document_title: Last Tango in Halifax

question_text: who plays gary in last tango in halifax

question_tokens: who plays gary in last tango in halifax

text: Last Tango in Halifax

text: Overview[edit]

text: Celia Dawson and Alan Buttershaw are both widowed and in their seventies. They were attracted to each other in the 1950s, but never expressed their feelings, and Celia moved away with her parents. In the present day, they are reunited after being persuaded to join Facebook by their respective grandchildren.[8] Alan has loved Celia since he was 16 years old,[9] whilst Celia is described as a woman who is "unfulfilled" and was unhappily married to a man she grew to hate.[9] After their reunion, Alan and Celia discover that they still feel as passionately for each other as they did when they were teenagers. Their story is described as a "testament of the uplifting power of love at any age".[8]

text: Alan and Celia's romance is depicted alongside the troubles of their own grown-up daughters, and the series' official description says that its portrayal of family is "as dark as it is comic".[8] Alan's daughter Gillian and Celia's daughter Caroline are complete opposites: widowed Gillian runs a farm and works part-time in a supermarket,[9] whilst Oxford-educated[9] Caroline is the headmistress of a successful school.[8] Their parents' engagement affects both daughters' lives. Gillian wonders how she and her son will cope without her father around to help,[10] whilst Caroline, struggling with depression and her feelings for a female colleague, feels that her mother's unconventional romance gives her "permission to finally admit to being who she really is".[11]

text: Production[edit]

text: Concept and writing[edit]

text: The series is based on lead writer Sally Wainwright's personal experiences.[1] She described it as "the most personal thing I've ever written".[12] Her mother, Dorothy, lost contact with a childhood friend, Alec Walker,[1] when she was 15, but they reconnected on the social networking website Friends Reunited 60 years later[12] and within six months were married. Wainwright said the relationship between her mother and Alec "was so beautiful and uplifting that it inspired everyone around them".[13] When she told the story to her colleague Nicola Shindler, Shindler suggested she turn her experience into a television series. Shindler became the series' executive producer and according to Wainwright, the script was sold "instantly".[13]

text: The character of Celia is based on Dorothy; Wainwright has noted that her mother "became so passionate and emotional" after falling in love again.[13] Some scenes in the series are based on true events. In one episode Celia and Alan are shown laughing at an argument between Caroline and her husband in the next room; Wainwright recalls discovering her mother and stepfather in the same situation after Wainwright had had an argument with her husband Austin.[13] Caroline's discomfort with Celia's discussing her sex life is based on a conversation Wainwright had with her mother. Dorothy's husband died three years into their marriage, but according to Wainwright she was "delighted" to have their relationship dramatised; Wainwright believes Last Tango in Halifax is "a celebration of how fantastic the whole thing was".[13]

text: Though largely biographical, the series does contain some invented story lines. In real life, Alec and Dorothy's families had a good relationship from the start; in the TV series, Caroline and Gillian initially have a feud.[13] Whilst Jacobi and Reid's storyline is predominantly uplifting, the actions of their onscreen families were intended to provide a contrast. With regard to Alan and Celia's dysfunctional families, Wainwright states that they "bring drama and chaos at every turn" and that the series aims to "get under the skin of these characters".[1]

text: Through Caroline, the series explores various LGBT themes. A source of contention for Celia is her daughter entering into a same sex relationship and later coming out to her. Anne Reid spoke positively of the storyline, stating that she believes a lot of people of her own generation are homophobic. She felt that her own character "might show them [and] might change them" just as Celia must become more accepting to avoid losing Alan. Jacobi concurred: Alan has "a streak of tolerance in him ... that perhaps Celia doesn't".[14] In series three, the division between Celia and Caroline widens after Celia refuses to attend Caroline's wedding to another woman. Wainwright felt that killing off Caroline's partner Kate would be the most effective way to propel the drama onwards and to develop the emotional lives of the remaining characters going forward. She was conflicted over this decision, having grown attached to the character of Kate, and actress Nina Sosanya, and wrote two versions of the fourth episode; the unaired one would have seen Kate survive.[15]

text: Characters and casting[edit]

text: Discussing the casting of Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid, Wainwright stated: "we went for the best and we got them".[1] The Guardian felt that one of the series' successes was the unlikely casting of a "theatrical knight" (Jacobi) and a "TV Stalwart" (Reid).[16] Wainwright had not anticipated being able to secure an actor of Jacobi's calibre for the role of Alan, stating that she "never imagined getting someone like him in one of my dramas", believing him to be in "a different stratosphere".[13] Upon casting Jacobi, Wainright felt that in addition to looking similar to Alec Walker, Jacobi embodied his personality perfectly, particularly his sense of humour.[13] Jacobi was surprised to be offered the role of Alan; as his reputation centred on parts that were either "posh", "classical" or "costume". He enjoyed having the chance to play someone who is "an ordinary fellow".[17] He also felt the series provided a chance to depict a "love story between two older characters that isn't patronising or stereotyped in any way".[9] Wainwright felt that the two lead actors had a palpable chemistry that reflected her mother's second marriage.[1][13] Reid and Jacobi also influenced the creative process — after Reid discovered Jacobi could jive, they implored Wainright to include a dance scene in an episode.[1][18] Jacobi also inspired a scene in which two of Alan's friends (played by Roy Barraclough and Paul Copley)[19] vie to be his best man.[13] A teenage version of Alan is portrayed in flashback by Nico Mirallegro.[20]

text: Reid was Wainwright's personal choice for the role of Celia, describing the actress as "so down to earth and compelling to watch".[13] Reid had tired of playing older characters for whom their age was a defining characteristic, stating that she had been sent lots of scripts wherein "where the minute anyone's over 65, they turn into a doddering old idiot".[21] She hoped that Last Tango in Halifax would "give hope to older people",[22] opining that the relationship between Celia and Alan was free from ageism.[21] Reid identified herself with Celia's personality — believing herself to be quite reckless and outgoing [18]— though stated that unlike her character she has no desire to enter another relationship.[22] She enjoyed working with her friend Sarah Lancashire, who previously played her onscreen daughter in Rose and Maloney, and suggested that the two share similar looks.[21] Reid described filming the series as "one of the best times in my career" and stated that she was proud of the work put in.[9] Amelia Young plays a teenage Celia during a flashback sequence in episode six.[20]

text: Lancashire discerned that the series was "very special" within reading two pages of the script. Other factors that persuaded her to commit to the series included the casting of Reid and Jacobi, and the series' juxtaposition of a heart-warming story with elements of humour.[9] In terms of her character, Lancashire identified with Caroline being "a working woman trying to keep everything under control".[9] She stated the series' ensemble cast was "the closest I’ve come to being in a theatre company on television" due to how well the actors worked together.[23] The cast had all assumed that Last Tango in Halifax would only run for one series.[23] Filming of the second series clashed with filming of the second series of the BBC One period drama The Paradise, which also starred Sarah Lancashire. This necessitated her having to leave her role in The Paradise halfway through the second series in order to reprise her role as Caroline in Last Tango in Halifax.[24] In an interview in 2013 Lancashire stated that the decision to return to Last Tango in Halifax was the easiest she had made in her working life stating "as an actor you can wait an entire career to be involved in a project like this."[25] The role resulted in her receiving the most fan mail of her career. Lancashire was surprised and humbled by the responses from women stating that Caroline's same sex relationship had personally inspired them.[25] She stated that in her approach to the character she did not focus on Caroline's sexuality, but the "humanity of her".[25] Due to the underrepresentation of gay characters on television, Lancashire felt it particularly important that Caroline's experience would not be portrayed inaccurately.[25] In 2014 Wainwright recalled being "blown away" by Lancashire's performances in the rushes for the series, which partly inspired her to script the series Happy Valley in which Lancashire plays the lead role.[26]

text: Nicola Walker completes the main cast as Gillian. She admired the character's honesty, bravery and lack of self-pity, and identified strongly with her tendency to speak before thinking things through and her deep love for her father.[9] In 2014 The Daily Telegraph described the role as a "game-changer" in the trajectory of Walker's career.[27] Though ultimately successful in winning the role Walker initially believed that she would not get the part due to a lack of confidence in her northern accent, and the presence of northern actresses in the audition.[27] Her approach to the character saw her delve into Gillian's psychology with Walker particularly interested in the contradiction between Gillian's sexual confidence and her use of sex as a form of self-punishment.[27] She felt the series showed a very adult approach to storytelling, stating that she had "never come across a character like Gillian before" and praising the variety of strong female roles.[28] The Independent noted the significance of the series having three female leads over the age of 40, stating that this, alongside Caroline's lesbian storyline and Gillian's attitude towards sex made the series "quietly subversive" when compared against primetime television as a whole.[28]

text: In addition to its main characters, Last Tango in Halifax features a regular supporting cast. Nina Sosanya plays Caroline's romantic partner Kate, who she decides to marry over the course of the series. Gerard Gilbert of The Independent describes the relationship between the couple as "one of the most normalised lesbian relationships ever shown on the small screen."[17] Nina Sosanya noted that she enjoyed filming with Sarah Lancashire and that the pair would "giggle a lot like completely juvenile idiots" whilst filming their love scenes.[17] Other characters introduced in the first series include Caroline's husband John (Tony Gardner) and his lover Judith (Ronni Ancona), Gillian's brother-in-law, Robbie (Dean Andrews), and Paul (Sacha Dhawan), a youth with whom Gillian has a sexual relationship. Josh Bolt plays Gillian's son Raff, whilst Edward Ashley and Louis Greatorex play Caroline's teenage sons William and Lawrence.[19][20][29][30][31][32] The second series expanded the families of Alan and Celia. Timothy West appears as Alan's brother Ted whilst Gemma Jones plays Celia's sister Muriel.[33][34] The third series later introduces Rupert Graves as Gary, who is revealed to be Alan's illegitimate son,[35] and Michelle Hurst as Kate's mother Ginika.[17][36]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first series was filmed in Yorkshire and in Altrincham between January and April 2012. Altrincham was used to represent scenes set in Harrogate, such as those set at Caroline's house.[37] The second series began filming in July 2013.[38] Filming took place at Holdsworth House in Halifax in August 2013[39] and also at Hoghton Tower, a fortified manor house in Lancashire, in August 2013. This resulted in the Tower's being closed to the public between 19 and 28 August.[40] In September the University of York supplied ten students from the Department of Theatre, Film and Television to work as extras on the series.[41] Filming for the third series began in Yorkshire and at Peover Hall, near Knutsford, Cheshire in July 2014.[42]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

Series premiere
Series finale

1
6
20 November 2012
19 December 2012

2
6
19 November 2013
24 December 2013

3
6
28 December 2014[43]
1 February 2015

4
2
19 December 2016
20 December 2016

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: The series premièred to overnight ratings of 6.160 million viewers, 25.6% of the available audience, as the highest rated show at 9 pm on 20 November.[44] The series finale, airing 19 December 2012, also won its time-slot, achieving an overnight series high of 6.290 million viewers, 26.6% of the available audience.[45] Consolidated figures released by the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB) revealed that the series première achieved a consolidated rating of 7.304 million viewers,[46] whilst the finale had 7.480 million.[46] The overall series average in terms of viewing figures was 7.316 million viewers.[nb 1] The Independent reported that the early consolidated ratings received by the programme made it the highest rated new mid-week television drama of 2012.[47] In September 2013, the series began airing on the American broadcast television network PBS.[48]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The series has attracted mostly positive reviews, largely focused on the depiction of its two septuagenarian lead characters. Jane Shilling of The Daily Telegraph labelled the series "a triumph against TV's ageism" in an examination of the portrayal of elderly people in the media.[49] Shilling singled out Jacobi and Reid's performances, stating that they provide a "mixture of gravity and levity" that "brings a transcendent quality to their characters' resolute ordinariness". Lucy Harmer, an executive member of the charity Age UK, also praised the series for portraying two "normal, healthy and sane" older characters, citing the depiction of Internet use by the elderly as something ordinary. She compared the treatment of older characters in the series to Hilary Boyd's novel Thursdays in the Park and the film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012).[50] The Huffington Post's Caroline Frost thought the series was reminiscent of the dialogue and sensibility of the playwright Alan Bennett. She wrote the story was poignant and praised a central theme underlining "how many people make do with their day-to-day business and responsibilities, while still holding on to their private dreams",[51] Andrew Anthony of The Guardian had his "low expectations ... squarely confounded", giving particular praise to the dialogue and the central performances.[16] Jane Simon of the Daily Mirror felt that Last Tango in Halifax experienced a mid-series dip, though she praised what she felt was a triumphant finale. She also praised Wainwright's script and the lead quartet of Jacobi, Reid, Lancashire, and Walker for creating "characters you can believe in even when they're behaving appallingly".[52] The series was reviewed favourably by the American website AfterEllen, which reports on the depiction of gay and bisexual women in the media. Correspondent Jill Guccini stated that she "started off watching this series thinking it was a cute little show about some oldies falling in love", but at the end of the series believed it was "some of the finest television I've seen, anywhere, ever".[53]

text: Critical reception in the United States was also largely positive following PBS' acquisition of the show. Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times labelled the series as "the best new show of the fall" describing it as "a rapturous mix of absurdly fairy-tale-romance and frantic modern complications, set in the picturesque drear of Yorkshire and brought to life by masterfully shaded performances." She opined that Reid and Jacobi "are capable of doing more with a startled look or careful smile ... than most actors can do in seven pages of dialogue".[54] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe acknowledged that the public might not find the series appealing based on its title and premise alone, stating that PBS' description of the programme made it sound "as saccharine and hackneyed as a Geritol commercial". Upon viewing the series however, he praised the added dimensions of the series and wrote that it was "so much more interesting" than the central premise suggested. He also felt that Walker and Lancashire played an important part; "both add[ing] a necessary amount of bitter to the sweet".[55] Mike Hale of The New York Times was more cynical about the series, describing it as a "warm comforter of a series" and "treacle". However he felt that series also distinguished itself from this category of media by its "relatively dry style and careful modulation of tone and volume" in addition to "a crackerjack cast".[56]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The first series of Last Tango in Halifax was nominated for four awards at the 2013 British Academy Television Awards, which took place on 12 May 2013. Actors Derek Jacobi, Anne Reid, and Sarah Lancashire earned respective nominations in the Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actress categories. The series itself was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series, and ultimately won.[57] Additionally, Wainwright was named best Drama Writer at the 2013 British Academy Television Craft Awards for her writing of the series.[58] The series was nominated for Best Drama Series at the 2013 Broadcasting Press Guild Awards whilst Sally Wainwright was nominated for the writer's award for her contribution to both Last Tango in Halifax and Scott & Bailey.[59] In 2014, Sarah Lancashire and Nicola Walker were both nominated for a British Academy Television Award in the category for "Best Supporting Actress" for their roles in Last Tango in Halifax. Lancashire won the award for her role as Caroline.[60]

text: Possible adaptations[edit]

text: In October 2013, it was reported in news outlets that American actress, screenwriter, and producer Diane Keaton had acquired the rights to remake Last Tango in Halifax for American audiences on the subscription cable channel HBO.[61] Sally Wainwright mentioned this development at a Broadcasting Press Guild event and stated that though she did not expect to be closely involved in the remake, she would have an associate producer role.[61] However, the following day Red Production Company released a statement stating that a remake would likely be delayed since the original series was still airing on American channel PBS.[62] In April 2014, it was reported that the series would be remade for French television by BBC Worldwide France and the production company NEWEN.[63]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Calculated by combining the individual viewing figures for each episode, sourced from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (7.304 million, 6.779 million, 7.508 million, 7.334 million, 7.492 million, 7.480 million)[46] and dividing by six.


document_title: The Star (2017 film)

question_text: who plays bo in the movie the star

question_tokens: who plays bo in the movie the star

root

text: The Star (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In "9 months B.C.", Mary is visited by an angel telling her she will bear the Messiah. A mouse named Abby overhears and tells the other animals as a star begins glowing brightly in the night.

tag: p

text: Six months later, a young donkey is tired of milling wheat and wishes to join a traveling caravan so that he may feel important. His father helps him escape the miller who owns them and he ends up with an injured ankle at the house of Mary and Joseph who just had their wedding dinner. Mary takes the donkey in and names him Boaz, Bo for short, and reveals to Joseph that she is pregnant, with Joseph accepting Mary's situation after praying to God. During this time, Bo and his dove friend Dave, plot to escape despite Mary's kindness, but end up staying three more months.

text: Meanwhile, the three wise men and their camels, Felix, Cyrus and Deborah, arrive at the home of King Herod. The wise men reveal their gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh, but when they reveal that it is for the "new King", he sends them on their way to meet him, but secretly sends his head soldier and his two dogs, Thaddeus and Rufus, to find and kill the new King.

text: As Mary and Joseph leave Nazareth in order to head to Bethlehem, Bo and Dave try another escape, but are confronted by Thaddeus and Rufus, who knew of the home by interrogating Abby. After learning that Mary and Joseph are not home, the soldier and his dogs leave to look for them. Feeling guilty, Bo decides to warn them with Dave joining him. Along the way they meet a friendly sheep named Ruth who left her flock when she saw the star but the others refused to follow her. They catch up to Mary and Joseph in time to warn them, and hide them in a market place where the soldier ties up his dogs. Bo releases the cart Mary and Joseph were using to roll down and cause a chain reaction that knocks the soldier down a well. However, he creates severe damage to the market in the process, and Joseph instead berates Bo as he was unaware of the danger.

text: Upset with the current outcome, Bo leaves and Dave follows until they arrive at the caravan. While happy to have found it, Bo realizes that he liked being with Mary and tells Dave that he wants to go back. Dave admits that he isn't upset and that he just wants Bo to be happy with his decision, and the two return and make up with Ruth. They convince a frustrated Joseph to talk to Mary, who admits that it has been difficult for her and that she is scared of the importance of the baby. Joseph and Mary make up when the latter begins having contractions. They arrive at Bethlehem where Joseph can't find an inn for Mary. The miller, who just so happened to be there too, kidnaps Bo with Dave and Ruth leaving to rescue him. The wise men arrive as well, but the camels, who are aware of Herod's plot, are left tied to a post.

text: Bo ends up in a barn where he meets a horse named Leah, a cow named Edith, and a goat named Zach. They reveal that they haven't been able to sleep because the star's bright light has been shining through on their manger. Realizing that this is where the baby is supposed to be, the animals help Bo escape and he catches up with Dave and Ruth while spotting the soldier and his dogs. Bo finds Mary and Joseph and gets them back to the manger while Dave runs into Cyrus, Felix and Deborah and helps them escape. Ruth finds her flock and tries to convince them to follow her, but gets unexpected help from the angel who informs the shepherds and the sheep that the Savior is coming. Bo manages to fight off Thaddeus and Rufus, but is outdone by the soldier. Suddenly, Ruth and her flock, the camels and Dave arrive and dispatch with them(?) by having them hang from a cliff. The soldier lets his dogs fall, but they are saved by Bo and the soldier himself falls to his death.

text: All of the animals (who are now joined by Abby and assume the danger to be ongoing), shepherds, and three wise men arrive to see baby Jesus, and Bo realises that he has been carrying the new King the whole time. Deborah predicts that this event will be remembered around the world for years to come.

text: During the credits, it is shown that Joseph buys Bo from the miller, and Bo helps him and Mary raise Jesus . Their flight into Egypt is also shown. It is also revealed that Bo's father has escaped from the miller and is possibly looking for Bo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steven Yeun as Bo the donkey[1]
Gina Rodriguez as Mary[7]
Zachary Levi as Joseph[1]
Keegan-Michael Key as Dave the dove[1]
Kelly Clarkson as Leah the horse[1]
Patricia Heaton as Edith the cow[1]
Kristin Chenoweth as Abby the mouse[1]
Tracy Morgan as Felix the camel[1]
Tyler Perry as Cyrus the camel[8][1]
Oprah Winfrey as Deborah the camel[8][1]
Aidy Bryant as Ruth the sheep[1]
Anthony Anderson as Zach the goat[1]
Kris Kristofferson as Old Donkey[1]
Christopher Plummer as King Herod[1]
Ving Rhames as Thaddeus the dog[1]
Gabriel Iglesias as Rufus the dog[1]
Delilah as Elizabeth[1]
Mariah Carey as Rebecca the hen[9]
Joel Osteen as Caspar
Joel McCrary as Angel, Zachariah
Phil Morris as Balthazar, Miller
Fred Tatasciore as Melchior, Pottery Vendor, Innkeeper Voice
Lex Lang as Hunter
Roger Craig Smith as Chamberlain, Innkeeper Voice
Joe Whyte as Scribe, Innkeeper Voice
William Townsend[disambiguation needed] as Horse, Goat
Gregg Berger as Innkeeper Voice
Melissa Sturm as Innkeeper Voice

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In September 2014, it was reported that DeVon Franklin would produce a faith-based film inspired by the Nativity story under his production company, Franklin Entertainment, in collaboration with Sony Pictures Animation.[10] In April 2015, Variety reported that Timothy Reckart would direct the film in his directing debut.[6] On August 5, 2015, it was announced that the film, then titled The Lamb, was given an official release date of December 8, 2017.[11] On June 20, 2016, it was announced that Brian Henson and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company would be executive producers for the film, now titled The Star.[12]

text: In an interview with Animation Magazine, Reckart expressed that he felt encouraged to direct the film, as he felt that there was a lack of Christmas films centering on the Nativity of Jesus: "It felt like an opportunity to be part of a movie that has not been done before, that's really going to fill a void."[13]

text: The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios.[14] Animation work began on January 2017.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 5, 2017, it was reported that Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry would be in the film.[8] The rest of the cast was announced on January 19, 2017.[1]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The Star: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on October 27, 2017, including contributions from Jessie James Decker, Jake Owen, Kelsea Ballerini, Zara Larsson, Casting Crowns, Kirk Franklin, Fifth Harmony, Yolanda Adams, Saving Forever and Mariah Carey. Pentatonix also contributes a bonus track to the digital release of the album.[15]

text:
The Star: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"The Star"
Mariah Carey
4:01

2.
"Children Go Where I Send You"
Kelsea Ballerini
2:40

3.
"We Three Kings"
Kirk Franklin
4:06

4.
"Can You See"
Fifth Harmony
3:57

5.
"Life Is Good"
A Great Big World
3:16

6.
"Mary, Did You Know"
Zara Larsson
3:23

7.
"O Holy Night"
Yolanda Adams
4:20

8.
"What Christmas Means to Me"
Saving Forever
3:03

9.
"Breath of Heaven (Mary’s Song)"
Jessie James Decker
4:51

10.
"His Eye Is on the Sparrow"
Casting Crowns
4:19

11.
"What Child Is This?"
Jake Owen
3:16

12.
"Carol of the Bells"
Pentatonix
3:13

Total length:
44:17

tag: table

text: Release[edit]

text: In July 2016, the release date was set for November 10, 2017,[16] but it was later pushed back to November 17, 2017.[17]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was released on July 26, 2017.[18] On November 16, 2017, the official video for the song The Star, performed by Mariah Carey, was made available on her YouTube channel.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of December 17, 2017[update], The Star has grossed $35.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $13.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $48.7 million, against a production budget of $20 million.[20]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Star was released alongside Justice League and Wonder, and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,800 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.8 million on its first day.[21] It ended up grossing $9.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an average rating of 43% based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Star may not leave audiences singing 'Hallelujah', but its offbeat yet sincere approach to the nativity story makes for acceptably diverting holiday viewing."[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[22]

text: The A.V. Club's Ignatiy Vishnevetsky criticized The Star as a "rote cartoon feature" existing for purely commercial reasons: "...even the kid-friendliest, Sunday-school-iest kind of religious art can't spring from religion alone; it needs artistry, too. Otherwise, you end up with a generic product aimed at a market segment who'll buy anything as long as it seems sufficiently churchy."[25]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song
"The Star"
Pending
[26]

Annie Awards
Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Louie del Carmen
Pending
[27]

Best Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Pamela Ziegenhagen
Pending

Heartland Film Festival 2017
Truly Moving Picture Award
Timothy Reckart
Won
[28]


document_title: List of Australian Football League team songs

question_text: who wrote the gold coast suns theme song

text: An Australian Football League team song is traditionally sung by members of the winning team after an AFL game, and played when each team runs out onto the field prior to the beginning of the match.

text: The first team song was the Collingwood song "Good Old Collingwood Forever", written by player Tom Nelson in 1906 to the tune of "Goodbye, Dolly Gray", an American music hall song.[1] Other clubs have continued to rewrite other songs' lyrics to suit their team, with four of the 18 team songs having both original lyrics and music.

text:
Club name
Name of team song
Basis for team song
First used
as team song
Writer/composer

Adelaide
"The Pride of South Australia"
"US Marines' Hymn"
1994
Bill Sanders

Brisbane Lions
"The Pride of Brisbane Town"
"La Marseillaise"
1955
Fitzroy players

Carlton
"We are the Navy Blues"
"Lily of Laguna"
1930 !c. 1930
Carlton players

Collingwood
"Good Old Collingwood Forever"
"Goodbye, Dolly Gray"
1906
Tom Nelson

Essendon
"See the Bombers Fly Up"
"(Keep Your) Sunny Side Up"
1959
Kevin Andrews[2]

Fremantle
"Freo Way To Go"
"Song of the Volga Boatmen"
1995
Ken Walther

Geelong
"We Are Geelong"
"The Toreador Song"
1963
John K. Watts

Gold Coast
"We Are the Suns of the Gold Coast Sky"[3]
Original
2010
Rosco Elliott

Greater Western Sydney
"There's A Big Big Sound"[4]
Original
2012
Harry Angus

Hawthorn
"The Mighty Fighting Hawks" (also known as "We're A Happy Team At Hawthorn")
"The Yankee Doodle Boy"
1956 !c. 1956
Chic Lander

Melbourne
"It's a Grand Old Flag"
"You're a Grand Old Flag"
1912 !c. 1912
George M Cohen 1906 (second verse by Keith "Bluey" Truscott)

North Melbourne
"Join in the Chorus"
"Wee Deoch an Doris"[5]
1920 !1920s
unknown

Port Adelaide
"Power to Win"[6]
Original
1997
Quentin Eyers and Les Kaczmarek

Richmond
"We're from Tiger Land"
"Row, Row, Row"
1962
Richmond lyrics by Jack Malcolmson.
William Jerome / James Monaco (Row, Row, Row lyrics © Peermusic Publishing sung by Bing Crosby)

St Kilda
"When the Saints Go Marching In"
"When the Saints Go Marching In"
1965 !c. 1965
unknown

Sydney
"The Red and the White"
"Notre Dame Victory March"
1961
Larry Spokes

West Coast
"We're Flying High"
Original
1987
Kevin Peek and Ken Walther

Western Bulldogs
"Sons of the West"
"Sons of the Sea"
1940 !1940s
unknown

text: Notes[edit]

text:
The Brisbane Lions song was originally written by a group of Fitzroy players in 1955 to the tune of the French National Anthem, "La Marseillaise". It has been used since the Brisbane Bears/Fitzroy Lions merger in 1996 with slightly adjusted lyrics; Brisbane's previous Club Song was sung to the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".[7]
The Western Bulldogs team song was originally called "Sons of the 'Scray" before Footscray changed their name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997, with the song's lyrics being slightly altered.[8]
The Fremantle Dockers' club song used from 1995 until 2011 contained a section based on "The Song of the Volga Boatmen", a Russian folk song, but most of the song was an original composition by Ken Walther. After the 2011 season, the "Volga Boatmen" section was dropped, leaving only the part written by Walther.


document_title: Kevin (Probably) Saves the World

question_text: who played lucille on kevin probably saves the world

text: Kevin (Probably) Saves the World

text: Premise[edit]

text: Kevin, a down-on-his-luck man who survived a suicide attempt, moves in with his twin sister Amy, an engineer and professor at the local college, and Amy's teenage daughter Reese. Shortly after, he discovers a celestial being named Yvette; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world, and sent Yvette to guide and protect him. Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette, so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him. The series also explores a mystery, as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation, but for unknown reasons, Kevin is the only one left.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn
JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera (née Finn)
Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette
India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen
J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell
Chloe East as Reese Cabrera
Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina

text: Recurring/Guest[edit]

text:
Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell
Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore
Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore
Lesley Boone as Lucille
Emma Bell as Deb
Christian Ochoa as Ben
Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava
Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane
Kate Flannery as Anne
Will Sasso as Dave
Brandon Quinn as Ignacio "Iggy" DePerro
Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen
Abby Glover as Kai

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Paul McGuigan
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
4.17[4]

After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt, Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy, a widowed mom, and her teenage daughter Reese. While Amy is away at a work assignment, a meteor crashes to earth near her home. Kevin and Reese investigate, and when Kevin touches the meteorite, he is hurtled backward. He begins having strange visions, including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see. Yvette calls herself one of God's messengers, tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation, of which Kevin is the only one known to be left.

2
"Listen Up"
Kevin Dowling
Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
3.61[5]

Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones, and that they'll have to let the universe guide them. She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds. While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path, Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together. They ponder getting back together, but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it's not a good idea. Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean.

3
"Sweet Little Lies"
Peter Leto
Chris Dingess & Davah Avena
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
3.26[6]

Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb, whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer. But now that Deb is healthy, she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married. Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band. Yvette meets with Ava, a celestial messenger like herself. Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous, but come meeting time, they are the only two to show up. Ava then says that she too is giving up.

4
"How to be Good"
J. Miller Tobin
Teleplay by: Brant Englestein
Story by: Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2.87[7]

Kevin helps Lucille, Tyler's rude boss at the diner, and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister, Anne. Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace. Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she's observed, and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers.

5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness"
Rob Hardy
Craig DiGregorio
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2.71[8]

After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away, Kevin helps a woman who cannot afford her son's diabetes medication. He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle. Amy finds Reese's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail. She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out.

6
"Rocky Road"
Wendey Stanzler
Jack Kenny
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2.91[9]

Kevin begins looking for places to stay, hitting up Tyler, Kristin and Nathan. He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work, learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings. Angry at her mom, Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory. Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down, but Reese slips from her perch and falls. Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds, allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her. A dumbfounded Amy observes, and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him. Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions, plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds.

7
"Dave"
Ron Underwood
Chris Dingess
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2.62[10]

Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave (Will Sasso), another celestial messenger, who helps them on Kevin's next assignment. The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin's cancer-stricken mother Susan (Anjali Bhimani) find some joy while living out her last days. Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo. Meanwhile, Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell, and soon meets Iggy (Brandon Quinn), a theology professor who tries to convince her that it's okay for some things to remain unexplained. Also, Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date, but Reese will not give him permission.

8
"Chrysalis"
Metin Hüseyin
Kevin Deiboldt
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
2.62[11]

Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies, and follows one to an art class held by Ethan (Enoch King). Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show, later realizing this will conflict with Reese's school play. Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan, offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family. At the same time, Yvette meets with Ava, who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her. Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people, and asks what else she's hidden from him. Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist, and is operating on faith alone. Kevin chooses to work with Dave, which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show. Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan's paintings. Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you, also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it. Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found. Elsewhere, Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy, but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date.

9
"Probably"
Tamra Davis
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
2.49[12]

Kevin travels to Laos, taking Tyler along. The two are befriended by Vong (David Huynh), whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he's not. Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on, but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right. Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler, who finds her fascinating. The two dance to a mariachi band (another of Kevin's earlier visions), which renews Yvette's faith. Kevin and Tyler, with help from Lucille on video chat, then help Vong's wife deliver their first child, and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul. Back at home, Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out. Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy, but says she now knows she wasn't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she doesn't truly care about. Nathan later does something special for Amy.

10
"The Ugly Sleep"
J. Miller Tobin
Davah Avena
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
2.62[13]

Kevin helps Charlie (Trent Garrett), who is despondent over a recent breakup, meet someone new, but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin, it leads to awkwardness. The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love, and he returns to her. Inspired by Kevin's good deeds, Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in. Meanwhile, Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on. Kevin has a vision of a snow-covered area in the woods. As the episode closes, Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position.

11
"Solo"
Lee Rose
Kevin Deiboldt
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2.39[14]

On his first day as a substitute teacher, Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual "Freshman Prank". After Adam reveals the target is Kristin, he becomes even more disliked for squealing. Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely, pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago. Meanwhile, Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date, but later enjoy helping Kevin, Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank. Kevin has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat.

12
"Caught White-Handed"
Jennifer Lynch
Brant Englestein
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2.46[15]

Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject, and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious "acorn fairy" -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years. In trying to help the woman (Kathleen Wilhoite), Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed, along with her criminal past. Meanwhile, Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler's ads searching for her is Kevin, who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy. This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love. Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode, but this time Tyler is with him.

13
"Fishtail"
J. Miller Tobin
Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
2.29[16]

14
"Old Friends"[17]
Michael Patrick Jann
Chris Dingess & Craig DiGregorio
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
TBD

15
"World's Worst Domino"[18]
Peter Leto
Brant Englestein & Davah Avena
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
TBD

16
"The Right Thing"[19]
J. Miller Tobin
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin, but the name was changed since the show was not "overtly religious".[20]

text: The series was picked up for a 16-episode full season on November 10, 2017.[21]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cristela Alonzo, who played a lead role as the heaven-sent entity in the original pilot, was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
October 3, 2017
1.0/4
4.17[4]
N/A
2.17
N/A
6.33[23]

2
"Listen Up"
October 10, 2017
0.8/3
3.61[5]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Sweet Little Lies"
October 17, 2017
0.8/3
3.26[6]
TBD
1.75
TBD
5.01[24]

4
"How to be Good"
October 24, 2017
0.7/3
2.87[7]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness"
October 31, 2017
0.6/2
2.71[8]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"Rocky Road"
November 7, 2017
0.7/3
2.91[9]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7
"Dave"
November 14, 2017
0.7/3
2.62[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Chrysalis"
December 5, 2017
0.6/2
2.62[11]
0.4
1.50
1.0
4.13[25]

9
"Probably"
December 12, 2017
0.6/2
2.49[12]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"The Ugly Sleep"
January 2, 2018
0.7/3
2.62[13]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"Solo"
January 9, 2018
0.6/3
2.39[14]
0.4
1.49
1.0
3.90[26]

12
"Caught White-Handed"
January 16, 2018
0.6/2
2.46[15]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"Fishtail"
February 6, 2018
0.5/2
2.29[16]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

14
"Old Friends"
February 20, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

15
"World's Worst Domino"
February 27, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.73/10 based on 22 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Breezily entertaining, Kevin (Probably) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still-sketchy premise, hinting at deeper potential that's yet to develop."[27] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[28]


document_title: The Westing Game

question_text: who is the bomber in the westing game book

text: The Westing Game

text: Premise[edit]

text: Sunset Towers is a new apartment building on Lake Michigan, north of Milwaukee and just down the shore from the mansion owned by reclusive self-made millionaire Samuel W. Westing. (Despite the name, Sunset Towers faces east – into the sunrise.)

text: As the story opens, a man named Barney Northrup is selling apartments to a carefully selected group of tenants. It soon emerges that most of the tenants – regardless of age or occupation – are named as heirs in Westing's will. The will is structured as a puzzle, with the 16 heirs challenged to find the solution. Each of the eight pairs, assigned seemingly at random, is given $10,000 cash and a different set of baffling clues. The pair that solves the mystery will inherit Westing's entire $200 million fortune and control of his company.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Sam Westing was an extremely rich businessman who made his fortune in paper products. He was very patriotic and never smoked, drank, or gambled.

text: Pair One[edit]

text:
Jacob "Jake" Wexler is a Jewish podiatrist, and a bookie on the side. He is married to Grace Wexler, whom he loves, but he also knows that she might never be happy with their life or financial situation. Jake is the father of Angela Wexler and Turtle Wexler. He later becomes a state crime commissioner.
Madame Sun Lin Hoo is the much-younger Chinese immigrant wife of James Shin Hoo. She barely speaks English and can usually be found working in Mr. Hoo's restaurant. It is rumored that Mr. Hoo married her for her 100-Year-old sauce recipe. Madame Hoo also steals various items throughout the story in order to sell them and buy a trip back to China. Madame Hoo is the step-mother of Doug Hoo. Although she is an heir, she doesn't really contribute to the game.

text: Pair Two[edit]

text:
Judge J.J. Ford, an intelligent and serious African-American woman in her forties who rarely smiles. She is suspicious of the game created by Sam Westing. Instead of winning, her goal is to discover the past of every heir. She prefers to work on her own, but uses her partner's ear for gossip to her advantage. Her connection to Westing is that she is the daughter of his former servants. Growing up, Westing would play chess with Ford and funded her education. As Sandy, Westing suggested that he did so as he saw her potential instead of pity as she believes.
Alexander "Sandy" McSouthers was a doorman in Sunset Towers. That was his disguise, as he was actually one of the four identities of Sam Westing. His description says that he previously worked at Westing Paper Products Corporation and claims to have been fired by Sam Westing himself for attempting to organize the workers. McSouthers is notable for his knowledge of Sunset Towers' gossip.

text: Pair Three[edit]

text:
Grace Wexler, married to Jake Wexler and mother of Angela and Turtle, is a self-centered woman who is obsessed with her own image. She favors Angela while largely ignoring Turtle. She claims to be Mr. Westing's niece, and she purports her name as Grace Windsor Wexler, although it is actually Gracie Windkloppel Wexler. Grace wants to be an interior designer. However, as the game goes on, she develops a growing interest in her partner's restaurant and the restaurant business in general.
James Shin "Jimmy" Hoo is a middle-aged Chinese man, owner of Shin Hoo's restaurant and former entrepreneur, as well as Madame Hoo's husband and Doug's father. He claims Mr. Westing stole his patent for the disposable diaper and appears bitter and moody for this reason. He suffers from ulcers, and he can often be seen yelling at his son to study.

text: Pair Four[edit]

text:
Tabitha-Ruth Wexler, known as Turtle or "Alice", is a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. She is very protective of her long, dark braid of hair and kicks anyone who pulls it. She excels at playing the stock market. She is very fond of both Sandy McSouthers and her partner Flora Baumbach, and she also loves her family, even though her sister Angela seems to be favored. She has a slight crush on Doug Hoo.
Flora Baumbach is a shy 60-year-old dressmaker who becomes a maternal figure to her partner, Turtle. Her daughter, Rosalie, had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at age 19. Her husband disappeared, and it is unknown whether he died or if there was a divorce. Flora is kind to everyone, and prefers to see the best in people. Turtle refers to her as "Baba," while she refers to Turtle as "Alice." At the end, she becomes friends with Julian Eastman and therefore Sam Westing himself. She is an heir because she made the wedding dress for Westing's deceased daughter.

text: Pair Five[edit]

text:
Christos "Chris" Theodorakis is a 15-year-old boy who uses a wheelchair due to a degenerative muscle disease. He is very intelligent and enjoys birdwatching. His brother, Theo, is very protective of him. Chris's disease causes muscle spasms and affects his speech, but he is much more observant than he lets on – in part because he is often dismissed by others. Chris also develops a temporary friendship with Sydelle Pulaski.Chris is observant of others and is ready for any challenge given, by the game
Dr. Denton Deere is a 25-year-old medical intern. He is engaged to Angela. Dr. Deere is arrogant and extremely proud of the medical industry. He has an obsession with giving diagnoses to almost everyone. He later becomes a neurologist, gaining fame for his treatment of Chris's condition.

text: Pair Six[edit]

text:
Berthe Erica Crow, usually referred to as simply Crow, is an extremely religious 57-year-old woman. Tight and introverted, she works as a cleaning woman for Sunset Towers, while also operating a downtown soup kitchen for the homeless. She plays a major role in Westing's plot, as it is revealed that she was formerly Mr. Westing's wife.
Otis J. Amber is a 62-year-old "delivery boy." Even outside of the game, he is often seen with Berthe Erica Crow, in part because he is actually a private investigator whom Sam Westing tasked with watching Crow. He assists Berthe with her soup kitchen. At the beginning of the story, he tells the tale of the bloody bet a boy once made involving the Westing mansion, which becomes an eerie theme throughout the book, using two words: "purple waves."

text: Pair Seven[edit]

text:
Theo Theodorakis is a smart high school student, and very loyal to his family. He is protective of his brother Chris, and works hard in his parents' coffee shop. He is interested in becoming a writer, and also becomes friends with his partner, Doug Hoo.
Doug Hoo, son of Jimmy Hoo, is a high school track star, one of the best mile-runners in the state. Running is his passion, but his father often criticizes him for not studying. At the end, he wins two Olympic gold medals and sets the 1500m record as well

text: Pair Eight[edit]

text:
Angela Wexler is a beautiful 20-year-old girl: fair, blonde, and very pretty. She is considered the 'perfect' daughter, often getting more attention than her sister Turtle. However, people only acknowledge her as an attractive object to be married to Dr. Denton Deere, and not an intelligent woman in her own right. Throughout the book, Angela grows in her independence and her distaste for being objectified. Not that many characters realize that she is scared of not obeying Grace's every command. She wants to do more than sitting still and looking pretty. She is the bomber that causes several catastrophes through the book though only Turtle is aware of this.
Sydelle Pulaski is a mysterious character who seems to have no connection to Mr. Westing or the other heirs. No one pays any attention to her, so she tries hard to be noticed. She seems to have an affinity for Chris Theodorakis. Eventually, it is revealed that she truly does not have a connection to Sam Westing, as Westing's lawyer mistakenly recruited her instead of a woman named Sybil Pulaski.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Barney Northrup is a mysterious figure who sells all of the apartments in Sunset Towers to the various heirs. After this, he is rarely seen by any of the tenants.
Julian R. Eastman runs Westing Paper Products in Mr. Westing's absence. He was a witness to Mr. Westing's will.
Dr. Sidney Sikes is a good friend of Samuel Westing, and a witness to his will. Was the one who declared both Westing and Sandy McSouthers dead and appears to be in on Westing's plan.
Edgar J. Plum is the young and fairly incompetent lawyer in charge of handling Samuel Westing's estate. Aside from reading Westing's will to the players, Plum has no part in the game.
Mr. and Mrs. Theodorakis run the Sunset Towers coffee shop. They have no role in the game, though their sons Chris and Theo do.

text: Epilogue[edit]

text: The epilogue of the story is told in the book's last three chapters, which depicts the heirs growing older and more successful, many of them changing their lives as a result of the game.

text:
Crow and Otis Amber fall in love and are married, both leaving their jobs at Sunset Towers to work at Crow's soup kitchen, which many of the heirs leave donations to. Both die within a week of one another after several years of life together.
Flora Baumbach leaves the dressmaking business a few years after the game's conclusion, becoming Turtle's close friend and later Alice's nanny.
Denton Deere and Angela Wexler both question their life choices and ultimately separate. Denton becomes a neurologist due to his success in treating Chris Theodorakis' disease, and Angela returns to medical school to become a surgeon. Five years after the game's conclusion, the two are reunited, marry, and have a daughter named Alice.
Judge Ford agrees to finance Chris' education in homage to her mentor, Sam Westing. She is elected to the US Court of Appeals and later the Supreme Court.
Sunny Hoo ultimately never leaves her husband and adopts the nickname "Sunny." She becomes fluent in English, and becomes James' secretary in his new company. After he dies she finally takes her trip to China, but returns to take up the family business.
James Hoo leaves the restaurant business and gives "Hoo's on First" to Grace. He patents his shoe-sole idea and becomes a multimillionaire, and moves out of Sunset Towers with his family. He dies briefly before the book's conclusion, and is succeeded in the company by his wife.
Doug Hoo wins his first Olympic gold medal and set a new record for the 1500-meter run shortly after the game ends, and goes on to win two more. Retiring from athletics, he becomes a popular sports announcer.
Chris Theodorakis is ultimately able to manage the effects of his disease thanks to Denton's extensive research. However, he remains unable to walk and uses a wheelchair for the rest of his life. His college education is financed by Judge Ford, and he meets a girl named Shirley during his first year. The two later marry and become professors at the local university. Chris discovers and names a new breed of parrot (the "something-Christos parrot") during an expedition in Central America.
Sydelle Pulaski returns to her old job at Schultz Sausages and discovers that Mr. Schultz has a crush on her. She later marries him. The pair move to Hawaii, though Sydelle stays in touch with Angela. She gives up using crutches to get attention but requires the use of them on various occasions near the end of the novel.
Jake Wexler becomes unsatisfied with his job as a podiatrist, quits, and is recommended to a political position by Judge Ford. He becomes the Chairman of the State Gambling Commission and then the Wisconsin State Crime Commissioner, though the jobs give him little time to spend with his wife.
Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo's restaurant, renaming it "Hoo's on First" and giving it a theme of local sports stars. It gets rave reviews. The success of "Hoo's on First" ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants, the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison.
Theo Thedorakis attends a literary college, becoming an assistant to the reporter who writes the article about Doug's first gold medal. He later becomes a novelist. His first novel does not sell well, but at the book's end he has almost finished his second book. Theo marries Turtle, though they agree not to have children lest the children inherit Chris' disease. Theo and Chris' parents move to Florida after retiring from their coffee shop business.
Turtle Wexler, having solved the game by discovering Sam Westing's secret life, is dedicated to becoming his successor – and, ultimately, the president of Westing Paper Products. She takes on the nickname of T.R., attends college early (she is only 18 in her second year of college), and makes over $5 million in the stock market. Turtle marries Theo and begins teaching Angela and Denton's daughter Alice how to play chess.
Sandy McSouthers, who supposedly died after the game's conclusion, is revealed as Samuel Westing, Barney Northrup, and (primarily) Julian Eastman. He becomes Turtle Wexler's mentor, pays for her expensive education, and plays chess with her every Saturday, although she tells people she is "at the library." He dies on the Fourth of July.
Sam Westing, died from old age and was not murdered.

text: Other media[edit]

text: The Westing Game, adapted by Darian Lindle[3] and directed by Terry Brino-Dean,[4] was first produced at Prime Stage Theatre in Pittsburgh in 2009. The script is published by Dramatic Publishing.[5]

text: Get a Clue, adapted by Dylan Kelsey Hadley and directed by Terence H. Winkless was produced for television in 1997.


document_title: Geography of Texas

question_text: which region in texas has the highest elevation

text: Geography of Texas

text: Climate

text: Continental, Mountain, and Modified Marine are the three major climatic types of Texas, with no distinguishable boundaries. Modified Marine, or subtropical, dominates the majority of the state.[5] Texas has an annual precipitation range from 60.57 inches (1,538 mm) in Jasper County, East Texas, to 9.43 inches (240 mm) in El Paso. The record high of 120 °F (49 °C) was reached at Seymour on August 12, 1936, and Monahans on June 28, 1994. The low also ties at −23 °F (−31 °C) in Tulia on February 12, 1899, and Seminole on February 8, 1933.[6]

text: Physical geography

text: Texas covers a total area of 268,581 square miles (695,622 km2). The longest straight-line distance is from the northwest corner of the panhandle to the Rio Grande river just below Brownsville, 801 miles (1,289 km).[1] The width west-to-east, from El Paso to Orange, Texas, is 762 miles (1,226 km). The largest continental state is so expansive that El Paso, in the western corner of the state, is closer to San Diego, California, than to the Houston and Beaumont area, near the Louisiana state line; while Orange, on the border to Louisiana, is closer to Jacksonville, Florida than it is to El Paso. Texarkana, in the northeastern corner of the state, is about the same distance from Chicago, Illinois, as it is to El Paso, and Dalhart, in the northwestern corner of the state, is closer to the state capitals of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Wyoming than it is to Austin, its own state capital.[7]

text: The geographic center of Texas is about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Brady in northern McCulloch County.  Guadalupe Peak, at 8,749 feet (2,666.7 m) above sea level, is the highest point in Texas, the lowest being sea level where Texas meets the Gulf of Mexico.[8]  Texas has five state forests and 120 state parks for a total over 605,000 acres (2,450 km2).[9]  There are 3,700 named streams and 15 major river systems flowing through 191,000 miles (307,000 km) of Texas. Eventually emptying into seven major estuaries, these rivers support over 212 reservoirs.[10]

text: With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions, and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.[11]

text: Coastal Plains

text: The Gulf Coastal Plains extends from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the Balcones Fault and the Eastern Cross Timbers. This large area, including the Texas barrier islands, stretches from the cities of Paris to San Antonio to Del Rio but shows a large variety in vegetation. With about 20 to over 58 inches (508–1,480 mm) annual rainfall, this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.[12] National Parks include Big Thicket National Preserve, Padre Island National Seashore and the Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site.[13]

text: North Central Plains

text: The North Central Plains are bounded by the Caprock Escarpment to the west, the Edwards Plateau to the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east. This area includes the North Central Plains around the cities of Abilene and Wichita Falls, the Western Cross Timbers to the west of Fort Worth, the Grand Prairie, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east of Dallas. With about 35 to 50 inches (890 to 1,270 mm) annual rainfall, gently rolling to hilly forested land is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest of oaks, hickories, elm and gum trees.[12]  Soils vary from coarse sands to tight clays or shet rock clays and shales.[14]

text: Great Plains

text: The Great Plains include the Llano Estacado, the Panhandle, Edwards Plateau, Toyah Basin, and the Llano Uplift. It is bordered on the east by the Caprock Escarpment in the panhandle and by the Balcones Fault to the southeast. Cities in this region include Midland and Odessa, Lubbock, and Amarillo. The Hill Country is a popular name for the area of hills along the Balcones Escarpment and is a transitional area between the Great Plains and the Gulf Coastal Plains. With about 15 to 31 inches (380 to 790 mm) annual rainfall, the southern end of the Great Plains are gently rolling plains of shrub and grassland, and home to the dramatic Caprock Canyons and Palo Duro Canyon state parks.[12]  The largest concentration of playa lakes in the world (nearly 22,000) is on the Southern High Plains of Texas and Eastern New Mexico.

text: Texas' blackland prairies were some of the first areas farmed in Texas. Highly expansive clays with characteristic dark coloration, called the Houston Black series, occur on about 1.5 million acres (6,000 km²) extending from north of Dallas south to San Antonio. The Professional Soil Scientists Association of Texas has recommended to the State Legislature that the Houston Black series be designated the State soil. The series was established in 1902.[15]  National Parks in this area are the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park and the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.[13]

text: Mountains and basins

text: The Trans-Pecos Natural Region has less than 12 inches (300 mm) annual rainfall. The most complex Natural Region, it includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands. The Basin and Range Province is in West Texas, west of the Pecos River, beginning with the Davis Mountains on the east and the Rio Grande to its west and south. The Trans-Pecos region is the only part of Texas regarded as mountainous and includes seven named peaks in elevation greater than 8,000 feet (2,400 m). This region includes sand hills, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.[12]  The vegetation diversity includes at least 268 grass species and 447 species of woody plants.[16]  National Parks include the Amistad National Recreation Area, Big Bend National Park, Chamizal National Memorial, Fort Davis National Historic Site, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, and the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River.[13] This area is part of the Chihuahuan Desert.

text: Geology

text: Texas is mostly sedimentary rocks, with East Texas underlain by a Cretaceous and younger sequence of sediments, the trace of ancient shorelines east and south until the active continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico is met. This sequence is built atop the subsided crest of the Appalachian Mountains–Ouachita Mountains–Marathon Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision, which collapsed when rifting in Jurassic time opened the Gulf of Mexico. West from this orogenic crest, which is buried beneath the Dallas–Waco–Austin–San Antonio trend, the sediments are Permian and Triassic in age. Oil is found in the Cretaceous sediments in the east, the Permian sediments in the west, and along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf. A few exposures of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks are found in the central and western parts of the state, and Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas, in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer. Texas has no active or dormant volcanoes and few earthquakes, being situated far from an active plate tectonic boundary.  The Big Bend area is the most seismically active; however, the area is sparsely populated and suffers minimal damages and injuries, and no known fatalities have been attributed to a Texas earthquake.

text: Resources

text: With a large supply of natural resources, Texas is a major agricultural and industrial state, producing oil, cattle, sheep, and cotton. The state also produces poultry, eggs, dairy products, greenhouse and nursery products, wheat, hay, rice, sugar cane, and peanuts, and a range of fruits and vegetables.[17]

text:
Asphalt-bearing rocks, mainly cretaceous limestones, occur in Bexar, Burnet, Kinney, Uvalde, and other counties.
Cement is produced in Bexar, Comal, Dallas, Ector, Ellis, El Paso, Harris, Hays, McLennan, Nolan, Nueces, Potter, and Tarrant counties. Historically, Texas' Portland cement output accounts for about 10% of the annual United States production.[citation needed]
With an abundance of various types of clays, Texas is one of the leading producers of clays.
Bituminous coal occurs primarily in Coleman, Eastland, Erath, Jack, McCulloch, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Throckmorton, Wise, and Young counties of Texas.  Lignite, or brown coal, occurs in deposits in the Texas Coastal Plain.
Fluorspar or fluorite is an important industrial mineral used in the manufacture of steel, aluminum, glass, and fluorocarbons. It occurs at several localities in the Trans-Pecos and Llano regions of Texas.
Collecting gemstone rock and mineral specimens has proved quite profitable. Agate, jasper, cinnabar, fluorite, topaz, calcite, opal, petrified wood, and tektites are all commonly collected.

text:
Deposits of graphite occur in the Llano region and was previously produced in Burnet County.
Bat guano occurs in numerous caverns in the Edwards Plateau and in the Trans-Pecos region and to a more limited extent in Central Texas.
Gypsum is extensively developed in Texas where the main occurrences are in the Permian Basin, the Cretaceous Edwards Formation in Gillespie and Menard counties, and the Gulf Coast salt domes of Harris County and previously Brooks County.
Texas is the leading producer of helium solely from the Cliffside gas field near Amarillo.
Deposits of iron ore are present in northeastern Texas as well as several in Central Texas.
Elements of the Lanthanide series are commonly termed rare-earth elements. Several of the rare earths have anomalous concentrations in the rhyolitic and related igneous rocks in the Trans-Pecos area of Texas. A deposit containing several rare-earth minerals was exposed at Barringer Hill in Llano County before it was covered by the waters of Lake Buchanan.
Limestones, abundant in many parts of Texas, are used in the manufacture of lime. Plants for the production of lime are operating in Bexar, Bosque, Burnet, Comal, Deaf Smith, Hill, Johnson, Nueces, and Travis counties.
Magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate and other mineral salts are present in the Upper Permian Basin and in the underlying playas of the High Plains.
Manganese is known to occur in Precambrian rocks in Mason and Llano counties, in Val Verde County, in Jeff Davis County, and in Dickens County.
Mica is present in Precambrian pegmatite in the Llano region.
Common opal occurs on the Texas Coastal Plain.
Salts occurs in large quantities in salt domes in the Texas Coastal Plain and with other evaporites in the Permian Basin of West Texas, as well as near Grand Saline, Texas.
Sands used for industrial purposes commonly have been found in the Texas Coastal Plains, East Texas, north central Texas, and Central Texas; and sand mines have opened in the Shinnery (dunes) ecosystem of northern West Texas and the eastern part of the West Wingtip.
The discovery of silver in Texas has been credited by some to Franciscans who discovered and operated mines near El Paso about 1680. Documented silver production started in the late 1880s at the Presidio Mine, in Presidio County. Texas produced 32,663,405 troy ounces of silver between 1885 and 1955
Sulfur occurs in the caprocks of salt domes in the Gulf Coastal Plain, in Permian-age bedded deposits in Trans-Pecos Texas.
In the past, uranium was produced from surface mines in Atascosa, Gonzales, Karnes, and Live Oak counties. All uranium mines are closed and Texas is no longer a producer.[18]
The Barnett Shale, located in the Fort Worth basin, has gained attention in recent years as a source of natural gas. Controversy regarding drilling and exploration rights is an issue.


document_title: Ark of the Covenant

question_text: where was the ark of the covenant kept in the tabernacle

text: Ark of the Covenant

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: Construction and description[edit]

text: According to the Book of Exodus, God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40-day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was[4][5] and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone. Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark.[6][7] In Deuteronomy, however, the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab.[8]

text: The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed. It is to be 2½ cubits in length, 1½ in breadth, and 1½ in height (approximately 131×79×79 cm or 52×31×31 in). Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold, and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it. Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners, two on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim-wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted; and these are not to be removed.[9] A golden lid, the kapporet (traditionally "mercy seat" in Christian translations) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. Instructions missing from the biblical account include the thickness of the mercy seat, but instruct that the cherubim cover be beaten out the ends of it and details concerning the cherubim except that they form the space that God will appear. The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering.

text: Mobile vanguard[edit]

text: The biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.

text: When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance (Joshua 3:3, 6). During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over (Josh. 3:15-17; 4:10, 11, 18). As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood (Josh. 4:1-9).

text: In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns (Josh. 6:4-15). On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city (Josh. 6:16-20). After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark (Josh. 7:6-9). When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (Judges 20:26f, where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version). According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later, however, the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 10 miles north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship (1 Samuel 3:3), where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli (1 Samuel 4:3f).

text: Capture by the Philistines[edit]

text: A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines, after being defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer (1 Sam. 4:3-11). They were, however, heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head." The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received, named him Ichabod — explained as "The glory has departed Israel" in reference to the loss of the Ark (1 Sam. 4:12-22). The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth. (1 Sam. 4:20)

text: The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them (1 Sam. 5:1-6). At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with hemorrhoids; a plague of mice was sent over the land (1 Sam. 6:5). The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed (1 Sam. 5:8-12).

text: After the Ark had been among them for seven months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings (1 Sam. 6:1-15). Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and as a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand and seventy in some translations) were smitten by the Lord (1 Samuel 6:19). The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed (1 Samuel 6:21); and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years. Under Saul, the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines, but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle. In 1 Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.

text: In the days of King David[edit]

text: At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy, King David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amid great rejoicing. On the way to Zion, Uzzah, one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark, put out his hand to steady the Ark, and was struck dead by God for touching it. The place was subsequently named "Perez-Uzzah", literally "Outburst Against Uzzah",[10] as a result. David, in fear, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and there it stayed three months (2 Samuel 6:1-11; 1 Chronicles 13:1-13).

text: On hearing that God had blessed Obed-edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, "girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might" and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem - a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife, Saul's daughter Michal (2 Sam. 6:12-16, 20-22; 1 Chron. 15). In Zion, David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it, offered sacrifices, distributed food, and blessed the people and his own household (2 Sam. 6:17-20; 1 Chron. 16:1-3; 2 Chron. 1:4).

text: The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark (1 Chron. 16:4). David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God (2 Sam. 7:1-17; 1 Chron. 17:1-15; 28:2, 3). The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah (2 Sam. 11:11); and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem (2 Sam. 15:24-29).

text: In Solomon's Temple[edit]

text: When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark (1 Kings 2:26). Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom (1 Kings 3:15).

text: During the construction of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark (1 Kings 6:19); and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein (1 Kings 8:6-9). When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord" (1 Kings 8:10-11; 2 Chron. 5:13, 14).

text: When Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark (2 Chron. 8:11). King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple (2 Chron. 35:3), from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors (cf. 2 Chron. 33-34 and 2 Kings 21-23).

text: The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath[edit]

text: In 587 BC, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple. There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles. An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra, 1 Esdras, suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God, but does not mention taking away the Ark:

text: And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord, both great and small, with the vessels of the ark of God, and the king's treasures, and carried them away into Babylon

text: In Rabbinic literature, the final disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[11] A late 2nd-century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the king of Judah, stored away the Ark, along with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines.[12] This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the same rabbinic work, state that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own place, meaning, somewhere on the Temple Mount.

text: References in Scripture[edit]

text: Tanakh[edit]

text: The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Psalms and Jeremiah.

text: In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah (Jer. 3:16), prophesied a future time, possibly the end of days, when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again:

text: And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land, in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it will not come to mind; they will not mention it, and will not recall it, and it will not be used any more.

text: Rashi comments on this verse that "The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God's Presence will rest upon them collectively, as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant."[13]

text: Second Book of Maccabees[edit]

text: According to Second Maccabees, at the beginning of chapter 2:

text: The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah found a cave-dwelling; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, then blocked up the entrance. Some of his companions came to mark out the way, but were unable to find it. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. "The place shall remain unknown", he said, "until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light again, and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud, as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated."

text: II Maccabees 2:4–8 (Douay-Rheims, 1899)

text: The "mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land" would be Mount Nebo, located in what is now Jordan.

text: New Testament[edit]

text: Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the New Testament, the Ark is mentioned in the Letter to the Hebrews and the Revelation to St. John. Hebrews 9:4 states that the Ark contained "the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant." Revelation 11:19 says the prophet saw God's temple in heaven opened, "and the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple."

text: Roman Catholic writers connect this verse with the Woman of the Apocalypse in Revelation 12:1, which immediately follows, and say that the Blessed Virgin Mary is the "Ark of the New Covenant."[14][15] Carrying the saviour of mankind within her, she herself became the Holy of Holies. This is the interpretation given in the third century by Gregory Thaumaturgus, and in the fourth century by Saint Ambrose, Saint Ephraem of Syria and Saint Augustine.[16] The Catholic Church teaches this in the Catechism of the Catholic Church: "Mary, in whom the Lord himself has just made his dwelling, is the daughter of Zion in person, the Ark of the Covenant, the place where the glory of the Lord dwells. She is ‘the dwelling of God . . . with men"[17]

text: In the Gospel of Luke, the author's accounts of the Annunciation and Visitation are constructed using eight points of literary parallelism to compare Mary to the Ark.[14][18]

text: It is believed by Roman Catholics that Athanasius the bishop of Alexandria wrote about the connections between the Ark and the Virgin Mary: "O noble Virgin, truly you are greater than any other greatness. For who is your equal in greatness, O dwelling place of God the Word? To whom among all creatures shall I compare you, O Virgin? You are greater than them all O (Ark of the) Covenant, clothed with purity instead of gold! You are the Ark in which is found the golden vessel containing the true manna, that is, the flesh in which Divinity resides" (Homily of the Papyrus of Turin).[14] However, some[who?] question the authenticity of this work and suggest it is an example of the writing of yet another Pseudo-Athanasius.[19][unreliable source?]

text: The Ark in Islamic sources[edit]

text: Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Verse 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:

text: And their prophet said to them, "Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest (tābūt) will come to you in which is assurance (sakīnatun) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses (Mūsā) and the family of Aaron (Hārūn) had left, carried by the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers."[20]

text: The Arabic word sakīna (variously translated "peace of reassurance" or "spirit of tranquility") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah, meaning "dwelling or presence of God".

text: The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat, the Books of Moses.[21] According to Al-Jalalan, the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitres of Moses and the vase of manna.[21] Al-Tha'alibi, in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.

text: According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam, and Islam gives it special significance.[22] A Shia sect of Muslims believes that it will be found by the Mahdi near the end of times from Lake Tiberias.[23]

text: Possible locations[edit]

text: Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, there have been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places have been suggested for its location.

text: Mount Nebo[edit]

text: 2 Maccabees 2:4-10, written around 100 BC, says that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Altar of Incense, and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo, informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown "until the time that God should gather His people again together, and receive them unto mercy."[24] Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible (Deuteronomy 34) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land, and apparently also is his final burial place. Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km (29 miles) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem, near the east bank of the Jordan River.

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant, or Tabot, in Axum. The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church, each with its own dedication to a particular saint; the most popular of these include Mary, George and Michael.[25]

text: The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270. It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, it predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, and, after a description of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year, "on the feast of the great nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the feast of the illuminating Cross."[26]

text: In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal, British writer Graham Hancock suggests, contrary to the Kebra Nagast, that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River, where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum.[27] Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock's theory "garbage and hogwash," while Edward Ullendorff, a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London, said he "wasted a lot of time reading it."[28]

text: On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum, Ethiopia.[29] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[30]

text: Southern Africa[edit]

text: The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "voice of God", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[31][32]

text: On 14 April 2008, in a UK Channel 4 documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not allowed to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used as a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.[33]

text: In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen. One Lemba clan, the Buba, which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa, have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype. This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant. Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen. Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests constructed a new one. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare.[32] Parfitt had this artifact radio-carbon dated to about 1350, which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization.[34]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Chartres Cathedral, France[edit]

text: French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar.[35][36]

text: Rennes-le-Château, then to the United States[edit]

text: One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes-le-Château in Southern France. Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne, who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes-le-Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States.[37]

text: Rome[edit]

text: The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned.[38][39]

text: "Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy-seat of the temple. There was a bloodstain on it. On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement."[40]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 2003, author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees. Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s, when Ralph de Sudeley, the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, England taking the treasure with him.[41]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant—the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.[42]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Tutankhamun's tomb[edit]

text: In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (KV62) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. Among the artifacts was a processional ark, listed as Shrine 261, the Anubis Shrine. Almost immediately after publication of the photographs[43] of this sensational archaeological find, some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant. John M. Lundquist, author of The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future (2008), discounts this idea. The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres (37 in) long, 37 centimetres (15 in) wide, and 54.3 centimetres (21.4 in) high in the shape of a pylon. The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres (52 in) long, 80 centimetres (31 in) wide, and 80 centimetres (31 in) high in the shape of a rectangular chest.

text: Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant; it can only be said that the it is "ark-like", constructed of wood, gessoed and gilded, stored within a sacred tomb, "guarding" the treasury of the tomb (and not the primary focus of that environment), that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects, that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid, and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun's tomb. Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt.[44]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark, which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936. It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).[45]

text: In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from charged static electricity from different metal plates like a giant battery.[46]

text: Yom HaAliyah[edit]

text: Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.