document_title: Bantu peoples

question_text: which modern language family was displaced by the migration of bantu speakers

text: Bantu peoples

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word Bantu, and its variations, means "people" or "humans". The root in Proto-Bantu is reconstructed as *-ntu. Versions of the word Bantu (that is, the root plus the class 2 noun class prefix *ba-) occur in all Bantu languages: for example, as watu in Swahili; bantu in Kikongo; anthu in Chichewa;batu in Lingala; bato in Kiluba; bato in Duala; abanto in Gusii; andũ in Kamba and Kikuyu; abantu in Kirundi, Zulu, Xhosa, Runyakitara,[9] and Ganda; wandru in Shingazidja; abantru in Mpondo and Ndebele; bãtfu in Phuthi; bantfu in Swati; banu in Lala; vanhu in Shona and Tsonga; batho in Sesotho, Tswana and Northern Sotho; antu in Meru; andu in Embu; vandu in some Luhya dialects; vhathu in Venda; bhandu in nyakyusa and mbaityo in Tiv.

text: History[edit]

text: Origins and expansion[edit]

text: Current scholarly understanding places the ancestral proto-Bantu homeland in West Africa near the present-day southwestern border of Nigeria and Cameroon c. 4,000 years ago (2000 B.C.), and regards the Bantu languages as a branch of the Niger–Congo language family.[13] This view represents a resolution of debates in the 1960s over competing theories advanced by Joseph Greenberg and Malcolm Guthrie, in favor of refinements of Greenberg's theory. Based on wide comparisons including non-Bantu languages, Greenberg argued that Proto-Bantu, the hypothetical ancestor of the Bantu languages, had strong ancestral affinities with a group of languages spoken in Southeastern Nigeria. He proposed that Bantu languages had spread east and south from there, to secondary centers of further dispersion, over hundreds of years.

text: Using a different comparative method focused more exclusively on relationships among Bantu languages, Guthrie argued for a single Central African dispersal point spreading at a roughly equal rate in all directions. Subsequent research on loanwords for adaptations in agriculture and animal husbandry and on the wider Niger–Congo language family rendered that thesis untenable. In the 1990s, Jan Vansina proposed a modification of Greenberg's ideas, in which dispersions from secondary and tertiary centers resembled Guthrie's central node idea, but from a number of regional centers rather than just one, creating linguistic clusters.[14]

text: It is unclear exactly when the spread of Bantu-speakers began from their core area as hypothesized c. 5,000 years ago (3000 B.C.). By 3,500 years ago (1500 B.C.) in the west, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rain forest, and by 2,500 years ago (500 B.C.) pioneering groups had emerged into the savannahs to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Another stream of migration, moving east, by 3,000 years ago (1000 B.C.) was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively harsh farming conditions in areas farther from water. Pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by A.D. 300 along the coast, and the modern Northern Province (encompassed within the former province of the Transvaal) by A.D. 500.[15]

text: Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples, including those speaking Bantu languages, Africa south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples. Some of them were ancestral to proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples, whose modern hunter-forager and linguistic descendants, the Khoekhoe and San, occupy the arid regions around the Kalahari desert. The Hadza and Sandawe populations in Tanzania comprise the other modern hunter-forager remnant in Africa of these proto-Khoisan-speaking peoples.

text: Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu-speaking communities, as well as by Ubangian, Nilotic, and Sudanic language-speakers in North Central and Eastern Africa. The Bantu expansion was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.

text: After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in East Africa peoples of Afro-Asiatic (mainly Cushitic) and Nilo-Saharan (mainly Nilotic and Sudanic) ancestral origin. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.[16] Later interactions between Bantu and Cushitic peoples resulted in Bantu groups with significant Cushitic ethnic admixture, such as the Tutsi of the African Great Lakes region; and culturo-linguistic influences, such as the Herero herdsmen of southern Africa.[17][18]

text: On the coastal section of East Africa, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders. The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Zanzibar, Kenya, and Tanzania – a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast – the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a result of these interactions.[19]

text: Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu-speaking states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savannah south of the Central African rain forest. On the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, a civilisation of what are today referred to as the Shona people. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation amongst Bantu peoples increased in frequency. This was probably due to denser population (which led to more specialized divisions of labor, including military power, while making emigration more difficult); to increased interaction amongst Bantu-speaking communities with Chinese, European, Indonesian, and Arab traders on the coasts; to technological developments in economic activity; and to new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualization of royalty as the source of national strength and health.[20]

text:
Kongo youth and adults in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

A Kikuyu woman in Kenya

A Makua mother and child in Mozambique

Bubi girls in Equatorial Guinea

text: Kingdoms[edit]

text: Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region in the savanna south of the Central African rain-forest. In Southern Africa on the Zambezi river, the Monomatapa kings built the famous Great Zimbabwe complex, the largest of over 200 such sites in Southern Africa, such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique. From the 16th century onward, the processes of state formation among Bantu peoples increased in frequency. Some examples of such Bantu states include: in Central Africa, the Kingdom of Kongo,[21] Lunda Empire,[22] and Luba Empire[23] of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo; in the Great Lakes Region, the Buganda[24] and Karagwe[24] Kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania; and in Southern Africa, the Mutapa Empire,[25] Rozwi Empire,[26] and the Danamombe, Khami, and Naletale Kingdoms of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.[25]

text: Toward the 18th and 19th centuries, the flow of Zanj (Bantu) slaves from Southeast Africa increased with the rise of the Omani Sultanate of Zanzibar, based in Zanzibar, Tanzania. With the arrival of European colonialists, the Zanzibar Sultanate came into direct trade conflict and competition with Portuguese and other Europeans along the Swahili Coast, leading eventually to the fall of the Sultanate and the end of slave trading on the Swahili Coast in the mid-19th century.

text: Use of the term "Bantu" in South Africa[edit]

text: In the 1920s, relatively liberal South Africans, missionaries, and the small black intelligentsia began to use the term "Bantu" in preference to "Native" and more derogatory terms (such as "Kaffir") to refer collectively to Bantu-speaking South Africans. After World War II, the National Party governments adopted that usage officially, while the growing African nationalist movement and its liberal allies turned to the term "African" instead, so that "Bantu" became identified with the policies of apartheid. By the 1970s this so discredited "Bantu" as an ethno-racial designation that the apartheid government switched to the term "Black" in its official racial categorizations, restricting it to Bantu-speaking Africans, at about the same time that the Black Consciousness Movement led by Steve Biko and others were defining "Black" to mean all racially oppressed South Africans (Africans, Coloureds, and Indians).

text: Examples of South African usages of "Bantu" include:

text:
One of South Africa's politicians of recent times, General Bantubonke Harrington Holomisa (Bantubonke is a compound noun meaning "all the people"), is known as Bantu Holomisa.
The South African apartheid governments originally gave the name "bantustans" to the eleven rural reserve areas intended for a spurious, ersatz independence to deny Africans South African citizenship. "Bantustan" originally reflected an analogy to the various ethnic "-stans" of Western and Central Asia. Again association with apartheid discredited the term, and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands". Meanwhile, the anti-apartheid movement persisted in calling the areas bantustans, to drive home their political illegitimacy.
The abstract noun ubuntu, humanity or humaneness, is derived regularly from the Nguni noun stem -ntu in Xhosa, Zulu, and Ndebele. In Swati the stem is -ntfu and the noun is buntfu.
In the Sotho–Tswana languages of southern Africa, batho is the cognate term to Nguni abantu, illustrating that such cognates need not actually look like the -ntu root exactly. The early African National Congress of South Africa had a newspaper called Abantu-Batho from 1912–1933, which carried columns in English, Zulu, Sotho, and Xhosa.

tag: ol


document_title: List of spaceflight records

question_text: astronaut who has spent the most time in space

root

text: List of spaceflight records

text: First independent sub-orbital and orbital human spaceflight by country[edit]

text:
Country
Mission
Crew
Spacecraft
Launch vehicle
Date
Type

 USSR[1]
Vostok 1[1]
Yuri Gagarin[1]
Vostok 3KA[1]
Vostok-K[1]
12 April 1961[1]
Orbital[1]

 USA[2]
Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2]
Alan Shepard[2]
Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2]
Mercury-Redstone[2]
5 May 1961[2]
Sub-orbital[2]

 USA[3]
Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3]
John Glenn[3]
Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3]
Atlas LV-3B
20 February 1962[3]
Orbital[3]

 China[4]
Shenzhou 5[4]
Yang Liwei[4]
Shenzhou spacecraft[4]
Long March 2F[4]
15 October 2003[4]
Orbital[4]

tag: table

text: Most spaceflights[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
7 spaceflights

Jerry L. Ross – USA[5]
Franklin Chang-Diaz – Costa Rica/USA*[5]

tag: ul

text:
6 spaceflights

John W. Young[6] – USA
Story Musgrave – USA
Curtis Brown – USA
James Wetherbee – USA
Michael Foale – United Kingdom/USA*
Sergei Krikalev – Russia[7]
Yuri Malenchenko – Russia

text: Note: While Young has made six spaceflights, he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted.

tag: p

text: * Dual citizen.

text: Duration of spaceflight[edit]

text: Most time in space[edit]

text: Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space over 5 missions, became the man who spent the most time in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of Sergei Krikalev who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Currently, second is Yuri Malenchenko who spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[7][8][9][10]

text: Ten longest human space flights[edit]

text:
#
Time in space
Crew
Country
Launch date (Launch craft)
Landing date (Landing craft)
Space station or mission type

1
437.7 days[11][12]
Valeri Polyakov[11]
 Russia
1994-01-09 (Soyuz TM-18)
1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)
Mir[11]

2
379.6 days[12]
Sergei Avdeyev[12]
 Russia
1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)
1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)
Mir[12]

3
365.0 days[12]
Vladimir Titov[12]
Musa Manarov[12]
 Soviet Union
1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)
1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)
Mir[12]

4
340.4 days
Mikhail Kornienko
Scott Kelly
 Russia
 United States
2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)
2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)
International Space Station
ISS year long mission

5
326.5 days[13]
Yury Romanenko[13]
 Soviet Union
1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)
1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)
Mir[13]

6
311.8 days[14]
Sergei Krikalev[14]
 Soviet Union/ Russia
1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)
1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)
Mir[14]

7
289.2 days[15]
Peggy Whitson[15]
 United States
2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03)
2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04)
International Space Station[15]

8
240.9 days[16]
Valeri Polyakov[16]
 Soviet Union
1988-08-29 (Soyuz TM-6)
1989-04-7 (Soyuz TM-7)
Mir[16]

9
237.0 days[17]
Leonid Kizim[17]
Vladimir Solovyov[17]
Oleg Atkov[17]
 Soviet Union
1984-02-08 (Soyuz T-10)
1984-10-02 (Soyuz T-11)
Salyut 7[17]

10
215.4 days[18]
Mikhail Tyurin[18]
Michael López-Alegría[18]
 Russia
 United States
2006-09-18 (Soyuz TMA-9)
2007-04-21 (Soyuz TMA-9)
International Space Station[18]

text: Longest single flight by a woman[edit]

text: Peggy Whitson, NASA Astronaut, holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti's 199 days, 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017. She returned to Earth in September 2017, having spent approximately 290 days in space.[19][20] Third is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days[21][22] on the ISS where she was a member of Expedition 14/Expedition 15 (2006–2007).

text: Longest continuous occupation of space[edit]

text: An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.[5][23] Since then space has been continuously occupied for 7003625900000000000♠17 years, 50 days.[5]

text: Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft[edit]

text: The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 (7003625700000000000♠17 years, 48 days).[5][23] It broke the record of 9 years 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[23]

text: Longest solo flight[edit]

text: Valery Bykovsky flew for 4 days and 23 hours solo in Vostok 5, 14–19 June 1963.[24] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

text: Longest time on lunar surface[edit]

text: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[25] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds (as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer).[25]

text: Longest time in lunar orbit[edit]

text: Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours),[26] however for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon, T.K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

text: Animal records[edit]

text: First animals in space[edit]

text: Fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (108 km).[27] Also the first animals to safely return from space.[27]

text: First animal in orbit[edit]

text: Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to deorbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka were the first to successfully return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

text: Longest canine single flight[edit]

text: Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and 'Ugolyok' (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

text: First animals beyond low–Earth orbit[edit]

text: An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Zond 5 spacecraft.[27] It was launched by a Proton-K rocket on 15 September 1968.[27] The capsule came within 2000 km of the moon and returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the moon.[27]

text: Speed and altitude[edit]

text: Farthest humans from Earth[edit]

text: Apollo 13 crew; Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth.[28] This record breaking distance was reached at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.[28]

text: Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission[edit]

text: Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km).[29]

text: Fastest[edit]

text: The Apollo 10 crew; Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans; 39,897 km/h (11.082 km/s, 24,791 mph, approximately 32 times the speed of sound and approximately 0.0037 percent of the speed of light).[5] The record was set 26 May 1969.[5]

text: Age records[edit]

text: Earliest-born to reach space (suborbital flight)[edit]

text: Joe Walker born 20 February 1921, on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963.

text: Earliest-born to go into space (orbital flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Georgy Beregovoy born 15 April 1921, on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968.
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova born 6 March 1937, on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Youngest (age during space flight)[edit]

text:
Man – Gherman Titov, aged 25 years, on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961.[5]
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova, aged 26 years on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

text: Oldest (age during space flight)[edit]

text:
Man – John Glenn at age 77, 29 October 1998 on STS-95.[5]
Woman – Peggy Whitson at age 56, 17 November 2016 on Soyuz MS-03. Turned 57 while in space.[30]

text: Spacewalks[edit]

text: Most spacewalks[edit]

text:
Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for total of 82 hours, 21 minutes (which is also the duration record).[31]
Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.[32][33][34]

text: Most spacewalks during a single mission[edit]

text:
7: Anatoly Solovyev, during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98.

Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.

6: Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7.

text: Human spaceflight firsts[edit]

text:
First
Person(s)
Mission
Country
Date

Person to reach space
Person in orbit

Yuri Gagarin
Vostok 1[35]
 USSR
12 April 1961

Person to make suborbital flight
Person to (land) in a spacecraft after spaceflight
thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions
Person to pilot a craft in space
Alan Shepard
Freedom 7
 USA
5 May 1961

Person in space for over 24 hours
Multiple orbits during a spaceflight
Gherman Titov
Vostok 2
 USSR
6 August 1961 –
7 August 1961

Person to land (splashdown)
in a spacecraft after orbital flight
John Glenn
Friendship 7
 USA
20 February 1962

Group flight
Adjacent orbits
Spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications
Andrian Nikolayev
Pavel Popovich
Vostok 3
Vostok 4
 USSR
12 August 1962 –
15 August 1962

Woman in space
Civilian in space
Valentina Tereshkova
Vostok 6
 USSR
16 June 1963 –
19 June 1963

Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft
Joe Walker
X-15 Flight 90
 USA
19 July 1963

Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 km)
Joe Walker
X-15 Flights
90 and 91
 USA
22 August 1963

Three-person spaceflight, single spacecraft
Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground
Manned flight without pressurized spacesuits
Vladimir Komarov
Konstantin Feoktistov
Boris Yegorov
Voskhod 1[35]
 USSR
12 October 1964 –
13 October 1964

Spacewalk

Alexey Leonov
Voskhod 2[35]
 USSR
18 March 1965

Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)
Gus Grissom, John W. Young
Gemini 3[35]
 USA
23 March 1965

Person to fly two orbital spaceflights
Gordon Cooper
Faith 7
Gemini 5
 USA
15 May 1963 –
16 May 1963;
21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Persons to spend one week in space
Gordon Cooper
Pete Conrad
Gemini 5
 USA
21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Space rendezvous
(orbital maneuver and station-keeping)
Four people in space
Frank Borman, Jim Lovell
Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford
Gemini 7
Gemini 6A[35]
 USA
15 December 1965 –
16 December 1965

Space docking

Neil Armstrong
David Scott
Gemini 8 and Agena[35]
 USA
16 March 1966

Multiple rendezvous
John W. Young
Michael Collins
Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8
 USA
19 July 1966;
20 July 1966

Spaceflight fatality (during landing)
Vladimir Komarov
Soyuz 1
 USSR
23 April 1967 –
24 April 1967

Person to complete three spaceflights
Walter Schirra
Apollo 7
(previous flights Mercury-Atlas 8, Gemini 6A)
 USA
22 October 1968

Persons to leave Low Earth orbit (LEO)
Persons to escape Earth's influence
Persons to enter lunar orbit

Frank Borman
Jim Lovell
Bill Anders
Apollo 8
 USA
24 December 1968 –
25 December 1968

Space docking of two manned spacecraft
Dual spacewalk
Сrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)
Vladimir Shatalov
Boris Volynov
Aleksei Yeliseyev
Yevgeny Khrunov
Soyuz 4
Soyuz 5
 USSR
16 January 1969

Solo flight around the Moon
John Young
Apollo 10
 USA
22 May 1969

Moon landing/
planetary surface EVA

Neil Armstrong
Buzz Aldrin
Apollo 11
 USA
20 July 1969

Time five people are in space
Georgi Shonin, Valeri Kubasov
Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko
Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7
 USSR
12 October 1969 –
13 October 1969

Triple spaceflight
Seven-people in space
Shonin, Kubasov
Filipchenko, Volkov, Gorbatko
Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev
Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7
Soyuz 8
 USSR
13 October 1969 –
16 October 1969

Person to complete four spaceflights
James A. Lovell
Apollo 13
(previous flights Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8)
 USA
17 April 1970

Person to fly two lunar flights
Person to complete two flights beyond low–Earth orbit
James A. Lovell
Apollo 13
(previous flight Apollo 8)
 USA
11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970

People to spend two weeks in space
Night launch
Andrian Nikolayev
Vitali Sevastyanov
Soyuz 9
 USSR
1 June 1970 –
19 June 1970

People to EVA out of
sight of their spacecraft
Alan Shepard
Edgar Mitchell
Apollo 14
 USA
6 February 1971

Docking with space station
Night landing
Vladimir Shatalov
Aleksei Yeliseyev
Nikolai Rukavishnikov
Soyuz 10
docked with Salyut 1 (soft dock)
 USSR
22 April 1971 –
24 April 1971

Manned space station

Georgi Dobrovolski
Viktor Patsayev
Vladislav Volkov
Soyuz 11
docked with Salyut 1
 USSR
7 June 1971 –
29 June 1971

In-space fatalities
Georgi Dobrovolski
Viktor Patsayev
Vladislav Volkov
Soyuz 11
 USSR
29 June 1971

People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth.
Dave Scott
Jim Irwin
Apollo 15
 USA
31 July 1971–
2 August 1971

EVA in outer space outside Low Earth orbit (trans-Earth trajectory)
Al Worden
Apollo 15
 USA
5 August 1971

Person twice in lunar orbit
(during separate lunar expeditions)
John W. Young
Apollo 16 (previous flight Apollo 10)
 USA
16 April 1972 –
27 April 1972

People in orbit for four weeks
Pete Conrad
Joseph Kerwin
Paul Weitz
Skylab 2
 USA
25 May 1973 –
22 June 1973

People in orbit for eight weeks
Alan Bean
Jack Lousma
Owen Garriott
Skylab 3
 USA
28 July 1973 –
25 September 1973

People in orbit for 12 weeks
Gerald Carr
William Pogue
Edward Gibson
Skylab 4
 USA
16 November 1973 –
8 February 1974

Spaceflight aborted during liftoff
(at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude)
Re-entry (emergency) with 20g acceleration
Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov
Soyuz 18a
 USSR
5 April 1975

Crew to visit occupied space station
Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov
Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew
 USSR
10 January 1978 –
16 January 1978

People in orbit 19 weeks
(4 months)
Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31
 USSR
15 June 1978 –
2 November 1978

People in orbit 26 weeks
(6 months)
Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin
Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37
 USSR
9 April 1980 –
11 October 1980

Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft
John W. Young
Robert L. Crippen
STS-1
 USA
12 April 1981

Person to fly four different types of spacecraft
John W. Young
STS-1 (previous flights in Gemini, Apollo, and Lunar Module)
 USA
12 April 1981

Person to complete five spaceflights
John W. Young
STS-1
(previous flights Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16)
 USA
14 April 1981

Four-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
Vance Brand, Robert F. Overmyer
Joseph P. Allen, William B. Lenoir
STS-5
 USA
11 November 1982 –
16 November 1982

Five-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
Robert L. Crippen, Frederick H. Hauck
John M. Fabian, Sally K. Ride, Norman E. Thagard
STS-7
 USA
18 June 1983 –
24 June 1983

Six-person spaceflight,
single spacecraft
John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USA
Ulf Merbold – Germany (European Space Agency)
STS-9
 USA
 West Germany
28 November 1983 –
8 December 1983

Person to complete six spaceflights
John W. Young
STS-9
(previous flights Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1)
 USA
8 December 1983

Untethered spacewalk

Bruce McCandless II
STS-41-B
 USA
7 February 1984

Time eight people in space, no docking
Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSR
Vance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson, Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B
 USSR
 USA
8 February 1984 –
11 February 1984

Time 11 people in space, no docking
Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSR
Robert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USA
Rakesh Sharma – India
STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
 USSR
 USA
 India
6 April 1984 –
11 April 1984

People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission
Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov
Salyut 7
 USSR
26 April –
18 May 1984

Spacewalk by woman
Svetlana Savitskaya
Soyuz T-12
 USSR
25 July 1984

People in orbit 33 weeks
(7 months)
Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
 USSR
8 February 1984 –
2 October 1984

Seven person spaceflight, single spacecraft

Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USA
Marc Garneau – Canada
STS-41-G
 USA
 Canada
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984

Time two women in space
Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride
STS-41-G
 USA
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984

Partial crew exchange at a space station
Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7
 USSR
17 September 1985 –
26 September 1985

Eight person spaceflight, single spacecraft

Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USA
Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West Germany
Wubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)
STS-61-A
 USA
 West Germany
 Netherlands
30 October 1985 –
6 November 1985

Fatalities during launch
Francis "Dick" Scobee
Michael J. Smith
Ellison Onizuka
Judith Resnik
Ronald McNair
Sharon Christa McAuliffe
Gregory Jarvis
STS-51-L
 USA
28 January 1986

Space station to space station flight/
Space station to space station return flight/
Expedition on two space stations
Leonid Kizim
Vladimir Solovyov
Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[17]
 USSR
15 March 1986 –
16 July 1986

Complete crew exchange at a space station
Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov
Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir
 USSR
21 December 1987 –
29 December 1987

People in orbit 52 weeks
(one year)
Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov
Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6
 USSR
21 December 1987 –
21 December 1988

Time 12 people in space; no docking
Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USA
Mir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
Soyuz and Soyuz/Mir:
Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – Russia
Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan

STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10-Soyuz TM-11
 USSR
 USA
 Japan
2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990

Time three women in space
Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon
STS-40
 USA
5 June 1991 –
14 June 1991

Three-person spacewalk

Pierre J. Thuot, Richard J. Hieb
Thomas D. Akers
STS-49
 USA
13 May 1992

Time 13 people in space; no docking
Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USA
Mir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – Russia
Soyuz/Mir:
Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
Norman E. Thagard – USA

STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21
 USA
 Russia
14 March 1995 –
18 March 1995

Time ten people in one spacecraft; docking

Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USA
Anatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21
 USA
 Russia
29 June 1995 –
4 July 1995

Space tourist
Dennis Tito
Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1
 USA
 Russia
April 28, 2001 –
May 6, 2001

Person to complete seven trips to space
Jerry L. Ross
STS-110
(previous flights STS-61B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88)
 USA
19 April 2002

Citizen of an independent African country in space
Mark Shuttleworth
Soyuz TM-34
 South Africa
25 April 2002 -
5 May 2002

Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)

Mike Melvill
SpaceShipOne flight 15P
 USA
21 June 2004

Time 13 people in one spacecraft; docking[5]

Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USA
Gennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – Russia
Robert Thirsk, Julie Payette – Canada
Frank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency)
Koichi Wakata – Japan
ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127
 USA
 Russia
 Canada
 Belgium
 Japan
17 July 2009

Four women in space at once

Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA
Naoko Yamazaki – Japan
ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA
STS-131
ISS Expedition 23
 USA
 Japan
5 April 2010 –
20 April 2010

text: Total time in space[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:List of spaceflight records. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space, as of 15 December 2017.[36] Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only.

text: Color-key:

text:
Currently in space
  Active
  Retired
  Deceased

text:
Rank
Person
Days
Flights
Status
Nationality

1
Gennady Padalka
878.480
5
Retired
 Russia

2
Yuri Malenchenko
827.389
6
Retired
 Russia

3
Sergei Krikalev
803.371
6
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

4
Alexandr Kaleri
769.276
5
Active
 Russia

5
Sergei Avdeyev
747.593
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

6
Valeriy Polyakov
678.690
2
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

7
Fyodor Yurchikhin
672.860
5
Active
 Russia

8
Peggy A. Whitson
665.932
3
Active
 United States

9
Anatoly Solovyev
651.117
5
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

10
Viktor Afanasyev
555.772
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

11
Yury Usachev
552.773
4
Retired
 Russia

12
Sergey Volkov
547.931
3
Retired
 Russia

13
Pavel Vinogradov
546.939
3
Active
 Russia

14
Musa Manarov
541.021
2
Retired
 Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan)

15
Jeffrey Williams
534.116
4
Active
 United States

16
Oleg Kononenko
533.000
3
Active
 Russia

17
Mikhail Tyurin
532.118
3
Active
 Russia

18
Oleg Kotov
526.211
3
Retired
 Russia

19
Scott Kelly
520.440
4
Retired[37]
 United States

20
Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko
516.417
2
Active
 Russia

21
Alexander Viktorenko
489.066
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

22
Nikolai Budarin
444.060
3
Retired
 Russia

23
Yuri Romanenko
430.765
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

24
Alexander Volkov
391.495
3
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

25
Yuri I. Onufrienko
389.282
2
Retired
 Russia

26
Vladimir G. Titov
387.036
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

27
Vasili Tsibliyev
381.662
2
Retired
 Russia

28
Valery G. Korzun
381.653
2
Retired
 Russia

29
Michael Fincke
381.633
3
Active
 United States

30
Leonid Kizim
374.749
3
Deceased
 Soviet Union

31
Michael Foale
373.763
6
Retired
 United States /  United Kingdom[38]

32
Aleksandr Serebrov
372.954
4
Deceased
 Soviet Union /  Russia

33
Valeri Ryumin
371.725
4
Retired
 Soviet Union /  Russia

34
Donald Pettit
369.696
3
Active
 United States

35
Anton Shkaplerov
365.001
2
Active
 Russia

36
Vladimir Solovyov
361.952
2
Retired
 Soviet Union

37
Thomas Reiter
350.239
2
Retired
 Germany

38
Koichi Wakata
347.356
4
Active
 Japan

39
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov
345.267
2
Active
 Russia

40
Talgat Musabayev
341.408
3
Retired
 Russia

41
Oleg Novitskiy
340.419
2
Active
 Russia

42
Andrei Borisenko
337.377
2
Active
 Russia

43
Maksim Surayev
334.508
2
Retired
 Russia

44
Roman Romanenko
333.459
2
Retired
 Russia

45
Vladimir Lyakhov
333.324
3
Retired
 Soviet Union

46
Oleg Skripochka
331.521
2
Active
 Russia

47
Aleksandr Samokutyayev
331.474
2
Retired
 Russia

48
Yuri P. Gidzenko
329.950
3
Retired
 Russia

49
Sunita Williams
321.719
2
Active
 United States

50
Paolo Nespoli
313.108
3
Active
 Italy

text: Total human spaceflight time by country[edit]

text:
Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation [39] [40]

Nation
Total persons
Total person flights
Total in orbit (@ update)*
Total person days*+
 % of Total person days

TOTAL
553
1250
6
51142.91
-
1

 Russia
 Soviet Union
122
267
2
26971.16

0.527368528506278

 United States
339
848
3
19358.20

0.378511874800683

  ESA[show]
 Austria
 Belgium
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Ireland
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom

39
63
-
2771.76

0.0541962815919533

 Japan
12
20
1
1189.44

0.0232572573173751

 Italy
7
12
-
765.92

0.0149760766027761

 Germany
11
15
-
658.97

0.0128848912281008

 France
10
18
-
628.92

0.0122974034748123

 Canada
9
17
-
506.14

0.00989665526096837

 Netherlands
2
3
-
210.69

0.00411963803959711

 Belgium
2
3
-
207.65

0.00406028637848622

 United Kingdom
2
2
-
193.81

0.00378954449541824

 China
11
14
-
165.35

0.00323313794832577

  Switzerland
1
4
-
42.50

0.000831045462129977

 Sweden
1
2
-
26.73

0.000522731845752949

 Spain
1
2
-
18.78

0.00036724434372118

 Israel
1
1
-
15.93

0.000311490987390515

 Ukraine
1
1
-
15.69

0.000306792823413308

 Bulgaria
2
2
-
11.80

0.000230698861192888

 South Korea
1
1
-
10.88

0.000212815965360573

 Malaysia
1
1
-
10.88

0.000212815965360573

 South Africa
1
1
-
9.89

0.000193425855073142

 Brazil
1
1
-
9.89

0.000193317227004305

 Kazakhstan
1
1
-
9.84

0.000192461780962213

 Denmark
1
1
-
9.84

0.000192461780962213

 Afghanistan
1
1
-
8.85

0.000173071670674782

 Syria
1
1
-
7.96

0.000155664022643629

 Czechoslovakia
1
1
-
7.93

0.000155012254230607

 Austria
1
1
-
7.93

0.000154957940196188

 Poland
1
1
-
7.92

0.000154822155110142

 Slovakia
1
1
-
7.91

0.000154740684058514

 India
1
1
-
7.90

0.000154523427920839

 Hungary
1
1
-
7.86

0.000153776609947584

 Cuba
1
1
-
7.86

0.000153749452930375

 Mongolia
1
1
-
7.86

0.00015373587442177

 Vietnam
1
1
-
7.86

0.00015373587442177

 Romania
1
1
-
7.86

0.000153722295913165

 Saudi Arabia
1
1
-
7.07

0.000138202060578058

 Mexico
1
1
-
6.88

0.000134481549220386

Astronauts currently in space:
 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Misurkin
 Anton Nikolayevich Shkaplerov
 Scott David "Maker" Tingle
 Joseph Michael Acaba
 Norishige Kanai
 Mark Thomas Vande Hei
Crew Vehicles currently in space:
Soyuz MS-06
Soyuz MS-07

Table data accurate as of 2017-12-20 05:05 UTC

* includes those in orbit at time table was updated
+TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens (based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references).

text: Notable unmanned spaceflights[edit]

text:
In reference to:
Spacecraft
Event
Origin
Date

Earth
MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))
First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).
 Germany
20 June 1944

Earth
V-2 No. 20
First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight) successfully recovered.
 USA
20 February 1947

Earth
R-1V[41]
First mammals (dogs) in space (suborbital flight) successfully recovered.
 USSR
22 July 1951

Earth
Sputnik 1
First satellite in orbit.[35]
 USSR
4 October 1957

Earth
Sputnik 2
First animal in orbit, Laika the dog.
 USSR
3 November 1957

Earth
Vanguard 1
Oldest satellite still in orbit— expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.
 USA
17 March 1958

Earth
Pioneer 1
Failed to reach the moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 km from Earth.
 USA
11 October 1958

Earth
Jupiter AM-13
First monkey in space.
 USA
13 December 1958

Earth
Luna 1
First spacecraft to reach Earth's escape velocity.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Moon
Luna 1
First flyby, dist. of 5,995 km.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Sun
Luna 1
First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.
 USSR
4 January 1959

Moon
Luna 2
First impact.[35]
 USSR
14 September 1959

Moon
Luna 3
First image of lunar far-side.[35]
 USSR
7 October 1959

Earth
Discoverer 13
First satellite recovered from orbit.[35]
 USA
11 August 1960

Earth
Korabl-Sputnik 2
First living beings recovered from orbit.[42]
 USSR
19 August 1960

Venus
Venera 1
First flyby, dist. of 100,000 km (lost communication contact before).[35]
 USSR
19 May 1961

Moon
Ranger 4
First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[43]
 USA
26 April 1962

Earth
Alouette 1
First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the US or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the US)[44]
 Canada
29 September 1962

Venus
Mariner 2
First planetary flyby, dist. of 34,762 km (with communication contact).
 USA
14 December 1962

Earth
Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1
Oldest spacecraft still in use, 50 yrs as of 2015
 USA
6 May 1965

Mars
Mariner 4
First Mars flyby, first planetary imaging, dist. of 9,846 km.
 USA
14 July 1965

Earth
Astérix
First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the US or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).
 France
26 November 1965

Moon
Luna 9
First soft landing, first pictures from lunar surface.[35]
 USSR
3 February 1966

Venus
Venera 3
First impact.[35]
 USSR
1 March 1966

Moon
Luna 10
First orbiter.[35]
 USSR
3 April 1966

Docking
Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188
First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft.
 USSR
30 October 1967

Moon
Zond 5
First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth.
First animals to circle the Moon.
 USSR
15 September 1968

Moon
Luna 16
First automated sample return.
 USSR
24 September 1970

Moon
Luna 17
First automated roving vehicle – Lunokhod 1.
 USSR
17 November 1970

Venus
Venera 7
First soft landing.
 USSR
15 December 1970

Mars
Mariner 9
First orbiter.
 USA
14 November 1971

Mars
Mars 2
First impact.
 USSR
27 November 1971

Mars
Mars 3
First soft landing, telemetry signal for 20 seconds
before transmissions ceased.
 USSR
2 December 1971

Sun
Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to reach Sun's escape velocity.
 USA
3 March 1972

Jupiter
Pioneer 10
First flyby, dist. of 132,000 km.
 USA
4 December 1973

Mercury
Mariner 10
First flyby, dist. of 703 km.
 USA
29 March 1974

Venus
Venera 9
First orbiter.
First surface-level imaging of another planet.
 USSR
22 October 1975

Sun
Helios 2
Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the sun, 252,792 km/h.
Closest ever approach to the sun at a record distance of 0.29 AU (43 million km), slightly inside the orbit of Mercury. Record still unbeaten as of November 2009 but to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe (0.23 AU / 33 million km).
 West Germany
 USA
17 April 1976

Mars
Viking 1
First surface-level imaging of Mars.
 USA
20 July 1976

Saturn
Pioneer 11
First flyby, dist. of 21,000 km.
 USA
1 September 1979

Venus
Venera 13
First sound record on another planet.
 USSR
1 March 1982

Trans-Neptunian region
Pioneer 10
First spacecraft to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the sun.
 USA
13 June 1983

Venus
Vega 1
First helium balloon atmospheric probe.
 USSR
11 June 1985

Comet Giacobini-Zinner
International Cometary Explorer (ICE)
First flyby through comet tail, dist. of 7,800 km, no pictures.
 USA
11 September 1985

Uranus
Voyager 2
First flyby, dist. of 81,500 km.
 USA
24 January 1986

Comet Halley
Vega 1
First comet flyby with pictures returned, dist. of 8,890 km.
 USSR
6 March 1986

Orbital Spaceplane
Buran
First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).
 USSR
15 November 1988

Phobos
Phobos 2
First flyby, dist. of 860 km.
 USSR
21 February 1989

Neptune
Voyager 2
First flyby, dist. of 40,000 km.
 USA
25 August 1989

951 Gaspra
Galileo
First asteroid flyby, dist. of 1,600 km.
 USA
29 October 1991

Jupiter
Galileo probe
First impact.
 USA
7 December 1995

Jupiter
Galileo
First orbiter.
 USA
8 December 1995

Mars
Mars Pathfinder
First automated roving vehicle – Sojourner.
 USA
4 July 1997

433 Eros
NEAR Shoemaker
First asteroid orbiter.
 USA
14 February 2000

433 Eros
NEAR Shoemaker
First asteroid soft landing.
 USA
12 February 2001

Saturn
Cassini orbiter
First orbiter.
 ESA
 USA
1 July 2004

Solar wind
Genesis
First sample return from farther than the Moon.
 USA
8 September 2004

Titan
Huygens probe
First soft landing.
 ESA
 USA
14 January 2005

Comet Tempel 1
Deep Impact
First comet impact.
 USA
4 July 2005

25143 Itokawa
Hayabusa
First asteroid ascent.
First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.
 Japan
19 November 2005

81P/Wild
Stardust
First sample return from comet.
 USA
15 January 2006

Farthest distance from Earth
Voyager 1
At greatest distance from Sun, 20.479 billion km.
 USA
As of November 2016[update][45]

Longest time in operation
Voyager 2
Longest operating space probe, since August 1977
 USA
As of 2015[update]

Earth to Venus trajectory
IKAROS
First interplanetary solar sail.
 Japan
set sail on 10 June 2010

25143 Itokawa
Hayabusa
First sample return from asteroid.
 Japan
13 June 2010

Mercury
MESSENGER
First orbiter.
 USA
17 March 2011

Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point
Chang'e 2
First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[46]
 China
25 August 2011

International Space Station
SpaceX Dragon
First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.
 SpaceX
25 May 2012

Interstellar Medium
Voyager 1
First spacecraft to cross the Heliopause, exiting the Heliosphere and entering interstellar space.
 USA
25 August 2012

4179 Toutatis
Chang'e 2
First object to reach asteroid directly from Sun-Earth Langrangian point.
First probe to explore both Moon and asteroid.[47]
 China
13 December 2012

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Rosetta
First comet orbiter.[48]
 ESA
6 August 2014

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Philae
First comet soft landing.[49]
 ESA
12 November 2014

Ceres
Dawn
First dwarf planet orbiter.[50]
 USA
6 March 2015

Mars
Opportunity
Longest distance traveled on surface of another world – 26.219 miles (42.195 km) (marathon-length)[51]
 USA
23 March 2015 (ongoing)

Mercury
MESSENGER
First impact.[52]
 USA
30 April 2015

Pluto
New Horizons
First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx, first up-close images of Pluto system, first images of Pluto and Charon's surfaces, first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt.
 USA
14 July 2015

All 9 planets in the pre-IAU 2006 redefinition version of the Solar System
All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons
With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes to explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.
 USA
14 July 2015

Earth
Juno
Fastest man-made object relative to Earth, ca. 265,000 km/h.[53]
 USA
4 July 2016

Earth
Falcon 9
First reflight of orbital class rocket.[54]
 SpaceX
30 March 2017


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks

question_text: who has scored a hat trick against spain

text: List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks

text: List[edit]

text:
Key

Player's team lost the match

Player's team drew the match

text:
FIFA World Cup hat-tricks

#

G

Player

Time of goals

For

Goals

Result

Against

Tournament

Round

Date

FIFAreport

7000100000000000000♠1.

Bert Patenaude

7001100000000000000♠10', 15', 50'

 United States

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 3–0

 Paraguay

1930, Uruguay

Group stage

17 July 1930

report

7000200000000000000♠2.

Guillermo Stábile

7000800000000000000♠8', 17', 80'

 Argentina

1–0, 3–0, 6–3

 6–3

 Mexico

19 July 1930

report

7000300000000000000♠3.

Pedro Cea

7001180000000000000♠18', 67', 72'

 Uruguay

1–1, 5–1, 6–1

 6–1

 Yugoslavia

Semi-finals

27 July 1930

report

7000400000000000000♠4.

Angelo Schiavio

7001180000000000000♠18', 29', 64'

 Italy

1–0, 3–0, 5–1

 7–1

 United States

1934, Italy

First round

27 May 1934

report

7000500000000000000♠5.

Edmund Conen

7001660000000000000♠66', 70', 87'

 Germany

3–2, 4–2, 5–2

 5–2

 Belgium

report

7000600000000000000♠6.

Oldřich Nejedlý

7001190000000000000♠19', 71', 80'

 Czechoslovakia

1–0, 2–1, 3–1

 3–1

 Germany

Semi-finals

3 June 1934

report

7000700000000000000♠7.

4

Ernst Wilimowski

7001530000000000000♠53', 59', 89', 118'

 Poland

2–3, 3–3, 4–4, 5–6

5–6 aet

 Brazil

1938, France

First round

5 June 1938

report

7000800000000000000♠8.

Leônidas

7001180000000000000♠18', 93', 104'

 Brazil

1–0, 5–4, 6–4

 6–5 aet

 Poland

7000900000000000000♠9.

Gustav Wetterström

7001320000000000000♠32', 37', 44'

 Sweden

2–0, 3–0, 4–0

 8–0

 Cuba

Quarter-finals

12 June 1938

report

7001100000000000000♠10.

Harry Andersson

7000900000000000000♠9', 81', 89'

 Sweden

1–0, 6–0, 8–0

 8–0

 Cuba

7001110000000000000♠11.

Óscar Míguez

7001140000000000000♠14', 45', 56'

 Uruguay

1–0, 4–0, 5–0

 8–0

 Bolivia

1950, Brazil

Group stage

2 July 1950

report

7001120000000000000♠12.

4

Ademir

7001170000000000000♠17', 36', 52', 58'

 Brazil

1–0, 2–0, 4–0, 5–0

 7–1

 Sweden

Final round

9 July 1950

report

7001130000000000000♠13.

Sándor Kocsis

7001240000000000000♠24', 36', 50'

 Hungary

3–0, 4–0, 5–0

 9–0

 South Korea

1954, Switzerland

Group stage

17 June 1954

report

7001140000000000000♠14.

Erich Probst

7000400000000000000♠4', 21', 24'

 Austria

2–0, 3–0, 4–0

 5–0

 Czechoslovakia

19 June 1954

report

7001150000000000000♠15.

Carlos Borges

7001170000000000000♠17', 47', 57'

 Uruguay

1–0, 3–0, 5–0

 7–0

 Scotland

report

7001160000000000000♠16.

4

Sándor Kocsis (II)

7000300000000000000♠3', 21', 67', 78'

 Hungary

1–0, 3–0, 6–1, 8–2

 8–3

 West Germany

20 June 1954

report

7001170000000000000♠17.

Burhan Sargın

7001370000000000000♠37', 64', 70'

 Turkey

4–0, 5–0, 6–0

 7–0

 South Korea

report

7001180000000000000♠18.

Max Morlock

7001300000000000000♠30', 60', 77'

 West Germany

3–1, 4–1, 6–1

 7–2

 Turkey

23 June 1954

report

7001190000000000000♠19.

Theodor Wagner

7001250000000000000♠25', 27', 53'

 Austria

1–3, 3–3, 6–4

 7–5

  Switzerland

Quarter-finals

26 June 1954

report

7001200000000000000♠20.

Josef Hügi

7001170000000000000♠17', 19', 58'

  Switzerland

2–0, 3–0, 5–6

5–7

 Austria

7001210000000000000♠21.

Just Fontaine

7001240000000000000♠24', 30', 67'

 France

1–1, 2–1, 5–3

 7–3

 Paraguay

1958, Sweden

Group stage

8 June 1958

report

7001220000000000000♠22.

Pelé

7001520000000000000♠52', 64', 75'

 Brazil

3–1, 4–1, 5–1

 5–2

 France

Semi-finals

24 June 1958

report

7001230000000000000♠23.

4

Just Fontaine (II)

7001160000000000000♠16', 36', 78', 89'

 France

1–0, 3–1, 4–1, 6–3

 6–3

 West Germany

3rd place match

28 June 1958

report

7001240000000000000♠24.

Flórián Albert

7000100000000000000♠1', 6', 53'

 Hungary

1–0, 2–0, 5–0

 6–1

 Bulgaria

1962, Chile

Group stage

3 June 1962

report

7001250000000000000♠25.

4

Eusébio

7001270000000000000♠27', 43' (p), 56', 59' (p)

 Portugal

1–3, 2–3, 3–3, 4–3

 5–3

 North Korea

1966, England

Quarter-finals

23 July 1966

report

7001260000000000000♠26.

Geoff Hurst

7001180000000000000♠18', 98', 120'

 England

1–1, 3–2, 4–2

 4–2 aet

 West Germany

Final

30 July 1966

report

7001270000000000000♠27.

Gerd Müller

7001270000000000000♠27', 52' (p), 88'

 West Germany

2–1, 3–1, 5–1

 5–2

 Bulgaria

1970, Mexico

Group stage

7 June 1970

report

7001280000000000000♠28.

Gerd Müller (II)

7001190000000000000♠19', 26', 39'

 West Germany

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 3–1

 Peru

10 June 1970

report

7001290000000000000♠29.

Dušan Bajević

7000800000000000000♠8', 30', 81'

 Yugoslavia

1–0, 5–0, 9–0

 9–0

 Zaire

1974, West Germany

Group stage

18 June 1974

report

7001300000000000000♠30.

Andrzej Szarmach

7001300000000000000♠30', 34', 50'

 Poland

3–0, 5–0, 6–0

 7–0

 Haiti

19 June 1974

report

7001310000000000000♠31.

Rob Rensenbrink

7001400000000000000♠40' (p), 62', 79' (p)

 Netherlands

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 3–0

 Iran

1978, Argentina

Group stage

3 June 1978

report

7001320000000000000♠32.

Teófilo Cubillas

7001360000000000000♠36' (p), 39' (p), 79'

 Peru

2–0, 3–0, 4–1

 4–1

 Iran

11 June 1978

report

7001330000000000000♠33.

László Kiss

7001690000000000000♠69', 72', 76'

 Hungary

6–1, 8–1, 9–1

 10–1

 El Salvador

1982, Spain

Group stage

15 June 1982

report

7001340000000000000♠34.

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge

7000900000000000000♠9', 57', 66'

 West Germany

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 4–1

 Chile

20 June 1982

report

7001350000000000000♠35.

Zbigniew Boniek

7000400000000000000♠4', 26', 53'

 Poland

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 3–0

 Belgium

Second round

28 June 1982

report

7001360000000000000♠36.

Paolo Rossi

7000500000000000000♠5', 25', 74'

 Italy

1–0, 2–1, 3–2

 3–2

 Brazil

5 July 1982

report

7001370000000000000♠37.

Preben Elkjær

7001110000000000000♠11', 67', 80'

 Denmark

1–0, 4–1, 5–1

 6–1

 Uruguay

1986, Mexico

Group stage

8 June 1986

report

7001380000000000000♠38.

Gary Lineker

7000900000000000000♠9', 14', 34'

 England

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 3–0

 Poland

11 June 1986

report

7001390000000000000♠39.

Igor Belanov

7001270000000000000♠27', 70', 111' (p)

 Soviet Union

1–0, 2–1, 3–4

3–4 aet

 Belgium

Round of 16

15 June 1986

report

7001400000000000000♠40.

4

Emilio Butragueño

7001430000000000000♠43', 56', 80', 88' (p)

 Spain

1–1, 2–1, 4–1, 5–1

 5–1

 Denmark

18 June 1986

report

7001410000000000000♠41.

Míchel

7001220000000000000♠22', 61', 81'

 Spain

1–0, 2–1, 3–1

 3–1

 South Korea

1990, Italy

Group stage

17 June 1990

report

7001420000000000000♠42.

Tomáš Skuhravý

7001120000000000000♠12', 63', 82'

 Czechoslovakia

1–0, 2–1, 4–1

 4–1

 Costa Rica

Round of 16

23 June 1990

report

7001430000000000000♠43.

Gabriel Batistuta

7000200000000000000♠2', 44', 89' (p)

 Argentina

1–0, 2–0, 4–0

 4–0

 Greece

1994, United States

Group stage

21 June 1994

report

7001440000000000000♠44.

5

Oleg Salenko

7001140000000000000♠14', 41', 44' (p), 72', 75'

 Russia

1–0, 2–0, 3–0, 4–1, 5–1

 6–1

 Cameroon

28 June 1994

report

7001450000000000000♠45.

Gabriel Batistuta (II)

7001730000000000000♠73', 78', 83' (p)

 Argentina

3–0, 4–0, 5–0

 5–0

 Jamaica

1998, France

Group stage

21 June 1998

report

7001460000000000000♠46.

Miroslav Klose

7001200000000000000♠20', 25', 70'

 Germany

1–0, 2–0, 5–0

 8–0

 Saudi Arabia

2002, South Korea & Japan

Group stage

1 June 2002

report

7001470000000000000♠47.

Pauleta

7001140000000000000♠14', 65', 77'

 Portugal

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 4–0

 Poland

10 June 2002

report

7001480000000000000♠48.

Gonzalo Higuaín

7001330000000000000♠33', 76', 80'

 Argentina

2–0, 3–1, 4–1

 4–1

 South Korea

2010, South Africa

Group stage

17 June 2010

report

7001490000000000000♠49.

Thomas Müller

7001120000000000000♠12' (p), 45', 78'

 Germany

1–0, 3–0, 4–0

 4–0

 Portugal

2014, Brazil

Group stage

16 June 2014

report

7001500000000000000♠50.

Xherdan Shaqiri

7000600000000000000♠6', 31', 71'

  Switzerland

1–0, 2–0, 3–0

 3–0

 Honduras

25 June 2014

report

7001510000000000000♠51.

Cristiano Ronaldo

7000400000000000000♠4' (p), 44', 88'

 Portugal

1–0, 2–1, 3–3

3–3

 Spain

2018, Russia

Group stage

15 June 2018

report

7001520000000000000♠52.

Harry Kane

7001220000000000000♠22' (p), 7001010450004500045♠45+1' (p), 62'

 England

2–0, 5–0, 6–0

 6–1

 Panama

24 June 2018

text: Notable World Cup hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Bert Patenaude was the first player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup match, on 17 July 1930 against Paraguay. However, until 10 November 2006 the first hat-trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina, two days after Patenaude. In 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude's claim to being the first hat-trick scorer was valid, as teammate Tom Florie's goal in the match against Paraguay was reattributed to him.[1]
Four players have scored two hat-tricks in World Cup matches: Sándor Kocsis (both 1954); Just Fontaine (both 1958); Gerd Müller (both 1970); and Gabriel Batistuta (1994 and 1998).[2] Batistuta is thus the only person to score hat-tricks in two World Cups. He has another unique record of scoring hat-tricks, both were achieved on 21 June of the year, against World Cup finals debutants (Greece and Jamaica), and each time the third goal was a penalty.[3] Kocsis and Müller scored their hat-tricks in consecutive matches.
Oleg Salenko is the only player in World Cup history to have scored five goals in a single match. He did this during the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Russia and Cameroon.[4]
One player has scored a hat-trick on his international début: Guillermo Stábile (1930).[5]
One player has scored four goals for the losing side: Ernest Wilimowski (5–6, 1938).[6]
Two players have scored a hat-trick for the losing side: Josef Hügi (5–7, 1954); and Igor Belanov (3–4, 1986).
There have been three occasions when two hat-tricks have been scored in the same match. Two occurred during the 1938 FIFA World Cup: when Sweden defeated Cuba, Gustav Wetterström and Harry Andersson, both playing for Sweden, scored three goals, with the former completing his in the first half. In the Brazil vs Poland, Leônidas did it for Brazil and Ernest Wilimowski for Poland. One occurred in 1954: when Austria defeated Switzerland, Theodor Wagner and Josef Hügi scored hat-tricks for Austria and Switzerland respectively.
Only one man has scored a hat-trick in a World Cup Final. Geoff Hurst scored three for England against West Germany in the 1966 Final.[2][7] This is also the longest hat-trick to be completed — most time between the first and third goals. His first goal came at 10', while the second goals were in extra time at 98' and 120'.
The quickest hat-trick is Erich Probst, who scored at 4', 21', and 24' in 1954, playing for Austria against Czechoslovakia in the first round.
The briefest hat-trick to be completed — that is, the shortest time between the first and third goals — is the one by László Kiss in 1982 against El Salvador. He scored at 69', 72', and 76', making the time between his first and third 7 minutes. This is also the only hat-trick scored by a substitute.
The only players to have scored from three headers in a single match are Tomáš Skuhravý in 1990 and Miroslav Klose in 2002.[2]
The youngest player to score a hat-trick is Pelé, at 17 years, 244 days.
The oldest player to score a hat-trick is Cristiano Ronaldo, at 33 years, 130 days.[8]
Germany (incl. West Germany) holds the record for most hat-tricks scored with 7. Germany also shares with South Korea the record for most hat-tricks conceded with 4.


document_title: List of songs recorded by Taylor Swift

question_text: taylor swift songs that start with the word the

text: List of songs recorded by Taylor Swift

text: Taylor Swift is an American singer-songwriter. She signed a record deal with Big Machine Records in 2005 and released her eponymous debut album in 2006.[1] Swift wrote three of the album's tracks: "Our Song", "Should've Said No", and "The Outside". The remaining eight were co-written with writers Liz Rose, Robert Ellis Orrall, Brian Maher, and Angelo Petraglia.[2] In 2007, she released her first extended play (EP) Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection, which contains two original tracks written by her: "Christmases When You Were Mine" and "Christmas Must Be Something More".

text: Beautiful Eyes, Swift's second EP, was released in 2008 and features alternate takes of songs from her debut album as well as two new tracks; the title track and "I Heart ?".[3] Swift wrote most of her songs from her second album, Fearless (2008) while she promoted her debut album as opening act for country artists. As collaborators were not available on the road, Swift self-penned eight of the tracks while the rest were co-written with Rose, Hillary Lindsey, Colbie Caillat, and John Rich.[4][5] She contributed two songs, "Today Was a Fairytale" and "Jump Then Fall", to the Valentine's Day soundtrack, and recorded a cover of Better Than Ezra's "Breathless" for the Hope for Haiti Now album. Swift penned every track of her Speak Now (2010) album without any co-writers. The album expands on the country pop style of her previous work, and touches on themes of love, romance, and heartbreak.[6]

text: In late 2011, Swift contributed two original songs, "Safe & Sound", featuring duo The Civil Wars, and "Eyes Open", to The Hunger Games soundtrack album. Swift's fourth album Red (2012) marked a change in her musical style with the experimentation of heartland rock, dubstep, and dance-pop.[7] In addition to collaborating with producer Nathan Chapman—who also recorded her first three albums—she worked with new producers, such as Dann Huff, Max Martin, and Shellback; the latter two also co-wrote the album with her.[8] In 2013, she provided guest vocals for Tim McGraw's "Highway Don't Care", which features guitar work by Keith Urban, and performed "Sweeter Than Fiction" for the One Chance soundtrack album.

text: Swift released her fifth album 1989 in 2014. Credited as her "first documented, official pop album", it marks a departure from her previous country albums.[9] It incorporates musical genres, such as dance-pop and synthpop, and is described as an album "driven by synths and drums in lieu of guitar".[10] For the album, Swift worked with new writers, including Jack Antonoff and Ryan Tedder. As an executive producer alongside Martin, she enlisted her long-time collaborators Chapman and Shellback, and for the first time Noel Zancanella, Mattman & Robin, and Greg Kurstin.[11] In December 2016, Swift recorded the song "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" for the film Fifty Shades Darker with British singer Zayn. On her sixth album Reputation (2017), Swift served as the executive producer, and worked with long-time collaborators Antonoff, Martin, Shellback, alongside new collaborators like Ali Payami, Oscar Göress and Oscar Holter.[12]

text: Songs[edit]

text:
Contents

0–9 · A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · R · S · T · W · Y

text:
Key

Indicates songs written solely by Taylor Swift

text:
Name of song, featured performers, writers, originating album, and year released.

Song

Artist(s)

Writer(s)

Album

Year

Ref.

 "22"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Red

2012

[8]

 "All Too Well"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftLiz Rose

Red

2012

[8]

"All You Had to Do Was Stay"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax Martin

1989

2014

[11]

"American Girl" (cover)

Taylor Swift

Tom Petty

None[a]

2009

[14]

 "Babe"

Sugarland featuring Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Patrick Monahan

Bigger

2018

[15]

"Back to December"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Bad Blood"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellback

1989

2014

[11]

"Bad Blood" (Remix)

Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellbackKendrick Lamar

None[b]

2015

[17]

"Beautiful Eyes"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Beautiful Eyes

2008

[3]

"Begin Again"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"The Best Day"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Bette Davis Eyes" (Live cover)

Taylor Swift

Donna Weiss  Jackie DeShannon

Speak Now World Tour – Live

2011

[19]

"Better than Revenge"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Blank Space"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellback

1989

2014

[11]

"Both of Us"

B.o.B  featuring Taylor Swift

Bobby Ray Simmons, Jr.  Ammar Malik  Lukasz Gottwald  Henry Walter  Taylor Swift

Strange Clouds

2012

[20]

"Breathe"

Taylor Swift  featuring Colbie Caillat

Taylor Swift  Colbie Caillat

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Breathless"

Taylor Swift

Kevin Griffin

Hope for Haiti Now

2010

[21]

 "Call It What You Want"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Change"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

AT&T Team USA Soundtrack and Fearless

2008

[18]

"Christmas Must Be Something More"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Sounds of the Season

2007

[22]

"Christmases When You Were Mine"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose  Nathan Chapman

Sounds of the Season

2007

[22]

"Clean"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftImogen Heap

1989

2014

[11]

"Cold as You"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Come Back... Be Here"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Dan Wilson

Red  (Deluxe edition)

2012

[8]

"Come in with the Rain"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Fearless (Platinum edition)

2009

[18]

"Crazier"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Robert Ellis Orrall

Hannah Montana: The Movie

2009

[23]

 "Dancing with Our Hands Tied"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback  Oscar Holter

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Dear John"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Delicate"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Don't Blame Me"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Dress"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Drops of Jupiter" (Live cover)

Taylor Swift

Charlie Colin  Rob Hotchkiss  Jimmy Stafford  Pat Monahan  Scott Underwood

Speak Now World Tour – Live

2011

[19]

 "Enchanted"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"End Game"

Taylor Swift  featuring Ed Sheeran and Future

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback  Ed Sheeran  Nayvadius Wilburn

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Everything Has Changed"

Taylor Swift  featuring Ed Sheeran

Taylor Swift  Ed Sheeran

Red

2012

[8]

"Eyes Open"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

The Hunger Games

2012

[24]

 "Fearless"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose  Hillary Lindsey

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Fifteen"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Forever & Always"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Forever & Always" (Piano version)

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless (Platinum edition)

2009

[18]

 "Getaway Car"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Girl at Home"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red  (Deluxe edition)

2012

[8]

"Gorgeous"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Reputation

2017

[12]

 "Half of My Heart"

John Mayer  featuring Taylor Swift

John Mayer

Battle Studies

2009

[25]

"Haunted"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Hey Stephen"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Highway Don't Care"

Tim McGraw  and Taylor Swift

Mark Irwin  Josh Kear  Brad Warren  Brett Warren

Two Lanes of Freedom

2013

[26]

"Hold On" (live cover)

Jack Ingram  featuring Taylor Swift

Blu Sanders

Rhapsody Originals[c]

2007

[27]

"Holy Ground"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"How You Get the Girl"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellback

1989

2014

[11]

 "I Almost Do"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"I Did Something Bad"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Reputation

2017

[12]

"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"

Zayn and Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftSam DewJack Antonoff

Fifty Shades Darker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

2016

[28]

"I Heart ?"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Beautiful Eyes

2008

[3]

"I Knew You Were Trouble"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Red

2012

[8]

"I Know Places"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftRyan Tedder

1989

2014

[11]

"I Want You Back" (Live)

Taylor Swift

Freddie Perren  Deke Richards  Berry Gordy, Jr.  Alphonso Mizell

Speak Now World Tour – Live

2011

[19]

"I Wish You Would"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftJack Antonoff

1989

2014

[11]

"I'm Only Me When I'm with You"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Robert Ellis Orrall  Angelo Petraglia

Taylor Swift(Deluxe edition)

2007

[2]

"If This Was a Movie"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Martin Johnson

Speak Now(Deluxe edition)

2010

[6]

"Innocent"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Invisible"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Robert Ellis Orrall

Taylor Swift(Deluxe edition)

2007

[2]

 "Jump Then Fall"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless (Platinum edition) and Valentine's Day

2009

[18][29]

 "King of My Heart"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Reputation

2017

[12]

 "Last Christmas"

Taylor Swift

George Michael

Sounds of the Season

2007

[22]

"Last Kiss"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"The Last Time"

Taylor Swift  featuring Gary Lightbody

Taylor Swift  Gary Lightbody  Jacknife Lee

Red

2012

[8]

"Long Live"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Long Live" (Single version)

Taylor Swift  featuring Paula Fernandes

Taylor Swift  Paula Fernandes

Speak Now World Tour – Live

2012

[19]

"Look What You Made Me Do"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff Fred Fairbrass  Richard Fairbrass  Rob Manzoli[d]

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Love Story"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless

2008

[18]

"The Lucky One"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

 "Mary's Song (Oh My My My)"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose  Brian Maher

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Mean"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Mine"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"The Moment I Knew"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red  (Deluxe edition)

2012

[8]

 "Never Grow Up"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"New Romantics"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellback

1989(Deluxe edition)

2014

[11]

"New Year's Day"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

Reputation

2017

[12]

 "The Other Side of the Door"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless (Platinum edition)

2009

[18]

"Our Song"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Ours"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now(Deluxe edition)

2010

[6]

"Out of the Woods"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

1989

2014

[11]

"The Outside"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

 "A Perfectly Good Heart"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  James  Verges

Taylor Swift(Deluxe edition)

2007

[2]

"Picture to Burn"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"A Place in This World"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Robert Ellis Orrall  Angelo Petraglia

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

 "...Ready for It?"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback  Ali Payami

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Red"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"Ronan"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Maya Thompson

None

2012

[31]

 "Sad Beautiful Tragic"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"Safe & Sound"

Taylor Swift  featuring The Civil Wars

Taylor Swift  Joy Williams  John Paul White  T-Bone Burnett

The Hunger Games

2011

[24]

"Santa Baby"

Taylor Swift

Joan Javits  Philip Springer  Tony Springer

Sounds of the Season

2007

[22]

"September" (cover)

Taylor Swift

Maurice White  Al McKay  Allee Willis

Spotify Singles

2018

[32]

"Shake It Off"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

1989

2014

[11]

"Should've Said No"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Silent Night"

Taylor Swift

Josef Mohr  Franz Xaver Gruber

Sounds of the Season

2007

[22]

"So It Goes..."

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback  Oscar Görres

Reputation

2017

[12]

"Sparks Fly"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Speak Now"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Starlight"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"State of Grace"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"Stay Beautiful"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Stay Stay Stay"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Red

2012

[8]

"The Story of Us"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Style"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellbackAli Payami

1989

2014

[11]

"Superman"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Speak Now

2010

[6]

"Superstar"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless (Platinum edition)

2009

[18]

"Sweeter Than Fiction"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

One Chance Soundtrack

2013

[33]

 "Teardrops on My Guitar"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Tell Me Why"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Fearless

2008

[18]

"This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Jack Antonoff

Reputation

2017

[12]

"This Love"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

1989

2014

[11]

"Tied Together with a Smile"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Tim McGraw"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Taylor Swift

2006

[2]

"Today Was a Fairytale"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Valentine's Day[e]

2010

[29]

"Treacherous"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Dan Wilson

Red

2012

[8]

"Two Is Better Than One"

Boys Like Girls  featuring Taylor Swift

Martin Johnson

Love Drunk

2009

[37]

 "Umbrella" (Live cover)

Taylor Swift

Christopher "Tricky" Stewart  Terius "Dream" Nash  Thaddis Harrell  Shawn Carter

iTunes Live from SoHo

2008

[38]

"Untouchable"

Taylor Swift

Cary Barlowe  Nathan Barlowe  Tommy Lee James  Taylor Swift[f]

Fearless (Platinum edition)

2009

[18]

 "The Way I Loved You"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  John Rich

Fearless

2008

[18]

"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Max Martin  Shellback

Red

2012

[8]

"Welcome to New York"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Ryan Tedder

1989

2014

[11]

"White Christmas"

Taylor Swift

Irving Berlin

Sounds of the Season

2007

[22]

"White Horse"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Fearless

2008

[18]

"Wildest Dreams"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellback

1989

2014

[11]

"Wonderland"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftMax MartinShellback

1989(Deluxe edition)

2014

[11]

 "You Are in Love"

Taylor Swift

Taylor SwiftJack Antonoff

1989(Deluxe edition)

2014

[11]

"You Belong with Me"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift  Liz Rose

Fearless

2008

[18]

"You're Not Sorry"

Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift

Fearless

2008

[18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Swift's cover of Tom Petty's "American Girl" was released as a promotional single through Rhapsody in 2009, but was not included on any of her albums.[14]

Jump up ^ "Bad Blood", released as a single in 2015, is a remix featuring Kendrick Lamar, and is not featured on the 1989 album.[16] Lamar wrote his own verses, and is only credited as a writer and as a vocalist on the single version.[17]

Jump up ^ Jack Ingram and Swift recorded a live acoustic cover of this song for his exclusive live EP for Rhapsody (now known as Napster). The original version appears on Ingram's album This Is It and features Sheryl Crow in the female role. Both Ingram and Swift were signed to Big Machine Records at the time.

Jump up ^ "Look What You Made Me Do" includes an interpolation of "I'm Too Sexy", written by Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, and Rob Manzoli, performed by Right Said Fred.[30]

Jump up ^ "Today was a Fairytale" was first released as a single from the soundtrack to the film Valentine's Day (2010), in which Swift starred.[34][35] The song was then re-released as an independent digital single in 2011.[36]

Jump up ^ "Untouchable" is a cover of a song by American rock band Luna Halo—Swift's only cover on a studio album. The band members, who wrote the original, felt Swift's adjustments to the arrangement and melody of the song were significant enough to warrant a co-writing credit for her version.[39]


document_title: The Great Outdoors (film)

question_text: where was the great outdoors with john candy filmed

text: The Great Outdoors (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Chicagoan Chester "Chet" Ripley, his wife, Connie, and their two sons, Buckley "Buck" and Ben, are on vacation at a lake resort in Pechoggin, Wisconsin during the summer. All is going as planned until Connie's sister, Kate, Kate's investment broker husband, Roman Craig, and their twin daughters, Mara and Cara, crash the vacation.

text: Ghost stories at the family BBQ include one of a man-eating grizzly bear that Chet met face-to-face when he was younger. Chet says that while he and Connie were honeymooning at the same lake, he was attacked by a giant grizzly bear. When he fired at it with a shotgun, the buckshot shaved the hair off the top of the bear's head and from that day on, it was known as the "Bald-Headed Bear" of Clare County.

text: After Roman pulls Chet around the lake on an impromptu water ski ride with his rented speedboat, tensions between the families erupt. Chet is ready to pack up and go home, even as his teenage son Buck tries to romance a local girl, Cammie. The budding romance goes well until Chet is challenged to eat the Old 96'er (a 96-ounce steak) at a family dinner which causes Buck to break the date. Buck tries to apologize to Cammie for being late, but Cammie refuses to speak to him.

text: Connie and Kate bond at a local bar when the conversation drifts to Kate's challenges of being wealthy. Later, just at the peak of tension between families, it emerges that Roman has made a bad investment and is broke. He has not told Kate and was planning to hit up Chet for the cash.

text: Later, during a thunderstorm, the twins wander off and fall into a mine shaft. Chet and Roman find them, but the claustrophobic Roman is reluctant to descend into the tiny mine shaft. After some encouragement from Chet, Roman summons up all his courage, while Chet goes in search of a rope to pull them out. Upon realizing that the mine is stocked with old dynamite, Roman takes his daughters and climbs out of the shaft on his own.

text: When Chet returns with the rope, he is horrified to discover the "Bald-Headed Bear" lurking in the mine. It chases him back to his house, smashes through the door, and rampages through the house. Wally, the cabin owner, bursts in with a loaded shotgun while Roman tries to hold off the animal with a fire poker and an oar. Chet takes the gun and shoots the bear, blowing the fur off its backside. Roaring, the bear runs out of the house.

text: The next morning, the two families part on good terms. Unbeknownst to Chet, Connie has invited Roman's family to stay with them until they can get back on their feet. Cammie and Buck make up and end their summer romance, as Buck and his family head back to Chicago.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Aykroyd as Roman Craig
John Candy as Chester "Chet" Ripley
Stephanie Faracy as Connie Ripley
Annette Bening as Kate "Katie" Craig
Robert Prosky as Wally
Chris Young as Buckley "Buck" Ripley
Ian Giatti as Ben "Benny" Ripley
Hillary and Rebecca Gordon as Cara and Mara Craig
Lucy Deakins as Cammie

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Bass Lake, California, a small resort town near Yosemite National Park over three weeks in October 1987.[1]

text: Ducey's Bass Lake Lodge, a rustic 1940s resort in Bass Lake, was featured as Wally and Juanita’s Perk’s Pine Lodge. The Loon’s Nest vacation cabin, built as a set, was designed to match the style of Ducey’s existing cabins.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Great Outdoors earned a mixed response from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40% based on 15 reviews.[2]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times reported that the film did not have enough collective energy to light a campfire in her review.[3] Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times called the film as "a crass, blah comedy about summer vacation perils" and said he was surprised the film got made at all. He described the credits sequence where Aykroyd dances to Wilson Pickett's "Land of a 1,000 Dances" as the only genuine fun and energy in the entire film.[4] "Imagine that it's raining cats and dogs and you're locked in a north woods cabin for weeks with the people you like least, and you'll pretty much have a feel for what it's like to sit through this movie," said Hal Hinson of The Washington Post.[5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $6,121,115 in its opening weekend and ended up with a North American domestic box office gross of $41,455,230, and a worldwide gross of $43,455,230.[6][7]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: On April 27, 2017, Universal Pictures has Kevin Hart starring in a reboot of the film with Michael De Luca producing.[8]