document_title: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

question_text: who played harry potter in the cursed child

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

text: Plot[edit]

text: Act 1[edit]

text: In the opening scene, set during the epilogue of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in the year 2017, Harry Potter and Ginny Potter send their second son, Albus Severus Potter, on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts. Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic, while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of The Daily Prophet. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger-Weasley on the train. Hermione is now Minister of Magic, while Ron manages Weasley's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley. Albus makes an unlikely friend in Scorpius Malfoy, the son of Harry's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria (née Greengrass). The school is stunned when, in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor, Albus is sorted into Slytherin alongside Scorpius.

text: Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years, Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents, Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort. In addition, Albus and Harry begin to drift apart, owing to Albus's struggles with his father's shadow and Harry's uncertainty on how to deal with his son's issues. Albus also drifts apart from Rose, with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius and was sorted into Gryffindor. Prior to Albus and Scorpius's fourth year, Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron. During the fight, Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son, and Albus spills potion on the blanket.

text: Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time-Turner, built by a Slytherin contemporary of Harry's, Theodore Nott, that allows one to travel back several years into the past and change history. Simultaneously, Harry's scar begins to hurt again, causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning. Amos Diggory, who has become old and is cared for by his niece, Delphi Diggory, asks Harry to use the Time-Turner to prevent the death of his son, Cedric Diggory. After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys, Albus is inspired to do so himself and convinces Scorpius to help him. The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolley operator, who is revealed to be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping. The two arrive at St. Oswald's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire, where Amos lives, and team up with Delphi to steal the Time-Turner from Hermione's office, in the Ministry of Magic, while disguised with Polyjuice Potion.

text: Act 2[edit]

text: Knowing that Cedric's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry, the boys use the Time-Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1994 and sabotage Cedric during the tournament's first task in the hope of preventing his victory. Instead, they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Ron and Hermione never married, and thus Rose was never born, and Albus was sorted into Gryffindor. Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students, causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor. As a result, Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione, fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball, and eventually became married to her, having a son named Panju. Hermione, in turn, became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts, teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts.

text: At around the same time, Harry's fear that Voldemort may return increases as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort-related nightmares. After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore, and being told by centaur Bane that a "dark cloud" is around Albus, he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing a reluctant Minerva McGonagall, now Headmistress of Hogwarts, to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauder's Map, threatening to shut down the school otherwise.

text: Albus and Scorpius's friendship is destroyed, but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry's old Invisibility Cloak from James Sirius (Albus’ older brother), and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry's request. Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny. Meanwhile, Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time-Turner to change Cedric's fate, this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament's second task. When Scorpius returns to the present day, however, Albus is not with him, and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead, and Lord Voldemort rules the wizarding world.

text: Act 3[edit]

text: Scorpius discovers that – as a result of his actions – an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows, preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts. With Harry now dead, Albus subsequently never existed, while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a dictatorial regime. In the new timeline, Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star, helping the staff and students torment Muggle-borns. Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts, and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad led by Scorpius. Draco Malfoy occupies Harry's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement, using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters.

text: A powerful dark figure called "The Augurey" leads the Ministry of Magic. With help from Ron, Hermione, and Severus Snape, now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement, Scorpius is able to use the Time-Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline, the alternate Ron, Hermione, and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so. Scorpius reunites with Albus, and the two boys are eventually found by their parents, as well as Ron and Hermione. Following these events, Harry scolds Albus for his actions, but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile.

text: Realising the danger the Time-Turner poses and deciding their parents will continue to keep it (as Hermonie had done in the Ministry of Magic), Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves, but they are joined by Delphi Diggory. Scorpius realizes that Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline (from her tattoo of the wings of a magical bird, which she says is called an Augurey), and she takes them captive, later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline.

text: After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi, they confront Amos, only to discover Delphi is not his niece, but the daughter of Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange. Delphi had placed Amos under a "confundus" charm. Searching her room, they discover she is following a prophecy that, if fulfilled, would lead to Lord Voldemort's return. Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament, but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting, and Delphi uses the Time-Turner again to travel further back in time. She inadvertently takes the boys with her and then destroys the Time-Turner to leave them all stranded in time.

text: Act 4[edit]

text: Abandoned by Delphi, Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night Harry's parents were killed at Godric's Hollow (30 October 1981), and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort attempts to so (and which severely weakens Voldemort). Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry's baby blanket, knowing in the present (which is now also the night of the anniversary of the death of Harry's parents, when he often looks for his blanket as it is the only physical memento he has), the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry.

text: Meanwhile, Draco reveals the Time-Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him (it was made for his father), but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered. After Harry receives the message from the boys, he and his allies use Draco's Time-Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi. While waiting for Delphi, they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry, ensuring her father's survival and allowing her to be with him.

text: Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi, and after a struggle, the group manages to subdue her. Rather than killing Delphi, it is decided that she will be brought to Azkaban Prison. Lord Voldemort then appears and is oblivious to the presence of Harry and the group. The group allows the murder of Harry's parents to play out again, unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past.

text: They all stand with Harry to watch the sad event replay. After returning to the present day, Delphi is sent to Azkaban. Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts, with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date. Harry and Albus visit Cedric's grave, with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric's death. Albus has also witnessed the death of a fellow student Craig Bowker Jr (the only current timeline murder in the play), who tried to intervene when Delphi held Albus and Scorpius captive on the Quidditch pitch.

text: Background[edit]

text: In December 2013, it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year,[3] with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016.[4] At the time of the announcement, Rowling revealed that the play would "explore the previously untold story of Harry's early years as an orphan and outcast".[5] The following May, Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project.[6]

text: On 26 June 2015, the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,[7] and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre.[8] The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[9] published on 26 June 1997.[10]

text: On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel.[11] In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling has stated that she "is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story".[12] Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content.[13] On 24 September 2015, Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts.[14] The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings.[15][16]

text: On 23 October 2015, it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,[17] and would open at London's Palace Theatre in July 2016.[18] The plays principally follow Harry, now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, and his younger son Albus Severus Potter.[19] As of 22 July 2016, little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June.[20]

text: #KeepTheSecrets[edit]

text: The producers, and Rowling, have maintained a campaign called #KeepTheSecrets, to ask people who have seen the play not to reveal its major twists. The slogan is printed on the tickets for the play and badges with the slogan are handed out for free during intervals. People buying their tickets online are emailed a video after the play from J.K. Rowling asking to support the campaign.[21]

text: Productions[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a two-part play, was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne, John Tiffany and Rowling. Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script[22] but by 26 July 2016, the official web site for the play[23] and many others (including the BBC)[24] were listing Thorne as the sole script writer.

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany[25][26] with choreography by Steven Hoggett,[27] set design by Christine Jones,[28] costume design by Katrina Lindsay,[29] lighting design by Neil Austin,[30] music by Imogen Heap,[31] and sound design by Gareth Fry.[32] In addition, special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick,[33] with illusions by Jamie Harrison, and musical supervision by Martin Lowe.[34]

text: West End[edit]

text: Previews at the West End Palace Theatre, London began on 7 June 2016,[2] with the official opening night for both parts on 30 July,[35] and originally booking until 18 September 2016.[36] Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on 28 October 2015, with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October.[37] In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production,[38] with the play's booking period extended to January 2017.[39] On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until 30 April 2017,[40] with a further extension issued the same day to 27 May 2017.[41]

text: Tickets for the opening performance were priced from £30 up to £130 for a ticket for both parts,[42] although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £3,000.[38] Ticket resale has been banned by the producers, with tickets no longer valid if sold on.[43] In mid-July 2016, the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1 pm each Friday, releasing 40 for sale on their website for “some of the best seats” in the theatre for the lowest price, advertised at £20 per part. For example, the "Friday Forty" tickets sold on 29 July 2016 were for performances on 3, 5, 6, and 7 August.[44]

text: On 20 December 2015, initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter, Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley.[45][46][47] The casting of the dark-skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion, to which Rowling responded that Hermione's skin was never specified as white.[48][49] Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter, Alex Price as Draco Malfoy, Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter and Anthony Boyle as Scorpius Malfoy.[50] The production features an overall cast of 42.[51][52]

text: Broadway[edit]

text: The production began previews on 16 March 2018 and opened on 22 April 2018 at the Lyric Theatre. Clemmett, Boyle, Dumezweni, Miller, Parker, Price and Thornley reprised their roles.[53][54] The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium and moved the entrance to 43rd Street[55]. The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions, Sir Colin Callender, and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions. The initial ticket block went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on 18 October 2017 for performances from 16 March through 18 November 2018.[56] The New York Times estimates that it is the most expensive non-musical Broadway play ever, incurring $68 million in opening costs.[57]

text: Melbourne[edit]

text: On 24 October 2017, the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The production will begin performances early 2019 in Melbourne's Princess Theatre.[58] No casting or ticketing information has been announced.

text: Cast and principal roles[edit]

text:
Character
Original West End Cast[59]
(2016–2017)
Original Broadway Cast[60]
(2018)

Harry Potter
Jamie Parker

Ron Weasley
Paul Thornley

Hermione Granger
Noma Dumezweni

Ginny Potter
Poppy Miller

Draco Malfoy
Alex Price

Albus Severus Potter
Sam Clemmett

Scorpius Malfoy
Anthony Boyle

Rose Granger-Weasley
Cherrelle Skeete
Susan Heyward

Young Hermione

Delphi Diggory
Esther Smith
Jessie Fisher

Craig Bowker Jr.
Jeremy Ang Jones
Joshua DeJesus

Moaning Myrtle
Annabel Baldwin
Lauren Nicole Cipoletti

Lily Potter Sr.

Polly Chapman
Claudia Grant
Madeline Weinstein

Vernon Dursley
Paul Bentall
Byron Jennings

Severus Snape

Lord Voldemort

Rubeus Hagrid
Chris Jarman
Brian Abraham

Sorting Hat

Yann Fredericks
James Le Lacheur
Jess Barbagallo

Petunia Dursley
Helena Lymbery
Kathryn Meisle

Madam Hooch

Dolores Umbridge

Amos Diggory
Barry McCarthy
Edward James Hyland

Albus Dumbledore

Trolley Witch
Sandy McDade
Geraldine Hughes

Minerva McGonagall

Cedric Diggory
Tom Milligan
Benjamin Wheelwright

James Sirius Potter

James Potter Sr.

Dudley Dursley
Jack North
Joey LaBrasca

Karl Jenkins

Viktor Krum

Bane
Nuno Silva
David St. Louis

Young Harry Potter
Rudi Goodman
Alfred Jones
Bili Keogh
Ewan Rutherford
Nathaniel Smith
Dylan Standen
Will Coombs
Landon Maas

Lily Luna Potter
Zoe Brough
Cristina Fray
Christiana Hutchings
Olivia Bond
Brooklyn Shuck

text: West End cast replacements[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In May 2017, Jamie Glover took over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter, while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter. Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley, replacing Paul Thornley, while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger, replacing Noma Dumezweni. Annabel Baldwin, previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi.

text: Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard play Rose Granger-Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively. Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient made their professional debut, playing Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter, respectively.

text: The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen, Ruthxjiah Bellenea, Danny Dalton, Leah Haile, Rupert Henderson, Elizabeth Hill, April Hughes, James McGregor, Sarah Miele, Jordan Paris, James Phoon, Henry Rundle, Ged Simmons, Mark Theodore, Gideon Turner and Ed White.

text: Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis, Rosemary Annabella, Phoebe Austen, Annabel Baldwin, Jabez Cheeseman, Morag Cross, Esme Grace, Lowri James, Martin Johnston, Alfred Jones, Barry McCarthy, Sandy McDade, Tom Mackley, Harrison Noble, Ben Roberts, Nuno Silva, Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt.

text: The second cast took over on 24 May 2017, with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May 2017.[61]

text: The third cast took over on 23 May 2018.

text: Script publication[edit]

text: Editions[edit]

text:
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

Special Rehearsal Edition cover

Author
Jack Thorne (script)
J. K. Rowling, John Tiffany & Jack Thorne (story)

Country
United Kingdom

Language
English

Series
Harry Potter

Genre
Fantasy, Drama

Published
31 July 2016 (Special Rehearsal Edition)
25 July 2017 (Definitive Collector's Edition)

Publisher

Little, Brown and Company (UK)
Scholastic (US)
Pottermore (digital)

Publication date

31 July 2016

Pages
328 (Special Rehearsal Edition)
321 (Definitive Collector's Edition)

ISBN
978-1-338-09913-3 (US); 978-0-7515-6535-5 (UK)

text: Both parts of the stage play's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II.[62][63]

text: The first edition, entitled "Special Rehearsal Edition", corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016,[64] the date of Harry's birthday in the series and Rowling's birthday, as well.[65] Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed, an edited version was released on 25 July 2017, as the "Definitive Collector's Edition".[66] According to CNN, this was the most preordered book of 2016.[67]

text: Sales[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release.[68] 847,885 copies were sold during the book's first week of release in the United Kingdom. By June 2017, the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States.[69]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received critical acclaim. Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances, while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series.

text: Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent, the London Evening Standard, The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com.[70][71][72][73] The Telegraph also gave five, although "there are some quibbles," while The Guardian's Michael Billington awarded four stars.[74][75]

text: Anthony Boyle's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim. WhatsOnStage.com wrote that "Boyle gives a career-making performance," while The Wall Street Journal described him as "the break-out performance".[73][76] Variety's critic, Matt Trueman, agreed, writing, "it's Boyle who really stands out", and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings, in the Evening Standard, noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite.[71][77]

text: Response within the Harry Potter fandom[edit]

text: The response to the play from the Harry Potter fandom was mixed. Some fans said the story seemed "like a work of fan fiction" and claimed that it diverged from previously established rules of the universe, criticising the script's characterisation.[78][79][80] Some also took issue with the style and plot of the script, complaining that the Time-Turner storylines had already been used, as had Cedric Diggory's death, and that the writers were rehashing old storylines.[81][82] These criticisms have led some of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon.[83] Some potential “plot holes” in the story have been highlighted, such as the likelihood of Lord Voldemort's infertility, the speed at which Polyjuice Potion is created, the unexplained non-operation of the Fidelius Charm,[84][85] and Cedric Diggory's dramatic turn to becoming a Death Eater.[86][87]

text: However, some fans responded positively to the play and its characters, with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular.[88] Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was "spot on",[89] celebrating it as a faithful continuation of the books.[90][91] Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters, such as Harry and Dumbledore's.[92] The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage.[93]

text: Who is the Cursed Child?[edit]

text: The play never explicitly states who the "Cursed Child" is. There are several possible answers, including Delphi who is cursed by her parentage, Harry himself whose difficult childhood is the subject of several flashbacks in the play and who must accept and relive the death of his parents to conquer Lord Voldemort, Albus who at one stage Harry says he wished "was not his son" and can do no right in this father's eyes being "cursed" by the Potter reputation, Scorpius who is rumoured to be Lord Voldemort's child and whose mother dies during the play, and Cedric Diggory whose tragic death is a focus of the play, and whose death is also finally accepted as a necessary condition for future peace.[94]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original London Production[edit]

text:
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

2016
Evening Standard Theatre Awards
Best Play
Won

Best Director
John Tiffany
Nominated

Best Design
Christine Jones
Nominated

Emerging Talent Award
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Critics' Circle Theatre Awards
Best Director
John Tiffany
Won

Best Designer
Christine Jones
Won

Most Promising Newcomer
Anthony Boyle
Won

2017
WhatsOnStage Awards
Best New Play
Won

Best Actor in a Play
Jamie Parker
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Won

Paul Thornley
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Play
Poppy Miller
Nominated

Noma Dumezweni
Won

Best Direction
John Tiffany
Won

Best Costume Design
Katrina Lindsay
Nominated

Best Set Design
Christine Jones
Won

Best Lighting Design
Neil Austin
Won

Best Video Design
Finn Ross and Ash Woodward
Won

Laurence Olivier Awards
Best New Play
Won

Best Director
John Tiffany
Won

Best Actor
Jamie Parker
Won

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Noma Dumezweni
Won

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Anthony Boyle
Won

Best Costume Design
Katrina Lindsay
Won

Best Set Design
Christine Jones
Won

Best Sound Design
Gareth Fry
Won

Best Lighting Design
Neil Austin
Won

Best Theatre Choreographer
Steven Hoggett
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Music
Imogen Heap
Nominated

2018
WhatsOnStage Awards
Best West End Show
Won

Best Show Poster
Won

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2018
Tony Awards
Best Play
Won
[95][96]

Best Actor in a Play
Jamie Parker
Nominated

Best Featured Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Best Featured Actress in a Play
Noma Dumezweni
Nominated

Best Direction of a Play
John Tiffany
Won

Best Choreography
Steven Hoggett
Nominated

Best Scenic Design in a Play
Christine Jones
Won

Best Costume Design in a Play
Katrina Lindsay
Won

Best Lighting Design in a Play
Neil Austin
Won

Best Sound Design in a Play
Gareth Fry
Won

Drama Desk Awards
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Nominated
[97]

Outstanding Director of a Play
John Tiffany
Won

Outstanding Music in a Play
Imogen Heap
Won

Outstanding Costume Design for a Play
Katrina Lindsay
Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play
Neil Austin
Won

Outstanding Projection Design
Finn Ross and Ash Woodward
Won

Outstanding Sound Design in a Play
Gareth Fry
Won

Outstanding Wig and Hair
Carole Hancock
Nominated

Outer Critics Circle Awards
Outstanding New Broadway Play
Won
[98]

Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Outstanding New Score (Broadway or Off-Broadway)
Imogen Heap
Nominated

Outstanding Director of a Play
John Tiffany
Won

Outstanding Choreographer
Steven Hoggett
Nominated

Outstanding Scenic Design (Play or Musical)
Christine Jones
Won

Outstanding Costume Design (Play or Musical)
Katrina Lindsay
Nominated

Outstanding Lighting Design (Play or Musical)
Neil Austin
Won

Outstanding Projection Design (Play or Musical)
Finn Ross and Ash Woodward
Won

Outstanding Sound Design (Play or Musical)
Gareth Fry
Won

Drama League Awards
Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Play
Won
[99]

Distinguished Performance Award
Anthony Boyle
Nominated

Noma Dumezweni
Nominated


question_text: when was the university of south carolina established

root

text: Firebrand college, 1801–1862[edit]

text: South Carolina College[edit]

text: The University was founded as South Carolina College on December 19, 1801 by an act of the General Assembly after Governor John Drayton pushed for its foundation on November 23, 1801. The establishment of a publicly funded college at the capital was intended to unite and promote harmony between the Lowcountry and the Backcountry. On January 10, 1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. Jonathan Maxcy was its first president and served until his death in 1820.

tag: p

text: With the generous support of the General Assembly, South Carolina College acquired a reputation as the leading institution of the South and attracted several noteworthy scholars, including Francis Lieber, Thomas Cooper, and Joseph LeConte. However, the college suffered greatly and lost most of its prestige when it closed during the American Civil War.

text: Civil War[edit]

text: The students formed a cadet company in December 1860 to aid the Southern cause, but an order by Governor Pickens prevented them from leaving Columbia. Undeterred, the students disbanded their company on April 12 and formed a new company while en route to Charleston so that the governor's previous holding orders would be invalid. Once in Charleston, General Beauregard assigned the company to guard Sullivan's Island, much to the dismay of the students who greatly desired to be a part of the Battle of Fort Sumter. After three weeks of guard duty, the student cadet company returned to Columbia to a hero's welcome.

text: Later in June 1861, the students reformed the company and requested to be accepted for service. Governor Pickens accepted their request provided that the faculty also approved the venture, but the faculty did not give its consent because they did not want the college to needlessly be closed. The frustrated students even went as far as negotiating service of their unit with President Jefferson Davis, who agreed, but again Governor Pickens denied their use because the faculty was not willing to let them go.

text: When the students returned in October, they reorganized their military unit as the "third company." The Union attack of the South Carolina coast in November at the Battle of Port Royal led Governor Pickens to agree to their request to be mustered for active duty, but President Longstreet and the faculty steadfastly maintained their opposition to the students leaving for service. However, with the support of the governor the students ignored the protests of the faculty and departed for the Lowcountry. Governor Pickens kept the student company in Charleston to serve as his bodyguard and because the Union forces at Port Royal did not press their advantage, he released the students from military service on December 10.

text: Seventy-two students were present for classes in January 1862 and the college functioned as best it could until a call by the Confederate government for South Carolina to fill its quota of 18,000 soldiers. A system of conscription would begin on March 20 for all men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, so on March 8 all of the students at the college volunteered for service in order to avoid the dishonor of having been conscripted. Despite the depletion of students, the professors issued a notice that the college would temporarily close and would reopen to those under eighteen. When the college reopened on March 17, only nine students showed up for classes and it became quite apparent to all that the college would not last past the end of the term in June.

text: On June 25 with the consent of the state government, the Confederate authorities took possession of the college buildings and converted them into a hospital. After many unsuccessful attempts to reopen the college, the trustees passed a resolution on December 2, 1863 that officially closed the college. By February 1865, Sherman's army had reached the outskirts of Columbia and the college was spared from destruction by the Union forces because of its use as a hospital. In addition, a company of the 25th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment was stationed at the campus on February 17 to protect it from harm and to thwart off pillaging Yankee soldiers.

text: Reorganization, 1865–1891[edit]

text: Radical University[edit]

text: The Union army took possession of the college on May 24, 1865 and although the future for the college under military control, General John Porter Hatch sent a letter on June 19 to the remaining professors at the college that it should reopen as soon as possible. The appointment of Benjamin Franklin Perry as provisional governor of South Carolina on June 30 by President Andrew Johnson restored civilian rule to the state. Perry reinstated the trustees to their positions and the board met on September 20 to authorize the college to reopen on the first Monday of January in 1866.

text: In a message to the legislature in October, Perry sought to convert the college into a university because with the state in an impoverished situation, it would provide a more practical education. The model that he wished to follow was the elective system used by the University of Virginia. Perry was succeeded in November as governor by James Lawrence Orr, a graduate of the University of Virginia, who also wished to see the college adopt the curriculum of his alma mater. Little opposition developed to change the College into a university and bill to establish the University of South Carolina was passed by the General Assembly on December 19, 1865, sixty-four years after the institution's foundation.

text: The schools of the university remained largely the same as they were in the College, with the addition of a school of engineering and mathematics. For the students, the difference was great because they were given much more freedom than afforded in the College, and they were given the ability to choose their classes rather than having to submit to a compulsory curriculum identical for all. Perry and Orr believed that the relaxed atmosphere at the University would allow it to prosper and reach three or four hundred students in a few years.[1]

text: The reopening of the University was pushed back to January 10 due to the dilapidated condition of the buildings on the campus and to celebrate the anniversary of the original opening of South Carolina College. Fewer than fifty students attended in the first term, which alarmed Governor Orr. He recommended to the General Assembly that schools of law and medicine be added, which the legislature established in 1866. Despite this step, the University faced an ominous future as the state was beginning to undergo Reconstruction.

text: After Radical Republicans gained control of the state government in 1868, they sought to integrate the University; the constitution of 1868 had stated that all universities of the state should be "free and open to all the children and youths of the State, without regard to race and color."[2] Former Governor Orr urged the legislature to preserve the University as an institution for the whites and to convert the dormant campus of The Citadel into a college for the blacks. Governor Robert Kingston Scott ignored this request and recommended that the legislature bring the University into compliance with the Morrill Act to make it qualify as a land grant college and accept federal aid; it had to remove race as an admissions criteria.

text: The University Act of 1869 reorganized the University and provided it with generous state financial support. An amendment was added to the act by W. J. Whipper, a black representative from Beaufort, to prevent racial discrimination from the admissions policy of the University. The legislature elected two black trustees to the governing board of the University on March 9, 1869. Franklin J. Moses, Jr., state representative and speaker of the house, also supported admission of all races to the state school. In October 1873, Henry E. Hayne, the Republican secretary of state, was admitted as the first black student; he was of mostly white ancestry with a white politician father.

text: The admission of black students to the University was inevitable, and three factors contributed to this. First, the University never achieved a level of enrollment that was commensurate with its financial backing by the legislature. Enrollment never exceeded one hundred students, whereas the enrollment at Wofford College exceeded that mark in 1870. White students were believed to avoid the university from fear it would be integrated.[citation needed] The second reason was the failure of the state to provide an adequate public university for the education of blacks. It was trying to compensate rapidly for the state's failure to educate blacks in the antebellum years. In 1872, funds were allocated for the Agricultural and Mechanical Institute at Orangeburg, but they were badly mismanaged. Black legislators called for the opening of the University to black students. Finally, the state Republican party split for the election of 1872 between Radical and moderate factions. The Radicals won and pressed their advantage by electing four blacks to the Board of Trustees, thus constituting a majority.

text: The legislature established a normal school to train teachers for the lower grades on the campus of the University as well as a preparatory school, since most black students of the state had been deprived of strong academic training in years past. In addition, to encourage enrollment by blacks, tuition and other fees were abolished. On October 7, 1873, Henry E. Hayne, the Secretary of State of South Carolina, became the first black student when he registered for the fall session in the medical college of the University.[3][4] As a result of his enrollment, three professors resigned, and some white students left.

text: On October 8, enrollment stood at eight students, seven of whom were the sons of professors. The number increased to twenty-two students after many politicians registered with the University to show that it was open for both races, yet few of the politicians attended classes. Troubled by the low enrollment, State Treasurer of South Carolina, Francis L. Cardozo went to Washington and persuaded a handful of students at Howard University to transfer to the University. Drastic measures were required to increase the number of students and the legislature passed an act in February 1874 to provide for 124 scholarships of $200. The conservative press denounced this move because with the absence of tuition, it meant that students were effectively being paid to attend the University, but poor students were often critical to family support, and scholarships helped them cover living expenses.[5] Many of the scholarship students could not meet the entrance requirements into the freshman class, so the faculty assembled them into a sub-freshman class. This plan was abolished in 1875 as the legislature had not authorized it.

text: The scholarships achieved their desired effect in increasing enrollment and by 1875, 90% of the student body was black.[6] The University of South Carolina holds the distinction of being the only state university in the South to admit and grant degrees to black students during Reconstruction. When the Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876, they quickly acted to end admission of blacks, closing the University on June 7, 1877 by a joint resolution of the General Assembly. They passed legislation authorizing only white students and setting up Claflin College as the state institution for black students.

text: Redeemer University[edit]

text: It was far from certain that the University would be reopened and debate ensued in the General Assembly over the necessity of the University. Many legislators, led by Martin Witherspoon Gary, felt that the state had other obligations and it was not practical for the state to spend money on the University. In addition, these legislators were from the Upstate and had no attachment to the University. They were not part of the planter elite and had attended other schools. An act to reorganize the University was passed by the state Senate by two votes on March 2, 1878, but it did not provide for the appropriation of funds to the reopening. The act specified that the University was to consist of two branches, one styled as the South Carolina College in Columbia for the whites and Claflin College in Orangeburg for the blacks. In order to mollify agitation by the farming interests, a section of the act specified that an agricultural department was to be established with the University.

text: On October 5, 1880 the institution was reopened as the South Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and largely derived its funding from the Morrill Act. Despite its name as an agriculture and mechanical college, few students showed an interest in either area. Only nine students worked the 20-acre (81,000 m2) college farm for the first session and just twenty-one attended the mechanical shop. Because the state could not afford a liberal arts University, it took advantage of the Morrill Act in order to acquire federal funds, and offered some agriculture program to satisfy its requirements.

text: By 1881, the state's financial situation was markedly improved and Governor Johnson Hagood called for greater expenditures on higher education. With a much higher appropriation, the trustees abolished the farming and mechanical foreman positions, in 1882 restoring the institution to its antebellum status as the South Carolina College. An agriculture department remained, but little of the curriculum was agricultural, and it was essentially identical to the general science program. The department suffered from neglect because its professor, John McLauren McBryde, was also the President of the institution and in that position he focused most of his energies.

text: In the latter years of the 1880s, the College increasingly came under attack from religious groups and agricultural interests. The denominational colleges, struggling to rebuild from the Civil War, demanded that free tuition be ended at the college, and the General Assembly capitulated in 1887 by fixing tuition rates at $40 per year. Led by Ben Tillman [who owned 400 acres as a planter, cultivated by tenant farmers], the agrarians pushed to establish a separate agriculture college because they believed that the College was not providing an adequate education in agriculture. Despite Tillman's rhetoric, a majority of the students were sons of farmers. At that time, the most advanced agricultural research was being conducted at Cornell and the University of California, both liberal arts colleges.[7]

text: To take advantage of the Hatch Act and to assuage the concerns of the farmers, the legislature passed an act in 1887 to reorganize the college as the University of South Carolina with six schools and colleges. An agricultural experiment station was set up, the college farm was expanded by 100 acres (0.40 km2), and a well-developed agriculture program was initiated. The University was so successful that Ben Tillman announced his retirement from public life.

text: Thomas Green Clemson bequeathed his estate in 1888 to establish and endow a separate agriculture college in the state. Tillman reemerged to carry the cause to the legislature and in 1889, Governor Richardson signed the bill accepting the bequest. The Morrill and Hatch funds were transferred to the new agriculture college in June 1890, and the University's agricultural department was closed. The vitality of the University was threatened during the 1890 campaign when Ben Tillman advocated its closing. Although he won the election for governor, he completed reorganization of the university as a liberal arts college during his term.[8]

text: College to university, 1891–1944[edit]

text: Wounded institution[edit]

text: The University was reorganized as the South Carolina College in 1891, and it struggled to attract students through the rest of the decade. It was restricted to teaching the subjects of law, literature, classics, and theoretical science.[9] The prestige of the College had fallen such that in 1893, a proposal was offered in the legislature to close the campus and provide homes for Confederate veterans on it instead.[10] With enrollment lagging and the state lacking a liberal arts school for women, the legislature passed a bill in 1893 that mandated the College to admit women. On September 24, 1895, Frances Guignard Gibbes was the first woman to be admitted to the College, and in 1898 Mattie Jean Adams was the first to graduate.[11]

text: Although Tillman had crippled the institution when he became governor, he did not let it die. The number of students steadily declined from a high of 235 in 1889 to a low of 68 in 1894; but despite the urging of legislators to close it, Tillman ensured through his governorship that the College received an adequate level of funding. Tillman re-established the normal school at the College, long dormant since the end of Reconstruction. In addition, the legislature authorized adding engineering to the College in 1894 despite a previous prohibition.

text: Reemergence as a university[edit]

text: The victory by Duncan Clinch Heyward in the gubernatorial election of 1902 marked the end of Tillmanism and the return of support by the governor's office for the institution. Heyward pushed the legislature to convert the College into a University in 1905 to mark the centennial by providing the state with a capstone for its educational system. The effort failed when legislators feared that The Citadel was to be absorbed into the University, but the measure was reintroduced in 1906 and passed on February 17 to charter the institution for the last time as the University of South Carolina.

text: For the next forty years, the institution struggled to find its identity as it cycled through periods of achieving popularity versus academic excellence. Under the vigorous leadership of President Samuel Chiles Mitchell from 1909 to 1913, enrollment at the University doubled; he brought the University to the state by setting up extension courses in 1910. Incessant criticism by Governor Coleman Livingston Blease over Mitchell's handling of University affairs led to his resignation and the trustees elected William Spenser Currell with the intention of raising the level of scholarship at the University. Entrance requirements were made more stringent and Currell's efforts were rewarded when in 1917 the University became the first state-supported college or university in South Carolina to earn accreditation by the Southern Association.[12]

text: The entrance of America into World War I was enthusiastically supported by the student body, and the vast majority participated in the ROTC unit at the University. To compensate for the loss of enrollment because of conscription, the war department replaced the ROTC program with the Student Army Training Corps. After the war, the SATC was disbanded and military training was made compulsory for freshman and sophomore students in the ROTC program. The ROTC program was scrapped in 1921 due to lack of interest.

text: An aura of stagnation existed at the University in the early 1920s and the trustees elected William Davis Melton in 1922 to revive its fortunes. Melton launched a campaign to popularize the institution by convincing the people of the state that it was not exclusively for the elite or a special interest group, but rather for the masses. He gained a major increase in the appropriation by the legislature for the University, and in 1924 student enrollment surpassed that of Clemson for the first time. Following Melton's death in 1926, Davison McDowell Douglas was elected President to consolidate the gains and tighten academic standards. The board of trustees called upon James Rion McKissick in 1936 to return to Melton's policies of popularizing the University.

text: McKissick established the University News Service to combat perceived misconceptions of the University and to promote the high moral character of the students. Due in large part to his efforts, enrollment reached record numbers and the University entered the 1940s with a renewed sense of optimism. Yet, the world soon became engulfed by World War II. To help with the loss of enrollment because of mobilization, the University received a Naval ROTC detachment. The University was quickly transformed into a Naval school when the Navy set up a V-5 Navy Flight Preparatory School, a Civil Aeronautics Administration-War Training Service program, and a V-12 Navy College Training Program. The V-12 program was the most important to the University because the trainees were enrolled in classes; they became active participants in student life and extracurricular activities.

text: The State's University, 1944–present[edit]

text: New and greater university[edit]

text: By November 1944 it was clear that World War II would soon be coming to a close and the servicemen would return to enroll in the university in massive numbers due in large part because of the passage of the G.I. Bill. Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives and trustee of the University Solomon Blatt unveiled a proposal called the "new and greater university" plan that would move the university from its present site to a 1,200-acre (4.9 km2) site just outside Columbia. At the time, the university was the smallest state university in the South and a larger campus would more easily allow for expansion at much less cost. The idea of a move came from that of the relocation of Louisiana State University in 1925 and it was envisioned that a new campus would provide the impetus for the University of South Carolina "to establish itself as a great American state university."[13]

text: Blatt obtained support from all the key players in the politics of South Carolina to facilitate the proposal: Governor Olin D. Johnston, Governor-elect Ransome Judson Williams, Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee Edgar Allan Brown, and Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee Morris Tuten. The Board of Trustees approved the plan in December 1944 by a vote of 17–2, although complaints were issued from the dissenting voters that the decision was made with too much haste and without any input from the public. In addition, Blatt chose Navy Rear Admiral Norman Murray Smith as the President of the University in large part because he held connections in the political establishments of South Carolina and the federal government necessary to secure funds for the relocation of the university.

text: However, Blatt's proposal caused an intense uproar[clarification needed] in the state because alumni and students felt that it would needlessly sever the university from its antebellum tradition.[citation needed] Other complaints arose that the process itself did not allow for public input and it was detested as a product of the Barnwell Ring. Even with the outpouring of condemnation, municipalities lobbied to have the University moved to their locale such as Camden, Cheraw, Georgetown, Manning, Spartanburg, Sumter, Kershaw County and Oconee County.[14] Blatt realized that his proposal in February 1945 would not receive the necessary support in the legislature and he modified it so that the University would expand upon its existing area. This idea was warmly received by the alumni and students, but it died in the Finance Committee after Senator Edgar Brown declined to take up the matter.

text: After World War II, enrollment at the University swelled from the influx of veterans. They were wholeheartedly welcomed by President Smith who actively campaigned for their attendance and he announced that every qualified veteran would be admitted to the University. The vast majority of South Carolina veterans chose to attend the University because of its hospitable atmosphere, but also for other reasons. They did not want to attend Clemson or The Citadel because "the prospect of returning home to attend a military college was distasteful for the older men leaving the military after fighting the largest war in world history."[15] In addition, Clemson's rural location and its self-imposed restriction on the number of students made it inaccessible for a large number of veterans. The University offered several special programs to meet the needs of the veterans and it continued an accelerated calendar until 1949. It was at this point in history that the two universities switched reputations and missions. Carolina became known as the university for the common man and an institution accessible for all whereas Clemson settled into a status of elitism.[15]

text: President Smith faced increasing criticism through his tenure because he failed to articulate a clear policy for the University's future and he did not campaign for the legislature to appropriate enough funds for its needs.[citation needed] As president of a public university, Smith's chief responsibility was to be its publicist and develop ties with the political power of the state. Instead, Sol Blatt grew tired of having to carry the burden for the University in the legislature and Governor Thurmond felt that he received an icy reception from the administration. In 1952, Smith resigned and the protégé of Governor Byrnes, Donald S. Russell, was elected President by the Board of Trustees.

text: Growth and prosperity[edit]

text: The ascendancy of Russell was crucial for the University at a critical moment in its history because he brought youth and dynamic leadership to the Presidency. His vision for the University was for it to be the capstone of the state's higher education system and for it to be the senior partner to the other state colleges. Russell's first step toward building a great university was the strengthening of the faculty by bringing in nationally known professors. Secondly, he improved the academics at the University through the expansion of courses, the revamping of programs and the introduction of entrance examinations. A report conducted by MIT to overhaul the engineering department became the standard used by the American Society for Engineering Education to accredit all engineering schools.[16] In response to the ruling by the Supreme Court of Brown v. Board of Education, the University instituted entrance examinations so as to prevent the mass rush of black high school graduates to enroll at USC. The examinations were also welcomed because they would promote individual merit over wealth or connections and USC became the first college to introduce entrance examinations. Thirdly, a massive building and renovation program was initiated and it was made possible through the acquisition of the properties on the southern boundary of the campus. The renaissance enjoyed by the University became evident by the speakers for commencement addresses and special convocations. Among the distinguished who came to speak at the University were John F. Kennedy, Carl Sandburg, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., René Pleven, and John Foster Dulles.

text: Russell resigned in 1957 so that he could run for governor in 1958 and Robert L. Sumwalt was named as the temporary president by the trustees. By the end of the summer of 1958, Russell had failed to win the Democratic nomination for governor and the University was still without a permanent President. A movement was started to bring Russell back as the President and he gave positive indications that he would return as President if offered. Yet, many were opposed because they felt that Russell was opportunistic and would leave the University again for the next gubernatorial campaign. Russell had also annoyed many associated with the University through his harsh rhetoric against Ernest Hollings on the campaign trail. The board of trustees was split and instead voted unanimously in 1959 to make Sumwalt the permanent President.

text: An initiative started by Russell and continued by Sumwalt was the establishment of regional campuses and the formation of the University System. The first extension campus was set up at Florence in 1957 and additional campuses were gained in Beaufort, Lancaster and Conway in 1959. Another campus was added to the system in 1961 at Aiken. The University System served two purposes, it expanded the University's reach across the state and the branch campuses acted as a feeder system for the main campus in Columbia.

text: Sumwalt retired in 1962 and he was replaced by Thomas F. Jones as President. Immediately, Jones was confronted by the integration problem that the University faced. Clemson admitted Harvey Gantt in January 1963 and it was just a matter of time before the University would be forced to admit blacks. USC exhausted its legal options in the summer and although large sentiment was against the integration of the University, there was no extra resistance to it requiring federal troops as occurred that same summer at the University of Alabama or at the University of Mississippi the previous year; the latter of which contained violence which had a dramatic conscientious effect on many segregationists in the University community. A student leader perhaps best expressed the altered sentiments of many when he wrote that while "we do not want integration . . . neither do we want to be blamed for the loss of dignity and integrity."[17] On September 11, African-Americans Henrie Dobbins Monteith, Robert G. Anderson, and James L. Solomon, Jr. were admitted to the University peacefully.

text: For the next two decades following integration, the University experienced rapid growth and expansion due in large part to the baby boomer generation entering college. Enrollment stood at 5,660 in 1960, but by 1979 had reached nearly 26,000 students on the Columbia campus alone. The expansion of the University was not limited to the Columbia campus; additional campuses and colleges were set up throughout the state. Clemson established an extension center in 1965 at Sumter, only 40 miles (64 km) away from Columbia. Sol Blatt, then the Speaker of the House, wrote President Tom Jones that "the University should build as many two year colleges over the State as rapidly as possible to prevent the expansion of Clemson schools for the Clemson people."[18] President Jones heeded Blatt's advice and over the next decade, the University added campuses in Allendale, Spartanburg, Union and Walterboro. The Clemson extension at Sumter never proved popular, and USC acquired the campus in 1973.

text: The growth of the University in the 1960s and 70s also brought with it the social activism and disorder of the time. Due to the massive influx of so many students in a short time period, the administration lost control of student life. Drug and alcohol use became so rampant at the University that it became known as a party school.[19] Black students protested the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968 by setting fire to Hamilton College and the USC Field House. On May 7, 1970, approximately 400 students seized the Russell House as a symbolic gesture towards honoring those killed in the Kent State shootings and four days later on May 11, they attempted to meet with the members of the board of trustees, but were rebuffed. Columbia police were called in to quell the student protest but were ineffective. State troopers were also unable to disperse the students. National Guard troops were ordered to the campus by Gov. Bob McNair, and soon dispersed most of the protestors with tear gas. The inability of the administration to control such student outbursts led to President Jones' resignation in 1974. But he had succeeded in turning a sleepy southern college into a full-fledged research institution.

text: International recognition[edit]

text: James B. Holderman, a flamboyant and charming executive, was elected President by the board of trustees in 1977. Right away, Holderman championed a proposal to create an honors college because it would foster an academic environment conducive to excellence necessary to keep South Carolina's best students instate. The proposal was approved and the first students were admitted into the South Carolina Honors College in 1978.

text: A persistent problem for the University was the Columbia campus's relationship with the semi-autonomous regional campuses. Once a campus reached a Full-time equivalent of 1,000 students, it was entitled to become a four-year college and the campuses in Aiken, Spartanburg, and Conway took advantage of this rule. The law providing such a transformation was repealed, but it was apparent that the regional campuses were acting in their own interests and not for the University system. Furthermore, the Columbia campus had to compete against its regional campuses for funding because each campus submitted its budget to the General Assembly. To correct these problems, Holderman issued the Carolina Plan that outlined a centralized and unified approach to be taken by the University system. This meant that it would be necessary for lawmakers to fully fund the University system in order for the branch campus to receive the funds they need. The Carolina Plan worked brilliantly as the University system was fully funded in 1977 for the first time since 1967.

text: Following up on his success with the Carolina Plan, Holderman issued the Carolina Plan II which called for making USC an international university and a "Window to the World." To achieve his goals, Holderman used his connections and his personal charisma to attract world leaders to the USC campus. He was able to put USC on the map by bringing in such world leaders as UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, President Ronald Reagan, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and many other foreign dignitaries. The highlight of the visits was that of Pope John Paul II in 1987. He exclaimed on the Horseshoe that "it is wonderful to be young and a student at the University of South Carolina."[20] The Pope later led a non-denominational service before more than 60,000 at Williams-Brice Stadium.

text: The international spotlight on the University came at a price and an inquisitive journalism student led to Holderman's downfall. Paul Perkins, a journalism student upset with tuition increases, requested that the University release the salary of visiting professor Jehan Sadat. Holderman balked and refused to release the details even after Perkins and his wife Cheryl filed a Freedom of Information Act request. This denial and the secrecy on the part of the administration led the media to scrutinize other aspects of Holderman's presidency. They inspected his travel budgets and construction contracts and found overwhelming evidence of financial irregularities and extravagant spending. In face of all the negative publicity, Holderman resigned in 1990. Holderman would later be convicted of laundering drug money in 2003.[21] The University trustees elected John M. Palms to succeed Holderman to restore the institution's credibility and respect in the state and world. After leading the University's bicentennial celebrations in 2001,[22] Palms retired and was replaced by Andrew A. Sorensen in 2002. During his tenure from 2002 to 2008, Sorensen raised large sums for research, including a $300 million grant for colorectal cancer. In the spirit of Palms' "Cathedrals of Excellence" budgeting philosophy, the board of directors moved to transform university land on Assembly Street into an "innovation district" called Innovista that will develop four strengths: biomedicine, nanotechnology, environmental science and alternative fuels. The Board of Trustees announced the selection of Harris Pastides as the University's 28th president on July 11, 2008.

text: Literary societies[edit]

text: Student literary societies were an important part of student life at Carolina for the first 150 years or so. The Philomathic was the first such society and was formed within weeks of the opening of SCC in 1805; it included practically the whole student body. In 1806 it was split into the Clariosophic and Euphradian societies.[23] After the university admitted women students, the Hypatian Society was founded in 1915 for women, followed by the Euphrosynean Society in 1924.[24] While both the Clariosophic and Euphradian Societies were deactivated in the 1970s, alumni from the Euphradian Society reactivated the organization in 2010. It continues to operate to this day.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 32.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 45.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, John S. (1969). Reconstruction in South Carolina. Negro University Press. p. 233.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 66.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 71.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, John S. (1969). Reconstruction in South Carolina. Negro University Press. p. 236.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 138–139.
Jump up ^ Edgar, Walter B. (1998). South Carolina: A History. University of South Carolina Press. p. 439.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 161.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 169.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 171.
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". II. University of South Carolina Press: 272.
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 37–38.
^ Jump up to: a b Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. p. 41.
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. p. 86.
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. pp. p. 144
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. p. 178.
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 194, 272.
Jump up ^ Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press. p. 281.
Jump up ^ "Ex-University of South Carolina president sentenced to 3 years". The America's Intelligence Wire. December 30, 2003.
Jump up ^ University of South Carolina Bicentennial Homepage
Jump up ^ Hollis, Daniel Walker, (1951) University of South Carolina, Volume I, South Carolina College, p. 230.
Jump up ^ Hollis (1956) University of South Carolina, Volume II ,College to University, p. 316.

tag: ol

text: Resources[edit]

text:
Green, Edwin L. (1916). A History of the University of South Carolina. The State Company.
Hollis, Daniel Walker (1951). "University of South Carolina". South Carolina College. I. University of South Carolina Press.
Hollis, Daniel Walker (1956). "University of South Carolina". College to University. II. University of South Carolina Press.
LaBorder, M.D., M. (1859). History of the South Carolina College. Peter B. Glass.
Lesesne, Henry H. (2001). A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000. University of South Carolina Press.

tag: ul

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

University of South Carolina

Located in: Columbia, South Carolina

Academics

University of South Carolina School of Law
Moore School of Business
Palmetto Health Richland
University of South Carolina Press

Athletics

Teams

South Carolina Gamecocks

Men's sports

Baseball
Basketball
Football
Golf
Soccer
Swimming & Diving
Tennis
Track & Field

Women's sports

Basketball
Cross Country
Equestrian
Golf
Beach Volleyball
Soccer
Swimming & Diving
Softball
Tennis
Track & Field
Volleyball

Facilities

Williams-Brice Stadium
Colonial Life Arena
Founders Park
Stone Stadium

Campus

The Horseshoe
Currell College
Melton Memorial Observatory
South Carolina Institute of Anthropology and Archaeology
W. Gordon Belser Arboretum
Koger Center for the Arts
Libraries

Student life

Cocky
The Daily Gamecock
WUSC-FM
Student Gamecock Television (SGTV)
The Fighting Gamecocks Lead the Way
We Hail Thee Carolina
Mighty Sound of the Southeast
Five Points
Congaree Vista
Riverbanks Zoo
Lake Murray

Miscellaneous

Notable Gamecocks
Presidents
Board of Trustees
History of the University
Clariosophic
Euphradian
S.C.C. Cadets
Carolina-Clemson rivalry

Founded: 1801
Students: 33,565
Endowment: 655.4 million

tag: table

text: University of South CarolinaHistory of colleges and universities in South Carolina

text: All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from October 2014Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015


document_title: Nina Williams

question_text: tekken why is nina in a wedding dress

question_tokens: tekken why is nina in a wedding dress

text: Nina Williams

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In video games[edit]

text: Nina Williams was born and raised in Ireland, as was her sister, Anna.[1][2] From a young age, both were taught various forms of martial arts such as assassination martial arts, hapkido and koppojutsu.[1] Both sisters admired their father, a former assassin Richard Williams, which caused a sibling rivalry between the two as they crave and compete for his attention. When Richard died (Nina and Anna Williams father), both sisters started to blame each other for the cause of his death. Although they tried to maintain their relationship following their father's last wish, it only made their rivalry strengthen even further. Nina's knowledge of the assassination martial arts help her quickly becoming an assassin and the 20-year-old Nina had later been hired during The King of Iron Fist Tournament to assassinate the head of Mishima Zaibatsu, Heihachi Mishima. However, she failed.

text: Two years later, Nina was contracted again to assassinate the current head of Mishima Zaibatsu, Kazuya Mishima by entering The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2, but Anna intervened, and a conflict prevented her from fulfilling the assignment. Nina was captured by Kazuya after failing to assassinate him and was used as a test subject in the "cold sleep" project by Dr. Boskonovitch[1] - a cryogenic experiment. Anna Williams volunteered to be put in cryogenic sleep, but demanded to be awoken at the same time as Nina. The experiment went on for 19 years.[1]

text: When Nina woke up from the cryosleep, she suffered heavy amnesia, a fate from which her sister Anna was spared. She was also controlled by the recently awakened Ogre, the God of Fighting who sent her to participate in The King of Iron Fist Tournament 3 to assassinate Jin Kazama[1] - Heihachi Mishima's grandson. Near the end of the tournament, Jin managed to beat Nina back to her senses, allowing her to break free from Ogre's control. As an act of compassion, Anna wanted to end Nina's job of an assassin, however wanted to continue their rivalry. So Anna worked intensively with Dr. Boskonovitch to bring her sister's memories back. However, the project failed when Nina recovered the memory about the fact that she and her sister did not get along. After this, Nina left and did not contact Anna for some time.

text: Nina soon revived her role as an assassin, the only thing that she recalled from her previous life. Two years later, she was contracted by a Mafia syndicate to kill a famous British boxer, Steve Fox. However, she discovered that Steve was in fact her biological son, who was born through In vitro fertilisation during her years in cryosleep, with her gene is being used for Doctor Abel's Hybrid Gene experiment on children, including Steve, until the experiment was cancelled when most of children died during that experiment, except Steve and one of the surviving children, whose statuses are covered by the former Zaibatsu now G Corporation researcher Emma Kliesen (Leo's mother) from being watched by the Zaibatsu's eyes. At the last moment when she tried to pull the trigger to her rifle, she somehow and rarely regained her human emotions, and refused to kill Fox. she abandoned her assassination attempt after detective Lei Wulong brought down the syndicate. After the collapse of her employers, Nina no longer required a viable reason to pursue her target. It was also revealed that she remained emotionally impassive about the discovery of her biological son, but the fact that she did not kill him when the chance presented itself shows otherwise for some.[3]

text: Nina decided that it was time she re-discovered her lost memories and came to the conclusion that the only person who could help her was her sister, Anna Williams.[3] Anna meets with Nina soon after. However, Nina's memories and hatred instinctively returned, and they rapidly engaged in a gun battle.[4] The duel lasted for days and the two later agreed to meet at The King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 and finish their battle.[3] The two promised that only one would walk away from the coming battle, however, when Nina won, she refused to take Anna's life as their fight was not satisfactory.

text: Later, Nina was approached by the CEO of Mishima Financial Empire, Jin Kazama who had already launched war around the world, to be his personal bodyguard and enters The King of Iron Fist Tournament 6 to intercept any possible threat to him, which Nina accepted. Meanwhile, Anna, who vows to take revenge at Nina becomes Kazuya Mishima's personal bodyguard, knowing she is bound to come face to face with Nina along the way. In the Scenario Campaign mode of the console version of Tekken 6, she served as one of the antagonist for the most part, assisting Jin at his scheme. After Jin sacrificed himself to kill Azazel at the end, she told Lars that she already knew Jin's plans about the world war since the beginning; so he can awaken Azazel's physical body, but she was unsure whether Jin's actions were right or wrong. She then left with a Mishima Zaibatsu helicopter, which may or may not signify that she became Mishima Zaibatsu's temporary new CEO during Jin's disappearance.

text: Though not appearing in Tekken 7's original arcade release, Nina returns in its updated title, Tekken 7: Fated Retribution. In the story mode, she was forcefully to work for the returning Heihachi in the first-half, until she began to concern about Lars' good reason on keeping Jin safe with him, deeming it very interesting to watch and resign from Zaibatsu, faking her death while setting her private assassination job for hire. She is later tasked with infiltrating a mafia wedding... posing as the bride. During the ceremony, a firefight broke out where Nina took out all her targets. However, the commotion had attracted the Tekken Force, who had been dispatched to suppress the violence, and they gave chase. With the Tekken Force in hot pursuit, Nina made her escape. That's when she bumped into a man she found vaguely familiar, who happens to be her son, Steve Fox. Steve wouldn't leave her alone. He seemed to have something he wanted to say to her... Nina decided that a confrontation was her best chance of escape. After being defeated by her son, Nina explains everything she knew when she was in a cryosleep by Doctor Abel, relating to Steve's childhood life as one of Zaibatsu's child guinea pig before Emma Kliesen covered up Steve's escape to orphanage, and the rejected Devil Gene experiment. Despite being confirmed that Nina being Steve's biological mother, Nina warns him that he will never be her son because she couldn't care less about him. When the Tekken Force suddenly arrives, Steve helps Nina escape while holding them off.

text: Nina stars in her own action game, Death by Degrees, released in 2005.[1] The game provides an alternate backstory for Nina and Anna; the plot concentrating more on their father and how he died when they were children. In this game it is revealed that Richard Williams had struggled with a few guardsmen, and shouted for Nina to grab a gun which one of guardsmen had dropped. However, her hesitation and fear caused the guards to get the upper hand and shoot Richard Williams, killing him. Anna is shown comforting her sister moments after, while the older Nina looks over the scene. The rivalry which stemmed from the incident crossed over to the real-time events of the Tekken series.

text: Nina also appears in the crossover fighting game Street Fighter X Tekken with her official tag partner, Kazuya. In the cinematic trailer, they battle against Ryu and Ken at a condemned building, before Kazuya captures Ryu as bait to lure Jin out.

text: Design[edit]

text: Nina Williams has blonde ponytail and blue eyes, and voluptuous yet powerful build. Her look contrasts that of her sister, Anna, who is a brunette. Nina dresses primarily in purple fitted costumes and is commonly seen wearing a military style outfit (to suit her occupation),[1] sometimes also in costumes made of materials resembling spandex, PVC and leather; most of her shoes also consist of heels. In Tekken 6, one of Nina's extra outfits is one of her Death by Degrees costumes.

text: In Tekken 7, Nina now wears an off-white long strapless wedding gown and the length of the right skirt of her wedding gown was long up to her leg and also has shreds at the edge of her skirt and the front of her skirt is covered in dirt and burns and its interior is dirty white. It also has a white single frill design on her waist to keep it attached within her gown. She also wears matching off-white long gloves with a white rose adorned on her left glove and a diamond bracelet on her wrist and a dark green and red gun holster on her left thigh where she keeps her handgun, two back up guns and her smoke grenade adorned with two off-white belts and a matching off-white crossed heels with a matching off white anklet on her right leg. She is also adorned with a white wedding veil on her head with two gray flower designs and her blonde hair is tied in a bun and at the right side of her hair is loose in a style of ringlets and wears a matching silver sparkling earrings on her ear.

text: Nina Williams' fighting style is Hapkido. Nina is known for her lethal joint locks and counterattacks.[5] She has strong jabbing abilities, is agile and has above average strength.[6] She was also among the first characters to utilize chain throws, having them since Tekken 2.

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: Nina also appears in the OVA Tekken: The Motion Picture as one of the main antagonists. She is seduced by Lee Chaolan and he hires her to kill Kazuya Mishima so that he will inherit the Mishima Zaibatsu from Heihachi. Nina attempts many times to assassinate Kazuya, but he keeps foiling her with his superior skills. Her rivalry with Anna is also present, although it differs from the games in the sense that Nina was favoured by their father, who ignored Anna, which led to Anna killing him as an act of revenge and resentment, something Nina never forgave Anna for. Eventually, Nina fights Anna somewhere on the island where the tournament is being held. As Anna is ambushed and devoured by a biologically enhanced dinosaur-like being, Nina flees. She is last seen among the other fighters who made it off the island before it explodes, but with Lee's death and Heihachi fleeing, she abandons her contract against Kazuya.

text: Nina Williams was portrayed by South African model and singer Candîce Hillebrand in the 2009 film adaptation, Tekken. In the film, she is a participant in the Iron Fist tournament, yet serves as an assassin under Kazuya along with Anna. Both of them are also Kazuya's lovers. Kazuya sends Nina and Anna to assassinate Jin Kazama, but the ensuing fight attracts Christie Monteiro's attention and Nina and Anna flee. In the next round, Jin recognizes Nina as one of the assassins, and Christie takes her revenge on Nina by beating her soundly in the ring. She returns when Kazuya order his soldiers to arrest the fighters. Nina is seen in one of the cells with Anna and Dragunov. Unlike the games, she and Anna are on good terms and has no relation to Steve Fox.

text: Nina also appears in the animated film Tekken: Blood Vengeance. In its beginning, she rides a motorcycle and fighting Anna. Despite being cornered, she still manages to escape and is sent to Russia by Jin to find Alisa. She once again appears after Xiaoyu and Alisa escape from Anna. It is later on revealed what had happened. Anna attempts to capture her, amusing Lee. This attempt leads to an unknown outcome.

text: Summer Daniels portrayed Nina in the Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Girl Power Trailer, shown at Comic-Con in 2012.[7] In 1998, Epoch Co. released a 1/10 scale Nina action figure based on her appearance in Tekken 3. The action figure comes with two plastic swords and one plastic gun.[8] An action figure based on her appearance from Tekken 5 was released in 2006.[9] Two Nina figures based on her appearance in Death by Degrees were also released that same year.[10][11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The character was received mostly very positively. Nina Williams was chosen as one of the 20 "muses" of video games by Brazilian magazine SuperGamePower in 2001.[12] Polish edition of GameStar had her voted at fifth place in the 2006 poll for the title of "Miss of the Video Game World".[13] In 2008, Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition announced she was voted the "Hottest Female Fighting Character" in their Internet poll.[5]

text: Nina was often noted for sex appeal. GameTrailers listed her at number six among top ten "gamer babes" in 2007.[14] That same year, Tom's Games listed Nina among the 50 greatest female characters in video game history, commenting that she proves that you can be hot and cold at the same time and "she has without a doubt one of the best bodies in the business, and she doesn't take crap from anyone,"[15] while ScrewAttack ranked her seventh on the list of top ten "boobies" in games.[16] In 2010, PLAY ranked her as second top "hottest" blonde in games, adding that she "was sexy even back when her hair was made out of about eight polygons,"[17] while Gadżetomania.pl ranked her as number one top "sexiest and fierce" blonde in games.[18] In addition, she was included in GameDaily's top list of hottest blondes in video games, for having both "a killer body" and a killer instinct,[19] also placing as the 30th "hottest" among all "video game babes".[20] In 2009, Maxim listed Nina among the top nine "video game vixens", complimenting her costumes and her running around with a katana with very high heels in Death by Degrees as "frightening and erotic at the same time—sort of like what we imagine having sex with Amy Winehouse might be like;"[21] she was also showcased on a similar list by Fakt.[22] UGO.com ranked her number 17th on their 2011 list of top "videogame hotties".[23] That same year, Lisa Foiles of The Escapist put her among the top five "hottest blonde chicks," stating her preference of Nina over many other fighting game blondes (such as Cammy, Jill Valentine, Sarah Bryant, Sophitia and Tina Armstrong), as well as her sister Anna, and noting Nina's resemblance to Capcom's Jill Valentine in Resident Evil 5.[24] In 2012, MSN included her among the 20 "hottest women in video game history", adding that "she became hotter and hotter as graphics technology improved,"[25] while Gadget Review ranked her as the 20th "hottest" female video game character.[26] Furthermore, Interia.pl included Nina among the "sexiest game heroines" of the year.[27] She was ranked as the 15th best looking game girl by GameHall's Portal PlayGame in 2014.[28]

text: In 2006, Gaming Target listed Nina as the fifth best Tekken character, calling her the "world's sexiest assassin."[29] In 2010, G4 included Nina among the best assassins in all video games.[30] In 2011, PlayStation Official Magazine listed her among "PlayStation’s meanest mothers".[31] That same year, Joystick Division ranked Nina as the second most "badass" Irish character in video games.[32] In 2012, FHM listed a fight between Nina and Poison as one of the ten "awesome fantasy fights" in Street Fighter X Tekken, adding that "hot girls fighting is always a spectacle to see, and these two represent the sauciest for both franchises."[33] Complex ranked Nina as the second best Tekken character, commenting "Nina Williams is the ultimate ice queen. She's got a huge arsenal of pokes at her disposal, not to mention chain throws and combo launchers."[34] In an official poll by Namco, Nina ranked as the 14th most requested Tekken character to be playable in Tekken X Street Fighter.[35] In 2014, What Culture ranked Nina as the 12th greatest ever fighting game character, opining she "isn’t overtly sexualised in the same way that, say, Ivy and Taki from SoulCalibur are," and regarding her as among the strongest female video game characters.[36] In 2015, WatchMojo ranked Nina as the sixth top Tekken character.[37]

text: However, the Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine called the Death by Degrees Nina as an "overrated" spin-off character in comparison to Whiplash protagonist Spanx.[38] GameDaily listed Nina's appearance in Death by Degrees as one of her worst moments, citing the game's poor gameplay and below-average graphics.[39]


document_title: Earl Landgrebe

question_text: who said don't confuse me with the facts

question_tokens: who said do n 't confuse me with the facts

text: Earl Landgrebe

text:
Earl Landgrebe

Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Indiana's 2nd district
In officeJanuary 3, 1969 – January 3, 1975Preceded by
Charles A. HalleckSucceeded by
Floyd FithianMember of the Indiana Senate from Jasper County, Newton County, Porter County and Pulaski County
In officeNovember 5, 1958 – August 30, 1968Preceded by
John Wilson Van Ness[1]Succeeded by
Charles Borromeo Kleinkort
Personal detailsBorn
Earl Fredrick LandgrebeJanuary 21, 1916Valparaiso, Indiana, U.S.Died
July 1, 1986(1986-07-01) (aged 70)Valparaiso, Indiana, U.S.Political party
RepublicanOccupation
Transportation entrepreneur

text: Earl Fredrick Landgrebe (January 21, 1916 – July 1, 1986) was a politician and businessman. He served as an Indiana state senator and United States representative for the 2nd district. Langrebe was from Valparaiso in Porter County, Indiana. He is remembered unfavorably for his famous line at the Watergate hearings: "Don’t confuse me with the facts."[2]  Landgrebe was a staunch supporter of Richard Nixon throughout the Watergate hearings.

text: Landgrebe was born in Valparaiso, Indiana in 1916, the son of Edward William Landgrebe and Benna Marie Landgrebe (née Broderman); three of his grandparents were German immigrants.[3] He attended Wheeler High School near Valparaiso. He married Helen Lucille Field on July 12, 1936.  He was elected to the state senate of Indiana in 1959 as a Republican and served there until 1968.  In that year, he was elected to represent Indiana's 2nd district in the House of Representatives.

text: On August 5, 1974, Richard Nixon released certain documents revealing his orders to aides to hinder the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigation of the Watergate break-in.  When Landgrebe was asked on August 7 about the apparently unanimous support for impeachment of Nixon among his Republican colleagues following this disclosure, he said: "I'm going to stick with my President even if he and I have to be taken out of this building and shot." The next day, Richard Nixon announced his resignation. A few months later, Landgrebe lost re-election. His re-election bid was derailed by Democrat Floyd Fithian.

text: After his defeat, Earl Landgrebe returned to his home in Valparaiso where he owned and managed Landgrebe Motor Transport Inc., a common carrier and freight hauling company. In February 1980, the Machinist Union was on strike at the Union Rolls Corporation in Valparaiso, Indiana. The former congressman personally confronted picketers with a tractor trailer. On February 13 he completed two trips into the Union Rolls plant to pick up and haul away merchandise. Both times, the Union unsuccessfully tried to prevent his entrance into the plant. On a third trip later that day, he was not so fortunate. Union members surrounded the truck. They swung clubs and broke mirrors and shattered glass. Landgrebe was showered with broken glass. A local sheriff broke up the incident.[4]

text: On July 1, 1986 he died at home of a heart attack. He was 70 years old.[5]