document_title: Dance Moms

question_text: how old was paige when she left dance moms

text: Dance Moms

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Primarily set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and later in Los Angeles, California, the show originally followed the Abby Lee Dance Company's Junior Elite Competition Team of girls aged 12-16 as they traveled week-to-week to various dance competitions, winning awards and preparing for Nationals, while at the same time being prepared by Abby Lee Miller to be "professional, employable working dancers." The series depicted the doting mothers as rivals of each other on behalf of their own daughters, often arguing with Miller and each other, and sometimes closing ranks against rival teams. Dance performances were creatively conceptualized by Miller and her dance instructors, with input from the show's producers, while choreography was done by Miller, her staff, and occasionally a guest choreographer. Various rival dance teams spurred the team's competitiveness. The show's success was often credited to the drama and conflict among Miller and the moms, along with the weekly dances and the close relationships among the girls as viewers watched them grow up and improve their skills.

text: The show featured Miller as a strict dance team coach who, over the series, relied more and more on criticism, sometimes personal, to motivate the girls, with an emphasis on hard work and competition against teammates. Every week on the show, Miller used a pyramid of individual headshots and gives feedback to each girl about her ranking, previous week's performance, attitude, effort, and the behavior of the girl herself and her mother. Miller had never used a pyramid in her studio prior to Dance Moms, and when once asked about it, Miller stated, "I've never done that in my life. That has nothing to do with me. That's the show; they came up with that whole process."[1]

text: In season 5, Miller relocated the team to Los Angeles to help build her reputation on the west coast, and while the team continued weekly competitions, the focus shifted somewhat to include preparation for acting and music business careers.

text: During the second half of Season 7, several dancers and their mothers left the ALDC to form "The Irreplaceables." Abby left the show several episodes later, followed by the remaining ALDC dancers and mothers.

text: In July 2018, Miller announced her return for season 8 of Dance Moms.[2]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Abby Lee Dance Company[edit]

text:
Abby Lee Miller is the director of Reign Dance Productions (formerly Maryen Lorrain Dance Studio), which houses the Abby Lee Dance Company (ALDC), of which she is owner and chief choreographer.[3][4][5] She left the show during the second half of season 7 in relation to pending sentencing for financial related crimes (described below), and with the cast fracturing into separate groups as part of the resulting fallout from it. On July 11, 2018 she announced her return in season 8.[6][7]
Gianna Martello is an instructor for RDP covering all genres of dance, and is also the assistant choreographer for the ALDC Junior Elite Competition team.[8] Martello studied dance under Miller's tutelage through Reign Dance Productions.
Melissa Gisoni is the mother of Maddie Ziegler, a  lyrical/tap dancer and Mackenzie Ziegler, an acro/Hip hop dancer and singer (under the stage name Mack Z).[3] Maddie was known to be Abby's favorite student during her time on the show, which caused tension between the other moms and Abby. Maddie and Mackenzie studied dance at Miller's studio through Reign Dance Productions from the early ages of four and two respectively. They were original cast members of the show, and left during Season 6. After leaving the show Maddie and Mackenzie left ALDC and switched to Dance Mechanics.[citation needed]
Christi Lukasiak is the mother of Chloe Lukasiak, a ballet, lyrical/contemporary dancer; she is also professional at other forms of dance, such as acro, jazz, tap, bollywood, musical theatre and hip hop. Chloe began dancing at Miller's studio at age two. They were original cast members of the show, but left the show after the Season 4 finale. Chloe then quit ALDC for good and now dances at Studio 19. They returned to guest star for the Season 7 finale and Season 7 B, initially as part of ALDC's rival MDP, before then joining the newly formed team of former ALDC members called "The Irreplaceables".[9]
Kelly Hyland is the mother of Brooke Hyland, an acro dancer and singer and Paige Hyland, a jazz dancer and model. Prior to the show, as a teenager Kelly had been a dancer at ALDC, before quitting to become a cheerleader. They were original cast members, but Kelly assaulted Abby in the middle of Season 4, resulting in the Hyland's leaving the show. Brooke and Paige have since gone on to focus on school.
Holly Hatcher-Frazier, is the mother of Nia Frazier,[3] a contemporary and acro dancer and singer (Nia Sioux). Nia had earlier studied dance at Miller's studio through Reign Dance Productions. They were original cast members of the show, and left the ALDC during season 7 to form "The Irreplaceables".
Cathy Nesbitt-Stein is the mother of Vivi-Anne, a musical theatre/tap dancer who joined the ALDC for most of season 1. Vivi-Anne was previously a student and team member at her mother's studio, Candy Apples Dance Centre, where she continued her dance training after leaving the team and show. Cathy and Vivi-Anne have continued to appear occasionally since season 2. (Also see "Rival studios" below.)
Jill Vertes is the mother of Kendall Vertes,[3] a model and jazz dancer and aspiring singer (Kendall K). Before joining the ALDC in season 2, Kendall studied dance at Rogers Dance in Pittsburgh and Studio 19 in Cranberry Township, PA.[10] During season 2, they were portrayed as having switched teams (to the CADC) for several episodes, but they returned to the ALDC. They left the ALDC during season 7 to form "The Irreplaceables".
Kristie Ray is the mother of Asia Monet Ray, a jazz/acro dancer and singer (Asia Monet). Asia first appeared on AUDC, where she was the youngest competitor from either season. Asia briefly danced with the Junior Elite Competition Team in Season 3, before leaving just before Nationals.
Kira Girard is the mother of Kalani Hilliker,[3][11][12] a lyrical dancer and model and fashion designer. Before joining the ALDC in season 4, Kira and Kalani appeared on season 2 of Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition (AUDC).[13] After several weeks with the ALDC team in season 4, she was made a permanent team member of the ALDC in season 5. They left the ALDC during season 7 to form "The Irreplaceables".
Jessalynn Siwa is the mother of JoJo Siwa,[14] a jazz and contemporary dancer. Before originally joining the ALDC as guests in season 5, Jessalynn and JoJo appeared on season 2 of AUDC.[15] After several episodes as a guest dancer, JoJo was made a full-time team member, but left the show during Season 6.
Ashlee Allen is the mother of Brynn Rumfallo, a lyrical/acro dancer. Prior to Dance Moms, Brynn previously had trained at Club Dance Studio, Arizona, like her teammate Kalani. Brynn joined the team in Season 5 as a guest, and then was given the opportunity to be a full-time member of the team in the first episode of Season 6. They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.
Stacey Ann Ketchman is the mother of Lilliana Ketchman, an acrobatic & jazz dancer. They joined the ALDC in Season 6, and Lilliana joined the elite team in Season 7.  They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.
Yolanda Walmsley is the mother of Elliana Walmsley, a jazz & lyrical dancer.  They joined the ALDC in Season 6, and Elliana joined the elite team in Season 7. They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.
Camille Bridges is the mother of Camryn Bridges, a contemporary & jazz dancer. They joined the ALDC in Season 7, but later that season left with several of the other cast members to form "The Irreplaceables".
Jaime Caes is the mother of Maesi Caes, a hip hop & contemporary dancer from Iowa who toured with Justin Bieber.[citation needed] They joined the ALDC in Season 7 after Jojo quit the team. They left the show during Season 7 along with the other remaining ALDC members.

text: "The Irreplaceables"[edit]

text:
Cheryl Burke is the dance coach for "The Irreplaceables." [16]
Christi Lukasiak and her daughter Chloe Lukasiak (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Holly Hatcher-Frazier and her daughter Nia Frazier (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Jill Vertes and her daughter Kendall Vertes (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Kira Girard and her daughter Kalani Hilliker (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)
Camille Bridges and her daughter Camryn Bridges (See "Abby Lee Dance Company" above.)

text: Rival studios[edit]

text:
Candy Apples Dance Center (Canton, Ohio) is owned and operated by Cathy Nesbitt-Stein,[3] the mother of Vivi-Anne, who danced with the ALDC in season 1.[17][18] The CADC has been the main rival for the ALDC throughout the five seasons of televised competitions. Over the five seasons of Dance Moms, show producers added several dancers who were well known in the dance competition world and/or had auditioned for Dance Moms in the past, making the "Candy Apples" a team that existed only for television (the real-life Candy Apple team ceased to be featured on the show). Partway through season 5, the CADC was completely recast for one week (see below).
Studio Bleu Dance Center (Ashburn, Virginia) is coached by Gloria Hampton, the mother of Kaeli, who danced with the ALDC as a guest team member briefly in season 3.[19][20][21] Studio Bleu's competition team, which the ALDC competed against several times, was portrayed as a respected and formidable opponent in several episodes.
Murrieta Dance Project (Murrieta, California) is owned and operated by Erin Babbs,[22] who has been an occasional guest choreographer for the CADC in seasons 4 and 5.[23][24] MDP competed against the ALDC several times in season 5.
Broadway Dance Academy (Fenton, Michigan) is owned and operated by Jeanette Cota,[25] the mother of Ava, who guest starred as part of the ALDC "Select Team" in season 4.[26][27][28] The real BDA team competed against the ALDC several times in season 5 before leaving the show (except for Ava) to be replaced on the TV team by the four dancers from the former CADC team.
Beginning with the start of season 5.5, BDA competed as "Candy Apples" for one week after which they resumed using their actual name. This team (consisting of Huelsman, Wilkenson, Smith, Roth and Ava Cota) won the Overall Group competition, handing the ALDC their first Nationals loss in the group overall category.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Season 2 also included one special episode that is not acknowledged as a season episode, as well as another that was not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

Jump up ^ Season 3 also included one episode that was not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

Jump up ^ Season 4 also included two special episodes (first, second) which were not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

Jump up ^ Season 5 also included two special episodes (first, second) which were not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

Jump up ^ Season 6 also included one special episode which was not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

Jump up ^ Season 7 also included one special episode which was not allocated an episode number by Lifetime.

tag: ol

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Outcome

Ref.

2012

2012 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

2013

2013 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

Choice TV: Female Reality Star

Abby Lee Miller

Nominated

BMI Film & TV Awards

BMI Cable Award

Craig Owens

Won

2014

2014 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

Choice TV: Reality Personality (Female)

Abby Lee Miller

Nominated

2015

2015 Kids' Choice Awards

Nickelodeon: Favorite Reality Show

Dance Moms

Won

2015 Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV: Reality Show

Nominated

2016

2016 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition

Nominated

[29]

2017

2017 Teen Choice Awards

Choice Reality TV Show

Dance Moms

Nominated

[30]

text: Controversy and criticism[edit]

text: Several episodes featured controversial costume choices made by Miller, some of which were criticized by the moms, particularly Lukasiak and Frazier. Due to heavy criticism, the season 2 episode "Topless Showgirls", which aired on March 6, 2012, has been removed from rotation. The episode features the young dancers performing a burlesque-style routine and wearing sequined, flesh-toned bra tops and tights in an effort to make them appear nude. Miller defends her costume choice saying, "Everyone in the industry knows the girls are completely covered and everything's harmless." Lifetime confirmed pulling the episode.[31][32] The episode is not included on the season's DVD.[33]

text: Kelly Hyland was arrested in early January 2014 on charges of assaulting Miller during a dispute backstage at a dance competition held in New York City during filming for the show's fourth season in November 2013. Hyland appeared in court with Miller on January 21, 2014 and pleaded "not guilty". A hearing was scheduled for March but adjourned to May 5, 2014. Legal expert Rosemarie Arnold opined that because the episode aired on TV, Hyland's defense that the alleged assault was scripted was viable.[34] On a January 29 appearance on The View, Miller announced that Hyland and her daughters Brooke and Paige are no longer contracted with and would no longer appear on Dance Moms.[35][36] The episode featuring the incident between Hyland and Miller aired on February 11, 2014.[37] After the final episode of season 4, Christi and Chloe Lukasiak also left Dance Moms[38] because of continuing insults and dismissive treatment toward Chloe.[39] In October 2014, then-13-year-old Paige Hyland sued Miller, but Hyland's lawsuit was dismissed.[40]

text: On October 13, 2015, Abby Lee Miller was indicted in Pittsburgh on charges of concealing her income from her performances on the show in 2012 and 2013. She was charged with bankruptcy fraud, concealment of bankruptcy assets and false bankruptcy declarations in hiding some $755,000.[41][42] In June 2016, Miller pled guilty to the charges, and entered a plea deal with the IRS.[43] In May 2017, Miller was sentenced to one year and a day in prison, followed by two years of supervised release.[44][45] Season 7 B was the last season to feature the original cast members. Christi Lukasiak revealed that the original cast wouldn't be returning for a new season.[46] After filming for Season 7 B wrapped up The Irreplaceables announced that they were going on tour.[47]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: A spin-off series, Dance Moms: Miami, set in Miami, Florida, at Victor Smalley and Angel Armas' Stars Dance Studio, premiered on April 3, 2012,[48] and was cancelled in September 2012.

text: A sister program titled Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition[49] followed Miller and other dance professionals judging twelve young dancers aged 6–13 years on different styles of dance, hoping to find the most versatile dancer of the group. The series premiered on October 9, 2012 and ran for two seasons.

text: In 2014, Miller hosted another sister program titled Abby's Studio Rescue that followed Miller as she visited dance studios across the country to assist them to improve their choreography, studio decor, staff and other aspects. It premiered on June 24, 2014.

text: In July 2014, another spin-off titled Raising Asia starred Asia Monet Ray, a guest team member for several episodes of season 3 of Dance Moms.  The show followed Ray, her model mom, bodybuilder dad and younger sister Bella Blu, helping Asia to pursue her dreams of fame in show business.[50]

text: A British version of Dance Moms titled Dance Mums with Jennifer Ellison premiered on October 20, 2014 and ran for two seasons. Jennifer Ellison hosted the series, set at her Liverpool dance school, Jelli Studios.[51] Dance Mums was produced by Shiver Productions.

text: Ellen DeGeneres is developing a film based on Dance Moms.[52]


document_title: Bicameralism

question_text: how many states in india are bicameral in their governance structure

root

text: Bicameralism

text: History of bicameral legislatures[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Although the ideas on which bicameralism are based can be traced back to the theories developed in ancient Sumer, ancient India and later ancient Greece, and Rome, recognizable bicameral institutions first arose in Medieval Europe where it was associated with separate representation of different estates of the realm. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners as was the case in the Kingdom of England.[2] Others, such as France under the Ancien Régime had a tricameral legislature known as the Estates General, which consisted of separate chambers for the clergymen, the nobility and the commoners.[3]

tag: p

text: The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature. The idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that, "this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence." The Senate was created to be a stabilising force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more deliberate—a sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what Madison saw as the "fickleness and passion" that could absorb the House.[2]

text: He noted further that the "use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch". Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially important".[2] The Senate was chosen by state legislators, and senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In fact, it was not until the year 1913 that the 17th Amendment was passed, which "mandated that Senators would be elected by popular vote rather than chosen by the State legislatures".[2]

text: As part of the Great Compromise, they invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate would have states represented equally, and the House would have them represented by population.

text: The British Parliament is often referred to as the Mother of Parliaments (in fact a misquotation of John Bright, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the British Parliament has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments.[4] Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Most countries in Europe and the Commonwealth have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial head of state who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house.[5][6]

text: Rationale for bicameralism and criticism[edit]

text: A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the complete command of a dominant assembly by some chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to have a second chamber of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not rule.

text: There have been a number of rationales put forward in favour of bicameralism, federal states have often adopted it, and the solution remains popular when regional differences or sensitivities require more explicit representation, with the second chamber representing the constituent states. Nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived.[citation needed]

text: Growing awareness of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multifunctional nature of modern legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for second chambers, though these do generally remain contested institutions in ways that first chambers are not. An example of political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Canadian Senate or the election of the Senate of France.[7]

text: The relationship between the two chambers varies; in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, one chamber is clearly superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments. The latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems.

text: There are two streams of thought: Critics believe bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more difficult to achieve and increases the risk of gridlock—particularly in cases where both chambers have similar powers—while proponents argue the merits of the "checks and balances" provided by the bicameral model, which they believe help prevent the passage into law of ill-considered legislation.

text: Types[edit]

text: Federal[edit]

text: Some countries, such as Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, Nigeria, and the United States, link their bicameral systems to their federal political structure.

text: In the United States, Australia, and Mexico, for example, each state is given the same number of seats in one of the houses of the legislature, despite the total population of each state — it is designed to ensure that smaller states are not overshadowed by larger states, which may have more representation in the other house of the legislature.

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the country as a whole is divided into a number of Senate Divisions, each with a different number of Senators, based on a number of factors. These Divisions are Quebec, Ontario, Western Provinces, and the Maritimes, each with 24 Senators, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, each with 1 Senator, and Newfoundland and Labrador has 6 Senators, making for a total of 105 Senators.

text: Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Senate does not originate most legislation (although a small fraction of government bills are introduced in the Senate and Senators may introduce private members' bills in the same way as MPs) but acts as a chamber of revision almost always passing legislation approved by the House of Commons, made up of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected. The Senate must pass legislation before it becomes law and can therefore act as a wise facilitator or engage in filibuster. The Senate does not have to endure the accountability and scrutiny of parliamentary elections. Therefore, the bicameral structure of Canadian parliament is more de jure than de facto.[citation needed]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The bicameral Parliament of Australia consists of two Houses, the lower house is called the House of Representatives and the upper house is named the Senate. The lower house currently consists of 150 members, each elected from single member constituencies, known as electoral divisions (commonly referred to as "electorates" or "seats") using full-preference Instant-runoff voting. This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major parties, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power.

text: The upper house, the Senate, is also popularly elected under the single transferable vote system of proportional representation. There are a total of 76 senators: 12 senators are elected from each of the six Australian states (regardless of population) and two from each of the two autonomous internal territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).

text: Unlike upper houses in most Westminster parliamentary systems, the Australian Senate is vested with significant power, including the capacity to block legislation initiated by the government in the House of Representatives, making it a distinctive hybrid of British Westminster bicameralism and US-style bicameralism. As a result of proportional representation, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition, which has to maintain the confidence of the lower house, rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and Independents to get legislation passed.[8]

text: Others[edit]

text: In the German, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses (the Bundesrat, the Rajya Sabha, and the Senate respectively) are even more closely linked with the federal system, being appointed or elected directly by the governments or legislatures of each Land, State, or Province. (This was also the case in the United States before the 17th Amendment.) Because of this coupling to the executive branch, German legal doctrine does not treat the Bundesrat as the second chamber of a bicameral system formally. Rather, it sees the Bundesrat and the Bundestag as independent constitutional bodies. Only the directly elected Bundestag is considered to be the parliament.[9] In the German Bundesrat, the various Länder have between three and six votes; thus, while the less populated states have a lower weight, they still have a stronger voting power than would be the case in a system based purely on population, as the most populous Land currently has about 27 times the population of the least populous. The Indian Upper House does not have the states represented equally, but on the basis of their population.

text: There are also instances of bicameralism in countries that are not federations, but which have upper houses with representation on a territorial basis. For example, in South Africa, the National Council of Provinces (and before 1997, the Senate) has its members chosen by each Province's legislature.

text: In Spain the Spanish Senate functions as a de facto territorial-based upper house, and there has been some pressure from the Autonomous Communities to reform it into a strictly territorial chamber.

text: The European Union maintains a bicameral legislative system which consists of the European Parliament, which is elected in general elections on the basis of universal suffrage, and the Council of the European Union which consists of members of the governments of the Member States which are competent for the relevant field of legislation. Although the European Union is not considered a state, it enjoys the power to legislate in many areas of politics; in some areas, those powers are even exclusively reserved to it.

text: Aristocratic and post-aristocratic[edit]

text: In a few countries, bicameralism involves the juxtaposition of democratic and aristocratic elements.

text: The best known example is the British House of Lords, which includes a number of hereditary peers. The House of Lords represents a vestige of the aristocratic system which once predominated in British politics, while the other house, the House of Commons, is entirely elected. Over the years, there have been proposals to reform the House of Lords, some of which have been at least partly successful — the House of Lords Act 1999 limited the number of hereditary peers (as opposed to life peers, appointed by Her Majesty on the advice of the Prime Minister ) to 92, down from around 700. Of these 92, one is the Earl Marshal, a hereditary office always held by the Duke of Norfolk, one is the Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary office held by turns, currently by the Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the other 90 are elected by all sitting peers. Hereditary peers elected by the House to sit as representative peers sit for life; when a representative peer dies, byelections occur to fill the vacancy. The ability of the House of Lords to block legislation is curtailed by the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. Peers can introduce bills except Money Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both Houses of Parliament. If it is not passed within two sessions, the House of Commons can override the Lords delay by invoking the Parliament Act. Certain pieces of legislation however must be approved by both Houses and are not able to be forced through by the Commons under the Parliament Act. This includes any bill which would extend the time length of a Parliament, private bills, bills which are sent to the House of Lords less than one month before the end of a session, and bills which originate in the House of Lords.

text: Life Peers are appointed either by recommendation of the Appointment Commission; the independent body that vets non-partisan peers, typically from academia, business or culture, or by Dissolution Honour, which takes place at the end of every Parliamentary term and leaving MPs may be offered a seat to keep their institutional memory. It is traditional for a peerage to be offered to every outgoing Speaker of the House of Commons.[10]

text: Further reform of the Lords has been proposed; however, reform is not supported by many. Members of the House of Lords all have an aristocratic title, or are from the Clergy. 26 Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England sit as Lords Spiritual, being the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham, the Bishop of Winchester and the next 21 longest-serving Bishops. It is usual that retiring Archbishops, and certain other Bishops, are appointed to the Crossbenches and given a life peerage. Until 2009, 12 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary sat in the House as the highest court in the land; they subsequently became justices of the newly created Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. At present, 786 people sit in the House of Lords, with 92 Hereditary, 26 being Bishops or Archbishops (the Lords Spiritual) and the rest being Life Peers. Membership is not fixed and decreases only on the death of a life peer.

text: Another example of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese House of Peers, abolished after World War II and replaced with the present House of Councillors.

text: Unitary States[edit]

text: Many bicameral countries like the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Ireland and Romania are examples of bicameral systems existing in unitary states. In countries such as these, the upper house generally focuses on scrutinizing and possibly vetoing the decisions of the lower house.

text: On the other hand, in Italy the Parliament consists of two chambers that have the same role and power: the Senate (Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (considered the lower house).

text: In some of these countries, the upper house is indirectly elected. Members of France's Senate, Ireland's Seanad Éireann are chosen by electoral colleges consisting of members of the lower house, local councillors, the Taoiseach, and graduates of selected universities, while the Netherlands' Senate is chosen by members of provincial assemblies (which in turn are directly elected).

text: Norway had a kind of semi-bicameral legislature with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected body, the Storting. These were called the Odelsting and Lagting and were abolished after the general election of 2009. According to Morten Søberg, there was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the Batavian Republic.[11]

text: In Hong Kong, members of the unicameral Legislative Council returned from the democratically elected geographical constituencies and partially-democratic functional constituencies are required to vote separately since 1997 on motions, bills or amendments to government bills not introduced by the government. The passage of these motions, bills or amendments to government bills requires double majority in both groups simultaneously. (Before 2004, when elections to the Legislative Council from the Election Committee was abolished, members returned through the Election Committee vote with members returned from geographical constituencies.) The double majority requirement does not apply to motions, bills and amendments introduced by the government.

text: Subnational entities[edit]

text: In some countries with federal systems, individual states (like those of the United States, Australia and a few States of India) may also have bicameral legislatures. Only three such states, Nebraska in the US, Queensland in Australia and Bavaria in Germany have later adopted unicameral systems. Brazilian states and Canadian provinces had all their upper houses abolished.

text: Argentina[edit]

text: In Argentina, eight provinces have bicameral legislatures, with a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies: Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe. Córdoba and Tucumán changed to unicameral systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australian states, the lower house was traditionally elected based on the one-vote-one-value principle, whereas the upper house was partially appointed and elected, with a bias towards country voters and landowners. In Queensland, the appointed upper house was abolished in 1922, while in New South Wales there were similar attempts at abolition, before the upper house was reformed in the 1970s to provide for direct election. Nowadays, the upper house both federally and in most states is elected using the Single transferable vote form of proportional representation while the lower house uses Instant-runoff voting in single member electorates. This is reversed in the state of Tasmania, where proportional representation is used for the lower house and single member electorates for the upper house.

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

text: The Legislature of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a bicameral legislative body. It consists of two chambers. The House of Representatives has 98 delegates, elected for four-year terms by proportional representation. The House of Peoples has 58 members, 17 delegates from among each of the constituent peoples of the Federation, and 7 delegates from among the other peoples.[12] Republika Srpska, the other entity, has a unicameral parliament, known as the National Assembly.[13]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The German federal state of Bavaria had a bicameral legislature from 1946 to 1999, when the Senate was abolished by a referendum amending the state's constitution. The other 15 states have used a unicameral system since their founding.

text: India[edit]

text: Seven Indian States, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, have bicameral Legislatures, these are called legislative councils (Vidhan Parishad), one third of whom are elected every two years, there are graduate constituencies (members elected exclusively by graduates), teachers constituencies (members elected exclusively by teachers), municipal constituencies (members elected exclusively by Mayors and council members of the city Governments). From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was unicameral. In 1958, when the Legislative Council was formed, it became bicameral until 1 June 1985 when it was abolished. This continued until March 2007 when the Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its seats. Since then the Andhra Pradesh Legislature has become once again bicameral. In Tamil Nadu, a resolution was passed on 14 May 1986 and the Legislative Council was dissolved on 1 Nov 1986. Again on 12 April 2010, a resolution was passed to bring it back bicameral, but became unsuccessful in 2011.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Under Soviet regime regional and local Soviets were unicameral. After the adoption of 1993 Russian Constitution bicameralism was introduced in some regions. Bicameral regional legislatures are still technically allowed by federal law but this clause is dormant now. The last region to switch from bicameralism to unicameralism was Sverdlovsk Oblast in 2012.

text: United States[edit]

text: During the 1930s, the Legislature of the State of Nebraska was reduced from bicameral to unicameral with the 43 members that once comprised that state's Senate. One of the arguments used to sell the idea at the time to Nebraska voters was that by adopting a unicameral system, the perceived evils of the "conference committee" process would be eliminated.

text: A conference committee is appointed when the two chambers cannot agree on the same wording of a proposal, and consists of a small number of legislators from each chamber. This tends to place much power in the hands of only a small number of legislators. Whatever legislation, if any, the conference committee finalizes must then be approved in an unamendable "take-it-or-leave-it" manner by both chambers.

text: During his term as Governor of the State of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura proposed converting the Minnesotan legislature to a single chamber with proportional representation, as a reform that he felt would solve many legislative difficulties and impinge upon legislative corruption. In his book on political issues, Do I Stand Alone?, Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism as a reform that could address many legislative and budgetary problems for states.

text: Reform[edit]

text: Arab political reform[edit]

text: A 2005 report on democratic reform in the Arab world by the US Council on Foreign Relations co-sponsored by former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright urged Arab states to adopt bicameralism, with upper chambers appointed on a 'specialized basis'. The Council claimed that this would protect against the 'Tyranny of the majority', expressing concerns that without a system of checks and balances extremists would use the single chamber parliaments to restrict the rights of minority groups.

text: In 2002, Bahrain adopted a bicameral system with an elected lower chamber and an appointed upper house. This led to a boycott of parliamentary elections that year by the Al Wefaq party, who said that the government would use the upper house to veto their plans. Many secular critics of bicameralism were won around to its benefits in 2005, after many MPs in the lower house voted for the introduction of so-called morality police.

text: Romania[edit]

text: A referendum on introducing a unicameral Parliament instead of the current bicameral Parliament was held in Romania on 22 November 2009. The turnout rate was 50.95%, with 77.78% of "Yes" votes for a unicameral Parliament.[14] This referendum had a consultative role, thus requiring a parliamentary initiative and another referendum to ratify the new proposed changes.

text: Ivory Coast[edit]

text: A referendum on a new constitution will be held on October 30, 2016. The constitution draft would create a bicameral Parliament instead of the current unicameral. The Senate is expected to represent the interests of territorial collectivities and Ivoirians living abroad. Two thirds of the Senate is to be elected at the same time as the general election. The remaining one third is appointed by the president elect.[15]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Country
Bicameral body
Notes

Upper house
Lower house

 Afghanistan
National Assembly

Masharano Jirga
Wolesi Jirga

 Algeria
Parliament

Council of the Nation
People's National Assembly

 Antigua and Barbuda
Parliament

Senate
House of Representatives

 Argentina
National Congress
Of the twenty-three provincial legislatures, eight are bicameral, while the remaining fifteen and the legislature of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are unicameral.

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Australia
Parliament
All of the state parliaments except Queensland's are also bicameral. The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are also unicameral.

Senate
House of Representatives

 Austria
Parliament
All of the Bundesländer have unicameral parliaments.

Bundesrat
Nationalrat

 Bahamas
Parliament

Senate
House of Assembly

 Bahrain
National Assembly

Consultative Council
Council of Representatives

 Barbados
Parliament

Senate
House of Assembly

 Belarus
National Assembly

Council
House of Representatives

 Belgium
Federal Parliament
All of the community and regional parliaments are unicameral.

Senate
Chamber of Representatives

 Belize
National Assembly

Senate
House of Representatives

 Bhutan
Parliament

National Council
National Assembly

 Bolivia
Plurinational Legislative Assembly

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Brazil
National Congress
All of the 26 state legislatures and the Federal District legislature are unicameral.

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Burundi
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Cambodia
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Canada
Parliament
All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral.

Senate
House of Commons

 Cameroon
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Central African Republic
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Chile
National Congress

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Colombia
Congress

Senate
Chamber of Representatives

 Czech Republic
Parliament

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 DR Congo
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Congo
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Equatorial Guinea
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Ethiopia
Federal Parliamentary Assembly
Regional Councils are unicameral. Assemblyman of the Regional Councils are elected directly.

House of Federation
House of Peoples' Representatives

 France
Parliament in the Fifth French Republic

Senate
National Assembly

 Gabon
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Germany
N/A
In Germany, the chambers form two distinct constitutional bodies not framed by a comprehensive institution. All of the federal states (Länder) today have unicameral parliaments.

Bundesrat
Bundestag

 Grenada
Parliament

Senate
House of Representatives

 Haiti
Parliament

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 India
Parliament
Some of the states also have bicameral legislatures namely Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council).

Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha

 Indonesia
People's Consultative Assembly

Regional Representative Council
People's Representative Council

 Ireland
Oireachtas

Seanad Éireann
Dáil Éireann

 Italy
Parliament

Senate of the Republic
Chamber of Deputies

 Ivory Coast
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Jamaica
Parliament

Senate
House of Representatives

 Japan
National Diet

House of Councillors
House of Representatives

 Jordan
Parliament

Senate
House of Representatives

 Kazakhstan
Parliament

Senate
Majilis

 Kenya
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Lesotho
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Liberia
Legislature

Senate
House of Representatives

 Madagascar
Parliament

Senate
National Assembly

 Malaysia
Parliament
All the 13 State Legislative Assemblies are unicameral.

Dewan Negara
Dewan Rakyat

 Mexico
Congress
All the 31 State Congresses and the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District are unicameral.

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Myanmar
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
All the 14 State and Region Hluttaw (Assemblies) are unicameral.

Amyotha Hluttaw
Pyithu Hluttaw

   Nepal
Parliament
[16]

Pratinidhi Sabha
Rashtriya Sabha

 Netherlands
States General

Eerste Kamer
Tweede Kamer

 Nigeria
National Assembly

Senate
House of Representatives

 Oman
Parliament

Majlis al-Dawla
Majlis al-Shura

 Pakistan
Parliament
All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.

Senate
National Assembly

 Palau
National Congress

Senate
House of Delegates

 Philippines
Congress
All local legislatures are unicameral.

Senate
House of Representatives

 Poland
National Assembly

Senate
Sejm

 Romania
Parliament

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Russian Federation
Federal Assembly
All the regional legislatures are now unicameral while bicameralism in regions is technically allowed by the Federation.

Federation Council
State Duma

 Saint Lucia
Parliament

Senate
House of Assembly

 South Africa
Parliament
All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral.

National Council of Provinces
National Assembly

 Spain
Cortes Generales
Moreover, each Spanish autonomous region has its own unicameral regional parliament, with wide-ranging legislative powers on their own.

Senate
Congress of Deputies

  Switzerland
Federal Assembly
All of the cantons have unicameral parliaments.

Council of States
National Council

 United Kingdom
Parliament
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved unicameral legislatures with limited devolved powers.

House of Lords
House of Commons

 United States
Congress
All of the state legislatures, except Nebraska, are also bicameral. The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico is bicameral. The Council of the District of Columbia is unicameral.

Senate
House of Representatives

 Trinidad and Tobago
Parliament

Senate
House of Representatives

 Uruguay
General Assembly

Senate
Chamber of Representatives

 Uzbekistan
Supreme Assembly

Senate
Legislative Chamber

 Zimbabwe
Parliament

Senate
House of Assembly

text: Historical[edit]

text:
Denmark
Rigsdagen
Under the constitution Rigsdagen was created, with two houses, an upper and lower house. However, after the 1953 referendum, both Rigsdagen and the Landsting was abolished, making the Folketing the sole chamber of the parliament.

Landsting (Upper house)
Folketing (Lower house)

 Greece
Parliament of the Hellenes
The Senate as an upper chamber was established by the Greek Constitution of 1844, of the Kingdom of Greece, and was abolished by the Greek Constitution of 1864. The Senate was reestabished by the republican Constitution of 1927, which establishing the Second Hellenic Republic and was disestablished by the restoration of the Kingdom of Greece at 1935.

Gerousia (Senate)
Vouli (Chamber of Deputies)

 Korea, South
National Assembly
Under the first constitution (first republic, 1948–52), the National Assembly was unicameral. The second and third constitutions (first republic, 1952–60) regulated the National Assembly was bicameral and consisted of the House of Commons and the Senate, but only the House of Commons was established and the House of Commons could not pass a bill to establish the Senate. During the short-lived second republic (1960–61), the National Assembly became practically bicameral, but it was overturned by the May 16 coup. The National Assembly has been unicameral since its reopen in 1963.

Senate
House of Commons

 New Zealand
Parliament
Until 1950, the New Zealand Parliament was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1951, but the name "House of Representatives" has been retained.

Legislative Council
House of Representatives

 Peru
Congress
Under the 1993 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral Congress of the Republic.

Senate
Chamber of Deputies

 Portugal
Cortes
During the period of Constitutional Monarchy, the Portuguese Parliament was bicameral. The lower house was the Chamber of Deputies and the upper house was the Chamber of Peers (except during the 1838-1842 period, where a Senate existed instead). With the replacement of the Monarchy by the Republic in 1910, the Parliament continued to be bicameral with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate existing until 1926.

Chamber of Deputies
Chamber of Peers

 Sweden
Riksdagen
Until 1970, the Swedish Riksdag was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1971, but retained the name Riksdag.

Första kammaren (Upper house)
Andra kammaren (Lower house)

 Turkey
Parliament
It was established with the Turkish constitution of 1961 and abolished with the Turkish constitution of 1982, although it did not exist between 1980 and 1982 either as a result of the 1980 coup d'état in Turkey.

National Assembly
Senate of the Republic

 Venezuela
Congress
Under the 1999 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral National Assembly of Venezuela.

Chamber of Deputies
Senate

 Mauritania
Parliament
Under the 2017 Referendum, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral National Assembly of Mauritania.

Senate
National Assembly


document_title: Mr. Personality

question_text: who hosted the reality show called mr. personality

text: Mr. Personality

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Mr. Personality is a reality television show that aired on the Fox Television Network with the premise that a woman (Hayley Arp) must select a husband from twenty bachelors whose faces are covered by masks throughout the show, supposedly basing her decisions on who to eliminate solely based on their personality instead of looks, hence the title.  It ran five episodes from April to May 2003 and was hosted by Monica Lewinsky, produced by Brian Gadinsky.


document_title: Languages of the Philippines

question_text: when did english become the official language of the philippines

text: Languages of the Philippines

text: National and official languages[edit]

text: The 1987 Constitution declares Filipino as the national language of the country. Filipino and English are the official languages, with the recognition of the regional languages as auxiliary official in their respective regions, including Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan. Spanish and Arabic are to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.[10]

text: Spanish was the national and official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish.[11] It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as the official language of the First Philippine Republic.[12] National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Luciano de la Rosa established that Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 20th century as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

text: Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called "Thomasites") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language.[13]

text: In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa ("national language" in English translation).[14] The language was further renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language, to be known as Filipino. In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973.[15]

text: The present constitution, ratified in 1987, designates Filipino and English as joint official languages. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in the constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The constitution also made mention of Spanish and Arabic, both of which are to be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

text: Filipino is an official language of education and also the major language of the broadcast media and cinema, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like comic books) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for the small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the civil service, most of whom are non-Tagalogs.

text: There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages. Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another is the prevalence of code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog.

text: The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca. This is however not implemented as Filipinos at large are polyglots. In the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while the regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol-speaking area, and Davao in the Cebuano-speaking area. As of 2017[update], the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages.[citation needed]

text: The diglossia is more evident in the case of other languages such as Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Waray, Hiligaynon, Sambal, and Maranao, where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends.[16]

text: There still exists another type of diglossia, which is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority languages as the basilect. In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike the case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate[specify] and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records.

text: Indigenous languages[edit]

text: According to Ethnologue, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta.[17] Except for English, Spanish, Chavacano and varieties of Chinese (Hokkien, Cantonese and Mandarin), all of the languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language family of the Austronesian superfamily.

text: There are 13 indigenous languages with at least one million native speakers:

text:
Tagalog
Cebuano
Ilocano
Hiligaynon
Waray-Waray
Bikol
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Maranao
Tausug
Maguindanao
Kinaray-a

tag: ul

text: One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population.

text: A Philippine language sub-family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi and the Yami language of Taiwan, but excludes the Sama–Bajaw languages of the Tawi-Tawi islands, as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan.

text: Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the aftermath of the Philippine–American War. It is used by about 500 people.

text: Mutual intelligibility[edit]

text: Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects, partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946).[14] While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish.

text: The vast differences between the languages can be seen in the following translations of the Philippine national proverb:

text:
Language
Translation

English
He who does not (know how to) look back at his past (where he came from) will not reach his destination. (Those who forget their roots will not grasp their future)

Aklanon
Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang ginapaeangpan.

Asi (Bantoanon)
Kag tawong waya giruromroma it ida ginghalinan, indi makaabot sa ida apagtuan.

Boholano (Binol-anon)
Sija nga dī kahibawng mulingi sa ijang gi-gikanan, dī gajud maka-abot sa ijang padul-ngan.

Bolinao
Si'ya a kai tanda' nin lumingap sa pangibwatan na, kai ya mirate' sa keen na.

Bontoc (Ifuntok)
Nan Adi mang ustsong sinan narpuwan na, adi untsan isnan umayan na.

Botolan
Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen.

Butuanon
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang atubangan, sigurado jud ma dam-ag.

West Miraya Bikol (Ligao)
Kan idi tatao magkiling sa inalian, idi makaabot sa papaidtuhan

Buhinon Bikol (Buhi)
Yu di nikiling sa pinagalinan, di makaantos sa pupuntahan.

Central Bikol (Canaman)
An dai tataong magsalingoy sa saiyang ginikanan, dai makakaabot sa padudumanan.

Gubatnon Bikol (Gubat)
An diri maaram mag-imud sa pinaghalian, diri makaabot sa pakakadtu-an.

East Miraya Bikol (Daraga)
Su indi tataw makarumdom nung ginitan, indi makaabot sa adunan.

West Miraya Bikol (Oas)
Kan na taw na idi tataw mag linguy sa sanyang inalian, idi man maka abot sa sanyang paidtunan.

Rinconada Bikol (Iriga)
A dirî tattaoŋ maglīlî sa pinaŋgalinan, dirî makaaābot sa pig-iyānan.

Capiznon
Ang indi kabalo magbalikid sa iya ginhalinan, indi makalab-ot sa iya palakadtuan.

Cebuano
Kadtong dili kahibalo molingi sa iyang kagikan, dili makaabot sa iyang padulngan.

Caviteño Chavacano
Quien no ta bira cara na su origen no de incarsa na su destinacion.

Ternateño Chavacano
Ay nung sabi mira i donde ya bini no di yega na destinasyon.

Zamboangueño Chavacano
El Quien no sabe vira el cara na su origen, nunca llega na su destinación.

Cuyonon
Ang ara agabalikid sa anang ing-alinan, indi enged maka-abot sa anang papakonan.

Ibanag
I tolay nga ari mallipay ta naggafuananna, ari makadde ta angayanna.

Ilokano
Ti tao nga saan na ammo tumaliaw iti naggapuanna ket saan nga makadanon iti papananna.

Itawis
Ya tolay nga mari mallipay tsa naggafuananna, mari makakandet tsa angayanna.

Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
Ang indi makahibalo magbalikid sang iya ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya padulungan.

Jama Mapun
Soysoy niya' pandoy ngantele' patulakan ne, niya' ta'abut katakkahan ne.

Kapampangan
Ing e byasang malikid king kayang penibatan, e ya miras king kayang pupuntalan.

Kinaray-a
Ang indi kamaan magbalikid sa ana ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa ana paaragtunan.

Malaysian & Indonesian
Orang yang melupakan asal-usulnya tak mungkin mencapai tujuannya.

Manobo (Obo)
Iddos minuvu no konnod kotuig nod loingoy to id pomonan din, konna mandad od poko-uma riyon tod undiyonnan din.

Maranao
So tao a di matao domingil ko poonan iyan na di niyan kakowa so singanin iyan.

Masbateño
An dili maaram maglingi sa ginhalian, kay dili makaabot sa kakadtuhan.

Pangasinan
Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to.

Northern Catanduanes Bikol
Ang mai batid magkiling sa hinarian, mai makaabot sa pupuntahan.

Romblomanon (Ini)
Ang tawo nga bukon tigo mag lingig sa iya guinghalinan hay indi makasampot sa iya ning pagakadtoan.

Sambali
Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot sa kakaon.

Sangil
Tao mata taya mabiling su pubuakengnge taya dumanta su kadam tangi.

Sinama
Ya Aa ga-i tau pa beleng ni awwal na, ga-i du sab makasong ni maksud na.

Español
El que no sabe mirar atrás, de donde viene, nunca llegará a su destino.

Surigaonon
Adton dili mahibayo molingi sa ija ing-gikanan, dili gajod makaabot sa ija pasingdan.

Sorsoganon
An diri mag-imud sa pinaghalian diri makaabot sa kakadtuan.

Tagalog (Tayabas)
Ang hindi maalam lumingon sa pinaroonan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan.

Tagalog (Manila)
Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.

Tausug
In di' maingat lumingi' pa bakas liyabayan niya, di' makasampay pa kadtuun niya.

Waray (Leyte)
An diri maaram lumingi ha tinikangan, diri maulpot ha kakadtoan.

Waray (Northern Samar)
An diri maaram lumingi sa tinikangan, diri maulpot sa kakadtoan.

Yakan
Mang gey matau mamayam si bakas palaihan nen, gey tekka si papilihan nen.

text: Dialectal variation[edit]

text: The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation.

text: The languages of the Bicol Region, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding language, and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog.

text:
Haloy ka duman sa saodan? (Standard Coastal Bikol, a dialect of Central Bikol; Canaman, Camarines Sur)
Aloy ka duman sa saodan? (Magarao, a variety of Coastal Bikol; Magarao, Camarines Sur)
Huray ka doon sa saodan? (Northern Catanduanes Bicolano or Pandan Bikol; Pandan, Catanduanes)
Naәban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Iriga City)
Nauban ikā sadtō sāran? (Rinconada Bikol; Nabua, Camarines Sur)
Uban ika adto sa saod? (Libon, Albay Bikol; Libon, Albay)
Naәgәy ika adto sa saran? (Buhinon, Albay Bikol; Buhi, Camarines Sur)
Eley ka idto sa sed? (West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Oas, Albay)
Na-alõy ika idto sa sâran/mercado?(West Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Polangui, Albay)
Naulay ka didto sa saran? (East Miraya Bikol, Albay Bikol; Daraga, Albay)
Dugay ka didto sa mercado? (Ticao, Masbateño; Monreal, Masbate)
Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, Southern Sorsogon; Gubat, Sorsogon)
Matagal ka ba roon sa pamilihan? (Tagalog)

text: Comparison chart[edit]

text: Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect, the chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west).

text:
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we (inclusive)
what
and

Ivatan
asa
dadowa
tatdo
apat
tao
vahay
chito
niyoy
araw
va-yo
yaten
ango
kan

Ilokano
maysa
dua
tallo
uppat
tao
balay
aso
niog
aldaw
baro
datayo
ania
ken

Ifuntok
əsang
tswa
Tulo
əpat
tacu
Afong
aso
inyog
acəw
falu
tsattaku
ngag
ya

Ibanag
tadday
dua
tallu
appa'
tolay
balay
kitu
inniuk
aggaw
bagu
sittam
anni

Gaddang
tata
addwa
tallo
appat
tolay
balay
atu
ayog
aw
bawu
ikkanetem
sanenay

Pangasinan
sakey
duara
talora
apatira
too
abong
aso
niyog
agew
balo
sikatayo
anto
tan/et

Kapampangan
metung
adwa
atlu
apat
tau
bale
asu
ngungut
aldo
bayu
ikatamu
nanu
ampong/at

Tagalog
isa
dalawa
tatlo
apat
tao
bahay
aso
niyog
araw
bago
tayo
ano
at

Coastal Bikol
saro
duwa
tulo
apat
tawo
harong
ayam
niyog
aldaw
ba-go
kita
ano
buda

Rinconada Bikol
əsad
darwā
tolō
əpat
tawō
baləy
ayam
noyog
aldəw
bāgo
kitā
onō
ag, sagkəd, sakâ

West Miraya Bikol
sad
duwa
tulo
upat
taw
balõy
ayam
nuyog
aldõw
bâgo
kita, sato
uno
dangan, mî, saka

East Miraya Bikol
usad
duwa
tulo
upat
taw
balay
ayam
nuyog
aldaw
bâgo
kita, satun, kami
uno
dangan, mî, saka, kina

North Catanduanes Bikol
sadu
dawha
tatlo
apat
taho
baray
ayam
lubi / butong
ardaw
ba-go
kita, kami, amo
ano
kag / buda

Masbateño
usad
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
ido
buko, lubi
aldaw
bag-o
kita, kami, amon
nano
kag

Romblomanon
isa
duha
tuyo
upat
tawo
bayay
ayam
niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, aton
ano
kag

Bantoanon
usa
ruha
tuyo
upat
tawo
bayay
iro
nidog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, ato
ni-o
ag

Onhan
isya
darwa
tatlo
apat
tawo
balay
ayam
niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, taton
ano
ag

Kinaray-a
sara
darwa
tatlo
apat
taho
balay
ayam
niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kita, taten
ano, iwan
kag

Hiligaynon
isa
duha
tatlo
apat
tawo
balay
ido
lubi
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
kag

Cebuano
usa
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
iro
lubi
adlaw
bag-o
kita
unsa
ug

Surigaonon
isa
duha
tuyo
upat
tao
bayay
idu
Niyog
adlaw
bag-o
kami
unu
sanan

Waray
usa
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
ayam
lubi
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
ngan, ug

T'boli
sotu
lewu
tlu
fat
tau
gunu
ohu
lefo
kdaw
lomi
tekuy
tedu

Tausug
hambuuk
duwa
tu
upat
tau
bay
iru'
niyug
adlaw
ba-gu
kitaniyu
unu
iban

Español
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
persona
casa
perro
coco
día
nuevo
nosostros
que
y/e

Chavacano
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
gente
casa
perro
coco
dia
nuevo
Zamboangueño: nosotros/kame; Bahra: mijotros/motros; Caviteño: nisos
cosá/ qué
y/e

text: There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of the Batanic languages which includes Ivatan, Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes.

text:
English
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
coconut
day
new
we
what
and

Tao
ása
dóa (raroa)
tílo (tatlo)
ápat
tao
vahay
gara
ngata
araw
vayo
tata
vela

Ivatan
asa
dadowa
tatdo
apat
tao
vahay
chito
niyoy
araw
va-yo
yaten
ango

text: Native speakers[edit]

text: Below are population estimates from the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority on the number of Filipinos who speak the following 18 languages as a native language.

text:
Language
ISO 639-3
Native speakers[18]

Tagalog
tgl
26,387,855

Cebuano
ceb
21,340,000

Ilocano
ilo
7,779,000

Hiligaynon
hil
7,000,979

Waray-Waray
war
3,100,000

Central Bikol[19]
bcl
2,500,000

Kapampangan
pam
2,480,000

Pangasinan
pag
2,434,086

Maranao
mrw
2,150,000

Tausug
tsg
1,822,000

Maguindanao
mdh
1,800,000

Zamboangueño
cbk
1,200,000

Kinaray-a
krj
1,051,000

Surigaonon
sgd, tgn
1,000,000

Masbateño
msb
530,000

Aklanon
akl, mlz
520,000

Ibanag
ibg
320,000

Yakan
yka
110,000

Eskayan
esy
500

text: Language vitality[edit]

text: 2010 UNESCO designation[edit]

text: Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010.

text: Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard)

text:
Safe: language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted
Vulnerable: most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)
Deﬁnitely endangered: children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home
Severely endangered: language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves
Critically endangered: the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently
Extinct: there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Central Cagayan Agta
779
Cagayan
17°59′21″N 121°51′37″E / 17.9891°N 121.8603°E / 17.9891; 121.8603
agt
UNESCO 2000

Dupaninan Agta
1400
Cagayan
17°58′06″N 122°02′10″E / 17.9682°N 122.0361°E / 17.9682; 122.0361
duo
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Bataan Agta
500
Bataan
14°25′57″N 120°28′44″E / 14.4324°N 120.4788°E / 14.4324; 120.4788
ayt
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Mt. Iraya Agta
150
Camarines Sur
13°27′32″N 123°32′48″E / 13.459°N 123.5467°E / 13.459; 123.5467
atl
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Batak
200
Palawan
10°06′29″N 119°00′00″E / 10.1081°N 119°E / 10.1081; 119
bya
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Faire Atta
300
Ilocos Norte
18°01′37″N 120°29′34″E / 18.027°N 120.4929°E / 18.027; 120.4929
azt
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Northern Alta
200
Aurora
15°42′58″N 121°24′31″E / 15.7162°N 121.4085°E / 15.7162; 121.4085
agn
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Camarines Norte Agta
150
Camarines Norte
14°00′49″N 122°53′14″E / 14.0135°N 122.8873°E / 14.0135; 122.8873
abd
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Alabat Island Agta
30
Quezon
14°07′15″N 122°01′42″E / 14.1209°N 122.0282°E / 14.1209; 122.0282
dul
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Isarog Agta
5
Camarines Sur
13°40′50″N 123°22′50″E / 13.6805°N 123.3805°E / 13.6805; 123.3805
agk
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta)
150
Sorsogon
13°01′37″N 124°09′18″E / 13.027°N 124.1549°E / 13.027; 124.1549
ays
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text:
Language
Speakers
(in 2000)
Province
Coordinates
ISO 639-3 Code(s)
Source

Dicamay Agta
(Dumagat, Dicamay Dumagat)
0
Isabela
16°41′59″N 122°01′00″E / 16.6998°N 122.0167°E / 16.6998; 122.0167
duy
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Arta
0
near Isabela-Quirino Border
16°25′21″N 121°42′15″E / 16.4225°N 121.7042°E / 16.4225; 121.7042
atz
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Katabaga
0
Quezon
13°26′12″N 122°33′25″E / 13.4366°N 122.5569°E / 13.4366; 122.5569
ktq
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

Ata
0
Negros Oriental
9°36′29″N 122°54′56″E / 9.6081°N 122.9155°E / 9.6081; 122.9155
atm
David Bradley (UNESCO 2000)

text: 2014 North Dakota study[edit]

text: In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the University of North Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines, the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines.[20]

text:
Language
General location
of speakers[20]
Population of speakers
in the 1990s[20]
Bibliographic source[20]

Batak
Palawan Island
386
Elder 1987

Mamanwa
Mindoro Island
1000
Grimes 2000

Ati
Northern Panay Island
30
Pennoyer 1987:4

Ati
Southern Panay Island
900
Pennoyer 1987:4

Ata
Negros Island
450
Cadelina 1980:96

Ata
Mabinay, Negros Oriental
25
Grimes 2000

Atta
Pamplona, western Cagayan
1000
Grimes 2000

Atta
Faire-Rizal, western Cagayan
400
Grimes 2000

Atta
Pudtol, Kalinga-Apayao
100
Grimes 2000

Ayta
Sorsogon
40
Grimes 2000

Agta (extinct, unverified)
Villaviciosa, Abra
0
Grimes 2000; Reid, per. com. 2001

Abenlen
Tarlac
6000
K. Storck SIL files

Mag-anchi
Zambales Tarlac, Pampanga
4166
K. Storck SIL files

Mag-indi
Zambales, Pampanga
3450
K. Storck SIL files

Ambala
Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan
1654
K. Storck SIL files

Magbeken
Bataan
381
K. Storck SIL files

Agta
Isarog, Camarines Sur (noted as nearly extinct)
1000
Grimes 2000

Agta
Mt. Iraya & Lake Buhi east, Camarines Sur (has 4 close dialects)
200
Grimes 2000

Agta
Mt. Iriga & Lake Buhi west, Camarines Sur
1500
Grimes 2000

Agta
Camarines Norte
200
Grimes 2000

Agta
Alabat Island, southern Quezon
50
Grimes 2000

Agta
Umirey, Quezon (with 3 close dialects)
3000
T. MacLeod SIL files

Agta
Casiguran, northern Aurora
609
Headland 1989

Agta
Maddela, Quirino
300
Headland field notes

Agta
Palanan & Divilacan, Isabela
856
Rai 1990: 176

Agta
San Mariano-Sisabungan, Isabela
377
Rai 1990: 176

Agta (noted as recently extinct)
Dicamay, Jones, Isabela
0
Headland field notes, and Grimes 2000

Arta
Aglipay, Quirino
11 (30 in 1977)
Headland field notes, and Reid 1994:40

Alta
Northern Aurora
250
Reid, per. comm.

Alta
Northern Quezon
400
Reid, per. comm.

Agta
eastern Cagayan, Supaninam (several close dialects)
1200
T. Nickell 1985:119

Agta
central Cagayan
800
Mayfield 1987:vii-viii; Grimes 2000

text: Major immigrant languages[edit]

text: Arabic[edit]

text: Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates in the 14th century. Along with Malay, Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy.

text: The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015[update] Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines. It is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis-à-vis other currently spoken languages.

text: English[edit]

text: The first significant exposure of Filipinos to the English language occurred in 1762 when the British invaded Manila, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and remains an official language of the Philippines.

text: English is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino.[dubious – discuss] However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies.[citation needed] A percentage of the media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino. However, a 2009 article by a UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score the lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams.[21]

text: A large influx of English (American English) words has been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called Taglish or Bislish. There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though the masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions.[according to whom?] There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes.

text: On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezón, Nueva Écija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila.[22]

text: Hokkien[edit]

text: Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and direct interactions and trade overall within the archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century. Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools and the lingua franca of mainland and overseas Chinese. The Lan-nang variant of Hokkien Chinese is the language of the majority the Chinese in the Philippines, who immigrated from the Fujian (pronounced locally as Fukien or Hokkien) province in China. Other varieties of Chinese such as Hakka and Cantonese, are spoken among the Chinese in the Philippines who are descendants of people from Guangdong province in China.

text: As with Spanish, many native languages have co-opted numerous loanwords from Chinese, in particular words that refer to cuisine, household objects, and Philippine kinship terminology.

text: Japanese[edit]

text: The Japanese first came to the Philippines around the 11th century CE, the first country they emigrated to, as well as in waves from the 15th century, 17th century, late 19th century, 1900s, 1930s, and the 1940s.[23][24][25][26] There is a small Japanese community and a school for Japanese in Metro Manila due to the number of Japanese companies. Also there is a large community of Japanese and Japanese descendants in Laguna province, Baguio City, and in the Davao Region. Davao City is a home to a large population of Japanese descendants. Japanese laborers were hired by American companies like the National Fiber Company (NAFCO) in the first decades of the 20th century to work in abaca plantations. Japanese were known for their hard work and industry. During World War II, Japanese schools were present in Davao City.

text: Malay[edit]

text: Malay is spoken as a lingua franca in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, from Zamboanga down to Tawi-Tawi among a minority of the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, and Yakan peoples. It is also spoken as a daily language by Malays and Indonesians who have settled, or do business in the Philippines. It is also spoken in southern Palawan to some extent. It is not spoken among the Maranao and Maguindanao people. Malaysia, Indonesia, and the southern Philippines are largely Islamic and the liturgical language of Islam is Arabic, but the vast majority of Muslims in the Philippines have little practical knowledge of Arabic beyond limited religious terminology.

text: Old Malay and Indonesian cultures and civilizations in ancient Sumatra and Java influenced the history, lifestyles, and culture of Filipino peoples. The Malay language, along with Philippine languages belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, has also had an immense influence on many if not most of the languages spoken in the Philippines. Roughly a third of all commonly used verbs and nouns used in the Philippines are of Old Malay origin. This is because Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native Sugbuanon (Cebuano) during this time period.

text: An example of Old Malay and Javanese languages spoken in Philippine history can be seen in the language of the 10th century Laguna Copperplate Inscription.

text: When the Spanish had first arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, Old Malay was spoken among the aristocracy.

text: It is believed that Ferdinand Magellan’s Moluccan slave Enrique could converse with local leaders in Cebu island, confirming to Magellan his arrival in Southeast Asia.

text: Today, Indonesian is taught as a foreign language in the Department of Linguistics and Asian Languages in the University of the Philippines. Also, the Indonesian School in Davao City teaches the language to preserve the culture of Indonesian immigrants there. The Indonesian Embassy in Manila also offers occasional classes for Filipinos and foreigners.

text: Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[27]

text: In an interview, Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro[28] said that the country's government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied.

text: South Asian languages[edit]

text: Since pre-Spanish times, there have been small Indian communities in the Philippines. Indians tend to be able to speak Tagalog and the other native languages, and are often fluent in English. Among themselves, Sindhi and Punjabi are used. Urdu is spoken among the Pakistani community. Only few South Asians, such as Pakistani, as well as the recent newcomers like speakers of Tamil, Nepali and Marathi retain their own respective languages.[23][29][30][31][32][33]

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Spanish was introduced in the islands after 1565, when the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi set sail from Mexico and founded the first Spanish settlement on Cebú. However, it is rarely spoken today.[21]

text: In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first (albeit polyglot) book, the Doctrina Christiana that same year. In the 17th century, Spanish religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered the oldest in Asia. During colonial rule through Mexico, Spanish was the language of education, trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's lingua franca although it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos.[34] In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. In the 1890s, the Philippines had a prominent group of Spanish-speaking scholars called the Ilustrados, such as José Rizal. Some of these scholars participated in the Philippine Revolution and later in the struggle against American occupation. Both the Malolos Constitution and the Lupang Hinirang (national anthem) were written in Spanish.

text: Under U.S. rule, the English language began to be promoted instead of Spanish. The use of Spanish began to decline some years after Spain was forced to pass the islands to the United States as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of instruction.[11] The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population. In 1990, the census reported that the number had dwindled to just 2,500. A 2012 survey estimates that while around 3 million people can speak Spanish with varying degrees of competency, only around 439,000 people can speak the language at a native level.[35]

text: Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language in the 1973 constitution but regained official status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155.[15] With the promulgation of the 1987 constitution, Spanish lost its official status and it was dropped as a college requirement during Corazón Aquino's administration. Former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a third-language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system. Today, the language is still spoken by Filipino-Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. It remains a required subject in some academic institutions, such as the University of Santo Tomás in Manila and the University of San Carlos in Cebu. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Spanish (along with Arabic) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.

text: Many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature are written in Spanish and are still not translated into Filipino languages, despite the fact that some such as land titles have legal value. Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of loanwords and expressions in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages.[36]

text: Spanish creoles[edit]

text: There are several Spanish-based creole languages in the Philippines, collectively called Chavacano. These may be split into two major geographical groups:

text:
In Luzon:

Caviteño (Chabacano de Cavite), spoken in Cavite City, Cavite.
Ternateño (Chabacano de Barra), spoken in Ternate, Cavite.
Ermitaño (Chabacano de Ermita), formerly spoken in Ermita, Manila but is now extinct. The last reported speakers were a woman and her grandson during the 1980s and 1990s.

In Mindanao:

Zamboangueño Chavacano (Chabacano de Zamboanga / Zamboangueño Chavacano), spoken in Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia (360,000 native speakers-Zamboanga City alone as per 2000 census, making it the most spoken form and known form of Chavacano)
Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato), spoken in Cotabato
Davaoeño Abakay (Chabacano de Davao), spoken in Davao City