document_title: List of Shadowhunters episodes

question_text: when's the next episode of shadowhunters coming out

question_tokens: when 's the next episode of shadowhunters coming out

text: List of Shadowhunters episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"The Mortal Cup"McGEd DecterJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)267314-11.82[5]
On Clary Fray's eighteenth birthday, her mother, Jocelyn, is kidnapped. Soon after, Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters, a half-angel/half-human race tasked to protect the Downworld (faeries, werewolves, vampires, and warlocks) from demons. Clary learns she also belongs to this race, after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace – who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle. Clary overhears her mother's friend, Luke, claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother. Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust – her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters – to help save Jocelyn from Valentine, a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter.
22"The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy"Mick GarrisEd Decter & Hollie OvertonJanuary 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[a]267314-21.01[7]
The Circle has returned, as has Valentine. With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup, the Institute is on alert. After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member, they realize Clary's significance in the cause. Jace realizes Clary's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup. Unfortunately, without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team. Thus Jace, Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones, where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself. Meanwhile, Luke is worried about Clary's whereabouts, while Simon comes to terms with Clary's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires.
33"Dead Man's Party"Andy WolkMarjorie DavidJanuary 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)267314-30.98[8]
The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon, who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle, Alec and Clary locate Simon's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort, where he is being held by Camille Belcourt, Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille's outfit. Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty, since her father is their enemy. Isabelle visits Meliorn, her Seelie lover, in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort, so the group can get into the building unnoticed. The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary, but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille's blood.
44"Raising Hell"Tawnia McKiernanMichael ReiszFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)267314-40.96[9]
Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute. The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace, in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary's memories. Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping. The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair, where the Circle has attacked. Magnus transports the group to his loft, where they summon the demon. Alec's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory, forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories. Meanwhile, Simon is plagued with visions of Camille, and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort.
55"Moo Shu to Go"Kelly MakinAngel Dean LopezFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)267314-50.95[10]
The Lightwood family matriarch, Maryse, arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace. Alec is ordered to watch over Clary, but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother's secret box – that once belonged to a "Jonathan Clark". Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment, to Alec's chagrin. Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup, and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information. Jace, Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two, after Simon calls for help. The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally – werewolf Luke, who defeats his alpha and assumes the title.
66"Of Men and Angels"Oz ScottY. Shireen RazackFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)267314-60.98[11]
Clary, Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help. At Luke's insistence, Magnus informs Clary of the Circle's past and her mother's involvement with the group. Meanwhile, Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute, and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name. When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off, he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus' loft. There, he, Magnus and the others save Luke's life with magic. Luke informs Clary that she had a brother, Jonathan Christopher, who died in a fire caused by Valentine. Clary then discovers one of her powers, making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup.
77"Major Arcana"J. Miles DalePeter BinswangerFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)267314-70.84[12]
Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping. When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct, he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine. While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders, Luke's boss is killed by a shapeshifter. Clary, Jace, Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup, but are tracked by demons. When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary, she kills it. Afterward, Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute. Meanwhile, Simon's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family, who fear he is on drugs. He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille.
88"Bad Blood"Jeremiah S. ChechikAllison RymerMarch 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)267314-80.87[13]
Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon, who has been attacked and killed by Camille. He informs Clary that, unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset, his soul will be trapped for eternity. An envoy from the Clave, Lydia Branwell, arrives to temporarily take over the Institute. Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack, but Luke kills it. While retrieving the corpse from Luke, Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members. Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood. Alec decides to restore his family's honor (due to the current situation) by proposing to Lydia. Later, another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute, but they eventually defeat it. Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire, but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster.
99"Rise Up"J. Miller TobinHollie OvertonMarch 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)267314-90.95[14]
Following the Forsaken attack, the Institute is on high alert. Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine. During his interrogation, Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave. With the help of Magnus, the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute. Later, Isabelle, Clary, Jace, Simon, Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones. Afterward, Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father. Meanwhile, Alec's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships, and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire.
1010"This World Inverted"J. Miles DaleY. Shireen RazackMarch 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)267314-100.78[15]
Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension. He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension, she will be transported to her father. However, when Clary arrives, she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension. Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons, but when one slips through, Jace ventures in to stop it. With the help of Magnus, Clary finds the portal at the Institute, and she and Jace step through it. When they arrive at Valentine's hideout, they discover Jace's father, Micheal Wayland, assumed to be dead, is being held captive there. Meanwhile, in reality, Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission, much to the anguish of Alec, who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial.
1111"Blood Calls to Blood"Mairzee AlmasMarjorie DavidMarch 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)267314-110.78[16]
Clary, Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke's for help. While there, Michael discloses the location of Valentine's new hideout – an abandoned hospital in Long Island. Jace, Michael, Luke and Clary go to rescue a still-unconscious Jocelyn, but are surrounded by demons. Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons, but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise. Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup. Before fleeing through a portal, he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings. Meanwhile, Isabelle's trial begins, with Magnus as her defense attorney. During questioning, Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges, but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours. Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup, dropping the charges against Isabelle.
1212"Malec"James MarshallMichael ReiszMarch 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)267314-120.82[17]
Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary, and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches. Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party, where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond. Meanwhile, Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell, a former friend and warlock, for help on waking Jocelyn, believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under. A demon follows them and kills Ragnor, but before he dies, he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote. Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec's wedding; seeing him, Alec realizes that he cannot go through with the marriage. After apologizing to an understanding Lydia, he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests. Later, Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them, though Robert offers support. Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille's possession. Packing up to head back to Idris, Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge. It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse.
1313"Morning Star"J. Miles DalePeter BinswangerApril 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)267314-130.76[18]
The Shadowhunters cannot prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine, and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army. Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup. Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke's help, and Jace chops off Hodge's hand in the ensuing battle. Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide, sending the others to aid Clary. Meanwhile, Clary, Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask  Camille (imprisoned for Simon's unlawful death) about the Book of the White. In exchange for her help, Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire. Magnus, at his warlock loft, drafts the contract. The group then heads to Camille's apartment, where she believes the book was hidden by Dot. They do find the Book, but are then ambushed by the Circle. Jace arrives to fight Valentine, but they are all captured. Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends. Back at the Institute, the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn, who reunites with her daughter and Luke.

text: Jump up ^ The second episode, "The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy", was released online on January 12, 2016, after the premiere of the first episode.[6]

tag: ol

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)141"This Guilty Blood"Matt HastingsMichael ReiszJanuary 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)267314-141.19[19]
Jace is held captive on Valentine's ship. He attempts to kill Valentine, but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine's thugs under glamour, and Jace is whipped for disloyalty. Maryse goes behind Lydia's back to the Clave, and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute. Clary's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive,  the Institute is put on lockdown, and Clary, Alec, and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search, but they do anyway. Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son, and she is shocked having believed that JC (Jonathan Christopher) had died in a fire with his father. Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace, and also about Alec's motivation in calling off the wedding. Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in-vitro using demon blood to make him stronger, this cause self-doubt in Jace. Valentine opens a portal to land, allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them. He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire, Jace refuses, but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation. When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow, Valentine steps in front of the shot. Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape.
152"A Door Into the Dark"Andy WolkY. Shireen RazackJanuary 9, 2017 (2017-01-09)267314-150.75[20]
Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace's life by explaining the effect Valentine's experiments had on him as a baby. Upset, Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine. With Clary missing, Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas, a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec's bond. Meanwhile at Camille's Indian residence, Simon and Magnus search for the vampire, whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce, and find some items from Magnus' past. With Dot's help, Jace and Clary flee Valentine's ship, but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose.
163"Parabatai Lost"Gregory SmithPeter BinswangerJanuary 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)267314-160.81[21]
Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic, but only Jace can save him. After escaping from Valentine's ship, Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute. Meanwhile, Jace is hunted by werewolves, including a girl named Maia, who believe he has killed one of their own. Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec's life. Magnus transports Alec to his loft, where Jace arrives to revive him. As the parabatai reunite, Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason.
174"Day of Wrath"Joe LazarovJamie GorenbergJanuary 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)267314-170.64[22]
Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones, where he encounters Hodge. Valentine arrives to break him out, but Jace fights back. Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing. Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others, but it infiltrates the Institute. Meanwhile, Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help. With Camille's grave dirt found at her house in India, an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave. At the Institute, a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn. The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it.
185"Dust and Shadows"Salli Richardson-WhitfieldZac HugJanuary 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)267314-180.58[23]
Jace is freed from the City of Bones, but Aldertree, still suspicious of Jace, bans him from the field of duty. Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell. Isabelle's wound from her possession is not healing, so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen. Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor: mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks. Jace, Isabelle, and Alec arrive to save her, but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape. Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother, but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother's memory. The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters, and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness.
196"Iron Sisters"Mike RohlAllison RymerFebruary 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)267314-190.65[24]
Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond. Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts. Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke's sister, Cleophas. To enter the Citadel, the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities; Clary passes, but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom. Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack. Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose: it can kill all demon-blooded creatures, including Downworlders. Clary shows Cleophas her runic power. Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship, despite their differences, but are surprised by Jace's appearance: he has left the Institute due to Aldertree's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus. Later, Cleophas kills Magdelena, an Iron Sister, and activates a Circle rune, indicating her allegiance to Valentine.
207"How Are Thou Fallen"Ben BrayHollie OvertonFebruary 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)267314-200.55[25]
Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary's rune-creating ability, then approaches Luke and Clary, but her brother is unwilling to trust her. Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia, and Isabelle, now addicted to yin fen, is caught by Magnus at the Hunter's Moon seeking the drug. She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission, and he tells her to go straight to the source: vampires themselves. Clary hears strange noises, and is convinced that Valentine is responsible. Alec, after going to Isabelle for advice, finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship. Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive, Jace, Clary, Luke, and Cleophas infiltrate his lair, and Clary creates a rune to free the angel. The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword.
218"Love is a Devil"Catriona McKenzieY. Shireen RazackFebruary 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)267314-210.67[26]
Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max's Rune Party at his loft, Magnus agrees. Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating. Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her. Max's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse, and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest. Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse. Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse, captures her and sends her to Idris. However, Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine. Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary's runic abilities, which Magnus identifies marks her as angel-blooded, and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself. Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her.
229"Bound by Blood"Matt HastingsPeter BinswangerFebruary 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)267314-220.52[27]
Clary's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone, a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse. Clary goes to Magnus, who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie. Maia, who fears Clary's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders, tries to kill her. A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed, while Magnus and Luke disagree. Alec is searching for Isabelle, and Magnus, having figured out her yin fen addiction, sends him to Raphael. Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on, and the siblings quarrel; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael. Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary, but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine. Jace and Simon find and save Clary, but Simon is captured by Valentine.
2310"By the Light of Dawn"Joshua ButlerTodd Slavkin & Darren SwimmerMarch 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)267314-230.64[28]
Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine's behalf, killing many Shadowhunters, but sparing Alec. Jace, Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus'. She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine: he slits Simon's throat to draw her to the Institute. The group head to the Institute, and Clary, who goes to feed Simon to heal him, is revealed to be a glamoured Jace. Magnus finds and comforts Madzie. Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in, killing all of them. Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace's father. Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath, and upon finding him safe, the two profess their love for each other. Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned. Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black.
2411"Mea Maxima Culpa"Matt HastingsMichael ReiszJune 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)267314-240.71[29]
The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup. The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup. The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke. Isabelle, in the throes of yin fen withdrawal, seeks out Raphael for help, but he refuses to feed on her. She is attacked by Azazel, but is saved by a new Shadowhunter, Sebastian Verlac. Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight. Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel. Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon, and he reveals they are not related. Luke's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions. Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction. Upon Alec's request, Magnus summons Azazel, with Valentine as bait. But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine.
2512"You Are Not Your Own"Bille WoodruffJamie GorenbergJune 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)267314-250.55[30]
Azazel has cast a body-swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine. Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still-at-large Azazel; Alec heads to Magnus' loft for help with tracking the demon. When Alec arrives, Azazel attacks him but is vanquished, leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another's bodies. Magnus, in Valentine's body, is locked up in the Institute; he tries to explain the body-swap to Alec, but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine's place for information about the Mortal Cup. Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter. Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders, but Valentine, masquerading as Magnus, has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus' loft. The demands are met, and the body-swapping spell is undone. At the last second, Clary pushes Valentine, now back in his own body, through a portal back to the cells at the Institute. Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath.
2613"Those of Demon Blood"Michael GoiZac HugJune 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)267314-260.59[31]
Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut-off. Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute. Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he isn't involved in the killings; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave. Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts, Alec vehemently disagrees, but Jace seems amenable to the idea. Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor. Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute. Jace heads to the Hunter's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped. Luke, angered at the Shadowhunters' behaviour, tells Jace to leave. An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot. Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer, Max follows her and is kidnapped. With Meliorn's help, they find Max and kill the culprit, a Seelie named Kaelie. Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute. Alec apologises to Magnus, and the two reconcile. Jace, on Alec's orders, de-chips Maia, and the two sleep together.
2714"The Fair Folk"Chris GrismerTaylor MalloryJune 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)267314-270.67[32]
Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court; Simon insists on joining them. At the Institute, Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet, a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks, vampires, Seelies, and werewolves. Alec discusses the Institute's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus, Luke, Meliorn and Raphael. Maryse is back in town; her and Isabelle discuss her father's infidelity and Isabelle's yin fen addiction. They reconcile. At the Seelie Court, the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace. An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke. Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine, but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec. Alec decides not to press charges. Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses. Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair. Hearing a noise from a closet, he threatens a bound man he has kept inside.
2815"A Problem of Memory"Peter DeLuiseAllison RymerJuly 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)267314-280.46[33]
Alec is worried about Magnus' wellbeing, he questions Magnus, but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss. Simon breaks up with Clary, and Isabelle comforts her. That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder's Den, where vampires bite mundanes to get high; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit. Sebastian's cousin, Aline, arrives at the New York Institute; the man captive in Sebastian's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian. After being arrested by Luke's police partner Ollie, Simon returns to the Bleeder's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl. As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine's body, Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother, dead. He finally confesses his struggles to Alec, who consoles him. The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline, but his captor kills him before he can reach her. The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris, but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian's apartment. Sebastian's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine "father".
2916"Day of Atonement"Paul WesleyPeter BinswangerJuly 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)267314-290.59[34]
Sebastian holds Valentine captive; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him. Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood. Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris. Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive. Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert, sends Isabelle to find him. Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn. The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted. Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld. Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him. With information they found at the cabin, Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive.
3017"A Dark Reflection"Jeffrey HuntHollie OvertonJuly 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)267314-300.60[35]
Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword, thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments, he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror. Luke receives a message from Cleophas, still Valentine's captive, that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword; he shares the information with Magnus. Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him. No longer able to trust the Clave, he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen. Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance. Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine, as it pits him against his sister, Clary. Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror. With the help of Dot, they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian. Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape. Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian. He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge.
3118"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"Amanda RowJamie GorenbergJuly 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)267314-310.63[36]
Max lies in a coma following Jonathan's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside. Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen, who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine, even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters. Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide. Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror. Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him. Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute. However, her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it, and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris.
3219"Hail and Farewell"Matt HastingsBryan Q. MillerAugust 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)267314-320.60[37]
Isabelle, Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon. Jace kills the demon. Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris. The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine. Maia and Simon are dating.
3320"Beside Still Water"Matt HastingsTodd Slavkin & Darren SwimmerAugust 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)267314-330.59[38]
The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan, and using his blood, he summoned the wraith demons. Meanhwhile, Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia's abduction, and in the final battle, Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace. Clary, in a fit of rage, stabs Valentine, finally killing him. With Raziel's summoning, Clary wishes for Jace's resurrection. At the end, Magnus and Alec get back together.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)341"On Infernal Ground"Matt HastingsTodd Slavkin & Darren SwimmerMarch 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)267314-340.49[39]
Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn. An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes. Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen.
352"The Powers That Be"Peter DeLuisePeter BinswangerMarch 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)267314-350.44[40]
Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date. Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted, he and Alec work together to try and fix it.
363"What Lies Beneath"Amanda RowAlex SchemmerApril 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)267314-360.46[41]
Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus' in which she reveals news which upsets him. Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss. Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him.
374"Thy Soul Instructed"Emile LevisettiJamie GorenbergApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)267314-370.35[42]
Jace's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality. Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate, who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon. Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control.
385"Stronger Than Heaven"Geoff ShotzBrian MillikinApril 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)267314-380.30[43]
Alec learns more about Magnus' past after asking to move in. To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels. She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important. Jace is suspicious of Simons well  timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf.
396"A Window Into an Empty Room"Alexis KorycinskAisha Porter-ChristieApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)267314-390.43[44]
Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved. Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus' past appears to help them. Simon tries to make amends to visitor who won't seem to leave him alone. The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon. While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie, Luke comes along and helps. The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed.
407"Salt in the Wound"Joshua ButlerCeleste VasquezMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)267314-400.42[45]
Following the reveal of the Owl's identity, Jace and Clary fight upon the roof. Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute. Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him. Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn. Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing. The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him. Alec, Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office. They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time. While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan; they dated and eventually he turned her. Simon and Luke investigate Lilith's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith's children to salt.
418"A Heart of Darkness"Ari SandelJamie GorenbergMay 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)267314-410.42[46]
Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel's wish to resurrect Jace. After this revelation, Penhallow sentences her to death. Simon, Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts. Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain. Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her, Lilith goes to the Seelie realm. In order to preserve her life, the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is. Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace's mind in hopes breaking Lilith's control over him. When he is found, Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself. Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith's control but Alec promises to get him out. Before they can, Lilith arrives. She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace.
429"Familia Ante Omnia"Matt HastingsTaylor MalloryMay 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)267314-420.37[47]
Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon, so Clary resurrects him using a rune. Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage; once there, he feeds on his sister Rebecca, revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister. Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave. Jace takes Valentine's flesh but still needs Clary's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan.
4310"Erchomai"Jeff HuntBryan Q. MillerMay 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)267314-430.31[47]
Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace. Simon enchants his mother, making her think that he is dead, but his sister forgives him and offers him help. Jace and Alec fight, but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession, revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone. Simon goads Lilith into attacking him, which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom, but causes a huge explosion. Just before the explosion, Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness, he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her.
4411"Lost Souls"[48]Matt Hastings[49]TBA2019 (2019)267314-44TBD
4512"Original Sin"[50]Matt Hastings[51]TBA2019 (2019)267314-45TBD
4613"Beati Bellicosi"[52]Paul Wesley[53]TBA2019 (2019)267314-46TBD
4714"A Kiss from a Rose"[54]Salli Richardson-Whitfield[55]Zoe Broad[56]2019 (2019)267314-47TBD
4815"To the Night Children"[57]Siluck Saysanasy[51]TBA2019 (2019)267314-48TBD
4916"Stay With Me"[58]Amanda Row[59]Aisha Porter-Christie[59]2019 (2019)267314-49TBD
5017"Heavenly Fire"[60]Shannon Kohli[61]Celeste Vasquez[61]2019 (2019)267314-50TBD
5118"The Beast Within"[62]Joshua Butler[63]Taylor Mallory[64]2019 (2019)267314-51TBD
5219"Aku Cinta Kamu"[65]Todd Slavkin[66]Jamie Gorenberg[67]2019 (2019)267314-52TBD
5320"City of Glass"[68]Matt Hastings[69]Bryan Q. Miller[69]2019 (2019)267314-53TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"The Mortal Cup"

January 12, 2016
0.8
1.82[5]
0.4
0.88
1.2
2.70[70]

2

"The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy"

January 19, 2016
0.4
1.01[7]
0.3
0.75
0.7
1.76[71]

3

"Dead Man's Party"

January 26, 2016
0.5
0.98[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4

"Raising Hell"

February 2, 2016
0.4
0.96[9]
0.4
0.93
0.8
1.89[72]

5

"Moo Shu to Go"

February 9, 2016
0.4
0.95[10]
0.4
0.75
0.8
1.70[73]

6

"Of Men and Angels"

February 16, 2016
0.4
0.98[11]
0.4
N/A
0.8[74]
N/A

7

"Major Arcana"

February 23, 2016
0.4
0.84[12]
0.3
0.72
0.7
1.56[75]

8

"Bad Blood"

March 1, 2016
0.4
0.87[13]
0.3
0.74
0.7
1.61[76]

9

"Rise Up"

March 8, 2016
0.4
0.95[14]
0.3
0.77
0.7
1.72[77]

10

"This World Inverted"

March 15, 2016
0.3
0.78[15]
0.4
0.74
0.7
1.52[78]

11

"Blood Calls to Blood"

March 22, 2016
0.3
0.78[16]
0.3
N/A
0.6[79]
N/A

12

"Malec"

March 29, 2016
0.3
0.82[17]
0.3
N/A
0.6[80]
N/A

13

"Morning Star"

April 5, 2016
0.3
0.76[18]
0.3
N/A
0.6[81]
N/A

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"This Guilty Blood"

January 2, 2017
0.4
1.19[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2

"A Door Into the Dark"

January 9, 2017
0.3
0.75[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3

"Parabatai Lost"

January 16, 2017
0.3
0.81[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4

"Day of Wrath"

January 23, 2017
0.3
0.64[22]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.19[82]

5

"Dust and Shadows"

January 30, 2017
0.2
0.58[23]
0.3
N/A
0.5[83]
N/A

6

"Iron Sisters"

February 6, 2017
0.3
0.65[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7

"How Are Thou Fallen"

February 13, 2017
0.2
0.55[25]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8

"Love is the Devil"

February 20, 2017
0.3
0.67[26]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9

"Bound by Blood"

February 27, 2017
0.2
0.52[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10

"By the Light of Dawn"

March 6, 2017
0.3
0.64[28]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11

"Mea Maxima Culpa"

June 5, 2017
0.3
0.71[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12

"You Are Not Your Own"

June 12, 2017
0.2
0.55[30]
0.2
0.44
0.4
0.99[84]

13

"Those of Demon Blood"

June 19, 2017
0.2
0.59[31]
0.2
N/A
0.4[85]
N/A

14

"The Fair Folk"

June 26, 2017
0.3
0.67[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15

"A Problem of Memory"

July 10, 2017
0.2
0.46[33]
0.2
0.47
0.4
0.92[86]

16

"Day of Atonement"

July 17, 2017
0.2
0.59[34]
0.2
N/A
0.4[87]
N/A

17

"A Dark Reflection"

July 24, 2017
0.2
0.60[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

18

"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"

July 31, 2017
0.3
0.63[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

19

"Hail and Farewell"

August 7, 2017
0.2
0.60[37]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

20

"Beside Still Water"

August 14, 2017
0.2
0.59[38]
N/A
0.52
N/A
1.11[88]

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"On Infernal Ground"

March 20, 2018
0.2
0.49[39]
N/A
0.51
N/A
1.01[89]

2

"The Powers That Be"

March 27, 2018
0.2
0.44[40]
N/A
0.43
N/A
0.88[90]

3

"What Lies Beneath"

April 3, 2018
0.2
0.46[41]
0.2
N/A
0.4[91]
N/A

4

"Thy Soul Instructed"

April 10, 2018
0.1
0.35[42]
0.2
0.46
0.3
0.81[92]

5

"Stronger Than Heaven"

April 17, 2018
0.1
0.30[43]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6

"A Window Into an Empty Room"

April 24, 2018
0.2
0.43[44]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7

"Salt in the Wound"

May 1, 2018
0.2
0.42[45]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8

"A Heart of Darkness"

May 8, 2018
0.2
0.42[46]
0.2
0.41
0.4
0.83[93]

9

"Familia Onte Omnia"

May 15, 2018
0.1
0.37[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10

"Erchomai"

May 15, 2018
0.1
0.31[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: All Is Fair in Love and War

question_text: who said that everything is fair in love and war

root

text: All Is Fair in Love and War

text: All Is Fair in Love and War may refer to:

tag: p

text:
"All is fair in love and war", a proverb attributed to John Lyly's Euphues
All Is Fair in Love and War (album), an album by Blessed by a Broken Heart
"All Is Fair in Love and War" (song), a song by Ronnie Milsap

tag: ul

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title All Is Fair in Love and War.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Java (programming language)

question_text: who is the inventor of java programming language

question_tokens: who is the inventor of java programming language

text: Java (programming language)

text: History

text: James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.[26] Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.[27] The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee.[28] Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar.[29]

text: Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996.[30] It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification.[31] With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.

text: In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process.[32][33][34] Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process.[35] At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.

text: On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.[36]

text: Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an "evangelist".[37] Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the "steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency".[38] This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see Google section below). Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers.[39] On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.[40]

text: In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java runtime environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.[41]

text: Principles

text: There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:[17]

text:
It must be "simple, object-oriented, and familiar".
It must be "robust and secure".
It must be "architecture-neutral and portable".
It must execute with "high performance".
It must be "interpreted, threaded, and dynamic".

text: Versions

text: As of  20 March 2018[update], both Java 8 and 11 are officially supported. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:

text:
JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)[42]
JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)
J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)
J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)
J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)
J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)
Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)
Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)
Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014)
Java SE 9 (September 21, 2017)
Java SE 10 (March 20, 2018)
Java SE 11 (September 25, 2018)[43]

text: Editions

text:
Java platform editions
Java Card
Micro Edition (ME)
Standard Edition (SE)
Enterprise Edition (EE)
JavaFX (bundled in JRE from 8 to 10 but separately for JavaFX 1.x, 2.x and 11)
PersonalJava (discontinued)
vte

text: Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are:

text:
Java Card for smartcards.[44]
Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) – targeting environments with limited resources.[45]
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) – targeting workstation environments.[46]
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) – targeting large distributed enterprise or Internet environments.[47]

text: The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, and exceptions. Refer to the separate platforms for a description of the packages available.[relevant to this section?  – discuss]

text: Sun also provided an edition called PersonalJava that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings.

text: Execution System

text: Java JVM and Bytecode

text:
One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate runtime support.
This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java applications, or in a web browser for Java applets.

text: Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.

text: The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile bytecodes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine for it, which translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language.[48]

text: Performance

text: Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++.[49][50] However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1,[51] the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock free implementations of the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6.

text: Non-JVM

text: Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are microcontrollers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine,[52] and some ARM based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.

text: Automatic memory management

text: Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a nonexistent object are called, a "null pointer exception" is thrown.[53][54]

text: One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and complexity. Note that garbage collection does not prevent "logical" memory leaks, i.e., those where the memory is still referenced but never used.

text: Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.

text: Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses and unsigned integers (usually long integers) can be used interchangeably. This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.

text: As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons.

text: Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the parallel scavenge garbage collector.[55] However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap. For 90% of applications in Java, the Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS) garbage collector is sufficient.[56] Oracle aims to replace CMS with the Garbage-First collector (G1).[57]

text: Syntax

text: The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language.[17] All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the printf method).

text: Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading[58] or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces.[59]

text: Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE.

text: "Hello world" example

text: The traditional "Hello, world!" program can be written in Java as:[60]

text: Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorldApp.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorldApp.class. Only then can it be executed, or "launched". The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with other than public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file contains multiple classes, make one class "public" and name the source file with that public class name.

text: A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer.

text: The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers include the keywords private and protected.

text: The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are not designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class to operate.

text: The keyword void indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly.

text: The method name "main" is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a main() method. A Java program may contain multiple classes that have main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class to launch from.

text: The main method must accept an array of String objects. By convention, it is referenced as args although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java 5, the main method can also use variable arguments, in the form of public static void main(String... args), allowing the main method to be invoked with an arbitrary number of String arguments. The effect of this alternate declaration is semantically identical (to the args parameter which is still an array of String objects), but it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array.

text: The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its public static void main(String[]) method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The String[] args parameter is an array of String objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to main are often passed by means of a command line.

text: Printing is part of a Java standard library: The System class defines a public static field called out. The out object is an instance of the PrintStream class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including println(String) which also appends a new line to the passed string.

text: The string "Hello World!" is automatically converted to a String object by the compiler.

text: Example with methods

text: Special classes

text: Applet

text: Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser.  The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 9 in 2017.

text: Servlet

text: Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses (typically HTML pages) to requests (typically HTTP requests) from clients.

text: The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded by two standard Java technologies for web services:

text:
the Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST services, and
the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) useful for  SOAP Web Services.

text: JavaServer Pages

text: JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet, a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response.

text: Swing application

text: Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of the underlying platforms.

text: Generics

text: In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors (ClassCastException's) from occurring, it would be type safe.

text: In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound.[61]

text: Criticism

text: Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics,[62] speed,[63] the handling of unsigned numbers,[64] the implementation of floating-point arithmetic,[65] and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot.[66]

text: Class libraries

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy.[when?] The class library contains features such as:

text:
The core libraries, which include:
IO/NIO
Networking
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
Functional programming (Lambda, Streaming)
Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries, trees, sets, queues and double-ended queue, or stacks[67]
XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
Security[68]
Internationalization and localization libraries[69]
The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
RMI and CORBA for distributed application development
JMX for managing and monitoring applications
User interface libraries, which include:
The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling events from those components
The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native) implementations of the AWT widgetry
APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
JavaFX
A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means by which the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third party applications are executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end users across the Internet
Licensing and documentation

text: Documentation

text: Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers[by whom?]. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and */, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are set off with the delimiters /* and */.[70]

text: Implementations

text: Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for XP, while only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organization, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard.

text: The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger.

text: OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.

text: The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be "compatible". This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun.[71] As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows.

text: Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications.

text: Use outside the Java platform

text: The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed.

text: Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications with its own GUI system. The Eclipse IDE platform supports Java, but provides its own GUI system SWT.

text: Android

text:
The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android, built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications. The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.
Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime.

text: Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony).

text: Controversy

text: The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices.[72] District Judge William Haskell Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted,[73] but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014.[74] On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use.[75]


document_title: Decanter

question_text: what is the purpose of a whisky decanter

text: Decanter

text: History[edit]

text: Throughout the history of wine, decanters have played a significant role in the serving of wine. The vessels would be filled with wine from amphoras and brought to the table where they could be more easily handled by a single servant. The Ancient Romans pioneered the use of glass as a material. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, glass production became scarce causing the majority of decanters to be made of bronze, silver, gold, or earthenware. The Venetians reintroduced glass decanters during the Renaissance period and pioneered the style of a long slender neck that opens to a wide body, increasing the exposed surface area of the wine, allowing it to react with air. In the 1730s, British glass makers introduced the stopper to limit exposure to air. Since then, there has been little change to the basic design of the decanter.[1]

text: Although conceived for wine, other alcoholic beverages, such as cognac or single malt Scotch whisky, are often stored and served in stoppered decanters. Certain cognacs and malt whiskies are sold in decanters such as the 50-year-old single malt Dalmore or the Bowmore Distillery 22 Year Old.

text: Decanting process[edit]

text: Liquid from another vessel is poured into the decanter in order to separate a small volume of liquid, containing the sediment, from a larger volume of "clear" liquid, which is free of such. In the process, the sediment is left in the original vessel, and the clear liquid is transferred to the decanter. This is analogous to racking, but performed just before serving.

text: Decanters have been used for serving wines that are laden with sediments in the original bottle. These sediments could be the result of a very old wine or one that was not filtered or clarified during the winemaking process. In most modern winemaking, the need to decant for this purpose has been significantly reduced, because many wines no longer produce a significant amount of sediment as they age.[1]

text: Aeration[edit]

text: Another reason for decanting wine is to aerate it, or allow it to "breathe". The decanter is meant to mimic the effects of swirling the wine glass to stimulate the oxidation processes which trigger the release of more aromatic compounds. In addition it is thought to benefit the wine by smoothing some of the harsher aspects of the wine (like tannins or potential wine faults like mercaptans). Many wine writers, such as author Karen MacNeil in the book The Wine Bible, advocate decanting for the purposes of aeration, especially with very tannic wines like Barolo, Bordeaux, Cabernet Sauvignon, Port, and Rhône wines while noting that decanting could be harmful for more delicate wines like Chianti and Pinot noir.[2]

text: However, the effectiveness of decanting is a topic of debate, with some wine experts such as oenologist Émile Peynaud claiming that the prolonged exposure to oxygen actually diffuses and dissipates more aroma compounds than it stimulates, in contrast to the effects of the smaller scale exposure and immediate release that swirling the wine in a drinker's glass has.[1] In addition it has been reported that the process of decanting over a period of a few hours does not have the effect of softening tannins. The softening of tannins occurs during the winemaking and oak aging when tannins go through a process of polymerization that can last days or weeks; decanting merely alters the perception of sulfites and other chemical compounds in the wine through oxidation, which can give some drinkers the sense of softer tannins in the wine.[3] In line with the view that decanting can dissipate aromas, wine expert Kerin O'Keefe prefers to let the wine evolve slowly and naturally in the bottle, by uncorking it a few hours ahead, a practice suggested by wine producers such as Bartolo Mascarello and Franco Biondi Santi. [4]

text: Other wine experts, such as writer Jancis Robinson, tout the aesthetic value of using a decanter, especially one with an elegant design and made with clear glass, and believe that for all but the most fragile of wines that there is not much significant damage to the wine by decanting it.[5] A decanter can also be used to present wine anonymously.


document_title: List of United States Representatives from Mississippi

question_text: who represents mississippi in the house of representatives

text: Current representatives[edit]

text:
Mississippi's 1st district: Trent Kelly (R) (since 2015)
Mississippi's 2nd district: Bennie Thompson (D) (since 1993)
Mississippi's 3rd district: Gregg Harper (R) (since 2009)
Mississippi's 4th district: Steven Palazzo (R) (since 2011)

text: List of representatives[edit]

text:
Buns
Years
Party
District
Notes

Thomas G. Abernethy
January 3, 1943 –
January 3, 1953
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1973
1st

Stephen Adams
March 4, 1845 –
March 4, 1847
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

John Allen
March 4, 1885 –
March 4, 1901
Democratic
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

Chapman L. Anderson
March 4, 1887 –
March 4, 1891
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Ethelbert Barksdale
March 4, 1883 –
March 4, 1887
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

William Barksdale
March 4, 1853 –
March 4, 1855
Democratic
At-large
Withdrew

March 4, 1855 –
January 12, 1861
3rd

Frederick G. Barry
March 4, 1885 –
March 4, 1889
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Henry W. Barry
February 23, 1870 –
March 4, 1875
Republican
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

William T. S. Barry
March 4, 1853 –
March 4, 1855
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Joseph H. Beeman
March 4, 1891 –
March 4, 1893
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Hendley Bennett
March 4, 1855 –
March 4, 1857
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

David R. Bowen
January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1983
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Eaton Bowers
March 4, 1903 –
March 4, 1911
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Albert G. Brown
March 4, 1839 –
March 4, 1841
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1847 –
March 4, 1853
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

T. Jeff Busby
March 4, 1923 –
January 3, 1935
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Adam M. Byrd
March 4, 1903 –
March 4, 1911
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Harry Cage
March 4, 1833 –
March 4, 1835
Jacksonian
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Ezekiel S. Candler, Jr.
March 4, 1901 –
March 4, 1921
Democratic
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

Thomas C. Catchings
March 4, 1885 –
March 4, 1901
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

James R. Chalmers
March 4, 1877 –
April 29, 1882
Democratic
6th
Lost contested election

June 25, 1884 –
March 4, 1885
Independent
2nd
Seated after contested election with Van H. Manning

Travis Childers
May 13, 2008 –
January 3, 2011
Democratic
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

John F. H. Claiborne
March 4, 1835 –
March 4, 1837
Jacksonian
At-large
Failure to elect, seat declared vacant

March 4, 1837 –
February 5, 1838
Democratic

Thad Cochran
January 3, 1973 –
December 26, 1978
Republican
4th
Resigned after being elected to the US Senate, took seat on early appointment

James Collier
March 4, 1909 –
March 4, 1933
Democratic
8th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Ross A. Collins
March 4, 1921 –
January 3, 1935
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1937 –
January 3, 1943
[Data unknown/missing.]

William M. Colmer
March 4, 1933 –
January 3, 1963
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1963 –
January 3, 1973
5th

Jefferson Davis
March 4, 1845 –
June ??, 1846
Democratic
At-large
Resigned to command regiment in Mexican–American War

Reuben Davis
March 4, 1857 –
January 12, 1861
Democratic
2nd
Withdrew

Walter Denny
March 4, 1895 –
March 4, 1897
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

David Dickson
March 4, 1835 –
July 31, 1836
Anti-Jacksonian
At-large
Died

William A. Dickson
March 4, 1909 –
March 4, 1913
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Wayne Dowdy
January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1989
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Wall Doxey
March 4, 1929 –
September 23, 1941
Democratic
2nd
Resigned after being elected to the US Senate

Aubert C. Dunn
January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1937
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Henry T. Ellett
January 26, 1847 –
March 4, 1847
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Lawrence R. Ellzey
March 15, 1932 –
January 3, 1935
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Mike Espy
January 3, 1987 –
January 22, 1993
Democratic
2nd
Resigned after being appointed as United States Secretary of Agriculture

Winfield S. Featherston
March 4, 1847 –
March 4, 1851
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Aaron L. Ford
January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1943
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Andrew F. Fox
March 4, 1897 –
March 4, 1903
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

William W. Franklin
January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1987
Republican
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

John D. Freeman
March 4, 1851 –
March 4, 1853
Unionist
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Samuel J. Gholson
December 1, 1836 –
March 4, 1837
Jacksonian
At-large
Failure to elect, seat declared vacant

March 4, 1837 –
February 5, 1838
Democratic

Charles H. Griffin
March 12, 1968 –
January 3, 1973
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

William M. Gwin
March 4, 1841 –
March 4, 1843
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

William Haile
July 10, 1826 –
July 10, 1828
Jacksonian
At-large
Resigned

Robert S. Hall
March 4, 1929 –
March 4, 1933
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

William H. Hammett
March 4, 1843 –
March 4, 1845
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Gregg Harper
January 3, 2009 –
present
Republican
3rd
Incumbent

George E. Harris
February 23, 1870 –
March 4, 1873
Republican
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

Wiley P. Harris
March 4, 1853 –
March 4, 1855
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Pat Harrison
March 4, 1911 –
March 4, 1919
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Patrick Henry
March 4, 1897 –
March 4, 1901
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1901 –
March 4, 1903
3rd

Wilson S. Hill
March 4, 1903 –
March 4, 1909
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Thomas Hinds
October 21, 1828 –
March 4, 1831
Jacksonian
At-large
Resigned

Jon Hinson
January 3, 1979 –
July 7, 1981
Republican
4th
Resigned

Charles E. Hooker
March 4, 1875 –
March 4, 1883
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1887 –
March 4, 1895
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1901 –
March 4, 1903
[Data unknown/missing.]

Albert Howe
March 4, 1873 –
March 4, 1875
Republican
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Benjamin G. Humphreys
March 4, 1903 –
October 16, 1923
Democratic
3rd
Died

William Y. Humphreys
November 27, 1923 –
March 4, 1925
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Elza Jeffords
March 4, 1883 –
March 4, 1885
Republican
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Paul B. Johnson, Sr.
March 4, 1919 –
March 4, 1923
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Trent Kelly
June 2, 2015 –
present
Republican
1st
Incumbent

John C. Kyle
March 4, 1891 –
March 4, 1897
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

William A. Lake
March 4, 1855 –
March 4, 1857
Know Nothing
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

L. Q. C. Lamar
March 4, 1857 –
December ??, 1860
Democratic
1st
Retired to become a member of the secession convention of Mississippi

March 4, 1873 –
March 4, 1877
[Data unknown/missing.]

Clarke Lewis
March 4, 1889 –
March 4, 1893
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Trent Lott
January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1989
Republican
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

William Love
March 4, 1897 –
October 16, 1898
Democratic
6th
Died

Bill G. Lowrey
March 4, 1921 –
March 4, 1929
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

John R. Lynch
March 4, 1873 –
March 4, 1877
Republican
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

April 29, 1882 –
March 4, 1883
[Data unknown/missing.]

Van H. Manning
March 4, 1877 –
March 4, 1883
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Dan R. McGehee
January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1947
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

George C. McKee
March 4, 1869 –
March 4, 1873
Republican
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1873 –
March 4, 1875
5th

Frank McLain
December 12, 1898 –
March 4, 1903
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1903 –
March 4, 1909
7th

John Jones McRae
December 7, 1858 –
January 12, 1861
Democratic
5th
Withdrew

William McWillie
March 4, 1849 –
March 4, 1851
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Hernando D. Money
March 4, 1875 –
March 4, 1883
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1883 –
March 4, 1885
4th

March 4, 1893 –
March 4, 1897
[Data unknown/missing.]

Sonny Montgomery
January 3, 1967 –
January 3, 1973
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1997
3rd

James B. Morgan
March 4, 1885 –
March 4, 1891
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Joseph Morphis
March 4, 1870 –
March 4, 1873
Republican
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Henry Muldrow
March 4, 1877 –
March 4, 1885
Democratic
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

Benjamin Nabers
March 4, 1851 –
March 4, 1853
Unionist
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

Jason Niles
March 4, 1873 –
March 4, 1875
Republican
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Alan Nunnelee
January 3, 2011 –
February 6, 2015
Republican
1st
Died

Steven Palazzo
January 3, 2011 –
present
Republican
4th
Incumbent

Michael Parker
January 3, 1989 –
November 10, 1995
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

November 10, 1995 –
January 3, 1999
Republican

Legrand W. Perce
February 23, 1870 –
March 4, 1873
Republican
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Chip Pickering
January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 2009
Republican
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Franklin E. Plummer
March 4, 1831 –
March 4, 1835
Jacksonian
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

George Poindexter
December 10, 1817 –
March 4, 1819
Democratic-Republican
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Seargent S. Prentiss
May 29, 1838 –
March 4, 1839
Whig
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Percy Quin
March 4, 1913 –
February 4, 1932
Democratic
7th
Died

John A. Quitman
March 4, 1855 –
July 17, 1858
Democratic
5th
Died

Christopher Rankin
March 4, 1819 –
March 4, 1823
Democratic-Republican
At-large
Died

March 4, 1823 –
March 4, 1825
Jacksonian D-R

March 4, 1825 –
March 4, 1826
Jacksonian

John E. Rankin
March 4, 1921 –
January 3, 1953
Democratic
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

Robert W. Roberts
March 4, 1843 –
March 4, 1847
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Ronnie Shows
January 3, 1999 –
January 3, 2003
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Otho R. Singleton
March 4, 1853 –
March 4, 1855
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1857 –
January 12, 1861
4th
Withdrew

March 4, 1875 –
March 4, 1883
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1883 –
March 4, 1887
5th

Thomas U. Sisson
March 4, 1909 –
March 4, 1923
Democratic
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Frank E. Smith
January 3, 1951 –
November 14, 1962
Democratic
3rd
Resigned after being appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority

Larkin I. Smith
January 3, 1989 –
August 13, 1989
Republican
5th
Died

James G. Spencer
March 4, 1895 –
March 4, 1897
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Thomas Spight
July 5, 1898 –
March 4, 1911
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Hubert D. Stephens
March 4, 1911 –
March 4, 1921
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Thomas Stockdale
March 4, 1887 –
March 4, 1895
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

William V. Sullivan
March 4, 1897 –
May 31, 1898
Democratic
2nd
Resigned after being appointed to the US Senate

Gene Taylor
October 17, 1989 –
January 3, 2003
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 2003 –
January 3, 2011
4th

Bennie Thompson
April 13, 1993 –
present
Democratic
2nd
Incumbent

Jacob Thompson
March 4, 1839 –
March 4, 1847
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1847 –
March 4, 1851
1st

Patrick W. Tompkins
March 4, 1847 –
March 4, 1849
Whig
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Tilghman Tucker
March 4, 1843 –
March 4, 1845
Democratic
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Henry Van Eaton
March 4, 1883 –
March 4, 1887
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

William W. Venable
January 4, 1916 –
March 4, 1921
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Prentiss Walker
January 3, 1965 –
January 3, 1967
Republican
4th
[Data unknown/missing.]

Guilford Wells
March 4, 1875 –
March 4, 1877
Independent Republican
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Jamie Whitten
November 4, 1941 –
January 3, 1973
Democratic
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1995
1st

William M. Whittington
March 4, 1925 –
January 3, 1951
Democratic
3rd
[Data unknown/missing.]

Roger Wicker
January 3, 1995 –
December 31, 2007
Republican
1st
Resigned after being appointed to the US Senate

John A. Wilcox
March 4, 1851 –
March 4, 1853
Whig
2nd
[Data unknown/missing.]

John B. Williams
January 3, 1947 –
January 3, 1953
Democratic
7th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1963
4th

January 3, 1963 –
January 16, 1968
3rd
Resigned after being elected Governor

John S. Williams
March 4, 1893 –
March 4, 1903
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1903 –
March 4, 1909
8th

T. Webber Wilson
March 4, 1923 –
March 4, 1929
Democratic
6th
[Data unknown/missing.]

W. Arthur Winstead
January 3, 1943 –
January 3, 1963
Democratic
5th
[Data unknown/missing.]

January 3, 1963 –
January 3, 1965
4th

Samuel A. Witherspoon
March 4, 1911 –
November 24, 1915
Democratic
5th
Died

Thomas J. Word
May 29, 1838 –
March 4, 1839
Whig
At-large
[Data unknown/missing.]

Daniel B. Wright
March 4, 1853 –
March 4, 1857
Democratic
1st
[Data unknown/missing.]

text: Living former Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Mississippi[edit]

text: As of October 2016[update], there are twelve former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. State of Mississippi who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was Alan Nunnelee (2011–2015), who died in office on February 6, 2015.

text:
Representative
Term of office
District
Date of birth (and age)

Thad Cochran
1973–1978
1st
(1937-12-07) December 7, 1937 (age 80)

David R. Bowen
1973–1983
2nd
(1932-10-21) October 21, 1932 (age 85)

Trent Lott
1973–1989
5th
(1941-10-09) October 9, 1941 (age 76)

Wayne Dowdy
1981–1989
4th
(1943-07-27) July 27, 1943 (age 74)

Webb Franklin
1983–1987
2nd
(1941-12-13) December 13, 1941 (age 76)

Mike Espy
1987–1993
2nd
(1953-11-30) November 30, 1953 (age 64)

Michael Parker
1989–1999
4th
(1949-10-31) October 31, 1949 (age 68)

Gene Taylor
1989–2011
5th (1989–2011)
4th (2003–2011)
(1953-09-17) September 17, 1953 (age 64)

Roger Wicker
1995–2007
1st
(1951-07-05) July 5, 1951 (age 66)

Chip Pickering
1997–2009
3rd
(1963-08-10) August 10, 1963 (age 54)

Ronnie Shows
1999–2003
4th
(1947-01-26) January 26, 1947 (age 71)

Travis Childers
2008–2011
1st
(1958-03-29) March 29, 1958 (age 59)


document_title: Canon L lens

question_text: what do the colored rings on canon lenses mean

text: Canon L lens

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Most L series lenses share a number of common characteristics not found in Canon's line of lower-end lenses. L lenses tend to be more durable, incorporating dust and water-resistant rubber seals on some models. L lenses also contain optics of higher quality, with many lenses containing aspherically ground, fluorite or ultra-low dispersion glass elements. Their front elements do not rotate for the proper operation of some filters, such as circular polarizers. L lenses are often "fast", with maximum apertures commonly f/2.8 or f/4 and never exceeding f/5.6. Standard prime lenses have a much higher maximum aperture, with both of Canon's current 50mm and 85mm L lenses which open to f/1.2. All current L-series lenses have ultrasonic autofocus motors (USM) and extra communication pins, except for the specialist tilt-shift lenses which do not provide autofocus.

text: Larger sized L-lenses, such as the 70–200 mm, 100–400 mm zooms, and longer focal length primes (300 mm+), usually have an off-white barrel to reduce heat absorption under the sun that may otherwise affect the performance of the lens,[1] as well as to identify Canon's lenses (for example at sporting events), though these can be confused with Sony A and Pentax K-mount lenses which are also offered in (pure) white. However, shorter focal length L-lenses can be black (such as the Canon EF 24–70 mm f/2.8L) and all L-lens primes under 200 mm are black. L-lenses can be identified by the distinctive red ring on the lens barrel. The off-white colour of the lens barrel is not exclusive to L lenses, since the Canon 400mm f/4 DO non-L lens is off-white with a green ring.

text: Wide angle L-lenses typically have a gelatin filter holder on the mounting point of the lens, which allows the photographer to cut a small, square piece of gelatin out of a larger filter sheet and place it on the lens. On film cameras, these are typically used to correct the color temperature, but on digital cameras this is largely unnecessary, as the color temperature can be corrected in software. The mount is still commonly used for neutral density gelatin sheets though, especially on certain wide-angle lenses where the protruding front element precludes the use of any screw-in filters. Some telephoto L-lenses, such as the EF 70-200mm zoom lenses, or the EF 300mm f/4L IS USM do not have rear gelatin filter holders. Super-telephoto lenses such as the EF 500mm f/4L IS USM, or the EF 200mm f/2L IS USM have a rear 52mm drop-in filter holder which can be used to hold gelatin type filters.

text: Lenses[edit]

text: EF mount zoom lenses[edit]

text:
Name
Category
Min focal length mm
Max focal length mm
Max aperture at min focal length f/
Max aperture at max focal length f/
USM
IS
Current product

8-15mm f/4L USM fisheye
Wide-angle
8
15
4
4

11-24mm f/4L USM
Wide-angle
11
24
4
4

16-35mm f/2.8L USM
Wide-angle
16
35
2.8
2.8

16-35mm f/2.8L II USM
Wide-angle
16
35
2.8
2.8

16-35mm f/2.8L III USM
Wide-angle
16
35
2.8
2.8

16-35mm f/4L IS USM
Wide-angle
16
35
4
4

17-35mm f/2.8L USM
Wide-angle
17
35
2.8
2.8

17-40mm f/4.0L USM
Wide-angle
17
40
4
4

20-35mm f/2.8L
Wide-angle
20
35
2.8
2.8

24-70mm f/2.8L USM
Standard
24
70
2.8
2.8

24-70mm f/2.8L II USM
Standard
24
70
2.8
2.8

24-70mm f/4L IS USM
Standard
24
70
4
4

24-105mm f/4L IS USM
Standard
24
105
4
4

24-105mm f/4L IS II USM
Standard
24
105
4
4

28-70mm f/2.8L USM
Standard
28
70
2.8
2.8

28-80mm f/2.8-4.0L USM
Standard
28
80
2.8
4

28-300mm f/3.5-5.6L IS USM
Telephoto
28
300
3.5
5.6

35-350mm f/3.5-5.6L USM
Telephoto
35
350
3.5
5.6

50-200mm f/3.5-4.5L
Telephoto
50
200
3.5
4.5

70-200mm f/4.0L USM
Telephoto
70
200
4
4

70-200mm f/4.0L IS USM
Telephoto
70
200
4
4

70-200mm f/2.8L USM
Telephoto
70
200
2.8
2.8

70-200mm f/2.8L IS USM
Telephoto
70
200
2.8
2.8

70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM
Telephoto
70
200
2.8
2.8

70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM
Telephoto
70
300
4
5.6

80-200mm f/2.8L
Telephoto
80
200
2.8
2.8

100-300mm f/5.6L
Telephoto
100
300
5.6
5.6

100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS USM
Telephoto
100
400
4.5
5.6

100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM
Telephoto
100
400
4.5
5.6

200-400mm f/4L IS USM 1.4x Extender
Telephoto
200
400
4
4

text: EF mount prime lenses[edit]

text:
Name
Category
Focal length mm
Max aperture f/
USM
IS
Current product

14mm f/2.8L USM
Wide-angle
14
2.8

14mm f/2.8L II USM
Wide-angle
14
2.8

24mm f/1.4L USM
Wide-angle
24
1.4

24mm f/1.4L II USM
Wide-angle
24
1.4

35mm f/1.4L USM
Wide-angle
35
1.4

35mm f/1.4L II USM
Wide-angle
35
1.4

50mm f/1.0L USM
Standard
50
1

50mm f/1.2L USM
Standard
50
1.2

85mm f/1.2L USM
Medium telephoto
85
1.2

85mm f/1.2L II USM
Medium telephoto
85
1.2

85mm f/1.4L IS USM
Medium telephoto
85
1.4

135mm f/2.0L USM
Telephoto
135
2

200mm f/1.8L USM
Telephoto
200
1.8

200mm f/2.0L IS USM
Telephoto
200
2

200mm f/2.8L USM
Telephoto
200
2.8

200mm f/2.8L II USM
Telephoto
200
2.8

300mm f/2.8L USM
Telephoto
300
2.8

300mm f/2.8L IS USM
Telephoto
300
2.8

300mm f/2.8L IS II USM
Telephoto
300
2.8

300mm f/4.0L USM
Telephoto
300
4

300mm f/4.0L IS USM
Telephoto
300
4

400mm f/2.8L USM
Super-telephoto
400
2.8

400mm f/2.8L II USM
Super-telephoto
400
2.8

400mm f/2.8L IS USM
Super-telephoto
400
2.8

400mm f/2.8L IS II USM
Super-telephoto
400
2.8

400mm f/5.6L USM
Super-telephoto
400
5.6

500mm f/4.5L USM
Super-telephoto
500
4.5

500mm f/4.0L IS USM
Super-telephoto
500
4

500mm f/4.0L IS II USM
Super-telephoto
500
4

600mm f/4.0L USM
Super-telephoto
600
4

600mm f/4.0L IS USM
Super-telephoto
600
4

600mm f/4.0L IS II USM
Super-telephoto
600
4

800mm f/5.6L IS USM
Super-telephoto
800
5.6

1200mm f/5.6L USM
Super-telephoto
1200
5.6

100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM
Macro
100
2.8

180mm f/3.5L Macro USM
Macro
180
3.5

17mm f/4.0L Tilt-Shift
Tilt-shift
17
4

24mm f/3.5L Tilt-Shift
Tilt-shift
24
3.5

24mm f/3.5L II Tilt-Shift
Tilt-shift
24
3.5

50mm f/2.8L MACRO Tilt-Shift
Tilt-shift
50
2.8

90mm f/2.8L MACRO Tilt-Shift
Tilt-shift
90
2.8

135mm f/4L MACRO Tilt-Shift
Tilt-shift
135
4

text: Canon lens codes[edit]

text: On the back of Canon lenses is a six-digit code, which indicates where the lens was manufactured and when.

text: Example of a code "UV1212"

text: The first letter, 'U', represents the factory that made the lens. Three possible first letters are:

text:
U
=
Utsunomiya

F
=
Fukushima

O
=
Ōita

text: The second letter, 'V', represents the year of manufacture

text:
A
=
1960,
1986,
2012

B
=
1961,
1987,
2013

C
=
1962,
1988,
2014

D
=
1963,
1989,
2015

E
=
1964,
1990,
2016

F
=
1965,
1991,
2017

G
=
1966,
1992

H
=
1967,
1993

I
=
1968,
1994

J
=
1969,
1995

K
=
1970,
1996

L
=
1971,
1997

M
=
1972,
1998

N
=
1973,
1999

O
=
1974,
2000

P
=
1975,
2001

Q
=
1976,
2002

R
=
1977,
2003

S
=
1978,
2004

T
=
1979,
2005

U
=
1980,
2006

V
=
1981,
2007

W
=
1982,
2008

X
=
1983,
2009

Y
=
1984,
2010

Z
=
1985,
2011

text: The next two digits represent the month of the lens is manufactured.

text: The last two digits are for internal Canon use.

text: Therefore, the example (pictured) of UV0512 means the lens was made in the Utsunomiya, Japan factory in May 2007.