document_title: White House Press Secretary

question_text: who created the formal position of white house press secretary in part because of his media savvy

text: White House Press Secretary

text: History[edit]

text: Presidential–press relations prior to the establishment of the role[edit]

text: During the United States' somewhat early years, the White House staff or various White House Offices were not as robust as they are today and there was not a single designated staff person or office responsible for managing the relationship between the president and the growing number of journalists and media entities that were covering him.[1] It was not until after President Abraham Lincoln's administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary.[1] Ulysses S. Grant's White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, though he supplemented with personnel from the War Department.[1] Fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000.[1]

text: As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, some showed a tendency to pick aides and confidantes who had backgrounds in the field of journalism.[1] One of Abraham Lincoln's private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House.[2] While the modern equivalent of a private or personal secretary to the President of the United States would be more narrowly concerned with the care and feeding of the president,[3] the small size of the White House staff at that point meant that Nicolay interacted with the press occasionally in carrying out his duties.[2] He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard.[2] Though the title and establishment of the roles and responsibilities of the press secretary job was still decades in the future, the small and growing White House staff was increasingly interacting with a growing number of professional journalists and mass media entities covering the president and the White House.[2] Andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania.[4] Although various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the exchanges had been less formal.[5]

text: Cleveland and McKinley administrations[edit]

text: Prior to the 1880s and the presidency of Grover Cleveland, the relationship between the president, his administration, and the small but growing number of newspapers covering him was such that there was little need for a formal plan or designated spokesperson to manage it.[1] The relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. In fact, prior to the establishment of the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), some newspapers were awarded contracts to print government publications and often awarded the president with support in exchange.[1] For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U.S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington.[1] In general, though coverage of the president could be harsh and opinionated, newspapers were to some degree extensions of the political party apparatus and subsequently not seen as entities requiring specific, sustained management by the White House or administration.

text: The media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size and increased in population from 2.5 million to 56 million.[4] The number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines.[4] The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president.[6]

text: Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. The growing number of reporters and the increasing aggressiveness of their style of coverage led to frustrations when the President and his new bride were unable to rid themselves of reporters who followed them to their honeymoon in Deer Park, Maryland.[6] President Cleveland relied on his private secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus, to keep the reporters at bay.[6] The controversy surrounding coverage of the trip resulted in a public debate about the balance between the right of the President and his family to privacy and the role of the press in covering the country's most public figure.[7] In an editorial, the New York World defended the right of the press to cover the president at all times:

text: The idea of offending the bachelor sensitiveness of President Cleveland or the maidenly reserve of his bride has been far from anybody's thought...We must insist that the President is public property; that it is perfectly legitimate to send correspondents and reporters to follow him when he goes on a journey, and to keep watch over him and his family.[7]

text: The debate over the coverage of Grover Cleveland's honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him and his daughters as they trick or treated on Halloween.[8]

text: White House Press Corps[edit]

text: At the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a southern reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories.[9] He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President and ultimately reported a story in a piece carrying the headline "At the White House".[9] Competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the "White House beat." Some point to this as the early origins of a more formal White House Press Corps.[9]

text: When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, George B. Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk.[10] Though he was not given the formal title of private secretary to the president until later and the term press secretary had not yet been conceived, Cortelyou was highly respected by the press and William McKinley's biographer, Margaret Leach, called Cortelyou "the first of the presidential press secretaries".[10] President Cleveland's successor, William McKinley, kept Cortelyou on during the transition and later formally named him private secretary to the President, though he had been informally doing the job for some time prior.[11] Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House.[12] The correspondents relied on him for information and his tenure as private secretary was noteworthy for some of the same working traits modern press secretaries have become popular for,[13] including providing information to reporters later in the evening if events had transpired in the afternoon, offering advance copies of remarks prepared for the President, and ensuring reporters received transcripts of unprepared remarks made by the President while traveling, which were recorded by a stenographer.[12] Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers (by this point the White House staff numbered approximately 18),[11] which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era.[14] The nascent press corps' appreciation for Cortelyou's responsiveness is similar to how a modern White House Press Secretary's responsiveness to the press corps can shape their positive or negative view of him or her.[15]

text: Working space in the White House for the press corps[edit]

text: The White House "beat" concept that had been started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration.[11] Around the time of the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the reporters covering the White House were invited into the mansion itself and provided with space to write, conduct interviews, and generally cover the White House.[11] Now reporting from inside the White House, the reporters used their new location to interview guests entering or leaving the White House or confirm pieces of information from the president's secretaries as they passed through in the course of their duties. Reporters working in the White House did, however, honor an unspoken rule and refrain from asking the president himself a question if he happened to walk through their working area.[11]

text: The long-term presence of the White House Press Corps in the White House was cemented by Theodore Roosevelt, who asked that planners include permanent space for the press corps in the executive office building now called the West Wing, which he had ordered built in the early 1900s.[16] It is the West Wing that ultimately housed the Office of the Press Secretary[17] and the now-famous James S. Brady press briefing room, which was redone by the George W. Bush administration in 2007.[18]

text: Woodrow Wilson administration[edit]

text: When Woodrow Wilson was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1910, he asked Joseph P. Tumulty to serve as his Private Secretary.[19] When he was elected president two years later, he brought Tumulty with him to the White House, where Tumulty served as Private Secretary to the President.[19] As private secretary, Tumulty dealt extensively with the press.[20] At the outset of the administration, Tumulty convinced Wilson, who was known for his distaste of the press,[19] to hold news conferences on a regularized schedule, sometimes as much as twice every week.[21] During the first such news conference, over one hundred reporters crowded into Wilson's office to ask him questions.[22] Wilson often requested that reporters not publish answers given in these settings and on one occasion threatened to cancel the news conferences when a reporter revealed comments he had given regarding Mexico.[22] The press conferences were later discontinued after the sinking of British liner Lusitania, and despite attempts to revive them during his second term were held only sporadically during Wilson's final years in office.[23]

text: Joseph Tumulty also put into place a more regular schedule of briefing the press.[22] He gave daily briefings to the press in the morning, which were attended by as many as thirty reporters.[22] By formalizing the press briefing process, Tumulty laid the groundwork for what would later be called the White House Press Briefing.[24] Tumulty also worked to clarify embargo rules for the press, ordering that the exact time a press embargo was lifted be noted on the confidential information that was being released.[24]

text: Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover administrations[edit]

text: Despite being nicknamed "Silent Cal", many reporters covering the White House found President Calvin Coolidge to be fairly accessible once he took office in 1923 following the death of President Warren G. Harding.[25] During his over five years in office, Coolidge held approximately 520 press conferences, which averaged out to nearly 8 per month.[25] The term "White House spokesman" was used extensively for the first time during the Coolidge administration, as press conference rules mandated that reporters could attribute quotes or statements only to a "White House spokesman" and not directly to the President himself.[25] Some have said that this practice was a precursor to the more modern use of "senior administration official"[26] offering statements or quotes not directly attributable to a specific person, which was used frequently by Henry Kissinger during the Nixon administration.[27]

text: When Herbert Hoover assumed the presidency in 1929, he brought his longtime aide George Akerson to Washington with him as his private secretary.[28] Akerson did not have the formal title of "press secretary", but was the designated person to speak on behalf of President Hoover.[28] Hoover asked the White House Correspondents Association to form a committee to discuss matters pertaining to coverage of the White House and formalized news conferences, dividing presidential news into three different categories:

text:
Announcements directly attributable to the President of the United States,
Statements attributable to official sources, but not to the President himself, and
Background information for the reporter's knowledge but not specifically attributable to the President nor the White House[29]

text: George Akerson continued the tradition of meeting daily with reporters, and though usually of jovial temperament, was not known for the precision that was the hallmark of some of his predecessors, such as Cortelyou.[30] On one occasion, he incorrectly stated that sitting Supreme Court Justice Harlan Stone had been elevated to be Chief Justice, only to have to issue a statement later that the actual nominee was Charles Evans Hughes.[30] Akerson also struggled at times with his role in a growing White House staff.[30] Akerson was one of three secretaries to the President, and some speculated that Hoover's closeness to his other secretary, Lawrence Richey, a former detective and Secret Service agent, made it difficult for Akerson to obtain the kind of information he needed to effectively do his job.[30] As poor coverage made President Hoover appear detached and out of touch amidst a worsening depression, Richey and Akerson disagreed about the most effective press strategy, with Akerson promoting the idea that Hoover should leverage the increasingly influential platform of radio, and Richey arguing that the radio strategy was not worthy of the presidency.[31] Akerson resigned not long thereafter, and Theodore Joslin, a former reporter, was named as the new secretary.[31] Relations between the Hoover Administration and the press continued to decline.[32]

text: Roosevelt Administration, Steve Early, and the first "White House Press Secretary"[edit]

text: During the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, former journalist Stephen Early became the first White House secretary charged only with press responsibilities.[32] The manner in which Early approached his portfolio and increasingly high-profile nature of the job have led many to state that Early is the first true White House Press Secretary, both in function and in formal title.[32] Prior to joining the Roosevelt campaign and administration Early had served as an editor to the military paper Stars and Stripes and also as a reporter for the Associated Press.[33] When Roosevelt was nominated on James Cox's ticket as the vice presidential nominee in 1920, he asked Early to serve as an advance representative.[33] As an advance representative, Early traveled ahead of the campaign, arranged for logistics and attempted to promote positive coverage for the candidates.[33]

text: When President Roosevelt won the presidency in 1932, he chose Early to be his secretary responsible for handling the press, or as the role was becoming known, "the press secretary."[34] After accepting the job, Early laid out for Roosevelt his vision of how the role should be conducted.[34] He requested having unfettered access to the President, having his quotes and statements directly attributable to him as press secretary, and offering as much factual information to the press as it became available.[34] He also convinced Roosevelt to agree to twice-weekly presidential press conferences, with the timing of each tailored to the different deadline schedules of the White House Press Corps.[34] Early also made himself available to the press corps as often as he could, and though he was not known for a lighthearted or amiable demeanor, he earned a reputation for responsiveness and openness, even having his own telephone number listed unlike some of those who held the job after him.[34]

text: Despite the unpopularity of press conferences by the end of the Hoover administration, Roosevelt continued the tradition.[35] He did away with written questions submitted in advance and mandated that nothing he said in press conferences could be attributed to him or the White House, but was instead intended for reporters' general background information.[35] Many reporters found this helpful as it allowed the President to be forthright and candid in his assessments and answers their questions.[35] Unlike some of his predecessors who filled the role, Early routinely prepared Roosevelt for press conferences, bringing the President's attention to issues that might come up, suggesting the appropriate answers, and even planting questions or issues with certain reporters.[36] Press conferences also began a tradition where the senior wire reporter concludes the session by stating, "Thank you, Mr. President", signaling that the time for questioning is over,[36] a tradition that continues today.[37] Roosevelt held well over 300 press conferences during his first term.[36]

text: Though some reporters were unsatisfied with the amount of real news or new information they were getting from the press conferences, the Roosevelt administration under Early's leadership was considered by many to be effective at managing the White House's relationship with the press.[38] During the administration, U.S. News reported that "The machinery for getting and giving the news runs about as smoothly as could be wished from either side."[38]

text: The Roosevelt White House was also marked by a significant increase in the number of White House staff supporting the President and bureaucracy in general, largely as a result of increased New Deal funding.[39] Early was criticized at times for attempting to closely manage press officers at various department and agencies across the government, and gave out a number of such jobs to journalists who he knew, instead of party loyalists who had traditionally received such appointments.[40] A congressional investigation several years later revealed that across government, fewer than 150 employees were engaged in public relations along with an additional 14 part-time workers.[40] This is a significant increase given that White House staff numbered at 11 in total when Roosevelt took office.[38]

text: Early was involved in Roosevelt taking advantage of the radio medium through his fireside chats, an idea some say he got from George Akerson who had unsuccessfully tried to convince President Hoover to do something similar.[41] Early also came under fire for the rules surrounding African American journalists not being allowed to attend presidential press conferences.[42] Some have said that Early used enforcement of the standing rule, which had been to only allow regular Washington journalists to attend the press conferences, to deny press conference access to black reporters.[42] Since many if not most black publications at the time were weeklies, they were restricted as a result of the rules.[42] When African American reporters from daily publications requested access to the conferences, Early reportedly told them to seek accreditation from Capitol Hill press officers, which was another sometimes insurmountable challenge.[42] African American reporters did not gain formal approval to attend White House news conferences until 1944.[42]

text: Early's tenure as press secretary was also marked by stringent restrictions on photographers, largely aimed at hiding the severity of FDR's polio and worsening immobility.[43] Photographers were not permitted to be closer than 12 feet of FDR, or 30 feet in larger events.[43]

text: As a result of the increasingly high-profile nature of the job and Early's sole responsibility of managing the White House press operations, it was during the Roosevelt administration that Early and the position he held began to be formally referred to as the press secretary.[44] As a result, many point to Steve Early as the first White House Press Secretary.[44]

text: Eisenhower Administration, James Hagerty, press secretary role evolves[edit]

text: As a candidate for president, Dwight D. Eisenhower tapped James Hagerty, a former reporter for the New York Times, to be his press secretary.[45] Hagerty had previously been press secretary for New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey during his two tries for the presidency. After he won election, Eisenhower appointed Hagerty to be White House Press Secretary.

text: Hagerty's experience as a journalist helped him perform his role more effectively: "Having spent years as a reporter on the other side of the news barrier, he was not blinded to the reporter's dependence on deadlines, transmission facilities, prompt texts of speeches and statements and the frequent necessity of having to ask seemingly irrelevant and inconsequential questions", wrote John McQuiston in the New York Times".[45]

text: At Hagerty's first meeting with White House reporters on January 21, 1953, he laid down ground rules that are still largely a model for how the press secretary operates. He said:

text: The practice of regularly scheduled presidential news conference was instituted during the Eisenhower Administration. Hagerty abolished the longstanding rule that the president could not be directly quoted without permission—for the first time, everything that the president said at a press conference could be printed verbatim.

text: In 1955, during the Eisenhower administration, newsreel and television cameras were allowed in presidential news conferences for the first time.[45]

text: When President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in Denver in September 1955, and underwent abdominal surgery the following year, Hagerty brought news to the nation in a calm and professional manner. "His performances in both crises won him more respect from newsmen than any Presidential press secretary in memory", said a New York Times writer.[45]

text: Hagerty remained press secretary for eight years, still the record for longest time served in that position. Eisenhower grew to trust Hagerty to such a degree that the role of press secretary was elevated to that of a senior advisor to the president.

text: Responsibilities[edit]

text: The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president's administration and around the world, and interacting with the media, generally in a daily press briefing. The information includes items such as a summary of the president's schedule for the day, whom the president has seen, or had communication and the official position of the administration on the news of the day.

text: The press secretary traditionally also fields questions from the White House press corps in briefings and press conferences, which are generally televised, and "press gaggles", which are on-the-record briefings without video recording, although transcripts are usually made available.

text: The position has often been filled by individuals from news media backgrounds:

text:
Roosevelt administration – Stephen Early, a reporter for United Press International and correspondent for The Associated Press.[46]
Truman administration – Jonathan W. Daniels, a newspaper man who was in the Franklin Roosevelt administration in multiple agencies and on various boards just prior to becoming press secretary;[47] Charlie Ross, a journalist who received the Pulitzer Prize in 1932;[48] Early; Joseph Short, a newspaper man;[49] and Roger Tubby, a reporter and editor turned Democratic National Committee spokesman before becoming White House Press Secretary[50]
Eisenhower administration – James C. Hagerty, a reporter for the New York Times[51]
Kennedy administration – Pierre Salinger, a reporter and editor for the San Francisco Chronicle[52]
Johnson administration – appointed George Christian, a reporter for International News Service[53] and PBS commentator Bill Moyers[54]
Ford administration – appointed Jerald terHorst, a newspaper veteran;[55] and Ron Nessen, an NBC News correspondent[56]
Reagan administration – Larry Speakes, a newspaper man;[57] and Marlin Fitzwater, a newspaper man[58]
George H. W. Bush administration – Marlin Fitzwater[58]
George W. Bush administration – Tony Snow, a veteran journalist and Fox News anchor[59]
Obama administration – Jay Carney, Time magazine journalist.[60]

text: List of press secretaries[edit]

text:
#
Officeholder
Tenure start
Tenure end
Tenure duration
President

1
George E. Akerson
March 4, 1929
March 16, 1931
7002742000000000000♠2 years, 12 days
Herbert Hoover

2
Theodore Joslin
March 16, 1931
March 4, 1933
7002719000000000000♠1 year, 353 days

3
Stephen Early
March 4, 1933
March 29, 1945
7003440800000000000♠12 years, 25 days
Franklin D. Roosevelt

4
Jonathan W. Daniels
March 29, 1945
May 15, 1945
7001470000000000000♠47 days

Harry S. Truman

5
Charlie Ross
May 15, 1945
December 5, 1950
7003203000000000000♠5 years, 204 days

Stephen Early
Acting
December 5, 1950
December 18, 1950
7001130000000000000♠13 days

6
Joseph Short
December 5, 1950
September 18, 1952
7002653000000000000♠1 year, 288 days

7
Roger Tubby
September 18, 1952
January 20, 1953
7002124000000000000♠124 days

8
James Hagerty
January 20, 1953
January 20, 1961
7003292200000000000♠8 years, 0 days
Dwight D. Eisenhower

9
Pierre Salinger
January 20, 1961
March 19, 1964
7003115400000000000♠3 years, 59 days
John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

10
George Reedy
March 19, 1964
July 8, 1965
7002476000000000000♠1 year, 111 days
Lyndon B. Johnson

11
Bill Moyers
July 8, 1965
February 1, 1967
7002573000000000000♠1 year, 208 days

12
George Christian
February 1, 1967
January 20, 1969
7002719000000000000♠1 year, 354 days

13
Ron Ziegler
January 20, 1969
August 9, 1974
7003202700000000000♠5 years, 201 days
Richard Nixon

14
Jerald terHorst
August 9, 1974
September 9, 1974
7001310000000000000♠31 days
Gerald Ford

15
Ron Nessen
September 9, 1974
January 20, 1977
7002864000000000000♠2 years, 133 days

16
Jody Powell
January 20, 1977
January 20, 1981
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
Jimmy Carter

17
James Brady1
January 20, 1981
March 30, 1981/
January 20, 1989
7001690000000000000♠69 days/7003292200000000000♠8 years, 0 days
Ronald Reagan

Larry Speakes1
Acting
March 30, 1981
February 1, 1987
7003213400000000000♠5 years, 308 days

18
Marlin Fitzwater1
Acting: 1987–1989
February 1, 1987
January 20, 1993
7003218000000000000♠5 years, 354 days

George H. W. Bush

George Stephanopoulos2
De facto
January 20, 1993
June 7, 1993
7002138000000000000♠138 days
Bill Clinton

19
Dee Dee Myers2, 3
January 20, 1993
December 22, 1994
7002701000000000000♠1 year, 336 days

20
Mike McCurry
December 22, 1994
August 4, 1998
7003132100000000000♠3 years, 225 days

21
Joe Lockhart
August 4, 1998
September 29, 2000
7002787000000000000♠2 years, 56 days

22
Jake Siewert
September 30, 2000
January 20, 2001
7002112000000000000♠112 days

23
Ari Fleischer
January 20, 2001
July 15, 2003
7002906000000000000♠2 years, 176 days
George W. Bush

24
Scott McClellan
July 15, 2003
May 10, 2006
7003103000000000000♠2 years, 299 days

25
Tony Snow
May 10, 2006
September 14, 2007
7002492000000000000♠1 year, 127 days

26
Dana Perino
September 14, 2007
January 20, 2009
7002494000000000000♠1 year, 128 days

27
Robert Gibbs
January 20, 2009
February 11, 2011
7002752000000000000♠2 years, 22 days
Barack Obama

28
Jay Carney
February 11, 2011
June 20, 2014
7003122500000000000♠3 years, 129 days

29
Josh Earnest
June 20, 2014
January 20, 2017
7002945000000000000♠2 years, 214 days

30
Sean Spicer
January 20, 2017
July 21, 2017[61][62]
7002182000000000000♠182 days
Donald Trump

31
Sarah Huckabee Sanders
July 26, 2017[63][64]
Current
7002303000000000000♠303 days

text:
1Brady formally retained the title of Press Secretary until the end of the Reagan Administration in 1989, but he did not brief the press after he was shot in the 1981 assassination attempt. Speakes and Fitzwater served as de facto press secretaries.
2Stephanopoulos briefed the press during his tenure as Director of Communications, despite Myers formally holding the title.
3First female press secretary.


document_title: Ron and Tammys

question_text: who plays tammy 1 in parks and recreation

root

text: Ron and Tammys

text: Plot[edit]

text: Leslie (Amy Poehler) is preparing for the "battle royale": a big meeting between all departments where they argue over funding. Ron's (Nick Offerman) intimidating presence and libertarian beliefs are pivotal for the parks department to succeed in getting more funds over other departments, but he is too busy preparing for his upcoming tax audit served to him by his first ex-wife, Tammy 1 (Patricia Clarkson). Leslie, Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt), and April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza) help Ron but discover he has few actual receipts, just notes of purchase that he wrote himself and photographs of gentlemen's agreements. He does, however, have large amounts of gold that he has buried all over Pawnee. Ron explains that Tammy I had been present throughout most of his young life: she delivered him as a baby, was his teacher, and she even took his virginity. However, she was cold and controlling, which forever turned Ron off to blonde women after their divorce.

tag: p

text: Tammy I is horrified at Ron's recordkeeping and demands access to every part of his life for the audit. Tammy I's strict maternal nature intimidates everyone into following her orders, which impresses April. Over the course of the next week, Tammy I moves back in with Ron and assumes complete control over him. Ron shaves off his moustache, becomes kind, and refuses to do anything without Tammy I's approval. Leslie needs Ron to be his usual gruff self for the battle royale and confronts Tammy I about the audit, which she admits is fake - she decided to take Ron back after learning about all the gold he had.

text: Leslie asks Ron's second ex-wife Tammy 2 (Megan Mullally) for help, but even she is scared of Tammy I after she attacked her with acid. They decide to ask Ron's survivalist mother, Tamara (Paula Pell) - nicknamed Tammy, or Tammy 0 - for help and she agrees. Tammy 0 challenges Tammy I to a "prairie drink-off" of highly alcoholic Swanson family mash liquor, but Tammy 0 says Ron will return to the farm forever if she wins. Leslie enters the drinking contest to save Ron from his mother and ex-wife, but the liquor immediately makes her too drunk to continue. Ron, finally fed up over people controlling him, chugs the jug dry and tells both Tammys to leave him alone.

text: In a subplot, Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari) asks Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) to look over the finances of his company, Entertainment 720. Ben discovers that Tom and Jean-Ralphio Saperstein (Ben Schwartz) are wasting large amounts of money on a state-of-the-art office, giving employees high salaries with full benefits, and paying Detlef Schrempf and Roy Hibbert to play basketball all day, despite having no income. They ignore Ben's warnings that the company will go bankrupt in a month, but Tom later apologizes to Ben after discovering that he was right.

text: In another subplot, Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones) asks Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe) to film a quick Public Service Announcement about diabetes, but the overly-enthusiastic Chris spends all day doing countless takes, making Ann wonder why she even dated him in the first place.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Many critics gave praise to the episode. IGN called it "the perfect call-back episode."[1] AV Club described it as "a hilarious ode to Parks & Rec’s characters."[2]


document_title: Sfumato

question_text: leonardo is know for his techniques of shading called

text: Sfumato

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "sfumato" comes from the Italian language and is derived from "fumo" (smoke, fume). "Sfumato" translated into English means soft, vague or blurred. In Italian the word is often used as an adjective (like "biondo sfumato" for pale blonde hair) or as a verb ("l'affare è sfumato" would mean the deal has gone up in smoke).

text: Technique[edit]

text: The technique is a fine shading meant to produce a soft transition between colours and tones, in order to achieve a more believable image. It is most often used by making subtle gradations that do not include lines or borders, from areas of light to areas of dark. The technique was used not only to give an elusive and illusionistic rendering of the human face but also to create rich atmospheric effects. Leonardo da Vinci described the technique as blending colours, without the use of lines or borders "in the manner of smoke".

text: Leonardo da Vinci and other practitioners[edit]

text: Leonardo da Vinci became the most prominent practitioner of sfumato, for instance, in Virgin of the Rocks and in his famous painting of the Mona Lisa. Leonardo da Vinci described sfumato as "without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke or beyond the focus plane".[2]

text: Apart from Leonardo, other prominent practitioners of sfumato included Correggio, Raphael and Giorgione. Raphael's Virgin of the Field is a famous example (look especially at her face). Students and followers of Leonardo (called Leonardeschi) also tried their hands at sfumato after Leonardo: artists such as Bernardino Luini and Funisi.[3]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Hall, Marcia (1994). Color and Meaning: Practice and Theory in Renaissance Painting. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45733-0.
Jump up ^ Earls, Irene (1987). Renaissance Art: A Topical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 263. ISBN 0-313-24658-0.
Jump up ^ "Sfumato". Art Painting Artist.

tag: ol


document_title: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

question_text: name of heroine in shaadi mein zaroor aana

text: Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana

text: Plot[edit]

text: Aarti Shukla (Kriti Kharbanda) meets Satyendra Mishra (Rajkummar Rao), a clerk in the Excise Department, on her parents persistence who are trying to fix an arrange marriage for her. Aarti is impressed by Satyendra's liberal and progressive views while Satyendra is mesmerized by Aaarti's beauty and intelligence as a consequence of which both of them fall in love with each other and agree to get married. On the night of marriage, Aarti comes to know that she has cleared the Civil Services Exam from her sister Abha (Nayani Dixit), who also informs her that if she gets married now her in-laws won't let her pursue the dreams that she has. On her sister's insistence Aarti decides to run-away from her house without informing anyone, including Satyendra who is shocked to know about the incident and is left heartbroken. Five years later, Aarti who is now a PCS Officer is accused of taking a bribe and suspended till her case is resolved. During the investigation Aarti comes to know that the officer in charge of her case is Satyendra Mishra, who has now become an IAS Officer. What comes as a shock to Aarti is the indifferent behaviour displayed by Satyendra who has no sympathy for her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rajkummar Rao as IAS Officer Satyendra Mishra
Kriti Kharbanda as PCS Officer Aarti Shukla
Navni Parihar as Manju Shukla, Aarti’s mother
Govind Namdev as Shyam Sunder Shukla, Aarti’s father
Nayani Dixit as Abha, Aarti’s sister
Manoj Pahwa as Jogi Mama, Aarti’s maternal uncle
K.K. Raina as Jugal Kishore Mishra, Satyendra's father
Alka Amin as Shanti Mishra, Satyendra's mother
Vipin Sharma as Mahesh Mama, Sattu's maternal uncle

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2017, producer Vinod Bachchan made the official announcement about his film Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana with Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Kharbanda in lead roles.[7] For the role of Aarti Shukla, the first choice of filmmaker Ratna Sinha was actress Taapsee Pannu who had reportedly[8] come on board to do the film but later on decided against doing so citing lack of dates.[9][10][11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The principal photography of Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana began in March 2017 in Allahabad, following which there was a 30 day schedule in Lucknow while the final schedule of the film took place in Kanpur.[12] A set worth ₹2 crore was created in Lucknow by art director Arup Adhikari, set designer Shabiul Haasan and their team to film a wedding sequence that formed the climax of the film.[13][14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shaadi Mein Zaroor AanaSoundtrack album by Arko, KAG For Jam8, Raees, Zain, Sam, Anand Raaj Anand & Rashid KhanReleased
24 October 2017 (2017-October-24)[15]Genre
Feature film soundtrackLength
44:32Language
HindiLabel
Zee Music Company
External audio
 Audio Jukebox on YouTube

tag: table

text: The soundtrack album of Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana comprises of 11 songs composed by Arko Pravo Mukherjee, Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) For JAM8, Zain-Sam-Raees, Anand Raaj Anand and Rashid Khan while the lyrics were written by Kumaar, Shakeel Azmi, Gaurav Krishna Bansal, Arko and Kunal Verma.[16][17]

text: Vipin Nair of The Hindu in his review said that the soundtrack is "entirely missable" and gave it a rating of 2.5/5.[18][19]

text: TracklistNo.TitleLyricsMusicSinger(s)Length1."Jogi"ArkoArkoYasser Desai & Aakanksha Sharma04:332."Main Hoon Saath Tere"Shakeel Azmi, Kunaal VermaJAM8 (Kaushik-Akash-Guddu)Arijit Singh04:403."Pallo Latke"Kumaar (Rap lyrics: Rossh)Zain-Saim-RaeesJyotica Tangri & Yasser Desai (Rap: Fazilpuria)04:564."Tu Banja Gali Benaras Ki"Shakeel AzmiRashid KhanAsit Tripathy04:085."Mera Intkam Dekhegi"Gaurav Krishna BansalAnand Raaj AnandKrishna Beuraa03:006."Jogi" (Feat. Aakanksha Sharma)ArkoArkoAakanksha Sharma03:447."Jogi" (Feat. Shafqat Amanat Ali)ArkoArkoShafqat Amanat Ali03:498."Main Hoon Saath Tere" (Feat. Shivangi Bhayana)Shakeel Azmi, Kunaal VermaJAM8 (Kaushik-Akash-Guddu)Shivangi Bhayana04:239."Tu Banja Gali Benaras Ki" (Feat. Shafqat Amanat Ali)Shakeel AzmiRashid KhanShafqat Amanat Ali04:1010."Tu Banja Gali Benaras Ki" (Feat. Asees Kaur)Shakeel AzmiRashid KhanAsees Kaur04:0611."Mera Intkam Dekhegi" (Feat. Anand Raaj Anand)Gaurav Krishna BansalAnand Raaj AnandAnand Raaj Anand03:01Total length:44:32

text: Critical Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana has an approval score of 40% based on 5 reviews with an average rating of 6 out of 10.[20] The movie received a mixed response from the critics.[21] Renuka Vyavahare of The Times of India praised the acting performances of Rajkummar Rao and Kriti Kharbanda but criticized the implausible and overstretched storyline of the film and gave it a rating of 3 out of 5.[22] Sweta Kausal of Hindustan Times was critical of the clichés used in the film and found the songs to be obstructive to the plot, but was impressed with the acting performances of all actors and gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 calling it "an entertainer."[23] Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV criticized the film for its ambiguous stand on the social issues that it touches upon throughout its duration and gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5.[24] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express found the movie to be too loud but was impressed with the acting performances of Rajkummar Rao and Nayani Dixit and gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5.[25] Udita Jhunjhunwala of First Post was critical of the improbable circumstances shown in the second half of the film and found the story to be very similar to Badrinath Ki Dulhania and Bareilly Ki Barfi. While Udita did praise the acting performance of Rajkummar Rao, she felt that it wasn't enough to save the film and gave it a rating of 2.5 out of 5.[26]

text: Namrata Joshi of The Hindu was impressed with the acting performances of all actors but criticized the implausible revenge story that the film becomes in its second half.[27] Urvi Parikh of Rediff was critical of the weak storyline of the film and its slow pacing. The critic gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5.[28] Bollywood Hungama praised the concept of the film but criticized its uninspired execution and gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5. The website appreciated the acting performance of Rajkummar Rao but was critical of the writers for their confused presentation of his character.[29] Kriti Tulsiani of News18 praised the acting performances of all actors but criticized the poorly written script which she felt was not just unreasonable but also out-dated. Kriti gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5.[30] Rachit Gupta of Filmfare applauded the makers for taking up issues that are very relevant to our society but was critical of the way they were handled. Rachit felt that the film suffers a lot from the usage of outdated clichés and too much melodrama and gave it a rating of 2.5 out of 5.[31] Meena Iyer of DNA India praised the acting performance of Rajkummar Rao but felt that the film lacked conviction and could not tap its entire potential. Meena gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5.[32]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award

Date of Ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Zee Cine Awards

19 December 2017

Best Female Playback Singer

Jyotica Tangri(For the song "Pallo Latke")

Won

[33]

Mirchi Music Awards

28 January 2018

Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year

Asit Tripathy(For the song "Tu Banja Gali Benaras Ki")

Won

[34]