document_title: Eobard Thawne

question_text: who is the man who killed barry allen's mother

question_tokens: who is the man who killed barry allen 's mother

text: Eobard Thawne

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, Eobard Thawne made his debut in The Flash #139 (September 1963).

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: In Eobard Thawne's first appearance, he found a time capsule in the 25th Century containing Barry Allen's Flash costume, and was able to use a Tachyon device to amplify the suit's speed energy, giving himself speedster abilities as long as he wore it. Reversing the colors of the costume, Thawne adopted the moniker of "Professor Zoom", the "Reverse-Flash", and went on a crime spree. However, the time capsule also contained an atomic bomb, the timer of which was activated upon being opened, thus beginning a countdown sequence to detonation. The Flash, who had traveled forward in time, found the device and brought it to an isolated area before it exploded, and subsequently destroyed Thawne's costume.[3]

text: Blaming the Flash for his defeat, Thawne became obsessed with "replacing" Barry Allen and began traveling back in time to exact his revenge, using his knowledge of history to his advantage. When Barry's wife, Iris West, rejected Thawne's romantic pursuits, the latter apparently killed her by vibrating his hand through her skull. Shortly after Barry had found love again, Thawne returned and threatened to kill Allen's new fiancée, Fiona Webb, on their wedding day. Fearful that history was repeating itself, Allen inadvertently killed Thawne by breaking his neck.[4]

text: Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin[edit]

text: In a post-Crisis extended origin, the storyline "The Return of Barry Allen" in The Flash #74-79 revealed that Eobard Thawne was once a scientist from the 25th Century who was obsessed with the Flash, even undergoing cosmetic surgery to resemble Barry Allen. After obtaining the Cosmic Treadmill from an antique shop, Thawne gained all of the Flash's powers after replicating the electrochemical accident that created the hero, seeking to use the Treadmill to travel back in time and meet his idol. But due to a malfunction, Thawne arrived at the Flash Museum several years after Barry's death, where he discovered that he was destined to become "Professor Zoom", the "Reverse-Flash", and die at the hands of his idol. As a result, the unstable Thawne convinced himself that he was Barry Allen, and subsequently attacked Central City for "forgetting him". The current Flash, Wally West, ultimately tricked Thawne into returning to the 25th century with no memory of the incident. Despite this, Thawne still managed to bring the remains of his older self's costume with him, cluing him further into his destiny.

text: After the events of Zero Hour: Crisis in Time, it is revealed that Eobard's ancestor, Malcolm Thawne, was Barry Allen's long-lost twin brother, thus making Barry Eobard's great uncle.

text: The Flash: Rebirth[edit]

text: In 2009, Eobard Thawne was re-imagined as a major villain in the DC Universe by writer Geoff Johns in The Flash: Rebirth.[5] His resurrection is foreshadowed to occur in a near-future event, after which he would be responsible for Barry Allen's return and transformation into the Black Flash.[6][7] It is later revealed that because Thawne recreated the accident that gave Barry his powers, he was able to lure Barry out of the Speed Force during the Final Crisis and temporarily turn him into the Black Flash.[8]

text: When Thawne reappears, he murders the revived Johnny Quick,[9] before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force. Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park-West, only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen. Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart, but Barry, Max, Wally, Jesse Quick, and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so.[8][10] In the ensuing fight, Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry's life, including the death of his mother. Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Barry's wife, Iris, before they even met.[10]

text: As Barry chases after Thawne, Wally joins him in the time barrier. They reach him, and in doing so they become the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Thawne from killing Iris. The Flashes push Thawne back through time, showing his past and future. They return to the present, where the Justice League, the Justice Society, and the Outsiders have built a device originally intended to disconnect Barry from the Speed Force when he was the Black Flash. Barry tosses Thawne in and Jay activates the device, severing his connection to the negative Speed Force. As the Flashes tie him up to stop him from running, back in the past Iris discovers Thawne's weapon and keeps it.[11]

text: In the present, Zoom is imprisoned in the Iron Heights. Hunter Zolomon speaks to him, saying they can help each other be better. In Gorilla City, one of the apes warns that Professor Zoom has done something horrible to their jungles, something even they do not know.[11]

text: Blackest Night[edit]

text: In the 2009–2010 storyline "Blackest Night", Eobard Thawne's broken-necked corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. The black power ring downloaded the corpse's memories, resulting in it not knowing of Barry's death and resurrection. Declaring itself the new Black Flash, the Black Lantern Zoom attacks Barry, who manages to elude it for the moment.[12] When Black Lantern Rogues attack Iron Heights, they encounter the living Zoom, their rings strangely malfunctioning, and displaying a strange symbol.[13] When the Black Lantern Zoom approaches his living counterpart, he stops moving, and is then frozen by Captain Cold's "cold grenade".[14] In the final issue of the series, future Black Lantern Zoom is brought back to life by the white light of creation, and manages to escape.[15]

text: In the follow-up "Brightest Day" storyline, the present Professor Zoom is still imprisoned in Iron Heights.[16] When Deadman activates the White Power Battery, the Entity speaks to the twelve heroes and villains resurrected at the climax of the "Blackest Night" and tells each of them of their mission that must be accomplished in order to restore 'life' to the universe and prevent the Blackest Night from ever recurring. Zoom becomes the first to inadvertently fulfill his mission, which occurred in the events of The Flash: Rebirth when he freed Barry Allen from the Speed Force following his resurrection. The Entity proclaims Professor Zoom has completed his task, and his life is restored to him, later revealing that Zoom, having fulfilled his task, is now fully purged of all trace remnants of his Black Lantern ties – both present and future.[17] Professor Zoom is released from Iron Heights by Captain Boomerang, who had hoped to better understand his version of the Entity's message. Zoom does not answer him directly, giving a cryptic response and eventually escaping as Captain Boomerang is confronted by the rest of the Rogues.[18]

text: Post-Infinite Crisis origin[edit]

text: Eobard Thawne uses his powers to completely rewrite his history; he erases his younger brother from existence and kills his parents when they try to interfere with his research.[19] Eobard later falls in love with a reporter who had been hired to interview him, and his future self wipes all of the reporter's romantic interests from existence. After finding out she did not return his affections, Eobard's future self traumatized the reporter when she was a child, causing her to be mute and institutionalized for the rest of her life so that he never met her.[19] He later had his younger self find the time capsule containing Barry Allen's costume to make himself the 25th century Flash. As the altered Eobard Thawne runs past him, he sheds a tear for his past self, saying "It won't last long. You will never find love. You will never be the Flash. Barry Allen destroyed my future. It's time I destroyed his".

text: Flashpoint[edit]

text: In the 2011 Flashpoint storyline, a new timeline is created through the alteration of history.[20] The Reverse-Flash reveals that his body is permanently connected to the Speed Force, enabling him to create the negative version of it, with which he escaped prison. He was unable to alter Barry's transformation into the Flash, however, as that would effectively erase himself from existence. Instead, Thawne decides to ruin Barry's life during the latter's childhood, erasing his best friend from existence to result in greater introversion on Barry's part, and various other torments such as killing his mother.[21] Thawne later reveals that the new timeline was created by Barry himself, who went back in time to stop the Reverse Flash from killing his mother. After Thawne is killed by the Batman of this reality with an Amazonian sword, the Flash travels back in time to stop his younger self from altering history but instead, under the manipulations of Pandora, a third, new timeline is created, in which DC Comics' continuity takes place from 2011 onwards.[22]

text: The New 52[edit]

text: In The New 52 reboot, Eobard Thawne's origin has been rewritten once again. Hailing from the Central City of a 25th-century devoted to the Flash, as a child, Eobard Thawne witnessed his father murder his mother, and subsequently get arrested. One day, he is struck by lightning and gains the ability to control the flow of time around him - making it appear as if he is moving at superhuman speeds. Believing himself to have been "chosen" by the Speed Force to replace the Flash, Eobard dons a costume similar to the hero's and begins to terrorize the Gem Cities as "Zoom", demanding the citizens accept him as "King". However, he is enraged when people rebel against him in the name of the Flash.[23] Jealous and bitter that, despite their similar powers, the Flash is worshiped and loved by the people, Eobard uses Rip Hunter's notes to travel back in time, where he starts recruiting four individuals "touched by the lightning" (Speed Force) across history, after "saving" them from situations he himself put them into, under the false pretense that he requires their help in order to vanquish the "evil menace", Flash.[24]

text: Thawne then makes an acquaintance with Dr. Henry Allen, the Flash's father, funding the research of his research lab, but when he refuses to help him with an unknown cause, Zoom subsequently murders his wife Nora, in order to make the Flash endure what he had to and give them both an "equal start", and forces Henry to take the blame for his deed, with the threat of his son Barry's life. Laying low for many years, Professor Zoom reemerges following the defeat of William Selkirk, recruiting him as an "acolyte" of his. Zoom and his acolytes then cause havoc in the city and put the blame on the Flash, desiring to destroy his legacy.[25] Eobard then kidnaps Henry when he escapes from prison with some inmates in order to divert Thawne's attention away from Barry, and forces him to construct a power-stealing glove. However, when his closest "ally", Magali (who has been keeping Eobard alive for centuries via her powers), discover the truth about him, he uses the glove to steal her abilities of affecting the age of organic and inorganic matter, leading to his true nature being exposed to the rest of his acolytes, who join forces with the Flash to destroy the device.

text: After the failure of his plan to become a "god", Zoom then takes Henry to the Allen house, with Barry in pursuit. Revealing his backstory to Barry, Eobard proceeds to best Barry in combat, and is about to kill him until the Flash realizes how Thawne's powers work, and then proceeds to counter them by moving time forward - finally defeating him. After talking Henry out of killing Thawne, Barry has him arrested and imprisoned at Iron Heights Penitentiary.[23]

text: DC Rebirth[edit]

text: In the DC Rebirth relaunch, Eobard Thawne first appears in Barry Allen's Speed Force vision, where the latter snaps Thawne's neck as he once did Pre-Crisis.[26][27] He is subsequently featured in another vision where he taunts Barry about his future.[28] The serial-killing speedster Godspeed later attempts to kill Eobard and every other inmate at Iron Heights, only to be stopped by the Flash.[29] Thawne is reverted to his pre-New 52 self after a wave of energy strikes him, and he recalls being killed by Thomas Wayne/Batman during Flashpoint.[30] Seeking to teach the Dark Knight's son a lesson, Thawne attacks Bruce Wayne in the Batcave and destroys Thomas' letter as retribution. Thawne brutally beats Bruce and verbally taunts him before picking up the Button, which teleports him away to an unknown location. Thawne is then teleported back to the Batcave, having been bathed in radiation by a mysterious entity. As he collapses, Thawne says "God...I saw...God."[31] In the following issue, Batman and the Flash come across Thawne in possession of the Button shortly before his apparent death, and follow him in an attempt to prevent it.[32] As he follows the traces leading to the entity, Thawne muses that he may go back in time to raise his nemesis as a "family friend" after killing his mother, but he is seemingly killed and teleported back to the Batcave.[33]

text: Eobard's corpse is subsequently taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for further examination, but it is revealed that he was able to survive his near-death experience via his connection to the negative Speed Force, the energy of which grants him accelerated regeneration and healing. He is present at Iris West's house when she arrives with her nephew following Multiplex's attack at Barry's birthday party, shocking and terrifying the pair.[34]

text: Eobard brings Iris to the future while Barry pursues them. Eobard shows the couple their future before being seemingly killed by Iris. Eobard later returns as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains that kidnapped Deathstroke.

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Even prior to gaining his metahuman abilities, Eobard Thawne already possessed genius-level intellect by the standards of the 25th Century. In The Flash: Rebirth, it is discovered that when he duplicated the accident that gave Barry Allen his powers, he created a negative Speed Force by corrupting the positive version of it. The Reverse-Flash is therefore able to travel at superhuman speeds faster than the speed of light, deliver blows of extreme force, run on water, generate vacuums, create after-images ("speed mirages") of himself, and vibrate his molecules to pass through solid objects. Unlike users of the original Speed Force, Thawne has the ability to travel through and manipulate time, being able to drastically alter history and completely erase people from existence (other speedsters cannot change the past without dramatic consequences). Thawne developed numerous new powers in the events leading up to Flashpoint, including the ability to cross over to other dimensions, create shockwaves across time and space at the snap of his fingers, absorb another's memories via physical contact, and alter the age of anyone or anything.[35] Thawne has also displayed low levels of superhuman strength, as well as electrokinetic abilities. The presence of his lightning is able to disrupt and fry nearby electronics, in addition to allowing him to manipulate magnetism.

text: During the New 52 reboot, Thawne gained the ability to slow down time. He retained his pre-New 52 counterpart's age altering abilities.[36] In the DC Rebirth relaunch, however, Thawne regained his connection to the negative Speed Force and therefore all of his original powers.[37]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Impulse[edit]

text: In an alternate timeline created when Impulse kills an insect in the Devonian Age, most super-villains are government bureaucrats. Professor Zoom is the National Science Advisor to President-for-Life Julian Tremain.

text: In subsequent changes to the timeline, Zoom defected to the rebellion against Tremain led by Gorilla Grodd; turned into a gorilla fighting against an army of flying turtles led by Grodd, now a flying turtle himself; and was a gorilla in a modern society identical to that of ancient Egypt.[38]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
The character is alluded to in the episode "Done With Mirrors" of the 1990 live-action series The Flash, when Barry Allen temporarily takes the pseudonym 'Professor Zoom' while investigating the Mirror Master.
Professor Zoom appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by John Wesley Shipp.[39] In the episode "Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster!", Zoom has conquered the 25th Century and captured the Flash (Barry Allen). Batman, Jay Garrick and Wally West later arrive to free Barry, who then engages Zoom in a fight around the world. The battle ends when the Flash glazes some sand to form a wall of glass to trip Zoom.

text: Arrowverse[edit]

text: Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher portray Professor Eobard Thawne/Reverse-Flash in The CW's live-action Arrowverse in the form of Dr. Harrison Wells and in his original likeness, respectively.[41][42]

text:
Eobard Thawne is introduced on The Flash as a scientist from the distant future who duplicated the reaction that gave Barry Allen/The Flash his powers and became the hero's archenemy, the Reverse-Flash.[43] Eobard traveled back in time to the year 2000 to try to kill his nemesis as a child. When the 2024 Flash intervened, the Reverse-Flash murdered Barry's mother and framed his father instead, thus erasing this Flash from existence while unintentionally severing his own connection to the Speed Force, leaving him stranded in the 21st Century. Knowing that Dr. Harrison Wells would be responsible for creating metahumans in 2020, Eobard killed the scientist and assumed his identity. He then founded S.T.A.R. Labs and created a particle accelerator to turn Barry into the Flash and regain his own link to the Speed Force. Faking paralysis, "Dr. Wells" pushes Barry to run faster in hopes of using the latter's pure Speed Force connection to travel back to his time. After Eobard's secret is discovered, he is defeated by the combined efforts of the Flash, the Arrow and Firestorm. Eobard then offers Barry a chance to travel back in time to save his mother in exchange for a time sphere to return to the future, but Barry ultimately chooses not to do so and returns to destroy Eobard's machine. As the Reverse-Flash prepares to kill the Flash, his ancestor Detective Eddie Thawne kills himself and seemingly erases Eobard from existence. A year later, Barry temporarily creates a new reality and restores a time remnant of Eobard to the timeline in the process.
Letscher reprises the role in season two of Legends of Tomorrow.[44] Victor Garber and Sean MacLean briefly play the character disguised as Professor Martin Stein and NASA astronaut John Swigert, respectively. Eobard forms his own legion of supervillains (composed of Damien Darhk, Malcolm Merlyn and Leonard Snart) to obtain the mystical Spear of Destiny to alter reality, but is ultimately erased from existence by the Black Flash due to his nature as a "time aberration".
Cavanagh will play an alternate version of Thawne from Earth-X, called the Dark Flash, in the four-part crossover event "Crisis on Earth-X".[45]

text: Film[edit]

text: Eobard Thawne appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by C. Thomas Howell.[46] He hires the Rogues to ambush the Flash (Barry Allen) at the Flash Museum before betraying them by placing explosives on their belts, hoping to destroy the museum. However, the Justice League arrive to disarm the bombs and apprehend Thawne. When Barry travels back in time to prevent his mother's murder, all of reality is altered, and Aquaman's Atlantean army is at war with Wonder Woman's Amazonian forces. Thawne also enters this reality via the Speed Force, and saves Lois Lane from the Amazonians to alert Barry of his presence. While Cyborg's metahuman team tries to put an end to the war, Thawne appears and beats Barry. As the Atlanteans' doomsday device destroys the world, Thawne is shot in the head by this reality's Batman. The Flash then taps into the Speed Force once more to stop his past self from altering time, effectively creating a new reality similar to the original.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Professor Zoom appears in various storylines in DC Universe Online.
Professor Zoom is one of the villains hired by Brainiac to collect Starites in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure. He teams up with the main antagonist of the game, Doppelganger, to compete against the Flash and Maxwell, the main protagonist.
The Reverse-Flash appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Liam O'Brien.

text: Injustice[edit]

text:
In Injustice: Gods Among Us, Eobard Thawne's Black Lantern design was a playable alternate skin for the Flash as part of a limited exclusive challenge. The 2.6 update for the iOS and Android mobile app introduced a Reverse-Flash card (based on Tom Cavanagh's portrayal and likeness on the TV series The Flash) that can be purchased in the Most Wanted Pack.[47]
Eobard Thawne appears as a playable character in Injustice 2 (via "premier skins" that transform existing characters into other DC Comics characters with unique voices and dialogue), voiced again by Liam O'Brien.[48][49] After being trapped in a paradox when the Regime kills one of his ancestors, Thawne is left stranded in the 21st Century and joins Gorilla Grodd's "Society". He attempts to kill the Flash with Captain Cold and Deadshot, before being defeated by Wonder Woman at a bar in Metropolis.

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Eobard Thawne has made multiple appearances on Robot Chicken. Seth Green voices him in "Losin' the Wobble", where he robs a bank while the Flash, Superman and Wonder Woman stand idly by, commenting on how lame they think opposite-themed villains like the Reverse-Flash, Bizarro Superman and Negative Wonder Woman are. Matthew Senreich voices him in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, where he is seen with the Legion of Doom. He makes a non-speaking cameo while fighting the Flash in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship. Tom Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne from the TV series The Flash in the episode "Ants on a Hamburger", where he appears as Dr. Harrison Wells.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text:
A DC Universe Action League mini figure of Professor Zoom was released in a two-pack with the Flash.[50]
A Reverse-Flash collectible statue was included in the Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Blu-ray combo pack.
A Professor Zoom mini figure was released in DC Direct's Blammoids line.[51]
A Reverse-Flash mini figure was released in Funko Mystery Minis' DC Comics wave.[52]
Funko has released three POP! vinyl figures of Eobard Thawne. The first being based on his appearance in the comic books, the second a Black Lantern exclusive, and the third a The Flash television series version.[53][54][55]
A 2-inch keychain of the Reverse-Flash was released in series 2 of the DC Comics Figural Keychain line.[56]
DC Collectibles has released a 6.75-inch action figure of the Reverse-Flash as part of the Amazon exclusive Blu-ray edition of the complete first season of the TV series The Flash in December 2015.[57]
A GameStop exclusive vinyl collectible of the Reverse-Flash has been released in Dorbz's The Flash wave.[58]


document_title: South African Qualifications Authority

question_text: what is meant by nqf level 5 qualification

root

text: South African Qualifications Authority

text: The National Qualifications Framework[edit]

text: The NQF is a framework, i.e. it sets the boundaries, principle and guidelines, which provide a vision, a philosophical base and an organisational structure, for the construction of a qualifications system. Detailed development and implementation is carried out within these boundaries. All education and training in South Africa fits within this framework.

tag: p

text: It is national because it is a national resource, representing a national effort at integrating education and training into unified structure of recognised qualifications. It is framework of qualifications i.e. records of learner achievements.

text: The NQF is a set of principles and guidelines by which records of learner achievement are registered to enable national recognition of acquired skills and knowledge, thereby ensuring an integrated system that encourages lifelong learning.

text: The NQF consist of 10 levels divided into three band; Levels 1 to 4 equate to high school grades 9 to 12 or vocational training, 5 to 7 are college diplomas and technical qualifications, 7 to 10 are university degrees.[4]

text:
Levels
Designation

1
Grade 9

2
Grade 10 and National (vocational) Certificates level 2

3
Grade 11 and National (vocational) Certificates level 3

4
Grade 12 (National Senior Certificate) and National (vocational) Cert. level 4

5
Higher Certificates and Advanced National (vocational) Cert.

6
National Diploma and Advanced certificates

7
Bachelor's degree, Advanced Diplomas, Post Graduate Certificate and B-tech

8
Honours degree, Post Graduate diploma and Professional Qualifications

9
Master's degree

10
Doctor's degree

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: In October 1995, the South African Qualifications Authority Act (No. 58 of 1995) was promulgated to establish the authority, whose main task was to establish the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). The authority started operations in May 1996.

text: By 2001 the NQF was under review, and after that the 1995 SAQA law was replaced by the National Qualifications Framework Act (No. 67 of 2008). The authority remained in place and so did the updated NQF.

text: Functions[edit]

text: The functions of SAQA are essentially twofold :

text:
to oversee the development of the NQF by formulating and publishing policies and criteria for registration of bodies responsible for establishing education and training standards or qualifications and for accreditation of bodies responsible for monitoring and auditing achievements in terms of such standards and qualifications
to oversee the implementation of the NQF by ensuring the registration, accreditation and assignment of functions to bodies referred to above, as well as the registration of national standards and qualifications on the framework. It must also take steps to ensure that provisions for accreditations are complied with and where appropriate, that registered standards and qualifications are internationally comparable.

tag: ul

text: Activities[edit]

text: In order to realise this objective, SAQA has established and maintains the following:

text:
a system for setting nationally recognised and internationally comparable education and training standards and qualifications from NQF Level 1 (Grade 9 or Adult Basic Education and Training Level 4 - the exit point from General Education and Training) to NQF Level 8 (post-graduate qualifications)
a national quality assurance system to ensure that education and training is delivered to the set standards
an electronic management information system which records all relevant information on the achievements of South African learners (the National Learners’ Records Database).

text: SAQA also has the task of evaluating foreign educational qualifications to determine their South African equivalence. People with foreign qualifications who wish to attend South African education institutions or who wish to enter the South African labour market apply to SAQA to have their qualifications evaluated.

text: SAQA’s contribution ensures that South Africans have access to quality education and skills development to improve their lives.


document_title: Italian city-states

question_text: who did the lombard league give the most power to

text: Italian city-states

text: Early Italian city-states[edit]

text: The very first Italian city-state can be considered the Republic of Venice, which de facto broke apart from the Byzantine Empire since 742 (when the Doge title was finally subtracted from the appointment of the Byzantine emperor), becoming also de jure independent in the following centuries. The other first Italian city-states appeared in northern Italy as a result of a struggle to gain greater autonomy when not independent from the German Holy Roman Empire.[1] The Lombard League was an alliance formed around at its apex included most of the cities of northern Italy including Milan, Piacenza, Cremona, Mantua, Crema, Bergamo, Brescia, Bologna, Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, Verona, Lodi, Reggio Emilia and Parma, though its membership changed through time. Other city-states were associated to these "commune" cities, like Genoa, Turin and, in the Adriatic, Ragusa. Venice was never subjected to the Holy Roman Empire, but chose anyway to patronize the Lombard League, to oppose strong imperial control of the mainland.

text: In central Italy there were the city-states of Florence, Pisa, Lucca, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, Ancona and other ones. South of Rome and the Papal States were the city-states of Salerno, Amalfi, Bari, Naples and Trani which in 1130 were united in the newly created Norman Kingdom of Sicily.[2]

text: Around 1100, Genoa and Venice emerged as independent Maritime republics. For Genoa – nominally – the Holy Roman Emperor was sovereign and the Bishop of Genoa was head of state; however, actual power was wielded by a number of consuls annually elected by popular assembly. Pisa and Amalfi also emerged as maritime republics: trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support their powerful navies in the Mediterranean in those medieval centuries.[3]

text: Difference from northern Europe[edit]

text: Between the 12th and 13th centuries, Italy was vastly different from feudal Europe north of the Alps. The Peninsula was a melange of political and cultural elements, not a unified state.

text: Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel have argued that geography determined the history of the region; other scholars emphasize the absence of central political structures. The very mountainous nature of Italy's landscape was a barrier to effective inter-city communication. The Po plain, however, was an exception: it was the only large contiguous area, and most city states that fell to invasion were located there. Those that survived the longest were in the more rugged regions, such as Florence or Venice, which was protected by its lagoon. The rugged terrain of the Alps prevented the Holy Roman Emperors or various German princes and lords from attacking the northern part of Italy, safeguarding the country from permanent German political control. Largely for these reasons, no strong monarchies emerged as they did in the rest of Europe: authority of the Holy Roman Empire over northern Italian territory, especially after the year 1177, was de facto only nominal; instead there emerged the autonomous (sometime de facto independent) city-states.

text: While those Roman, urban, republican sensibilities persisted, there were many movements and changes afoot. Italy first felt the changes in Europe from the 11th to the 13th centuries. Typically there was:

text:
a rise in population―the population doubled in this period (the demographic explosion)
an emergence of huge cities (Venice, Florence and Milan had over 100,000 inhabitants by the 13th century in addition to many others such as Genoa, Bologna and Verona, which had over 50,000 inhabitants)
the rebuilding of the great cathedrals
substantial migration from country to city (in Italy the rate of urbanization reached 20%, making it the most urbanized society in the world at that time)
an agrarian revolution
the development of commerce

text: In recent writing on the city states, American scholar Rodney Stark emphasizes that they married responsive government, Christianity and the birth of capitalism.[4] He argues that these states were mostly republics, unlike the great European monarchies of France and Spain, where absolute power was vested in rulers who could and did stifle commerce. Keeping both direct Church control and imperial power at arm's length, the independent city republics prospered through commerce based on early capitalist principles, ultimately creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by the Renaissance.

text: Cambridge University historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner[5] has pointed out how Otto of Freising, a German bishop who visited central Italy during the 12th century, commented that Italian towns had appeared to have exited from feudalism, so that their society was based on merchants and commerce. Even northern cities and states were also notable for their merchant republics, especially the Republic of Venice.[6] Compared to absolutist monarchies or other more centrally controlled states, the Italian communes and commercial republics enjoyed relative political freedom conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Geographically, and because of trade, Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads.

text: Harvard historian Niall Ferguson[7] points out that Florence and Venice, as well as several other Italian city-states, played a crucial innovative role in world financial developments, devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization.

text: Income[edit]

text: It is estimated that the per capita income of northern Italy nearly tripled from the 11th century to the 15th century. This was a highly mobile, demographically expanding society, fueled by the rapidly expanding Renaissance commerce.

text: In the 14th century, just as the Italian Renaissance was beginning, Italy was the economic capital of Western Europe: the Italian States were the top manufacturers of finished woolen products. However, with the Bubonic Plague in 1348, the birth of the English woolen industry and general warfare, Italy temporarily lost its economic advantage. However, by the late 15th century Italy was again in control of trade along the Mediterranean Sea. It found a new niche in luxury items like ceramics, glassware, lace and silk as well an experiencing a temporary rebirth in the woolen industry.

text: However, Italy would never regain its strong hold on textiles. And though it was the birthplace of banking, by the 16th century German and Dutch banks began taking away business. Discovery of the Americas as well as new trade routes to Africa and India by the Portuguese (which made Portugal the leading trading power) brought about the shift of economic power from Italy[8] to Portugal in the 16th century; from Portugal to Netherlands in the 17th century and from Netherlands to the United Kingdom in the 18th century.

text: Literacy and numeracy[edit]

text: By the 13th century, northern and central Italy had become the most literate society in the world. More than one-third of the male population could read in the vernacular (an unprecedented rate since the decline of the Western Roman Empire), as could a small but significant proportion of women.

text: The Italian city states were also highly numerate, given the importance of the new forms of bookkeeping that were essential to the trading and mercantile basis of society. Some of the most widely circulating books, such as the Liber Abaci by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, included applications of mathematics and arithmetic to business practice[9] or were business manuals based on sophisticated numeracy.

text: Indeed, Luca Pacioli helped create the banking system of the Italian city-states with double-entry bookkeeping.[10] His 27-page treatise on bookkeeping contained the first known published work on that topic, and is said to have laid the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping (of Genoese merchants) as it is practiced today.[11]

text: Communes[edit]

text: During the 11th century in northern Italy a new political and social structure emerged: the city-state or commune. The civic culture which arose from this urbs was remarkable. In some places where communes arose (e.g. Britain and France), they were absorbed by the monarchical state as it emerged. They survived in northern and central Italy as in a handful of other regions throughout Europe to become independent and powerful city-states. In Italy the breakaway from their feudal overlords occurred in the late 12th century and 13th century, during the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor: Milan led the Lombard cities against the Holy Roman Emperors and defeated them, gaining independence (battles of Legnano, 1176, and Parma, 1248; see Lombard League).

text: Similar town revolts led to the foundation of city-states throughout medieval Europe, such as in Russia (Novgorod Republic, 12th century), in Flanders (Battle of Golden Spurs, 14th century) in Switzerland (the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy, 14th century), in Germany (the Hanseatic League, 14th–15th century), and in Prussia (Thirteen Years' War, 15th century).

text: Some Italian city-states became great military powers very early on. Venice and Genoa acquired vast naval empires in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, some of which threatened those of the growing Ottoman Empire. During the Fourth Crusade (1204), Venice conquered a quarter of the Byzantine Empire.

text: The Maritime Republics were one of the main products of this new civic and social culture based on commerce and exchange of knowledge with other areas of the world outside western Europe. The Republic of Ragusa and the Republic of Venice, for example, had important trade communications with the Muslim and Hindu world and this helped the initial development of the Italian Renaissance.

text: By the late 12th century, a new and remarkable society had emerged in Northern Italy; rich, mobile, expanding, with a mixed aristocracy and urban borghese (burgher) class, interested in urban institutions and republican government. But many of the new city-states also housed violent factions based on family, confraternity and brotherhood, which undermined their cohesion (for instance the Guelphs and Ghibellines).

text: Princely states[edit]

text: By 1300, most of these republics had become princely states dominated by a Signore. The exceptions were Venice, Florence, Lucca, and a few others, which remained republics in the face of an increasingly monarchic Europe. In many cases by 1400 the Signori were able to found a stable dynasty over their dominated city (or group of regional cities), obtaining also a nobility title of sovereignty by their formal superior, for example in 1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti bought for 100,000 gold florins the title of Duke of Milan from the emperor Wenceslaus.

text: Regional states[edit]

text: In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Milan, Venice, and Florence were able to conquer other city-states, creating regional states. The 1454 Peace of Lodi ended their struggle for hegemony in Italy, attaining a balance of power (see Italian Renaissance).

text: At the beginning of the 16th century, apart from some minor city-states like Lucca or San Marino, only the republican Venice was able to preserve her independence and to match the European monarchies of France and Spain and the Ottoman Empire (see Italian Wars).


document_title: Halfpenny (Irish decimal coin)

question_text: when did the halfpenny go out of circulation in ireland

text: Halfpenny (Irish decimal coin)

text:
Halfpenny / Leathphingin

Ireland

Value
1⁄2 penny

Mass
1.78 g

Diameter
17.14 mm

Thickness
approx. 1 mm

Edge
Plain

Composition
Bronze

Years of minting
1971–1987

Catalog number
—

Obverse

Design
Irish harp

Design date
1971 (first use 1928)

Reverse

Design
Ornamental bird

Designer
Gabriel Hayes

Design date
1971

text: The decimal halfpenny (1⁄2p) (Irish: leathphingin) coin was the smallest denomination of the Irish pound. It was first issued when the Irish currency was decimalised on Decimal Day, 15 February 1971. It was one of three new designs introduced all in bronze and featuring ornamental birds on the reverse. The coin value was weakened by inflation and very few were produced beyond the initial run for 1971. It was removed from circulation and demonetised on 1 January 1987.

text: The main reason that halfpennies were issued was that when shillings were decimalised they were worth five new pence, so a sixpence (half of a shilling) yielded a value of 2 1⁄2 new pence.

text: Its dimensions and appearance were the same as the British coin of the same denomination as the pounds of Britain and Ireland were pegged until 1979.

text: The coin was designed by the Irish artist Gabriel Hayes and the design is adapted from the manuscript Cologne Collectio Canonum (Cologne, Dombibliothek Cod. 213) in Cologne. The coin has a diameter of 1.7145 centimetres and mass of 1.782 grams consisting of copper, tin and zinc.

text: The coin was worth 1⁄200 of an Irish pound.

text: The 1985 version of this coin is particularly rare, and valuable to coin collectors - the vast majority of the 2.8 million were melted in 1987. The 1986 coin was only produced for the 1986 specimen sets and is also rare.


document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: who does the voice of the mom on family guy

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis is the voice of the character named Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and other various characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2006

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various
57
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
14
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
15
Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[17]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[18]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[19]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[20]


document_title: Friedel–Crafts reaction

question_text: what type of reaction is friedel crafts alkylation

text: Friedel–Crafts reaction

text: Friedel–Crafts alkylation[edit]

text:
Friedel-Crafts alkylation

Named after

Charles Friedel  James Crafts

Reaction type

Coupling reaction

Identifiers

Organic Chemistry Portal

friedel-crafts-alkylation

RSC ontology ID

RXNO:0000046

text: Friedel–Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using a strong Lewis acid catalyst.[6] With anhydrous ferric chloride as a catalyst, the alkyl group attaches at the former site of the chloride ion. The general mechanism is shown below.[7]

text: This reaction suffers from the disadvantage that the product is more nucleophilic than the reactant. Consequently, overalkylation occurs. Furthermore, the reaction is only very useful for tertiary alkylating agents, some secondary alkylating agents, or ones that yield stabilized carbocations (e.g., benzylic ones).  In the case of primary alkyl halides, the incipient carbocation (R(+)---X---Al(-)Cl3) will undergo a carbocation rearrangement reaction.[7]

text: Steric hindrance can be exploited to limit the number of alkylations, as in the t-butylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene.[citation needed]

text: Alkylations are not limited to alkyl halides: Friedel–Crafts reactions are possible with any carbocationic intermediate such as those derived from alkenes and a protic acid, Lewis acid, enones, and epoxides. An example is the synthesis of neophyl chloride from benzene and methallyl chloride:[8]

text: In one study the electrophile is a bromonium ion derived from an alkene and NBS:[9]

text: In this reaction samarium(III) triflate is believed to activate the NBS halogen donor in halonium ion formation.

text: Friedel–Crafts dealkylation[edit]

text: Friedel–Crafts alkylation has been hypothesized to be reversible. In a reversed Friedel–Crafts reaction or Friedel–Crafts dealkylation, alkyl groups are removed in the presence of protons or other Lewis acid.[citation needed]

text: For example, in a multiple addition of ethyl bromide to benzene, ortho and para substitution is expected after the first monosubstitution step because an alkyl group is an activating group. However, the actual reaction product is 1,3,5-triethylbenzene with all alkyl groups as a meta substituent.[10] Thermodynamic reaction control makes sure that thermodynamically favored meta substitution with steric hindrance minimized takes prevalence over less favorable ortho and para substitution by chemical equilibration. The ultimate reaction product is thus the result of a series of alkylations and dealkylations.[citation needed]

text: Friedel–Crafts acylation[edit]

text:
Friedel-Crafts acylation

Named after

Charles Friedel  James Crafts

Reaction type

Coupling reaction

Identifiers

Organic Chemistry Portal

friedel-crafts-acylation

RSC ontology ID

RXNO:0000045

text: Friedel–Crafts acylation involves the acylation of aromatic rings.  Typical acylating agents are acyl chlorides.  Typical Lewis acid catalysts are acids and aluminium trichloride. Friedel–Crafts acylation is also possible with acid anhydrides.[11] Reaction conditions are similar to the Friedel–Crafts alkylation. This reaction has several advantages over the alkylation reaction. Due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group, the ketone product is always less reactive than the original molecule, so multiple acylations do not occur. Also, there are no carbocation rearrangements, as the acylium ion is stabilized by a resonance structure in which the positive charge is on the oxygen.

text: The viability of the Friedel–Crafts acylation depends on the stability of the acyl chloride reagent. Formyl chloride, for example, is too unstable to be isolated. Thus, synthesis of benzaldehyde via the Friedel–Crafts pathway requires that formyl chloride be synthesized in situ. This is accomplished via the Gattermann-Koch reaction, accomplished by treating benzene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride under high pressure, catalyzed by a mixture of aluminium chloride and cuprous chloride.

text: Reaction mechanism[edit]

text: The reaction proceeds via generation of an acylium center:

text: The reaction is completed by deprotonation of the arenium ion by AlCl4−, regenerating the AlCl3 catalyst:

text: If desired, the resulting ketone can be subsequently reduced to the corresponding alkane substituent by either Wolff–Kishner reduction or Clemmensen reduction. The net result is the same as the Friedel–Crafts alkylation except that rearrangement is not possible.[12]

text: Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation[edit]

text: Arenes react with certain aldehydes and ketones to form the hydroxyalkylated products, for example in the reaction of the mesityl derivative of glyoxal with benzene:[13]

text: As usual, the aldehyde group is more reactive electrophile than the phenone.

text: Scope and variations[edit]

text: This reaction is related to several classic named reactions:

text:
The acylated reaction product can be converted into the alkylated product via a Clemmensen reduction.[14][15][16]
The Gattermann–Koch reaction can be used to synthesize benzaldehyde from benzene.[17]
The Gatterman reaction describes arene reactions with hydrocyanic acid.[18]
The Houben–Hoesch reaction describes arene reactions with nitriles.[19][20]
A reaction modification with an aromatic phenyl ester as a reactant is called the Fries rearrangement.
In the Scholl reaction two arenes couple directly (sometimes called Friedel–Crafts arylation).[21][22]
In the Zincke–Suhl reaction p-cresol is alkylated to a cyclohexadienone with tetrachloromethane.[23]
In the Blanc chloromethylation a chloromethyl group is added to an arene with formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride.[24][25]
The Bogert–Cook synthesis (1933) involves the dehydration and isomerization of 1-β-phenylethylcyclohexanol to the octahydro derivative of phenanthrene[26]

text:
The Darzens–Nenitzescu synthesis of ketones (1910, 1936) involves the acylation of cyclohexene with acetyl chloride to methylcyclohexenylketone.
In the related Nenitzescu reductive acylation (1936) a saturated hydrocarbon is added making it a reductive acylation to methylcyclohexylketone
The Nencki reaction (1881) is the ring acetylation of phenols with acids in the presence of zinc chloride.[27]
In a green chemistry variation aluminium chloride is replaced by graphite in an alkylation of p-xylene with 2-bromobutane. This variation will not work with primary halides from which less carbocation involvement is inferred.[28]

text: Dyes[edit]

text: Friedel–Crafts reactions have been used in the synthesis of several triarylmethane and xanthene dyes.[29] Examples are the synthesis of thymolphthalein (a pH indicator) from two equivalents of thymol and phthalic anhydride:

text: A reaction of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol in the presence of zinc chloride gives the fluorophore Fluorescein. Replacing resorcinol by N,N-diethylaminophenol in this reaction gives rhodamine B:

text: Haworth reactions[edit]

text: The Haworth reaction is a classic method for the synthesis of 1-tetralone.[30] In it benzene is reacted with succinic anhydride, the intermediate product is reduced and a second FC acylation takes place with addition of acid.[31]

text: In a related reaction, phenanthrene is synthesized from naphthalene and succinic anhydride in a series of steps.

text: Friedel–Crafts test for aromatic hydrocarbons[edit]

text: Reaction of chloroform with aromatic compounds using an aluminium chloride catalyst gives triarylmethanes, which are often brightly colored, as is the case in triarylmethane dyes. This is a bench test for aromatic compounds.[32]


document_title: List of countries by oil consumption

question_text: how many barrels of oil does the us use daily

text: List of countries by oil consumption

text: Trends[edit]

text: In 2010, world energy consumption of refined products increased 3.8%;[2] which was the first increase since 2004. According to Enerdata, this trend was supported by fast-growing demand for road and air transport, particularly in developing countries. In China, demand for refined products surged by 12% due to increasing needs. Asia accounted for more than 40% of the overall increase in consumption.

text: In Latin America, demand rose sharply by 5.7%, representing 13% of the increase. In CIS, consumption grew by 7.3% (8.9% in Russia), while rising 4.2% in the Middle East (driven by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait). Each region contributed 8% to the overall increase.

text:
Despite this growth, the US remains by far the largest user of oil, consuming more than China in 2010.
China may overtake the US around 2030. "BP Energy Outlook 2035" (PDF). p. 38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-02.

text: Countries[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2015)

text: This is a list of countries by oil consumption. [3][4]

text:
Rank
Country/Region
Oil consumption(bbl/day)
Year

-
World
99,558,000
2018

1
 United States
7007198800000000000♠19,880,000
2017

-
 European Union
7007150000000000000♠15,000,000[5]
2017

2
 China
7007132260000000000♠13,226,000
2017

3
 India
7006469000000000000♠4,690,000
2017

4
 Japan
7006398800000000000♠3,988,000
2017

5
 Saudi Arabia
7006391800000000000♠3,918,000
2017

6
 Russia
7006322400000000000♠3,224,000
2017

7
 Brazil
7006301700000000000♠3,017,000
2017

8
 South Korea
7006279600000000000♠2,796,000
2017

9
 Germany
7006244700000000000♠2,447,000
2017

10
 Canada
7006242800000000000♠2,428,000
2017

11
 Iran
7006194700000000000♠1,947,000
2015

12
 Mexico
7006192600000000000♠1,926,000
2015

13
 France
7006160600000000000♠1,606,000
2015

14
 Indonesia
7006162800000000000♠1,628,000
2015

15
 United Kingdom
7006155900000000000♠1,559,000
2015

16
 Thailand
7006134410000000000♠1,344,100
2015

17
 Singapore
7006133900000000000♠1,339,000
2015

18
 Italy
7006126200000000000♠1,262,000
2015

19
 Spain
7006122600000000000♠1,226,000
2015

20
 Taiwan
7006103110000000000♠1,031,100
2015

21
 Australia
7006100600000000000♠1,006,000
2015

22
 Netherlands
7005835000000000000♠835,000
2015

22
 Turkey
7005835000000000000♠835,000
2015

24
 Malaysia
7005831000000000000♠831,000
2015

25
 Egypt
7005824000000000000♠824,000
2015

26
 Iraq
7005818000000000000♠818,000
2011 est.

27
 Argentina
7005678100000000000♠678,100
2011 est.

28
 Belgium
7005644400000000000♠644,400
2011 est.

29
 South Africa
7005590900000000000♠590,900
2011 est.

30
 Poland
7005576600000000000♠576,600
2011 est.

31
 United Arab Emirates
7005572100000000000♠572,100
2011 est.

32
 Venezuela
7005571000000000000♠571,000
2011 est.

33
 Pakistan
7005426700000000000♠426,700
2011 est.

34
 Greece
7005343400000000000♠343,400
2011 est.

35
 Kuwait
7005339000000000000♠339,000
2011 est.

36
 Hong Kong
7005333900000000000♠333,900
2013 est.

37
 Chile
7005321700000000000♠321,700
2011 est.

38
 Ukraine
7005320600000000000♠320,600
2011 est.

39
 Algeria
7005316400000000000♠316,400
2011 est.

40
 Sweden
7005316000000000000♠316,000
2011 est.

41
 Philippines
7005315600000000000♠315,600
2011 est.

42
 Libya
7005314000000000000♠314,000
2011 est.

43
 Colombia
7005287000000000000♠287,000
2011 est.

44
 Ecuador
7005280000000000000♠280,000
2012 est.

45
 Nigeria
7005271600000000000♠271,600
2011 est.

46
 Portugal
7005259900000000000♠259,900
2012 est.

47
 Vietnam
7005259700000000000♠259,700
2011 est.

48
 Syria
7005258800000000000♠258,800
2011 est.

49
  Switzerland
7005258200000000000♠258,200
2011 est.

50
 Norway
7005255200000000000♠255,200
2011 est.

51
 Israel
7005247000000000000♠247,000
2017

52
 Kazakhstan
7005244200000000000♠244,200
2011 est.

53
 Romania
7005238400000000000♠238,400
2011 est.

54
 Austria
7005210700000000000♠210,700
2011 est.

55
 Peru
7005206900000000000♠206,900
2012 est.

56
 Morocco
7005204800000000000♠204,800
2011 est.

57
 Finland
7005203600000000000♠203,600
2011 est.

58
 Czech Republic
7005199000000000000♠199,000
2011 est.

59
 Belarus
7005189700000000000♠189,700
2012 est.

60
 Qatar
7005188800000000000♠188,800
2011 est.

61
 Azerbaijan
7005177000000000000♠177,000
2011 est.

62
 Yemen
7005168000000000000♠168,000
2011 est.

63
 Denmark
7005160200000000000♠160,200
2011 est.

64
 Puerto Rico
7005151600000000000♠151,600
2011 est.

65
 Cuba
7005150200000000000♠150,200
2011 est.

66
 New Zealand
7005148900000000000♠148,900
2011 est.

67
 Turkmenistan
7005145000000000000♠145,000
2011 est.

68
 Ireland
7005144000000000000♠144,000
2011 est.

69
 Hungary
7005141100000000000♠141,100
2011 est.

70
 Uzbekistan
7005137100000000000♠137,100
2011 est.

71
 Dominican Republic
7005122300000000000♠122,300
2011 est.

72
 Bulgaria
7005112700000000000♠112,700
2011 est.

73
 Bangladesh
7005108900000000000♠108,900
2011 est.

74
 Jordan
7005107000000000000♠107,000
2011 est.

75
 Lebanon
7005106700000000000♠106,700
2011 est.

76
 U.S. Virgin Islands
7005106100000000000♠106,100
2011 est.

77
 Oman
7004988900000000000♠98,890
2011 est.

78
 Panama
7004980000000000000♠98,000
2011 est.

79
 Sudan
7004954500000000000♠95,450
2011 est.

80
 Sri Lanka
7004896200000000000♠89,620
2011 est.

81
 Tunisia
7004883800000000000♠88,380
2011 est.

82
 Guatemala
7004839100000000000♠83,910
2011 est.

83
 Slovakia
7004808100000000000♠80,810
2011 est.

84
 Angola
7004794300000000000♠79,430
2011 est.

85
 Kenya
7004794100000000000♠79,410
2011 est.

86
 Croatia
7004785200000000000♠78,520
2011 est.

87
 Jamaica
7004744100000000000♠74,410
2012 est.

88
 Serbia
7004727700000000000♠72,770
2013 est.

89
 Curacao
7004720000000000000♠72,000
2010 est.

90
 Lithuania
7004703900000000000♠70,390
2011 est.

91
 Ghana
7004615900000000000♠61,590
2011 est.

92
 Luxembourg
7004613800000000000♠61,380
2011 est.

93
 Cyprus
7004584300000000000♠58,430
2011 est.

94
 Honduras
7004581500000000000♠58,150
2011 est.

95
 Bolivia
7004555600000000000♠55,560
2013 est.

96
 Slovenia
7004529300000000000♠52,930
2011 est.

97
 Bahrain
7004514500000000000♠51,450
2012 est.

98
 Uruguay
7004511000000000000♠51,100
2011 est.

99
 Costa Rica
7004502000000000000♠50,200
2011 est.

100
 Ethiopia
7004490800000000000♠49,080
2011 est.

101
 Armenia
7004453000000000000♠45,300
2011 est.

102
 El Salvador
7004440400000000000♠44,040
2011 est.

103
 Tanzania
7004433100000000000♠43,310
2011 est.

104
 Trinidad and Tobago
7004410000000000000♠41,000
2011 est.

105
 Myanmar
7004406200000000000♠40,620
2011 est.

106
 Senegal
7004406000000000000♠40,600
2011 est.

107
 Cambodia
7004393500000000000♠39,350
2011 est.

108
 Albania
7004383900000000000♠38,390
2011 est.

109
 Papua New Guinea
7004363200000000000♠36,320
2011 est.

110
 Bahamas
7004363000000000000♠36,300
2011 est.

111
 Latvia
7004313400000000000♠31,340
2011 est.

112
 Nicaragua
7004306900000000000♠30,690
2011 est.

113
 Cameroon
7004294100000000000♠29,410
2011 est.

114
 West Bank
7004293100000000000♠29,310
2011 est.

115
 Benin
7004291700000000000♠29,170
2011 est.

116
 Togo
7004286700000000000♠28,670
2011 est.

117
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7004275400000000000♠27,540
2011 est.

118
 Paraguay
7004268200000000000♠26,820
2011 est.

119
 Estonia
7004263400000000000♠26,340
2011 est.

120
 Gibraltar
7004249200000000000♠24,920
2011 est.

121
 Mauritius
7004247100000000000♠24,710
2011 est.

122
 Côte d'Ivoire
7004246300000000000♠24,630
2011 est.

123
 Mongolia
7004229900000000000♠22,990
2011 est.

124
 Namibia
7004216100000000000♠21,610
2011 est.

125
 Iceland
7004207700000000000♠20,770
2011 est.

126
 Mozambique
7004200900000000000♠20,090
2013 est.

127
 Tajikistan
7004195800000000000♠19,580
2011 est.

128
 Malta
7004195200000000000♠19,520
2011 est.

129
 Zambia
7004192600000000000♠19,260
2011 est.

130
 Zimbabwe
7004190300000000000♠19,030
2011 est.

131
   Nepal
7004184300000000000♠18,430
2011 est.

132
 Mauritania
7004181200000000000♠18,120
2011 est.

133
 Fiji
7004178100000000000♠17,810
2011 est.

134
 Macedonia
7004174900000000000♠17,490
2011 est.

135
 Madagascar
7004174800000000000♠17,480
2011 est.

136
 Georgia
7004172800000000000♠17,280
2011 est.

137
 Uganda
7004169300000000000♠16,930
2011 est.

138
 Kyrgyzstan
7004166400000000000♠16,640
2011 est.

139
 Gabon
7004158000000000000♠15,800
2011 est.

140
 Botswana
7004154200000000000♠15,420
2011 est.

141
 Moldova
7004153200000000000♠15,320
2012 est.

142
 North Korea
7004150000000000000♠15,000
2012 est.

143
 Brunei
7004146400000000000♠14,640
2011 est.

144
 Guam
7004144900000000000♠14,490
2011 est.

145
 Suriname
7004141000000000000♠14,100
2011 est.

146
 Haiti
7004140000000000000♠14,000
2011 est.

147
 New Caledonia
7004136400000000000♠13,640
2011 est.

148
 Djibouti
7004124600000000000♠12,460
2011 est.

149
 Malawi
7004120600000000000♠12,060
2011 est.

150
 Guyana
7004109100000000000♠10,910
2011 est.

151
 Republic of the Congo
7004107100000000000♠10,710
2011 est.

152
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
7004102400000000000♠10,240
2011 est.

153
 Burkina Faso
7003996000000000000♠9,960
2011 est.

154
 Sierra Leone
7003876800000000000♠8,768
2011 est.

155
 Guinea
7003867100000000000♠8,671
2011 est.

156
 Barbados
7003833900000000000♠8,339
2011 est.

157
 French Polynesia
7003800000000000000♠8,000
2011 est.

158
 Seychelles
7003779300000000000♠7,793
2011 est.

159
 Macau
7003737600000000000♠7,376
2013 est.

160
 Belize
7003704400000000000♠7,044
2011 est.

161
 Maldives
7003687500000000000♠6,875
2011 est.

162
 Aruba
7003566100000000000♠5,661
2011 est.

163
 Somalia
7003565900000000000♠5,659
2011 est.

164
 Niger
7003562900000000000♠5,629
2011 est.

165
 Rwanda
7003524500000000000♠5,245
2011 est.

166
 American Samoa
7003511500000000000♠5,115
2011 est.

167
 Antigua and Barbuda
7003500000000000000♠5,000
2011 est.

168
 Mali
7003499400000000000♠4,994
2011 est.

169
 Faroe Islands
7003487100000000000♠4,871
2011 est.

170
 Swaziland
7003456700000000000♠4,567
2011 est.

171
 Eritrea
7003448000000000000♠4,480
2011 est.

172
 Montenegro
7003444600000000000♠4,446
2011 est.

173
 Afghanistan
7003422900000000000♠4,229
2011 est.

174
 Greenland
7003389700000000000♠3,897
2011 est.

175
 Liberia
7003353300000000000♠3,533
2011 est.

176
 Laos
7003339100000000000♠3,391
2011 est.

177
 Gambia
7003318100000000000♠3,181
2011 est.

178
 Central African Republic
7003317500000000000♠3,175
2011 est.

179
 Cayman Islands
7003314100000000000♠3,141
2011 est.

180
 Guinea-Bissau
7003292200000000000♠2,922
2011 est.

181
 Saint Lucia
7003292200000000000♠2,922
2011 est.

182
 Grenada
7003280300000000000♠2,803
2011 est.

183
 Timor-Leste
7003275500000000000♠2,755
2011 est.

184
 Bermuda
7003274700000000000♠2,747
2012 est.

185
 Cabo Verde
7003260800000000000♠2,608
2011 est.

186
 Burundi
7003229000000000000♠2,290
2011 est.

187
 Western Sahara
7003194800000000000♠1,948
2011 est.

188
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7003194800000000000♠1,948
2011 est.

189
 Chad
7003181700000000000♠1,817
2011 est.

190
 Lesotho
7003177700000000000♠1,777
2011 est.

191
 Solomon Islands
7003172800000000000♠1,728
2011 est.

192
 Bhutan
7003171900000000000♠1,719
2011 est.

193
 Equatorial Guinea
7003158800000000000♠1,588
2011 est.

194
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7003149600000000000♠1,496
2011 est.

195
 Tonga
7003122100000000000♠1,221
2011 est.

196
 Vanuatu
7003117000000000000♠1,170
2011 est.

197
 Samoa
7003107000000000000♠1,070
2011 est.

198
 Comoros
7003102500000000000♠1,025
2011 est.

199
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7003100000000000000♠1,000
2011 est.

200
 Montserrat
7003100000000000000♠1,000
2011 est.

201
 British Virgin Islands
7003100000000000000♠1,000
2011 est.

202
 Turks and Caicos Islands
7002999000000000000♠999
2011 est.

203
 Cook Islands
7002974000000000000♠974
2011 est.

204
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7002974000000000000♠974
2011 est.

205
 Dominica
7002918000000000000♠918
2011 est.

206
 Sao Tome and Principe
7002904000000000000♠904
2011 est.

207
 Falkland Islands
7002300000000000000♠300
2011 est.

208
 Kiribati
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2011 est.

209
 Saint Helena
7002100000000000000♠100
2011 est.


document_title: The Windmills of Your Mind

question_text: who sang the original song windmills of your mind

text: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: Composition/original recording[edit]

text: In the original 1968 film The Thomas Crown Affair, the song is heard – sung by Noel Harrison – during opening credits; and, during the film, in a scene in which the character Thomas Crown flies a glider at the glider airport in Salem, New Hampshire: having edited the rough cut for this scene utilizing the Beatles track "Strawberry Fields Forever" producer/director Norman Jewison commissioned an original song be written for the glider scene which would reference the ambivalent feelings of Thomas Crown as he engages in a favorite pastime while experiencing the tension of preparing to commit a major robbery. Alan Bergman: "Michel [Legrand] played us [ie. Alan and Marilyn Bergman] seven or eight melodies. We listened to all of them and decided to wait until the next day to choose one. We three decided on the same one, a long baroque melody... The lyric we wrote was stream-of-consciousness. We felt that the song had to be a mind trip of some kind" – "The [eventual] title was [originally] a line at the end of a section... When we finished we said: "What do we call this? It's got to have a title. That line is kind of interesting.' So we restructured the song so that the line appeared again at the end. It came out of the body of the song. I think we were thinking, you know when you try to fall asleep at night and you can't turn your brain off and thoughts and memories tumble."[2]

text: Noel Harrison recorded the song after Andy Williams passed on it: according to Harrison: "It was recorded live on a huge sound stage at Paramount, with the accompanying film clips running on a giant screen and Michel blowing kisses to the orchestra."[3] Harrison took issue with the couplet "Like a tunnel that you follow to a tunnel of its own / Down a hollow to a cavern where the sun has never shone", singing the word "shone" British-style with a short vowel sound making the rhyme with "own" imperfect. Marilyn Bergman: "We said 'No, it's shone [long vowel sound].' And he said 'No, it's our language!' And we said: 'Yes, but it's our song.' So reluctantly, he sang shone [long vowel sound] and our rhyme was intact."[2] However, Harrison evidently had the last laugh; in the finally released version he sings "shone" with a short vowel. Harrison's version had a US single in the US in July 1968 soon after the premiere of the film and similarly was released in the British Isles at the time of the film's 7 February 1969 premiere in the UK and Ireland. As a result, it was a current UK release when "The Windmills of Your Mind" received an Academy Award nomination on 24 February 1969: Harrison's single debuted at #36 in the UK Top 50 dated 4 March 1969 and had risen to #15—abetted by performances by Harrison on the 27 March 1969 broadcast of TOTP and also on variety shows hosted by Rolf Harris and Scott Walker—when the song won the Academy Award on 14 April 1969, an endorsement which facilitated the Top Ten entry of Harrison's single on the UK chart dated 22 April 1969 with its chart peak of #8 effected two weeks later.[4]

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" was performed on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969 by José Feliciano; Noel Harrison would recall: "I was invited to sing it at the Academy Awards... but I was making a movie in England at the time, and the producer (who didn't like me) refused to let me go." The film which caused the scheduling conflict has been identified as Take a Girl Like You directed by Jonathan Miller.[3]

text: Dusty Springfield version[edit]

text: Jerry Wexler, president of Atlantic Records, heard "The Windmills of Your Mind" on the soundtrack of The Thomas Crown Affair and championed having Dusty Springfield record the song for her debut Atlantic album Dusty in Memphis, overcoming the singer's strong resistance; Springfield's friend and subsequent manager Vicki Wickham would allege: "Dusty always said she hated it because she couldn't identify with the words."[5] During the first sessions for the track at American Sound Studio in Memphis, problems with getting the proper chords down arose, and at Springfield's suggestion the song was arranged so the first three verses were sung in a slower tempo than the original film version.

text: In April 1969 the third A-side release from Dusty in Memphis was announced as "I Don't Want to Hear It Anymore" with "The Windmills of Your Mind" as B-side: however Wexler was prepared to promote "Windmills" as the A-side if it won the Oscar for Best Song, reportedly instructing mail-room clerks at Atlantic Records' New York City headquarters to listen to the Academy Awards broadcast the night of 14 April 1969; hearing "The Windmills" announced as the Best Song winner was these clerks' cue to drive a station wagon loaded with 2500 copies of a double-sided promo single of Springfield's version – identified on the label as "Academy Award Winner" – to the New York City general post office, where the copies of the single were mailed out to key radio stations across the US.[6] Although its Hot 100 debut was not effected until the 5 May 1969 issue of Billboard and then with a #99 ranking, Springfield's "The Windmills" made a rapid ascent to the Top 40 being ranked at #40 on the Hot 100 dated 24 May 1969 only to stall over the subsequent three weeks peaking at #31 on the Hot 100 dated 14 June 1969 with only one additional week of Hot 100 tenure, being ranked at #45 on the 21 June 1969 chart. On the Cash Box chart, the song rose as high as #22.[7] Local hit parades indicate that Springfield's "Windmills" had Top Ten impact in only select larger markets: Boston, Southern California, and Miami. The track did reach #3 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard a feat matched by Springfield's third subsequent single "Brand New Me" which therefore ties with "The Windmills" as having afforded Springfield her best-ever solo showing on a Billboard chart.[8]

text: José Feliciano version[edit]

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" was recorded by José Feliciano for his 1969 album 10 to 23,[9] and Feliciano performed the song on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969; the song's original singer Noel Harrison would later opine of Feliciano's performance: "A wonderful musician and compelling singer, he made much too free with the beautiful melody in my humble opinion. But that's jazz."[3] It was Feliciano's version of "The Windmills" which became a hit in the Netherlands, reaching #11 on the Dutch chart in November 1969.[10] and Nr. 4 in the Turkish hit parade in April 1970.[11]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: In English[edit]

text:
All Angels on their self-titled album (2006)[12]
Ed Ames on his album The Windmills of Your Mind (1969)[13]
Tina Arena on her album Songs Of Love & Loss (2007)[14]
The Arbors on their album The Arbors (1977)
Dorothy Ashby on her album "Dorothy's Harp" (1969) - Instrumental version -[15]
Jeri Brown on her album April in Paris (1996)[16]
Anne Clark on her maxi-single The Haunted Road (1993),[17] featuring Eyeless in Gaza: track included Clark's 1996 compilation album The Nineties A Fine Collection
Petula Clark on her album Portrait of Petula (1969),[18] featured on the soundtrack of the 2012 film Killing Them Softly
The Colourfield B-side of their 1984 single "Take"; bonus track on Japanese release of the group's album Virgins and Philistines
Ray Conniff Singers on their 1969 album Jean;[19] featured in the 2015 film Focus
Randy Crawford with David Sanborn on Sanborn's album Time and the River (2015)[20]
Vic Damone on his album Over the Rainbow (1982)[21]
John Davidson on his album My Cherie Amour (1969)[22]
Skeeter Davis on her album Mary Frances (1969)[23]
Elaine Delmar on her concert album Recital At the Festival The Golden Orpheus '71 (1971)[24]
Neil Diamond on his album The Movie Album: As Time Goes By (1998)[25]
Val Doonican on his album Rocking Chair Favourites (1972)[26]
Connie Evingson on her album Stockholm Sweetnin' (2006)[27]
Laura Fygi on her album Watch What Happens When Laura Fygi Meets Michel Legrand (1997)[28]
John Gary on his album Love of a Gentle Woman (1969)[29]
Peter Grant on his album New Vintage (2006)[30]
Rigmor Gustafsson on her album On My Way to You (2006)[31]
Jacintha on her album Jacintha Goes to Hollywood (2007)[32]
Peter Jöback on his album Storybook (2004)[33]
Jack Jones on his album Jack Jones sings Michel Legrand (1971)[34]
Eliza Keil on her album Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head (1970)[35]
Anita Kerr Singers on their album Velvet Voices & Bold Brass (1969)[36]
Kiki and Herb on their concert album ...Will Die for You: Live at Carnegie Hall (2004);[37] mistitled "The Windmills of My Mind"
Jason Kouchak on his album Midnight Classics (2008);[38] mistitled "The Windmills of My Mind"
The King's Singers on their 1972 self-titled album[39]
Kim Kuzma on her album Acustico II (2015)[40]
Judith Lefeber on her album In My Dreams (2003)[41]
The Lettermen on their album Greatest Movie Hits (2000)[42]
Barbara Lewis on her album The Many Grooves of Barbara Lewis (1969)[43]
Abbey Lincoln on her album Over the Years (2000)[44]
Gloria Loring on her album ...And Now We Come to Distances (1969)[45]
Carmen Lundy on her album Something to Believe In (2003)[46]
The Manhattans single (c. 1970);[47] bonus track on the 2015 CD release of the group's 1971 album With These Hands
Johnny Mathis Version #1: on his album Love Theme from 'Romeo & Juliet' (1969)[48]
Version #2: with Toots Thielemans on Thielemans' album Chez Toots (1998)[49]
Chez Toots track listing reads "Les Moulins de mon cœur (The Windmills of Your Mind)": Mathis sings only the English-language lyrics
Natalia Mateo (de) on her album Heart of Darkness (2015)[50]
Jane McDonald on her album Love at the Movies (2001)[51]
Maureen McGovern Version #1: on her album Academy Award Performance – And the Envelope, Please (1975)[52]
Version #2: on her album The Music Never Ends (1997)[53]
Eva Mendes recorded for commercial (starring Mendes) for Angel perfume[54]
Nana Mouskouri on her album Falling in Love Again: Great Songs from the Movies (1993)[55]
Alison Moyet on her album Voice (2004)[56]
Jim Nabors on his album Everything is Beautiful (1970)[57]
Jerry Nelson as a "Screaming Thing" on The Muppet Show's second season premiere (1977)
Judy Page (af) on her album Time and Love (1969)[58]
Elaine Paige on her album Cinema (1984)[59]
Parenthetical Girls on their album Entanglements (2008)[60]
Billy Paul on his album Ebony Woman (1970)[61]
Pepe & Paradise on their compilation album 70s Radio Hits (2000);[62] taped performance from Yleisradio dating from 1971 or 1972
Dianne Reeves on her album When You Know (2008)[63]
Ginette Reno on her English-language album Ginette Reno (1969)[64]
Rita Reys on her album Rita Reys Sings Michel LeGrand (1972)[65]
Jimmie Rodgers on his album The Windmills of Your Mind (1969);[66] released as a single: bubbled under Hot 100 with a #123 peak
John Rowles on his album Saying Goodbyes (1971);[67] medley: "Where Do I Begin (Love Story)"/"Windmills Of Your Mind"
Sandler and Young on their album Once More With Feeling (c. 1970)[68]
The Sandpipers on their album The Wonder of You (1969)[69]
Mathilde Santing on her compilation album Matilde Matilde (1997);[70] the track is a recording of a rehearsal of Santing's performance of the song at the 1985 Knokke Festival (nl) revival
Janet Seidel on her album Comme ci comme ça (2004);[71] the track is listed as "Windmills of Your Mind"/"Moulins de mon cœur" and includes lyrics from both the English- and French-language renderings of the song.
Dinah Shore on her album Once Upon a Summertime (1975)[72]
Sharleen Spiteri on her album The Movie Songbook (2010)[73]
Sting on the soundtrack album for The Thomas Crown Affair (1999)[74]
Barbra Streisand on her album What Matters Most (2011)[75]
Swing Out Sister on their compilation album The Best of Swing Out Sister (1996);[76] taped performance from The Jeff Graham Show on Radio Luxembourg, made in 1989: the track was included on some editions of the 1989 single release "Where in the World", and is also included on the 2014 compilation The Essential Swing Out Sister
Take 6 on their album The Standard (2008)[77]
Becky Taylor on her album Shine (2003)[78]
Kiri Te Kanawa on her album Magic: Kiri sings Michel Legrand (1992)[79]
Mel Tormé on his album A Time For Us (Love Theme From 'Romeo & Juliet') (1969)[80]
Grady Tate on his album Windmills of My Mind (1968)[81]
Leslie Uggams on her album On My Way to You: Songs of Alan & Marilyn Bergman (2003)[82]
Nina van Pallandt on her album Nina Alone (1970)[83]
Vanilla Fudge on their album Rock & Roll (1969);[84] B-side of single release "Lord in the Country"
Vassilikos on his album Vintage (2009)[85]
Helena Vondráčková on her album Isle of Helena (1972)[86]
Kim Weston on her album Big Brass Four Poster (1970)[87]
Susan Wong on her album 511 (2009);[88] mistitled "The Windmills of My Mind"
Edward Woodward on his album The Edward Woodward Album (1972)[89]

text: In French: "Les Moulins de mon cœur"[edit]

text: The lyrics for the French-language rendering of "The Windmills of Your Mind" were written by Eddy Marnay and this version, entitled "Les Moulins de mon cœur", was first recorded in 1968 by Marcel Amont who was resultantly afforded a minor French chart hit (peak #49).[90]

text: "Les Moulins de mon coeur" has subsequently been recorded by:

text:
Frida Boccara on her album Un jour, un enfant (1969)[91]
Richard Anthony on his album Señora la Dueña (1970)[92]
Dany Brillant on his album Histoire d'un amour (2007)[93]
Noëlle Cordier single (1969)[94]
Anne-Marie David on her concert album Live In Charleroi (2004)[95]
Natalie Dessay with Michel LeGrand on their collaborative album Entre Elle et Lui (2013)[96]
Celine Dion on her concert album Céline Dion en concert (1985); in medley "Hommage à Michel Legrand: Quand on s'aime / Brûle pas tes doigts / La Valse des lilas / Quand ça balance / Les Moulins de mon coeur"[97]
Miss Dominique on her album Une femme battante (2006)[98]
Claude François on his album Un Monde de Musique (1969)[99]
Jason Kouchak on his album Comme d'Habitude (2011)[100]
Patricia Kaas on her album "Piano Bar" (2002)[101]
Vicky Leandros single, included on her album Zoom sur Vicky (1969)[102]
Julia Migenes on her concert album Live at the Olympia (1989)[103]
Jessye Norman on her album Michel Legrand: I Was Born in Love with You (2000)[104]
Marie Denise Pelletier on her album Lesmots de Marnay (2003)[105]
Ginette Reno on her French-language album Ginette Reno (1969)[106]
Demis Roussos on his album Immortel (1995)[107]
Janet Seidel on her album Comme ci comme ça (2004);[71] the track is listed as "Windmills of Your Mind"/"Moulins de mon cœur" and includes lyrics from both the English- and French-language renderings of the song
Caterina Valente on her concert album Caterina Valente Live [London Palladium] (1975);[108] track listing reads "The Windmills of Your Mind": however it is sung completely in French
Sylvie Vartan on her album La Reine de Saba (1974);[109] the album La Reine de Saba was issued only in Japan: its tracks were all included on the 1997 box set Sylvie Vartan: Les Années RCA
Amaury Vassili on his album Canterò (2010)[110]
Vigon Bamy Jay on their album Les Soul Men (2013)[111]
Carol Welsman on her album Hold Me (2001)[112]

text: In other languages[edit]

text: In 1970 Helena Vondráčková, prior to recording "The Windmills of Your Mind" with its original English lyrics for her album Isle of Helena (1972), recorded the song as rendered in Czech: "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít",[113] and also Japanese: "Kaze no sasayaki".[114] Introduced on the album Ostrov Heleny Vondráčkové,[113] "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít" has become a signature song for Vondráčková: in 2012 when her three CD retrospective (Nejen) o lásce was issued, Vondráčková cited "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít" as "the song on the [anthology] dearest to [her] heart".[115] An alternate Czech rendering of "The Windmills of Your Mind": "Mlýnské kolo v srdci mém", was recorded by Hana Hegerová to serve as title cut for her 2010 album of renderings of famous French-language songs.[116]

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" has also been rendered as:

text:
"Cirkels" (Dutch): recorded by Herman van Veen (1968),[117] Marco Bakker (nl) on his album Marco Bakker zingt romantische sfeersongs (1980),[118][119] Hans Dorrestijn with Martin van Dijk (nl) for their collaborative album Cirkels (2002).[120]
"Samanlainen onni" (Finnish): recorded by Jarkko & Laura (1968), Katri Helena (1970), Kristian (fi) on the multi-artist album Trio (1970), Tapio Heinonen (fi) on his album Julian Grimau (1971), Petri Salminen (fi) on his album Tien päällä (1997), Anneli Sari (fi) on her 1999 album Les Chansons, and Marita Taavitsainen (fi) on her album Yksi Ainoa Katse (1999).[121]
"Vinden I Min Själ" (Swedish): recorded by Lill-Babs on her album Till Mina Vänner (1979),[122] Anders Ekborg on his album Äkta Vara – 11 Sångfilmer 100% Live (2006),[123] Anita Strandell (sv) on her album Sommarbaravara (2011).[124]
"Wie sich Mühlen dreh'n im Wind" (German): recorded by Vicky Leandros on her album Ich glaub' an Dich (1969),[125] Caterina Valente on her concert album Caterina Valente Live (1969),[126] Katja Ebstein on her album ''Wunder gibt es immer wieder (1970),[127] Bibi Johns (1970).[128]
"I Mulini Dei Ricordi" (Italian): recorded by Enzo Jannacci on his album Come gli aeroplani (2001).[citation needed]
"Los molinos de tu espíritu" (Spanish): recorded by German singer Katja Ebstein on her Spanish-language album En Español (1971).[129]


document_title: DECA Ontario

question_text: who is the current president of deca ontario

text: DECA Ontario

text: Conferences[edit]

text: The Regional Competition is available to all DECA Ontario members. In order to accommodate the needs of all chapters across the Province, different school chapters compete in different 'regions'. Some of these regions include: Peel, Toronto, Hamilton, Waterloo-Kitchener, and York.

text: DECA members can choose to compete in any one of a number of categories: there are 17 individual event categories (of which 4 are reserved only for first year members), and 7 team events. The Regional Competition includes a written multiple choice exam, and an oral case component. Students in an individual event have 10 minutes for preparation and 10 minutes to present in front of a judge. Teams have 30 minutes to prepare and 15 minutes to present. Judges include past DECA alumni, current business students, and industry professionals.

text: The Provincial Competition (hosted in February) is available to members who qualify from an oral business event at a Regional Competition, or for those who chose to compete in a written business event (students who wish to compete in a written business event automatically qualify for the Provincial Competition). In the Provincial Competition, students compete for a spot to represent Ontario and Canada at the International Career Development Conference (DECA Internationals). Competition at the Provincial level is heavy, as around 300-400 students out of about 6,000 are chosen to compete internationally. In addition to competing, the Provincial conference also offers workshops, academies, and networking for students wishing to advance their business skills.

text: Competition Categories[edit]

text: DECA offers a large variety of categories available to all delegates for competition purposes. These categories range encompass a plethora of functional business aspects and typically have corporate sponsors for each category as well. There are three different types of categories once can compete in which includes (1) Individual Oral and Principle Events - must compete as an individual (2) Team Oral Events - compete with one partner and finally (3) Special Events - these events have their own distinct rule set. A breakdown of the categories within each type of event is shown below:

text: Individual Oral and Principle Events[edit]

text:
Accounting Application
Apparel and Accessories Marketing
Automotive Services Marketing
Business Finance Series
Business Services Marketing
Food Marketing Series
Hotel and Lodging Management
Human Resources Management
Marketing Management
Personal Financial Literacy
Quick Serve Restaurant Management
Restaurant and Food Service Management
Retail Merchandising
Sports and Entertainment Marketing
Principles of Business Administration and Management
Principles of Marketing
Principles of Hospitality and Tourism
Principles of Finance

text: Team Oral Events[edit]

text:
Business Law and Ethics
Buying and Merchandising
Financial Analysis
Hospitality Services
Marketing Communications Team Decision Making
Sports and Entertainment Marketing
Travel and Tourism Marketing

text: Special Events[edit]

text:
Advertising Campaign
Business Law and Ethics
Buying and Merchandising
Case Boss
Financial Analysis
Hospitality Services
Innovation Challenge
Marketing Communications Team Decision Making
Professional Selling Event
Sports and Entertainment Marketing
Travel and Tourism Marketing
Virtual Business Challenge Retail
Virtual Business Challenge Sports
Leadership Development Academy
Stock Market Game
H&R Block Dollars and Sense
Virtual Business Challenge Restaurant

text: Provincial Executive Officer Program (High School Division)[edit]

text: DECA Ontario's Provincial Executive Officer Team consists of one President and seven student executives. A new team of officers is appointed every year. The Provincial Executive Officer Team works with DECA Ontario's Board of Directors with membership development and services, website development, social media management, Regional & Provincial conference promotion, member and chapter encouragement, and service of the members and advisors. The selection process for the Provincial Executive Officer Team is rigorous, as numerous students compete for a limited number of positions. Provincial Officers are among the top students across Ontario, and often demonstrate excellence in academics, extra-curricular involvements, and achieve high results in DECA.

text:
Year
Position
Officer
High School

2017-2018
President
Jinwu Liu
Bayview Secondary School

2017-2018
Secretary
Vyoma Fadia
Earl Haig SS

2017-2018
Media Coordinator
James Quinlan
Woburn CI

2017-2018
Events Coordinator
Maria Diogenous
Glenview Park SS

2017-2018
Chapter Liaison Officer
Adam Dorfman
Thornhill SS

2017-2018
Chapter Liaison Officer
Harry Chen
London Central SS

2017-2018
Branding and Communications Coordinator
Sarina Wong
The University of Toronto Schools

text:
Year
Position
Officer
High School

2016–2017
President
Venia Veselovsky
Westdale SS

2016–2017
Secretary
Anna Shinn
Havergal College

2016–2017
Media Coordinator
Jessica Fung
Marc Garneau CI

2016–2017
Events Coordinator
Shangbing Jiang
Bloor CI

2016–2017
Events Coordinator
Lucy Chen
William Lyon Mackenzie CI

2016–2017
Chapter Liaison Officer
Ben Levy
Thornhill SS

2016–2017
Chapter Liaison Officer
Rahul Bathija
John Fraser SS

2016–2017
Branding and Communications Coordinator
Rishi Bansal
Bayview Secondary School

text:
Year
Position
Officer
High School

2015–2016
President
Emily Fraser
Sir John A. Macdonald (Waterloo)

2015–2016
Secretary
Wendy Wei
Centennial CVI

2015–2016
Media Coordinator
Mark Laufert
Centennial CVI

2015–2016
Co-Events Coordinator
Rushi Gajaria
Gordon Graydon Memorial SS

2015–2016
Co-Events Coordinator
Ann Chen
Victoria Park CI

2015–2016
Chapter Liaison Officer
Karim El Sewedy
Abbey Park High School

2015–2016
Chapter Liaison Officer
Graham Swarbrick
Resurrection CSS

2015–2016
Branding and Communications Coordinator
Christian Cutts
Parkdale Collegiate

text:
Year
Position
Officer
High School

2014–2015
President
Jeff Sheng
Markville SS

2014–2015
Secretary
Laura Fong
The Woodlands School

2014–2015
Media Coordinator
Heather Tang
The University of Toronto Schools

2014–2015
Co-Events Coordinator
Peter Drivas
East York CI

2014–2015
Co-Events Coordinator
Sarai Castrejon
St. Aloysius Gonzaga

2014–2015
Chapter Development Officer
Emily Fraser
Sir John A. Macdonald (Waterloo)

2014–2015
Chapter Development Officer
Lucy Gong
Markville SS

2014–2015
Branding and Communications Coordinator
Alex Wu
Northern SS

text:
Year
Position
Officer
High School

2013–2014
President
Jerry Zhang
Bayview Secondary School

2013–2014
Secretary
Katie Rieger
Bluevale CI

2013–2014
Media Coordinator
Jake Jardine
Parkside High School

2013–2014
Co-Events Coordinator
Rida Aamer
Glenforest SS

2013–2014
Co-Events Coordinator
Harman Jassal
Turner Fenton SS

2013–2014
Chapter Development Officer
Anthony Perreira
St. Roch SS

2013–2014
Chapter Development Officer
Cassidy Ishmael
St. Francis Xavier SS

2013–2014
Branding and Communications Coordinator
Brett Israel
Resurrection Catholic SS

text:
Year
Position
Officer
High School

2012–2013
President
James Sun
Earl Haig SS

2012–2013
Secretary
Mariam Rafo
Notre Dame SS

2012–2013
Co-Events Coordinator
Isabella Chiu
UTS

2012–2013
Co-Events Coordinator
Sarah Liu
UTS

2012–2013
Chapter Development Officer
Jack Fenton
Bayview Glen

2012–2013
Chapter Development Officer
Katie Flanagan
Sir John A Macdonald SS

2012–2013
Chapter Development Officer
Andrew Shon
Earl Haig SS

2012–2013
Public Relations/Communication Officer
Jerry Zhang
Bayview Secondary School

2012–2013
Reporter
Jake Jardine
Parkside HS

text: DECA U (University/College Division)[edit]

text: For interested university/college students, a specialized program which allows matriculated students to continue to participate in DECA is available. DECA U (short for University), is an association of Collegiate DECA, and operates in numerous prestigious institutions across Ontario.

text: Some of the associated Universities include: Ryerson University, University of Western Ontario, Brock University, University of Guelph, Wilfrid Laurier University, McMaster University, Queen's University, University of Waterloo, University of Toronto, York University, University of Ottawa, Humber College and University of Ontario Institute of Technology.

text: The Alumni Network (Alumni Division)[edit]

text: In 2013, The Alumni Network was created to serve as Ontario's Official DECA Alumni Division. The division seeks to harvest a strong professional network for previous DECA Ontario and DECA U members to connect to after graduating. The network is designed to not only allow alumni to connect to each other, but also to provide opportunities for alumni to give back at DECA Ontario and DECA U conferences and competitions.

text: Sources[edit]