hitler, Stalin and O'Malley, who would you shoot? The answer: O'Malley, twice!"


document_title: Wegmans

question_text: where was the first wegmans grocery store built

text: Wegmans

text: History[edit]

text: Wegmans is a privately owned company, founded in 1916 by John and Walter Wegman as the Rochester Fruit and Vegetable Company.[10] Wegmans is headquartered in the Rochester suburb of Gates. Danny Wegman is the Chairman. His daughter, Colleen Wegman, is President and CEO; his other daughter, Nicole Wegman, is senior vice-president.[10] Danny's father, Robert Wegman, who died in 2006, was previously chairman. Robert was the son of co-founder Walter Wegman. During his life, Robert Wegman was a pioneer in the retail food business, as well as a generous donor to educational institutions and other charities.[11][12]

text: Expansion[edit]

text:
States
# of Wegmans stores

Massachusetts
4

Maryland
8

New Jersey
7

New York
36

Pennsylvania
17

Virginia
10

tag: table

text: In 1968, the chain expanded beyond the Rochester area, with a store in Syracuse,[13] and again in 1977 with its first Buffalo store.[13] The first store outside New York opened in 1993 in Erie, Pennsylvania,[13] and the expansion continued into New Jersey in 1999,[13] Virginia in 2004, and Maryland in 2005.[13][14] As a part of the company's continued expansion efforts, Wegmans opened its fifth Maryland location in Columbia on June 17, 2012.[15] Its sixth Maryland location opened in Crofton on October 28, 2012, followed by a Germantown location on September 15, 2013.[16] Wegmans opened a store at the Montgomery Mall in North Wales, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 2013, the first store to be part of a shopping mall since the closing of the Midtown Plaza store in Rochester.[17][18]

text: Wegmans, having long planned to expand into New England,[19][20] opened their first store in that region in Northborough, Massachusetts, on October 16, 2011.[21][22] 2014 saw Wegmans opening two more Massachusetts stores, in Newton on April 27,[23] and in Burlington on October 26.[24] Its fourth Massachusetts store opened in Westwood on October 11, 2015.[25] The eighth Maryland store opened in Owings Mills, Maryland in September 2016.[26] In late 2016, Wegmans opened Virginia stores in Short Pump (August),[27] Midlothian,[27] and Charlottesville (November).[28] The Hanover Township, New Jersey location opened in July 2017. More locations are scheduled to open soon, including, Medford, Massachusetts, in fall 2017, Montvale, New Jersey, in fall 2017, Chantilly, Virginia, in 2018, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 2018,[29] and Natick, Massachusetts, in 2018. Nine other locations are currently in the works, including one in Brooklyn's Navy Yard, the chain's first location in New York City, Tysons Corner, Virginia, Harrison, New York in Westchester County, the first four North Carolina locations, which are in Cary, Chapel Hill, Raleigh, and West Cary, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Washington, DC.[30][31][32][33][34][35]

text: Operations[edit]

text: In 2009, Wegmans ranked 29th on the Supermarket News list of the Top 75 North American Food Retailers based on sales volume,[36] up from number 32 on the 2007 Supermarket News list,[3] and 7th among privately held U.S. supermarkets.[citation needed] In 2009 Stores Magazine showed it to be the 74th-largest retailer in the United States with estimated revenues of $4.67 billion[37] As of 2006, it was the 66th largest privately held company, as determined by Forbes.[38] On Forbes's 2005 list, Wegmans ranked 54th.[39]

text: Most of Wegmans' newer stores are of the "superstore" or "megamarket" type, with a large area, a variety of foods aimed at an upscale clientele, and in many stores, Market Café in-store dining areas. From 2002-2009m Wegmans owned and operated Tastings, a full-service restaurant at its Pittsford, New York.[10] Tastings was replaced with The Food Bar, a 'seafood shack'-styled restaurant in the same space, and is now The Burger Bar, which serves hamburgers. Next Door by Wegmans, a stand-alone restaurant operated by Wegmans, opened across the street from the Pittsford store in 2009.

text: In January 2007, Wegmans announced two business ventures: (1) opening a 19,000 sq ft (1,800 m2) liquor store in Pittsford (adding to its two existing wine centers, in Virginia and New Jersey); and (2) the creation of a $28 million "Culinary Innovation Center" (in Chili, New York), a corporate research and development facility that will house a new central kitchen (replacing some of the operations at its meat center).[40] The liquor store opened in April 2008 as Century Pittsford Wines. It is not owned by the company, but independently owned directly by a member of the Wegman family due to New York liquor laws. The store is 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2).[41][42] This business model has been replicated at three other New York Wegmans locations in Buffalo, DeWitt and Johnson City. Ownership of each liquor store is held by different members of the Wegman family due to New York State regulations prohibiting individuals from owning multiple liquor stores.[43]

text: After Wegmans updated their logo to a script font, in November 2010, Walgreens filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against Wegmans, claiming the "W" in the Wegman's logo is too similar to Walgreens'.[44] The lawsuit was settled in April 2011, with Wegmans agreeing to discontinue use of its "W" logo by June 2012, although the supermarket retains the right to use the "Wegmans" name in script.[45] According to Jo Natale, Wegmans director of media relations, "The cost of making relatively minor changes to a limited number of products was much less than the cost of litigating this case to the end."[46]

text: Wegmans offers a pick-up service called "Personal Shopping" at selected locations.[47] In June 2017, Wegmans partnered with Instacart to provide home delivery service[48]. Rollout has been growing to more stores in the chain, which can be checked via the Wegmans Instacart website.

text: On January 30, 2016, Wegmans celebrated its 100th anniversary.[49]

text: Accolades and fanbase[edit]

text: Wegmans has received much media attention for customer fan base, organic food, hot food bar, the depth of its food selection and employee happiness.[50] Food Network recognized it with its award for Best Grocery Store in 2007,[51] and Consumer Reports subscribers voted Wegmans the top grocery store in 2017, and it has held the top spot since 2006.[52] It was also profiled as part of "Here Are The Jobs" segment on MSNBC's PoliticsNation on July 6, 2012.[53] In 2016, Market Force surveyed over 10,000 grocery store shoppers nationwide, and Wegmans was rated as 'Americas favorite grocery store'.[54]

text: Wegmans has a loyal fan base of customers who have received recognition for their devotion, who have lined up overnight in the thousands for a new store opening, regularly write "love letters" to the store to ask for one to open in a region not presently served, and in Northborough, Massachusetts, many high school students staged a musical about the store.[55][56] The store's fans have their own twitter hashtag "#Wegmania" and a Tumblr.

text: Chase-Pitkin Home and Garden Centers[edit]

text: Wegmans was the parent company of Chase-Pitkin, a regional home improvement retailer. On October 4, 2005, Wegmans announced that it would close all Chase-Pitkin stores by early 2006[57] and focus on its supermarket operations. The decision to exit the home improvement business was reportedly due to the increasing dominance of national chains such as Lowe's and The Home Depot.[57] Chase-Pitkin stores closed individually at various points throughout March 2006.

text: Discontinuation of tobacco products[edit]

text: In January 2008, Wegmans announced that it would no longer sell tobacco products because of their negative effects on human health and the environment[58] and would offer smoking cessation programs to all employees.[59] The decision drew praise from the American Lung Association of New York State, which presented Wegmans with the "Lung Champion Award".[59]

text: Wegmans brand[edit]

text: Wegmans began branding its products in 1979, offering basic commodities with a lower price than the national brands. The "Wegmans" brand has gradually expanded. In 1992, it began a line of health products, "Food You Feel Good About". The next sub-brand to be launched was "Italian Classics". In 1995, Wegmans introduced its imported pastas, canned tomatoes, and olive oils. Many of the products are from Italy. In 2002, Wegmans launched a line of organic products.

text: Wegmans stores offer a prepared foods section called "Chefs Creations". Here, prepared entrees ranging in price from $6 to $10 are paired with two side dishes of the customers choosing. These meals can also come pre-packaged by the store for easy selection. In 2016, Wegmans began pushing their "EZ Meals" line of ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook, and fresh-cut entrees and dinners. These products are created in-store with the benefit of offering an easy to prepare meal.

text: The Wegmans brand has been used extensively in the American sitcom The Office; the program is set in the city of Scranton, Pennsylvania, which does have a Wegmans store, despite being filmed in suburban Los Angeles.[60][61]


document_title: Domínguez

question_text: where does the last name dominguez come from

text: Domínguez

text: Domínguez [doˈmiŋɡeθ] is a name of Spanish origin. It used to mean son of Domingo (i.e., son of Dominic). The surname is usually written Dominguez in the Philippines and United States. Written as Domínguez in Spanish speaking countries like Spain, Mexico, Argentina, etc...

text: People with the surname include:

text:
Jacob Dominguez (Born in Octobet 8, 1963). Ambassador of the Republic of Panama in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and The African Union.
Adolfo Domínguez (born 1950), Spanish fashion designer
Alejandro Domínguez Coello (died 2005), former chief of police in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico who was assassinated in 2005
Albino Núñez Domínguez (1901–74), Galician writer and poet
Alberto Domínguez (1913-1975), Mexican songwriter
Alfonso Martínez Domínguez (1922–2002), Mexican politician, mayor of Mexico City, 1970–71
Álvaro Domínguez Soto (b. 1989), Spanish football player
Carlos Dominguez III (born 1945), Filipino businessman and finance minister
Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (1946–2005), Spanish churchman, pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church
Cinthya Domínguez (born 1982), Mexican weightlifter
Diego Domínguez (disambiguation)
Federico Hernán Domínguez (born 1976), Argentine football player
Francisco Atanasio Domínguez (18th century), Franciscan missionary and explorer in North America
Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre (1810–1885), Spanish marshal and statesman
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez (1768–1829), Mexican conspirator
José Dominguez, Portuguese football player
Juanjo Domínguez (contemporary), Argentine classical guitarist
Leinier Dominguez (born 1983), Cuban chess grandmaster
Liliana Domínguez (contemporary), Mexican supermodel
Lourdes Domínguez Lino (born 1981), Spanish tennis player
Mario Domínguez (born 1975), Mexican Champ Car racing driver
Marta Domínguez (born 1975), Spanish track athlete in the 3000-meter and 5000-meter events
Matt Dominguez (born 1978), American football player in the Canadian Football League
Miguel Domínguez (1756–1830), Mexican official; corregidor of Querétaro
Michael L. Dominguez, U.S. Department of Defense official
Nuria Domínguez (born 1974), Spanish rower
Oralia Domínguez (born 1925), Mexican mezzo-soprano
Óscar Domínguez (1906–1957), Spanish surrealist painter
Ramón Domínguez (born 1976), Venezuelan jockey, National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame inductee (2016)
Raúl Domínguez (born 1972), Cuban track cyclist
Ricardo Dominguez, American professor and electronic activist
Ricardo Domínguez Urbano-Taylor, Venezuelan businessman, town planner and journalist
Richard Dominguez (born 1960), American comic book artist and illustrator
Ron Dominguez (contemporary), former vice-president of Walt Disney Attractions
Rubén Domínguez (1929-2010), Venezuelan tenor
Sally Dominguez (born 1969), Australian inventor
Sophia Dominguez-Heithoff (born 2000), American model and beauty pageant titleholder
Wade Dominguez (1966–1998) American actor, model and singer
Juan Dominguez y Valdez, Texan military
Alberto González Domínguez Argentine mathematician
Alejandro Damián Domínguez (born 1981), Argentine football player
Yulieth Domínguez, Colombian footballer

text: Fictional character[edit]

text: Kristen Forrester Dominguez, fictional character in the American soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful

text: This page lists people with the surname Domínguez. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesSpanish-language surnamesSurnames of Spanish originPatronymic surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo

question_text: various artists breakin' 2 electric boogaloo songs

question_tokens: various artists breakin ' 2 electric boogaloo songs

text: Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo

text: Plot[edit]

text: Breakin' 2 features three characters from Breakin' – Kelly (Lucinda Dickey), Ozone (Adolfo Quinones), and Turbo (Michael Chambers) – who struggle to stop the demolition of a community recreation center by a developer who wants to build a shopping mall. Viktor Manoel, Ice-T, and Martika (who was little known then) also appear as dancers.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lucinda Dickey as Kelly / Special K
Adolfo "Shabba Doo" Quiñones as Orlando/Ozone
Michael "Boogaloo Shrimp" Chambers as Tony/Turbo
Susie Bono as Rhonda
Sabrina Garcia as Lucia
Ice-T as Rapper
Cooley Jackson as Featured Street Dancer TKO
John LaMotta as a Policeman
Steve "Sugarfoot" Notario as Strobe

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Though most critics rated the film poorly,[3][4] New York Press film critic Armond White considered it to be "superb"[5] and Roger Ebert gave the film a three-star rating.[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Like its predecessor, much of the film's soundtrack was provided by Ollie & Jerry, comprising the duo Ollie E. Brown and Jerry Knight. The title track, "Electric Boogaloo", reached number 45 on the R&B charts.[7]

text:
"Electric Boogaloo" – Ollie & Jerry
"Radiotron" – Firefox
"Din Daa Daa" – George Kranz
"When I.C.U." – Ollie & Jerry
"Gotta Have the Money" – Steve Donn
"Believe in the Beat" – Carol Lynn Townes
"Set it out" – Midway
"I Don't Wanna Come Down" – Mark Scott
"Stylin' Profilin'" – Firefox
"Oye Mamacita" – Rags & Riches

tag: ol

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: On April 15, 2003, MGM Home Entertainment released Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo as a bare-bones DVD. On April 21, 2015, Shout! Factory released the film, along with Breakin', as a double feature Blu-ray.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The subtitle "Electric Boogaloo", originally a reference to a funk-oriented dance style of the same name, has entered the pop-culture lexicon as a snowclone pejorative nickname to denote an archetypical sequel.[8] The usual connotation is of either a ridiculous sequel title, or of the follow-up to an obscure or eclectic movie (or other work).[9][10] It was used by Wil Wheaton as a subtitle as a plug for his radio show. The band Five Iron Frenzy titled one of their albums Five Iron Frenzy 2: Electric Boogaloo.[11] An episode of the television show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was titled "Chardee MacDennis 2: Electric Boogaloo".[12] Other news articles and media have used the Electric Boogaloo subtitle, and it has also become an Internet meme.[11]

text: A documentary about the Cannon Group was released in 2014 called Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films of which Breakin' and Breakin' 2 were featured.[13]


document_title: List of Big Ten Conference football champions

question_text: when was the last time michigan won the big 10

text: Champions by year[edit]

text:
Record
Ranking

Year
Champions
Conference
Overall
AP
Coaches
Bowl result
Head coach

1896
Wisconsin
2–0–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1897
Wisconsin
3–0
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1898
Michigan
3–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Gustave Ferbert

1899
Chicago
4–0
16–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1900
Iowa
2–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Alden Knipe

Minnesota
3–0–1
10–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1901
Michigan*
4–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. Stanford
Fielding H. Yost

Wisconsin
2–0
9–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1902
Michigan*
5–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1903
Michigan*
3–0–1
11–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
3–0–1
14–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Northwestern
1–0–2
10–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Walter McCornack

1904
Michigan*
2–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota*
3–0
13–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1905
Chicago*
7–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1906
Michigan
1–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
2–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Wisconsin
3–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Charles P. Hutchins

1907
Chicago
4–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1908
Chicago
5–0
5–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1909
Minnesota
3–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1910
Illinois
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Arthur Hall

Minnesota
2–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1911
Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1912
Wisconsin
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
William Juneau

1913
Chicago
7–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1914
Illinois*
6–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1915
Illinois
3–0–2
5–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1916
Ohio State
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1917
Ohio State
4–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1918
Illinois
4–0
5–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan
2–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Purdue
1–0
3–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
A. G. Scanlon

1919
Illinois*
6–1
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1920
Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
L Rose Bowl 0–28 vs. California
John Wilce

1921
Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

1922
Chicago
4–0–1
5–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

Michigan
4–0
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1923
Illinois*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan*
4–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1924
Chicago
3–0–3
4–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1925
Michigan
5–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1926
Michigan
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Glenn Thistlethwaite

1927
Illinois*
5–0
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Clarence Spears

1928
Illinois
4–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1929
Purdue
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
James Phelan

1930
Michigan
5–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

1931
Michigan
5–1
8–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

Purdue
5–1
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1932
Michigan*
6–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Purdue
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1933
Michigan*
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Minnesota
2–0–4
4–0–4
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1934
Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1935
Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1936
Northwestern
6–0
7–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Pappy Waldorf

1937
Minnesota
5–0
6–2
#5
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1938
Minnesota
4–1
6–2
#10
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1939
Ohio State
5–1
6–2
#15
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1940
Minnesota*
6–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1941
Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1942
Ohio State*
5–1
9–1
#1
Started in 1950
–
Paul Brown

1943
Michigan
6–0
8–1
#3
Started in 1950
–
Fritz Crisler

Purdue
6–0
9–0
#5
Started in 1950
–
Elmer Burnham

1944
Ohio State
6–0
9–0
#2
Started in 1950
–
Carroll Widdoes

1945
Indiana
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
Started in 1950
–
Bo McMillin

1946
Illinois
6–1
8–2
#5
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 45–14 vs. UCLA
Ray Eliot

1947
Michigan*
6–0
10–0
#2
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. USC
Fritz Crisler

1948
Michigan*
5–0
9–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

1949
Michigan
4–1–1
6–2–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

Ohio State
4–1–1
7–1–2
#4
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 17-14 vs. California
Wes Fesler

1950
Michigan
4–1–1
6–3–1
#9
#6
W Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. California
Bennie Oosterbaan

1951
Illinois
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
#3
W Rose Bowl 40–7 vs. Stanford
Ray Eliot

1952
Purdue
4–1–1
4–3–2
#18
#12
–
Stu Holcomb

Wisconsin
4–1–1
6–3–1
#11
#10
L Rose Bowl 7–0 vs. USC
Ivy Williamson

1953
Illinois
5–1
7–1–1
#7
#7
–
Ray Eliot

Michigan State
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 28–20 vs. UCLA
Clarence Munn

1954
Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–7 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1955
Ohio State
6–0
7–2
#5
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1956
Iowa
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 35–19 vs. Oregon State
Forest Evashevski

1957
Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#2
#1
W Rose Bowl 10–7 vs. Oregon
Woody Hayes

1958
Iowa*
5–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 38–12 vs. California
Forest Evashevski

1959
Wisconsin
5–2
7–3
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 44–8 vs. Washington
Milt Bruhn

1960
Iowa
5–1
8–1
#3
#2
–
Forest Evashevski

Minnesota*
6–1
8–2
#1
#1
L Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Murray Warmath

1961
Ohio State*
6–0
8–0–1
#2
#2
–
Woody Hayes

1962
Wisconsin
6–1
8–2
#2
#2
L Rose Bowl 42–37 vs. USC
Milt Bruhn

1963
Illinois
5–1–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Pete Elliott

1964
Michigan
6–1
9–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 34–7 vs. Oregon State
Bump Elliott

1965
Michigan State*
7–0
10–1
#2
#1
L Rose Bowl 14–12 vs. UCLA
Duffy Daugherty

1966
Michigan State*
7–0
9–0–1
#2
#2
–
Duffy Daugherty

1967
Indiana
6–1
9–2
#4
#6
L Rose Bowl 14–3 vs. USC
John Pont

Minnesota
6–1
8–2
–
#14
–
Murray Warmath

Purdue
6–1
8–2
#9
#9
–
Jack Mollenkopf

1968
Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#1
W Rose Bowl 27–16 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1969
Michigan
6–1
8–3
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 10–3 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
6–1
8–1
#4
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1970
Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#5
#2
L Rose Bowl 27–17 vs. Stanford
Woody Hayes

1971
Michigan
8–0
11–1
#6
#4
L Rose Bowl 13–12 vs. Stanford
Bo Schembechler

1972
Michigan
7–1
10–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2
#9
#3
L Rose Bowl 42–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1973
Michigan
7–0–1
10–0–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–0–1
10–0–1
#2
#3
W Rose Bowl 42–21 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1974
Michigan
7–1
10–1
#3
#5
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#3
L Rose Bowl 18–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1975
Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 23–10 vs. UCLA
Woody Hayes

1976
Michigan
7–1
10–2
#3
#3
L Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2–1
#6
#5
W Orange Bowl 27–10 vs. Colorado
Woody Hayes

1977
Michigan
7–1
10–2
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 27–20 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–3
#11
#12
L Sugar Bowl 35–6 vs. Alabama
Woody Hayes

1978
Michigan
7–1
10–2
#5
#5
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Michigan State
7–1
8–3
#12
–
–
Darryl Rogers

1979
Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1980
Michigan
8–0
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 23–6 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

1981
Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#15
L Rose Bowl 28–0 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Ohio State
6–2
9–3
#15
#12
W Liberty Bowl 31–28 vs. Navy
Earle Bruce

1982
Michigan
8–1
8–4
–
#15
L Rose Bowl 24–14 vs. UCLA
Bo Schembechler

1983
Illinois
9–0
10–2
#10
#10
L Rose Bowl 45–9 vs. UCLA
Mike White

1984
Ohio State
7–2
9–3
#13
#12
L Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1985
Iowa
7–1
10–2
#10
#9
L Rose Bowl 45–28 vs. UCLA
Hayden Fry

1986
Michigan
7–1
11–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl 22–15 vs. Arizona State
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#7
#6
W Cotton Bowl Classic 28–12 vs. Texas A&M
Earle Bruce

1987
Michigan State
7–0–1
9–2–1
#8
#8
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
George Perles

1988
Michigan
7–0–1
9–2–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 22–14 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1989
Michigan
8–0
10–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1990
Illinois
6–2
8–4
#25
#24
L Hall of Fame Bowl 30–0 vs. Clemson
John Mackovic

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#16
L Rose Bowl 46–34 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#7
#8
W Gator Bowl 35–3 vs. Ole Miss
Gary Moeller

Michigan State
6–2
8–3–1
#16
#14
W John Hancock Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
George Perles

1991
Michigan
8–0
10–2
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 34–14 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1992
Michigan
6–0–2
9–0–3
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1993
Ohio State
6–1–1
10–1–1
#11
#10
W Holiday Bowl 28–21 vs. BYU
John Cooper

Wisconsin
6–1–1
10–1–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl 21–16 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1994
Penn State
8–0
12–0
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 38–20 vs. Oregon
Joe Paterno

1995
Northwestern
8–0
10–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl 41–32 vs. USC
Gary Barnett

1996
Northwestern
7–1
9–3
#15
#16
L Florida Citrus Bowl 48–28 vs. Tennessee
Gary Barnett

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. Arizona State
John Cooper

1997
Michigan*
8–0
12–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 21–16 vs. Washington State
Lloyd Carr

1998
Michigan
7–1
10–3
#12
#12
W Florida Citrus Bowl 45–31 vs. Arkansas
Lloyd Carr

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Sugar Bowl 24–14 vs. Texas A&M
John Cooper

Wisconsin
7–1
11–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1999
Wisconsin
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 17–9 vs. Stanford
Barry Alvarez

2000
Michigan
6–2
9–3
#11
#10
W Florida Citrus Bowl 31–28 vs. Auburn
Lloyd Carr

Northwestern
6–2
8–4
–
–
L Alamo Bowl 66–17 vs. Nebraska
Randy Walker

Purdue
6–2
8–4
#13
#13
L Rose Bowl 34–24 vs. Washington
Joe Tiller

2001
Illinois
7–1
10–2
#12
#12
L Sugar Bowl 47–34 vs. LSU
Ron Turner

2002
Iowa
8–0
11–2
#8
#8
L Orange Bowl 38–17 vs. USC
Kirk Ferentz

Ohio State*
8–0
14–0
#1
#1
W Fiesta Bowl 31–24 vs. Miami
Jim Tressel

2003
Michigan
7–1
10–3
#6
#7
L Rose Bowl 28–14 vs. USC
Lloyd Carr

2004
Iowa
7–1
10–2
#8
#8
W Capital One Bowl 30–25 vs. LSU
Kirk Ferentz

Michigan
7–1
9–3
#14
#12
L Rose Bowl 38–37 vs. Texas
Lloyd Carr

2005
Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Fiesta Bowl 34–20 vs. Notre Dame
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–1
#3
#3
W Orange Bowl 26–23 3OT vs. Florida State
Joe Paterno

2006
Ohio State
8–0
12–1
#2
#2
L BCS Championship Game 41–14 vs. Florida
Jim Tressel

2007
Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#4
L BCS Championship Game 38–24 vs. LSU
Jim Tressel

2008
Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#9
#11
L Fiesta Bowl 24–21 vs. Texas
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–2
#8
#8
L Rose Bowl 24-38 vs. USC
Joe Paterno

2009
Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 26–17 vs. Oregon
Jim Tressel

2010^
Michigan State
7–1
11–2
#14
#14
L Capital One Bowl 49–7 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

Wisconsin
7–1
11–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 21–19 vs. TCU
Bret Bielema

2011
Wisconsin
6–2
11–3
#10
#11
L Rose Bowl 45–38 vs. Oregon
Bret Bielema

2012
Wisconsin
4–4
8–6
–
–
L Rose Bowl 20–14 vs. Stanford
Bret Bielema

2013
Michigan State
8–0
13–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 24–20 vs. Stanford
Mark Dantonio

2014
Ohio State*
8–0
14–1
#1
#1
W CFP Semifinal at Sugar Bowl 42–35 vs. Alabama
W College Football Playoff National Championship 42–20 vs. Oregon
Urban Meyer

2015
Michigan State
7–1
12–2
#6
#6
L CFP Semifinal at Cotton Bowl 38–0 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

2016
Penn State
8–1
11–2
#7
#7
L Rose Bowl 52–49 vs. USC
James Franklin

2017
Ohio State
8–1

Cotton Bowl vs. USC
Urban Meyer

text: Note: an asterisk (*) denotes a national championship for that season recognized by the College Football Data Warehouse.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the championship due to NCAA violations.

text: Championships by team[edit]

text:
Team
Big Ten
Championships
Years

Michigan
42
1898, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1918, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004

Ohio State
36^
1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2017

Minnesota
18
1900, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1927, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1960, 1967

Illinois
15
1910, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1946, 1951, 1953, 1963, 1983, 1990, 2001

Wisconsin
14
1896, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1912, 1952, 1959, 1962, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2010, 2011, 2012

Iowa
11
1900, 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2004

Michigan State
9
1953, 1965, 1966, 1978, 1987, 1990, 2010, 2013, 2015

Northwestern
8
1903, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1995, 1996, 2000

Purdue
8
1918, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1943, 1952, 1967, 2000

Chicago
7
1899, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1913, 1922, 1924

Penn State
4
1994, 2005, 2008, 2016

Indiana
2
1945, 1967

Nebraska
0

Maryland
0

Rutgers
0

text: Italics indicate a school no longer competing in the Big Ten.

text: Bold indicates an outright conference championship.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the title.

text: Championships by head coach[edit]

text:
Head Coach
School
Big Ten
Championships

Bo Schembechler
Michigan
13

Woody Hayes
Ohio State
13

Fielding H. Yost
Michigan
10

Henry L. Williams
Minnesota
8

Bernie Bierman
Minnesota
7

Amos Alonzo Stagg
Chicago
7

Robert Zuppke
Illinois
7

Jim Tressel
Ohio State
6^

Lloyd Carr
Michigan
5

Earle Bruce
Ohio State
4

Harry Kipke
Michigan
4

Barry Alvarez
Wisconsin
3

Bret Bielema
Wisconsin
3

John Cooper
Ohio State
3

Mark Dantonio*
Michigan State
3

Ray Eliot
Illinois
3

Forest Evashevski
Iowa
3

Hayden Fry
Iowa
3

Philip King
Wisconsin
3

Gary Moeller
Michigan
3

Bennie Oosterbaan
Michigan
3

Joe Paterno
Penn State
3

John Wilce
Ohio State
3

Gary Barnett
Northwestern
2

Milt Bruhn
Wisconsin
2

Fritz Crisler
Michigan
2

Duffy Daugherty
Michigan State
2

Kirk Ferentz*
Iowa
2

Dick Hanley
Northwestern
2

Howard Jones
Iowa
2

Noble Kizer
Purdue
2

Urban Meyer*
Ohio State
2

George Perles
Michigan State
2

Francis Schmidt
Ohio State
2

Murray Warmath
Minnesota
2

Paul Brown
Ohio State
1

Elmer Burnham
Purdue
1

Bump Elliott
Michigan
1

Pete Elliott
Illinois
1

Gustave Ferbert
Michigan
1

Wes Fesler
Ohio State
1

James Franklin*
Penn State
1

Arthur Hall
Illinois
1

Stu Holcomb
Purdue
1

Charles P. Hutchins
Wisconsin
1

William Juneau
Wisconsin
1

Alden Knipe
Iowa
1

John Mackovic
Illinois
1

Walter McCornack
Northwestern
1

Bo McMillin
Indiana
1

Jack Mollenkopf
Purdue
1

Clarence Munn
Michigan State
1

James Phelan
Purdue
1

John Pont
Indiana
1

Darryl Rogers
Michigan State
1

A. G. Scanlon
Purdue
1

Clarence Spears
Minnesota
1

Glenn Thistlethwaite
Northwestern
1

Joe Tiller
Purdue
1

Ron Turner
Illinois
1

Pappy Waldorf
Northwestern
1

Randy Walker
Northwestern
1

Mike White
Illinois
1

Carroll Widdoes
Ohio State
1

Ivy Williamson
Wisconsin
1

text:
^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and their share of the championship
* Active Big Ten coach

text: College football portal


document_title: Educational measurement

question_text: what is the purpose of measurement in education

text: Educational measurement

text: Educational measurement refers to the use of educational assessments and the analysis of data such as scores obtained from educational assessments to infer the abilities and proficiencies of students. The approaches overlap with those in psychometrics. Educational measurement is the assigning of numerals to traits such as achievement, interest, attitudes, aptitudes, intelligence and performance.

text: Overview[edit]

text: The aim of theory and practice in educational measurement is typically to measure abilities and levels of attainment by students in areas such as reading, writing, mathematics, science and so forth. Traditionally, attention focuses on whether assessments are reliable and valid. In practice, educational measurement is largely concerned with the analysis of data from educational assessments or tests. Typically, this means using total scores on assessments, whether they are multiple choice or open-ended and marked using marking rubrics or guides.

text: In technical terms, the pattern of scores by individual students to individual items is used to infer so-called scale locations of students, the "measurements". This process is one form of scaling. Essentially, higher total scores give higher scale locations, consistent with the traditional and everyday use of total scores.[1] If certain theory is used, though, there is not a strict correspondence between the ordering of total scores and the ordering of scale locations. The Rasch model provides a strict correspondence provided all students attempt the same test items, or their performances are marked using the same marking rubrics.

text: In terms of the broad body of purely mathematical theory drawn on, there is substantial overlap between educational measurement and psychometrics. However, certain approaches considered to be a part of psychometrics, including Classical test theory, Item Response Theory and the Rasch model, were originally developed more specifically for the analysis of data from educational assessments.[2][3]

text: One of the aims of applying theory and techniques in educational measurement is to try to place the results of different tests administered to different groups of students on a single or common scale through processes known as test equating. The rationale is that because different assessments usually have different difficulties, the total scores cannot be directly compared. The aim of trying to place results on a common scale is to allow comparison of the scale locations inferred from the totals via scaling processes.


document_title: Latrodectus

question_text: where do you find a black widow spider

question_tokens: where do you find a black widow spider

text: Latrodectus

text: Description[edit]

text: Female widow spiders are typically dark brown or a shiny black in colour when they are full grown, usually exhibiting a red or orange hourglass on the ventral surface (underside) of the abdomen; some may have a pair of red spots or have no marking at all. The male widow spiders often exhibit various red or red and white markings on the dorsal surface (upper side) of the abdomen, ranging from a single stripe to bars or spots. Females of a few species are paler brown and some have no bright markings. The bodies of black widow spiders range from 3–10 millimetres (0.12–0.39 in) in size; some females can measure 13 millimetres (0.51 in) in their body length.[3]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: The prevalence of sexual cannibalism, a behavior in which the female eats the male after mating, has inspired the common name "widow spiders".[4] This behaviour may promote the survival odds of the offspring;[5] however, females of some species only rarely show this behaviour, and much of the documented evidence for sexual cannibalism has been observed in laboratory cages where the males could not escape. Male black widow spiders tend to select their mates by determining if the female has eaten already to avoid being eaten themselves. They are able to tell if the female has fed by sensing chemicals in the web.[6][7]

text: Like other members of the family Theridiidae, widow spiders construct a web of irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibres. Black widow spiders prefer to nest near the ground in dark and undisturbed areas, usually in small holes produced by animals, or around construction openings or wood piles. Indoor nests are in dark, undisturbed places as well such as under desks or furniture or in a basement.[8] The spider very frequently hangs upside down near the centre of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck. Then, before the insect can extricate itself, the spider rushes over to bite it and wrap it in silk. To feed, it uses its fangs to inject digestive enzymes, liquefying the prey's internal organs.[9] Their prey consists of small insects such as flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars.[9] If the spider perceives a threat, it quickly lets itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk. As with other web-weavers, these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend on vibrations reaching them through their webs to find trapped prey or warn them of larger threats. When a widow spider is trapped, it is unlikely to bite, preferring to play dead or flick silk at the potential threat; bites are the result of continual harassment.[10] While some species are more aggressive, most are not; many injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched.

text: The ultimate tensile strength and other physical properties of Latrodectus hesperus (western black widow) silk were found to be similar to the properties of silk from orb-weaving spiders that had been tested in other studies. The tensile strength for the three kinds of silk measured in the Blackledge study was about 1,000 MPa. The ultimate strength reported in a previous study for Nephila edulis was 1,290 ± 160 MPa.[11] The tensile strength of spider silk is comparable to that of steel wire of the same thickness.[12][not in citation given] However, as the density of steel is about six times that of silk,[13] silk is correspondingly stronger than steel wire of the same weight.

text: Spiders of the genus Steatoda (also of the Theridiidae family) are often mistaken for widow spiders, and are known as "false widow spiders"; they are significantly less harmful to humans.

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The genus Latrodectus was erected by Walckenaer in 1805, for the species Latrodectus tredecimguttatus and Latrodectus mactans.[1][14] Arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi revised the genus in 1959, studying the female sexual organs and noting their similarity across described species. He concluded the colour variations were variable across the world and were not sufficient to warrant species status, and reclassified the redback and several other species as subspecies of the black widow spider.[15]

text: Levi also noted that study of the genus had been contentious; in 1902, both F.P Cambridge and Friedrich Dahl had revised the genus, with each criticising the other. Cambridge questioned Dahl's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details, and the latter dismissed the former as an "ignoramus".[15]

text: Species[edit]

text: As of July 2017[update], the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:[1]

text:
Latrodectus antheratus (Badcock, 1932) – Paraguay, Argentina
Latrodectus apicalis Butler, 1877 – Galapagos Is.
Latrodectus bishopi Kaston, 1938 – US
Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865 – Cape Verde Is., Africa, Kuwait, Iran
Latrodectus corallinus Abalos, 1980 – Argentina
Latrodectus curacaviensis (Müller, 1776) – Lesser Antilles, South America
Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959 – Morocco to Central Asia
Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo, 1960 – Argentina
Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898 – India, Myanmar, China, Japan
Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas, 1991 – India, Sri Lanka
Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 – Cosmopolitan
Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 – Southeast Asia to Australia, New Zealand
Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 – North America, Israel
Latrodectus hystrix Simon, 1890 – Yemen, Socotra
Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Namibia, South Africa
Latrodectus karrooensis Smithers, 1944 – South Africa
Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 – New Zealand
Latrodectus lilianae Melic, 2000 – Spain, Algeria
Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) – probably native to North America only (introduced elsewhere)
Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863 – Madagascar, Comoro Is., Aldabra
Latrodectus mirabilis (Holmberg, 1876) – Argentina
Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902 – Cape Verde Is., Madagascar
Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 – Cape Verde Is., Libya to Central Asia
Latrodectus quartus Abalos, 1980 – Argentina
Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902 – Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq
Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948 – Israel
Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay, 1972 – Southern Africa
Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet, 1849 – Chile
Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) (type species) – Mediterranean to China
Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet, 1849 – Chile, Argentina
Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837 – US, Canada

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Widow spiders can be found on every continent of the world except Antarctica. In North America, the black widows commonly known as southern (Latrodectus mactans), western (Latrodectus hesperus), and northern (Latrodectus variolus) can be found in the United States, as well as parts of southern Canada – particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, as can the "gray" or "brown widow spiders" (Latrodectus geometricus) and the "red widow spiders" (Latrodectus bishopi).[16] The blue mud dauber (Chalybion californicum) is a wasp that is the primary predator of black widow spiders.[17]

text: The most prevalent species occurring in Australia is commonly called the redback (Latrodectus hasselti).

text: Bite[edit]

text: Due to the presence of latrotoxin in their venom, black widow bites are potentially dangerous and may result in systemic effects (latrodectism) including severe muscle pain, abdominal cramps, hyperhidrosis, tachycardia, and muscle spasms.[18] Symptoms usually last for 3–7 days, but may persist for several weeks.[19]

text: Each year, about 2,200 people report being bitten by a black widow, but most recover within 24 hours with medical treatment (male spiders produce the toxins to help with their own hunting, but they make such a diluted version that they are not harmful to most people). Also, many people who are bitten develop few symptoms since the spider may not inject its venom. Black widows are not especially aggressive spiders, and they rarely bite humans unless startled or otherwise threatened.[20]

text: Contrary to popular belief, most people who are bitten suffer no serious damage, let alone death. Fatal bites were reported in the early-20th century mostly with Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, the Mediterranean black widow.[21]

text: Since the venom is not likely to be life-threatening, antivenom has been used as pain relief and not to save lives.[22] However, a study demonstrated that standardized pain medication, when combined with either antivenom or a placebo, had similar improvements in pain and resolution of symptoms.[22]


document_title: List of Olympic medalists in luge

question_text: who won the women's luge at the olympics

question_tokens: who won the women 's luge at the olympics

text: List of Olympic medalists in luge

text: History[edit]

text: German luger Georg Hackl is the overall medal leader in the sport, having collected a total of five medals (three golds and two silvers) in the men's singles, during the six Winter Games in which he competed (1988–2006).[5] Following his victory at the 1992 Winter Olympics, Hackl was the first male luger to successfully defend an Olympic title, in 1994.[5] By repeating this feat in Nagano 1998, he joined two other men (Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström and German skier Ulrich Wehling) and two women (Norwegian figure skater Sonja Henie and American speed skater Bonnie Blair) who had won the same individual event in three consecutive Olympic Games. Hackl was also the first-ever Olympian to win at least one medal in five consecutive Olympics.[5] This effort was matched by Armin Zöggeler of Italy, who won his fifth straight Olympic medal (bronze) in the men's singles at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In 2002, Zöggeler outperformed Hackl and prevented him from reaching a unique fourth successive gold medal. Four years later, in Turin, Zöggeler became the second male luger to win back-to-back titles. Ten-time World Cup champion Markus Prock of Austria never fulfilled his success at Olympic level: in 1992 and 1994, Prock beat Georg Hackl to the World Cup title,[6] but ended up losing the Olympic gold medal to the German.

text: In the women's event, Germany's Silke Kraushaar leads the medal count with three, one of each color. Steffi Martin and Sylke Otto—at 36, the oldest female individual gold medalist at the Winter Games[7]—are the only lugers with two gold medals in their career. Ortrun Enderlein, representing the United Team of Germany, was the first woman to win the singles event in 1964. She was on the verge of defending her title at the 1968 Grenoble Games, having the best overall time after all the runs, but was disqualified together with fellow countrywomen Anna-Maria Müller (2nd) and Angela Knösel (4th) when it was discovered that the runners in their sleds had been illegally heated before the runs.[8] Müller made up for this by taking the gold medal at the following Games, in Sapporo, Japan.

text: The most successful pair in the history of the Olympic doubles event was Stefan Krausse and Jan Behrendt, who represented East Germany in 1988 and the reunified German Olympic team from 1992 to 1998, winning four medals: two golds, one silver, and one bronze. East Germany's Hans Rinn and Norbert Hahn, and Austrian brothers Andreas and Wolfgang Linger, are the other pairs to have won two times, both of them in consecutive Olympics. In 1972, two gold medals were awarded to an East German (Horst Hörnlein and Reinhard Bredow) and an Italian pair (Paul Hildgartner and Walter Plaikner), who finished with exactly the same time. To prevent similar situations in future Olympics, the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course introduced timing equipment that measured accurately to one thousandth of a second, to replace the old equipment that measured in hundredths of a second.[9]

text: As of the 2010 Winter Olympics, 117 medals (40 gold, 38 silver, and 39 bronze) have been awarded to 105 lugers (53 in the singles and 52 in the doubles) representing nine National Olympic Committees (NOC).[10] German lugers—representing the United Team of Germany (1964), West Germany (1968–1988), East Germany (1968–1988), and Germany (1992–2010)—have dominated this sport, collecting a total of 70 medals (27 gold, 22 silver, and 21 bronze).[10] There were seven occasions when a single NOC filled the podium with its athletes and in all of them they were German. After the Vancouver Games, Germany is the current medal-leading NOC in the sport with 31 medals (13 gold, 10 silver, and 8 bronze), surpassing East Germany's 29 medals.[10]

text: As the Italian luge team is completely recruited from South Tyrol, nearly all medal winners, except those from Soviet Union, Russia, United States and Latvia, are ethnically Germanic.

text: Medalists[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1964 Innsbruck
details
Thomas Köhler
 United Team of Germany
Klaus Bonsack
 United Team of Germany
Hans Plenk
 United Team of Germany

1968 Grenoble
details
Manfred Schmid
 Austria
Thomas Köhler
 East Germany
Klaus Bonsack
 East Germany

1972 Sapporo
details
Wolfgang Scheidel
 East Germany
Harald Ehrig
 East Germany
Wolfram Fiedler
 East Germany

1976 Innsbruck
details
Dettlef Günther
 East Germany
Josef Fendt
 West Germany
Hans Rinn
 East Germany

1980 Lake Placid
details
Bernhard Glass
 East Germany
Paul Hildgartner
 Italy
Anton Winkler
 West Germany

1984 Sarajevo
details
Paul Hildgartner
 Italy
Sergey Danilin
 Soviet Union
Valery Dudin
 Soviet Union

1988 Calgary
details
Jens Müller
 East Germany
Georg Hackl
 West Germany
Yuri Kharchenko
 Soviet Union

1992 Albertville
details
Georg Hackl
 Germany
Markus Prock
 Austria
Markus Schmidt
 Austria

1994 Lillehammer
details
Georg Hackl
 Germany
Markus Prock
 Austria
Armin Zöggeler
 Italy

1998 Nagano
details
Georg Hackl
 Germany
Armin Zöggeler
 Italy
Jens Müller
 Germany

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Armin Zöggeler
 Italy
Georg Hackl
 Germany
Markus Prock
 Austria

2006 Turin
details
Armin Zöggeler
 Italy
Albert Demchenko
 Russia
Mārtiņš Rubenis
 Latvia

2010 Vancouver
details
Felix Loch
 Germany
David Möller
 Germany
Armin Zöggeler
 Italy

2014 Sochi
details
Felix Loch
 Germany
Albert Demchenko
 Russia
Armin Zöggeler
 Italy

2018 Pyeongchang
details
David Gleirscher
 Austria
Chris Mazdzer
 United States
Johannes Ludwig
 Germany

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Germany West Germany
5
4
2

2
 East Germany
4
2
3

3
 Italy
3
2
2

4
 Austria
2
2
2

5
 Germany United Team of Germany
1
1
1

6
 Russia

2

7
 Soviet Union

1
2

8
 United States

1

9
 Latvia

1

text: Women's singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1964 Innsbruck
details
Ortrun Enderlein
 United Team of Germany
Ilse Geisler
 United Team of Germany
Helene Thurner
 Austria

1968 Grenoble
details
Erica Lechner
 Italy
Christina Schmuck
 West Germany
Angelika Dünhaupt
 West Germany

1972 Sapporo
details
Anna-Maria Müller
 East Germany
Ute Rührold
 East Germany
Margit Schumann
 East Germany

1976 Innsbruck
details
Margit Schumann
 East Germany
Ute Rührold
 East Germany
Elisabeth Demleitner
 West Germany

1980 Lake Placid
details
Vera Zozulya
 Soviet Union
Melitta Sollmann
 East Germany
Ingrīda Amantova
 Soviet Union

1984 Sarajevo
details
Steffi Martin
 East Germany
Bettina Schmidt
 East Germany
Ute Weiss
 East Germany

1988 Calgary
details
Steffi Walter
 East Germany
Ute Oberhoffner
 East Germany
Cerstin Schmidt
 East Germany

1992 Albertville
details
Doris Neuner
 Austria
Angelika Neuner
 Austria
Susi Erdmann
 Germany

1994 Lillehammer
details
Gerda Weissensteiner
 Italy
Susi Erdmann
 Germany
Andrea Tagwerker
 Austria

1998 Nagano
details
Silke Kraushaar
 Germany
Barbara Niedernhuber
 Germany
Angelika Neuner
 Austria

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Sylke Otto
 Germany
Barbara Niedernhuber
 Germany
Silke Kraushaar
 Germany

2006 Turin
details
Sylke Otto
 Germany
Silke Kraushaar
 Germany
Tatjana Hüfner
 Germany

2010 Vancouver
details
Tatjana Hüfner
 Germany
Nina Reithmayer
 Austria
Natalie Geisenberger
 Germany

2014 Sochi
details
Natalie Geisenberger
 Germany
Tatjana Hüfner
 Germany
Erin Hamlin
 United States

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Natalie Geisenberger
 Germany
Dajana Eitberger
 Germany
Alex Gough
 Canada

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Germany
5
6
4

2
 East Germany
4
5
3

3
 Italy
2

4
 Austria
1
2
3

5
 Germany United Team of Germany
1
1

6
 Soviet Union
1

1

7
 West Germany

1
2

9
 Canada. United States

1

text: Men's doubles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Josef Feistmantl
and Manfred Stengl (AUT)
 Reinhold Senn
and Helmut Thaler (AUT)
 Walter Aussendorfer
and Sigisfredo Mair (ITA)

1968 Grenoble
details
 Klaus Bonsack
and Thomas Köhler (GDR)
 Manfred Schmid
and Ewald Walch (AUT)
 Wolfgang Winkler
and Fritz Nachmann (FRG)

1972 Sapporo
details
 Horst Hörnlein
and Reinhard Bredow (GDR)
 Paul Hildgartner
and Walter Plaikner (ITA)
None awarded
 Klaus Bonsack
and Wolfram Fiedler (GDR)

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Hans Rinn
and Norbert Hahn (GDR)
 Hans Brandner
and Balthasar Schwarm (FRG)
 Rudolf Schmid
and Franz Schachner (AUT)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Hans Rinn
and Norbert Hahn (GDR)
 Peter Gschnitzer
and Karl Brunner (ITA)
 Georg Fluckinger
and Karl Schrott (AUT)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Hans Stangassinger
and Franz Wembacher (FRG)
 Yevgeny Belousov
and Aleksandr Belyakov (URS)
 Jörg Hoffmann
and Jochen Pietzsch (GDR)

1988 Calgary
details
 Jörg Hoffmann
and Jochen Pietzsch (GDR)
 Stefan Krausse
and Jan Behrendt (GDR)
 Thomas Schwab
and Wolfgang Staudinger (FRG)

1992 Albertville
details
 Stefan Krausse
and Jan Behrendt (GER)
 Yves Mankel
and Thomas Rudolph (GER)
 Hansjörg Raffl
and Norbert Huber (ITA)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Kurt Brugger
and Wilfried Huber (ITA)
 Hansjörg Raffl
and Norbert Huber (ITA)
 Stefan Krausse
and Jan Behrendt (GER)

1998 Nagano
details
 Stefan Krausse
and Jan Behrendt (GER)
 Chris Thorpe
and Gordon Sheer (USA)
 Mark Grimmette
and Brian Martin (USA)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Patric Leitner
and Alexander Resch (GER)
 Mark Grimmette
and Brian Martin (USA)
 Chris Thorpe
and Clay Ives (USA)

2006 Turin
details
 Andreas Linger
and Wolfgang Linger (AUT)
 André Florschütz
and Torsten Wustlich (GER)
 Gerhard Plankensteiner
and Oswald Haselrieder (ITA)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Andreas Linger
and Wolfgang Linger (AUT)
 Andris Šics
and Juris Šics (LAT)
 Patric Leitner
and Alexander Resch (GER)

2014 Sochi
details
 Tobias Wendl
and Tobias Arlt (GER)
 Andreas Linger
and Wolfgang Linger (AUT)
 Andris Šics
and Juris Šics (LAT)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Tobias Wendl
and Tobias Arlt (GER)
 Peter Penz
and Georg Fischler (AUT)
 Toni Eggert
and Sascha Benecken (GER)

text: Team relay[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
 Germany (GER)
Natalie Geisenberger
Felix Loch
Tobias Wendl
Tobias Arlt
 Russia (RUS)
Tatiana Ivanova
Albert Demchenko
Alexander Denisyev
Vladislav Antonov
 Latvia (LAT)
Elīza Tīruma
Mārtiņš Rubenis
Andris Šics
Juris Šics

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Germany (GER)
Natalie Geisenberger
Johannes Ludwig
Tobias Wendl
Tobias Arlt
 Canada (CAN)
Alex Gough
Samuel Edney
Tristan Walker
Justin Snith
 Austria (AUT)
Madeleine Egle
David Gleirscher
Peter Penz
Georg Fischler

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Medal leaders[edit]

text: Athletes that have won at least two medals are listed below. Medalists are sorted first by the total number of medals, then successively by the number of gold, silver and bronze medals. If a tie is still verified, medalists are ordered chronologically by their first medal.

text: Men[edit]

text:
Athlete
NOC
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Zöggeler, ArminArmin Zöggeler
 Italy (ITA)
1994–2014
2
1
3
6

Hackl, GeorgGeorg Hackl
 West Germany (FRG)
 Germany (GER)
1988–2002
3
2
0
5

Arlt, TobiasTobias Arlt
 Germany (GER)
2014-2018
4
0
0
4

Wendl, TobiasTobias Wendl
 Germany (GER)
2014-2018
4
0
0
4

Krausse, StefanStefan Krausse
 East Germany (GDR)
 Germany (GER)
1988–1998
2
1
1
4

Behrendt, JanJan Behrendt
 East Germany (GDR)
 Germany (GER)
1988–1998
2
1
1
4

Bonsack, KlausKlaus Bonsack
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1964–1972
1
1
2
4

Loch, FelixFelix Loch
 Germany (GER)
2010–2014
3
0
0
3

Köhler, ThomasThomas Köhler
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1964–1968
2
1
0
3

Hildgartner, PaulPaul Hildgartner
 Italy (ITA)
1972–1984
2
1
0
3

Linger, AndreasAndreas Linger
 Austria (AUT)
2006–2014
2
1
0
3

Linger, WolfgangWolfgang Linger
 Austria (AUT)
2006–2014
2
1
0
3

Demchenko, AlbertAlbert Demchenko
 Russia (RUS)
2006–2014
0
3
0
3

Prock, MarkusMarkus Prock
 Austria (AUT)
1992–2002
0
2
1
3

Šics, AndrisAndris Šics
 Latvia (LAT)
2010–2014
0
1
2
3

Šics, JurisJuris Šics
 Latvia (LAT)
2010–2014
0
1
2
3

Rinn, HansHans Rinn
 East Germany (GDR)
1976–1980
2
0
0
2

Hahn, NorbertNorbert Hahn
 East Germany (GDR)
1976–1980
2
0
0
2

Hoffmann, JörgJörg Hoffmann
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
1
0
1
2

Pietzsch, JochenJochen Pietzsch
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
1
0
1
2

Müller, JensJens Müller
 East Germany (GDR)
 Germany (GER)
1988–1998
1
0
1
2

Leitner, PatricPatric Leitner
 Germany (GER)
2002–2010
1
0
1
2

Resch, AlexanderAlexander Resch
 Germany (GER)
2002–2010
1
0
1
2

Gleirscher, DavidDavid Gleirscher
 Austria (AUT)
2018
1
0
1
2

Ludwig, JohannesJohannes Ludwig
 Germany (GER)
2018
1
0
1
2

Raffl, HansjörgHansjörg Raffl
 Italy (ITA)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Huber, NorbertNorbert Huber
 Italy (ITA)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Thorpe, ChrisChris Thorpe
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Grimmette, MarkMark Grimmette
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Martin, BrianBrian Martin
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Penz, PeterPeter Penz
 Austria (AUT)
2018
0
1
1
2

Fischler, GeorgGeorg Fischler
 Austria (AUT)
2018
0
1
1
2

Rubenis, MārtiņšMārtiņš Rubenis
 Latvia (LAT)
2006-2014
0
0
2
2

text: Women[edit]

text:
Athlete
NOC
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Geisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger
 Germany (GER)
2010–2018
4
0
1
5

Kraushaar, SilkeSilke Kraushaar
 Germany (GER)
1998–2006
1
1
1
3

Hüfner, TatjanaTatjana Hüfner
 Germany (GER)
2006–2014
1
1
1
3

Martin, SteffiSteffi Martin
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
0
0
2

Otto, SylkeSylke Otto
 Germany (GER)
2002–2006
2
0
0
2

Schumann, MargitMargit Schumann
 East Germany (GDR)
1972–1976
1
0
1
2

Rührold, UteUte Rührold
 East Germany (GDR)
1972–1976
0
2
0
2

Niedernhuber, BarbaraBarbara Niedernhuber
 Germany (GER)
1998–2002
0
2
0
2

Erdmann, SusiSusi Erdmann
 Germany (GER)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Neuner, AngelikaAngelika Neuner
 Austria (AUT)
1992–1998
0
1
1
2

Gough, AlexAlex Gough
 Canada (CAN)
2018
0
1
1
2

text: Medals per year[edit]

text:
×
NOC did not exist
#
Number of medals won by the NOC
–
NOC did not win any medals

text:
NOC
1924–60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Total

 Austria (AUT)

3
2
0 !–
1
1
0 !–
0 !–
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
22

 Canada (CAN)

0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
2
2

 United Team of Germany (EUA)

5
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
5

 East Germany (GDR)

×
3
8
5
3
4
6
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
29

 West Germany (FRG)

×
3
0 !–
3
1
1
2
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
10

 Germany (GER)

×
×
×
×
×
×
×
4
3
5
5
4
5
5
6
37

 Italy (ITA)

1
1
1
0 !–
2
1
0 !–
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
0 !–
17

 Latvia (LAT)

×
×
×
×
×
×
×
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
2
0 !–
4

 Russia (RUS)

×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
1
0 !–
2
×
3

 Soviet Union (URS)

0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
2
3
1
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
6

 United States (USA)

0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
0 !–
2
2
0 !–
0 !–
1
1
5

text: Medal sweep events[edit]

text: These are events in which athletes from one NOC won all three medals.

text:
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1964 Innsbruck
Men's Singles
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
Thomas Köhler
Klaus-Michael Bonsack
Hans Plenk

1972 Sapporo
Men's Singles *
 East Germany (GDR)
Wolfgang Scheidel
Harald Ehrig
Wolfram Fiedler

Women's Singles
Anna-Maria Müller
Ute Rührold
Margit Schumann

1984 Sarajevo
Women's Singles
Steffi Walter-Martin
Bettina Schmidt
Ute Oberhoffner-Weiß

1988 Calgary
Women's Singles
Steffi Walter-Martin
Ute Oberhoffner-Weiß
Cerstin Schmidt

2002 Salt Lake City
Women's Singles
 Germany (GER)
Sylke Otto
Barbara Niedernhuber
Silke Kraushaar

2006 Turin
Women's Singles
Sylke Otto
Silke Kraushaar
Tatjana Hüfner

text: * In addition to sweeping the podium, the country also had the fourth-place finisher.