document_title: Dachshund

question_text: what is the real name of a wiener dog

question_tokens: what is the real name of a wiener dog

text: Dachshund

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name "dachshund" is of German origin and literally means "badger dog," from Dachs ("badger") and Hund ("hound, dog"). The pronunciation varies widely in English: variations of the first and second syllables include /ˈdɑːks-/, /ˈdæks-/ and /-hʊnt/, /-hʊnd/, /-ənd/. Although "dachshund" is a German word, in modern German they are more commonly known by the name Dackel or, among hunters, Teckel. The German word is pronounced [ˈdakshʊnt].[4]

text: Because of their long, narrow build, they are often nicknamed wiener dog or sausage dog. "Dachshund" may be erroneously pronounced and/or spelled "dash hound," "dash-hound," or "dashound" by some English speakers.

text: Classification[edit]

text: While classified in the hound group or scent hound group in the United States and Great Britain, the breed actually has its own group in the countries which belong to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation).[5] Many dachshunds, especially the wire-haired subtype, may exhibit behavior and appearance that are similar to that of the terrier group of dogs.[6] An argument can be made for the scent (or hound) group classification because the breed was developed to use scent to trail and hunt animals, and probably descended from the Saint Hubert Hound like many modern scent hound breed such as bloodhounds and Basset Hounds; but with the persistent personality and love for digging that probably developed from the terrier, it can also be argued that they could belong in the terrier, or "earth dog", group.[6]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: A typical dachshund is long-bodied and muscular with short, stubby legs. Its front paws are unusually large and paddle-shaped for extreme digging. It has skin that is loose enough not to tear while tunneling in tight burrows to chase prey. The dachshund has a deep chest that provides increased lung capacity for stamina when hunting prey underground. Its snout is long with an increased nose area that absorbs odors.[7] Inasmuch as the Dachshund is a hunting dog, scars from honorable wounds shall not be considered a fault.[8]

text: Coat and color[edit]

text: There are three dachshund coat varieties: smooth coat (short hair), longhaired, and wirehaired.[9] Longhaired dachshunds have a silky coat and short featherings on legs and ears. Wirehaired dachshunds are the least common coat variety in the US (it is the most common in Germany) and the most recent coat to appear in breeding standards.[9] Dachshunds have a wide variety of colors and patterns. Their base coloration can be single-colored (either red or cream), tan pointed (black and tan, chocolate and tan, blue and tan, or Isabella and tan), and in wirehaired dogs, a color referred to as wildboar. Patterns such as dapple (merle), sable, brindle and piebald also can occur on any of the base colors. Dachshunds in the same litter may be born in different coat colors depending on the genetic makeup of the parents. The dominant color in the breed is red, followed by black and tan. Tan pointed dogs have tan (or cream) markings over the eyes, ears, paws, and tail. The reds range from coppers to deep rusts, with or without somewhat common black hairs peppered along the back, face and ear edges, lending much character and an almost burnished appearance; this is referred to among breeders and enthusiasts as an "overlay" or "sabling". Sabling should not be confused with a more unusual coat color referred to as sable. At a distance, a sable dachshund looks somewhat like a black and tan dog. Upon closer examination, however, one can observe that along the top of the dog's body, each hair is actually banded with red at the base near the skin transitioning to mostly black along the length of the strand. An additional striking coat marking is the brindle pattern. "Brindle" refers to dark stripes over a solid background—usually red. If a dachshund is brindled on a dark coat and has tan points, it will have brindling on the tan points only. Even one single, lone stripe of brindle is a brindle. If a dachshund has one single spot of dapple, it is a dapple.

text: The Dachshund Club of America (DCA) and the American Kennel Club (AKC) consider both the piebald pattern and the double dapple (double merle) pattern to be nonstandard. However, both types continue to be shown and sometimes even win in the conformation ring.

text: Dogs that are double-dappled have the merle pattern of a dapple, but with distinct white patches that occur when the dapple gene expresses itself twice in the same area of the coat. The DCA excluded the wording "double-dapple" from the standard in 2007 and now strictly use the wording "dapple" as the double dapple gene is commonly responsible for blindness and deafness.

text:
There are three types of dachshund, which can be classified by their coats: short-haired, called 'smooth'; long-haired; and wire-haired

A wirehaired dachshund

A smooth dachshund

A longhaired dachshund

text:
Examples of different types of dapple patterning

Dapple and tan dachshund.

Black and tan dapple smooth-haired miniature dachshund with one blue eye and one brown eye

A parti dapple longhaired dachshund

text: Size[edit]

text: Dachshunds come in three sizes: standard, miniature,[9] and kaninchen (German for "rabbit"). Although the standard and miniature sizes are recognized almost universally, the rabbit size is not recognized by clubs in the United States and the United Kingdom. The rabbit size is recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation) (FCI), which contain kennel clubs from 83 countries all over the world.[10] An increasingly common size for family pets falls between the miniature and the standard size, frequently referred to as "tweenies," not an official classification.[11]

text: A full-grown standard dachshund averages 16 lb (7.3 kg) to 32 lb (15 kg), while the miniature variety normally weighs less than 12 lb (5.4 kg).[9] The kaninchen weighs 8 lb (3.6 kg) to 11 lb (5.0 kg). According to kennel club standards, the miniature (and kaninchen, where recognized) differs from the full-size only by size and weight, thus offspring from miniature parents must never weigh more than the miniature standard to be considered a miniature as well.[9] While many kennel club size divisions use weight for classification, such as the American Kennel Club, other kennel club standards determine the difference between the miniature and standard by chest circumference; some kennel clubs, such as in Germany, even measure chest circumference in addition to height and weight.[12]

text: H. L. Mencken said that "A dachshund is a half-dog high and a dog-and-a-half long,"[13] although they have been referred to as "two dogs long".[14] This characteristic has led them to be quite a recognizable breed, and they are featured in many a joke and cartoon, particularly The Far Side by Gary Larson.[15]

text: Eye color[edit]

text: Light-colored dachshunds can sport amber, light brown, or green eyes; however, kennel club standards state that the darker the eye color, the better. They can also have eyes of two different colors; however, this is only found in dapple and double dapple dachshunds.[16] Dachshunds can have a blue and a brown eye. Blue eyes, partially blue eyes, or a blue eye and a brown eye are called "wall" coloring, and are considered a non-desirable trait in kennel club standards. Dappled eyes are also possible.

text: Wall-eye is permissible according to DCA standards. Piebald-patterned dachshunds will never have blue in their eyes, unless the dapple pattern is present.

text: Temperament[edit]

text: Dachshunds are playful, but as hunting dogs can be quite stubborn,[17] and are known for their propensity for chasing small animals, birds, and tennis balls with great determination and ferocity.[18][19][20] Many dachshunds are stubborn, making them a challenge to train.[19][21][22][23][24]

text: Being the owner of dachshunds, to me a book on dog discipline becomes a volume of inspired humor. Every sentence is a riot. Some day, if I ever get a chance, I shall write a book, or warning, on the character and temperament of the dachshund and why he can't be trained and shouldn't be. I would rather train a striped zebra to balance an Indian club than induce a dachshund to heed my slightest command. When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes. He even disobeys me when I instruct him in something he wants to do.

text: Dachshunds are statistically more aggressive to both strangers and other dogs.[27] Despite this, they are rated in the intelligence of dogs as an average working dog with a persistent ability to follow trained commands 50% of the time or more.[28] They rank 49th in Stanley Coren's Intelligence of Dogs, being of average working and obedience intelligence. They can have a loud bark. Some bark quite a lot and may need training to stop, while others will not bark much at all.[19][20] Dachshunds are known for their devotion and loyalty to their owners,[20][29] though they can be standoffish towards strangers.[18] If left alone, many dachshunds will whine until they have companionship. Like many dogs if left alone too frequently, some dachshunds are prone to separation anxiety and may chew objects in the house to relieve stress.

text: Dachshunds are burrowers by nature and are likely to burrow in blankets and other items around the house, when bored or tired.

text: Dachshunds can be difficult to housebreak, and patience and consistency is often needed in this endeavor.[19][21][21][30]

text: According to the American Kennel Club's breed standards, "the dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above and below ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Any display of shyness is a serious fault."[31] Their temperament and body language give the impression that they do not know or care about their relatively small size. Like many small hunting dogs, they will challenge a larger dog. Indulged dachshunds may become snappy or extremely obstinate.[19][21][32]

text: Many dachshunds do not like unfamiliar people, and many will growl or bark at them.[18][33] Although the dachshund is generally an energetic dog, some are sedate. This dog's behavior is such that it is not the dog for everyone. A bored, untrained dachshund will become destructive.[18] If raised improperly and not socialized at a young age, dachshunds can become aggressive or fearful.[19] They require a caring, loving owner who understands their need for entertainment and exercise.

text: Dachshunds may not be the best pets for small children. Like any dog, dachshunds need a proper introduction at a young age. Well trained dachshunds and well behaved children usually get along fine. Otherwise, they may be aggressive and bite an unfamiliar child, especially one that moves quickly around them or teases them.[19][20][21] However, many dachshunds are very tolerant and loyal to children within their family, but these children should be mindful of the vulnerability of the breed's back.

text: A 2008 University of Pennsylvania study of 6,000 dog owners who were interviewed indicated that dogs of smaller breeds were more likely to be "genetically predisposed towards aggressive behaviour". Dachshunds were rated the most aggressive, with 20% having bitten strangers, as well as high rates of attacks on other dogs and their owners. The study noted that attacks by small dogs were unlikely to cause serious injuries and because of this were probably under-reported.[34][35]

text: Health[edit]

text: The breed is prone to spinal problems, especially intervertebral disk disease (IVDD), due in part to an extremely long spinal column and short rib cage.[36] The risk of injury may be worsened by obesity, jumping, rough handling, or intense exercise, which place greater strain on the vertebrae. About 20–25% of Dachshunds will develop IVDD.[37]

text: Treatment consists of combinations of crate confinement and courses of anti-inflammatory medications (steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like carprofen and meloxicam), or chronic pain medications, like tramadol. Serious cases may require surgery to remove the troublesome disk contents.[38] A dog may need the aid of a cart to get around if paralysis occurs.

text: A new minimally invasive procedure called "percutaneous laser disk ablation" has been developed at the Oklahoma State University Veterinary Hospital.[39] Originally, the procedure[40] was used in clinical trials[40] only on dachshunds that had suffered previous back incidents. Since dachshunds are prone to back issues, the goal is to expand this treatment to dogs in a normal population.

text: In addition to back problems, the breed is also prone to patellar luxation which is where the kneecap can become dislodged.[41] Dachshunds may also be affected by Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease). The condition seems to be mainly limited to wire-haired Dachshunds, with 17% being carriers.[42] A genetic test is available to allow breeders to avoid breeding carriers to carriers. In such pairings, each puppy will have a 25% chance of being affected.[43]

text: In some double dapples, there are varying degrees of vision and hearing loss, including reduced or absent eyes.[44] Not all double dapples have problems with their eyes and/or ears, which may include degrees of hearing loss, full deafness, malformed ears, congenital eye defects, reduced or absent eyes, partial or full blindness, or varying degrees of both vision and hearing problems; but heightened problems can occur due to the genetic process in which two dapple genes cross, particularly in certain breeding lines. Dapple genes, which are dominant genes, are considered "dilution" genes, meaning whatever color the dog would have originally carried is lightened, or diluted, randomly; two dominant "dilution" genes can cancel each other out, or "cross", removing all color and producing a white recessive gene, essentially a white mutation.[45] When this happens genetically within the eyes or ears, this white mutation can be lethal to their development, causing hearing or vision problems.

text: Other dachshund health problems include hereditary epilepsy,[46] granulomatous meningoencephalitis, dental issues, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid[46] and autoimmune problems,[47] various allergies[48] and atopies, and various eye conditions including cataracts, glaucoma, progressive retinal atrophy,[46] corneal ulcers, nonucerative corneal disease, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye. Dachshunds are also 2.5 times more likely than other breeds of dogs to develop patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital heart defect. Dilute color dogs (Blue, Isabella, and Fawn) are very susceptible to Color Dilution Alopecia, a skin disorder that can result in hair loss and extreme sensitivity to sun. Since the occurrence and severity of these health problems is largely hereditary, breeders are working to eliminate these.

text: Inbreeding depression[edit]

text: Factors influencing the litter size of puppies and the proportion of stillborn puppies per litter were analyzed in normally sized German dachshunds.[49] The records analyzed contained data on 42,855 litters. It was found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. It was also found that young and older dams had smaller litter sizes and more stillborn puppies than middle-aged dams.

text: History[edit]

text: Some writers and dachshund experts[50] have theorized that the early roots of the dachshund go back to ancient Egypt, where engravings were made featuring short-legged hunting dogs.[51] Recent discoveries by the American University in Cairo of mummified dachshund-like dogs from ancient Egyptian burial urns may lend credibility to this theory.[citation needed] In its modern incarnation, the dachshund is a creation of German breeders and includes elements of German, French, and English hounds and terriers. Dachshunds have been kept by royal courts all over Europe, including that of Queen Victoria, who was particularly enamored of the breed.[52]

text: The first verifiable references to the dachshund, originally named the "Dachs Kriecher" ("badger crawler") or "Dachs Krieger" ("badger warrior"), came from books written in the early 18th century.[53] Prior to that, there exist references to "badger dogs" and "hole dogs", but these likely refer to purposes rather than to specific breeds. The original German dachshunds were larger than the modern full-size variety, weighing between 14 and 18 kg (31 and 40 lb), and originally came in straight-legged and crook-legged varieties (the modern dachshund is descended from the latter). Though the breed is famous for its use in exterminating badgers and badger-baiting, dachshunds were also commonly used for rabbit and fox hunting, for locating wounded deer, and in packs were known to hunt game as large as wild boar and as fierce as the wolverine.[citation needed]

text: There are huge differences of opinion as to when dachshunds were specifically bred for their purpose of badger hunting, as the American Kennel Club states the dachshund was bred in the 15th century, while the Dachshund Club of America states that foresters bred the dogs in the 18th or 19th century.

text: Double-dapple dachshunds, which are prone to eye disease, blindness, or hearing problems, are generally believed to have been introduced to the United States between 1879 and 1885.[citation needed]

text: The flap-down ears and famous curved tail of the dachshund have deliberately been bred into the dog. In the case of the ears, this is to keep grass seeds, dirt, and other matter from entering the ear canal. The curved tail is dual-purposed: to be seen more easily in long grass and, in the case of burrowing dachshunds, to help haul the dog out if it becomes stuck in a burrow.[7] The smooth-haired dachshund, the oldest style, may be a cross between the German Shorthaired Pointer, a Pinscher, and a Bracke (a type of bloodhound), or to have been produced by crossing a short Bruno Jura Hound with a pinscher.[24] Others believe it was a cross from a miniature French pointer and a pinscher; others claim that it was developed from the St. Hubert Hound, also a bloodhound, in the 18th century,[54] and still others believe that they were descended from Basset Hounds, based upon their scent abilities and general appearance.[50]

text: The exact origins of the dachshund are therefore unknown. According to William Loeffler, from The American Book of the Dog (1891), in the chapter on dachshunds: "The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed."[50] What can be agreed on, however, is that the short-haired dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.

text: There are two theories about how the standard longhair dachshund came about. One theory is that smooth Dachshunds would occasionally produce puppies which had slightly longer hair than their parents. By selectively breeding these animals, breeders eventually produced a dog which consistently produced longhair offspring, and the longhair dachshund was born. Another theory is that the standard longhair dachshund was developed by breeding smooth dachshunds with various land and water spaniels. The long-haired dachshund may be a cross among any of the small dog breeds in the spaniel group, including the German Stoberhund, and the smooth-haired dachshund.[24]

text: The wire-haired dachshund, the last to develop, was bred in the late 19th century. There is a possibility the wire-haired dachshund was a cross between the smooth dachshund and various hard-coated terriers and wire-haired pinschers, such as the Schnauzer, the Dandie Dinmont Terrier, the German Wirehaired Pointer, or perhaps the Scottish Terrier.[24][55]

text: Symbol of Germany[edit]

text: Dachshunds have traditionally been viewed as a symbol of Germany. Political cartoonists commonly used the image of the dachshund to ridicule Germany.[56] During World War I the dachshunds' popularity in the United States plummeted because of this association. As a result, they were often called "liberty hounds" by their owners similar to "liberty cabbage" becoming a term for sauerkraut mostly in North America.[57] The stigma of the association was revived to a lesser extent during World War II, though it was comparatively short-lived. Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel were known for keeping dachshunds.

text: Due to the association of the breed with Germany, as well as its popularity among dog keepers in Munich, the dachshund was chosen to be the first official mascot for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, with the name Waldi.[58]

text: Sports[edit]

text: Some people train and enter their dachshund to compete in dachshund races, such as the Wiener Nationals. Several races across the United States routinely draw several thousand attendees, including races in Germantown, Tennessee; Bossier City, Louisiana; Buda, Texas; Davis, California; Phoenix, Arizona; Los Alamitos, California; Findlay, Ohio; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Kansas City, Kansas; Palo Alto, California; and Shakopee, Minnesota. There is also an annual dachshund run in Kennywood, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, called the Wiener 100, and in Huntington, West Virginia called the Dachshund Dash.

text: Despite the popularity of these events, the Dachshund Club of America opposes "wiener racing", as many greyhound tracks use the events to draw large crowds to their facilities. The DCA is also worried about potential injuries to dogs, due to their predisposition to back injuries. Another favorite sport is earthdog trials, in which dachshunds enter tunnels with dead ends and obstacles attempting to locate an artificial bait or live but caged and protected rats.[59]

text: Dackel versus Teckel[edit]

text: In Germany, dachshunds are widely called Dackel (both singular and plural). Among hunters, they are mainly referred to as Teckel. There are kennels which specialize in breeding hunting dachshunds, the so-called jagdliche Leistungszucht ("hunting performance breed") or Gebrauchshundezucht ("working dog breed"), as opposed to breeding family dogs. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that Teckel is either a name for the hunting breed or a mark for passing the test for a trained hunting dog (called "VGP", "Verband-Gebrauchsprüfung") in Germany.[60]

text: Popularity[edit]

text: Dachshunds are one of the most popular dogs in the United States, ranking 13th in the 2016 AKC registration statistics.[61] They are popular with urban and apartment dwellers, ranking among the top ten most popular breeds in 76 of 190 major US cities surveyed by the AKC.[62] One will find varying degrees of organized local dachshund clubs in most major American cities, including New York, New Orleans, Portland, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

text:
In Art

Die Dackelfamilie mit Jäger und Magd (The Dachshund family with Hunter and maid) by Adolf Eberle

Jean-Baptiste Oudry – Dachshund with Gun and Dead Game, 1740

How will it end? Wie wird es enden? c. 1900.

German postcard with inscription "This beer belongs to my master!" c. 1900.

text: Notable dogs and owners[edit]

text:
John F. Kennedy bought a dachshund puppy while touring Europe in 1937 for his then girlfriend Olivia. The puppy, named Dunker, never left Germany after Kennedy started to get terrible allergies.[63]
Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th President, had a dachshund in the White House.[64]
William Randolph Hearst was an avid lover of dachshunds. When his own dachshund Helena died, he eulogized her in his "In The News" column.[65]
Fred, E.B. White's dachshund, appeared in many of his famous essays.[66]
Lump, the pet of Pablo Picasso, who was thought to have inspired some of his artwork. (Pronounced: loomp; German for "Rascal") Picasso & Lump: A Dachshund's Odyssey tells the story of Picasso and Lump.
Jack Ruby, the killer of Lee Harvey Oswald, had a dachshund named Sheba, which he often referred to as his wife.[67] At the time he committed his infamous murder, he had four of them—although he once had as many as ten.[67]
Andy Warhol had a pair of dachshunds, Archie and Amos, whom he depicted in his paintings and mentioned frequently in his diaries.[68]
Stanley and Boodgie, immortalized on canvas by owner David Hockney, and published in the book David Hockney's Dog Days.[69]
Wadl and Hexl, Kaiser Wilhelm II's famous ferocious pair. Upon arriving at Archduke Franz Ferdinand's country seat, château Konopiště, on a semi-official visit, they promptly proceeded to do away with one of the Austro-Hungarian heir presumptive's priceless golden pheasants, thereby almost causing an international incident.[70] Another one of his beloved dachshunds, Senta, is currently buried at Huis Doorn, Wilhelm's manor in the Netherlands.[71]
Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was asked, in 2003, whether he has duct tape, plastic sheeting, and a three-day supply of bottled water at home. He replied, "I would like to say I did. I don't believe we do. But I do have a miniature dachshund named Reggie who looks out for us."[72]
In Zelenogorsk, Russia, is a Dachshund monument near which passes a parade of Dachshunds on City Day, 25 July.[73]
Joe was the dachshund of General Claire Lee Chennault, commander of the Flying Tigers and then the China Air Task Force of the US Army Air Forces, and became the mascot of those organizations.[74]
Maxie, a dachshund owned by actress Marie Prevost, tried to awaken his dead mistress, who was found with small bites on her legs. Maxie's barking eventually summoned neighbours to the scene. The incident inspired the 1977 Nick Lowe song "Marie Prevost".[75]
Liliane Kaufmann, wife of Edgar J. Kaufmann who commissioned the home Fallingwater from Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935, was a well known breeder and owner of long-haired dachshunds. At the Fallingwater bookstore, visitors are able to purchase a book titled "Moxie" which is about one of the dachshunds who lived at Fallingwater.[76] Liliane raised long haired dachshunds and they travelled from Pittsburgh to Bear Run with her.[77]
Obie is a dachshund who became infamous for his obesity, weighing as much as 77 pounds (35 kilograms), more than twice a normal-weight standard dachshund.[78][79] He reached his target weight of 28 lb (13 kg) in July 2013.[80]
Carole Lombard and Clark Gable had a dachshund named Commissioner. [81]


document_title: Gilmore Girls (season 7)

question_text: when do chris and lorelai break up season 7

root

text: Gilmore Girls (season 7)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The season picks up with Lorelai having slept with Christopher immediately after ending her engagement to Luke, while Rory is attempting a long-distance relationship with Logan. Lorelai and Christopher attempt a relationship and, after going to Paris together, come back married. The marriage lasts until midway through the season but Christopher struggles to fit into Lorelai's life in Stars Hollow. Luke learns Anna is moving to New Mexico with April and applies for joint custody, winning after Lorelai gives him a glowing character reference. Christopher finds out and he and Lorelai argue, with Christopher feeling like second choice. Richard, who has just started working at Yale as a lecturer, has a heart attack during a class and Christopher stays away from the hospital while everyone worries about him. He and Lorelai eventually admit their marriage isn't right and split. Emily struggles with the finances while Richard is convalescing and Lorelai helps her out.

tag: p

text: Lane comes back from her honeymoon pregnant with twins. Her mother moves in with her and Zach, sending Brian to live with her relatives, but is eventually convinced to back off, with Lane giving birth to sons Steve and Kwan. Sookie also becomes pregnant for the third time, since Jackson never had the vasectomy she arranged for him. Michel's dog Chin Chin dies and Lorelai organises a memorial at the inn. Luke sells the boat he inherited from his father to Kirk and buys a larger one so he can take a trip with April over the summer, but she has to cancel when she is accepted to science camp.

text: Rory and Logan try to spend time together while he works in London and New York. Rory feels awkward living in his old apartment rent-free so moves back in with Paris and Doyle. She also befriends Lucy and Olivia, two girls she met at an art exhibition. Lucy's boyfriend turns out to be Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Rory goes along with it, upsetting Lucy when Logan tells her the truth, but Lucy breaks up with Marty and reconciles with Rory. Logan pursues a software deal against Mitchum's wishes, losing his trust fund and costing the company a multimillion-dollar lawsuit for patent infringement. Logan resigns and takes a job in San Francisco. Paris is accepted into every grad school she applies to but Rory is rejected for an internship. In the penultimate episode, Paris and Doyle depart for Harvard Medical. Logan proposes to Rory at a graduation party thrown by Richard and Emily but she turns him down, not willing to put him ahead of her career, and he breaks up with her.

text: In the series finale, Rory gets a job covering Barack Obama's election campaign for an online newspaper but has to leave in three days, throwing off plans for a graduation re-enactment. Luke organises the town in throwing a farewell party for her. Emily tries to find a way to get involved in the running of the inn to stay close to Lorelai but Lorelai assures her she will keep attending Friday night dinners. Lorelai and Luke share a kiss at the party and the show's run ends with Lorelai and Rory sharing a last breakfast at Luke's diner.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore
Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore
Scott Patterson as Luke Danes
Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James
Keiko Agena as Lane Kim
Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard
Liza Weil as Paris Geller
Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason
Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger
Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore
Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden
Liz Torres as Miss Patty
Sally Struthers as Babette Dell
Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville
Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim
Michael Winters as Taylor Doose
Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes
Michael DeLuise as TJ
Ted Rooney as Morey Dell
Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig
John Cabrera as Brian Fuller
Sebastian Bach as Gil
Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster
Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger
Sherilyn Fenn as Anna Nardini
Vanessa Marano as April Nardini
Krysten Ritter as Lucy
Michelle Ongkingco as Olivia Marquont

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions) [4]1321"The Long Morrow"Lee Shallat-ChemelDavid S. RosenthalSeptember 26, 2006 (2006-09-26)2T77514.48
Picking up on the day after last season's finale, Lorelai wakes up in bed with Christopher. Confused and mortified, she makes a hasty exit, ignoring Christopher's pleas that she stay. Once at home, Lorelai tries to get rid of everything that reminds her of Luke and ends up practically emptying her house. Rory receives a toy rocket ship as a parting gift from Logan and is baffled as to its meaning. She decides she should join him in London for the summer, only to learn he has bought her a ticket for a visit at Christmas. Lorelai reveals to Luke that she slept with Christopher after he pleas for her to marry him.[5]
1332"That's What You Get, Folks, for Makin' Whoopee"Bethany RooneyRebecca Rand KirshnerOctober 3, 2006 (2006-10-03)2T77524.62
Luke drives to Boston for one purpose: to punch out Christopher. Rory is upset over Logan's absence and the fact that they had to cancel their long-planned trip to Asia. Wanting to cheer Rory up and take her mind off her own sad love life, Lorelai turns her house into an Asian-themed wonderland. Meanwhile, Lane returns from her disastrous honeymoon and finds out she's pregnant. While repairing the damage to the diner, Luke tells TJ about his break-up with Lorelai. Finally, Rory is furious when she learns that Lorelai slept with Christopher.
1343"Lorelai's First Cotillion"Lee Shallat-ChemelRina MimounOctober 10, 2006 (2006-10-10)2T77534.71
When Richard and Emily have no real reaction to the news of her break up, Lorelai suddenly realizes that most of her emotional life has been based on doing and feeling the opposite of whatever her parents want. Later, when Michel forces Lorelai to attend Emily's cotillion dance, Lorelai discovers that some things her parents wanted for her weren't really that terrible. Meanwhile, Rory has a tough time making her long-distance relationship work.
1354"'S Wonderful, 'S Marvelous"Victor Nelli, Jr.Gayle AbramsOctober 17, 2006 (2006-10-17)2T77544.77
Lorelai and Christopher have begun to date, and although Lorelai is finding it difficult to fully commit to the relationship, Christopher keeps coming up with romantic dates to win her over. Back at Yale, Rory meets some eccentric new girlfriends at an art exhibit, and Richard becomes a guest lecturer. April comes to stay with Luke for a few weeks while Anna is out of town. Finally, Emily gets arrested and Lorelai has to bail her out of jail. First appearance of Olivia (Michelle Ongkingco) and Lucy (Krysten Ritter).
1365"The Great Stink"Michael SchultzGina FattoreOctober 24, 2006 (2006-10-24)2T77554.73
Emily and Richard are delighted when Lorelai and Christopher attend Friday night dinner together as a couple. Christopher reveals that Sherry has written him a letter saying she regrets leaving their daughter, Gigi, and asking him to send Gigi to visit her in Paris. Lorelai can't believe that Chris would consider this and they get into an argument over dinner. Logan returns to town on business to acquire an internet company and pays Rory a surprise visit. Rory is thrilled, but during a dinner with Logan's colleagues, she realizes that she has no connection to his new life.
1376"Go, Bulldogs!"Wil ShrinerDavid S. Rosenthal, Rebecca Rand KirshnerNovember 7, 2006 (2006-11-07)2T77574.34
Christopher talks Lorelai into visiting Rory at Yale during Parents' Weekend, and Lorelai is surprised to find that Richard and Emily are also there. Trying to prove how cool he is, Christopher invites all of Rory's co-workers on the "Yale Daily News" to an expensive lunch where they all drink too much. The meal ends abruptly when Rory insists they leave to cover a breaking story. Meanwhile, Luke meets April's swimming coach, who convinces him to take her adult swimming class. When the coach flirts with him, Luke asks her out on a date.
1387"French Twist"Lee Shallat-ChemelDavid BabcockNovember 14, 2006 (2006-11-14)2T77564.51
Christopher and Lorelai take his daughter Gigi to visit her mother in Paris. Despite severe jet lag, they manage to have a wonderful, romantic time enjoying the city and each other. Rory comes to the end of her tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Daily News" and suddenly finds herself unsure of her future. Her new friends Olivia and Lucy suggest a trip to Stars Hollow for a girls' night. When they return, Rory is surprised to find that Lucy's new boyfriend (whom she always calls "Boyfriend" instead of his name) is her old friend Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Miss Kim wants Lane and Zack to move in, then wants to move in with them when they aren't interested. Christopher and Lorelai return home with a surprise: that they are now Mr. and Mrs. Hayden.
1398"Introducing Lorelai Planetarium"Lee Shallat-ChemelJennie SnyderNovember 21, 2006 (2006-11-21)2T77584.20
Rory goes home to Stars Hollow to have dinner with her parents, where it is revealed that they eloped while in Paris. Rory pretends to be happy, but later reveals her anger to Lorelai. Logan comes back to town for a launch party, which Rory attends and about which she later writes a judgmental article. Due to accusations by Logan, Rory plans to find a new apartment. Meanwhile, Luke turns to Lorelai in a time of medical emergency with April.
1409"Knit, People, Knit!"Lee Shallat-ChemelDavid GraeNovember 28, 2006 (2006-11-28)2T77594.89
Here comes the birth of Liz's baby delivered by a midwife. Luke is informed of the news. A "knitathon festival" takes place in Stars Hollow, where Christopher donates substantially. Chris and Lorelai tell Emily and Richard about their marriage.
14110"Merry Fisticuffs"Jackson DouglasDavid S. RosenthalDecember 5, 2006 (2006-12-05)2T77604.81
Emily throws an extravagant party. Meanwhile, Luke talks to a lawyer about partial custody over April. Luke and Christopher get in a long, exhaustive fistfight.
14211"Santa's Secret Stuff"Lee Shallat-ChemelRebecca Rand KirshnerJanuary 23, 2007 (2007-01-23)2T77613.72
Lorelai and Christopher decide to put their Christmas holidays on hold while Rory is in London over the holidays,  Once Rory returns to Stars Hollow, they decorate several Christmas trees, do their shopping and even bake Christmas cookies for the first time as a family. Turning up unexpectedly at the inn, Luke asks Lorelai to write a character recommendation letter for his custody battle over April. Lorelai struggles to write the letter until she and Rory run into Luke and April at the mall and Lorelai suddenly remembers how important Luke has always been in Rory's life. Inspired, Lorelai writes the letter and mails it to Luke's attorney. Rory decides she will write an apology letter to her friend Lucy, explaining why she and Marty kept their past friendship a secret.
14312"To Whom It May Concern"Jamie BabbitDavid BabcockJanuary 30, 2007 (2007-01-30)2T77624.27
Noticing Sookie's recent odd behavior, Lorelai forces Jackson to tell her the reason. Luke and Anna attend a hearing to decide their custody battle over April. With help from Paris, Rory finally makes amends with Lucy, who tells her that she and Marty have broken up. While attending Richard's economics class at Yale, Rory witnesses a frightening scene. Finally, Christopher finds the letter Lorelai wrote for Luke's character reference and confronts Lorelai about whether he was her second choice.
14413"I'd Rather Be in Philadelphia"Lee Shallat-ChemelRebecca Rand KirshnerFebruary 6, 2007 (2007-02-06)2T77634.70
Lorelai and Rory receive unexpected comfort and some grief while at the hospital and at Richard's side: Christopher won't return Lorelai's calls, but Luke is there for her and the family. Emily is so distraught that she tries to distract herself by maintaining her rigorous social calendar with Luke offering to help her out in keeping up her appearances. Rory is met by Logan, who flies to the hospital in a helicopter. When Christopher finally does arrive, he speaks words of sympathy to Lorelai, but his emotions betray him: he's still mad at her from their fight
14514"Farewell, My Pet"Jamie BabbitJennie SnyderFebruary 13, 2007 (2007-02-13)2T77644.37
Rory quickly develops a crush on Richard's replacement teaching assistant and feels compelled to confess the attraction to Logan. But she feels really bad about it and he completely understands and the two of them reassure each other that in the end they are crazy about each other. Meanwhile, Lorelai distracts herself from thinking about Christopher by arranging a memorial service for Michel's dog. Christopher seeks her out, however, and the two are forced to face their problems. Christopher feels like he's been trying to get Lorelai to fall in love with him, and Lorelai realizes she still has feelings for Luke. Lorelai and Christopher end their marriage.
14615"I Am Kayak, Hear Me Roar"Lee Shallat-ChemelRebecca Rand KirshnerFebruary 20, 2007 (2007-02-20)2T77654.04
Lorelai puts off telling her parents about her separation from Christopher by helping Emily to arrange Richard's recovery. Rory celebrates Logan's birthday, but bad news from Logan's business partner spoils their evening.
14716"Will You Be My Lorelai Gilmore?"David PaymerGina Fattore, Gayle AbramsFebruary 27, 2007 (2007-02-27)2T77664.17
Rory goes to meet with an editor from the New York Times just as she starts to put together Lane's baby shower. Lorelai takes over the production and has to arbitrate a disagreement between Lane and Mrs. Kim about how to raise the unborn children. Meanwhile, Luke decides to change his situation in life and buy a new boat. Logan comes home drunk and reveals to Rory his failed business venture, and then runs off to Las Vegas with his buddies.
14817"Gilmore Girls Only"Lee Shallat-ChemelDavid BabcockMarch 6, 2007 (2007-03-06)2T77674.47
Lorelai, Rory, and Emily take a road trip to North Carolina to attend Mia's wedding. Lane goes into labor. Finally, Lane and Zack ask Luke to be the godfather to their twins Steve and Kwan.
14918"Hay Bale Maze"Stephen ClancyRebecca Rand KirshnerApril 17, 2007 (2007-04-17)2T77683.83
During Stars Hollow's annual Spring Fling festival, a huge hay bale maze leads to a chance encounter for Luke and Lorelai, where they apologize to one another and talk about the problems that led to their engagement being called off. As Rory shows Logan around town, Lorelai begins to feel that Logan might be too irresponsible for her daughter. Meanwhile, Rory has a job interview with the Providence Journal Bulletin.
15019"It's Just Like Riding a Bike"Lee Shallat-ChemelJennie SnyderApril 24, 2007 (2007-04-24)2T77693.75
Lorelai heads to Luke's for her first breakfast there in a while -- overall, it's an awkward experience for them both. Later on, when Lorelai's Jeep breaks down, Luke helps her shop for a new car. They argue and fight, which Lorelai thinks is ultimately a good sign. Paris considers breaking up with Doyle so she can be free of influences when it comes to picking which law or medical school she will attend. Rory receives a letter that will certainly influence her future plans.
15120"Lorelai? Lorelai?"Bethany RooneyDavid S. RosenthalMay 1, 2007 (2007-05-01)2T77704.08
Rory stresses out as graduation approaches, which leads to a day of eating and shopping with Lorelai. Later, with Luke in tow, the Gilmores hit the bars, where Lorelai takes the stage for a karaoke number obviously intended for Luke. Logan returns from a business trip and looks to discuss his and Rory's future with Lorelai. After getting into a science camp, April tells Luke that she cannot go on the boating trip with him over the summer. Zach is asked to go on tour with another band.
15221"Unto the Breach"Lee Shallat-ChemelDavid Babcock, Jennie SnyderMay 8, 2007 (2007-05-08)2T77713.96
Lorelai and Christopher are reunited at a party Emily and Richard throw in honor of Rory's graduation. Logan surprises everyone at the party by proposing to Rory, but she is too shocked to give him an answer. Then, on graduation day, Rory and Paris receive their diplomas, and Rory finally gives Logan her answer and says no. Meanwhile, Lorelai is embarrassed about her recent karaoke serenade to Luke, and Luke is hurt when he overhears her saying it didn't mean anything.
15322"Bon Voyage"Lee Shallat-ChemelDavid S. RosenthalMay 15, 2007 (2007-05-15)2T77724.90
Rory gets a job following the presidential campaign of one of the candidates running for president. While she prepares to leave in a mere three days, Lorelai adjusts to the idea that she may not see her daughter again for weeks, even months. Meanwhile, Luke is still trying to sort out how he really feels about Lorelai after they locked eyes at the karaoke jam. To see Rory off before she leaves for her new job, the entire town puts on a farewell party, despite the presence of rain.

tag: table

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
The Complete Seventh Season[6]

Set details

Special features

22 episodes
6-disc set
1.33:1 aspect ratio
1.78:1 aspect ratio (international)
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Digital 5 1 Surround)

Additional scene
"The Great Stink"
Gilmore Fashionistas
A Best Friend's Peek Inside the Gilmore Girls with Keiko Agena
Kirk's Town Tours
Who Wants to Talk Boys – Season Montage

Release dates

North America

United Kingdom

Continental Europe

Norway

Australia

November 13, 2007

August 30, 2010

November 25, 2007

November 14, 2007

April 9, 2008


document_title: Times Square Ball

question_text: why was there no ball drop in times square

text: Times Square Ball

text: Events[edit]

text: Event organization[edit]

text: To facilitate the arrival of attendees, Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year's Eve. The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as "pens", into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival.[4][5] Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), even more so since the 2001–02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen, and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event.[5]

text: Security was increased further for 2017–18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31, and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels, rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers, and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters.[6]

text: Festivities[edit]

text: Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6:00 p.m. ET.[4] Party favors are distributed to attendees, which have historically included large balloons, hats, and other items branded with the event's corporate sponsors.[7][8] The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries, along with live music performances by popular musicians. Some of these performances are organized by, and aired on New Year's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square.[8][9]

text: The drop itself occurs at 11:59 p.m.—the last minute of the year,[4] and is ceremonially "activated" by a dignitary or celebrity joined on-stage by the current Mayor of New York City.[10][11] The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square, along with the playing of "Auld Lang Syne" by Guy Lombardo, "Theme from New York, New York" by Frank Sinatra, "America the Beautiful" by Ray Charles, "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong, and "Over the Rainbow" by IZ.[12]

text: Since the 1996 New Year's Eve celebration, the current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest, selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance, in ceremonially "activating" the ball drop by pressing a button, resembling a smaller version of the ball itself, at exactly one minute to midnight.[10] The button itself does not actually trigger the drop; that is done from a control room, synchronized using a government time signal.[11] Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included:

text:
1996–1997: Oseola McCarty[10]
1997–1998: A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City's centennial[13]
1998–1999: Chinese gymnast Sang Lan (who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City)[14]
1999–2000: Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders[15]
2000–2001: Muhammad Ali[16]
2001–2002: Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan; this was Giuliani's final act as mayor. Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002, and took his oath of office shortly after midnight.[17]
2002–2003: Christopher and Dana Reeve[18]
2003–2004: Cyndi Lauper, along with Shoshana Johnson—the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority[19]
2004–2005: Secretary of State Colin Powell[20]
2005–2006: Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis[21]
2006–2007: A group of eight United States Armed Forces members[22]
2007–2008: Karolina Wierzchowska, an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian[23]
2008–2009: Bill and Hillary Clinton[24]
2009–2010: Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report "America's Best High Schools Top 100 'Gold Medal' List"[25]
2010–2011: Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta[26]
2011–2012: Musician Lady Gaga[27]
2012–2013: The Rockettes[28]
2013–2014: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.[note 1][30][31]
2014–2015: Cuban-American musician Jencarlos Canela, joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City, in partnership with the International Rescue Committee[32][33]
2015–2016: Hugh Evans[34]
2016–2017: United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; this was Ban Ki-moon's final act as UN Secretary-General, as António Guterres took office on January 1, 2017.[35][36]
2017–2018: Tarana Burke[37]

text: Since the 2005–06 edition of the event, the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon's song "Imagine". Until 2009–2010, the original recording was used; since 2010–2011, the song has been performed by the headlining act;[38][39]

text:
2010–2011: Taio Cruz[40]
2011–2012: Cee-Lo Green[note 2][39]
2012–2013: Train[41]
2013–2014: Melissa Etheridge[9]
2014–2015: O.A.R.[42]
2015–2016: Jessie J[43]
2016–2017: Rachel Platten[44]
2017–2018: Andy Grammer[45]

text: For 1999-2000 and 2000-01, Times Square played “Ascent of Time” by Charles B. Kim, performed by the Peabody Symphony Orchestra of Johns Hopkins University. The piece included music from a “virtual orchestra” arranged by Forrest Tobey, played by computers, revolutionary for 1999, because they expected great advancements in computer technology during the next millennium.[46] To honor the victims of the September 11 attacks, the song was changed to “God Bless America” for 2001-02. For 2002-03 and 2003-04, the song was changed to Lee Greenwood’s God Bless the U.S.A.. The original version was played for 2002-03, and the American Idol season 2 encore version was used for 2003-04. “God Bless America” was again played for 2004-05. Since 2005-06, the last song of the year in Times Square has been “Imagine”.

text: Cleanup[edit]

text: After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees, cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning. Few traces of the previous night's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed: following the 2013–14 drop, the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8:00 a.m., it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square, using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance.[47]

text: History[edit]

text: Beginnings (1907–1908)[edit]

text: The first New Year's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31, 1904; The New York Times' owner, Adolph Ochs, decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper's new headquarters, One Times Square, with a New Year's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905. Close to 200,000 people attended the event, displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church.[48] However, following several years of fireworks shows, Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area. The newspaper's chief electrician, Walter F. Palmer, suggested using a time ball, after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building.[48]

text: Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration; it was built from iron and wood, electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs, weighed 700 pounds (320 kg), and measured 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. The ball was hoisted on the building's flagpole with rope by a team of six men. Once it hit the roof of the building, the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5-foot tall sign indicating the new year, and trigger a fireworks show.[49] The first ever "ball drop" was held on December 31, 1907, welcoming the year 1908.[48]

text: In 1913, only eight years after it moved to One Times Square, the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street. The Times still maintained ownership of the tower, however, and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop.[50]

text: The second and third balls (1920–98)[edit]

text: The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a second design; the second ball remained 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter, but was now constructed from iron, weighing 400 pounds (180 kg).[51] The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II.[51] Instead, a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square, accompanied by the sound of church bells[51] and chimes played from sound trucks.

text: The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955; again, it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors, but was now constructed from aluminium, and weighed 150 pounds (68 kg).[51] In 1981, the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign, with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple.[48] For 1988, organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day (leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC, which is five hours before midnight in New York) by extending the drop to 61 seconds, and by including a special one-second light show during the extra second.[52] The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989, but were replaced by red, white, and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield.[48]

text: The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996, adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights, and over 12,000 rhinestones.[51][53] Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were "something [that] had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium."[53]

text: The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology's time signal; the new system was not without issues, however, as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent.[54] After its 44th use in 1999, the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group, owners of One Times Square.[48]

text: Into the new millennium (1999–2007)[edit]

text: On December 28, 1998, during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium, and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal. The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop; companies such as Discover Card, Korbel Champagne, and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square. The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as "NYC 2000", which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations.[55]

text: A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000, which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry, representing countries entering the new year at that hour. Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators.[56]

text: The fourth ball, measuring 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds (490 kg), incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs, 504 triangle-shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford, 96 strobe lights, and spinning, pyramid-shaped mirrors. The ball was constructed at Waterford's factory in Ireland, and was then shipped to New York City, where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed.[49]

text: Many of the triangles were inscribed with "Hope"-themed designs changing yearly, such as "Hope for Fellowship", "Hope for Wisdom", "Hope for Unity", "Hope for Courage", and "Hope for Abundance".[4][57] For 2002, as part of the theme "Hope for Healing", 195 of the ball's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[4][57] In December 2011, the "Hope for Healing" panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum.[58]

text: Present day (2008–present)[edit]

text: In honor of the ball drop's centennial anniversary, a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year's Eve 2008. Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet (1.8 m), but weighing 1,212 pounds (550 kg), it used LED lamps provided by Philips (which can produce 16,777,216 or 224 colors), with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City-based lighting firm Focus Lighting. The ball featured 9,576 energy-efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters.[3] The 2008 ball was only used once, and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event.[48][54][59]

text: For 2009, a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced—an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps. Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball, at 12 feet (3.7 m), and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels, with a weight of 11,875 pounds (5,386 kg). It was designed to be weatherproof, as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year-round following the celebrations.[48][54][59]

text: Yearly themes for the ball's crystal panels continued; from 2008 to 2013, the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as "World of Celebration", including themes such as "Let There Be Light" and "Let There Be Peace". For 2014, all the ball's panels were replaced, marking a new theme series known as "Greatest Gifts", beginning with "Gift of Imagination".[33][43][59][60]

text: The numerical sign indicating the year (which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself) uses Philips LED lamps. For 2014, the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company's "Hue" line of multi-color LED lamps, allowing them to have computerized lighting cues.[61]

text: Weather at midnight[edit]

text: According to the National Weather Service, from 1907 to 2016, the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 °F (1 °C).[62] The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 °F (−17 °C) and the wind chill was −18 °F (−28 °C). The warmest temperature was 58 °F (14 °C), in 1965 and 1972. It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events (one being light snow)—1926, 1934, 1948, 1952, 1961, 1967, and 2009—and it has rained multiple times.[31] Festivities in 2018 were the second-coldest on record due to an arctic air mass, forecast at 11 °F (−12 °C) before wind chill.[63]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: As a public event, the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television. As of 2016-17, a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage.[64]

text: The event is covered as part of New Year's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks. By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve; created, produced, and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012, and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy, the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC, where it has been broadcast ever since.[65][66] New Year's Rockin' Eve has consistently been the most-watched New Year's Eve special in the U.S. annually, peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition.[67][65][68] Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012, a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute.[66]

text: Across the remaining networks, NBC broadcasts New Year's Eve with Carson Daly, hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes, which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year's Eve Live until 2014. From 2015 to 2017, Fox broadcast Pitbull's New Year's Revolution from Miami instead, but returned to New York-oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018. Spanish-language network Univision broadcasts ¡Feliz!, hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca, while Telemundo has the Bienvedido series with Daniel Sarcos from Un Nuevo Dia for 2017 and Jorge Bernal from ¡Suelta La Sopa! for 2018.[69][70][71][72]

text: On cable, CNN carries coverage of the festivities, known as New Year's Eve Live, which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square. Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018.[73] Fox News carries All-American New Year, which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square.[74]

text: Since 2009, an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced, streamed via Livestream.com.[64][75][76]

text: Past broadcasts[edit]

text: Beginning in the 1940s, NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television. Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show, continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno's tenures on the program. NBC would introduce a dedicated special, New Year's Eve with Carson Daly, beginning in 2003.[77]

text: From 1956 to 1976, CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, featuring his band's famous rendition of "Auld Lang Syne" at midnight. After Lombardo's death in 1977, CBS and the Royal Canadians, now led by Victor Lombardo, attempted to continue the special. However, Guy's absence and the growing popularity of ABC's New Year’s Rockin’ Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely. The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special, Happy New Year, America, which ran in various formats with different hosts (such as Paul Anka, Donny Osmond, Andy Williams, Paul Shaffer, and Montel Williams) until it was discontinued after 1996. CBS, barring a special America's Millennium broadcast for 2000,[78] has no longer broadcast any national New Year's programming since.[79][80][81][82]

text: For 2000, in lieu of New Year's Rockin' Eve, ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day-long telecast, ABC 2000 Today. Hosted by Peter Jennings, the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world, including those in New York City. Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square.[83]

text: MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza. For 2011, MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore, featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant "hamster ball". Originally, MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square, but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere.[84]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg, whose mayoral term ended at midnight, did not attend, and celebrated privately with his family instead. Unlike Bloomberg's inauguration in 2002, which was held shortly after midnight, Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion.[29]
Jump up ^ Cee-Lo's performance was criticized by fans for his change of a lyric relating to religion.[39]

tag: ol


document_title: Princess Mononoke

question_text: what is the forest spirit in princess mononoke

text: Princess Mononoke

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Muromachi Japan, an Emishi village is attacked by a demon. The last Emishi prince, Ashitaka, kills it before it reaches the village, but its corruption curses his right arm. The curse gives him superhuman strength, but will eventually spread through his body and kill him. The villagers discover that the demon was a boar god, Nago, corrupted by an iron ball lodged in his body. The village's wise woman tells Ashitaka that he may find a cure in the western lands Nago came from, but he cannot return to his homeland.

text: Heading west, Ashitaka meets Jigo ("Jiko-bō" in the original Japanese version), a wandering monk, who tells Ashitaka he may find help from the Great Forest Spirit, a deer-like animal god by day and a giant "nightwalker" by night. Nearby, men herd oxen to Irontown ("Tataraba" in Japanese), led by Lady Eboshi, and repel an attack by a wolf pack led by the wolf goddess Moro. Riding one of the wolves is San, a human girl. Ashitaka discovers two injured Irontown men and carries them through the forest, where he encounters many kodama and glimpses the Forest Spirit. In Irontown, Ashitaka learns that Eboshi built the town by clearcutting forests to claim ironsand and produce iron, leading to conflicts with the forest gods and Asano, a local daimyō. Irontown is a refuge for social outcasts, including lepers employed to manufacture firearms; it was one of these guns that had wounded Nago. Eboshi also explains that San was raised by the wolves as one of their own and resents humankind.

text: San infiltrates Irontown to kill Eboshi, but Ashitaka intervenes, knocking them both unconscious. As he leaves, he is shot by a villager, but the curse gives him the strength to carry San out of the village. San awakens and prepares to kill the weakened Ashitaka, but hesitates when he tells her that she is beautiful. She takes him to the forest, and decides to trust him after the Forest Spirit saves his life. A boar clan, led by the blind boar god Okkoto, plans to attack Irontown to save the forest. Eboshi prepares for battle and sets out to kill the Forest Spirit with Jigo, who is working for the government; she intends to give the god's head to the Emperor of Japan in return for protection from Lord Asano. According to legend, the Forest Spirit's head grants immortality.

text: Ashitaka recovers from his wound but remains cursed; he returns to Irontown to find it besieged by samurai, and heads out to warn Eboshi. In battle, the boar clan is annihilated and Okkoto is corrupted by his wounds. Jigo's men disguise themselves in boar skins and trick the rampaging Okkoto into leading them to the Forest Spirit. San tries to stop Okkoto, but is swept up in his demonic corruption. Moro intervenes and Ashitaka dives into the corruption, saving San. The Forest Spirit euthanizes Okkoto and Moro. As it transforms into the nightwalker, Eboshi decapitates it. It bleeds ooze which spreads over the land, killing anything it touches as the nightwalker searches for its head, which Jigo steals. The forest and kodama begin to die; Moro's head comes alive and bites off Eboshi's right arm, but she survives.

text: After the samurai flee and Irontown is evacuated, Ashitaka and San pursue Jigo and retrieve the head, returning it to the Forest Spirit. The Spirit dies as the sun rises, but its form washes over the land and heals it, and Ashitaka's curse is lifted. Ashitaka will help rebuild Irontown, but promises San he will visit her in the forest. Eboshi reunites with the townspeople and vows to build a better town. The forest begins to regrow and a kodama emerges from the undergrowth.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Yōji Matsuda voices Ashitaka (アシタカ), the last prince of the Emishi tribe whose traveling companion is Yakul (ヤックル, Yakkuru), a red elk (アカシシ, Akashishi), more similar to a red Lechwe than an elk. Miyazaki did not want Ashitaka to be a typical hero, saying that he is a "melancholic boy who has a fate" and also stated that Ashitaka's curse "is similar to the lives of people [at the time]".[2] Ashitaka's English voice actor Billy Crudup stated that he liked Ashitaka as "an unexpected hero. He’s not your usual wild, brave guy. He’s really just a young, earnest man who’s trying to lead a valuable life and protect his village."[3]
Yuriko Ishida voices San (サン), a young woman who was raised by the wolves and feels hatred for humans, but eventually comes to care for Ashitaka. In the English version, San is voiced by Claire Danes.

Ishida also voices Kaya (カヤ), the bride-elect of Ashitaka;[4] Tara Strong provides her voice in the English version.

Yūko Tanaka provides the voice of Lady Eboshi (エボシ御前, Eboshi Gozen), the ruler of Irontown who continually clears the forest. Miyazaki stated that Eboshi was supposed to have a traumatic past, although it is not specifically mentioned in the film. Miyazaki said that Eboshi has a strong and secure personality, evident in the fact that she let Ashitaka move freely through the settlement unescorted, despite his unclear motives. He also said that Eboshi does not acknowledge the Emperor's authority in Irontown, a revolutionary view for the time, and displays an atypical attitude for a woman of that era in that she wouldn't hesitate to sacrifice herself or those around her for her dreams.[2] Miyazaki also said that Eboshi resembles a shirabyōshi.[5] Eboshi's English voice actress Minnie Driver stated that she was interested in "the challenge of playing [a] woman who supports industry and represents the interests of man, in terms of achievement and greed."[6] Driver viewed Eboshi as "a warrior, an innovator and a protector."[7]
Kaoru Kobayashi provides the voice of Jiko-bō (ジコ坊, called "Jigo" in the English version), a monk and mercenary who befriends Ashitaka on his journey to the west. Miyazaki was unsure whether to make Jiko-bō a government spy, a ninja, a member of a religious group or "a very good guy." He eventually decided to give him elements of the above groups.[2] In the English version, Jigo is voiced by Billy Bob Thornton.
Masahiko Nishimura voices Kohroku (甲六, Kōroku), an ox driver; John DeMita voices Kohroku in the English version.
Tsunehiko Kamijō provides the voice of Gonza (ゴンザ), Eboshi's bodyguard; he is voiced by John DiMaggio in the English version.
Akihiro Miwa voices Moro (モロの君, Moro no Kimi), a giant wolf god and San's adopted mother; Gillian Anderson provides her voice in the English version.
Mitsuko Mori provides the voice of Hii-sama (ヒイ様), the wise woman of Ashitaka's village. In the English version, Hii-sama is voiced by Debi Derryberry.
Hisaya Morishige provides the voice of Okkoto-nushi (乙事主, called "Okkoto" in the English version), a blind boar god. In the English version, Okkoto is voiced by Keith David, who also voices the narrator in the film's opening sequence.

text: The cast also includes: Akira Nagoya as the cattleman leader (牛飼いの長, Ushigai no Naga); Kimihiro Reizei as a Jibashiri (ジバシリ); Tetsu Watanabe as a mountain wolf (山犬, Yamainu); Makoto Sato as Nago (ナゴの守, Nago no Mori), a wild boar turned into a demon who curses Ashitaka when he attacks the Emishi village; and Sumi Shimamoto as Toki (トキ), Kohroku's wife, a former prostitute, and the leader of Eboshi's women, voiced by Jada Pinkett Smith in the English version.

text: Production[edit]

text: In the late 1970s, Miyazaki drew sketches of a film about a princess living in the woods with a beast.[8] Miyazaki began writing the film's plotline and drew the initial storyboards for the film in August 1994.[9][10] He had difficulties adapting his early ideas and visualisations, because elements had already been used in My Neighbor Totoro and because of societal changes since the creation of the original sketches and image boards. This writer's block prompted him to accept a request for the creation of the On Your Mark promotional music video for the Chage and Aska song of the same title. According to Toshio Suzuki, the diversion allowed Miyazaki to return for a fresh start on the creation of Princess Mononoke. In April 1995, supervising animator Masashi Ando devised the character designs from Miyazaki's storyboard. In May 1995, Miyazaki drew the initial storyboards. That same month, Miyazaki and Ando went to the ancient forests of Yakushima, of Kyushu, an inspiration for the landscape of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, and the mountains of Shirakami-Sanchi in northern Honshu for location scouting along with a group of art directors, background artists and digital animators for three days.[9] Animation production commenced in July 1995.[10] Miyazaki personally oversaw each of the 144,000 cels in the film,[11] and is estimated to have redrawn parts of 80,000 of them.[12][13] The final storyboards of the film's ending were finished only months before the Japanese premiere date.[14]

text: Inspired by John Ford, an Irish-American director best known for his Westerns, Miyazaki created Irontown as a "tight-knit frontier town" and populated it with "characters from outcast groups and oppressed minorities who rarely, if ever, appear in Japanese films." He made the characters "yearning, ambitious and tough."[15] Miyazaki did not want to create an accurate history of Medieval Japan, and wanted to "portray the very beginnings of the seemingly insoluble conflict between the natural world and modern industrial civilization."[16] The landscapes appearing in the film were inspired by Yakushima.[17] Despite being set during the Muromachi period, the actual time period of Princess Mononoke depicts a "symbolic neverwhen clash of three proto-Japanese races (the Jomon, Yamato and Emishi)."[18]

text: Princess Mononoke was produced with an estimated budget of ¥2.35 billion (approximately US$23.5 million).[13][19][20] It was mostly hand-drawn, but incorporates some use of computer animation during five minutes of footage throughout the film.[21] The computer animated parts are designed to blend in and support the traditional cel animation, and are mainly used in images consisting of a mixture of computer generated graphics and traditional drawing. A further 10 minutes uses inked-and-painted, a technique used in all subsequent Studio Ghibli films. Most of the film is colored with traditional paint, based on the color schemes designed by Miyazaki and Michiyo Yasuda. However, producers agreed on the installation of computers to successfully complete the film prior to the Japanese premiere date.[14]

text: Two titles were originally considered for the film. One, ultimately chosen, has been translated into English as Princess Mononoke. The other title can be translated into English as either The Story of Ashitaka or The Legend of Ashitaka. In a Tokyo Broadcasting System program, televised on November 26, 2013, Toshio Suzuki mentioned that Hayao Miyazaki had preferred The Legend of Ashitaka as the title while Suzuki himself favoured Princess Mononoke. Suzuki also mentioned that Miyazaki had created a new kanji to write his preferred title.[22][23]

text: The English dub contains minor additional voice overs to explain nuances of Japanese culture to western audiences.[24]

text: Themes[edit]

text: A central theme of Princess Mononoke is the environment.[25] The film centers on the adventure of Ashitaka as he journeys to the west to undo a fatal curse inflicted upon him by Nago, a boar turned into a demon by Eboshi.[26] Michelle J. Smith and Elizabeth Parsons said that the film "makes heroes of outsiders in all identity politics categories and blurs the stereotypes that usually define such characters". In the case of the deer god's destruction of the forest and Tataraba, Smith and Parsons said that the "supernatural forces of destruction are unleashed by humans greedily consuming natural resources".[27] They also characterized Eboshi as a business-woman who has a desire to make money at the expense of the forest, and also cite Eboshi's intention to destroy the forest to mine the mountain "embodies environmentalist evil".[26]

text: Two other themes found in the plot of Princess Mononoke are sexuality and disability. Speaking at the International Symposium on Leprosy / Hansen's Disease History in Tokyo, Miyazaki explained that he was inspired to portray people living with leprosy, "said to be an incurable disease caused by bad karma", after visiting the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium near his home in Tokyo.[28] Lady Eboshi is driven by her compassion for the disabled, and believes that blood from the Great Forest Spirit could allow her to "cure [her] poor lepers".[29] Michelle Jarman, Assistant Professor of Disability Studies at the University of Wyoming, and Eunjung Kim, Assistant Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said the disabled and gendered sexual bodies were partially used as a transition from the feudal era to a hegemony that "embraces modern social systems, such as industrialization, gendered division of labor, institutionalization of people with diseases, and militarization of men and women." They likened Lady Eboshi to a monarch.[30] Kim and Jarman suggested that Eboshi's disregard of ancient laws and curses towards prostitutes and lepers was enlightenment reasoning and her exploitation of disabled people furthered her modernist viewpoints.[31] Kim and Jarman conclude that Lady Eboshi's supposed benevolence in incorporating lepers and prostitutes into her society leverages the social stigma attached to marginalized groups, pointing out that the hierarchical structures within Iron Town still support the stigmatization of lepers and prostitutes.[32]

text: An additional theme is the morally ambiguous conflict between humankind's growth and development and Nature's need for preservation. Noted by Roger Ebert in his 1999 review, "It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil, but the story of how humans, forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order."[33] Billy Crudup, who provided the English voice for Ashitaka, said "The movie was such an entirely different experience; it had a whole new sensibility I had never seen in animation. It also had something profound to say: that there has to be a give and take between man and nature. One of the things that really impressed me is that Miyazaki shows life in all its multi-faceted complexity, without the traditional perfect heroes and wicked villains. Even Lady Eboshi, who Ashitaka respects, is not so much evil as short-sighted." Minnie Driver, the English voice actress for Lady Eboshi, commented similarly: "It's one of the most remarkable things about the film: Miyazaki gives a complete argument for both sides of the battle between technological achievement and our spiritual roots in the forest. He shows that good and evil, violence and peace exist in us all. It's all about how you harmonize it all."[34]

text: Dan Jolin of Empire said that a potential theme could be that of lost innocence. Miyazaki attributes this to his experience of making his previous film, Porco Rosso, and the wars in the former Yugoslavia, which he cites as an example of mankind never learning, making it difficult for him to go back to making a film such as Kiki's Delivery Service, where he has been quoted as saying "It felt like children were being born to this world without being blessed. How could we pretend to them that we're happy?"[35][36]

text: Duality is central to understanding Lady Eboshi, who is at odds with the film’s namesake, Princess Mononoke, also known as San. It is apparent that San plays a heroic role, and at first glance Lady Eboshi appears to be San’s antagonist as well as the film’s villain. A closer look, however, reveals that Lady Eboshi plays a dual role. In mining the forest Lady Eboshi destroys it. And yet she does not fully understand the harm her destruction of nature does to the spirits who live there. Her focus is on creating a safe home for her people. She holds no malicious intent toward nature and its spirits until they begin attacking her people. Once nature attacks, she gathers her soldiers to protect the inhabitants of her town, a place where all are welcome. Irontown is a haven for prostitutes and lepers. She brings them to Irontown and gives them jobs, hospitality, and a kindness that they have never experienced before. The same treatment goes for all Irontown’s inhabitants, not just the sickly and the scorned. Lady Eboshi treats everyone equally, no matter the race, sex, or history of the individual, creating a caring community. While Lady Eboshi hates San and the forest spirits, she keeps a garden in her town. Her care for the garden implies that her intention is not to ravage nature to no end, but rather to create something beautiful for her own people (Thevenin, 2013). Due to her kindness and fair treatment, the townspeople truly respect her and gladly follow her into battle. Therefore, although Lady can be seen as the film’s villain, she is also a hero to the citizens of Irontown and to humankind in general. [37]

text: Release[edit]

text: Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan on July 12, 1997.[38] The film was extremely successful in Japan and with both anime fans and arthouse moviegoers in English-speaking countries. In 1998, the Walt Disney Company acquired the North American film rights to Princess Mononoke. Disney was to release it through its independent subsidiary Miramax Films. Miyazaki met with Harvey Weinstein, the chairman of Miramax Films; Weinstein demanded that edits should be made to Princess Mononoke.[39] In response, Toshio Suzuki sent Weinstein a katana with a message stating "No cuts."[39]

text: The English dub of Princess Mononoke is a translation with some adaptation by fantasy author Neil Gaiman, author of The Sandman. The main changes from the Japanese version are to provide a cultural context for phrases and actions which those outside of Asia may not be familiar with. Such alterations include references to mythology and specific names for groups, such as Jibashiri and Shishigami, that appear in the Japanese version, which are changed to more general terms, such as Mercenary and Forest Spirit, in the English version. The rationale for such changes is that the majority of non-Japanese viewers would not understand the mythological references and that the English language simply has no words for the Jibashiri, Shishigami and other terms.

text: Miramax chose to put a large sum of money into creating the English dub of Princess Mononoke with famous actors and actresses, yet when they released it in theatres there was little or no advertising and it was given a very limited run, showing in only a few theatres and for a very short time. Disney later complained about the fact that the movie did not do well at the box office. In September 2000, the film was announced for release on DVD in North America exclusively with the English dub. In response to fans' requests to add the Japanese track as well as threats of poor sales, Miramax hired translators for subtitles for the Japanese version. This plan delayed the DVD release back by almost three months, but it sold well when it was finally released.

text: On April 29, 2000, the English-dub version of Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan along with the documentary Mononoke hime in U.S.A..[38] The documentary was directed by Toshikazu Sato and featured Miyazaki visiting the Walt Disney Studios and various film festivals.[38][40]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Princess Mononoke was the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1997, earning ¥11.3 billion in distribution receipts.[41] It became the highest-grossing film in Japan until it was surpassed by Titanic several months later.[42] The film earned a domestic total of ¥14,518,798,588.39 ($148,000,000.)

text: It was the top-selling anime in the United States in January 2001, but despite this the film did not fare as well financially in the country when released in December 1997. It grossed $2,298,191 for the first eight weeks.[43][44] Although it showed more strength worldwide where it earned a total of $11 million with a total of ¥14,487,325,138 ($159,375,308).[44]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In Japan, the film was released on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on June 26, 1998.[45] A LaserDisc edition was also released by Tokuma Japan Communications on the same day. The film was released on DVD by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on November 21, 2001 with bonus extras added, including the international versions of the film as well as the storyboards.[45]

text: In July 2000, Buena Vista Home Entertainment announced plans to release the film on VHS and DVD in North America on August 29.[46] Initially, the DVD version of Princess Mononoke did not include the Japanese-language track at the request of Buena Vista's Japan division, citing concerns that "a foreign-released DVD containing the Japanese language track will allow for the importation of such a DVD to Japan, which could seriously hurt the local sales of a future release of the [film]".[47] The fansite Nausicaa.net organized an email campaign for fans to include the Japanese language track,[47] while DVD Talk began an online petition to retain the Japanese language track.[48] The DVD release of Princess Mononoke was delayed as a result.[49] Buena Vista Home Entertainment released the DVD in July 2000 with the original Japanese audio, the English dubbed audio and extras including a trailer and a documentary with interviews from the English dub voice actors.[50] The film was released on Blu-ray disc in Japan on December 4, 2013.[51]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Princess Mononoke on Blu-ray Disc on November 18, 2014,[52] and was included in the Blu-ray Miyazaki Collection, released on November 17, 2015.[53]

text: GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray & DVD on October 17, 2017.[54]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Princess Mononoke received critical acclaim from film critics. As of March 2018, the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. It offers the consensus: "With its epic story and breathtaking visuals, Princess Mononoke is a landmark in the world of animation."[55] On Metacritic, the film achieved an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, signifying "generally favorable reviews".[56]

text: The Daily Yomiuri's Aaron Gerow called the film a "powerful compilation of [Hayao] Miyazaki's world, a cumulative statement of his moral and filmic concerns."[57] Leonard Klady of Variety said that Princess Mononoke "is not only more sharply drawn, it has an extremely complex and adult script" and the film "has the soul of a romantic epic, and its lush tones, elegant score by Joe Hisaishi and full-blooded characterizations give it the sweep of cinema's most grand canvases".[58] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called Princess Mononoke "a great achievement and a wonderful experience, and one of the best films of the year. […] You won’t find many Hollywood love stories (animated or otherwise) so philosophical."[59] Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly called the film "a windswept pinnacle of its art" and that it "has the effect of making the average Disney film look like just another toy story".[60] However, Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post stated that the film "is as spectacular as it is dense and as dense as it is colorful and as colorful as it is meaningless and as meaningless as it is long. And it's very long."[61] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film "brings a very different sensibility to animation, a medium [Miyazaki] views as completely suitable for straight dramatic narrative and serious themes."[62]

text: Roger Ebert placed Princess Mononoke sixth on his top ten movies of 1999.[63] It ranked 488th on Empire's list of the 500 greatest films.[64] Time Out ranked the film 26th on 50 greatest animated films.[65] It also ranked 26 on Total Film's list of 50 greatest animated films.[66]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Princess Mononoke is the first animated feature film to win Best Picture in the Japan Academy Prize.[67] For the 70th Academy Awards ceremony, Princess Mononoke was the Japanese submission to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not successfully nominated.[68] Hayao Miyazaki was also nominated for an Annie Award for his work on the film.[69]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Recipient

1997
52nd Mainichi Film Awards
Best Japanese Movie
Won
Princess Mononoke[70]

Best Animation
Won
Princess Mononoke[70]

Japanese Movie Fans' Choice
Won
Princess Mononoke[70]

1998
21st Japan Academy Awards
Best Picture
Won
Princess Mononoke[67]

2000
28th Annie Awards
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing
in an Animated Feature Production
Nominated
Hayao Miyazaki
(English Language Version)[71]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Princess Mononoke: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Joe Hisaishi

Released
July 2, 1997 (Japan)
October 12, 1999 (North America)

Recorded
1997

Length
65:05

Label
Milan (North America)
Tokuma Japan Communications (Japan)

text: The film score of Princess Mononoke was composed and performed by Joe Hisaishi, the soundtrack composer for nearly all of Miyazaki's productions, and Miyazaki wrote the lyrics of the two vocal tracks, "The Tatara Women Work Song" and its title song. The music was performed by Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Hiroshi Kumagai. The soundtrack was released in Japan by Tokuma Japan Communications on July 2, 1997, and the North American version was released by Milan Records on October 12, 1999.

text: The titular theme song was performed by counter-tenor Yoshikazu Mera. For the English adaptation, Sasha Lazard sang the song.

text: As with other Studio Ghibli films, additional albums featuring soundtrack themes in alternative versions have been released. The image album features early versions of the themes, recorded at the beginning of the film production process, and used as source of inspiration for the various artists involved. The symphonic suite features longer compositions, each encompassing several of the movie themes, performed by the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Mario Klemens.

text: All music composed by Joe Hisaishi, except as noted.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Legend of Ashitaka"
1:39

2.
"The Demon God"
3:51

3.
"Departure – To the West"
2:33

4.
"Demon Power"
0:36

5.
"The Land of the Impure"
2:59

6.
"The Encounter"
0:53

7.
"Kodamas"
2:27

8.
"The Forest of the God"
0:41

9.
"Evening at the Ironworks"
0:39

10.
"The Demon God II – The Lost Mountains"
0:57

11.
"Lady Eboshi"
2:48

12.
"The Tatara Women Work Song"
1:30

13.
"The Furies"
1:28

14.
"The Young Man from the East"
1:25

15.
"Requiem"
2:22

16.
"Will to Live"
0:32

17.
"San and Ashitaka in the Forest of the Deer God"
1:39

18.
"Princess Mononoke Theme Song" (Instrumental Version)
2:08

19.
"Requiem II"
2:14

20.
"Princess Mononoke Theme Song" (not in the English release)
3:32

21.
"Battle Drums"
2:47

22.
"The Battle in Front of the Ironworks"
1:26

23.
"Demon Power II"
2:30

24.
"Requiem III"
0:55

25.
"Retreat"
1:31

26.
"The Demon God III"
1:14

27.
"Adagio of Life and Death"
2:09

28.
"The World of the Dead"
1:27

29.
"The World of the Dead II"
1:33

30.
"Adagio of Life and Death II"
1:07

31.
"Ashitaka and San"
3:12

32.
"Princess Mononoke Theme Song"
1:23

33.
"The Legend of Ashitaka Theme" (End Credits)
5:03

Total length:
65:05

text: Stage adaptation[edit]

text: In 2012, it was announced that Studio Ghibli and British theatre company Whole Hog Theatre would be bringing Princess Mononoke to the stage. It is the first stage adaptation of a Studio Ghibli work.[72] The contact between Whole Hog Theatre and Studio Ghibli was facilitated by Nick Park of Aardman Animations after he sent footage of Whole Hog performances to Studio Ghibli's Toshio Suzuki.[73] The play features large puppets made out of recycled and reclaimed materials.[74]

text: The first performances were scheduled for London's New Diorama Theatre and sold out in 72 hours, a year in advance.[75][76] In March 2013, it was announced that the show would transfer to Japan after its first run of shows in London. A second series of performances followed in London after the return from Tokyo. The second run of London performances sold out in four and half hours.[77][78] The play received positive reviews and was one of Lyn Gardner's theatre picks in The Guardian.[79][80][81][82][83] On April 27, 2013, the play was presented at Nico Nico Douga's Cho Party and was streamed online in Japan.[84][85]