document_title: Berlin Conference

question_text: where was the berlin conference of 1884 held

text: Berlin Conference

text: Early history of the Berlin Conference[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Before the conference, European diplomacy treated African indigenous people in the same manner as the New World natives, forming trading relationships with the indigenous chiefs. In the early 1800s the search for ivory, which was then often used in the production of luxurious products, led many white traders further into the interior of Africa.[3] By 1870, the momentum of European intervention with Africa quickly increased, which can be seen as The Conquest of Africa.[3] With the exception of trading posts along the coasts, the continent was essentially ignored.

text: In 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium, who had previously founded the International African Society that same year, invited Henry Morton Stanley to join him in researching and 'civilising' the continent. In 1878, the International Congo Society was also formed, with more economic goals, but still closely related to the former society. Léopold secretly bought off the foreign investors in the Congo Society, which was turned to imperialistic goals, with the African Society serving primarily as a philanthropic front.

text: From 1878 to 1885, Stanley returned to the Congo, not as a reporter but as an envoy from Léopold with the secret mission to organize what would become known as the Congo Free State. French intelligence had discovered Leopold's plans, and France quickly engaged in its own colonial exploration. In 1881, French naval officer Pierre de Brazza was dispatched to central Africa, traveled into the western Congo basin, and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville, in what is currently the Republic of Congo. Finally, Portugal, which already had a long, but essentially abandoned colonial Empire in the area through the mostly defunct proxy state Kongo Empire, also claimed the area. Its claims were based on old treaties with Spain and the Roman Catholic Church. It quickly made a treaty on 26 February 1884 with its former ally, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to block off the Congo Society's access to the Atlantic.

text: By the early 1880s, due to many factors including diplomatic maneuvers, subsequent colonial exploration, and recognition of Africa's abundance of valuable resources such as gold, timber, land, and markets, European interest in the continent had increased dramatically. Stanley's charting of the Congo River Basin (1874–77) removed the last terra incognita from European maps of the continent, and delineating the areas of British, Portuguese, French, and Belgian control. The powers raced to push these rough boundaries to their furthest limits and eliminate any potential local minor powers which might prove troublesome to European competitive diplomacy.

text: France moved to take over Tunisia, one of the last of the Barbary Pirate states, under the pretext of another piracy incident. French claims by Pierre de Brazza were quickly solidified with French taking control of today's Republic of the Congo in 1881 and Guinea in 1884. Italy became part of the Triple Alliance, upsetting Bismarck's carefully laid plans with the state and forcing Germany to become involved in Africa.

text: In 1882, realizing the geopolitical extent of Portuguese control on the coasts, but seeing penetration by France eastward across Central Africa toward Ethiopia, the Nile, and the Suez Canal, Britain saw its vital trade route through Egypt and its Indian Empire threatened. Under the pretext of the collapsed Egyptian financing and a subsequent riot, in which hundreds of Europeans and British subjects were murdered or injured, the United Kingdom intervened in nominally Ottoman Egypt. Through it, the UK also ruled over the Sudan and what would later become British Somaliland.

text: Conference[edit]

text: Owing to the European race for colonies, Germany started launching expeditions of its own, which frightened both British and French statesmen. Hoping to quickly soothe this brewing conflict, King Leopold II convinced France and Germany that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all three countries. Under support from the British and the initiative of Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, German Chancellor, called on representatives of 13 nations in Europe as well as the United States to take part in the Berlin Conference in 1884 to work out joint policy on the African continent.

text: The conference was opened on November 15, 1884 and continued till its closure on 26 February 1885.[4] Whilst the number of plenipotentiaries varied per nation,[5] the following 14 countries did send representatives to attend the Berlin Conference and sign the subsequent Berlin Act:

text:
Austria-Hungary
 Belgium
 Denmark
 France
 German Empire
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Ottoman Empire
 Portugal
 Russian Empire
 Spain
 Sweden-Norway
 United Kingdom
 United States – though the United States reserved the right to decline or to accept the conclusions of the Conference.[6]

tag: ul

text: The conference was convened on Saturday, November 15, 1884, at Bismarck's official residence on Wilhelmstrasse (site of the Congress of Berlin six years earlier).[7] Bismarck accepted the chairmanship. The British representative was Sir Edward Malet (Ambassador to the German Empire). Henry Morton Stanley attended as a U.S. delegate.[7]

text: General Act[edit]

text: The General Act fixed the following points:

text:
To gain public acceptance,[8][9] the conference resolved to end slavery by African and Islamic powers. Thus, an international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres was signed by the European members. Because of this point the writer Joseph Conrad sarcastically referred to the conference as "the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs" in his novella Heart of Darkness.[10]
The Congo Free State was confirmed as the private property of the Congo Society, which supported Leopold's promises to keep the country open to all European investment. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo, some two million square kilometers, was confirmed by the European powers as essentially the property of Léopold II (but later it was organized as a Belgian colony under state administration).
The 14 signatory powers would have free trade throughout the Congo Basin as well as Lake Malawi, and east of this in an area south of 5° N.
The Niger and Congo rivers were made free for ship traffic.
A Principle of Effectivity (based on "effective occupation", see below) was introduced to stop powers setting up colonies in name only.
Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the African coast would have to be notified by the power taking possession, or assuming a protectorate, to the other signatory powers.
Definition of regions in which each European power had an exclusive right to pursue the legal ownership of land

text: The first reference in an international act to the obligations attaching to "spheres of influence" is contained in the Berlin Act.

text: Principle of Effective Occupation[edit]

text: The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them or had "effective occupation": in other words, if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order. The colonial power could also make use of the colony economically. This principle became important not only as a basis for the European powers to acquire territorial sovereignty in Africa, but also for determining the limits of their respective overseas possessions, as effective occupation served in some instances as a criterion for settling disputes over the boundaries between colonies. But, as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands that fronted on the African coast, European powers in numerous instances later claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the requirement of effective occupation, as articulated in Article 35 of the Final Act.

text: At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France. The Germans, who were new to the continent of Africa, essentially believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned, no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory, unless the state exercised strong and effective political control, and if so, only for a limited period of time, essentially an occupational force only. However, Britain's view was that Germany was a latecomer to the continent, and was assumptively unlikely to gain any new possessions, apart from already occupied territories, which were swiftly proving to be more valuable than British-occupied territories. Given that logic, it was generally assumed by Britain and France that Germany had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence. On the other side, the United Kingdom (UK) had large territorial control on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs. In the end, the British view prevailed.

text: The disinclination to rule what the Europeans had conquered is apparent throughout the protocols of the Berlin Conference, but especially in "The Principle of Effective Occupation." In line with Germany and Britain's opposing views, the powers finally agreed that this could be established by a European power establishing some kind of base on the coast, from which it was free to expand into the interior. The Europeans did not believe that the rules of occupation demanded European hegemony on the ground. The Belgians originally wanted to include that "effective occupation" required provisions that "cause peace to be administered", but other powers, specifically Britain and France, had that amendment struck out of the final document.

text: This principle, along with others that were written at the Conference allowed the Europeans to conquer Africa while doing as little as possible to administer or control it. The Principle of Effective Occupation did not apply so much to the hinterlands of Africa at the time of the conference. This gave rise to "hinterland theory," which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory. Since Africa was irregularly shaped, this theory caused problems and was later rejected.[11]

text: Agenda[edit]

text:
Portugal–Britain: The Portuguese government presented a project, known as the "Pink Map" (also called the "Rose-Colored Map"), in which the colonies of Angola and Mozambique were united by co-option of the intervening territory (land that later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi.) All of the countries attending the conference, except for the United Kingdom, endorsed Portugal's ambitions. A little more than five years later, in 1890, the British government, in breach of the Treaty of Windsor (and of the Treaty of Berlin itself), issued an ultimatum demanding that the Portuguese withdraw from the disputed area.[citation needed]
France–Britain: A line running from Say in Niger to Maroua, on the north-east coast of Lake Chad determined what part belonged to whom. France would own territory to the north of this line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it. The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad. Furthermore, between the 11th and 15th degrees latitude, the border would pass between Ouaddaï, which would be French, and Darfur in Sudan, to be British. In reality, a no man's land 200 kilometres wide was put in place between the 21st and 23rd meridians.
France–Germany: The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was designated French, that to the south being German.
Britain–Germany: The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.
France–Italy: Italy was to own what lies north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian.

text: Consequences[edit]

text: The conference provided an opportunity to channel latent European hostilities towards one another outward, provide new areas for helping the European powers expand in the face of rising American, Russian, and Japanese interests, and form constructive dialogue for limiting future hostilities. For Africans, colonialism was introduced across nearly all the continent. When African independence was regained after World War II, it was in the form of fragmented states.[12]

text: The Scramble for Africa sped up after the Conference, since even within areas designated as their sphere of influence, the European powers still had to take possession under the Principle of Effectivity. In central Africa in particular, expeditions were dispatched to coerce traditional rulers into signing treaties, using force if necessary, as for example in the case of Msiri, King of Katanga, in 1891. Bedouin and Berber ruled states in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara were overrun by the French in several wars by the beginning of World War I. The British moved up from South Africa and down from Egypt conquering states such as the Mahdist State and the Sultanate of Zanzibar and, having already defeated the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa, in 1879, moving on to subdue and dismantle the independent Boer republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State.

text: Within a few years, Africa was at least nominally divided up south of the Sahara. By 1895, the only independent states were:

text:
Morocco, involved in colonial conflicts with Spain and France, who conquered the nation in the 20th century.
 Liberia, founded with the support of the United States for returned slaves
 Ethiopian Empire, the only free native state, which fended off Italian invasion from Eritrea in what is known as the First Italo-Abyssinian War of 1889–1896 but was later defeated in 1936 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
 Majeerteen Sultanate, founded in the early 18th century; it was annexed by Italy in the 20th century
 Sultanate of Hobyo, carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate, which ruled northern Somalia until the 20th century, when it was conquered by Italy.

text: The following states lost their independence to the British Empire roughly a decade after (see below for more information):

text:
Orange Free State, a Boer republic founded by Dutch settlers
 South African Republic (Transvaal), also a Boer republic

text: By 1902, 90% of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control. The large part of the Sahara was French, while after the quelling of the Mahdi rebellion and the ending of the Fashoda crisis, the Sudan remained firmly under joint British–Egyptian rulership with Egypt being under British occupation before becoming a British protectorate in 1914.

text: The Boer republics were conquered by the United Kingdom in the Boer war from 1899 to 1902. Morocco was divided between the French and Spanish in 1911, and Libya was conquered by Italy in 1912. The official British annexation of Egypt in 1914 ended the colonial division of Africa.


document_title: Merriam-Webster

question_text: when was the merriam webster dictionary published online

root

text: Merriam-Webster

text: Origins[edit]

text: Noah Webster[edit]

text: In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. In 1807 Webster started two decades of intensive work to expand his publication into a fully comprehensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language. To help him trace the etymology of words, Webster learned 26 languages. Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country used somewhat different vocabularies and spelled, pronounced, and used words differently.

tag: p

text: Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris, and at the University of Cambridge. His 1820s book contained 70,000 words, of which about 12,000 had never appeared in a dictionary before. As a spelling reformer, Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex, so his dictionary introduced American English spellings, replacing colour with color, waggon with wagon, and centre with center. He also added American words, including skunk and squash, that did not appear in British dictionaries. At the age of 70 in 1828, Webster published his dictionary; it sold poorly, with only 2,500 copies putting him in debt. However, in 1840, he published the second edition in two volumes with much greater success.

text: Author and poet Nathan W. Austin explores the intersection of lexicographical and poetic practices in American literature, and attempts to map out a "lexical poetics" using Webster's dictionaries as a base. He shows ways that American poetry inherited Webster's ideas and draws on his lexicography to develop the language. Austin explicates key definitions from the Compendious (1806) and American (1828) dictionaries, and expresses various concerns, including the politics of American English, the question of national identity and culture in the early moments of American independence, and the poetics of citation and definition.[3]

text: Merriam as publisher[edit]

text: In 1843, after Webster's death, George Merriam and Charles Merriam secured publishing and revision rights to the 1840 edition of the dictionary. They published a revision in 1847, which did not change any of the main text but merely added new sections, and a second update with illustrations in 1859. In 1864, Merriam published a greatly expanded edition, which was the first version to change Webster's text, largely overhauling his work yet retaining many of his definitions and the title "An American Dictionary". This began a series of revisions that were described as being "unabridged" in content. In 1884 it contained 118,000 words, "3000 more than any other English dictionary".[4]

text: With the edition of 1890, the dictionary was retitled Webster's International. The vocabulary was vastly expanded in Webster's New International editions of 1909 and 1934, totaling over half a million words, with the 1934 edition retrospectively called Webster's Second International or simply "The Second Edition" of the New International.

text: The Collegiate Dictionary was introduced in 1898 and the series is now in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of Webster's International in 1890, two Collegiate editions were issued as abridgments of each of their Unabridged editions. With the ninth edition (Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (WNNCD), published in 1983), the Collegiate adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than merely an abridgment of the Third New International (the main text of which has remained virtually unrevised since 1961). Some proper names were returned to the word list, including names of Knights of the Round Table. The most notable change was the inclusion of the date of the first known citation of each word, to document its entry into the English language. The eleventh edition (published in 2003) includes more than 225,000 definitions, and more than 165,000 entries. A CD-ROM of the text is sometimes included. This dictionary is preferred as a source "for general matters of spelling" by the influential The Chicago Manual of Style, which is followed by many book publishers and magazines in the United States. The Chicago Manual states that it "normally opts for" the first spelling listed.[5]

text: Merriam overhauled the dictionary again with the 1961 Webster's Third New International under the direction of Philip B. Gove, making changes that sparked public controversy. Many of these changes were in formatting, omitting needless punctuation, or avoiding complete sentences when a phrase was sufficient. Others, more controversial, signaled a shift from linguistic prescriptivism and towards describing American English as it was used at that time.[6]

text: Since the 1940s, the company has added many specialized dictionaries, language aides, and other references to its repertoire.

text: The G. & C. Merriam Company lost its right to exclusive use of the name "Webster" after a series of lawsuits placed that name in public domain. Its name was changed to "Merriam-Webster, Incorporated", with the publication of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary in 1983. Previous publications had used "A Merriam-Webster Dictionary" as a subtitle for many years and will be found on older editions.

text: The company has been a subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1964.

text: Services[edit]

text: In 1996, Merriam-Webster launched its first website, which provided free access to an online dictionary and thesaurus.[7]

text: Merriam-Webster has also published dictionaries of synonyms, English usage, geography (Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary), biography, proper names, medical terms, sports terms, slang, Spanish/English, and numerous others. Non-dictionary publications include Collegiate Thesaurus, Secretarial Handbook, Manual for Writers and Editors, Collegiate Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Literature, and Encyclopedia of World Religions.

text: On February 16, 2007, Merriam-Webster announced the launch of a mobile dictionary and thesaurus service developed with mobile search-and-information provider AskMeNow. Consumers use the service to access definitions, spelling and synonyms via text message. Services also include Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day—and Open Dictionary, a wiki service that provides subscribers the opportunity to create and submit their own new words and definitions.[8]

text: Pronunciation guides[edit]

text: The Merriam-Webster company once used a unique set of phonetic symbols in their dictionaries—intended to help people from different parts of the United States learn how to pronounce words the same way as others who spoke with the same accent or dialect did. Unicode accommodated IPA symbols, but did not specify room for Merriam-Webster phonetics. Hence, to enable computerized access to the pronunciation without having to rework all dictionaries to IPA notation, the online services of Merriam-Webster specify phonetics using a less-specific set of ASCII characters.

text: Writing entries[edit]

text: Merriam creates entries by finding uses of a particular word in print and recording them in a database of citations.[6] Editors at Merriam spend about an hour a day looking at print sources, from books and newspapers to less formal publications, like advertisements and product packaging, to study the uses of individual words and choose things that should be preserved in the citation file. Merriam-Webster's citation file contains more than 16 million entries documenting individual uses of words. Millions of these citations are recorded on 3-by-5 cards in their paper citation files. The earliest entries in the paper citation files date back to the late 19th century. Since 2009, all new entries are recorded in an electronic database.[6]


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup winners

question_text: who won the world cup soccer 4 years ago

text: List of FIFA World Cup winners

text: By team[edit]

text: The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.

text:
Nations that won the World Cup

Titles

Team

Year(s)

5

 Brazil

1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002

4

 Italy

1934, 1938, 1982, 2006

4

 Germany[n 1]

1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

2

 Uruguay

1930, 1950

2

 Argentina

1978, 1986

2

 France

1998, 2018

1

 England

1966

1

 Spain

2010

tag: table

text: By year[edit]

text: Participating teams have to register squads for the World Cup, which consisted of 22 players until 1998 and of 23 players from 2002 onwards.

text: Since 1978, winners' medals are given to all members of the winning squads. Prior to that, only players who were on the pitch during the final matches received medals. FIFA decided in 2007 to retroactively award winners' medals to all members of the winning squads between 1930 and 1974.[citation needed]

text:
Squads of teams that won the World Cup

Year

Team

Squad[n 2]

Coach

Ref

1930

 Uruguay  (detailed squad)

MF J. Andrade •  FW P. Anselmo •  GK E. Ballestrero •  FW J. Calvo •  GK M. Capuccini •  FW H. Castro •  FW P. Cea •  FW P. Dorado •  DF L. Fernández •  MF Á. Gestido •  FW S. Iriarte •  DF E. Mascheroni •  MF Á. Melogno •  DF J. Nasazzi •  FW P. Petrone •  MF C. Píriz •  DF E. Recoba •  MF C. Riolfo •  FW Z. Saldombide •  FW H. Scarone •  DF D. Tejera •  FW S. Urdinarán

A. Suppici

[fs 1]

1934

 Italy  (detailed squad)

DF L. Allemandi •  FW P. Arcari •  MF L. Bertolini •  FW F. Borel •  DF U. Caligaris •  MF A. Castellazzi •  GK G. Cavanna •  GK G. Combi •  FW A. Demaría •  FW G. Ferrari •  MF A. Ferraris •  FW E. Guaita •  FW A. Guarisi •  GK G. Masetti •  FW G. Meazza •  MF L. Monti •  DF E. Monzeglio •  FW R. Orsi •  MF M. Pizziolo •  DF V. Rosetta •  FW A. Schiavio •  MF M. Varglien

V. Pozzo

[fs 2]

1938

 Italy  (detailed squad)

MF M. Andreolo •  FW S. Bertoni •  FW A. Biavati •  GK C. Ceresoli •  MF B. Chizzo •  FW G. Colaussi •  MF A. Donati •  FW G. Ferrari •  FW P. Ferraris •  DF A. Foni •  MF M. Genta •  MF U. Locatelli •  GK G. Masetti •  FW G. Meazza •  DF E. Monzeglio •  GK A. Olivieri •  MF R. Olmi •  FW P. Pasinati •  MF M. Perazzolo •  FW S. Piola •  DF P. Rava •  MF P. Serantoni

V. Pozzo

[fs 3]

1950

 Uruguay  (detailed squad)

FW J. Britos •  FW J. Burgueño •  DF S. Gambetta •  FW A. Ghiggia •  DF J. González •  DF M. González •  DF W. Martínez •  GK R. Máspoli •  FW Ó. Míguez •  FW R. Morán •  MF W. Ortuño •  GK A. Paz •  FW J. Pérez •  MF R. Pini •  FW L. Rijo •  MF V. Rodríguez Andrade •  FW C. Romero •  FW J. Schiaffino •  DF E. Tejera •  MF O. Varela •  FW E. Vidal •  DF H. Vilches

J. López

[fs 4]

1954

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 T. Turek •  2 F. Laband •  3 W. Kohlmeyer •  4 H. Bauer •  5 H. Erhardt •  6 H. Eckel •  7 J. Posipal •  8 K. Mai •  9 P. Mebus •  10 W. Liebrich •  11 K.-H. Metzner •  12 H. Rahn •  13 M. Morlock •  14 B. Klodt •  15 O. Walter •  16 F. Walter •  17 R. Herrmann •  18 U. Biesinger •  19 A. Pfaff •  20 H. Schäfer •  21 H. Kubsch •  22 H. Kwiatkowski

S. Herberger

[fs 5]

1958

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Castilho •  2 Bellini •  3 Gilmar •  4 Djalma Santos •  5 Dino Sani •  6 Didi •  7 M. Zagallo •  8 Oreco •  9 Zózimo •  10 Pelé •  11 Garrincha •  12 Nílton Santos  •  13 Moacir •  14 De Sordi •  15 Orlando •  16 Mauro •  17 Joel •  18 J. Altafini •  19 Zito •  20 Vavá •  21 Dida •  22 Pepe

V. Feola

[fs 6]

1962

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Gilmar •  2 Djalma Santos •  3 Mauro •  4 Zito •  5 Zózimo •  6 Nílton Santos •  7 Garrincha •  8 Didi •  9 Coutinho •  10 Pelé •  11 Pepe •  12 Jair Marinho •  13 Bellini •  14 Jurandir •  15 Altair •  16 Zequinha •  17 Mengálvio •  18 Jair •  19 Vavá •  20 Amarildo •  21 M. Zagallo •  22 Castilho

A. Moreira

[fs 7]

1966

 England  (detailed squad)

1 G. Banks •  2 G. Cohen •  3 R. Wilson •  4 N. Stiles •  5 J. Charlton •  6 B. Moore •  7 A. Ball •  8 J. Greaves •  9 B. Charlton •  10 G. Hurst •  11 J. Connelly •  12 R. Springett •  13 P. Bonetti •  14 J. Armfield •  15 G. Byrne •  16 M. Peters •  17 R. Flowers •  18 N. Hunter •  19 T. Paine •  20 I. Callaghan •  21 R. Hunt •  22 G. Eastham

A. Ramsey

[fs 8]

1970

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Félix •  2 Brito •  3 Piazza •  4 Carlos Alberto •  5 Clodoaldo •  6 Marco Antônio •  7 Jairzinho •  8 Gérson •  9 Tostão •  10 Pelé •  11 Rivellino •  12 Ado •  13 Roberto •  14 Baldocchi •  15 Fontana •  16 Everaldo •  17 Joel •  18 Paulo Cézar Caju •  19 Edu •  20 Dario •  21 Zé Maria •  22 Leão

M. Zagallo

[fs 9]

1974

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 S. Maier •  2 B. Vogts •  3 P. Breitner •  4 H.-G. Schwarzenbeck •  5 F. Beckenbauer •  6 H.-D. Höttges •  7 H. Wimmer •  8 B. Cullmann •  9 J. Grabowski •  10 G. Netzer •  11 J. Heynckes •  12 W. Overath •  13 G. Müller •  14 U. Hoeneß •  15 H. Flohe •  16 R. Bonhof •  17 B. Hölzenbein •  18 D. Herzog •  19 J. Kapellmann •  20 H. Kremers •  21 N. Nigbur •  22 W. Kleff

H. Schön

[fs 10]

1978

 Argentina  (detailed squad)

1 N. Alonso •  2 O. Ardiles •  3 H. Baley •  4 D. Bertoni •  5 U. Fillol •  6 A. Gallego •  7 L. Galván •  8 R. Galván •  9 R. Houseman •  10 M. Kempes •  11 D. Killer •  12 O. Larrosa •  13 R. La Volpe •  14 L. Luque •  15 J. Olguín •  16 O. Ortiz •  17 M. Oviedo •  18 R. Pagnanini •  19 D. Passarella •  20 A. Tarantini •  21 J. Valencia •  22 R. Villa

C. Menotti

[fs 11]

1982

 Italy  (detailed squad)

1 D. Zoff •  2 F. Baresi •  3 G. Bergomi •  4 A. Cabrini •  5 F. Collovati •  6 C. Gentile •  7 G. Scirea •  8 P. Vierchowod •  9 G. Antognoni •  10 G. Dossena •  11 G. Marini •  12 I. Bordon •  13 G. Oriali •  14 M. Tardelli •  15 F. Causio •  16 B. Conti •  17 D. Massaro •  18 A. Altobelli •  19 F. Graziani •  20 P. Rossi •  21 F. Selvaggi •  22 G. Galli

E. Bearzot

[fs 12]

1986

 Argentina  (detailed squad)

1 S. Almirón •  2 S. Batista •  3 R. Bochini •  4 C. Borghi •  5 J. Brown •  6 D. Passarella •  7 J. Burruchaga •  8 N. Clausen •  9 J. Cuciuffo •  10 D. Maradona •  11 J. Valdano •  12 H. Enrique •  13 O. Garré •  14 R. Giusti •  15 L. Islas •  16 J. Olarticoechea •  17 P. Pasculli •  18 N. Pumpido •  19 O. Ruggeri •  20 C. Tapia •  21 M. Trobbiani •  22 H. Zelada

C. Bilardo

[fs 13]

1990

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 B. Illgner •  2 S. Reuter •  3 A. Brehme •  4 J. Kohler •  5 K. Augenthaler •  6 G. Buchwald •  7 P. Littbarski •  8 T. Häßler •  9 R. Völler •  10 L. Matthäus •  11 F. Mill •  12 R. Aumann •  13 K.-H. Riedle •  14 T. Berthold •  15 U. Bein •  16 P. Steiner •  17 A. Möller •  18 J. Klinsmann •  19 H. Pflügler •  20 O. Thon •  21 G. Hermann •  22 A. Köpke

F. Beckenbauer

[fs 14]

1994

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Taffarel •  2 Jorginho •  3 Ricardo Rocha •  4 Ronaldão •  5 Mauro Silva •  6 Branco •  7 Bebeto •  8 Dunga •  9 Zinho •  10 Raí •  11 Romário •  12 Zetti •  13 Aldair •  14 Cafu •  15 Márcio Santos •  16 Leonardo •  17 Mazinho •  18 Paulo Sérgio •  19 Müller •  20 Ronaldo •  21 Viola •  22 Gilmar

C. Parreira

[fs 15]

1998

 France  (detailed squad)

1 B. Lama •  2 V. Candela •  3 B. Lizarazu •  4 P. Vieira •  5 L. Blanc •  6 Y. Djorkaeff •  7 D. Deschamps •  8 M. Desailly •  9 S. Guivarc'h •  10 Z. Zidane •  11 R. Pirès •  12 T. Henry •  13 B. Diomède •  14 A. Boghossian •  15 L. Thuram •  16 F. Barthez •  17 E. Petit •  18 F. Leboeuf •  19 C. Karembeu •  20 D. Trezeguet •  21 C. Dugarry •  22 L. Charbonnier

A. Jacquet

[fs 16]

2002

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Marcos •  2 Cafu •  3 Lúcio •  4 Roque Júnior •  5 Edmílson •  6 Roberto Carlos •  7 Ricardinho •  8 Gilberto Silva •  9 Ronaldo •  10 Rivaldo •  11 Ronaldinho •  12 Dida •  13 Belletti •  14 Ânderson Polga •  15 Kléberson •  16 Júnior •  17 Denílson •  18 Vampeta •  19 Juninho Paulista •  20 Edílson •  21 Luizão •  22 Rogério Ceni •  23 Kaká

L. Scolari

[fs 17]

2006

 Italy  (detailed squad)

1 G. Buffon •  2 C. Zaccardo •  3 F. Grosso •  4 D. De Rossi •  5 F. Cannavaro •  6 A. Barzagli •  7 A. Del Piero •  8 G. Gattuso •  9 L. Toni •  10 F. Totti •  11 A. Gilardino •  12 A. Peruzzi •  13 A. Nesta •  14 M. Amelia •  15 V. Iaquinta •  16 M. Camoranesi •  17 S. Barone •  18 F. Inzaghi •  19 G. Zambrotta •  20 S. Perrotta •  21 A. Pirlo •  22 M. Oddo •  23 M. Materazzi

M. Lippi

[fs 18]

2010

 Spain  (detailed squad)

1 I. Casillas •  2 R. Albiol •  3 G. Piqué •  4 C. Marchena •  5 C. Puyol •  6 A. Iniesta •  7 D. Villa •  8 Xavi •  9 F. Torres •  10 C. Fàbregas •  11 J. Capdevila •  12 V. Valdés •  13 J. Mata •  14 X. Alonso •  15 S. Ramos •  16 S. Busquets •  17 Á. Arbeloa •  18 Pedro •  19 F. Llorente •  20 J. Martínez •  21 D. Silva •  22 J. Navas •  23 P. Reina

V. del Bosque

[fs 19]

2014

 Germany  (detailed squad)

1 M. Neuer •  2 K. Großkreutz •  3 M. Ginter •  4 B. Höwedes •  5 M. Hummels •  6 S. Khedira •  7 B. Schweinsteiger •  8 M. Özil •  9 A. Schürrle •  10 L. Podolski •  11 M. Klose •  12 R.-R. Zieler •  13 T. Müller •  14 J. Draxler •  15 E. Durm •  16 P. Lahm •  17 P. Mertesacker •  18 T. Kroos •  19 M. Götze •  20 J. Boateng •  21 S. Mustafi •  22 R. Weidenfeller •  23 C. Kramer

J. Löw

[fs 20]

2018

 France  (detailed squad)

1 H. Lloris •  2 B. Pavard •  3 P. Kimpembe •  4 R. Varane •  5 S. Umtiti •  6 P. Pogba •  7 A. Griezmann •  8 T. Lemar •   9 O. Giroud •  10 K. Mbappé •  11 O. Dembélé •  12 C. Tolisso •  13 N. Kanté •  14 B. Matuidi •  15 S. Nzonzi •  16 S. Mandanda •  17 A. Rami •  18 N. Fekir •  19 D. Sidibé •  20 F. Thauvin •  21 L. Hernández •  22 B. Mendy •  23 A. Areola

D. Deschamps

[fs 21]

text: By player[edit]

text: A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice.

text:
No player has won two World Cups both as captain. Italy's Giuseppe Meazza (1938), Brazil's Hilderaldo Bellini (1958), Mauro (1962) and Cafu (2002), and Argentina's Daniel Passarella (1978) lifted the trophy once as captain, but were not captain for the other tournament they won. Argentina's Diego Maradona (1986, 1990) and Brazil's Dunga (1994, 1998) captained their sides in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions, while West Germany's Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (1982, 1986) lost both final matches as captain.
Brazil's Pelé and Vavá are the only two players to score in two final matches for winning teams. West Germany's Paul Breitner (1974, 1982) and France's Zinedine Zidane (1998, 2006) also scored in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions.
Cafu is the only player to play in three final matches, 1994 (as a substitute), 1998 and 2002.
Luis Monti is the only player to play in two final matches for different national teams. He appeared in the 1930 final for Argentina, who lost, and the 1934 final for Italy, who won. Attilio Demaría was also in Argentina's 1930 squad and Italy's 1934 squad, but appeared in neither final.
Brazil's Mário Zagallo, having won in 1958 and 1962 as player, went on to win in 1970 as the head coach, becoming the first to win both as player and coach. West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer is the second, winning as both captain (1974) and coach (1990). Didier Deschamps is the third. He led the France team to win in 1998 as captain, and in 2018 as coach.
Germany's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals: 2002 (silver), 2006, 2010 (both bronze) and 2014 (gold).

text:
Players who have won the World Cup

T

Player

Team

Year(s) won[n 3]

Other appearances

Profile

As player[n 4]

As coach[n 5]

3

Pelé

 Brazil

1958, 1962, 1970

1966

[fp 1]

2

Hilderaldo Bellini

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 2]

2

Cafu

 Brazil

1994, 2002

1998, 2006

[fp 3]

2

Castilho

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1950, 1954

[fp 4]

2

Didi

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954

1970 PER

[fp 5]

2

Djalma Santos

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954, 1966

[fp 6]

2

Giovanni Ferrari

 Italy

1934, 1938

1962 ITA

[fp 7]

2

Garrincha

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 8]

2

Gilmar

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 9]

2

Guido Masetti

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 10]

2

Mauro

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954

[fp 11]

2

Giuseppe Meazza

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 12]

2

Eraldo Monzeglio

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 13]

2

Nílton Santos

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1950, 1954

[fp 14]

2

Daniel Passarella

 Argentina

1978, 1986

1982

1998 ARG

[fp 15]

2

Pepe

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 16]

2

Ronaldo

 Brazil

1994, 2002

1998, 2006

[fp 17]

2

Vavá

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 18]

2

Mário Zagallo

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1970 BRA, 1974 BRA, 1998 BRA

[fp 19]

2

Zito

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 20]

2

Zózimo

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 21]

Ado

 Brazil

1970

[fp 22]

Raúl Albiol

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 23]

Aldair

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 24]

Luigi Allemandi

 Italy

1934

[fp 25]

Sergio Almirón

 Argentina

1986

[fp 26]

Norberto Alonso

 Argentina

1978

[fp 27]

Xabi Alonso

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 28]

José Altafini

 Brazil

1958

1962 ITA[n 6]

[fp 29]

Altair

 Brazil

1962

1966

[fp 30]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 31]

Amarildo

 Brazil

1962

[fp 32]

Marco Amelia

 Italy

2006

[fp 33]

Ânderson Polga

 Brazil

2002

[fp 34]

José Andrade

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 35]

Michele Andreolo

 Italy

1938

[fp 36]

Peregrino Anselmo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 37]

Giancarlo Antognoni

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 38]

Álvaro Arbeloa

 Spain

2010

[fp 39]

Pietro Arcari

 Italy

1934

[fp 40]

Osvaldo Ardiles

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 41]

Alphonse Areola

 France

2018

[fp 42]

Jimmy Armfield

 England

1966

1962

[fp 43]

Klaus Augenthaler

 West Germany

1990

1986

[fp 44]

Raimond Aumann

 West Germany

1990

[fp 45]

Baldocchi

 Brazil

1970

[fp 46]

Héctor Baley

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 47]

Alan Ball

 England

1966

1970

[fp 48]

Enrique Ballestrero

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 49]

Gordon Banks

 England

1966

1970[n 7]

[fp 50]

Franco Baresi

 Italy

1982

1990, 1994

[fp 51]

Simone Barone

 Italy

2006

[fp 52]

Fabien Barthez

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 53]

Andrea Barzagli

 Italy

2006

2014

[fp 54]

Sergio Batista

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 55]

Hans Bauer

 West Germany

1954

[fp 56]

Bebeto

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 57]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

1986 FRG, 1990 FRG

[fp 58]

Uwe Bein

 West Germany

1990

[fp 59]

Juliano Belletti

 Brazil

2002

[fp 60]

Giuseppe Bergomi

 Italy

1982

1986, 1990, 1998

[fp 61]

Thomas Berthold

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

[fp 62]

Luigi Bertolini

 Italy

1934

[fp 63]

Daniel Bertoni

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 64]

Sergio Bertoni

 Italy

1938

[fp 65]

Amedeo Biavati

 Italy

1938

[fp 66]

Ulrich Biesinger

 West Germany

1954

[fp 67]

Laurent Blanc

 France

1998

[fp 68]

Jérôme Boateng

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 69]

Ricardo Bochini

 Argentina

1986

[fp 70]

Alain Boghossian

 France

1998

2002

[fp 71]

Peter Bonetti

 England

1966

1970

[fp 72]

Rainer Bonhof

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 73]

Ivano Bordon

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 74]

Felice Borel

 Italy

1934

[fp 75]

Claudio Borghi

 Argentina

1986

[fp 76]

Branco

 Brazil

1994

1986, 1990

[fp 77]

Andreas Brehme

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

[fp 78]

Paul Breitner

 West Germany

1974

1982

[fp 79]

Brito

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 80]

Julio César Britos

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 81]

José Luis Brown

 Argentina

1986

[fp 82]

Guido Buchwald

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 83]

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002, 2010, 2014

[fp 84]

Juan Burgueño

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 85]

Jorge Burruchaga

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 86]

Sergio Busquets

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 87]

Gerry Byrne

 England

1966

[fp 88]

Antonio Cabrini

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 89]

Umberto Caligaris

 Italy

1934

[fp 90]

Ian Callaghan

 England

1966

[fp 91]

Juan Carlos Calvo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 92]

Mauro Camoranesi

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 93]

Vincent Candela

 France

1998

2002

[fp 94]

Fabio Cannavaro

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002, 2010

[fp 95]

Joan Capdevila

 Spain

2010

[fp 96]

Miguel Capuccini

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 97]

Carlos Alberto

 Brazil

1970

[fp 98]

Iker Casillas

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006, 2014

[fp 99]

Armando Castellazzi

 Italy

1934

[fp 100]

Héctor Castro

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 101]

Franco Causio

 Italy

1982

1974, 1978

[fp 102]

Giuseppe Cavanna

 Italy

1934

[fp 103]

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 104]

Carlo Ceresoli

 Italy

1938

[fp 105]

Lionel Charbonnier

 France

1998

[fp 106]

Bobby Charlton

 England

1966

1958, 1962, 1970

[fp 107]

Jack Charlton

 England

1966

1970

1990 IRL, 1994 IRL

[fp 108]

Bruno Chizzo

 Italy

1938

[fp 109]

Néstor Clausen

 Argentina

1986

[fp 110]

Clodoaldo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 111]

George Cohen

 England

1966

[fp 112]

Gino Colaussi

 Italy

1938

[fp 113]

Fulvio Collovati

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 114]

Gianpiero Combi

 Italy

1934

[fp 115]

John Connelly

 England

1966

1962

[fp 116]

Bruno Conti

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 117]

Coutinho

 Brazil

1962

[fp 118]

José Luis Cuciuffo

 Argentina

1986

[fp 119]

Bernhard Cullmann

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 120]

Dario

 Brazil

1970

[fp 121]

Daniele De Rossi

 Italy

2006

2010, 2014

[fp 122]

De Sordi

 Brazil

1958

[fp 123]

Alessandro Del Piero

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 124]

Attilio Demaría

 Italy

1934

1930 ARG[n 6]

[fp 125]

Ousmane Dembélé

 France

2018

[fp 126]

Denílson

 Brazil

2002

1998

[fp 127]

Marcel Desailly

 France

1998

2002

[fp 128]

Didier Deschamps

 France

1998

2014 FRA, 2018 FRA

[fp 129]

Dida

 Brazil

1958

[fp 130]

Dida

 Brazil

2002

1998, 2006

[fp 131]

Dino Sani

 Brazil

1958

[fp 132]

Bernard Diomède

 France

1998

[fp 133]

Youri Djorkaeff

 France

1998

2002

[fp 134]

Aldo Donati

 Italy

1938

[fp 135]

Pablo Dorado

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 136]

Giuseppe Dossena

 Italy

1982

[fp 137]

Julian Draxler

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 138]

Christophe Dugarry

 France

1998

2002

[fp 139]

Dunga

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

2010 BRA

[fp 140]

Erik Durm

 Germany

2014

[fp 141]

George Eastham

 England

1966

1962

[fp 142]

Horst Eckel

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 143]

Edílson

 Brazil

2002

[fp 144]

Edmílson

 Brazil

2002

[fp 145]

Edu

 Brazil

1970

1966, 1974

[fp 146]

Héctor Enrique

 Argentina

1986

[fp 147]

Herbert Erhardt

 West Germany

1954

1958, 1962

[fp 148]

Everaldo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 149]

Cesc Fàbregas

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 150]

Nabil Fekir

 France

2018

[fp 151]

Félix

 Brazil

1970

[fp 152]

Lorenzo Fernández

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 153]

Attilio Ferraris

 Italy

1934

[fp 154]

Pietro Ferraris

 Italy

1938

[fp 155]

Ubaldo Fillol

 Argentina

1978

1974, 1982

[fp 156]

Heinz Flohe

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 157]

Ron Flowers

 England

1966

1962

[fp 158]

Alfredo Foni

 Italy

1938

1966 SUI

[fp 159]

Fontana

 Brazil

1970

[fp 160]

Américo Gallego

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 161]

Giovanni Galli

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 162]

Luis Galván

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 163]

Rubén Galván

 Argentina

1978

[fp 164]

Schubert Gambetta

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 165]

Oscar Garré

 Argentina

1986

[fp 166]

Gennaro Gattuso

 Italy

2006

2002, 2010

[fp 167]

Mario Genta

 Italy

1938

[fp 168]

Claudio Gentile

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 169]

Gérson

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 170]

Álvaro Gestido

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 171]

Alcides Ghiggia

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 172]

Alberto Gilardino

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 173]

Gilberto Silva

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 174]

Gilmar Rinaldi

 Brazil

1994

[fp 175]

Matthias Ginter

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 176]

Olivier Giroud

 France

2018

2014

[fp 177]

Ricardo Giusti

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 178]

Juan Carlos González

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 179]

Matías González

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 180]

Mario Götze

 Germany

2014

[fp 181]

Jürgen Grabowski

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 182]

Francesco Graziani

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 183]

Jimmy Greaves

 England

1966

1962

[fp 184]

Antoine Griezmann

 France

2018

2014

[fp 185]

Kevin Großkreutz

 Germany

2014

[fp 186]

Fabio Grosso

 Italy

2006

[fp 187]

Enrique Guaita

 Italy

1934

[fp 188]

Anfilogino Guarisi

 Italy

1934

[fp 189]

Stéphane Guivarc'h

 France

1998

[fp 190]

Thomas Häßler

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 191]

Thierry Henry

 France

1998

2002, 2006, 2010

[fp 192]

Günter Hermann

 West Germany

1990

[fp 193]

Lucas Hernández

 France

2018

[fp 194]

Richard Herrmann

 West Germany

1954

[fp 195]

Dieter Herzog

 West Germany

1974

[fp 196]

Jupp Heynckes

 West Germany

1974

[fp 197]

Uli Hoeneß

 West Germany

1974

[fp 198]

Bernd Hölzenbein

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 199]

Horst-Dieter Höttges

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 200]

René Houseman

 Argentina

1978

1974

[fp 201]

Benedikt Höwedes

 Germany

2014

[fp 202]

Mats Hummels

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 203]

Roger Hunt

 England

1966

1962

[fp 204]

Norman Hunter

 England

1966

1970

[fp 205]

Geoff Hurst

 England

1966

1970

[fp 206]

Vincenzo Iaquinta

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 207]

Bodo Illgner

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 208]

Andrés Iniesta

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 209]

Filippo Inzaghi

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 210]

Santos Iriarte

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 211]

Luis Islas

 Argentina

1986

1994

[fp 212]

Jair

 Brazil

1962

[fp 213]

Jair Marinho

 Brazil

1962

[fp 214]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

1970

1966, 1974

[fp 215]

Joel

 Brazil

1958

[fp 216]

Joel Camargo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 217]

Jorginho

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 218]

Juninho Paulista

 Brazil

2002

[fp 219]

Júnior

 Brazil

2002

[fp 220]

Jurandir

 Brazil

1962

[fp 221]

Kaká

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 222]

N'Golo Kanté

 France

2018

[fp 223]

Jupp Kapellmann

 West Germany

1974

[fp 224]

Christian Karembeu

 France

1998

[fp 225]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

1978

1974, 1982

[fp 226]

Sami Khedira

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 227]

Daniel Killer

 Argentina

1978

[fp 228]

Presnel Kimpembe

 France

2018

[fp 229]

Kléberson

 Brazil

2002

2010

[fp 230]

Wolfgang Kleff

 West Germany

1974

[fp 231]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

2006 GER, 2014 USA

[fp 232]

Bernhard Klodt

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 233]

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

2014

2002, 2006, 2010

[fp 234]

Jürgen Kohler

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 235]

Werner Kohlmeyer

 West Germany

1954

[fp 236]

Andreas Köpke

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 237]

Christoph Kramer

 Germany

2014

[fp 238]

Helmut Kremers

 West Germany

1974

[fp 239]

Toni Kroos

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 240]

Heinz Kubsch

 West Germany

1954

[fp 241]

Heinz Kwiatkowski

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 242]

Ricardo La Volpe

 Argentina

1978

2006 MEX

[fp 243]

Fritz Laband

 West Germany

1954

[fp 244]

Philipp Lahm

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 245]

Bernard Lama

 France

1998

[fp 246]

Omar Larrosa

 Argentina

1978

[fp 247]

Leão

 Brazil

1970

1974, 1978, 1986

[fp 248]

Frank Leboeuf

 France

1998

2002

[fp 249]

Thomas Lemar

 France

2018

[fp 250]

Leonardo

 Brazil

1994

1998

[fp 251]

Werner Liebrich

 West Germany

1954

[fp 252]

Pierre Littbarski

 West Germany

1990

1982, 1986

[fp 253]

Bixente Lizarazu

 France

1998

2002

[fp 254]

Fernando Llorente

 Spain

2010

[fp 255]

Hugo Lloris

 France

2018

2010, 2014

[fp 256]

Ugo Locatelli

 Italy

1938

[fp 257]

Lúcio

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 258]

Luizão

 Brazil

2002

[fp 259]

Leopoldo Luque

 Argentina

1978

[fp 260]

Karl Mai

 West Germany

1954

[fp 261]

Sepp Maier

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970, 1978

[fp 262]

Steve Mandanda

 France

2018

2010

[fp 263]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990, 1994

2010 ARG

[fp 264]

Carlos Marchena

 Spain

2010

2006

[fp 265]

Márcio Santos

 Brazil

1994

[fp 266]

Marco Antônio

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 267]

Marcos

 Brazil

2002

[fp 268]

Gianpiero Marini

 Italy

1982

[fp 269]

Javi Martínez

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 270]

William Martínez

 Uruguay

1950

1954, 1962

[fp 271]

Ernesto Mascheroni

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 272]

Roque Máspoli

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 273]

Daniele Massaro

 Italy

1982

1994

[fp 274]

Juan Mata

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 275]

Marco Materazzi

 Italy

2006

2002

[fp 276]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany

1990

1982, 1986, 1994, 1998

[fp 277]

Blaise Matuidi

 France

2018

2014

[fp 278]

Mauro Silva

 Brazil

1994

[fp 279]

Mazinho

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 280]

Kylian Mbappé

 France

2018

[fp 281]

Paul Mebus

 West Germany

1954

[fp 282]

Ángel Melogno

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 283]

Benjamin Mendy

 France

2018

[fp 284]

Mengálvio

 Brazil

1962

[fp 285]

Per Mertesacker

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 286]

Karl-Heinz Metzner

 West Germany

1954

[fp 287]

Óscar Míguez

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 288]

Frank Mill

 West Germany

1990

[fp 289]

Moacir

 Brazil

1958

[fp 290]

Andreas Möller

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 291]

Luis Monti

 Italy

1934

1930 ARG[n 6]

[fp 292]

Bobby Moore

 England

1966

1962, 1970

[fp 293]

Rubén Morán

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 294]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

1954

[fp 295]

Müller

 Brazil

1994

1986, 1990

[fp 296]

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

1974

1970

[fp 297]

Thomas Müller

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 298]

Shkodran Mustafi

 Germany

2014

[fp 299]

José Nasazzi

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 300]

Jesús Navas

 Spain

2010

[fp 301]

Alessandro Nesta

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 302]

Günter Netzer

 West Germany

1974

[fp 303]

Manuel Neuer

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 304]

Norbert Nigbur

 West Germany

1974

[fp 305]

Steven Nzonzi

 France

2018

[fp 306]

Massimo Oddo

 Italy

2006

[fp 307]

Julio Olarticoechea

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990

[fp 308]

Jorge Olguín

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 309]

Aldo Olivieri

 Italy

1938

[fp 310]

Renato Olmi

 Italy

1938

[fp 311]

Oreco

 Brazil

1958

[fp 312]

Gabriele Oriali

 Italy

1982

[fp 313]

Orlando

 Brazil

1958

1966

[fp 314]

Raimundo Orsi

 Italy

1934

[fp 315]

Oscar Ortiz

 Argentina

1978

[fp 316]

Washington Ortuño

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 317]

Wolfgang Overath

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 318]

Miguel Oviedo

 Argentina

1978

[fp 319]

Mesut Özil

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 320]

Rubén Pagnanini

 Argentina

1978

[fp 321]

Terry Paine

 England

1966

[fp 322]

Pedro Pasculli

 Argentina

1986

[fp 323]

Pietro Pasinati

 Italy

1938

[fp 324]

Paulo Cézar Caju

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 325]

Paulo Sérgio

 Brazil

1994

[fp 326]

Benjamin Pavard

 France

2018

[fp 327]

Aníbal Paz

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 328]

Pedro

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 329]

Mario Perazzolo

 Italy

1938

[fp 330]

Julio Pérez

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 331]

Simone Perrotta

 Italy

2006

[fp 332]

Angelo Peruzzi

 Italy

2006

[fp 333]

Martin Peters

 England

1966

1970

[fp 334]

Emmanuel Petit

 France

1998

2002

[fp 335]

Pedro Petrone

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 336]

Alfred Pfaff

 West Germany

1954

[fp 337]

Hans Pflügler

 West Germany

1990

[fp 338]

Rodolfo Pini

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 339]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

1938

[fp 340]

Gerard Piqué

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 341]

Robert Pirès

 France

1998

[fp 342]

Conduelo Píriz

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 343]

Andrea Pirlo

 Italy

2006

2010, 2014

[fp 344]

Mario Pizziolo

 Italy

1934

[fp 345]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 346]

Paul Pogba

 France

2018

2014

[fp 347]

Josef Posipal

 West Germany

1954

[fp 348]

Nery Pumpido

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990

[fp 349]

Carles Puyol

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006

[fp 350]

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 351]

Raí

 Brazil

1994

[fp 352]

Adil Rami

 France

2018

[fp 353]

Sergio Ramos

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 354]

Pietro Rava

 Italy

1938

[fp 355]

Emilio Recoba

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 356]

Pepe Reina

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 357]

Stefan Reuter

 West Germany

1990

1998

[fp 358]

Ricardinho

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 359]

Ricardo Rocha

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 360]

Karl-Heinz Riedle

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 361]

Luis Rijo

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 362]

Carlos Riolfo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 363]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

2002

1998

[fp 364]

Rivellino

 Brazil

1970

1974, 1978

[fp 365]

Roberto

 Brazil

1970

[fp 366]

Roberto Carlos

 Brazil

2002

1998, 2006

[fp 367]

Víctor Rodríguez Andrade

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 368]

Rogério Ceni

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 369]

Romário

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 370]

Carlos Romero

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 371]

Ronaldão

 Brazil

1994

[fp 372]

Ronaldinho

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 373]

Roque Júnior

 Brazil

2002

[fp 374]

Virginio Rosetta

 Italy

1934

[fp 375]

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 376]

Oscar Ruggeri

 Argentina

1986

1990, 1994

[fp 377]

Zoilo Saldombide

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 378]

Héctor Scarone

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 379]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

1954

1958, 1962

[fp 380]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 381]

Angelo Schiavio

 Italy

1934

[fp 382]

André Schürrle

 Germany

2014

[fp 383]

Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 384]

Bastian Schweinsteiger

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 385]

Gaetano Scirea

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 386]

Franco Selvaggi

 Italy

1982

[fp 387]

Pietro Serantoni

 Italy

1938

[fp 388]

Djibril Sidibé

 France

2018

[fp 389]

David Silva

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 390]

Ron Springett

 England

1966

1962

[fp 391]

Paul Steiner

 West Germany

1990

[fp 392]

Nobby Stiles

 England

1966

1970

[fp 393]

Cláudio Taffarel

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 394]

Carlos Tapia

 Argentina

1986

[fp 395]

Alberto Tarantini

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 396]

Marco Tardelli

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 397]

Domingo Tejera

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 398]

Eusebio Tejera

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 399]

Florian Thauvin

 France

2018

[fp 400]

Olaf Thon

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1998

[fp 401]

Lilian Thuram

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 402]

Corentin Tolisso

 France

2018

[fp 403]

Luca Toni

 Italy

2006

[fp 404]

Fernando Torres

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 405]

Tostão

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 406]

Francesco Totti

 Italy

2006

2002

[fp 407]

David Trezeguet

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 408]

Marcelo Trobbiani

 Argentina

1986

[fp 409]

Toni Turek

 West Germany

1954

[fp 410]

Samuel Umtiti

 France

2018

[fp 411]

Santos Urdinarán

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 412]

Jorge Valdano

 Argentina

1986

1982

[fp 413]

Víctor Valdés

 Spain

2010

[fp 414]

José Daniel Valencia

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 415]

Vampeta

 Brazil

2002

[fp 416]

Raphaël Varane

 France

2018

2014

[fp 417]

Obdulio Varela

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 418]

Mario Varglien

 Italy

1934

[fp 419]

Ernesto Vidal

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 420]

Patrick Vieira

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 421]

Pietro Vierchowod

 Italy

1982

1986, 1990

[fp 422]

Héctor Vilches

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 423]

David Villa

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 424]

Ricardo Villa

 Argentina

1978

[fp 425]

Viola

 Brazil

1994

[fp 426]

Berti Vogts

 West Germany

1974

1970, 1978

1994 GER, 1998 GER

[fp 427]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

2002 GER

[fp 428]

Fritz Walter

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 429]

Ottmar Walter

 West Germany

1954

[fp 430]

Roman Weidenfeller

 Germany

2014

[fp 431]

Wilson Piazza

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 432]

Ray Wilson

 England

1966

1962

[fp 433]

Herbert Wimmer

 West Germany

1974

[fp 434]

Xavi

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006, 2014

[fp 435]

Cristian Zaccardo

 Italy

2006

[fp 436]

Gianluca Zambrotta

 Italy

2006

2002, 2010

[fp 437]

Zé Maria

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 438]

Héctor Zelada

 Argentina

1986

[fp 439]

Zequinha

 Brazil

1962

[fp 440]

Zetti

 Brazil

1994

[fp 441]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 442]

Ron-Robert Zieler

 Germany

2014

[fp 443]

Zinho

 Brazil

1994

[fp 444]

Dino Zoff

 Italy

1982

1970, 1974, 1978

[fp 445]

text: By coach[edit]

text: 20 different coaches have won the World Cup, Italy's Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to win twice.

text: Four other coaches finished as winners once and runners-up once: West Germany's Helmut Schön (winner in 1974, runner-up in 1966) and Franz Beckenbauer (winner in 1990, runner-up in 1986), Argentina's Carlos Bilardo (winner in 1986, runner-up in 1990), and Brazil's Mário Zagallo (winner in 1970, runner-up in 1998).

text: Zagallo (twice), Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players.

text: Every edition of the tournament has been won by a coach leading the team of his own country.

text:
Coaches who have won the World Cup

T

Coach

Country

Year(s) won

Other appearances

As coach

As player[n 5]

2

Vittorio Pozzo

 Italy

1934 ITA, 1938 ITA

Enzo Bearzot

 Italy

1982 ITA

1978 ITA, 1986 ITA

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

1990 FRG

1986 FRG

1966, 1970, 1974

Carlos Bilardo

 Argentina

1986 ARG

1990 ARG

Vicente del Bosque

 Spain

2010 ESP

2014 ESP

Didier Deschamps

 France

2018 FRA

2014 FRA

1998

Vicente Feola

 Brazil

1958 BRA

1966 BRA

Sepp Herberger

 West Germany

1954 FRG

1938 GER, 1958 FRG, 1962 FRG

Aimé Jacquet

 France

1998 FRA

Marcello Lippi

 Italy

2006 ITA

2010 ITA

Juan López

 Uruguay

1950 URU

1954 URU

Joachim Löw

 Germany

2014 GER

2010 GER, 2018 GER

César Luis Menotti

 Argentina

1978 ARG

1982 ARG

Aymoré Moreira

 Brazil

1962 BRA

Carlos Alberto Parreira

 Brazil

1994 BRA

1982 KUW, 1990 UAE, 1998 KSA, 2006 BRA, 2010 RSA

Alf Ramsey

 England

1966 ENG

1970 ENG

1950

Helmut Schön

 West Germany

1974 FRG

1966 FRG, 1970 FRG, 1978 FRG

Luiz Felipe Scolari

 Brazil

2002 BRA

2006 POR, 2014 BRA

Alberto Suppici

 Uruguay

1930 URU

Mário Zagallo

 Brazil

1970 BRA

1974 BRA, 1998 BRA

1958, 1962

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Germany is considered the inheritor of the records of the former  West Germany team, which won the 1954, 1974 and 1990 titles.

Jump up ^ Players in bold appeared in the tournament's final match (or, in the case of 1950, in the decisive match of the final stage), while players in italics did not play in the tournament.

Jump up ^ Years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the final match, while years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament.

Jump up ^ Years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b A golden background indicates that the player won the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b c Attilio Demaría and Luis Monti were in the title-winning Italian squad in 1934 and also in the Argentinian one in 1930, while José Altafini was in the title-winning Brazilian squad in 1958 and also in the Italian one in 1962. They are among the few players to have represented different nations in the World Cup.

Jump up ^ FIFA's website indicates that Banks also was part of the 1962 English squad, while another source states that he was not part of the squad, having been omitted from it after initially being meant to be a stay-at-home reserve.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: Whitaker (surname)

question_text: where did the last name whitaker come from

text: Whitaker (surname)

text: Whitaker is a surname of English and Scottish origin, meaning the white acre, also spelled "Whittaker" and "Whitacre." Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Alexander Whitaker (1585–1616), American religious leader
Ayton Whitaker (1916–1999), British producer and director of radio, film and television
Benjamin Whitaker (politician) (1934–2014), retired British Labour Party politician
Benjamin J Whitaker (scientist) (born 1956), Professor of Chemical Physics
Brian Whitaker, British journalist
Carl Whitaker, American therapist
Chico Whitaker, Brazilian social-justice advocate
Chris Whitaker, Australian rugby union player
Cuthbert Whitaker, editor of Whitaker's Almanack
Danny Whitaker, English footballer
David Whitaker (disambiguation), several people
Denis Whitaker, Canadian general
Denzel Whitaker, American actor
Duane Whitaker, American actor
Elsie Whitaker Martinez, daughter of Herman Whitaker
Eric E. Whitaker, senior bureaucrat, friend of Barack Obama
Evelyn Whitaker (1844–1929), children's writer
Ewen Whitaker (1922–2016), British-American astronomer
Forest Whitaker (born 1961), American actor
Francis Whitaker, American blacksmith
Frederic Whitaker, American watercolorist
Frederick Whitaker, English-born New Zealand politician
Frederick Arthur Whitaker, British civil engineer
George Whitaker (disambiguation), several people
Herman Whitaker, American writer
Hugh Whitaker, British rock drummer
Jack Whitaker, American sportscaster
James Whitaker, British journalist
James Whitaker (cricketer), English cricketer
Jared Whitaker, mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
Jason Whitaker, American football player
John Whitaker (disambiguation), several people
Joseph Whitaker (disambiguation), several people
Julian Whitaker, American physician, author, and practitioner of alternative medicine
Kevin Whitaker, American diplomat
Lance Whitaker, heavyweight boxer
Lang Whitaker, American sportswriter
Lou Whitaker (born 1957), American baseball player
Lucian "Skippy" Whitaker (born 1930), American basketball player
Maria do Céu Whitaker Poças, Céu, Brazilian singer
Mark Whitaker (disambiguation), several people
Martin Whitaker, British businessman
Matthew C. Whitaker historian known for plagiarism scandal
Matthew G. Whitaker, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa
Nelson E. Whitaker, President of the West Virginia Senate 1897–1899
Nick Whitaker, American actor
Norman T. Whitaker, International Master of chess
Pernell Whitaker (born 1964), American boxer
Robert Whitaker (disambiguation), several people
Rod Whitaker, probable identity of the writer Trevanian
Rogers E. M. Whitaker, editor of The New Yorker magazine
Ross T. Whitaker, American engineer
Romulus Whitaker, herpetologist
Ronyell Whitaker, American professional football player
Ruth Whitaker (1936–2014), American politician
T. K. Whitaker (1916–2017), Irish economist
Timothy W. Whitaker, Bishop of the United Methodist Church
Uncas A. Whitaker, prominent mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, lawyer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist
William Whitaker (disambiguation) (several people)

text: Fictional characters:

text: Faye Whitaker, fictional character from the webcomic Questionable Content

text: This page lists people with the surname Whitaker. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: SurnamesEnglish-language surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: Ken Griffey Jr.

question_text: who did the reds trade for ken griffey jr

text: Ken Griffey Jr.

text: Early life[edit]

text: Griffey was born in Donora, Pennsylvania, on November 21, 1969. (He shares a birthday with another Donora native and Hall-of-Famer, Stan Musial.) His family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father, Ken Griffey Sr., played for the Cincinnati Reds, when Ken Jr. was six years old.[citation needed] Ken Jr. was in the clubhouse during his father's back-to-back championships in the 1975 and 1976 World Series. As a young child, Ken Sr. would instill in his son the pride of a team accomplishment rather than the individual performance. "My dad would have bopped me on the head when I was a kid if I came home bragging about what I did on the field. He only wanted to know what the team did." He attended Archbishop Moeller High School[11] in Cincinnati (the same high school as his future teammate Barry Larkin),[12] where he was the U.S high school baseball player of the year in 1987.

text: Professional career[edit]

text: Minor League Baseball (1987–1988)[edit]

text: Griffey was the number one overall selection by the Seattle Mariners during the Major League Baseball Amateur Draft held on June 2, 1987. He received a signing bonus of $16,000 from the Mariners. On June 11, 1987 Griffey joined the Bellingham Mariners of the Northwest League, a Class A Short Season minor league. He made his professional debut on June 16, 1987. During the 54-game season he hit .313. He led the team with 14 home runs, 40 RBI and 13 steals. Baseball America magazine named him the league's number one major league prospect.[13]

text: In 1988, Griffey joined the San Bernardino Spirit of the Class A-Advanced California League. During his 58 games with the Spirit, Griffey batted .338, hit 11 home runs, drove in 42 runs, and stole 32 bases.[14] Late in the season, Griffey was promoted to the Vermont Mariners of the Class AA Eastern League. He played the final 17 games with the club, hitting .279 with two home runs and 10 RBIs.[15]

text: Seattle Mariners (1989–1999)[edit]

text: In his eleven seasons with Seattle (1989–1999) Griffey established himself as one of the most prolific and exciting players of the era, racking up 1,752 hits, 398 home runs, 1,152 RBIs, and 167 stolen bases. He led the American League in home runs for four seasons (1994, 1997, 1998, and 1999), was voted the A.L. MVP in 1997, and maintained a .297 career batting average. In his first major league at-bat, he doubled.[16]

text: His defense in center field was widely considered the standard of elite fielding during the decade, exemplified by his streak of 10 straight Gold Gloves from 1990–1999. His impressive range allowed frequent spectacular diving plays, and he often dazzled fans with over-the-shoulder basket catches and robbed opposing hitters of home runs by leaping up and pulling them back into the field of play. He was featured on the Wheaties cereal box and had his own signature sneaker line from Nike, Inc..

text: On April 3, 1989, in his very first MLB plate appearance, Griffey hit a line drive double off Oakland Athletics pitcher Dave Stewart at the Oakland Coliseum.[17] One week later in his first at-bat at the Kingdome, Griffey hit his first major league home run.[18]

text: Griffey was a frequent participant in the All-Star Game during the 1990s. He led his league multiple times in different hitting categories.[19]

text: In 1990 and 1991, Griffey and his father became the first son and father to play on the same team at the same time. In his father's first game as a Mariner, on August 31, 1990, the pair hit back-to-back singles in the first inning and both scored.[20] On September 14, the pair hit back-to-back home runs in the top of the first off California Angels pitcher Kirk McCaskill, becoming the first father-son duo to hit back-to-back home runs.[21] The duo played a total of 51 games together before Griffey Sr. retired in June 1991.

text: At the MLB Home Run Derby in 1993, which was held at Oriole Park in Baltimore, Griffey hit the warehouse beyond the right field wall on the fly and he is still the only player ever to do so. As with every home run that hits Eutaw Street, each feat is honored with a circular plaque, embedded horizontally onto the concourse's walkway, in the exact spot where the home run landed.[22][23] In 1994, he led the league in voting for All Star game selection. That season, which ended prematurely on August 12 due to the labor dispute, saw Griffey hit 30 home runs in the Mariners' first 65 games. He would go on to have 4 multi-home run games that year. While his pace cooled somewhat in the final eight weeks of the season (he only hit 10 home runs in the Mariners' last 47 games), his 40 home runs by August 12 still put him two ahead of Chicago's Frank Thomas and four ahead of Cleveland's Albert Belle for the AL lead.

text: One of the most memorable moments of Griffey's career with the Mariners came during the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the New York Yankees. After losing the first two games, the Mariners and Griffey were on the verge of elimination, but came back to win the next two games, setting up a decisive fifth game. In the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 5, with Griffey on first base, teammate Edgar Martínez hit a double. Griffey raced around the bases, slid into home with the winning run, and popped up into the waiting arms of the entire team. The 1995 AL Division Series would kick off a brief rivalry between the Yankees and the Mariners. Griffey may have escalated it by saying that he would never play for the Yankees, because the Yankees allegedly treated his father, Ken Griffey Sr. badly. Also, when Griffey was a kid visiting his dad in the Yankee clubhouse, Yankee manager Billy Martin would, believing that children did not belong in the clubhouse, kick him out of there. Although the Mariners subsequently lost the ALCS to the Cleveland Indians (managed by later Mariners manager Mike Hargrove), that moment remains one of the most memorable in Mariners history, capping a season that "saved baseball in Seattle",[24][25] Seattle's improbable late season playoff run that year, spurred by the return of Griffey from injury, led to the construction of Safeco Field and the future security of a franchise rumored for years to be on the move.[16] The play also inspired the title of the video game Ken Griffey Jr.'s Winning Run for the Super NES.

text: In 1997, Griffey led the Mariners to the AL West crown and captured the American League Most Valuable Player Award, hitting .304, with 56 home runs and 147 RBIs. The next season, 1998, was a season which was followed closely by the national media as both Griffey and Mark McGwire entered the summer ahead of the pace of Roger Maris' home run record of 61. Despite Griffey falling short, Major League Baseball put forth an effort to draw a new set of young fans and regain those disenchanted by the 1994 strike focused on McGwire, Sosa, and Griffey's pursuit of Maris' record. Griffey, however, fell out of the spotlight due to some nagging injuries and was surpassed by Chicago Cubs slugger Sammy Sosa, who finished with 66 home runs, himself falling short of McGwire's then record 70. Despite falling out of the record chase, Griffey nearly duplicated his 1997 statistics, finishing with 56 home runs and 146 RBI.

text: In 1999, he ranked 93rd on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.[26] This list was compiled during the 1998 season, counting only statistics through 1997. At age 29 (going on 30), he was the youngest player on the list. That same year, Griffey was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. However, when TSN updated their list for a new book in 2005, despite having surpassed 400 and 500 home runs, Griffey remained at Number 93.

text: While playing with Seattle, Griffey was a 10-time American League Gold Glove winner, the 1992 All-Star Game MVP, 1997 AL MVP, 1998 ESPY co-winner for Male Athlete of the Year, 1999 Players Choice Awards Player of the Decade (by the players), and was named to the All-Century team in 1999.[27]

text: Departure from Seattle (1999–2000)[edit]

text: Griffey formerly lived in the same neighborhood in Orlando as golfer Payne Stewart. After Stewart's death in a plane crash on October 25, 1999, Griffey started expressing a desire to live closer to his relatives in his hometown of Cincinnati. Not only did Griffey want to live closer, but he wanted to be able to raise his kids, Trey and Taryn (Tevin was not born at the time). On February 10, 2000, Griffey was traded to the Reds for pitcher Brett Tomko, outfielder Mike Cameron, and minor leaguers Antonio Perez and Jake Meyer. Griffey signed a nine-year, $112.5M contract with the Reds after the trade was completed, with a club option for a tenth.[28]

text: Cincinnati Reds (2000–2008)[edit]

text: The 2000 season began what has generally been seen by the media as a decline in Griffey's superstar status. Although his statistics during this season were respectable, they were far below his previous level of play: in 145 games, Griffey hit .271 with 40 home runs, but his .943 on-base plus slugging was his lowest mark in five years. In 2000, Griffey also changed his number from 24 to 30, the number his father wore while playing in both Cincinnati and Seattle. The number 24 was already retired in honor of Tony Pérez. Additionally, from 2001 through 2004, Griffey was plagued by a string of injuries, including season-ending injuries in 2002, 2003, and 2004.[29] Worse yet for Griffey, the cumulative effects of the injuries lowered his bat speed,[30] resulting in less power and fewer home runs (he slugged only .426 before succumbing to injury in 2002, his lowest output in seven years). Injuries forced Griffey to miss 260 out of 486 games from 2002 through 2004, diminishing both his skills and his star reputation.

text: In 2004, Griffey avoided major injury during the first half of the season, and on June 20 became the 20th player to hit 500 career home runs. His 500th home run came on Father's Day in a game against the St. Louis Cardinals at Busch Stadium, with his father in the stands; the homer tied Griffey with his father in career hits with 2,143. However, the injury bug bit again just before the All-Star break; he suffered a partial hamstring tear, knocking him out of the All-Star Game and putting him on the disabled list yet again.

text: Griffey finished the 2004 season on the disabled list after suffering a rupture of his right hamstring in San Francisco.[31] The play in question occurred at AT&T Park in a game against the San Francisco Giants. Griffey was starting in right field for the first time in his 16-year Major League career when he raced toward the gap to try to cut off a ball before it got to the wall. He slid as he got to the ball, but in the process hyper-extended his right leg, tearing the hamstring completely off the bone. He later came out of the game, complaining of "tightness" in the hamstring exacerbated by chilly conditions in San Francisco.[32] However, there was far more to it than anyone realized at the time.

text: Shortly after this injury, the Reds' team physician, Timothy Kremchek, devised an experimental surgery dubbed "The Junior Operation"[33] that would use three titanium screws to reattach Griffey's hamstring. For several weeks, Griffey's right leg was in a sling that kept it at a 90-degree angle, and he was not able to move the leg until late October. After an intense rehabilitation period, he returned for the 2005 season. In April, he hit .244 with one homer (on April 30) and nine RBIs.[34]

text: Starting May 1, the 2005 season saw the resurgence of a healthy Griffey. His 35 home runs were his highest since his first year with the Reds as Griffey slowly moved up the career home run list. He ended the season tied with Mickey Mantle, after having passed Jimmie Foxx, Ted Williams, Willie McCovey, Ernie Banks, Eddie Mathews, Mel Ott, and Eddie Murray.

text: Early in September, he strained a tendon in his left foot (an injury unrelated to his past hamstring and calf problems), and was listed as day-to-day for several weeks.[35] On September 22, with the Reds out of playoff contention, the team decided to bench him for the rest of the season so he could immediately have arthroscopic surgery on his left knee and a separate operation to repair scars from his 2004 hamstring operation. Still, his 128 games in 2005 were the most he had played since 2000. Griffey's resurgence was recognized when he was named National League Comeback Player of the Year. He played in the World Baseball Classic for the American team that off-season with his father as a coach. Griffey batted .524, but the USA failed to reach the semifinals.

text: During the second game of the 2006 regular season, Griffey hit home run #537, surpassing Mickey Mantle for 12th on the all-time list. He returned on May 11 from a knee injury suffered April 12, and hit a walk-off three-run home run in the bottom of the 11th inning against the Washington Nationals. On June 5, Griffey tied Fred McGriff's record by hitting a home run in his 43rd different ballpark, at the St. Louis Cardinals' Busch Stadium.[36] On June 19, Griffey hit career home run 548, tying him with Mike Schmidt, and then six days later passed Schmidt with 549. On June 27, he hit his 550th career home run against the Kansas City Royals. On September 25, 2006, Griffey hit his 27th home run of the season against Chicago Cubs relief pitcher Scott Eyre to tie Reggie Jackson for tenth on the all time home run list.

text: Griffey's injuries continued in the 2006 off-season. While on holiday in the Bahamas with his family, he broke his wrist.[29] Griffey said his hand felt fine and he expected to be ready to go for 2007 spring training.[37]

text: At the beginning of the 2007 Major League Baseball season, Ryan Freel took over center field for the Reds, and Griffey Jr. was moved to right field. Reds manager Jerry Narron said that "I've got to do everything I can do to put our best club out there. My feeling is that with Ryan Freel out there, it gives us strong defense up the middle."[38] Griffey changed his number from 30 to 3 to honor his three children.[39] During the next two seasons, Griffey would wear number 42 on April 15, beginning a tradition known as Jackie Robinson Day.[40]

text: On May 10, 2007, Griffey hit his sixth home run of the season and the 569th of his career, tying Rafael Palmeiro for ninth place on the career home runs list. He passed Palmeiro on May 13. Griffey tied Harmon Killebrew for eighth on the all-time list hitting his 573rd career home run on May 22. He then surpassed him on May 25.

text: On June 22, 2007, Griffey made his first return to Seattle after his trade to the Reds. Before the game, the Mariners honored him with a 15-minute presentation which included a highlight reel of his playing career with the Mariners, a presentation of a "The House that Griffey Built" memorial by Mariners hall-of-famers and former teammates Jay Buhner and Edgar Martínez, and a 4-minute standing ovation from the sold-out crowd.[41] Griffey did not expect such a welcome or a turnout by fans when he came back, and a short but emotional speech was given by Griffey afterwards.[42] Many of the fans in attendance made signs professing their gratitude and adoration toward him with quotes such as: "The House that Griffey Built", "Seattle Junior", and "Griffey we miss you."[42] Griffey went 1–5 in the game. On June 24, Griffey hit his 583rd and 584th career home runs, tying and passing Mark McGwire for 7th place on the all-time career home run list.

text:
"Wow. Never did I imagine that it would be like this coming back. I spent 11 years here, 11 wonderful years here. ... This place will be [my] home. ... I didn't realize how much I missed being in Seattle."

–An excerpt from Griffey's short speech as noted above.[43]

tag: div

text: Following the Cincinnati Reds versus Seattle Mariners series from June 22–24, 2007, a fan movement emerged petitioning Mariners' management to bring Griffey back. Over 1,900 signatures were collected on a fan vid-blog/petition.[44]

text: Griffey received the most votes of any player in the National League for the 2007 All-Star balloting and on the July 10 game, he went on to drive in two runs for the National League. On July 16, 2007, Ken Griffey Jr. hit his 587th home run to pass Frank Robinson for 6th place on the all-time home run list. On July 18, 2007, Griffey hit his 2,500th hit, a first-inning single off Atlanta Braves starting pitcher John Smoltz.

text: On September 19, 2007, in a game against the Chicago Cubs, Griffey fielded a Derrek Lee single in right field, then suddenly went down in pain. The injury, first thought to be a lower abdominal strain, was later revealed to be a season-ending groin strain. This marked one of many seasons in Cincinnati in which Griffey had to end the year on the disabled list. Griffey ended the 2007 season with 593 career home runs.

text: On August 22, 2007, Griffey was selected as an all-time Rawlings Gold Glove winner, on a list of nine players considered the greatest defensive players in the last fifty years.[45] He finished the season with 78 runs, 146 hits, 24 doubles, one triple, 30 home runs, 93 RBIs, and a .277 batting average.

text: On April 4, 2008, Ken Griffey Jr. passed Reggie Jackson for 16th on the all-time list after driving in his 1,702nd RBI.[46] On June 9, Griffey hit his 600th home run on a 3–1 pitch from Mark Hendrickson of the Florida Marlins in the first inning at Land Shark Stadium in Miami. Fans of both teams gave him a standing ovation.[47]

text: Despite being ranked second in the National League All-Star voting for outfielders for most of the first half of the season, Griffey finished fourth with 2,907,746 ballots, 87,000 votes behind Kosuke Fukudome. He was not selected to the All-Star Game as a reserve. At the All-Star Break, Griffey was batting .239 with 12 home runs and 42 RBIs. "I always have a backup plan...If you can't hit a tough lefty, bunt. If you can't hit a tough righty, bunt. If you can't go to the All-Star Game, go to the Bahamas", Griffey said.[48]

text: On July 30, Griffey hit his 608th career home run in his last game for the Reds.[49]

text: Griffey was criticized by some for his effort during his stint with the Reds. Gregg Doyel had this to say of the years Griffey was with the Reds in comparison to the 2010 Reds team. "It's a different Reds team than the older, beer-bellied softball teams of recent years. Those Reds were Ken Griffey and Adam Dunn lounging on the clubhouse's leather couches, hitting home runs, misplaying balls in the outfield and thinking they had it all figured out, when all they knew how to do was lose."[50]

text: Chicago White Sox (2008)[edit]

text: On July 31, 2008, at the MLB trade deadline, Griffey was traded to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for pitcher Nick Masset and infielder Danny Richar, ending his nine-year tenure in Cincinnati.[51] In his first game with the White Sox, he went 2 for 3 with 2 RBIs, a walk, and a run.[52]

text: On August 20, 2008, Griffey hit his first home run as a member of the White Sox, off of the Mariners' R.A. Dickey, which moved him into a tie with former outfielder Sammy Sosa for 5th place in career home runs.[53] He surpassed Sosa on September 23, with one off Minnesota's Matt Guerrier.[54]

text: Griffey's signature moment with the White Sox came on September 30, the last game of the 2008 season; an extra 163rd game between the White Sox and Minnesota Twins to break the tie atop the AL Central. In the 5th inning of the scoreless game, the Twins threatened with Michael Cuddyer on third and one out. Twins 3B Brendan Harris flied out softly to Griffey in center field, who threw a strike to White Sox catcher A. J. Pierzynski who tagged out Cuddyer at home in a homeplate collision to complete the double play and end the threat. The White Sox went on to beat the Twins, 1-0, to advance to the 2008 American League Division Series, where they fell to the Tampa Bay Rays.

text: On October 30, 2008 the White Sox declined a $16 million option on Griffey, making him a free agent for the first time in his career. Griffey would instead receive a buyout for $4 million, split between the Reds and White Sox.[55] Griffey hit 18 home runs with the Reds and White Sox in 2008.[55] When the 2008 season ended he said he wouldn't retire, saying "I've got things to do."[56]

text: Return to Mariners (2009–2010)[edit]

text: As a free agent, Griffey was courted by the Mariners and the Atlanta Braves. The national media was dubious about Griffey's declining skills, with the Washington Post noting "...the Mariners are not about to sign Griffey for baseball reasons; they're bringing him back to Seattle to sell tickets."[57] Griffey ultimately accepted a contract offer from the Mariners on February 18, 2009, after "agonizing" over the decision. Griffey indicated he was motivated by sentimental reasons toward Seattle, where he received an overwhelmingly positive reception when he last played there as a Cincinnati Red in June 2007, but was inclined towards the Braves for its proximity to his home in Orlando, Florida, and his desire to be with his family during the season.[58] Apparently, Griffey was very close to signing with the Braves; however, a premature report emerged from the Atlanta Journal-Constitution that an Atlanta deal was done and a conversation with Willie Mays and his own 13-year-old daughter played a factor in his choice.[59] Griffey once again sported #24 with the Mariners; the team had not issued the number to any player or coach in the nine years between his two stints in Seattle.

text: Griffey went 1–2 with a home run in his regular season debut against the Minnesota Twins. The home run was Griffey's eighth Opening Day home run; as of 2013, he is tied with Frank Robinson and Adam Dunn for first place in this category. On April 15, 2009, Griffey hit his 400th home run as a Mariner (613th of career), off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Jered Weaver, becoming the first MLB player to hit 400 home runs with one club (Mariners) and 200 home runs with another (Reds). AP stated, "Griffey returned to the Mariners in 2009 and almost single-handedly transformed what had been a fractured, bickering clubhouse with his leadership, energy and constant pranks."[60]

text: On June 23, 2009, at Safeco Field, Griffey hit the 5,000th home run in franchise history, off San Diego Padres pitcher Chad Gaudin.[61] This was Griffey's 619th career home run. On September 1, Griffey hit career home run #621 at the new Yankee Stadium, off Yankees pitcher Andy Pettitte in the sixth inning. It marked the 44th different ballpark in which he had hit a home run. On August 12, 2009, against his former team, the Chicago White Sox, he hit an RBI single in the bottom of the 14th inning to win the game, 1–0, for the Mariners.

text: Griffey returned to the Mariners for the 2010 campaign with a similar contract to that of 2009, but struggled offensively over the first two months while posting a .184 batting average.[62] On April 27, Griffey passed Andre Dawson for 45th on the career hit list. On May 20, 2010, in a game against the Toronto Blue Jays, Griffey hit an RBI single off Blue Jays' closer Kevin Gregg to win the game, 4–3, for the Mariners. After starting the ninth inning trailing 3–1, the Mariners rallied in the bottom of the ninth to load the bases on two singles and a walk, then tied the game via a walk and a sacrifice fly. The walk-off single was the final hit and RBI of Griffey's Major League Baseball career, and moved him past Rafael Palmeiro to 14th on the all-time RBI list.

text: Napgate and retirement[edit]

text: In May 2010, Mariners' manager Don Wakamatsu made the decision to significantly limit Griffey's playing due to his ongoing poor performance.[63][64] On May 10, 2010, beat writer Larry Larue reported that Wakamatsu had not used Griffey in a pinch hitting situation the prior week, with two players stating that Griffey had been asleep.[65] National media quickly covered the incident, dubbed "Napgate."[64][64][66][67][68][69] In the ensuing days, teammate Mike Sweeney said he challenged anyone who said Griffey was asleep "to stand up and fight me"[70] with Wakamatsu denying Griffey had been asleep;[68] however, Griffey did not deny it.[63][71] Griffey's agent stated Larue's initial report had been posted in error and that Larue had asked his employer to remove it,[72] both of which they refuted.[73][74] In the aftermath of his report, Larue was boycotted by players.[68][75]

text: On June 2, 2010, with the clubhouse still in turmoil, Griffey left the Mariners after the second game of a 4-game series with the Minnesota Twins, leaving in the middle of the night for a cross-country drive to his home in Florida.[76] He released a statement through the Seattle Mariners organization announcing his retirement effective immediately. Seattle Mariner president Chuck Armstrong was only made aware of this by Griffey's agent a few hours before gametime the next day; Griffey then called from the road to confirm it.[77] His retirement was announced at Safeco Field before the Mariners played the Twins.[78] In an interview on March 17, 2011, Griffey stated he had retired to avoid being a distraction for the team.[7]

text: Post-playing career[edit]

text: On February 17, 2011, Griffey was hired by the Mariners as a special consultant. He is involved with the Mariners at spring training and the regular season, along with visiting most of the Mariners minor-league affiliates.[79]

text: On January 22, 2013, the Mariners announced Griffey would be the seventh person inducted into the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame.[8] Griffey joined Alvin Davis (1997), Dave Niehaus (2000), Jay Buhner (2004), Edgar Martínez (2007), Randy Johnson (2012) and Dan Wilson (2012). He was formally inducted on August 10, 2013. Jamie Moyer was selected in 2015.

text: A campaign had been formed to rename a section of First Avenue South, which runs adjacent to Safeco Field, to Ken Griffey Jr. Drive just after his announcement to retire from baseball. Later, the campaign changed direction after the death of Mariners announcer Dave Niehaus in November 2010 to Dave Niehaus Way South.[80]

text: Writer Bill Simmons pointed out the prevalent belief that Griffey was the best home run hitter of the 1990s who everyone was convinced never used PEDs. Therefore, Simmons stated Griffey was the one player who would be the most devastating to "an entire generation of American men" should he ever be linked to steroids.[81]

text: On Sunday August 10, 2014, Griffey Jr. was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame. Griffey Jr. returned to Cincinnati for the weekend activities and choked up during his speech when he mentioned wearing the same uniform as his dad. Second baseman Ron Oester, outfielder Dave Parker, and first baseman Jake Beckley joined Junior in the Class of 2014.

text: Baseball Hall of Fame election[edit]

text: Ken Griffey Jr.'s number 24 was retired by the Seattle Mariners in 2016.

text: On January 6, 2016, Griffey was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, receiving 99.32 percent of the vote, breaking the record previously held by Tom Seaver's 98.84 percent in 1992.[10] A flag bearing Griffey's number 24 was flown from the Space Needle following the announcement.[82]

text: To coincide with his Hall of Fame election, the Mariners announced on January 8, 2016 that they would retire his jersey number 24. The retirement took effect with the start of the 2016 MLB season, with the formal ceremony taking place prior to the Mariners' August 6, 2016 game. The jersey retirement includes the number 24 also being taken out of circulation of all of the Mariners minor league affiliates.

text: The team also honored Griffey in a unique fashion in the 2016 MLB draft, selecting his son Trey in the 24th round (matching his jersey number), even though Trey, at the time a wide receiver at the University of Arizona, had not played baseball since his preteen years.[83]

text: Philanthropy[edit]

text: In 2008, Griffey released a series of charity wines to support The Ken Griffey Jr. Family Foundation, a fund that supports several causes, including the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and several children's hospitals across the United States.[84] He is also an honorary co-chairman of the AOPA Foundation's Hat in the Ring Society, a charitable organization that promotes aviation safety and education.[85]

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1991
Harry and the Hendersons
Himself
Episode: "The Father-Son Game"

1992
The Simpsons
Himself
Episode: "Homer at the Bat"

1994
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Himself
Episode: "Love Hurts"

1994
Little Big League
Himself
With The "Seattle Mariners"

2001
Summer Catch
Himself
With The "Cincinnati Reds"

2015
"Downtown" - music video by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis feat. Eric Nally, Melle Mel, Kool Moe Dee, and Grandmaster Caz
Himself
Won Best Video at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In April 2007, Griffey was diagnosed with pleurisy, an inflammation of the lining of the cavity surrounding the lungs which can cause painful respiration and other symptoms.[86][87]

text: Griffey and his wife Melissa have three children: Ken Griffey III (Trey), daughter Taryn Kennedy, and adopted son Tevin Kendall. Trey is a wide receiver for the Miami Dolphins who played in college for the Arizona Wildcats football team.[88] Trey was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in May 2017 but was released after reaching an injury settlement with the team.[89] Taryn also goes to the University of Arizona, playing for the women's basketball team.[90] The Griffey family resides in Winter Garden, Florida, where Ken Griffey Sr. is also a resident.[91][92]

text: Griffey was named an American Public Diplomacy Envoy by then Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on November 18, 2008.[93]

text: Griffey has a private pilot certificate and owns a Cirrus SR22.[94]

text: Suicide attempt[edit]

text: In January 1988, Griffey, at the age of 18, attempted to commit suicide by swallowing 277 aspirin pills but wound up in intensive care in Providence Hospital in Mount Airy, Ohio.[95] Griffey Jr. cited arguments with his father, Ken Griffey Sr.; depression; and anger as reasons for his attempted suicide.[96] On his failed attempt, Griffey Jr. stated, "It seemed like everyone was yelling at me in baseball, then I came home and everyone was yelling at me there. I got depressed. I got angry. I didn't want to live."[96] He stated that he had also previously contemplated taking his own life, but he had not acted on it until this incident.[96] After Griffey swallowed the aspirin, his girlfriend's mother drove him to the hospital.[96] While in intensive care, he ripped the IV from his arm in order to stop an argument between him and his father.[96] Both Griffey Jr. and his father have stated that the incident changed their relationship, and there is now more understanding on both sides.[96]