document_title: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)

question_text: who plays violet in a series of unfortunate events on netflix

text: Premise[edit]

text: When a mysterious fire kills their parents, the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf, an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself. Following Olaf's failed attempt, the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents' past.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf,[5] an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle.
Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket,[6] the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires.
Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire,[7] the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics.
Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire,[7] the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books.
K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe,[8] the family banker of the Baudelaire parents, who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian.
Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire,[9] the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth. Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny.[10]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Will Arnett as Father,[11][12] a man who is trying to return home to his three children.
Cobie Smulders as Mother,[12] a woman who is trying to return home to her three children.
Usman Ally as the Hook-Handed Man,[13] a member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson Of Indeterminate Gender,[13] another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Cleo King as Eleanora Poe, Arthur Poe's wife and the editor-in-chief of The Daily Punctilio.
John DeSantis as the Bald Man,[14] large bald-headed man who is another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White-Faced Women,[13] two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Sara Canning as Jacquelyn, Mr. Poe's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society. She possesses a spyglass.

text: Guest[edit]

text: Introduced in season 1[edit]

text:
Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss,[15] a judge and Count Olaf's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them.
Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald,[13] a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and Monty's former assistant.
Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery "Uncle Monty" Montgomery,[16] a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents. He is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and possesses a spyglass.
Patrick Keating as Town Father, an actor in various films displayed within the series.
Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle,[17] a distant relative of the Baudelaires who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar, and is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society.
Patrick Breen as Larry, a waiter at the Anxious Clown restaurant who is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society.
Rob Labelle as a taxi driver in Lake Lachrymose
Keith Blackman Dallas as Evander, a truck driver for Lucky Smells Lumbermill
Don Johnson as Sir,[18] the owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell,[19] an optometrist and Count Olaf's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave, also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville. O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation.
Rhys Darby as Charles,[11] Sir's partner.
Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire[20]
Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire[20]
Timothy Webber as Jimmy, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Chris Gauthier as Phil, an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Trent Redekop as Cesar, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.

text: Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson in Lake Lachrymose.

text: Introduced in season 2[edit]

text:
Roger Bart as Nero, the vice principal of Prufrock Preparatory School.[21]
Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor, the wife of Jerome Squalor and potential love interest for Count Olaf.[21]
Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor, the husband of Esmé Squalor.[21]
Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket, the brother of Lemony Snicket.[21]
Sara Rue as a librarian.[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text: The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series: The Bad Beginning, The Reptile Room, The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill.[22]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The Bad Beginning: Part One"[a]
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire. While exploring the ruins, Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front. Shortly afterwards, they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf, who forces them into servitude. One night, the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home. The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef, angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements. Meanwhile, a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor.

2
2
"The Bad Beginning: Part Two"[a]
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires attempt to convince family banker Mr. Poe of Olaf's actions only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims. When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production, which ends with the two main characters being married, the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real. Klaus confronts Olaf, who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet doesn't follow through with his plans. At the very last minute, however, Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand, invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right-handed. Mr. Poe's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery. Meanwhile, Jacquelyn's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned, after being hit by a dart.

3
3
"The Reptile Room: Part One"
Mark Palansky
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Monty Montgomery, who has recently come across a reptile he calls the "Incredibly Deadly Viper". While attempting to learn more about Montgomery, Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf's ankle. Olaf poses as Montgomery's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires, but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat. The four arrive at a movie theatre, where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film, using a spyglass identical to Klaus' - the message instructs him to bring the children to Peru. He fires Stephano shortly afterwards, believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research.

4
4
"The Reptile Room: Part Two"
Mark Palansky
Emily Fox
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Immediately after dismissing "Stephano", Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates only to be attacked by an unseen figure. The next day, the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery's corpse. Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru, but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave. Olaf's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police, and claim Monty's death was committed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper, despite Monty's claim of it being 'the most friendly reptile in the entire animal kingdom'. While searching for proof of the snake's innocence, Klaus discovers a statue in Monty's hedgemaze, and a photograph of Monty, both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus'. Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer - however, he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus' spyglass. While pursuing him, the Baudelaires are encountered by Jacquelyn, who was posing as the statue. She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways.

5
5
"The Wide Window: Part One"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine, an irrationally afraid woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose. She refuses to answer questions about their parents, so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house, and discover their parents were members of a secret organization, with spyglasses being used as useful devices. They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable, but lapsed into fear after the death of her husband. Olaf, who has followed the Baudelaires, disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine. Despite the siblings' warnings, Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich. Later that night, the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library's bay window and left a note informing them that "Captain Sham" is their new guardian.

6
6
"The Wide Window: Part Two"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to "Captain Sham", the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors, something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar. Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer, but allows the siblings to leave after Larry, a waiter secretly a member of their parents' organization, triggers their allergy to peppermint. After returning to the house, the siblings decipher Josephine's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff. Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill, the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave only to be confronted by Olaf, who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose. Upon returning to shore, Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph.

7
7
"The Miserable Mill: Part One"
Bo Welch
Joe Tracz
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill, the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir, who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town. While investigating the workers' unnaturally happy behavior, Klaus' glasses are broken by the Hook-Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono and he visits optometrist Georgina Orwell, who puts him into a hypnotic trance. Later that day, the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them. Believing that their parents are still alive, the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist "Shirley St. Ives", who is a poorly-disguised Olaf. Meanwhile, the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire siblings, with whom they are reunited.

8
8
"The Miserable Mill: Part Two"
Bo Welch
Tatiana Suarez-Pico
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

When Klaus mishandles one of the mill machines due to his hypnosis, Sir threatens to send the Baudelaires to "Shirley". The three investigate Orwell and 'Shirley' and discover the entire mill is under hypnotic trance to never leave, prompting the Baudelaires to return to the mill and save them. Orwell then orders Klaus to tie Sir's aide Charles to a log and send it through a buzz saw as she watches. At the last minute, Violet frees the mill workers from Orwell's hypnotic spell. Klaus snaps out of his trance, stopping him from harming Charles. The workers storm the mill, causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die. Sir takes his leave amongst the worker riot while Count Olaf and the Hook-Handed Man get away. Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires' role in the town where they actually helped to fight the fire. The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe, and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him. Poe sends the three siblings to boarding school which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to, due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman. The Quagmires' parents are revealed to be members of the organization. The final scene shows the Baudelaires, Lemony Snicket, Count Olaf, and Mr. Poe singing the song "That's Not How the Story Goes."

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season is intended to adapt books five through nine of the novel series: The Austere Academy, The Ersatz Elevator, The Vile Village, The Hostile Hospital, and The Carnivorous Carnival.[25]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

9
1
"The Austere Academy: Part One"[26]
Barry Sonnenfeld
TBA
2018 (2018)[21]

10
2
"The Austere Academy: Part Two"[26]
Barry Sonnenfeld
TBA
2018 (2018)[21]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The third season plans to adapt the final four books of the novel series: The Slippery Slope, The Grim Grotto, The Penultimate Peril and The End.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels, written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006, achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels. As such, the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published.[27] This led to the development of a 2004 feature film, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series. Barry Sonnenfeld, who has expressed his love for the series, was originally slated to direct the feature film, and had hired Handler to write the screenplay.[28] About 10 months into production, shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf, there was a "big crisis", according to Handler, which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms.[27] With the film's completion in flux, its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler. While the film was eventually completed and released, sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to "corporate shakeups" within DreamWorks, according to Handler, and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel.[28]

text: In November 2014, Netflix, in association with Paramount Television, announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series, with the author of the series, Daniel Handler, serving as executive producer.[29]

text: In September 2015, it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series. Hudis would serve as showrunner, Sonnenfeld as director, and both as executive producers,[30] with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series' writing team.[25] However, in January 2016, Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project, with a replacement showrunner not named at the time.[5]

text: The first season consists of eight episodes,[6] with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series.[22] Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama, citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series.[31] In January 2017, Handler revealed that he was writing the series' second season, to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series. A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series, which Handler hoped "to get the go-ahead to do" since "given how quickly young actors age and change, we're trying to film everything as quickly as possible."[25] In March 2017, Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website, where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision.[32] A month later, the series was "quietly" renewed for a third season.[33]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On December 3, 2015, an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire.[34] In January 2016, Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus.[5][7] Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number "It's Not Just for Gays Anymore", at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011, noting "I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once" as was necessary for the character of Olaf, who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune.[35]

text: In March 2016, K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe,[8] followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket,[6] and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty.[16] In September 2016, it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings, Duncan and Isadora, respectively.[20] In November 2016, Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara, Don Johnson, and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell,[19] Sir,[18] and Aunt Josephine, respectively;[17] O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events.[19] It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire,[9] whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong,[10] and Rhys Darby would play Charles, Sir's partner.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia,[36][37] and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished.[38] Filming for the second season began in April 2017.[39]

text: One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces, but purposely left more specific details vague "in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves". Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place, and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included. Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch, production designer for Edward Scissorhands, which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a "familiar but completely imaginary" suburban setting he had in mind for his books. While the production team used computer-generated imagery where needed, they attempted to avoid this use where possible, such as by using large painted backdrops, by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox, rather than employing green screen filming.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text: In April 2016, Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series.[40] Once the series was released, it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme, as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series, with Handler contributing the lyrics. The original score was composed by James Newton Howard, with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes.[41]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series, including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire's actions.[42] Tippett Studio also did work on the series, including the effects for the destruction of Josephine's house, landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots.[43]

text: Release[edit]

text: All eight episodes of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017,[15] in Ultra HD 4K.[44] The second season is scheduled to be released in early 2018.[21]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On July 5, 2015 a video titled "An Unfortunate Teaser" was uploaded to YouTube by a user named "Eleanora Poe". Netflix quickly released a statement saying "This was not released from Netflix." Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan-made.[45][46][47][48] However, Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign, noting the user name "Eleanora Poe" being the same as a character from the series, and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies, a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events.[49] The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo, similar to a spec script, by an independent commercial director, whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video's popularity, though they did not go ahead with the concept.[50]

text: In October 2016, Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events, where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket.[15] A trailer, featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris's character, Count Olaf, was released by Netflix in November 2016,[51] followed shortly by the first full trailer.[9] The second trailer was released in December 2016,[52] followed by a "holiday-themed" trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy, which featured four holiday e-cards for download.[53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Audience viewership[edit]

text: As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program's sound. According to Symphony, 3.755 million viewers age 18-49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release.[54]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Enjoyably dark, A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material's narrative as well as its tone, leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird, dry, gothic comedy."[55] On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[56]

text: Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating "mature themes like grief, loss, and disappointment with sardonic honesty." Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series, calling it "kids stuff with adult sophistication, driven by two-part stories, outrageous visuals, and the scenery-chewing of big-name guest stars".[57] Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A-, saying that it "proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking". Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for "infusing the show with a lemony-fresh feel, conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies. Lowry wrote that "the show proves a good deal of fun" and that "Harris dives into his over-the-top character with considerable gusto". He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film.[58]

text: Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film, which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf. Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop, the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall-breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books, and Harris's portrayal of Olaf was "much more dynamic, and creepier" than Carrey's version.[59] The Verge's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film, and "nails down the tone that made the stories so special".[60] Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them "the right people for this job, set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time, except to say it is not now", in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film.[61]

text: Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com, on the other hand, gave the series a negative review, calling it "an unfunny parody of sadness" that is "never as clever as it wants to be" and would only appeal to fans of the books.[62] Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals, but found the show's tone, pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be "literally, a series of unfortunate events".[63]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2017
Leo Awards
Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
Luis Alejandro Guevara, Bob Habros, Cale Jacox, Ron Simonson, Jeffrey De Guzman
Nominated
[64]

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Rita Ciccozzi, Krista Seller, Tanya Hudson, Gitte Axen
Won

Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series
Julie Mchaffie, Dianne Holme, Jenine Lehfeldt
Won

Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Sara Canning
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best New Media Television Series
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Nominated
[65]

Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Music Composition for a Series
James Newton Howard
Nominated
[66]

Gold Derby TV Awards
Comedy Actor
Neil Patrick Harris
Nominated
[67]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as "The Bad Beginning", following the title of the book, while the episode itself displays the name of "A Bad Beginning" after the opening credits.[23][24]

tag: ol


document_title: N. Hingley & Sons Ltd

question_text: where in the uk were the anchors and chains for the rms titanic made

root

text: N. Hingley & Sons Ltd

text: N. Hingley & Sons Ltd was a firm that originated in the Black Country region of the United Kingdom. It was founded by Noah Hingley (1796-1877) who started making chain near the village of Cradley. The firm moved to Netherton around 1852 where large scale chain and anchor manufacturing works were set up on the Dudley No.2 canal. One of the most famous products of the firm was the anchor of the RMS Titanic which on completion in 1911 was drawn through the streets of Netherton on a waggon drawn by 20 shire horses.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: Noah Hingley started making cable chain for ships at Cradley in the Black Country in 1820[1] after receiving an order from a Liverpool shipowner.[2] He formed the company N. Hingley & Sons in 1838.[3] Anchor production commenced in 1848. In 1850 it was stated that "Messrs. Noah Hingley & Sons are extensively engaged in the manufacturing of anchors, anvils, and chain and chain cables" at Cradley.[4] Around 1852 the firm moved to the village of Netherton creating large scale chain and anchor works on the banks of the Dudley No. 2 canal.

text: The firm subsequently acquired coal mines such as at Old Hill, Dudley Wood and Coombs Hill[5] and blast furnaces including: the Netherton Ironworks, The Harts Hill Iron Works and the Old Hill Furnaces.[3]

text: In 1863, the firm had 4 blast furnaces in the Dudley District.[6]

text: After Noah Hingley's death, the firm was run by his son Benjamin Hingley (1830-1905) before passing to Benjamin's nephew George Benjamin Hingley (1850-1918).[7]

text: The firm was reported as employing around 3,000 people in 1885.[2]

text: In 1890, the family firm N. Hingley and Sons became incorporated, becoming a limited company trading as N. Hingley and Sons Limited.[3]

text: The firm entered into an agreement in 1891 to become the sole manufacturer of the Hall's patent anchor.[3] Later versions of this anchor were supplied to the great ocean liners and battleships of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

text: In 1911, the company manufactured the anchors and chain for the ocean liner RMS Titanic. The largest of the anchors weighed 15.5 tons and on completion was drawn through the streets of Netherton on a wagon drawn by 20 shire horses.[8]

text: In 1918, control of the firm moved away from the Hingley family, when Cyril Lloyd became chairman of the board.[9] Lloyd served as chairman until 1958.[10]

text: In 1919 Percy Jump, an engineer from Sheffield joined the staff. By 1926 he was effectively works manager at the Netherton site.[10] Percy Jump was responsible for introducing precision forging into Hingley's which became very important for the firm after 1945.[10]

text: The company was bought out by F. H. Lloyd & Co. in 1966.

text: The Netherton works continued in production for around 20 more years. However, after a number of company reorganisations, take overs and sell-offs, the Netherton part of the business, then called Wright Hingley, finally closed in 1986. The site is now occupied by an industrial estate called the Washington Centre.[10]


document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: how old do you have to be to purchase alcohol in ontario

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking Age
Purchase age

 Algeria
18[2]

 Angola
18[citation needed]

 Botswana
18[2]

 Burundi
16[2]
No limit if accompanied by parents[citation needed]

 Cameroon
18
21
18 on the premises, 21 off the premises[citation needed]

 Cape Verde
18[citation needed]

 Central African Republic
18[citation needed]

 Comoros
None[citation needed]

 Egypt
21[2]

 Equatorial Guinea
None[citation needed]

 Eritrea
18[2]

 Ethiopia
18[2]

 Gabon
18[2]

 Gambia
18[2]

 Ghana
18[3]

 Guinea-Bissau
None[2]

 Kenya
18[2]

 Lesotho
18[2]

 Libya
Illegal[2]

 Malawi
18[2]

 Mauritius
18[2]

 Morocco
18[citation needed]
Forbidden for Muslims[2]

 Mozambique
18[2]

 Namibia
18[2]

 Niger
18[2]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Republic of the Congo
18[citation needed]

 Rwanda
18[2]

 Senegal
None[citation needed]

 Seychelles
18[2]

 Somalia
Illegal[4]

 South Africa
18
The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[5]

 South Sudan
18[6]

 Sudan
Illegal[7]

 Swaziland
18[2]

 Tanzania
18[8]

 Togo
None[2]

 Tunisia
18[citation needed]

 Uganda
18[2]

 Western Sahara
16[citation needed]

 Zambia
18[2]

 Zimbabwe
18[2]

tag: table

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Anguilla
16[citation needed]

 Antigua and Barbuda
16[9]
The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina
18[10]

 Bahamas
18[2]

 Barbados
18[11]
Those aged 10–17 are allowed to consume alcohol provided they are with a parent or guardian.

 Belize
18[12]
Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda
18[13]

 Bolivia
18[2]

 Brazil
18[2]

 British Virgin Islands
16[12]
It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada
18[14][15][16]
In Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec, the legal drinking age is 18.

19[14][15][16]
In Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, the legal drinking age is 19.

 Cayman Islands
18[17]

 Chile
18[2]
The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[18]

 Colombia
18[2]

 Costa Rica
18[2]

 Cuba
16[2]

 Dominican Republic
18[19]

 Ecuador
18[2]

 El Salvador
18[2]

 Falkland Islands
18[citation needed]

 Grenada
16[citation needed]

 Guatemala
18[2]

 Guyana
18[2]
Except 16 for wine or malt liquor to be consumed with a meal

 Haiti
None[2]

 Honduras
18[2]

 Jamaica
None[citation needed]
18[citation needed]
Minors can drink if accompanied by parent or legal guardian as well as someone with permission from their parent or legal guardian.[citation needed]

 Mexico
18[2]
A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume alcoholic beverages in Mexico. The drinking age however isn't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested.[citation needed]

 Nicaragua
18[2]

 Panama
18[2]

 Paraguay
20[20]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age.
Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru
18[2]

 Puerto Rico
18
The minimum age for the selling of any alcohol beverage is 18. Although a valid Puerto Rico license ID or passport is required as proof of age to buyers who look under the age of 18, it is generally not a common practice to ask for ID to enter a venue that sells alcohol or to sell you alcohol at other establishments. This law can be more enforced in some tourist areas and on foreigners visiting the island by some more exclusive hotels, bars, and upscale clubs. A few of the more exclusive venues in the tourist areas may have their own entrance rules regarding age including not allowing anyone under the age of 25 or 23 to enter and consume alcohol or change this depending on specific nights/events and restricted by gender/sex (i.e. women over 18 allowed to enter but only men over 21 on that same night).[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago
18[2]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
18[citation needed]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
Varies by jurisdiction[2]
21[2]
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty-one. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, fifteen states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, seventeen states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining eighteen states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, thirty-one states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of twenty-one.[21]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults eighteen to twenty years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[22]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[23]
See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands
18[24]

 Uruguay
18[2]

 Venezuela
18[2]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
Illegal[25]

 Bangladesh
Illegal for Muslims [26]
Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.

 Bhutan
18[27]

 Brunei
17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[2]
Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[2]

 Cambodia
None[28]

 China
18[2]
Introduced in January 2006.[29] Weakly enforced to not enforced.

 Hong Kong
18[30]
The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.

 India
18–25 (varies between states)[2]

Main article: Alcohol laws of India
Consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[31]

 Indonesia
21[32]

 Iran
Illegal [2]
There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[33]

 Iraq
18[34]

 Israel
None
18[2]
Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink.

 Japan
20[2]

 Jordan
18[35]

 Kazakhstan
21[36]

 Kuwait
Illegal[37]

 Kyrgyzstan
18[2]

 Lebanon
18[2]
Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[38]

 Macau
None[citation needed]

 Malaysia
18
Will be increased to 21 on 1 December 2017[39]

 Maldives
Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]
Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[40]

 Mongolia
18[41]

 Myanmar
None
18[42]

   Nepal
18
The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea
18[43]

 Oman
21
Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[44]

 Pakistan
Illegal [2]
Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[2]

 Palestinian Authority
16[citation needed]
Legal in most cities

 Philippines
18[45]

 Qatar
19[citation needed]
Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia
Illegal
Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore
None (Private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)
18 (Public places e.g. bars and restaurants)
18[2]

Main Legislation

Drinking alcohol is strictly forbidden in public places in reaction to 2013 Little India riot, after the Committee of Inquiry accepts the recommendations on 7 July 2014.
For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".
It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea
None
19[citation needed]
The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[citation needed]

 Sri Lanka
21[2]

 Syria
18[citation needed]

 Taiwan
18[46]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[47]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[48] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[49]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[50] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[51]

 Tajikistan
18[2]

 Thailand
20[52]
The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[52][53]

 Turkmenistan
18[2]

 United Arab Emirates
18–21 (varies between states).[54]
Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[55]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[54]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[54]

 Uzbekistan
None
20[2]

 Vietnam
None[citation needed]

 Yemen
Illegal[citation needed]
Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Albania
18[2]

 Armenia
None
18
There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out.[citation needed]

 Austria
16
 Burgenland,  Lower Austria and  Vienna[56]

16 for beer and wine
18 for distilled beverages
 Carinthia,  Upper Austria,  Salzburg,  Styria,  Tyrol and  Vorarlberg[56]
Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.

 Azerbaijan
18[2]

 Belarus
18[2]

 Belgium
None
16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits[57]
Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[57] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
None
18[58]

 Bulgaria
18[2]

 Croatia
18[2]

 Cyprus
17[59]

 Czech Republic
None
18[60]
It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[61] (punishable by fine or up to 1[62] or 2[63] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[64]

 Denmark
None
16 to buy alcohol <16.5% ABV
18 to buy alcohol ≥16.5% ABV
18 to be served in restaurants, bars, discos etc.[2]
While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:

In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[65]
To be served alcoholic drinks in bars, discos, clubs, restaurants and any establishment serving alcoholic beverages one must be 18 years of age.

By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[66] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[67] This card is rarely used though since a passport or moped-licence can sometimes be used.[68]

 Estonia
18[69]

 Finland
18 for possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV
20 for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV
18 for all in bars, clubs and restaurants[70]
All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[71] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[70][72]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[73]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[70]

 France
None
18
France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[74] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[75] and can be fined 7500 euros.[74] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[76][77]

 Georgia
None
16[citation needed]

 Germany
None (on private residence)
16 (in public) (14 when accompanied by a custodial person) for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount[78]

16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts[78]

See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar
None[79]
16/18
It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18.
The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[79]

The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece
None
18[citation needed]
In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.

 Hungary
18[2]

 Iceland
None
20[80]
Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is. However, law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated.

 Ireland
None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians) [81]
18[81]
It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[82]

 Italy
None
18[83]
In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[84] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo
None

 Latvia
None
18[85]

 Liechtenstein
16 for wine, beer and cider
18 for spirits and spirit-based beverages. e.g. alcopops
Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[86]

 Lithuania
18[87]
Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them. After 2018, January 1st, a new law will be put into place, changing the legal drinking age from 18 to 20.[88]

 Luxembourg
None
16[89]

 Macedonia
18[90][unreliable source?]
Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta
17[91]
Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova
None
16[92]
It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16. There is no consumption age.

 Montenegro
None
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands
18
The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014. However, many places have officially or unofficially retained a less strict regulation towards 16- and 17-year-olds.[93] Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.

 Norway
None[94]
18 (<22%)
20 (≥22% ABV)[2]
Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[95]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[96]

 Poland
None
18[97]
Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[98] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal
None[citation needed]
18[99]

 Romania
None
18[100]
According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia
None
18[101]
There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 Serbia
18[102]

 Slovakia
18[103]

 Slovenia
None
18[104]
There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain
18
Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[105]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants),
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops),
20 (Systembolaget shops[106]),

See also: Alcohol in Sweden
Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private "in moderation". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[107] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland
None
(See notes)
16 for fermented alcoholic drinks (with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV);[108]
18 for spirits [109]
Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[110] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[111]

18
The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[112]

 Turkey
18[2]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine
18[2]

 United Kingdom
18 (on licensed premises)[113]
16 (beer, wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises)[113]
5 (not on licensed premises)[114]
None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[114]
18[113]
None (liqueur confectionery)[115]
Legislation in  England and  Wales:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions.[113]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[113]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[115]
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[114]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [116]

18 (in public without a meal or adult supervision)
16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)
5 (on private premises)[117]
18
16 (beer, wine, cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises)
None (liqueur confectionery)[115]
Legislation in  Scotland:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[118]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[118]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[115]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [116]

18
Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[citation needed]

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)
Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[119] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 American Samoa
21[120]

 Australia
18[2][121]

Main article: Alcohol laws of Australia
Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[122]

 Fiji
18[123]
The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[123]

 Guam
21[124]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
21

 New Zealand
None
18[125]
Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[126]
Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[127]

 Northern Mariana Islands
21[citation needed]

 Palau
21[2]

 Papua New Guinea
18[2]

 Samoa
21[2]

 Solomon Islands
21[2]

 Tokelau
18[128]

 Tonga
21[2]

 Vanuatu
18[2]


document_title: Billy Goat Tavern

question_text: where is the original billy goat tavern in chicago

text: Billy Goat Tavern

text: History[edit]

text: The first location, at 1855 W. Madison St., was opened in 1934 when William "Billy Goat" Sianis bought the Lincoln Tavern, near Chicago Stadium, for $205 with a bounced check (he made good on it with the proceeds from the first weekend they were open). When the 1944 Republican National Convention came to town, he posted a sign saying "No Republicans allowed," causing the place to be packed with Republicans demanding to be served. Of course, a great deal of publicity followed, which Sianis characteristically took advantage of.[3]

text: In 1964, the eatery moved to its current address at 430 N. Michigan Ave., which is actually below Michigan Avenue, made possible by Chicago's network of multilevel streets in that vicinity.[3] Being situated between the offices of the Chicago Tribune and the old Chicago Sun-Times building led to the tavern's being mentioned in any number of newspaper columns, particularly those of Mike Royko.

text: In 1970, Sianis petitioned the mayor of Chicago, Richard J. Daley, to issue him the first liquor license for the moon. His hope, according to the letter that currently adorns the establishment's wall, was to best serve his country by serving delicious cheeseburgers to wayfaring astronauts as well as raising moon-goats. He never achieved this dream, because he died in October 1970.

text: On New Year's Eve 2005, the tavern fittingly held a farewell party for the City News Service, successor to the famed City News Bureau of Chicago, whose reporters were a fixture at the Billy Goat for decades. A small sign commemorating America's first news agency still hangs near the northwest wall.[4]

text: In what he said he hopes becomes a tradition, Illinois's Republican junior U.S. Senator-elect Representative Mark Kirk met in 2010 with his defeated Democratic opponent, Alexi Giannoulias, for 20 minutes at the Chicago tavern following the bitter campaign and a tight election, where both sides had made each other's missteps very public.

text: Cubs curse[edit]

text: The tavern is also known for its involvement in the Curse of the Billy Goat (also known as the "Cubs Curse"). Owner Sianis brought his pet goat, a tavern mascot, to Game 4 of the 1945 World Series, a home game at Wrigley Field against the Detroit Tigers. Despite paid-for box seat tickets, Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley allegedly ejected Sianis and goat due to the latter's odor. Supposedly, Sianis placed a curse on the team that they would never win another World Series championship. After an extensive dry spell, they eventually won the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians.[5][6]

text: Olympia Café[edit]

text: Another sign reads: "Cheezborger, Cheezborger, Cheezborger. No Pepsi. Coke," These words, with Pepsi and Coke in reverse order, were originally popularized by John Belushi in "Olympia Cafe," an early Saturday Night Live sketch that was inspired by the tavern.[7] It was Bill Murray and sketch writer (and bit player) Don Novello who were the regulars at the Billy Goat; Belushi and Murray were natives of the Chicago area, and Novello had moved to Chicago in the 1960s.


document_title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017

question_text: who won sa re ga ma little champs 2017

question_tokens: who won sa re ga ma little champs 2017

text: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017

text: Format

text: Children aged 5 - 14 years participate in a singing competition. In the auditions round, they have 100 seconds to impress the three judges and the 30-members of the grand jury. If two of the three judges say YES and they secure at least 50 per cent of the support of the Grand Jury, then the contestant progresses to the next round.

text: In the Gala round, the judges select the 'Student of the Week' who is the best performer according to them. The contestant gets to sit on a 'flying sofa', which indicates that the contestant is safe from next week's elimination.

text: The audience vote will come in later in the competition. The contestant with the highest votes in the final round will win the competition.[2]

text: Grand Jury

text: The show has a panel of 30 jury members who are experts from the music industry. They closely assess the contestants from the audition stage wherein they help the mentors in the selection process and are present in the show during the studio rounds too.[3]

text: Some of them are:

text:
Pandit Ajay Pohankar (Classical maestro)
Ami Mishra (singer, composer)
Amit Mishra (singer)
Aneek Dhar (singer, winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007)
Arpita Mukherjee (singer), winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: Golden Voice Hunt)
Arvinder Singh (singer)
Asees Kaur (singer)
Bhavya Pandit (singer)
Chintu Singh (guitarist)
Debojit Saha (singer, winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005)
Earl Edgar URL (rapper, singer)
Eric Pillai (mixing engineer & music producer)
Ghanshyam Vaswani (singer)
Hamsika Iyer (singer)
Hrishikesh Chury (singer)
Jalees Sherwani (lyricist)
Jasraj Jayant Joshi (singer, winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2012)
Jolly Mukherjee (singer)
Kamal Khan (singer, winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar)
Kiran Kamath (music producer, DJ)
Manasi Scott (singer, songwriter)
Murtaza Khan (singer)
Nandini Srikar (singer)
Nikhil Paul George (singer, record producer & composer)
Padma Wadkar (singer, winner of the first series of Sa Re Ga Ma in 1995)
DJ Paroma (celebrity DJ)
Pavni Pandey (singer)
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Raman Mahadevan (singer)
Ranjeet Rajwada (singer, contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar)
Ronu Majumdar (flautist)
Sachin Kumar Valmiki (singer)
Sandeep Batraa (singer, contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 and Fame Gurukul)
Sarfraz Ahmed Khan (Sufi maestro)
Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)
Shamsher Singh (composer, brother of Daler Mehndi and Mika Singh)
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Shibani Kashyap (singer)
Shriram Iyer (singer)
Sumedha Karmahe (singer, contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007)
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tag: ul

text: Top 15 Contestants

text:
Contestant
Age (in years)
From
[hide]Result

Adnan Hussain Sabri
12
Mumbai Maharashtra
eliminated

Dhroon Tickoo
11
Amritsar Punjab
Runner-up

Jasu Khan Mir
13
Rajasthan
eliminated

Rajashree Bag
14
Kolkata West Bengal
eliminated

Riya Biswas
13
Kolkata West Bengal
Runner-up

Saimann Sewa
13
Siliguri
eliminated

Satyajeet Jena
12
Bhubaneshwar Odisha
Quits on June 24, 2017

Shaktiswaroopa Panda
9
Odisha
eliminated

Shanmukhapriya
14
Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
Runner-up

Shreyan Bhattacharya
11
Midnapur West Bengal
Winner

Sonakshi Kar
13
Kolkata West Bengal
Runner-up

Tanya Tiwari
13
Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
Eliminated

Utkarsh Wankhede
11
Nagpur Maharashtra
Eliminated

Yumna Ajin
11
Kerala
Runner-up

Jayas Kumar
5
Delhi
Runner-up

text: Jayas Kumar, a 5-year-old boy from Delhi is a special non-competitive participant of the show retained only for his entertainment quotient.


document_title: Sir Launfal

question_text: in the lay of sir launfal who denounces sir launfal to king arthur

text: Sir Launfal

text: Manuscripts[edit]

text: Sir Launfal survives in a single manuscript copy:

text: British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii., mid-15th century.

text: The Middle English poem itself dates to the late-fourteenth century,[1][4] and is based principally upon an early-fourteenth-century English romance Sir Landevale, itself an adaptation of Marie de France's Old French Breton lai Lanval.[1] Unusually for a Middle English romance, the poem's author can be named. The final stanza includes the lines:

text: It is widely accepted that Thomas Chestre was the author of two other verse romances in MS Cotton Caligula A.ii., Lybeaus Desconus and the Southern Octavian.[6][7]

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sir Launfal participates in the chivalric tradition of gift-giving to such an extent that he is made King Arthur's steward, in charge of celebrations. After ten happy years under Sir Launfal's stewardship, however, King Arthur's court is graced by a new arrival, Guenevere, whom Merlin has brought from Ireland. Sir Launfal takes a dislike to this new lady, as do many other worthy knights, because of her reputation for promiscuity. King Arthur marries Guenevere and Sir Launfal's fortunes take a sudden turn for the worse. He leaves King Arthur's court when Guenevere shows ill will to him by not giving him a gift at the wedding. Insulted and humiliated, Launfal leaves the court, losing his status and income.

text: Returning to his home town of Caerleon (now a village in south Wales just outside Newport, where the ruins of the Roman fortress of Isca can still be seen, whose walls surrounding its Roman baths and elsewhere were still standing high during the medieval period).[8] Sir Launfal takes humble lodgings, spends all the money that King Arthur gave him before setting out, and soon descends into poverty and debt. One Trinity Sunday, the king holds a banquet in Caerleon to which Sir Launfal, because of his poverty, is not invited. The mayor's daughter offers to let him spend the day with her, but he declines her offer since he has nothing to wear. Instead, he borrows a horse from her and goes for a ride, stopping to rest under a tree in a nearby forest. Two maidens appear and bring him to a lady they call Tryamour, daughter of the King of Olyroun and of Fayrye, whom Sir Launfal finds lying on a bed in a glorious pavilion.

text: (He found in the pavilion the daughter of the King of Olyroun, her name was Tryamour and her father was the King of the Otherworld – of the west,[10] both near and far – a very powerful man. In the tent was a lavishly-adorned and very handsome bed. Lying in it was the beautiful woman who had summoned him.) Tryamour offers Sir Launfal her love and several material gifts: an invisible servant, Gyfre; a horse, Blaunchard; and a bag that will always produce gold coins however many are taken from it, all on the condition that he keeps their relationship a secret from the rest of the world. No one must know of her existence. She tells him she will come to him whenever he is all alone and wishes for her.

text: Sir Launfal returns to Caerleon. Soon a train of packhorses arrives, bearing all kinds of valuables for him. He uses this new wealth to perform many acts of charity. He also wins in a local tournament, thanks to the horse and banner given him by the lady. A knight of Lombardy, Sir Valentyne, challenges him (on the honour of his beloved lady) to come to Lombardy to fight with him. This section of Thomas Chestre's tale does not derive from Marie de France's Lanval or from the English Sir Landevale, but perhaps from another romance that is now lost.[1] Launfal makes the voyage, and defeats Valentyne, thanks to his invisible servant Gyfre, who picks up his helmet and shield when Valentyne knocks them down. Launfal kills Valentyne and then has to kill many more of the Lombard knights in order to get away.

text: Sir Launfal's reputation for martial prowess and generosity reaches new heights and word at last reaches King Arthur. Sir Launfal is summoned again by the king, after a long absence, and asked to serve as steward for a long festival beginning at the Feast of St. John. During some revelry at the court, Guenevere offers herself to Sir Launfal. Sir Launfal refuses, Guenevere threatens to ruin his reputation in retaliation by questioning his manhood and Sir Launfal blurts out in his defence that he has a mistress whose ugliest handmaiden would make a better Queen than Guenevere. Guenevere goes to Arthur and accuses Launfal of trying to seduce her and of insulting her as well. Knights are sent to arrest him.

text: Sir Launfal has gone to his room, but his faerie mistress does not appear and Sir Launfal soon realises why. Tryamour will no longer come to him when he wishes for her since he has given away her existence. Soon, her gifts have disappeared or changed. Now he is brought to trial. Since the jury of his peers all know that the Queen is more likely to have propositioned Launfal than the other way around, they believe Launfal's version of the encounter. However, for his insult he is given a year and a fortnight to produce the beautiful lady as proof of his boast; Guenevere says she is willing to be blinded if he manages to produce such a woman. As the day of the proof progresses, the Queen presses for him to be executed while others express doubt, particularly when two parties of gorgeous women ride up. Finally Tryamour arrives and exculpates Launfal on both counts. She breathes on Guenevere and blinds her. Gyfre, now visible, brings his horse Blaunchard, and Tryamour, Launfal, and her ladies ride away to the island of Olyroun, which in Marie de France's twelfth-century version of the tale is Avalon.[11] Once a year, on a certain day, Sir Launfal returns and his horse may be heard neighing and a knight may joust with him, although he was never seen again in Arthur's land.

text: Geography[edit]

text: In this story, Arthur is king of England (also referred to as Bretayn) and holds court in Carlisle and Glastonbury, particularly during such summer feasts as Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, and St. John's Day. There is ambiguity, though. Kardevyle, where the opening scene of the story takes place, can be interpreted as Carlisle, in northern England,[12] where King Arthur holds court in many Middle English romances, such as the Awntyrs off Arthure and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle. But it can also be interpreted as Cardiff, in South Wales,[13] which is King Arthur's residence in Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle (curiously), and might sit more comfortably with the other locations in Sir Launfal, such as Caerleon and Glastonbury. Marie de France's poem Lanval, along with other Old French Arthurian works,[14] has this city as "Kardoel",[15] which, given the confusion, must have sounded, even to a late-Medieval English ear, like a conflation of Carlisle and Cardiff. In Marie's poem, however, the intention seems clearly to be Carlisle, since King Arthur is fighting against Scots and Pictish incursions there.

text: Guenevere (Gwennere, Gwenore) is stated by Thomas Chestre to be from "Irlond", possibly Ireland, the daughter of King Rion, who is an enemy of King Arthur in most other medieval Arthurian stories and usually hails from North Wales.[16] Launfal's home base seems to be Caerleon, in South Wales. The realm of Fayrye is located on the island of Olyroun (probably Oléron, near Brittany). Being the realm of Fayrye, however, it might not be expected to have a specific location in the real world. Marie de France relates that Lanval was taken by his Faërie lover to Avalon, "a very beautiful island,"[11] and was never seen again; just as Connla was taken by a daughter of the Irish god Manannan to a land across the sea that "delights the mind of everyone who turns to me", in an ancient Irish legend.[17] Also mentioned are knights of Little Britain (Brittany), and the need to cross the salt sea to reach Lombardy.

text: Arthurian legend[edit]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Marie de France's lai was composed at a time when the story of King Arthur was not fully developed, and probably before the story of the love between Lancelot and Queen Guinevere had been added to it by Chrétien de Troyes in his Knight of the Cart. Thomas Chestre describes a 10-year period during which Launfal prospers at Arthur's bachelor court, followed by Arthur's marriage to Guinevere. In the 13th-century French Arthurian romances, Merlin warns against this marriage;[18] in Chestre's poem, he arranges it, betraying Chestre's willingness to adapt an established legend in his own way.

text: Such adaptation is further evident in Guinevere's blinding. Marie de France describes no such mutilation of the Queen, and it sits uncomfortably with the climax of King Arthur's reign, well-known from the thirteenth century Lancelot-Grail Cycle, in which Lancelot and a seeing Guinevere play their part in King Arthur's final days.[19]

text: Lanval and Sir Launfal[edit]

text: Many passages of Chestre's poem follow Marie de France's Lanval line by line (probably via the earlier English romance). However, he adds or changes scenes and characters, sometimes working in material from other sources, and makes explicit and concrete many motivations and other aspects of the story which Marie leaves undiscussed—for example, the fairy purse and other gifts, such as the horse Blaunchard and the invisible servant Gyfre, who both depart when he breaks his promise not to boast. Some of these additional elements are derived from an Old French lai of Graelent,[1] itself borrowing from Marie's Lanval.[20][21]

text: In Marie de France's Old French version of the story, Guinevere is not involved in Lanval's initial departure from King Arthur's court, and he is simply a poor knight who has been overlooked by the king, not an over-generous knight vulnerable to getting into debt.[22] Arthur generally comes off much better in Sir Launfal than in Lanval, and Guenevere much worse; she is promoted to a major character, with more speeches and actions, and her comeuppance is the climax of the poem. Chestre also adds the Mayor of Caerleon, a character who is not present in Lanval and whose grudging disloyalty gives extra gloss to the generosity which Launfal shows when he obtains the fairy purse.

text: Chestre adds two tournament scenes that are not present in Marie's lai, allowing him to show off his ability to fashion them and also changing the emphasis on his hero's character. He also introduces Sir Valentyne, possibly from a lost romance.[1] Sir Valantyne is a giant whom the hero is required to defeat, as is so common in medieval romance. In fact, the poem is close to becoming a romance, recounting many years of Sir Launfal's life – ten before King Arthur's marriage, then seven with his Otherworldly lady and a further year before his trial – in contrast to Marie's Lanval which concerns a single episode in the hero's life, like most of her other lais.[23] In general, Lanval is a story about love, whereas Sir Launfal is much more an adventure story which includes a love element.

text: Motifs[edit]

text: Breton[edit]

text: Elements of Sir Launfal that borrow from Marie de France's Lanval can be found in other Breton lais as well, particularly the land of "Fayerye". Marie de France's Yonec, for example, describes a woman following a trail of blood left by her lover; a man who was accustomed to arriving at the window of her room in the form of a hawk. She follows the trail of blood into the side of a hill and out into an Otherworld where all the buildings are made of solid silver, into a town where ships are moored.[24] Marie's lai Guigemar, sees the wounded hero set sail in a mysterious boat with candelabra at its prow and with only a bed on deck, upon which he lies, the only living soul on board.[25] He arrives safely at the mysterious castle of a lady who heals him of his wound, and becomes her lover. Sir Orfeo follows a company of ladies into the side of a cliff and through the rock until he emerges into an Otherworld, in a Middle English Breton lai, where he rescues his wife who had been abducted, from amongst those who have been beheaded and burnt and suffocated.[26] Many ancient Irish tales involve a hero entering a hill of the Sidhe, or crossing a sea to a Land of Youth, or passing down through the waters of a lake into an Otherworld.[27]

text: A Middle English poem, the Isle of Ladies, describes an island where magic apples sustain a multitude of ladies, and only ladies, on an island that is made of glass;[28] like one of the Otherworldly islands that features in the ancient Irish legend, the Voyage of Maeldun.[27] In another ancient Irish legend, the Voyage of Bran, a beautiful lady comes to take Bran to one of these islands.[29] "If the Middle English Breton Lay has connections with Celtic folktale, the connections can be easily perceived in Launfal.[1][30]

text: Folktale[edit]

text: Folktale elements inherited from Marie de France's Lanval include the fairy lover, magical gifts, a beauty contest and an offended fay.[1] Sir Launfal adds a number of folktale elements of its own to those inherited from Marie de France's Lanval, including those of a spendthrift knight, combat with a giant, a magical dwarf-servant and "the cyclical return of the mounted warrior's spirit to this world once a year."[1]

text: Contemporary (medieval) social commentary[edit]

text: Wealth over worth[edit]

text: In a number of ways, Sir Launfal may give literary expression to some contemporary fourteenth century concerns as well. Its depiction of a court and a kingdom where wealth is the only measure of standing and social worth, may be a satire on a bourgeois mentality in late-fourteenth century England.[31][1] A knight who, through his own generosity, falls into debt and poverty, and consequent misery, is depicted in at least two other late medieval Middle English works, Sir Amadace,[32] and Sir Cleges.[33]

text: Justice[edit]

text: Sir Launfal's breaking of his word not to reveal his lover's name may have contemporary medieval significance, since one of the tenets of Courtly love was "the code of avantance, in which the male was to protect his lover’s reputation by not revealing her identity."[4] But there may be much wider concerns expressed in Sir Launfal about legal process and the state of justice in England near the end of the fourteenth century. "Literary depictions of the king’s judicial failure, as in Sir Launfal, comment on the entire system."[4] In Thomas Chestre's poem, Queen Guinevere destabilizes the court by taking favourites and falsely accusing those who cross her, the king seems more willing to placate her than to see justice done and at least some of his noblemen are more concerned to see their king's desires blindly carried out than to see a fair outcome. There was undoubtedly dissatisfaction in some quarters with the legal system in England at this time.[34] Marie de France's depiction of King Arthur's court in Lanval, two hundred years earlier, may have been intended to parody the court of King Henry II of England, who saw himself as a new Arthur.[35]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Introduction to Sir Launfal.
Jump up ^ Baugh, Albert Croll (1967). A literary history of England. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7100-6128-7.
Jump up ^ Mills, M, 1969. Lybeaus Desconus, from the Medieval manuscripts Lambeth Palace MS 306 and British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii. Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. p 35.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tuma, George W. and Hazell, Dinah (Eds). 2009. "Harken to Me" Middle English Romances in Translation. Medieval Forum Special Edition. Sir Launfal Translation in Modern English with a Commentary.
Jump up ^ Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, lines 1039–41.
Jump up ^ Lupack, Alan, 2005, reprinted in paperback, 2007. Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend. Oxford University Press. "An English version of the Fair Unknown theme appears in the stanzaic romance Lybeaus Desconus, believed to have been written by Thomas Chestre, author of Sir Launfal, in the latter half of the fourteenth century." p 320.
Jump up ^ Mills, M, 1969. Lybeaus Desconus, from the Medieval manuscripts Lambeth Palace MS 306 and British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii. Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. p 34.
Jump up ^ Zienkeiwicz, J. D. 1986. The Legionary Fortress Baths at Caerleon (2 vols). National Museums and Galleries of Wales.
Jump up ^ Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of "Sir Launfal", lines 277–88.
Jump up ^ Following: Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of "Sir Launfal", note to line 281. Occient may mean 'west' or 'ocean'.
^ Jump up to: a b Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Penguin Books Limited. Lanval, p 81.
Jump up ^ Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, note to line 7. "Kardevyle : Carlisle as a place associated with Arthuriana is rendered Kaer-dubalum in Geoffrey of Monmouth (c.1136)."
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Stephen H. A., 1995, regards Cardiff as the most likely intention, given Chestre's spelling, p 190. This interpretation is followed by James Weldon in his prose translation of Sir Launfal
Jump up ^ Bryant, Nigel, 1978, revised edition 2007. The High Book of the Grail. A translation from Old French into Modern English of the thirteenth century romance Perlesvaus. D S Brewer, an imprint of Boydell and Brewer Limited. "King Arthur was at Cardueil one Ascension Day", page 3.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Penguin Books Limited. Lanval, text of the original Old French poem, line 5: "A Kardoel surjurnot li reis", p 139.
Jump up ^ Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, note to line 40.
Jump up ^ Gregory, Lady A., 1904. Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de Danaan and of the Fianna of Ireland, Arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory. John Murray, London. (Reprinted, 1998. Irish Myths and Legends. Running Press Book Publishers, Philadelphia, USA). Part One: The Gods. Book IV: The Ever-Living Living Ones. Chapter 13: [Manannan's] Call to Connla, pp 131–3.
Jump up ^ Vinaver, Eugene, 1971. Malory: Works. Oxford University Press. The Tale of King Arthur, III: Torre and Pellinor. "But M[e]rlyon warned the kyng covertly that Gwenyver was nat holsom for hym to take to wyff." p 59. Malory takes his version from the thirteenth century La Suite du Merlin.
Jump up ^ Benson, Larry D (Ed), revised by Foster, Edward E (Ed), 1994. King Arthur's Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthure, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. This climax to King Arthur's legend is recorded in Middle English verse in the Stanzaic Morte Arthur from British Library MS Harley 2252 of c. 1390. Stanzaic Morte Arthur TEAMS Middle English text with introduction.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Translated from Old French with an introduction. Penguin Books Limited. Introduction, p 9.
Jump up ^ On plot changes in this and later versions, see Colette Stévanovitch, "Enquiries into the Textual History of the Seventeenth-Century Sir Lambewell", in Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England, eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 193-204.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Penguin Books Limited. Lanval. "He was the son of a king of noble birth, but far from his inheritance, and although he belonged to Arthur's household he had spent all his wealth, for the king gave him nothing and Lanval asked for nothing." p 72.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Penguin Books Limited. Lanval. Lanval meets his Faerie lover near the opening of the story and is propositioned by Guinevere: "In the same year, I believe, after St John's day..." p 78. His trial takes place soon afterwards, as soon as the king's noblemen can be assembled to hear the case.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Penguin Books Limited. Yonec, pp 86–93.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Penguin Books Limited. Guigemar, pp 43–55.
Jump up ^ Laskaya, Anne, and Salisbury, Eve (Eds), 1995. The Middle English Breton Lays, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS.
^ Jump up to: a b Rolleston, Thomas, 1911. Myths of the Celtic Race. The Gresham Publishing Company. (Reprinted 1998. Myths and Legends of the Celts. Senate, an imprint of Tiger Books International plc).
Jump up ^ Pearsall, Derek (Ed), 1990. The Floure and the Leafe; The Assembly of Ladies; The Isle of Ladies, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. Medieval Institute Publications.
Jump up ^ Gregory, Lady A., 1904. Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de Danaan and of the Fianna of Ireland, Arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory. John Murray, London. (Reprinted, 1998. Irish Myths and Legends. Running Press Book Publishers, Philadelphia, USA). Part One: The Gods. Book IV: The Ever-Living Living Ones. Chapter 10: [Manannan's] Call to Bran, pp 119–23.
Jump up ^ On the Middle English Breton lays in general, see Claire Vial, "The Middle English Breton Lays and the Mists of Origin", in Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England, eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 175-91.
Jump up ^ Spearing, A C, 1993. The Medieval Poet as Voyeur: Looking and Listening in Medieval Love-Narratives. Cambridge University Press, pp 97–119.
Jump up ^ Tuma, George W. and Hazell, Dinah (Eds). 2009. "Harken to Me" Middle English Romances in Translation. Medieval Forum Special Edition. Sir Amadace Translation in Modern English with a Commentary.
Jump up ^ Laura A. Hibbard, 1963. Medieval Romance in England. New York Burt Franklin, p 79.
Jump up ^ Ackroyd, Peter, 2004. Chaucer. Chatto and Windus. Republished 2005: Vintage, an imprint of Random House.
Jump up ^ Hazell, Dinah, 2003. Rethinking Marie. Medieval Forum Volume 2.