document_title: Official bilingualism in Canada

question_text: when did french become canada's second language

question_tokens: when did french become canada 's second language

text: Official bilingualism in Canada

text: History[edit]

text: French has been a language of government in the part of Canada that is today Quebec, with limited interruptions, since the arrival of the first French settlers in Canada in 1604 (Acadians) and in 1608 in Quebec, and has been entrenched in the Constitution of Canada since 1867. English has been a language of government in each of the provinces since their inception as British colonies.

text: Institutional bilingualism in various forms therefore predates the Canadian Confederation in 1867. However, for many years English occupied a de facto privileged position, and French was not fully equal. The two languages have gradually achieved a greater level of equality in most of the provinces, and full equality at the federal level. In the 1970s French in Quebec became the province's official language.

text: Constitutional provisions on official languages[edit]

text: Constitution Act, 1867 (section 133)[edit]

text: English and French have had limited constitutional protection since 1867. Section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 guarantees that both languages may be used in the Parliament of Canada, in its journals and records, and in court proceedings in any court established by the Parliament of Canada. The section also mandates that all Acts of the Parliament of Canada be printed and published in both languages. Guarantees for the equal status of the two official languages are provided in sections 16–23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which became law in 1982. Sections 16–19 guarantee the equal status of both languages in Parliament, in all federal government institutions, and in federal courts. These sections also mandate that all statutes, records and journals of Parliament be published in both languages, with the English and French versions both holding equal status before the courts. Section 20 guarantees the right of the Canadian public to communicate in English and French with any central government office or with regional offices where there is "a significant demand for communication with and services from that office". Significant demand is not defined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. One of the purposes of the Official Languages Act of 1988 was to remedy this omission.

text: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms includes similar constitutional obligations making New Brunswick the only officially bilingual province in Canada.[5]

text: Section 21 ensured that the new Charter of Rights and Freedoms would be read as supplementing, rather than replacing any rights of the English and French languages, which had been constitutionalized prior to 1982. Section 22 ensured that the new Charter of Rights and Freedoms would not be interpreted by the courts as placing any new restrictions on non-official languages.

text: Education Rights (section 23 of the Charter and section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982)[edit]

text: Section 23 provides a limited right to receive publicly funded primary and secondary-schooling in the two official languages when they are "in a minority situation"—in other words, to English-language schooling in Quebec, and to French-language schooling in the rest of the country.

text: Asymmetrical application of education rights in Quebec versus elsewhere in Canada[edit]

text: The right applies asymmetrically because section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982, provides that not all of the language rights listed in section 23 will apply in Quebec. Specifically:

text:
In Quebec, a child may receive free public education in English only if at least one parent or a sibling was educated in Canada in English.
In the rest of Canada, a child may receive free public education in French if at least one parent or a sibling was educated in Canada in French, or if at least one parent has French as his or her mother tongue (defined in section 23 as "first language learned and still understood").

text: None of these education language rights precludes parents from placing their children in a private school (which they pay for) in the language of their choice; it applies only to subsidized public education.

text: One practical consequence of this asymmetry is that all migrants who arrive in Quebec from foreign countries only have access to French-language public schools for their children. This includes immigrants whose mother tongue is English and immigrants who received their schooling in English. On the other hand, Section 23 provides a nearly universal right to English-language schooling for the children of Canadian-born anglophones living in Quebec.

text: Section 23 also provides, subject only to the "where numbers warrant" restriction, a right to French-language schooling for the children of all francophones living outside Quebec, including immigrants from French-speaking countries who settle outside Quebec, and who are Canadian citizens.

text: However, admission to French-language schools outside Quebec remains restricted in some ways it is not in Quebec. In particular, rights holder parents who choose to enrol their child in English school may thereby deprive that child's descendants of the right to attend French school.[6] In Quebec, under article 76.1 of the Charter of the French Language, rights holders do not deprive their descendants of the right to an English-language education by choosing to enroll their children in French school. (This applies if certain administrative steps are taken at each generation. Otherwise, the right may still be transmitted to grandchildren under article 76.)

text: Another element of asymmetry between Quebec and most anglophone provinces is that while Quebec provides public English-language primary and secondary education throughout the province, most other provinces provide French-language education only "where numbers warrant".

text: Additional restrictions on education rights[edit]

text: There are some further restrictions on minority-language education rights:

text:
The rights attach to the parent, not the child, and non-citizens residing in Canada do not have access to this right (even if their children are born in Canada).
If the parents' English-language or French-language education took place outside Canada, this does not entitle the child to be educated in that language.
The right to receive public funding can only be exercised in localities where "...the number of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the provision to them out of public funds...."[7]

tag: ol

text: Ambiguous definition of entitlement to education rights[edit]

text: The phrase, "where numbers ... warrant" is not defined in Section 23. Education is under provincial jurisdiction, which means that it has not been possible for Parliament to enact a single nationwide definition of the term, as the 1988 Official Languages Act did for the constitutional obligation to provide federal services where “there is a sufficient demand.” As a result, disputes over the extent of the right to a publicly funded minority-language education have been the source of much litigation.

text: The defining case was Mahe v. Alberta (1990), in which the Supreme Court of Canada declared that section 23 guaranteed a "sliding scale". In certain circumstances, the children whose parents could exercise the right might be so few that literally no minority language education may be provided by the government. With a greater number of children, some schools might be required to provide classrooms in which the children could receive minority language education. An even greater number would require the construction of new schools dedicated solely to minority language education. More recent cases, which have significantly extended these rights, include Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island (2000) and Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of Education) (2003).

text: Language of the official text of the Constitution[edit]

text: Many of the documents in Canada's Constitution do not have an official French-language version; for legal purposes only the English-language version is official and any French translations are unofficial. In particular, the Constitution Act, 1867 (which created Canada as a legal entity and still contains the most important provisions of governmental powers) has no official French-language version, because it was enacted by the United Kingdom Parliament, which functions in the English language exclusively. Similarly, all other parts of the Constitution that were enacted by the United Kingdom (with the important exception of the Canada Act 1982) have no official French-language version.

text: Sections 55–57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 set out a framework for changing this situation. Section 55 calls for French versions of all parts of the Constitution that exist only in English to be prepared as quickly as possible. Section 56 provided that, following adoption of the French versions, both the English-language and French-language versions would be equally authoritative. To avoid the situation where an inaccurately translated French version would have a weight equal to the English original, Section 55 requires that the French-language versions be approved using the same process under which actual constitutional amendments are adopted.

text: Pursuant to section 55, a French Constitutional Drafting Committee produced French-language versions of all the British North America Acts in the decade following 1982. However, these versions were never ratified under the Constitution’s amendment procedure, and therefore have never been officially adopted.[8]

text: Section 57 states that the “English and French versions of this Act [ie. the Constitution Act, 1982] are equally authoritative.” The purpose of this provision is to clear up any ambiguity that might have existed about the equal status of the two versions as a result of the novel way in which this part of Canada's supreme law came into force. Had the Constitution Act, 1982 been enacted as most preceding amendments to Canada's constitution had been, as a statute of the British parliament, it would, like any other British statute, have been an English-only document. Instead, the British parliament enacted a very concise law, (the Canada Act 1982), written in English only. The operative clauses of the Canada Act, 1982 simply state that an appendix to the Act (the appendix is formally referred to as a "schedule") is to be integrated into the Canadian constitution. The schedule contains the complete text of the Constitution Act, 1982, in both English and French.[9]

text: Federal legislation on official languages[edit]

text: Official Languages Act[edit]

text: Canada adopted its first Official Languages Act in 1969, in response to the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. The current Official Languages Act was adopted in 1988 to improve the 1969 law's efforts to address two basic policy objectives: (1) to specify the powers, duties and functions of federal institutions relevant to official languages; (2) to support the development of linguistic minority communities. As well, following the adoption in 1982 of the Charter of Rights, it was necessary to create a legislative framework within which the Government of Canada could respect its new constitutional obligations regarding the official languages.[10]

text: In addition to formalizing Charter provisions in Parts I through IV, the Act adopts several specific measures to achieve these objectives.[11] For example, Part V specifies that the work environment in federal institutions in the National Capital Region and other prescribed bilingual regions be conducive to accommodating the use of French and English at work.[12] Part VI mandates that English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians not be discriminated against based on ethnic origin or first language learned when it comes to employment opportunities and advancement.[13]

text: Finally, the Act establishes a Commissioner of Official Languages[14] and specifies his duties to hear and investigate complaints, make recommendations to Parliament, and delegate authority in matters pertaining to official languages in Canada.[15] Canada's current Commissioner of Official Languages is Raymond Théberge.

text: Section 32 of the Official Languages Act authorizes the Governor in Council (i.e., the federal cabinet) to issue regulations that define the geographic regions where the federal government offers services in the relevant minority language (English in Quebec and French elsewhere).[16]

text: This provides a legal definition for the otherwise vague requirement that services be provided in the minority official languages wherever there is "significant demand." The definition used in the regulations is complex, but basically an area of the country is served in both languages if at least 5,000 persons in that area, or 5% of the local population (whichever is smaller), belongs to that province's English or French linguistic minority population.[17]

text: Regulations were first promulgated in 1991.[18]

text: US influence on the status of English and French in Canada[edit]

text: Book I Chapter 1.C of the report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, published on 8 October 1967, acknowledges the international influence on Canadian language policy:

text: Compared to other bilingual states-among them Finland, South Africa, and Belgium, which we shall discuss later-Canada is fortunate that her official languages both have international status…

text: In Canada, however, one of the two language groups begins with a considerable advantage. As the national language of the United States, one of the most powerful countries of the world, English has a massive preponderance in North America. Thus the English-language group in this country draws much of its strength from the English-speaking population of our neighbour. The French-language group is, on the other hand, a minority on the North American continent and suffers from its isolation not only from France but from the other French speaking peoples of the world.

text: Official bilingualism as it applies to indigenous peoples[edit]

text: The introduction to Book I of the report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism published on 8 October 1967, states:

text: "Our terms of reference contain no allusion to Canada's native populations. They speak of 'two founding races', namely Canadians of British and French origin, and 'other ethnic groups', but mention neither the Indians nor the Eskimos."

text: Book II Chapter V.E of the same report, published on 23 May 1968, states that the government's policy with reference to indigenous Canadians is "to integrate these students as completely as possible into the existing provincial school systems".

text: This last statement is reinforced by the Honourable Jean Chrétien, Minister of Indian Affairs, in Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (the White Paper) presented in 1969 when he states that "the Indian culture can be preserved, perpetuated and developed only by the Indian people themselves".

text: Official bilingualism as it applies to Asian and African cultures[edit]

text: The Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Book I, General Introduction, Paragraph 19, states:

text: "Still, as we have pointed out earlier, there is such a thing as a French culture and a British culture. Of course, the differences between them are not as great as they would be if either were compared to one of the many Asian or African cultures. In Canada, the Anglophones and the Francophones wear the same sort of clothing, live in the same sort of houses, and use the same tools . They are very similar in their social behaviour, belong to religions which are not exclusive, and share the same general knowledge. To a greater or lesser extent, they share a North American way of living."

text: Official bilingualism in the public service[edit]

text: The issue of proportional hiring and promotion of speakers of both official languages has been an issue in Canadian politics since before Confederation. Members of each linguistic group have complained of injustice when their group have been represented, in public service hiring and promotion, in numbers less than would be justified by their proportion of the national population. For the greater part of Canada’s history, French-speakers were underrepresented, and English-speakers were overrepresented in the ranks of the public service, and the disproportion became more pronounced in the more senior ranks of public servants. However, this trend has reversed itself in recent decades.

text: The first high-profile complaint of preferential hiring took place in 1834. One of the Ninety-Two Resolutions of the Lower Canadian House of Assembly drew attention to the fact that French Canadians, who at the time were 88% of the colony's population, held only 30% of the posts in the 157-member colonial civil service. Moreover, the resolution stated, French Canadians were, "for the most part, appointed to the inferior and less lucrative offices, and most frequently only obtaining even them, by becoming the dependent of those [British immigrants] who hold the higher and the more lucrative offices...."[19]

text: With the advent of responsible government in the 1840s, the power to make civil service appointments was transferred to elected politicians, who had a strong incentive to ensure that French Canadian voters did not feel that they were being frozen out of hiring and promotions. Although no formal reform of the hiring and promotion process was ever undertaken, the patronage-driven hiring process seems to have produced a more equitable representation of the two language groups. In the period between 1867 and the turn of the Twentieth Century, French-Canadians made up about one-third of the Canadian population, and seem also to have represented about one-third of civil service appointments at junior levels, although they had only about half that much representation at the most senior level.[20]

text: Support and opposition[edit]

text: Poll data[edit]

text: Polls show that Canadians consistently and strongly support two key aspects of Canadian official languages policy:[citation needed]

text:
bilingual federal government services,
the right of official-language minorities to receive an education in their maternal language.

text: However, among English-speaking Canadians there is only limited support for broadening the scope of official bilingualism, and reservations exist among Anglophones as to the intrusiveness and/or fairness of the policy. Among Francophones, polls have revealed no such reservations.

text: Among Anglophones, support for providing federal French-language services to French-speakers living outside Quebec has remained consistently high over a quarter-century period—79% in 1977 and 76% in 2002.[21] Over the same period, support among English-speakers for the "right to French language education outside Quebec where numbers make costs reasonable" has ranged from 79% to 91%.[22] Among French-speaking Canadians, support for these policies was even higher.

text: The national consensus has, at times, broken down when other aspects of official bilingualism are examined. However, a significant shift in anglophone opinion has occurred since the mid-2000s, in favour of bilingualism.[23]

text: According to a review of three decades' worth of poll results published in 2004 by Andre Turcotte and Andrew Parkin, "Francophones in Quebec are almost unanimous in their support of the official languages policy" but "there is a much wider variation in opinion among Anglophones ..."[24]

text: This variation can be seen, for example, in responses to the question, "Are you, personally, in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada?" Between 1988 and 2003, support for this statement among Francophones ranged between 79% and 91%, but among Anglophones support was never higher than 48%, and fell as low as 32% in the early 1990s.[25] The ebb in support for bilingualism among anglophones can likely be attributed to political developments in the late 1980s and 1990s, including the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, and the 1995 referendum on Quebec independence.[23]

text: By 2006, affirmative responses to the question "Are you personally in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada?" had increased considerably, with 72% of Canadians (and 64% of anglophones) agreeing. 70% of Canadians, and 64% of anglophones were "in favour of bilingualism for [their] province".[23] Support for bilingualism is thought likely to continue to increase, as young anglophones are more favourable to it than their elders.[23]

text: According to Turcotte and Parkin, other poll data reveal that "in contrast to Francophones, Anglophones, in general, have resisted putting more government effort and resources into promoting bilingualism ... What is revealing, however, is that only 11% of those outside Quebec said they disagreed with bilingualism in any form. Opposition seems to be directed to the actions of the federal government, rather than to bilingualism itself ... [T]his distinction is key to understanding public opinion on the issue."[26] This helps to explain results that would otherwise seem contradictory, such as a 1994 poll in which 56% of Canadians outside Quebec indicated that they either strongly or moderately supported official bilingualism, but 50% agreed with a statement that "the current official bilingualism policy should be scrapped because it's expensive and inefficient."[27]

text: In English Canada, there is some regional variation in attitudes towards federal bilingualism policy, but it is relatively modest when compared to the divergence between the views expressed by Quebecers and those expressed in the rest of the country. For example, in a poll conducted in 2000, only 22% of Quebecers agreed with the statement, “We have gone too far in pushing bilingualism,” while positive response rates in English Canada ranged from a low of 50% in the Atlantic to a high of 65% in the Prairies.[28]

text: Both French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians tend to regard the capacity to speak the other official language as having cultural and economic value,[29] and both groups have indicated that they regard bilingualism as an integral element of the Canadian national identity. Once again, however, there is a marked divergence between the responses of French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians. In a 2003 poll, 75% of Francophones indicated that "having two official languages, English and French" made them proud to be Canadian. Among English-speakers, 55% said that bilingualism made them proud, but far higher percentages (86% and 94%, respectively) indicated that multiculturalism and the Charter of Rights made them feel proud.[30]

text: Findings of Public Hearings[edit]

text: From time to time, boards or panels are commissioned, either by the federal government or the government of one of the provinces, to conduct hearings into the public’s views on matters of policy. Some of these hearings have dealt largely, or even primarily, with official languages policy, and the responses that they have collected provide snapshots into the state of public opinion at particular points in time.

text: Findings of the public hearings into the Poirier-Bastarache Report (1985)[edit]

text: The Advisory Committee on the Official Languages of New Brunswick was commissioned by the provincial legislature as a way of determining the response of the population to the 1982 Poirier-Bastarache Report, which had recommended a considerable expansion of French-language services.[31] Public hearings were conducted in twelve cities and towns across the province in 1985, and a report was submitted by the committee in 1986.[32]

text: The briefs submitted to the Advisory Committee were subsequently summarized in an academic study of the hearings in the following terms:

text:
“
Qualitative analysis illustrate[s] that, as the majority, anglophones are reticent about extending opportunities and services to the francophone minority for fear of placing themselves at a disadvantage, whether it be in the education system or civil service employment. Francophones, as the minority, resent the anglophone hesitancy to make available rights and privileges secured under the Official Languages Act of New Brunswick of 1969 and the Constitution Act (1982) ... They favour their own schools, control over their education, increased access to civil service positions and services in their own language through separate institutions and administrations.[33]
”

text: Findings of the Spicer Commission (1990)[edit]

text: In late 1990, a six-man Citizens’ Forum on Canada’s Future was established by the federal government with a mandate to engage in "a dialogue and discussion with and among Canadians ... to discuss the values and characteristics fundamental to the well-being of Canada". The Forum, which was headed by former Commissioner of Official Languages Keith Spicer, published a report in June 1991, which included a detailed discussion of Canadians’ reactions to a variety of issues, including federal official languages policy.

text: These comments, which probably represent the most extensive consultation ever with Canadians on the subject of official bilingualism, were compiled statistically by the Spicer Commission, and tend to reinforce the findings of pollsters, that Canadians are favourable towards bilingual services, but frustrated with the implementation of official languages policy. Thus, for example, nearly 80% of group discussions sponsored by the Commission produced favourable comments from participants on what the Commission's report refers to as "bilingualism generally", but nearly 80% of these discussions produced negative comments on "official languages policy".[34]

text: These results prompted Spicer to write,

text:
“
Canada's use of two official languages is widely seen as a fundamental and distinctive Canadian characteristic. Among many, especially the young, the ability to speak, read and write both French and English is accepted as a significant personal advantage. Even many parents who dislike "official bilingualism" are eager to enrol their children in French immersion.
On the other hand, we find that the application of the official languages policy is a major irritant outside Quebec, and not much appreciated inside Quebec ... In spite of real and needed progress in linguistic fair play in federal institutions, a sometimes mechanical, overzealous, and unreasonably costly approach to the policy has led to decisions to that have helped bring it into disrepute. Citizens tell us that bilingual bonuses, costly translation of technical manuals of very limited use, public servants' low use of hard-acquired French-language training, excessive designation of bilingual jobs, and a sometimes narrow, legalistic approach are sapping a principle they would otherwise welcome as part of Canada's basic identity.[35]

”

text: Advocacy groups[edit]

text: A number of groups exist, which, as part of their mandate, seek to promote official bilingualism or to extend the scope of the policy (although advocacy is not always the sole, or even the primary activity, of the groups). Among these groups:

text:
Alliance Quebec (defunct)
L'Association des municipalités francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick
Canadian Parents for French, established with the assistance of the Commissioner of Official Languages in 1977, promotes French second-language education for children whose mother tongue is English;
Commission nationale des parents francophones
Fédération des communautés francophones et acadienne du Canada serves as an umbrella for 22 groups representing French-speaking minorities in different provinces and territories;
Fédération des jeunes francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick
Fédération nationale des conseils scolaires francophones
Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario seeks to oversee the maintenance and development of municipal government services in French, in Ontario municipalities with French-speaking populations.
Impératif français seeks to promote the use of French within Quebec, and to challenge inequalities between the languages that may arise within areas of federal administration.
Quebec Community Groups Network serves as an umbrella for 38 English language community organizations across Quebec for the purposes of supporting and assisting the development and enhancing the vitality of the English-speaking minority communities;
Société des Acadiens et Acadiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick

text: A number of groups have existed, since the first Official Languages Act was proclaimed in 1969, which sought to end official bilingualism or to reduce the scope of the policy. Among these groups:

text:
The Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada (often referred to as "APEC"). In 2000, the group was renamed Canadians Against Bilingualism Injustice.[36] In 2001, the organization changed its name again, becoming the Canadian Network for Language Awareness.;[37]
Canadians for Language Fairness;
The New Brunswick Association of English-speaking Canadians was formed in 1984 and disbanded in 1986. Its primary purpose was to oppose the proposals of the province's "Poirier-Bastarache Committee" for an expansion of the province's policy of official bilingualism.

text: In the first decade or so following the 1969 adoption of the Act, opposition to the new policy sometimes took a radical form that has subsequently nearly disappeared. Books such as Jock V. Andrew's Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow, advocated either the repeal of the Official Languages Act or an end to the policy of official bilingualism. Leonard Jones, the mayor of Moncton, New Brunswick, was an aggressive opponent of bilingualism in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Jones challenged the validity of the Official Languages Act in court, arguing that the subject matter was outside the jurisdiction of the federal government. In 1974, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled against Jones, and found the law constitutional. In 1991, a local resurgence in anti-bilingualism sentiments allowed the Confederation of Regions Party to win 21.2% of the vote in New Brunswick's provincial election and to briefly form the official opposition with eight seats in the provincial legislature.

text: Some organizations or individuals within certain movements also propose introducing a more inclusive language policy either via official multilingualism, or an official unilingual language policy in an auxiliary language so as to intrude minimally into the first-language choice of residents. Such ideas are sometimes inspired by Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights relating to discrimination on the basis of language, and Article 26(3) of the same Declaration so as to give parents the freedom “to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.” Others can be inspired by religious or other beliefs.

text: Assembly of First Nations: National First Nations Language Strategy, presented by the Assembly of First Nations on 5 July 2007, inspired by previous statements including the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples presented in 1996, rejects official bilingualism in favour of linguistic equality for speakers of indigenous languages:

text: “First Nations seek legislated protection via a First Nations Languages Act that would be consistent with First Nations and Government of Canada laws dealing with languages.”

text: Positions of the federal political parties[edit]

text: Language issues currently dividing the parties[edit]

text: The issues on which Canada’s political parties have most recently shown divergent voting patterns are two private members’ bills.

text: The first, An Act to amend the Official Languages Act (Charter of the French Language) (Bill C-482), was introduced by Bloc MP Pauline Picard. If adopted, it would have had the effect of amending the Official Languages Act, the Canada Labour Code, and the Canada Business Corporations Act, to cause them to conform to the Charter of the French Language, “effectively making the federal government French-only in the province,” according to Maclean’s.[38] This bill was defeated on May 2008, with Bloc and NDP MPs voting in favour and Conservative and Liberal MPs opposed.[39]

text: The second private member’s bill is NDP MP Yvon Godin’s Act to amend the Supreme Court Act (understanding the official languages) (Bill C-232). If adopted, this bill will have the effect of blocking any candidate who is not already sufficiently bilingual to understand oral arguments in both official languages from being appointed to the Supreme Court. This bill was passed at third reading on March 31, with all NDP, Liberal and Bloc members in support and all Conservative MPs opposed.[40] and is currently before the Senate.

text: Conservative Party of Canada and its predecessors[edit]

text: The Conservative Party of Canada was created in 2003 by the merger of the old Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the Canadian Alliance. The new party adopted the principles of the old Progressive Conservatives as its founding principles, with only a handful of changes. One of these was the addition of the following founding principle, which is lifted almost verbatim from Section 16(1) of the Charter of Rights:

text: "A belief that English and French have equality of status, and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada."

text: At its founding convention in 2005, the new party added the following policy to its Policy Declaration (the official compilation of the policies that it had adopted at the convention):

text: Prior to this, in the 1980s and 1990s, the Reform Party of Canada had advocated the policy's repeal. However, the party's position moderated with time. By 1999, the Blue Book (the party's declaration of its then-current policies) stated that "The Reform Party supports official bilingualism in key federal institutions, such as Parliament and the Supreme Court, and in critical federal services in parts of the country where need is sufficient to warrant services on a cost-effective basis."[42] By 2002, the policy declaration of the Reform Party's political successor, the Canadian Alliance, had been moderated further, and stated that it was "the federal government's responsibility to uphold minority rights" by providing services in both languages in any "rural township or city neighbourhood where at least ten percent of the local population uses either English or French in its daily life".[43]

text: Liberal Party of Canada[edit]

text: The Liberal Party sees itself as the party of official bilingualism, as it was a Liberal prime minister, Pierre Trudeau, who enacted the first Official Languages Act in 1969 and who entrenched detailed protections for the two official languages in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982.

text: The depth of the party’s commitment to official bilingualism is demonstrated by the fact that the constitution of the Liberal Party contains provisions modelled almost word-for-word on Section 16(1) of the Charter of Rights: "English and French are the official languages of the Party and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all federal institutions of the Party. In pursuing its fundamental purposes and in all its activities, the Party must preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges of English and French."[44]

text: New Democratic Party[edit]

text: New Democrat MPs voted in favour of the 1969 Official Languages Act, the 1988 Official Languages Act, and the protections for the two official languages contained in the Charter of Rights. More recently, the party has edged towards supporting an asymmetrical version of bilingualism. Early in 2008, the party’s languages critic, Yvon Godin, stated that its MPs would vote in favour of a bill, sponsored by the Bloc Québécois, which would cause federal institutions to operate on a French-preferred or French-only basis in Quebec.[45]

text: Bloc Québécois[edit]

text: Although the main objective of the Bloc Québécois is to assist in the secession of Quebec, the party’s parliamentary caucus has maintained an active interest in issues relating to official languages policy (for example, sending MPs to participate in the standing Commons committee on official languages). The party seeks to alter federal language policy, as it applies within Quebec, so as to eliminate the statutory equality of English that is guaranteed under the Official Languages Act and other federal legislation. In recent years, this has included introducing a private member's bill (An Act to amend the Official Languages Act (Charter of the French Language) (better known as Bill C-482), intended to supersede the Official Languages Act with the Charter of the French Language for all federally regulated corporations within Quebec.

text: Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories[edit]

text: Canada's thirteen provinces and territories have adopted widely diverging policies with regard to minority-language services for their respective linguistic minorities. Given the wide range of services, such as policing, health care and education, that fall under provincial jurisdiction, these divergences have considerable importance.

text: New Brunswick[edit]

text: Of Canada's ten provinces, only one (New Brunswick) has voluntarily chosen to become officially bilingual. New Brunswick's bilingual status is constitutionally entrenched under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Sections 16–20 of the Charter include parallel sections guaranteeing the same rights at the federal level and at the provincial level (New Brunswick only).

text:
Section 16(2) is a largely symbolic statement that "English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick" with "equality of status".
Section 17(2) guarantees the right to use English or French in the New Brunswick legislature
Section 18(2) states that New Brunswick's laws will be bilingual, with both texts equally authoritative, and that official publications will be bilingual.
Section 19(2) guarantees the right to use either official language in all New Brunswick court proceedings.
Section 20(2) guarantees the right to receive provincial government services in either official language.

text: Manitoba[edit]

text: Manitoba is the only province that was officially bilingual at the time of its establishment. Following the Red River Rebellion led by the Francophone Métis Louis Riel, the Manitoba Act was passed, creating the province and mandating the equal status of English and French in all legislative bodies, legislative records, laws and court proceedings.[46] At this time, Manitoba had a majority Francophone population, but within 20 years mass immigration from Ontario and non-Francophone countries had reduced the Francophone proportion of the population to less than 10%.[47] In 1890, the provincial government of Thomas Greenway stripped funding from the French school system and revoked the equal status of French, a controversial move that caused tension between French and English speakers throughout Canada.[48]

text: Despite the protests of Franco-Manitobans that the Manitoba Act had been violated, Manitoba remained monolingual in practice until the early 1980s, when legal challenges created a crisis that threatened to invalidate almost all laws passed in Manitoba since 1890, on the grounds that these statutes were not published in French as required by the Manitoba Act.[49] The provincial government under Howard Pawley tried and failed to address the crisis, with the opposition refusing to attend legislative sessions.[49] In 1985 the Supreme Court ruled that the Manitoba Act had been violated and that all provincial legislation must be published in both French and English, restoring the legal equality of the languages that had existed when the province was created.[50] While this restoration of legal equality faced overwhelming public opposition at the time,[49] polls taken in 2003 showed a majority of Manitobans supported provincial bilingualism.[51]

text: Due to Manitoba's unique history, it has a complex bilingual profile combining that of a province with a "small official-language minority and one with constitutional protection of said minority".[52] Currently, the French Language Services Policy guarantees access to provincial government services in French, though in practice French language services are available only in some areas.[3] Public primary and secondary education is provided in both French and English, and parents are free to choose instruction in either language.[53] Post-secondary Francophone education is provided by the Université de Saint-Boniface, the oldest university in Western Canada.[54]

text: Quebec[edit]

text: French has been the only official language in Quebec since 1974, when the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa enacted The Official Language Act (better-known as "Bill 22"). However, the province's language law does provide for limited services in English. As well, the province is obliged, under Section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, to allow the provincial legislature to operate in both French and English, and to allow all Quebec courts to operate in both languages. Section 23 of the Charter applies to Quebec, but to a more limited degree than in other provinces. Quebec is required to provide an education in English to all children whose Canadian citizen parents were educated in English in Canada, while all other provinces are required to provide an education in French to the children of Canadian citizen parents who either received their education in French in Canada or whose native tongue is French.

text: In 1977, the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque introduced the Charter of the French Language (better known as "Bill 101") to promote and preserve the French language in the province, indirectly disputing the federal bilingualism policy. Initially, Bill 101 banned the use of all languages but French on most commercial signs in the province (except for companies with four employees or fewer), but those limitations were later loosened by allowing other languages on signs, as long as the French version is predominant. Bill 101 also requires that children of most immigrants residing in Quebec attend French-language public schools; the children of Canadian citizens who have received their education in Canada in English may attend English-language public schools, which are operated by English-language school boards throughout the province. The controversy over this part of Quebec's language legislation has lessened in recent years as these laws became more entrenched and the public use of French increased.[55]

text: Quebec's language laws have been the subject of a number of legal rulings. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the case of Ford v. Quebec (A.G.) that the commercial sign law provisions of Bill 101, which banned the use of the English language on outdoor signs, were unconstitutional. In 1989, the Quebec National Assembly invoked the "Notwithstanding Clause" of the Charter of Rights to set aside enforcement of the court ruling for five years. A UN appeal of the 'McIntyre Case' resulted in a condemnation of Quebec's sign law — regardless of the legality of the notwithstanding clause under Canadian law. In response, in 1993 Quebec enacted amendments to the sign law, availing itself of the suggestions proposed in the losing 1988 Supreme Court ruling by allowing other languages on commercial signs, subject to French being markedly predominant .

text: On March 31, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled unanimously that the interpretation made by the provincial administration of the "major part" criterion in Quebec's language of instruction provisions violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This criterion allows students who have completed the "major part" of their primary education in English in Canada to continue their studies in English in Quebec. The Court did not strike down the law but, as it had done in its 1988 ruling on sign laws, presented the province with a set of criteria for interpreting the law in conformity with the Charter of Rights, broadening the interpretation of the phrase "major part".

text: Elsewhere in Canada[edit]

text: Although no Canadian province has officially adopted English as its sole official language, English is the de facto language of government services and internal government operations in Canada's seven remaining provinces. Service levels in French vary greatly from one province to another (and sometimes within different parts of the same province).

text: For example, under the terms of Ontario's 1986 French Language Services Act, Francophones in 25 designated areas across the province—but not in other parts of the province—are guaranteed access to provincial government services in French. Similarly, since 2005, the City of Ottawa has been officially required under Ontario law,[56] to set a municipal policy on English and French.

text: In Alberta, the Alberta School Act protects the right of French-speaking people to receive school instruction in the French language in the province.

text: French and English are official languages in the Yukon.

text: In addition to English and French, Inuktitut is also an official language in Nunavut.

text: In addition to English and French, the Northwest Territories accords official status to nine aboriginal languages (Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ or Dogrib). NWT residents have the right to use any of the territory's eleven official languages in a territorial court and in debates and proceedings of the legislature. However, laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions, and the government publishes laws and other documents in the territory's other official languages only when asked by the legislature. Furthermore, access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested. In practice, this means that only English language services are universally available, and there is no guarantee that any particular government service will use other languages except the courts. Following a 2006 court ruling,[57] universal French-language services are also mandatory.

text: Language rights in the legal system[edit]

text: There is considerable variation across Canada concerning the right to use English and French in legislatures and courts (federal, provincial and territorial). Rights under federal law are consistent throughout Canada, but different provinces and territories have different approaches to language rights. Three provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick and Quebec) have constitutional guarantees for bilingualism and language rights. Three other provinces (Alberta, Ontario and Saskatchewan) have statutory provisions relating to bilingualism in the legal system, as do each of the three territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon). Four provinces (British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) are unilingual English.

text: Language rights in the legal system are summarized in the following table:

text:
Jurisdiction
Right to use English and French in Parliament/Legislature
Laws are Bilingual
Right to use English or French in the courts

Canada
Yes.[58][59][60]
Yes.[58][61][62]
Yes.[58][63][64]

Alberta
Yes.[65]
No: English only.[66]
Yes, but only in oral submissions, not written.[67]

British Columbia
No: English only.[68]
No: English only.[68]
No: English only.[69]

Manitoba
Yes.[70]
Yes.[70]
Yes.[70]

New Brunswick
Yes.[71][72]
Yes.[73][74]
Yes.[75][76]

Newfoundland and Labrador
No: English only.[68]
No: English only.[68]
No: English only.[68]

Nova Scotia
No: English only.[68]
No: English only.[68][77]
No: English only.[68]

Ontario
Yes.[78]
Yes.[79]
Yes.[80]

Prince Edward Island
No: English only.[68]
No: English only.[68][81]
No: English only.[68]

Quebec
Yes.[58]
Yes.[58][82]
Yes.[58][82]

Saskatchewan
Yes.[83]
Laws and regulations can be in English only, or in both English and French.[84]
Yes.[85]

Northwest Territories
Yes, as well as any of the other nine official territorial languages.[86]
Yes.[87]
Yes. A party can also use one of the other nine official languages for oral submissions.[88]

Nunavut
Yes, and also the Inuit language.[89]
Yes.[90]
Yes, and also the Inuit language.[91]

Yukon
Yes, and also Yukon aboriginal languages.[92]
Yes.[93]
Yes.[94]

text: Personal bilingualism in Canada[edit]

text: Official bilingualism should not be confused with personal bilingualism, which is the capacity of a person to speak two languages. This distinction was articulated in the 1967 report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which stated:

text:
“
A bilingual country is not one where all the inhabitants necessarily have to speak two languages; rather it is a country where the principal public and private institutions must provide services in two languages to the citizens, the vast majority of whom may well be unilingual."[95]
”

text: Nonetheless, the promotion of personal bilingualism in English and French is an important objective of official bilingualism in Canada.

text: At least 35% of Canadians speak more than one language. Moreover, fewer than 2% of Canadians cannot speak at least one of the two official languages.[96] However, of these multilingual Canadians, somewhat less than one fifth of the population (5,448,850 persons, or 17.4% of the Canadian population) are able to speak both of the official languages.[97] However, in Canada the terms "bilingual" and "unilingual" are normally used to refer to bilingualism in English and French. In this sense, nearly 83% of Canadians are unilingual.

text: Knowledge of the two official languages is largely determined by geography. Nearly 95% of Quebecers can speak French, but only 40.6% speak English. In the rest of the country, 97.6% of the population is capable of speaking English, but only 7.5% can speak French.[98] Personal bilingualism is most concentrated in southern Quebec and a swath of territory sometimes referred to as the bilingual belt, which stretches east from Quebec through northern and eastern New Brunswick and west through Ottawa and that part of Ontario lying to the east of Ottawa, as well as north-eastern Ontario. There is also a large French-speaking population in Manitoba. In all, 55% of bilingual Canadians are Quebecers,[99] and a high percentage of the bilingual population in the rest of Canada resides in Ontario and New Brunswick. Statistics Canada collects much of its language data from self-assessments.

text: Second-language education[edit]

text: Canada’s thirteen provincial and territorial education systems place a high priority on boosting the number of bilingual high school graduates. For example, in 2008 New Brunswick's provincial government reconfirmed its goal of boosting the percentage of bilingualism among graduates from its current rate of 34% to 70% rate by 2012.[100] In 2003, the federal government announced a ten-year plan of subsidies to provincial education ministries with the goal of boosting bilingualism among all Canadian graduates from its then-current level of 24% to 50% by 2013.[101]

text: French second-language education (FSL)[edit]

text: Three methods of providing French second-language education (known as "FSL") exist side-by-side in each of the provinces (including Quebec, where extensive French-language education opportunities are available for the province’s large population of non-Francophone children):

text:
Core French
French Immersion
Extended French
Intensive French

text: Core French[edit]

text: Non-Francophone students learn French by taking courses on the French language as part of an education that is otherwise conducted in English. In Quebec and New Brunswick, French classes begin in Grade 1. In the other provinces, French classes typically start in Grade 4 or 5. Students normally receive about 600 hours of French-language classes by the time of graduation.[102] The goal of “Core French” programs is not to produce fully bilingual graduates, but rather "to provide students with the ability to communicate adequately in the second language, and to provide students with linguistic tools to continue their second-language studies by building on a solid communicative base".[103] There are no mandatory core French class in British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan, and second-language courses are mandatory only in BC.

text: One result of this is that comprehension levels are often lower than parents would prefer. A scholar who interviewed a former New Brunswick premier, as well as the province's deputy ministers of education and health and the chairman of its Board of Management and Official Languages Branch reports: "[A]ll expressed reservations about the effectiveness of the Core program in promoting individual bilingualism and believed the program must be improved if anglophone students are to obtain a level of proficiency in the French language."[104]

text: French immersion[edit]

text: Non-Francophone students with no previous French-language training learn French by being taught all subjects in the French language, rather than by taking courses on the French language as part of an education otherwise conducted in English.[105] In early immersion, students are placed in French-language classes starting in kindergarten or Grade 1.

text: In late immersion, children are placed in French-language classes in a later grade. Currently, 7% of eligible students outside of Quebec are enrolled in French immersion programs.[106]

text: In Parlez-vous français? The advantages of bilingualism in Canada, published by the Canadian Council on Learning in 2008, we read on page 6:

text: 'Although most Canadian school children are taught English or French as a second language in school, these lessons often fail to yield functional bilingualism. For example, New Brunswick’s French Second Language Commission recently reported that fewer than 1% of the students who enrolled in “core French” in 1994 had met the provincial minimum goal by 2007. And fewer than 10% of students who enrolled in early-French immersion in 1995 had attained the provincial goal by 2007.'[107]

text: Extended French program[edit]

text: Some schools in Ontario offer a third method of FSL education: the Extended French program. Students enter into this program as early as Grade 4—the starting grade is set by each region's school board—and may continue the program through to graduation.[108] The program can also be entered when beginning secondary school; however, as there is a prerequisite number of previous instruction hours, usually only students previously enrolled in the Extended French or French Immersion programs can enter. In this program, at least 25% of all instruction must be in French. From Grades 4 through 8, this means that at least one course per year other than "French as a Second Language" must be taught solely in French. From Grades 9 through 12, along with taking the Extended French language course every year, students must complete their mandatory Grade 9 Geography and Grade 10 Canadian History credits in French. Students who complete these required courses and take one extra credit taught in French receive a certificate upon graduation in addition to their diploma.

text: Intensive French[edit]

text: Intensive French is a method of FSL education that originated in Newfoundland. In 2004, Intensive French began in some schools in British Columbia. Intensive French is a choice program (in offering schools) during the grade 6 year. For the first five months of the school year students spend 80% of their time learning French, with the other 20% being for math. The rest of the core curriculum (Social Studies, Science, and Language Arts in English) is condensed for the second half of the year, comprising 80% of the time, with one hour for French. In the grade 7 year students continue to have one hour of core French per day. This results in 600 hours of French instruction over the two years.[109]

text: English second-language education (ESL)[edit]

text: New Brunswick, being an officially bilingual province, has both anglophone and francophone school districts.

text: The francophone districts have Core English programs teaching ESL.[110]

text: Quebec's educations system provides ESL on a more restricted basis to the children of immigrants and to students who are members of the province's Francophone majority.

text:
Core English: Most non-anglophone students are required to enrol in French-language schools. English is taught to all students, starting in Grade 1, in a program that is essentially identical to the "Core French" taught to English-speaking students in the other provinces.
Most high schools offer advanced-level ESL programs where students complete the K–11 program in Secondary 3 (Grade 9) and follow with first-language level in Grade 10 and 11 (literature class).
Programs of English immersion have existed for French-speaking students in Quebec but these programs are often in conflict with the official language policies of the Quebec government.[111]


document_title: Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars

question_text: who made more money star wars or star trek

root

text: Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars

text: Background[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014)

tag: table

text: Star Trek was introduced as a live-action television series in 1966 that lasted three years. Star Trek: The Animated Series commenced in 1973 (based directly on the original series) but lasted only two seasons.[2] With the subsequent publication of novels, comics, animated series, toys and feature films, Star Trek grew into an enormous media franchise.[3]

tag: p

text: Star Wars was introduced as a feature film, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, in 1977. A novelization titled Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, based on the original script of the film, was published about a year earlier. Upon the release of the first film, Star Wars quickly grew into a popular media franchise.[2]

text: Differences[edit]

text: Star Trek has its origin in television. The franchise was conceived in the style of the television Western Wagon Train and the adventure stories of Horatio Hornblower, but evolved into an idealistic, utopian prospect of future human society. Inspired by Gulliver's Travels,[4] Star Trek's main focus is of space exploration and a galactic society consisting of multiple planets and species, where conflict occasionally occurs. Star Trek occurs in the relatively distant future, specifically the 22nd through 24th centuries, with occasional time travel. The Earth of the Star Trek universe shares most of its history with the real world.

text: Star Wars has its origin in film, despite the novel based on the film's original script having been published a year before the film itself. Star Wars mainly belongs to the space opera subgenre of science fiction that was inspired by works such as Beowulf, King Arthur[5] and other mythologies, world religions and ancient and medieval history.[6] It depicts a galactic society in constant conflict. Though there are periods of peace, these are only documented in novels, comics, video games, non-feature films and other spin-off media. Star Wars is set "a long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away," although many characters are human, occasionally use Earth metaphors and exhibit human character traits.[citation needed]

text: Although both Star Trek and Star Wars populate various forms of media, not all types have been produced that are mutual to both franchises. Star Wars has not produced any live-action television series while Star Trek has produced five live-action television series, with a sixth series planned to begin airing in 2017.

text: Star Trek likewise has not produced any television films; whereas Star Wars has produced at least three live-action television films outside the Star Wars film saga. The Star Wars Holiday Special, Ewoks: Caravan of Courage and Ewoks: Battle for Endor are all live-action television spin-off films set in the Star Wars universe, but not considered part of the official Star Wars canon.

text: Runtime[edit]

text:
~513 hours (Star Trek TV) + ~23 hours for the Star Trek films up to Into Darkness[7]
~18 hours (Star Wars films) + misc. Star Wars shows.[citation needed]

tag: ul

text: Similarities and commonalities[edit]

text: Aside from having the word 'Star' in their respective titles, the two franchises share many similarities and commonalities.

text: Both stories depict societies consisting of multiple planets and species. The main galaxy in Star Trek consists of various planets, each inhabited by different species, united into a single state, the United Federation of Planets. Star Wars depicts a galaxy that is mostly part of a single state known as the Old Republic, inhabited by humans and countless other species, which later became the Galactic Empire and was again later reformed into a new society called the New Republic after a series of wars.

text: Both franchises promote philosophical and political messages, though Star Wars focuses more on the former while Star Trek focuses more on the latter.

text: The main philosophies of Star Trek convey the morals of exploration and interference and how to properly confront and ethically resolve a new situation. Creator Gene Roddenberry was inspired by morality tales such as Gulliver's Travels.[8]

text: The main philosophical messages of Star Wars are the ethics of good against evil and how to distinguish them.[9] Star Wars preaches against totalitarian systems and favors societies that offer equality.[10] In an interview on the Star Wars 20th Anniversary UK Programme aired in 1997 referring to the mythology of the original Star Wars trilogy, Patrick Stewart stated "A belief in one's own powers; especially one's own powers to do good because the underlying morality of Star Wars is a very very positive one." Stewart is known for playing Captain Jean Luc Picard in Star Trek The Next Generation.

text: Both franchises also derive significantly from history and ancient mythology, including Greco-Roman mythology. Many planets and alien species in Star Trek, for instance, are named after ancient Roman deities. Several episodes from various Star Trek television serials, such as Who Mourns for Adonais, are directly based on ancient Greek-Roman themes and settings.[11] The series also make references to Ancient Babylon and its mythic folklore.[12] The Klingons and their warrior culture are a representation of the 12th century Mongols.[13]

text: Much of Star Wars' story plots and character developments are based on ancient history, including classical Greece and Rome, such as the fall of the Old Republic in Star Wars, followed by the rise of the Galactic Empire, which parallels the fall of the ancient Roman Republic followed by the rise of the Roman Empire.[6]

text: A 1983 documentary on the making of Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi was hosted by Leonard Nimoy who also made mention of Lucas's original plan to do two other trilogies preceding and proceeding the original trilogy.[14]

text: Abrams era[edit]

text: J. J. Abrams, director and producer of Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and producer of Star Trek Beyond (2016), directed and produced Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). Star Trek (2009) and Star Wars: The Force Awakens are each the first entries in expected trilogies. These films received favorable critical and commercial response and revived interest for both franchises. In addition to Abrams, actors such as Simon Pegg starred in both series.

text: Star Trek: Nemesis (2002) was poorly received and Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith (2005) had capped off the prequel trilogy, which overall had a mixed to positive reception.

text: The newer films of the two franchises filmed major scenes in the United Arab Emirates. The desert scenes on the planet Jakku in Star Wars: The Force Awakens were filmed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi,[15] while scenes for cities in the film Star Trek Beyond (2016) were filmed in the Emirate of Dubai.[16]

text: The two franchises now offer almost all forms of media ranging from novels, television series, comic books, toys for younger audience, magazines, themed merchandise, board games and video games, as well as fan works. These include canonical and non-canonical works, including works made both by series producers and fans jointly.

text: Estimated financial comparisons[edit]

text: Despite the difference in the numbers of films, the profit made by the Star Wars film series exceed the profit of the Star Trek film series by almost five times, while the entire franchise outgrosses the other by four times. It is difficult to accurately judge the total worth of each franchise as television series, memorabilia and video games must be taken into account.

text:
Star Trek films ($ million)

Year
Title
Budget
Box Office
Net

1979
The Motion Picture
35
139
104

1982
The Wrath of Khan
12
96
84

1984
The Search for Spock
18
87
69

1986
The Voyage Home
24
133
109

1989
The Final Frontier
30
70
40

1991
The Undiscovered Country
27
96.9
69.9

1994
Generations
38
120
82

1996
First Contact
46
150
104

1998
Insurrection
70
117
47

2002
Nemesis
60
67
7

2009
Star Trek (reboot)
140
386
246

2013
Into Darkness
190
467
277

2016
Beyond
185
336
151

Total

875
2,265
1,390 [17]

text:
Star Wars films ($ million)

Year
Title
Budget
Box Office
Net

1977
A New Hope
11
786.6
775.6

1980
The Empire Strikes Back
23
534.1
511.1

1983
Return of the Jedi
32.5
572.7
540.2

1999
The Phantom Menace
115
1027
912

2002
Attack of the Clones
115
656.6
541.6

2005
Revenge of the Sith
115
848.9
733.9

2008
The Clone Wars
8.5
68.6
60.1

2015
The Force Awakens
306
2058
1752

2016
Rogue One
200
927.3
727.3

Total

926
7,479.8
6,560 [18]

text:
Franchise
Year of inception
Total Revenue

Star Trek
1966
$10 Billion (as of 2016)[19]

Star Wars
1977
$42 Billion (as of 2015)[20]

text: Critique and commentaries[edit]

text: Science fiction writer David Brin criticized Star Wars at the time of the release of The Phantom Menace, arguing that while the Star Wars movies provide special effects and action/adventure, audiences are not encouraged to engage with their overriding themes. Among his issues with Star Wars and George Lucas, whom he accused of "having an agenda", is that the Star Wars galaxy is too "elitist", with arbitrary rulers on both the evil and good sides, replacing one another without any involvement of the population. He criticizes both sides of the Galactic Civil War as part of the "same genetically superior royal family."[21] He finds the Star Wars universe flawed with additional forms of absolutism, such as justified emotions leading a good person to evil - for example citing the idea that Luke Skywalker killing Palpatine would somehow turn him to the dark side, despite the act potentially saving millions of lives.[21]

text: Among the many other flaws he sees with Star Wars is that Anakin Skywalker becomes a hero at the end of Return of the Jedi simply because he saved his son's life, while the atrocities he committed during his time in power go largely ignored. In contrast, he argues that, despite its flaws, Star Trek is "democratic" and follows genuine issues and strong questioning.[21]

text: William Shatner argues that Star Trek is superior to Star Wars. According to him, "Star Trek had relationships and conflict among the relationships and stories that involved humanity and philosophical questions."[22] Shatner believes that Star Wars was only better than Star Trek in terms of special effects, and that once J.J. Abrams became involved, Star Trek was able to "supersede Star Wars on every level".[22]

text: Tim Russ, who played Tuvok in Star Trek Voyager, claims that it is difficult to find common enough elements to be able to compare the two. Among those common elements are their similar settings of unique characters and technologies. He echoed Shatner that Star Trek reflects common human issues, the morals of exploration and considers ethical questions. Star Wars in his view is a classic medieval tale dressed up as action-adventure, and that embraces the Eastern Philosophy of inner-strength. Russ concludes that despite both their success and popularity, Star Trek comes out as the better of the two, as it is set in "our" galaxy and therefore people can relate better to it, whereas Star Wars takes place in another galaxy. He acknowledged that he could be biased.[2]

text: Jeremy Bulloch is best known for his role as Boba Fett in the original Star Wars trilogy. He is a fan of Star Trek: The Original Series. He argued that while both franchises are popular, Star Wars comes out as the superior, for its soundtracks and special effects.[2]

text: Contrasting the focus of the two franchises, contributor J. C. Herzthe of The New York Times argued, "Trek fandom revolves around technology because the Star Trek universe was founded on ham-fisted dialogue and Gong Show-caliber acting. But the fictional science has always been brilliant. The science in Star Wars is nonsense, and everyone knows it. But no one cares because Star Wars isn't about science. It's epic drama. It's about those incredibly well-developed characters and the moral decisions they face. People don't get into debates about how the second Death Star works. They get into debates about the ethics of blowing it up."[23]

text: John Wenzel of the Denver Post highlighted two differences in approach, noting the "swashbuckling" and "gunslinger" style of Star Wars compared with Star Trek's "broader themes of utopian living, justice and identity" and that the spiritual aspect of Star Wars contrasts with the balance of emotion and logic seen in Star Trek.[24]

text: Billionaire Peter Thiel told Dowd “I’m a capitalist. Star Wars is the capitalist show. Star Trek is the communist one". He further stated “There is no money in Star Trek because you just have the transporter machine that can make anything you need”. “The whole plot of Star Wars starts with Han Solo having this debt that he owes and so the plot in Star Wars is driven by money.”[25]

text: Archived footage in Trek Nation showed Gene Roddenberry saying, "I like Star Wars. It was young King Arthur growing up, slaying the evil emperor finally. There's nothing wrong with that kind of entertainment - everything doesn't have to create a philosophy for you - for your whole life. You can also have fun."[26]

text: Influences on one another[edit]

text: The two franchises have a "symbiotic relationship" stated Shatner, who credits Star Wars for launching the Star Trek films.[27] He repeated this sentiment at a 2016 Star Trek fan convention in Las Vegas by stating "Star Wars created Star Trek". He clarified this statement by explaining that at the time of the release of the first Star Wars film (A New Hope), Paramount, then under new management, was struggling to come up with something that could compete with it. A Star Trek relaunch was the choice. Since then, public interest has returned to Star Trek.[28] "It was 'Star Wars' that thrust 'Star Trek' into the people of Paramount's consciousness" he stated.[29][30]

text: The documentary Trek Nation features interviews where both Lucas and Roddenberry praise one another's respective franchises, with the former stating that Star Trek was an influence while writing the original screenplay for Star Wars.[26] He explained that while both franchises were so "far out", Star Trek produced a fanbase that "softened up the entertainment arena" so that Star Wars could "come along and stand on its shoulders."[31] This is also acknowledged by Shatner, who went as far as to call Star Wars a "derivative" of Star Trek.[22]

text: A few references to Star Wars have been inserted into Star Trek films. For fleeting moments, one can see ships and droids from Star Wars in both Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013).[32] Some Star Trek films and TV episodes used the Star Wars animation shop, Industrial Light and Magic, for their special effects.[33]

text: When Roddenberry was honored at a Star Trek convention late in life, a congratulatory letter from Lucas was presented by an actor dressed as Darth Vader. A few years earlier, Roddenberry had contributed an entry in honor of Star Wars and Lucas at a convention honoring the latter.[citation needed]

text: Comic relief[edit]

text: Shatner was a presenter at Lucas' American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award ceremony in 2007 and did a comical stage performance honoring Lucas.[34]

text: At a live concert, Shatner dressed as an imperial stormtrooper singing 'Girl Crush' alongside Carrie Underwood and Brad Paisley.[35]

text: In 2011, Shatner and Carrie Fisher posted a series of humorous YouTube videos satirizing each other's franchises.

text: In a 2016 interview, Shatner commented that Captain Kirk and Princess Leia eloping and running off into the sunset would be the "perfect union" between Star Trek and Star Wars.[22]

text: Shatner has also posted a number of humorous tweets on his Twitter account mocking Star Wars. Amongst them were commemorating the 35th anniversary of the poorly received Star Wars Holiday Special. It was then that Star Wars actor Peter Mayhew posted a "retaliation" tweet congratulating Shatner for the directing of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, another poorly received film.[36]

text: Future[edit]

text: Both franchises are set to grow throughout the next decade.

text: Star Trek was rebooted with a series of feature films starting with the Star Trek reboot (2009), which was followed by Star Trek: Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016) and a number of sequels are set to follow. A new television series based in the original timeline, subtitled Discovery, serving as a prequel to the original series will debut in 2017.[37]

text: Star Wars is set to pick up from where Return of the Jedi left off, with The Force Awakens the first in the new trilogy. Additionally, more spin-off media is also underway with the debut of Star Wars Rebels, a television series set in between the Star Wars prequels and the original trilogy, and an anthology of stand-alone Star Wars films, starting with Rogue One, which was released in December 2016. [38]

text: Fan works[edit]

text: Aside from official works by the producers of Star Trek and Star Wars, many fan films and webisodes set in the two universes of the franchises are also constantly produced and posted on the Internet by fans, but are not officially considered canon in relation to either franchise.


document_title: List of cities in Taiwan

question_text: which city in taiwan is larger kaohsiung or taichung

text: List of cities in Taiwan

text: In the structural hierarchy of the administrative divisions in Taiwan, there are three types of administrative divisions with City (市, shì) in their names.

text:
Name
Chinese
Pinyin
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
No.

Special municipality
直轄市
zhíxiáshì
ti̍t-hat-chhī
6

Provincial city
省轄市
shěngxiáshì
síng-hat-chhī
3

County-controlled city
縣轄市
xiànxiáshì
koān-hat-chhī
14

text: The 23 cities in Taiwan:

text:
Name
Mandarin
Chinese characters
Hokkien
POJ
Hanyu Pinyin
County
Founded
Population
(DEC. 2014)[1]

Kaohsiung
高雄市
Ko-hiông-chhī
Gāoxióng Shì
none
1979-07-01
1,402,914

New Taipei
新北市
Sin-pak-chhī
Xīnběi Shì
none
2010-12-25
3,974,911

Taichung
臺中市
Tâi-tiong-chhī
Táizhōng Shì
none
2010-12-25
2,759,887

Tainan
臺南市
Tâi-lâm-chhī
Táinán Shì
none
2010-12-25
1,885,499

Taipei
臺北市
Tâi-pak-chhī
Táiběi Shì
none
1967-07-01
2,696,316

Taoyuan
桃園市
Thô-hn̂g-chhī
Táoyuán Shì
none
2014-12-25
2,136,702

Chiayi
嘉義市
Ka-gī-chhī
Jiāyì Shì
none
1982-07-01
269,890

Hsinchu
新竹市
Sin-tek-chhī
Xīnzhú Shì
none
1982-07-01
436,220

Keelung
基隆市
Ke-lâng-chhī
Jīlóng Shì
none
1945-10-25
372,019

Changhua
彰化市
Chiong-hòa-chhī
Zhānghuà Shì
Changhua
1951-12-01
234,721

Douliu
斗六市
Táu-la̍k-chhī
Dǒuliù Shì
Yunlin
1981-12-25
108,098

Hualien
花蓮市
Hoa-liân-chhī
Huālián Shì
Hualien
1946-01-16
106,368

Magong
馬公市
Má-keng-chhī
Mǎgōng Shì
Penghu
1981-12-25
60,335

Miaoli
苗栗市
Biâu-le̍k-chhī
Miáolì Shì
Miaoli
1981-12-25
90,963

Nantou
南投市
Lâm-tâu-chhī
Nántóu Shì
Nantou
1981-12-25
102,314

Pingtung
屏東市
Pîn-tong-chhī
Píngdōng Shì
Pingtung
1951-12-01
203,866

Puzi
朴子市
Phò-chú-chhī
Púzǐ Shì
Chiayi
1992-09-10
43,250

Taibao
太保市
Thài-pó-chhī
Tàibǎo Shì
Chiayi
1991-07-01
37,038

Taitung
臺東市
Tâi-tang-chhī
Táidōng Shì
Taitung
1976-01-01
106,969

Toufen
頭份市
Thâu-hūn-chhī
Tóufèn Shì
Miaoli
2015-10-05
102,654

Yilan
宜蘭市
Gî-lân-chhī
Yílán Shì
Yilan
1946-01-16
95,879

Yuanlin
員林市
Oân-lîm-chhī
Yuánlín Shì
Changhua
2015-08-08
124,730

Zhubei
竹北市
Tek-pak-chhī
Zhúběi Shì
Hsinchu
1988-10-31
203,195

text:
Largest cities of Taiwan

Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second largest city and its leading port.

New Taipei, Taiwan's largest city formerly Taipei County.

Taichung, Taiwan's third largest city.

Tainan

Taipei, Taiwan's capital and fourth largest city.

Taoyuan

text:
Chiayi

Hsinchu

Keelung

text: Former cities[edit]

text: Dissolved prefectural cities[edit]

text:
Name
Japanese
Kanji
Hokkien
POJ
Prefecture
Founded
Dissolved
Successor division

Taihoku
臺北市
Tâi-pak-chhī
Taihoku
1920-10-01
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Taipei

Taichū
臺中市
Tâi-tiong-chhī
Taichū
1920-10-01
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Taichung

Tainan
臺南市
Tâi-lâm-chhī
Tainan
1920-10-01
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Tainan

Kīrun
基隆市
Ke-lâng-chhī
Taihoku
1924-12-25
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Keelung

Takao
高雄市
Ko-hiông-chhī
Takao
1924-12-25
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Kaohsiung

Shinchiku
新竹市
Sin-tek-chhī
Shinchiku
1930-01-20
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Hsinchu

Kagi
嘉義市
Ka-gī-chhī
Tainan
1930-01-20
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Chiayi

Shōka
彰化市
Chiong-hoà-chhī
Taichū
1933-12-20
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Changhua

Heitō
屏東市
Pîn-tong-chhī
Takao
1933-12-20
1945-10-25
became provincial city of Pingtung

Giran
宜蘭市
Gî-lân-chhī
Taihoku
1940-10-01
1945-10-25
became county-controlled city of Yilan

Karenkō
花蓮港市
Hoa-liân-káng-chhī
Karenkō
1940-10-01
1945-10-25
became county-controlled city of Hualien

text: Dissolved provincial cities[edit]

text:
Name
Mandarin
Chinese characters
Hokkien
POJ
Founded
Dissolved
Successor division

Changhua
彰化市
Chiong-hoà-chhī
1945-10-25
1951-12-01
became a county-controlled city in Changhua County

Pingtung
屏東市
Pîn-tong-chhī
1945-10-25
1951-12-01
became a county-controlled city in Pingtung County

Taipei
臺北市
Tâi-pak-chhī
1945-10-25
1967-07-01
became a special municipality

Kaohsiung
高雄市
Ko-hiông-chhī
1945-10-25
1979-07-01
became a special municipality

Taichung
臺中市
Tâi-tiong-chhī
1945-10-25
2010-12-25
became part of the special municipality of Taichung

Tainan
臺南市
Tâi-lâm-chhī
1945-10-25
2010-12-25
became part of the special municipality of Tainan

text: Dissolved county-controlled cities[edit]

text:
Name
Mandarin
Chinese characters
Hokkien
POJ
County
Founded
Dissolved
Successor division

Chiayi
嘉義市
Ka-gī-chhī
Chiayi
1950-08-16
1982-07-01
became a provincial city

Hsinchu
新竹市
Sin-tek-chhī
Hsinchu
1951-12-01
1982-07-01
became a provincial city

Fengshan
鳳山市
Hōng-soaⁿ-chhī
Kaohsiung
1972-07-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Kaohsiung

Sanchong
三重市
Sam-tiông-chhī
Taipei
1962-04-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Banqiao
板橋市
Pang-kiô-chhī
Taipei
1972-07-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Yonghe
永和市
Éng-hô-chhī
Taipei
1979-01-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Zhonghe
中和市
Tiong-hô-chhī
Taipei
1979-01-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Xindian
新店市
Sin-tiàm-chhī
Taipei
1980-01-15
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Xinzhuang
新莊市
Sin-chng-chhī
Taipei
1980-01-15
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Tucheng
土城市
Thô͘-siâⁿ-chhī
Taipei
1993-06-26
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Luzhou
蘆洲市
Lô͘-chiu-chhī
Taipei
1997-10-06
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Xizhi
汐止市
Se̍k-chí-chhī
Taipei
1999-07-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Shulin
樹林市
Chhiū-nâ-chhī
Taipei
1999-10-04
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of New Taipei

Fengyuan
豐原市
Hong-goân-chhī
Taichung
1976-03-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taichung

Dali
大里市
Tāi-lí-chhī
Taichung
1993-11-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taichung

Taiping
太平市
Thài-pêng-chhī
Taichung
1996-08-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taichung

Xinying
新營市
Sin-iâⁿ-chhī
Tainan
1981-12-25
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Tainan

Yongkang
永康市
Éng-khong-chhī
Tainan
1993-05-01
2010-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Tainan

Bade
八德市
Pat-tek-chhī
Taoyuan
1995-01-01
2014-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taoyuan

Luzhu
蘆竹市
Lô͘-tek-chhī
Taoyuan
2014-06-03
2014-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taoyuan

Pingzhen
平鎮市
Pêng-tìn-chhī
Taoyuan
1992-03-01
2014-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taoyuan

Taoyuan
桃園市
Thô-hn̂g-chhī
Taoyuan
1971-04-21
2014-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taoyuan

Yangmei
楊梅市
Iûⁿ-mûi-chhī
Taoyuan
2010-08-01
2014-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taoyuan

Zhongli
中壢市
Tiong-le̍k-chhī
Taoyuan
1967-07-01
2014-12-25
became a district in special municipality of Taoyuan

text: Alphabetical list of all cities and townships[edit]

text: List of all cities and townships in Taiwan.

text:
For the subdivisions under special municipalities and provincial cities, see District (Taiwan)
For the subdivisions sort by county, see Township (Taiwan)

text:
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
See also
External links

text: A[edit]

text: Alishan (阿里山) Chiayi County

text: B[edit]

text:
Baisha (白沙) Penghu County
Baozhong (褒忠) Yunlin County
Baoshan (寳山) Hsinchu County
Beidou (北斗) Changhua County
Beigan (北竿) Lienchiang County
Beigang (北港) Yunlin County
Beinan (卑南) Taitung County
Beipu (北埔) Hsinchu County
Budai (布袋) Chiayi County

text: C[edit]

text:
Caotun (草屯) Nantou County
Changbin (長濱) Taitung County
Changhua [Zhanghua] (彰化) Changhua County
Changzhi (長治) Pingtung County
Chaozhou (潮州) Pingtung County
Checheng (車城) Pingtung County
Chenggong (成功) Taitung County
Chiayi [Jiayi] (嘉義)
Chishang (池上) Taitung County
Chunri (春日) Pingtung County
Citong (莿桐) Yunlin County

text: D[edit]

text:
Dacheng (大城) Changhua County
Dacun (大村) Changhua County
Dahu (大湖) Miaoli County
Dalin (大林) Chiayi County
Dapi (大埤) Yunlin County
Dapu (大埔) Chiayi County
Daren (達仁) Taitung County
Datong (大同) Yilan County
Dawu (大武) Taitung County
Donggang (東港) Pingtung County
Donghe (東河) Taitung County
Dongshan (冬山) Yilan County
Dongshi (東石) Chiayi County
Dongshi (東勢) Yunlin County
Dongyin (東引) Lienchiang County
Douliu (斗六) Yunlin County
Dounan (斗南) Yunlin County

text: E[edit]

text:
Emei (峨眉) Hsinchu County
Erlin (二林) Changhua County
Erlun (二崙) Yunlin County
Ershui (二水) Changhua County

text: F[edit]

text:
Fangliao (枋寮) Pingtung County
Fangshan (枋山) Pingtung County
Fangyuan (芳苑) Changhua County
Fanlu (番路) Chiayi County
Fengbin (豐濱) Hualien County
Fenglin (鳳林) Hualien County
Fenyuan (芬園) Changhua County
Fuli (富里) Hualien County
Fuxing (福興) Changhua County

text: G[edit]

text:
Gaoshu (高樹) Pingtung County
Gongguan (公館) Miaoli County
Guangfu (光復) Hualien County
Guanshan (關山) Taitung County
Guanxi (關西) Hsinchu County
Gukeng (古坑) Yunlin County
Guoxing (國姓) Nantou County

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiduan (海端) Taitung County
Hemei (和美) Changhua County
Hengchun (恆春) Pingtung County
Hengshan (橫山) Hsinchu County
Houlong (後龍) Miaoli County
Hsinchu [Xinzhu] (新竹)
Hualien [Hualian] (花蓮) Hualien County
Huatan (花壇) Changhua County
Hukou (湖口) Hsinchu County
Huwei (虎尾) Yunlin County
Huxi (湖西) Penghu County

text: J[edit]

text:
Jiadong (佳冬) Pingtung County
Ji'an (吉安) Hualien County
Jianshi (尖石) Hsinchu County
Jiaoxi (礁溪) Yilan County
Jiji (集集) Nantou County
Jincheng (金城) Kinmen County
Jinfeng (金峰) Taitung County
Jinhu (金湖) Kinmen County
Jinning (金寧) Kinmen County
Jinsha (金沙) Kinmen County
Jiuru (九如) Pingtung County
Juguang (莒光) Lienchiang County

text: K[edit]

text:
Kanding (崁頂) Pingtung County
Kaohsiung [Gaoxiong] (高雄)
Keelung [Jilong] (基隆)
Kouhu (口湖) Yunlin County

text: L[edit]

text:
Laiyi (來義) Pingtung County
Lanyu (蘭嶼) Taitung County
Lieyu (烈嶼) Kinmen County
Ligang (里港) Pingtung County
Linbian (林邊) Pingtung County
Linluo (麟洛) Pingtung County
Linnei (林内) Yunlin County
Liujiao (六腳) Chiayi County
Liuqiu (琉球) Pingtung County
Lucao (鹿草) Chiayi County
Lüdao (綠島) Taitung County
Lugu (鹿谷) Nantou County
Lukang [Lugang] (鹿港) Changhua County
Lunbei (崙背) Yunlin County
Luodong (羅東) Yilan County
Luye (鹿野) Taitung County

text: M[edit]

text:
Mailiao (麥寮) Yunlin County
Majia (瑪家) Pingtung County
Magong (馬公) Penghu County
Manzhou (滿州) Pingtung County
Meishan (梅山) Chiayi County
Miaoli (苗栗) Miaoli County
Mingjian (名間) Nantou County
Minxiong (民雄) Chiayi County
Mudan (牡丹) Pingtung County

text: N[edit]

text:
Nan'ao (南澳) Yilan County
Nangan (南竿) Lienchiang County
Nantou (南投) Nantou County
Nanzhou (南州) Pingtung County
Nanzhuang (南庄) Miaoli County
Neipu (内埔) Pingtung County
New Taipei [Xinbei] (新北)

text: P[edit]

text:
Pingtung [Pingdong] (屏東) Pingtung County
Pitou (埤頭) Changhua County
Puli (埔里) Nantou County
Puxin (埔心) Changhua County
Puyan (埔鹽) Changhua County
Puzi (朴子) Chiayi County

text: Q[edit]

text:
Qimei (七美) Penghu County
Qionglin (芎林) Hsinchu County

text: R[edit]

text:
Ren'ai (仁愛) Nantou County
Ruisui (瑞穗) Hualien County

text: S[edit]

text:
Sandimen (三地門) Pingtung County
Sanwan (三灣) Miaoli County
Sanxing (三星) Yilan County
Sanyi (三義) Miaoli County
Shengang (伸港) Changhua County
Shetou (社頭) Changhua County
Shitan (獅潭) Miaoli County
Shizi (獅子) Pingtung County
Shoufeng (壽豐) Hualien County
Shuili (水里) Nantou County
Shuilin (水林) Yunlin County
Shuishang (水上) Chiayi County
Sihu (四湖) Yunlin County
Su'ao (蘇澳) Yilan County

text: T[edit]

text:
Tai'an (泰安) Miaoli County
Taibao (太保) Chiayi County
Taichung [Taizhong] (臺中)
Taimali (太麻里) Taitung County
Tainan (臺南)
Taipei [Taibei] (臺北)
Taitung [Taidong] (臺東) Taitung County
Taiwu (泰武) Pingtung County
Taixi (臺西) Yunlin County
Taoyuan (桃園)
Tianwei (田尾) Changhua County
Tianzhong (田中) Changhua County
Tongluo (銅鑼) Miaoli County
Tongxiao (通霄) Miaoli County
Toucheng (頭城) Yilan County
Toufen (頭份) Miaoli County
Touwu (頭屋) Miaoli County
Tuku (土庫) Yunlin County

text: W[edit]

text:
Wandan (萬丹) Pingtung County
Wang'an (望安) Penghu County
Wanluan (萬巒) Pingtung County
Wanrong (萬榮) Hualien County
Wufeng (五峰) Hsinchu County
Wujie (五結) Yilan County
Wuqiu (烏坵) Kinmen County
Wutai (霧臺) Pingtung County

text: X[edit]

text:
Xianxi (線西) Changhua County
Xihu (溪湖) Changhua County
Xihu (西湖) Miaoli County
Xikou (溪口) Chiayi County
Xiluo (西螺) Yunlin County
Xincheng (新城) Hualien County
Xinfeng (新豐) Hsinchu County
Xingang (新港) Chiayi County
Xinpi (新埤) Pingtung County
Xinpu (新埔) Hsinchu County
Xinyi (信義) Nantou County
Xinyuan (新園) Pingtung County
Xiulin (秀林) Hualien County
Xiushui (秀水) Changhua County
Xiyu (西嶼) Penghu County
Xizhou (溪州) Changhua County

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yanping (延平) Taitung County
Yanpu (鹽埔) Pingtung County
Yilan (宜蘭) Yilan County
Yizhu (義竹) Chiayi County
Yongjing (永靖) Changhua County
Yuanchang (元長) Yunlin County
Yuanli (苑裡) Miaoli County
Yuanlin (員林) Changhua County
Yuanshan (員山) Yilan County
Yuchi (魚池) Nantou County
Yuli (玉里) Hualien County

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zaoqiao (造橋) Miaoli County
Zhongliao (中寮) Nantou County
Zhongpu (中埔) Chiayi County
Zhuangwei (壯圍) Yilan County
Zhubei (竹北) Hsinchu County
Zhudong (竹東) Hsinchu County
Zhunan (竹南) Miaoli County
Zhuolan (卓蘭) Miaoli County
Zhuoxi (卓溪) Hualien County
Zhuqi (竹崎) Chiayi County
Zhushan (竹山) Nantou County
Zhutang (竹塘) Changhua County
Zhutian (竹田) Pingtung County

text: Alphabetical list of all cities and townships (Tongyong Pinyin)[edit]

text: Tongyong Pinyin was the standard of Chinese romanization of Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. Although the standard was shifted to Hanyu Pinyin from 1 January 2009, the change to signs and documents using Tongyong Pinyin is not complete. There are still some signs using Tongyong Pinyin on highways and roads.

text: A[edit]

text: Alishan (阿里山) Chiayi County

text: B[edit]

text:
Baisha (白沙) Penghu County
Baojhong (褒忠) Yunlin County
Baoshan (寶山) Hsinchu County
Beidou (北斗) Changhua County
Beigan (北竿) Lienchiang County
Beigang (北港) Yunlin County
Beinan (卑南) Taitung County
Beipu (北埔) Hsinchu County
Budai (布袋) Chiayi County

text: C[edit]

text:
Caotun (草屯) Nantou County
Changbin (長濱) Taitung County
Changhua [Jhanghua] (彰化) Changhua County
Changjhih (長治) Pingtung County
Chaojhou (潮州) Pingtung County
Checheng (車城) Pingtung County
Chenggong (成功) Taitung County
Chiayi [Jiayi] (嘉義)
Chihshang (池上) Taitung County
Chunrih (春日) Pingtung County
Cihtong (莿桐) Yunlin County
Cimei (七美) Penghu County
Cyonglin (芎林) Hsinchu County

text: D[edit]

text:
Dacheng (大城) Changhua County
Dacun (大村) Changhua County
Dahu (大湖) Miaoli County
Dalin (大林) Chiayi County
Dapi (大埤) Yunlin County
Dapu (大埔) Chiayi County
Daren (達仁) Taitung County
Datong (大同) Yilan County
Dawu (大武) Taitung County
Donggang (東港) Pingtung County
Donghe (東河) Taitung County
Dongshan (冬山) Yilan County
Dongshih (東石) Chiayi County
Dongshih (東勢) Yunlin County
Dongyin (東引) Lienchiang County
Douliou (斗六) Yunlin County
Dounan (斗南) Yunlin County

text: E[edit]

text:
Emei (峨眉) Hsinchu County
Erlin (二林) Changhua County
Erlun (二崙) Yunlin County
Ershuei (二水) Changhua County

text: F[edit]

text:
Fangliao (枋寮) Pingtung County
Fangshan (枋山) Pingtung County
Fangyuan (芳苑) Changhua County
Fanlu (番路) Chiayi County
Fenyuan (芬園) Changhua County
Fongbin (豐濱) Hualien County
Fonglin (鳳林) Hualien County
Fuli (富里) Hualien County
Fusing (福興) Changhua County

text: G[edit]

text:
Gaoshu (高樹) Pingtung County
Gongguan (公館) Miaoli County
Guangfu (光復) Hualien County
Guanshan (關山) Taitung County
Guansi (關西) Hsinchu County
Gukeng (古坑) Yunlin County
Guosing (國姓) Nantou County

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiduan (海端) Taitung County
Hemei (和美) Changhua County
Hengchun (恆春) Pingtung County
Hengshan (橫山) Hsinchu County
Houlong (後龍) Miaoli County
Hsinchu [Sinjhu] (新竹)
Hualien [Hualian] (花蓮) Hualien County
Huatan (花壇) Changhua County
Hukou (湖口) Hsinchu County
Husi (湖西) Penghu County
Huwei (虎尾) Yunlin County

text: J[edit]

text:
Jhongliao (中寮) Nantou County
Jhongpu (中埔) Chiayi County
Jhuangwei (壯圍) Yilan County
Jhubei (竹北) Hsinchu County
Jhuci (竹崎) Chiayi County
Jhudong (竹東) Hsinchu County
Jhunan (竹南) Miaoli County
Jhuolan (卓蘭) Miaoli County
Jhuosi (卓溪) Hualien County
Jhushan (竹山) Nantou County
Jhutang (竹塘) Changhua County
Jhutian (竹田) Pingtung County
Jiadong (佳冬) Pingtung County
Ji-an (吉安) Hualien County
Jianshih (尖石) Hsinchu County
Jiaosi (礁溪) Yilan County
Jiji (集集) Nantou County
Jincheng (金城) Kinmen County
Jinfong (金峰) Taitung County
Jinhu (金湖) Kinmen County
Jinning (金寧) Kinmen County
Jinsha (金沙) Kinmen County
Jiouru (九如) Pingtung County
Jyuguang (莒光) Lienchiang County

text: K[edit]

text:
Kanding (崁頂) Pingtung County
Kaohsiung [Gaosyong] (高雄)
Keelung [Jilong] (基隆)
Kouhu (口湖) Yunlin County

text: L[edit]

text:
Laiyi (來義) Pingtung County
Lanyu (蘭嶼) Taitung County
Lieyu (烈嶼) Kinmen County
Ligang (里港) Pingtung County
Linbian (林邊) Pingtung County
Linluo (麟洛) Pingtung County
Linnei (林內) Yunlin County
Lioujiao (六腳) Chiayi County
Liouciou (琉球) Pingtung County
Lucao (鹿草) Chiayi County
Lugu (鹿谷) Nantou County
Lukang [Lugang] (鹿港) Changhua County
Lunbei (崙背) Yunlin County
Luodong (羅東) Yilan County
Luye (鹿野) Taitung County
Lyudao (綠島) Taitung County

text: M[edit]

text:
Mailiao (麥寮) Yunlin County
Majia (瑪家) Pingtung County
Magong (馬公) Penghu County
Manjhou (滿州) Pingtung County
Meishan (梅山) Chiayi County
Miaoli (苗栗) Miaoli County
Mingjian (名間) Nantou County
Minsyong (民雄) Chiayi County
Mudan (牡丹) Pingtung County

text: N[edit]

text:
Nan-ao (南澳) Yilan County
Nangan (南竿) Lienchiang County
Nanjhou (南州) Pingtung County
Nanjhuang (南庄) Miaoli County
Nantou (南投) Nantou County
Neipu (內埔) Pingtung County
New Taipei [Sinbei] (新北)

text: P[edit]

text:
Pingtung [Pingdong] (屏東) Pingtung County
Pitou (埤頭) Changhua County
Puli (埔里) Nantou County
Pusin (埔心) Changhua County
Puyan (埔鹽) Changhua County
Puzih (朴子) Chiayi County

text: R[edit]

text:
Ren-ai (仁愛) Nantou County
Rueisuei (瑞穗) Hualien County

text: S[edit]

text:
Sandimen (三地門) Pingtung County
Sansing (三星) Yilan County
Sanwan (三灣) Miaoli County
Sanyi (三義) Miaoli County
Shengang (伸港) Changhua County
Shetou (社頭) Changhua County
Shihtan (獅潭) Miaoli County
Shihzih (獅子) Pingtung County
Shoufong (壽豐) Hualien County
Shueilin (水林) Yunlin County
Shueili (水里) Nantou County
Shueishang (水上) Chiayi County
Siansi (線西) Changhua County
Sihhu (四湖) Yunlin County
Sihu (溪湖) Changhua County
Sihu (西湖) Miaoli County
Sijhou (溪州) Changhua County
Sikou (溪口) Chiayi County
Siluo (西螺) Yunlin County
Sincheng (新城) Hualien County
Sinfong (新豐) Hsinchu County
Singang (新港) Chiayi County
Sinpi (新埤) Pingtung County
Sinpu (新埔) Hsinchu County
Sinyi (信義) Nantou County
Sinyuan (新園) Pingtung County
Sioushuei (秀水) Changhua County
Sioulin (秀林) Hualien County
Siyu (西嶼) Penghu County
Su-ao (蘇澳) Yilan County

text: T[edit]

text:
Tai-an (泰安) Miaoli County
Taibao (太保) Chiayi County
Taichung [Taijhong] (臺中)
Taimali (太麻里) Taitung County
Tainan (臺南)
Taipei [Taibei] (臺北)
Taisi (臺西) Yunlin County
Taitung [Taidong] (臺東) Taitung County
Taiwu (泰武) Pingtung County
Taoyuan (桃園)
Tianjhong (田中) Changhua County
Tianwei (田尾) Changhua County
Tongluo (銅鑼) Miaoli County
Tongsiao (通霄) Miaoli County
Toucheng (頭城) Yilan County
Toufen (頭份) Miaoli County
Touwu (頭屋) Miaoli County
Tuku (土庫) Yunlin County

text: W[edit]

text:
Wandan (萬丹) Pingtung County
Wang-an (望安) Penghu County
Wanluan (萬巒) Pingtung County
Wanrong (萬榮) Hualien County
Wufong (五峰) Hsinchu County
Wujie (五結) Yilan County
Wuciou (烏坵) Kinmen County
Wutai (霧臺) Pingtung County

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yanping (延平) Taitung County
Yanpu (鹽埔) Pingtung County
Yijhu (義竹) Chiayi County
Yilan (宜蘭) Yilan County
Yongjing (永靖) Changhua County
Yuanchang (元長) Yunlin County
Yuanli (苑裡) Miaoli County
Yuanlin (員林) Changhua County
Yuanshan (員山) Yilan County
Yuchih (魚池) Nantou County
Yuli (玉里) Hualien County

text: Z[edit]

text: Zaociao (造橋) Miaoli County