document_title: United States Capitol

question_text: where was the first capital of the united states located

text: United States Capitol

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia (Independence Hall and Congress Hall), New York City (Federal Hall), and a number of other locations (York, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland; and Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey).[2] In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781.

text: After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, Pennsylvania, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,[3] and met in Annapolis, Maryland, and Trenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City.

text: The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,[4] when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready.[5]

text: Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city.[6] L'Enfant chose Jenkin's Hill as the site for the "Congress House", with a "grand avenue" (now Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting it with the President's House, and a public space containing a broader "grand avenue" (now the National Mall) stretching westward to the Potomac River (see: L'Enfant Plan).[7][8]

text: Name[edit]

text: In reviewing L'Enfant's plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the "Capitol" rather than "Congress House".[7] The word "Capitol" comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.[9][10] The connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear.[11] In addition to coming up with a city plan, L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President's House; however, he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners, and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol.[12]

text: Design competition[edit]

text: In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the "President's House", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City. At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time.[13] The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect.[14] However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.[15]

text: A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31, 1793, to much praise for its "Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty" by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design.[16][17] Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol (and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office).[18] In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic.[19] In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along with James Hoban (winning architect of the "President's Palace") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan. Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan, which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton.[20][21] The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan.[22]

text: The original design by Thornton was later modified by the famous British-American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Sr., and then Charles Bulfinch.[23] The current cast-iron dome and the House's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas U. Walter and August Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850s,[24] and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark.[25]

text: Construction[edit]

text: L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.[26] Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted.[20] On September 18, 1793, President George Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia, laid the cornerstone, which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley.[27][28]

text: Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the "President's House" (also later known as the "Executive Mansion"). Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15, 1794.[29] George Hadfield was hired on October 15, 1795, as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and quality of work done thus far.[30]

text: The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until the House of Representatives (south) wing was finally completed in 1811, with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would someday rise. However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17, 1800. The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely, at the urging of President John Adams, in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as President.[31]

text: Early religious use[edit]

text: For several decades, beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800, the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions. The first services were conducted in the "hall" of the House in the north wing of the building. In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing, called the "Oven," which it vacated in 1804, returning to the north wing for three years. Then, from 1807 to 1857, they were held in the then-House Chamber (now called Statuary Hall). When held in the House chamber, the Speaker's podium was used as the preacher's pulpit. According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic:

text: It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) and of James Madison (1809-1817) the state became the church. Within a year of his inauguration, Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Madison followed Jefferson's example, although unlike Jefferson, who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol, Madison came in a coach and four. Worship services in the House—a practice that continued until after the Civil War—were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary. Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared. (Catholic priests began officiating in 1826.) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist, Dorothy Ripley, delivered a camp meeting-style exhortation in the House to Jefferson, Vice President Aaron Burr, and a "crowded audience."[32]

text: War of 1812[edit]

text: Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812. George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819. During the reconstruction, Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol, a temporary structure financed by local investors. Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda, rising above the first low dome of the Capitol. Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor, Bulfinch, also played a major role, such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper.

text: The House and Senate Wings[edit]

text: By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held, and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added – a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north.[33]

text: When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s, some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves "who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks".[34] The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe; however, there was a poor response to recruitment efforts, and African Americans, some free and some enslaved, composed the majority of the work force.[35]

text: Capitol dome[edit]

text: The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol, dwarfing the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed by Charles Bulfinch and no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building. In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the "wedding-cake style" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed by Thomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers. Like Mansart's dome at "Les Invalides" (which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a large oculus in the inner dome, through which is seen "The Apotheosis of Washington" painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The "Statue of Freedom", a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. This statue was cast by a slave named Philip Reid. The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg).[36]

text: Later expansion[edit]

text: When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive visual weight, in turn, overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico, built in 1828. The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904, following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings, who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings.

text: The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958, with a 33.5 feet (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico.[citation needed] During this project, in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration.[37] A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front. (In 1962, a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall.) In the process, the Corinthian columns were removed. It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns, where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis, in Persia. Besides the columns, hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park.[38]

text: On December 19, 1960, the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service.[39] The building was ranked #6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects' "America's Favorite Architecture" list.[40] The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.[41] On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session. On September 18, 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted. U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony.

text: On June 20, 2000, ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center, which opened on December 2, 2008.[42] From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol. Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as an underground service tunnel.

text: A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.[43] As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed. Before the August 2012 recess, the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. The House wanted to spend less on government operations,[37] but in late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014.[44] Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014, enclosing and obscuring the dome.[43] All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016.[45]

text: Interior[edit]

text: The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure (which also includes, the older original smaller center flanked by the two original (designed 1793, occupied 1800) smaller two wings (inner north) and inner south) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives (between 1800 and late 1850s) and then flanked by two further extended (newer) wings, one also for each chamber of the larger, more populous Congress: the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber. Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives. It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style.

text: Underground tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex. All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S (for Senate) or H (for House), depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol.

text: Art[edit]

text: The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States, beginning in 1856 with Italian/Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as the Brumidi Corridors,[46] reflect great moments and people in United States history. Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin, John Fitch, Robert Fulton, and events such as the Cession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis, the Moon landing, and the Space Shuttle Challenger shuttle crew.

text: Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome, and also the famous Frieze of American History.[47] The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father. Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring. The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers's flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists: Brumidi, Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, and Allyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History.

text: Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman, The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir, The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell, and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn. The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull: Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.

text: First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing.[48]

text: The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959. The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center. The 100th, and last statue for the collection, that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico, was added on September 22, 2005. It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall.

text: Crypt[edit]

text: On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington, with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his last will, Washington was buried at Mount Vernon. The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE, NW, SE, or SW). However, due to the retrocession of the Virginia portions of the District, the geographic center of the city lies near the White House.

text: Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block of marble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908, and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer, Jr., and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library, in the same year. The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.[49] Borglum was a patriot; believing that the "monuments we have built are not our own," he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement", according to a 1908 interview article. Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate, that Robert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as "the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen."[49] Supposedly, according to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing a left ear) to symbolize Lincoln's unfinished life.

text: Features[edit]

text: At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue.

text: Eleven presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing, most recently Gerald Ford. The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque is now on display in the Capitol Visitors Center for the general public to see when not in use.

text: The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection. In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were a spa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and a massage parlor.

text: A steep, metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome.[50] The number of steps represents each day of the year.[51] Also in the basement, the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers.[52]

text: Height[edit]

text: Contrary to a popular myth, D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m).[53] Indeed, the Capitol is only the fifth-tallest structure in Washington.

text: House Chamber[edit]

text: The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike Senators, Representatives do not have assigned seats.[54] The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events. It is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history. The United States national motto "In God We Trust" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits.

text: In order clockwise around the chamber:

text:
George Mason
Robert Joseph Pothier
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Edward I of England
Alfonso X of Castile
Pope Gregory IX
Louis IX of France
Justinian I
Tribonian
Lycurgus of Sparta
Hammurabi
Moses
Solon
Aemilius Papinianus
Gaius
Maimonides
Suleiman the Magnificent
Pope Innocent III
Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
Hugo Grotius
William Blackstone
Napoleon[55]
Thomas Jefferson

text: There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber, as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster: "Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests, and see whether we also, in our day and generation, may not perform something worthy to be remembered."[56]

text: Old Supreme Court Chamber[edit]

text: From 1800 to 1806, this room served as the Senate Chamber and from 1806 until 1860, the room was used as the Supreme Court Chamber. In 1860, the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber. Since 1935, the Supreme Court has met in the United States Supreme Court Building.

text: Senate Chamber[edit]

text: The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859[57] and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate (Vice Presidents).[58]

text: Floor plans[edit]

text: Exterior[edit]

text: Grounds[edit]

text: The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres (1.11 km²), with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington. The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north, west, and south sides of the building that exist today.

text: Olmsted also designed the Summer House, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Three arches open into the hexagonal structure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window that looks onto an artificial grotto. Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summer House was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summer House on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation.

text: Flags[edit]

text: Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol. Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides. These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I. The other two flagpoles are above the North (Senate) and South (House of Representatives) wings of the building, and fly only when the chamber below is in session. The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages. The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers. To raise the flag, Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms's office. Several auxiliary flagpoles, to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground, are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol.[citation needed] Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member.

text: Major events[edit]

text: The Capitol, as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill, have played host to major events, including presidential inaugurations held every four years. During an inauguration, the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase. Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations, and the National Memorial Day Concert.

text: The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol, including numerous former presidents, senators, and other officials. Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson, the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident. Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol. The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks, an icon of the Civil Rights Movement, at the Capitol in 2005. She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol. In February 2018, the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda.[59]

text: On September 24, 2015, Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress, the first Pope to do so.[60]

text: Security[edit]

text: On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring.[61] Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including Davy Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.

text: On July 2, 1915, prior to the United States' entry into World War I, Eric Muenter (aka Frank Holt), a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I, exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate. The next morning he tried to assassinate J. P. Morgan, Jr., son of the financier, at his home on Long Island, New York. In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion, Muenter, writing under an assumed name, said he hoped that the detonation would "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war." J.P. Morgan's company served as Great Britain's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies.

text: In 1954, Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors' gallery, injuring five representatives. On March 1, 1971, a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol, placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group, the Weather Underground. They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos. On November 7, 1983, a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd.[62] Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing.[63] In 1990, three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing, which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada.[64] On July 24, 1998, Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire, killing two Capitol Police officers. The Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11, 2001, before it crashed near Shanksville in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, after passengers tried to take over control of the plane from hijackers.[65][66]

text: Since the September 11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill,[67][68] and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.[68] The level of screening employed varies. On the main east-west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues, barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes. On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent "emergency" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass. All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer, and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device. In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency.[citation needed] Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways.[69]

text: In 2004 the capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace over the district. A shooting incident occurred in March 2016. One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested, in critical but stable condition.[70] The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as "isolated".[71]

text: Capitol Visitor Center[edit]

text: The United States Capitol Visitor Center (CVC), located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza, between the Capitol building and 1st Street East, opened on December 2, 2008. The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities, and an expansion space[clarification needed] for the US Congress.[72][73] The complex contains 580,000 square feet (54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors,[74] and offers visitors a food court, restrooms, and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome.[75] It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome. Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $621 million.[76]


document_title: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin

question_text: when do they stop selling beer in wisconsin

root

text: Alcohol laws of Wisconsin

text: History[edit]

text: When Wisconsin became a state, settlers from the eastern United States (known as Yankees) took issue with the consumption of alcohol by German immigrants on Sunday, as well as the prevalence of alcoholism. The Wisconsin legislature passed a law in 1849 that made liquor sellers liable for the costs incurred by local governments in supporting alcoholics. Ten years later, the state prohibited liquor sales on Sundays.[1]

tag: p

text: In 1872, alcohol regulation reached new heights in the state with the passage of the Graham Law. This legislation prohibited drunkenness and the sale of alcohol to minors, and required all liquor sellers to post a $2,000 bond (more than $30,000 in 2007 U.S. dollars).[2] German-Americans fought the new law in the courts and at the ballot box. Although they lost challenges in the courts, they were able to elect a legislature friendlier to alcohol consumption. In 1874, the new lawmakers passed less restrictive laws that lowered the bond to $500, allowed Sunday liquor sales, and created certain safe havens for liquor sellers to escape liability for alcoholics.[1]

text: Alcohol consumption was banned in Wisconsin during Prohibition (1920-1933). But even before Prohibition ended, Wisconsin created work-arounds. In 1926, voters approved a referendum allowing the manufacture of beer, if not its consumption. The state repealed its law enforcing Prohibition in 1929.[3] Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine sponsored the Act that later became the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, ending Prohibition.[4] The state was the second to ratify the amendment on April 25, 1933.[5]

text: Retail sale of alcohol[edit]

text: State law prohibits retail sale of liquor and wine between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., and beer between midnight and 6:00 a.m.[6] State law allows local municipalities to further restrict retail sales of alcohol, or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether.[7] Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9:00 p.m.

text: At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently: the city of Sparta,[8][9] and the village of Ephraim.[10][11] In the April 1, 2014 Wisconsin spring election, voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores. The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect.[12] In the April 5, 2016, voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses.[13]

text: Beverage sale of alcohol[edit]

text: State law requires that bars be closed between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2:30 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday. Exceptions are made on New Year's Eve, when no closing is required, and for changes in Daylight Saving Time. State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed.[6] Municipalities may elect, however, to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses, making the municipality effectively dry.[7]

text: Drinking age[edit]

text: The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21. Those under the legal drinking age may be served, possess, or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age.[14] Those age 18 to 20 may also possess (but not consume) alcohol as part of their employment.[6]

text: The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74, effective July 1, 1984, created a drinking age of 19. Meeting in special session at the call of the governor, the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337, which raised the drinking age to 21 and brought the state into compliance with the NMDA (National Minimum Drinking Age) on September 1, 1986.[15]

text: The NMDA law was amended to permit an exception for those persons who were between ages 18 and 21 on the effective date of the law. Wisconsin 19- and 20-year-olds were “grandfathered in” by this exception after enactment of Act 337. In effect, the state did not have a uniform age of 21 until September 1, 1988.[15]


document_title: William Snow (actor)

question_text: who is the voice for the outback commercials

text: William Snow (actor)

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (September 2018)

tag: table

text:
Will SnowBorn
William Snow (1960-06-15) 15 June 1960 (age 58)Sydney, AustraliaOccupation
ActorYears active
1997–2007Spouse(s)
Kim Kilbey (m. 2002–2008)

text: William Snow (born 15 June 1960) is an Australian actor born in Sydney. He is most famous for his role as Lord John Roxton on the TV series Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World. He is also known for his voice-over work on the Outback Steakhouse commercials.[1]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film and television

Year

Title

Role

Notes

1997

One Way Ticket

TV film

1998–00

Tales of the South Seas

David Grief

Main role

1999

Dead End

Todd Russell

1999–02

The Lost World

Lord. John Roxton

Main role

2004

The Young and the Restless

Ian Gardner

2 episodes

2004

Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue

Various (voice)

Video game

2005

Hercules

King Theseus

TV miniseries

2005

The Closer

Donnie Holt

"About Face"

2005

Charmed

Vaklav

"The Lost Picture Show"

2007

Brotherhood of Blood

Tom Clayton

2007

Aztec Rex

Mendoza


document_title: List of Blue Bloods episodes

question_text: how many episodes of blue bloods were there in season 7

text: List of Blue Bloods episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
22
September 24, 2010 (2010-09-24)
May 13, 2011 (2011-05-13)
19
12.58[5]

2
22
September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23)
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)
22
12.16[6]

3
23
September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
May 10, 2013 (2013-05-10)
14
13.17[7]

4
22
September 27, 2013 (2013-09-27)
May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09)
10
13.63[8]

5
22
September 26, 2014 (2014-09-26)
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
13
13.77[9]

6
22
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
10
13.07[10]

7
22
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
8
14.07[11]

8
22[12]
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2010–11)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Michael Cuesta
Robin Green & Mitchell Burgess
September 24, 2010 (2010-09-24)
101
13.01[13]

2
2
"Samaritan"
Ralph Hemecker
Ken Sanzel
October 1, 2010 (2010-10-01)
102
11.32[14]

3
3
"Privilege"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Brian Burns
October 8, 2010 (2010-10-08)
103
11.15[15]

4
4
"Officer Down"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
October 15, 2010 (2010-10-15)
104
10.39[16]

5
5
"What You See"
Félix Alcalá
Julie Hébert
October 22, 2010 (2010-10-22)
105
11.15[17]

6
6
"Smack Attack"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 29, 2010 (2010-10-29)
106
11.62[18]

7
7
"Brothers"
Frederick K. Keller
Mark Rosner
November 5, 2010 (2010-11-05)
107
10.31[19]

8
8
"Chinatown"
Michael Cuesta
Diana Son
November 12, 2010 (2010-11-12)
108
10.57[20]

9
9
"Re-Do"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Julie Hébert
November 19, 2010 (2010-11-19)
109
11.36[21]

10
10
"After Hours"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03)
110
11.32[22]

11
11
"Little Fish"
Michael Pressman
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
January 19, 2011 (2011-01-19)
111
12.30[23]

12
12
"Family Ties"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Mark Rosner
January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26)
112
12.10[24]

13
13
"Hall of Mirrors"
Frederick K. Keller
Thomas Kelly
February 2, 2011 (2011-02-02)
113
11.31[25]

14
14
"My Funny Valentine"
John Polson
Diana Son
February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)
114
11.80[26]

15
15
"Dedication"
Jan Eliasberg
Kevin Wade
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)
115
11.16[27]

16
16
"Age of Innocence"
Félix Alcalá
Amanda Green
February 25, 2011 (2011-02-25)
116
11.65[28]

17
17
"Silver Star"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
March 11, 2011 (2011-03-11)
117
11.60[29]

18
18
"To Tell the Truth"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01)
119
10.92[30]

19
19
"Model Behavior"
Matt Penn
Brian Burns
April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08)
118
10.71[31]

20
20
"All That Glitters"
Michael Pressman
Gwendolyn M. Parker
April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29)
120
10.06[32]

21
21
"Cellar Boy"
Karen Gaviola
Diana Son and Robin Green & Mitchell Burgess
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)
121
10.38[33]

22
22
"The Blue Templar"
Frederick K. Keller
Kevin Wade
May 13, 2011 (2011-05-13)
122
11.79[34]

text: Season 2 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Mercy"
Michael Pressman
Kevin Wade
September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23)
201
12.06[35]

24
2
"Friendly Fire"
John Polson
Brian Burns
September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30)
203
11.30[36]

25
3
"Critical Condition"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
October 7, 2011 (2011-10-07)
202
11.29[37]

26
4
"Innocence"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 14, 2011 (2011-10-14)
204
11.19[38]

27
5
"A Night on the Town"
Ralph Hemecker
Kevin Wade
October 21, 2011 (2011-10-21)
205
10.90[39]

28
6
"Black and Blue"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
November 4, 2011 (2011-11-04)
206
12.73[40]

29
7
"Lonely Hearts Club"
Félix Alcalá
Vanessa Rojas
November 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)
207
11.30[41]

30
8
"Thanksgiving"
Steve Gomer
Shaun Cassidy
November 18, 2011 (2011-11-18)
209
12.41[42]

31
9
"Moonlighting"
Robert Harmon
Kevin Wade
December 2, 2011 (2011-12-02)
210
11.05[43]

32
10
"Whistle Blower"
Robert Harmon
Thomas Kelly
January 6, 2012 (2012-01-06)
208
11.34[44]

33
11
"The Uniform"
Alex Zakrzewski
John Moskowitz
January 13, 2012 (2012-01-13)
211
12.08[45]

34
12
"The Job"
Nick Gomez
Brian Burns
February 3, 2012 (2012-02-03)
212
11.44[46]

35
13
"Leap of Faith"
David M. Barrett
David Black
February 10, 2012 (2012-02-10)
213
11.82[47]

36
14
"Parenthood"
John Polson
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
February 17, 2012 (2012-02-17)
214
10.81[48]

37
15
"The Life We Chose"
Félix Alcalá
Thomas Kelly
February 24, 2012 (2012-02-24)
215
11.35[49]

38
16
"Women with Guns"
Martha Mitchell
Kevin Wade
March 2, 2012 (2012-03-02)
216
11.47[50]

39
17
"Reagan Vs. Reagan"
Jim McKay
Ed Zuckerman
March 9, 2012 (2012-03-09)
217
11.27[51]

40
18
"No Questions Asked"
Christine Moore
Vanessa Rojas & Brian Burns
March 30, 2012 (2012-03-30)
218
10.72[52]

41
19
"Some Kind of Hero"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 6, 2012 (2012-04-06)
219
10.92[53]

42
20
"Working Girls"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Ian Biederman
April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)
220
10.47[54]

43
21
"Collateral Damage"
Ralph Hemecker
Kevin Wade & Thomas Kelly
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
221
10.36[55]

44
22
"Mother's Day"
Michael Pressman
Brian Burns
May 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)
222
10.73[56]

text: Season 3 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Family Business"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
302
11.22[57]

46
2
"Domestic Disturbance"
Michael Pressman
Ian Biederman
October 5, 2012 (2012-10-05)
301
9.77[58]

47
3
"Old Wounds"
John Polson
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 12, 2012 (2012-10-12)
303
10.53[59]

48
4
"Scorched Earth"
Peter Werner
Dawn DeNoon
October 19, 2012 (2012-10-19)
304
10.29[60]

49
5
"Risk and Reward"
Ralph Hemecker
Thomas Kelly
October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26)
306
11.06[61]

50
6
"Greener Grass"
Martha Mitchell
Daniel Truly
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)
308
11.05[62]

51
7
"Nightmares"
John Polson
Kevin Wade
November 9, 2012 (2012-11-09)
305
11.32[63]

52
8
"Higher Education"
Robert Harmon
Ian Biederman
November 30, 2012 (2012-11-30)
307
11.31[64]

53
9
"Secrets and Lies"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
December 7, 2012 (2012-12-07)
309
11.17[65]

54
10
"Fathers and Sons"
Michael Pressman
Brian Burns
January 4, 2013 (2013-01-04)
310
10.18[66]

55
11
"Front Page News"
Robert Harmon
Dawn DeNoon
January 11, 2013 (2013-01-11)
311
11.22[67]

56
12
"Framed"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
January 18, 2013 (2013-01-18)
312
11.64[68]

57
13
"Inside Jobs"
Alex Hall
Kevin Wade
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
313
11.50[69]

58
14
"Men in Black"
Alex Chapple
Story by: Ish Goldstein
Teleplay by: Ish Goldstein & Ian Biederman
February 8, 2013 (2013-02-08)
314
11.24[70]

59
15
"Warriors"
Oz Scott
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
February 15, 2013 (2013-02-15)
315
10.73[71]

60
16
"Quid Pro Quo"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
February 22, 2013 (2013-02-22)
316
11.21[72]

61
17
"Protest Too Much"
Larry Teng
Dawn DeNoon
March 8, 2013 (2013-03-08)
317
10.72[73]

62
18
"No Regrets"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
March 15, 2013 (2013-03-15)
318
10.41[74]

63
19
"Loss of Faith"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Seth Pearlman
April 5, 2013 (2013-04-05)
319
10.99[75]

64
20
"Ends and Means"
John Polson
Ian Biederman
April 12, 2013 (2013-04-12)
320
10.65[76]

65
21
"Devil's Breath"
Alex Chapple
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 26, 2013 (2013-04-26)
321
10.46[77]

66
22
"The Bitter End"
Christine Moore
Brian Burns
May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)
322
10.02[78]

67
23
"This Way Out"
Peter Werner
Kevin Wade
May 10, 2013 (2013-05-10)
323
10.30[79]

text: Season 4 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

68
1
"Unwritten Rules"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
September 27, 2013 (2013-09-27)
401
11.70[80]

69
2
"The City That Never Sleeps"
John Behring
Kevin Wade
October 4, 2013 (2013-10-04)
402
11.37[81]

70
3
"To Protect and Serve"
Peter Werner
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
October 11, 2013 (2013-10-11)
403
10.56[82]

71
4
"The Truth About Lying"
Robert Duncan McNeill
Brian Burns
October 18, 2013 (2013-10-18)
404
10.56[83]

72
5
"Lost and Found"
Alex Chapple
Daniel Truly
October 25, 2013 (2013-10-25)
405
11.27[84]

73
6
"Growing Boys"
Eric Laneuville
Willie Reale
November 1, 2013 (2013-11-01)
406
11.01[85]

74
7
"Drawing Dead"
Ralph Hemecker
Ian Biederman
November 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)
407
10.97[86]

75
8
"Justice Served"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
November 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)
408
11.79[87]

76
9
"Bad Blood"
Robert Harmon
Daniel Truly
November 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)
409
11.90[88]

77
10
"Mistaken Identity"
David Solomon
Diana Son & Ian Biederman
December 13, 2013 (2013-12-13)
410
10.94[89]

78
11
"Ties That Bind"
Christine Moore
Brian Burns
December 20, 2013 (2013-12-20)
411
10.52[90]

79
12
"The Bogeyman"
David M. Barrett
Kevin Wade and Benjamin Cummings & Orson Cummings
January 10, 2014 (2014-01-10)
412
12.68[91]

80
13
"Unfinished Business"
Alex Chapple
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
January 17, 2014 (2014-01-17)
413
12.62[92]

81
14
"Manhattan Queens"
Donnie Wahlberg
Willie Raelle
January 31, 2014 (2014-01-31)
414
12.93[93]

82
15
"Open Secrets"
Eric Laneuville
Ian Biederman
February 28, 2014 (2014-02-28)
415
11.96[94]

83
16
"Insult to Injury"
David M. Barrett
Story by: Daniel Truly & Andrew Raab
Teleplay by: Daniel Truly
March 7, 2014 (2014-03-07)
416
12.03[95]

84
17
"Knockout Game"
Robert Harmon
Brian Burns
March 14, 2014 (2014-03-14)
417
11.68[96]

85
18
"Righting Wrongs"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
418
11.69[97]

86
19
"Secret Arrangements"
Tawnia McKiernan
Story by: Sinead Daly
Teleplay by: Willie Raele & Sinead Daly
April 11, 2014 (2014-04-11)
419
11.05[98]

87
20
"Custody Battle"
Alex Chapple
Ian Biederman
April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)
420
11.05[99]

88
21
"Above and Beyond"
Greg Beeman
Daniel Truly
May 2, 2014 (2014-05-02)
421
11.59[100]

89
22
"Exiles"
David M. Barrett
Kevin Wade
May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09)
422
11.78[101]

text: Season 5 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"Partners"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
September 26, 2014 (2014-09-26)
501
10.88[102]

91
2
"Forgive and Forget"
Eric Laneuville
Ian Biederman
October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)
502
10.85[103]

92
3
"Burning Bridges"
John Behring
Willie Reale
October 10, 2014 (2014-10-10)
503
11.09[104]

93
4
"Excessive Force"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
October 17, 2014 (2014-10-17)
504
10.70[105]

94
5
"Loose Lips"
Alex Chapple
Daniel Truly
October 24, 2014 (2014-10-24)
505
11.42[106]

95
6
"Most Wanted"
Ralph Hemecker
Bryan Goluboff
October 31, 2014 (2014-10-31)
506
11.39[107]

96
7
"Shoot the Messenger"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
November 7, 2014 (2014-11-07)
507
11.51[108]

97
8
"Power of the Press"
Tawnia McKiernan
Ian Biederman
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
508
11.62[109]

98
9
"Under the Gun"
David M. Barrett
Willie Reale & Kevin Wade
December 12, 2014 (2014-12-12)
509
11.09[110]

99
10
"Sins of the Father"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
January 2, 2015 (2015-01-02)
510
11.61[111]

100
11
"Baggage"
John Behring
Brian Burns
January 9, 2015 (2015-01-09)
511
12.86[112]

101
12
"Home Sweet Home"
Robert Harmon
Bryan Goluboff
January 16, 2015 (2015-01-16)
512
12.61[113]

102
13
"Love Stories"
Alex Zakrzewski
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
January 30, 2015 (2015-01-30)
513
11.87[114]

103
14
"The Poor Door"
Alex Chapple
Willie Reale
February 6, 2015 (2015-02-06)
514
11.32[115]

104
15
"Power Players"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
February 13, 2015 (2015-02-13)
515
11.46[116]

105
16
"In The Box"
Holly Dale
Brian Burns
February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
516
11.60[117]

106
17
"Occupational Hazard"
David M. Barrett
Daniel Truly
March 6, 2015 (2015-03-06)
517
11.03[118]

107
18
"Bad Company"
Tawnia McKiernan
Bryan Goluboff
March 13, 2015 (2015-03-13)
518
11.07[119]

108
19
"Through The Looking Glass"
Eric Laneuville
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03)
519
10.70[120]

109
20
"Payback"
Alex Chapple
Lauren Gautier & Kevin Wade
April 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)
520
10.31[121]

110
21
"New Rules"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
April 24, 2015 (2015-04-24)
521
9.99[122]

111
22
"The Art of War"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
522
11.28[123]

text: Season 6 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

112
1
"Worst Case Scenario"
David M. Barrett
Bryan Goluboff
September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)
601
10.08[124]

113
2
"Absolute Power"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
October 2, 2015 (2015-10-02)
602
11.41[125]

114
3
"All the News That's Fit to Click"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
October 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)
603
10.74[126]

115
4
"With Friends Like These"
Heather Cappiello
Ian Beiderman
October 16, 2015 (2015-10-16)
604
10.61[127]

116
5
"Backstabbers"
John Behring
Dan Truly
October 23, 2015 (2015-10-23)
605
10.42[128]

117
6
"Rush to Judgment"
Peter Werner
Peter Blauner
October 30, 2015 (2015-10-30)
606
9.70[129]

118
7
"The Bullitt Mustang"
David M. Barrett
Story by: Kevin Wade & Willie Reale
Teleplay by: Kevin Wade
November 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)
607
10.90[130]

119
8
"Unsung Heroes"
Alex Chapple
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 13, 2015 (2015-11-13)
608
10.33[131]

120
9
"Hold Outs"
Eric Laneuville
Brian Burns
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
609
11.01[132]

121
10
"Flags of Our Fathers"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
December 11, 2015 (2015-12-11)
610
9.95[133]

122
11
"Back in the Day"
Robert Harmon
Bryan Goluboff
January 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)
612
10.85[134]

123
12
"Cursed"
Peter Leto
Daniel Truly
January 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)
611
10.62[135]

124
13
"Stomping Grounds"
Don Thorin, Jr.
Peter Blauner
January 22, 2016 (2016-01-22)
613
11.56[136]

125
14
"The Road to Hell"
Tom Moore
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)
614
10.92[137]

126
15
"Fresh Start"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)
615
10.74[138]

127
16
"Help Me Help You"
Alex Chapple
Ian Biederman
February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)
616
10.33[139]

128
17
"Friends in Need"
P.J. Pesce
Kevin Riley & Kevin Wade
March 11, 2016 (2016-03-11)
617
9.83[140]

129
18
"Town Without Pity"
David M. Barrett
Peter Blauner
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)
618
10.40[141]

130
19
"Blast from the Past"
Eric Laneuville
Bryan Goluboff
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)
619
10.35[142]

131
20
"Down the Rabbit Hole"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)
620
10.41[143]

132
21
"The Extra Mile"
John Behring
Brian Burns
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)
621
10.13[144]

133
22
"Blowback"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
622
10.10[145]

text: Season 7 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

134
1
"The Greater Good"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
701
10.55[146]

135
2
"Good Cop Bad Cop"
Kellie Cyrus
Brian Burns
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
704
10.56[147]

136
3
"The Price of Justice"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)
702
9.85[148]

137
4
"Mob Rules"
Robert Harmon
Peter Blauner
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
703
10.22[149]

138
5
"For the Community"
Peter Werner
Teleplay by: Blair Singer & Kevin Wade
Story by: Blair Singer
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
705
10.03[150]

139
6
"Whistleblowers"
Eric Laneuville
Kevin Riley and Kevin Wade
October 28, 2016 (2016-10-28)
706
8.88[151]

140
7
"Guilt by Association"
Robert Harmon
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
707
9.76[152]

141
8
"Personal Business"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
708
10.27[153]

142
9
"Confessions"
Alex Zakrzewski
Brian Burns
November 18, 2016 (2016-11-18)
709
10.36[154]

143
10
"Unbearable Loss"
David M. Barrett
Peter Blauner
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
710
10.18[155]

144
11
"Genetics"
Alex Chapple
Allie Solomon
January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)
711
10.79[156]

145
12
"Not Fade Away"
Robert Harmon
Kevin Wade and Blair Singer
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)
712
10.48[157]

146
13
"The One That Got Away"
Jane Raab
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)
713
9.77[158]

147
14
"In and Out"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
714
10.13[159]

148
15
"Lost Souls"
Alex Chapple
Brian Burns
February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)
715
10.65[160]

149
16
"Hard Bargain"
David M. Barrett
Peter Blauner
February 17, 2017 (2017-02-17)
716
10.15[161]

150
17
"Shadow of a Doubt"
P.J. Pesce
Kevin Riley
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
717
9.36[162]

151
18
"A Deep Blue Goodbye"
David Barrett
Kevin Wade
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
718
9.62[163]

152
19
"Love Lost"
Ralph Hemecker
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
719
9.77[164]

153
20
"No Retreat No Surrender"
Jane Raab
Brian Burns
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
720
9.43[165]

154
21
"Foreign Interference"
John Behring
Peter Blauner
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
721
8.74[166]

155
22
"The Thin Blue Line"
David M. Barrett
Ian Biederman
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
722
9.24[167]

text: Season 8 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

156
1
"Cutting Losses"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
801
10.04[168]

157
2
"Ghosts of the Past"
John Behring
Kevin Riley
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
803
9.49[169]

158
3
"The Enemy of My Enemy"
Robert Harmon
Ian Biederman
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
802
8.98[170]

159
4
"Out of the Blue"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
804
9.08[171]

160
5
"The Forgotten"
Ralph Hemecker
Allie Solomon
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
805
TBD

161
6
"Brushed Off"[172]
Eric Laneuville
Daniel Truly
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
806
TBD

162
7
"Common Ground"[173]
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
807
TBD

163
8
"Pick Your Poison"[173]
TBA
TBA
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
808
TBD

text: Home video releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Discs

1
22
September 13, 2011 (2011-09-13)[174]
September 19, 2011 (2011-09-19)[175]
September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)[176]
6

2
22
September 11, 2012 (2012-09-11)[177]
October 15, 2012 (2012-10-15)[178]
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)[179]
6

3
23
September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10)[180]
October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13)[181]
March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05)[182]
6

4
22
September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)[183]
September 8, 2014 (2014-09-08)[184]
January 28, 2015 (2015-01-28)[185]
6

5
22
September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)[186]
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)[187]
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)[188]
6

6
22
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)[189]
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)[190]
TBA
6

7
22
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)[191][192]
TBA
TBA
6


document_title: Electron transport chain

question_text: atp is made using the electron transport chain and the enzyme

text: Electron transport chain

text: Background[edit]

text: The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.

text: The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions.[1] If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP,[2] which powers most cellular reactions. A small amount of ATP is available from substrate-level phosphorylation, for example, in glycolysis. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains, while only some obtain ATP by fermentation.[citation needed]

text: In mitochondria[edit]

text: Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.

text: A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging.

text: Mitochondrial redox carriers[edit]

text: Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H+ through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome c (cyt c). Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water.

text: Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain:

text: Complex I[edit]

text: In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH2), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H+) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide.[3]

text: The pathway of electrons is as follows:

text: NADH is oxidized to NAD+, by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. FMNH2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. [4] As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane. This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH.[5]

text: Complex II[edit]

text: In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; EC 1.3.5.1) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase, (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial, (SDHB); succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, (SDHC) and succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, (SDHD). Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.

text: Complex III[edit]

text: In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (2H+2e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinone (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules).

text: When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation.

text: Complex IV[edit]

text: In Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1), sometimes called cytochrome AA3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water. At the same time, eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix (although only four are translocated across the membrane), contributing to the proton gradient. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide.

text: Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation[edit]

text:
According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient). This gradient is used by the FOF1 ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain.[6] The FO component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c subunits. Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel. Then protons move to the c subunits.[7] The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the FO turn one full revolution. For example, in humans, there are 8 c subunits, thus 8 protons are required.[8] After c subunits, protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix.[7] This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers (NAD+ and Q). The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis, catalyzed by the F1 component of the complex.[9]
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein, thermogenin—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix. This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production.[10] Synthetic uncouplers (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol) also exist, and, at high doses, are lethal.[citation needed]

text: Summary[edit]

text: In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor (NADH or QH2) to a terminal electron acceptor (O2) via a series of redox reactions. These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are three proton pumps: I, III, and IV. The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.

text: The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium. This means that these reactions are readily reversible, by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants (for example, by increasing the proton gradient). ATP synthase is also readily reversible. Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient, which in turn can be used to make NADH. This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains.[11]

text: In bacteria[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is

text: NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O2 where Complexes I, III and IV are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen.

text: In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is:

text: Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels: at the level of a dehydrogenase, at the level of the quinone pool, or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier. These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor. In other words, they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor.

text: Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example, E. coli (when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously.

text: A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps, like mitochondria, or they may contain only one or two. They always contain at least one proton pump.

text: Electron donors[edit]

text: In the present day biosphere, the most common electron donors are organic molecules. Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs. Organotrophs (animals, fungi, protists) and phototrophs (plants and algae) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms.

text: Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source. Such an organism is called a lithotroph ("rock-eater"). Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide, manganese oxide, and ferrous iron. Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth. Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere.

text: The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution. This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source.

text: Dehydrogenases[edit]

text: Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors. When organic matter is the energy source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to Complex I in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to Complex II). Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H2 dehydrogenase (hydrogenase), etc. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool. Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow.[citation needed]

text: Quinone carriers[edit]

text: Quinones are mobile, lipid-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons (and protons) between large, relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane. Bacteria use ubiquinone (the same quinone that mitochondria use) and related quinones such as menaquinone. Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10.

text: Proton pumps[edit]

text: A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane. Protons can be physically moved across a membrane; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV. The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction. The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm. Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump, which is mediated by a quinone (the Q cycle).

text: Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps; others are not. Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps, but some are not. Cytochrome bc1 is a proton pump found in many, but not all, bacteria (it is not found in E. coli). As the name implies, bacterial bc1 is similar to mitochondrial bc1 (Complex III).

text: Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process. They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP.

text: Cytochrome electron carriers[edit]

text: Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments.

text: Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c. Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers.

text: Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV. They also function as electron carriers, but in a very different, intramolecular, solid-state environment.

text: Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier. For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary, higher-energy molecule.

text: Terminal oxidases and reductases[edit]

text: When bacteria grow in aerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor (O2) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase. When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments, the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase.

text: In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex (Complex IV) is cytochrome oxidase. Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases. For example, E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc1 complex. Under aerobic conditions, it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases (both proton pumps) to reduce oxygen to water.

text: Anaerobic bacteria, which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor. For example, E. coli can use fumarate reductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, DMSO reductase, or trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment.

text: Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible. They are synthesized by the organism as needed, in response to specific environmental conditions.

text: Electron acceptors[edit]

text: Just as there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. If oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy.[citation needed]

text: In anaerobic environments, different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate.

text: Since electron transport chains are redox processes, they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs. For example, the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD+/NADH redox pair and the O2/H2O redox pair. NADH is the electron donor and O2 is the electron acceptor.

text: Not every donor-acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible. The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor. Furthermore, actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions (1 molar concentrations, 1 atm partial pressures, pH = 7), which apply to standard redox potentials. For example, hydrogen-evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10−4 atm. The associated redox reaction, which is thermodynamically favorable in nature, is thermodynamic impossible under "standard" conditions.[citation needed]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Bacterial electron transport pathways are, in general, inducible. Depending on their environment, bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched, modular, and inducible.

text: Photosynthetic[edit]

text: In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O2) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain.

text: Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III.

text: Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane, producing a proton gradient. The proton gradient is used to produce useful work. About 30 work units are produced per electron transport.


document_title: List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game

question_text: who holds the record for most points in a basketball game

text: Key[edit]

text: Most of the players' exact statistics cannot be found, but whatever information was able to be verified is included. When a dash (—) appears in the three-point field goal statistic, it indicates that three-pointers had yet to be implemented as a rule and were therefore not an applicable statistic.

text:
FGM
Field goals made

FGA
Field goals attempted

3FGM
Three-point field goals made

3FGA
Three-point field goals attempted

FTM
Free throws made

FTA
Free throws attempted

Ref.
Reference(s)

Nationality
Denotes the player's nationality, not the country in which it occurred

^
Denotes player who is still active at the level of competition in which s/he scored 100 points

Denotes female player

*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (United States)

Elected to both the Naismith Hall and the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame (United States)

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player has scored 100 points up to and including that occurrence

text: United States[edit]

text: Professional[edit]

text:
Points
Player
Date
Team
Opponent
Final score
FGM
FGA
3FGM
3FGA
FTM
FTA
Notes

100
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*[18]
000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
169–147
36
63
—
—
28
32

 [show]

Chamberlain is the only NBA player to score 100 points in a single game. He also grabbed 25 rebounds in the performance.

text: Collegiate[edit]

text:
Points
Player
Date
Team
Opponent
Final score
FGM
FGA
3FGM
3FGA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

138
Taylor, JackJack Taylor
000000002012-11-20-0000November 20, 2012
Grinnell College
Faith Baptist
179–104
52
108
27
71
7
10

 [show]

Taylor set the NCAA all-division scoring record in the fast-paced Grinnell offense.

[15]

116
Francis, Bevo !Clarence "Bevo"
Francis
000000001953-01-09-0000January 9, 1953
Rio Grande College
Ashland College
150–85
47

—
—
22

 [show]

Initially recognized by both the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a college record, public uproar eventually forced NCAA to throw out the record because it did not occur in a game against a four-year institution. He had 61 points in the first half and scored all of his team's points, a total of 55, in the fourth quarter.

[11]
[12]
[13]

113
Francis, Clarence "Bevo"Clarence "Bevo" Francis (2)
000000001954-02-02-0000February 2, 1954
Rio Grande College
Hillsdale College
134–91
38
70
—
—
37
45

 [show]

Francis also set college records for field goals made and free throws made.

[11]
[12]
[13]

109
Taylor, JackJack Taylor (2)
000000002013-11-17-0000November 17, 2013
Grinnell College
Crossroads College
173–123
35
70
24
48
15
17

 [show]

Occurred in the second game of the season. Scored 71 in the game before.

[14]

100+
Arizin, PaulPaul Arizin*

Villanova University

—
—

 [show]

Similar to Bevo Francis's games, this is not officially recognized by the NCAA due to it being played against a junior college.

[24]
[25]

100
Selvy, FrankFrank Selvy
000000001954-02-13-0000February 13, 1954
Furman University
Newberry College
149–95
41
66
—
—
18
22

 [show]

The only occurrence of a 100-point game at the NCAA Division I level. He scored his 99th and 100th points on a 40-foot shot as the final buzzer sounded.

[16]
[17]

text: High school[edit]

text: Since 1913, 19 male and six female players have scored 100 points or more in United States high school basketball games.[4][5]

text:
Points
Player
Date
High school
(State)
Opponent
Final score
FGM
FGA
3FGM
3FGA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

135
Heater, DannyDanny Heater
000000001960-01-26-0000January 26, 1960
Burnsville (WV)
Widen (WV)
173–43
53
70
—
—
29
41

 [show]

Heater set the world record for high school-level single game scoring, not just the United States' record. He scored 85 points in the second half alone, including 55 in the final 10 minutes. Heater also collected 32 rebounds and 7 assists during the game.

[10]

127
Morris, JohnJohn Morris
000000001961-02-22-0000February 22, 1961
Portsmouth Norcom (VA)
Mary Smith (VA)
173–47

—
—

[4]

120
Bogenrife, DickDick Bogenrife
000000001953-02-06-0000February 6, 1953
Sedalia-Midway (OH)
Canaan (OH)
137–47
52

—
—
16

[4]

114
Oakley, WayneWayne Oakley
000000001954-12-21-0000December 21, 1954
Hanson (KY)
St. Agnes (KY)
128–56
47
55
—
—
20
24

[4]

114
Cimino, PetePete Cimino
000000001960-01-22-0000January 22, 1960
Bristol (PA)
Palisades (PA)
134–86
44
79
—
—
26
29

 [show]

Cimino scored all 69 of his team's second half points.

[4]

113
Saygar, HermanHerman Saygar
000000001913-01-01-00001913
Culver (IN)
Winamac (IN)
154–10
56

—
—
1

[5]

113
Prince, EpiphannyEpiphanny Prince
000000002006-02-02-0000February 2, 2006
Murry Bergtraum (NY)
Brandeis (NY)
137–32
54
60
4

1

[9]

111
Long, DeniseDenise Long
1968 !Spring 1968
Union-Whitten (IA)
Dows (IA)

—
—

 [show]

Long averaged a still-standing national record 68.2 points per game during her senior year and finished her career with 6,250 points, a then-national record for girls' high school basketball.

[6]
[7]
[8]

108
Mathis, Morris DaleMorris Dale Mathis
000000001955-01-25-0000January 25, 1955
St. Joe (AR)
Witt Springs (AR)

—
—

[4]

108
Robinson, KenKen Robinson
000000001961-01-10-0000January 10, 1961
Cassatt Midway (SC)
Ruby South (SC)
130–30
48

—
—
12
13

 [show]

Robinson scored 62 points in the second half.

[4]

105
Johnson, KennethKenneth Johnson
000000001979-01-10-0000January 10, 1979
Grandfield (OK)
Terral (OK)
120–65
45
85
—
—

 [show]

Johnson scored 71 first half points.

[4]

105
Miller, CherylCheryl Miller
000000001982-01-26-0000January 26, 1982
Riverside Poly (CA)
Norte Vista (CA)
179–15

—
—

[26]

104
Boyd, DannyDanny Boyd
000000001961-01-06-0000January 6, 1961
Camden (TN)
Clarksburg (TN)
130–43

—
—

[4]

103
Pitts, DickieDickie Pitts
000000001956-02-14-0000February 14, 1956
Wimauma (FL)

—
—

[4]

103
Payne, BrianBrian Payne
000000001988-01-01-00001988
New Port Richey Christian (FL)
Clearwater St. Paul (FL)
111–60

[4]

102
Vondra, EdEd Vondra
000000001922-01-01-00001922
Brainard (NE)

—
—

[4]

102
Fuller, BennieBennie Fuller
000000001971-01-01-00001971[a]
Arkansas School for the Deaf (AR)
Leola (AR)
133–58

—
—

[4]

101
Leslie, LisaLisa Leslie
000000001990-02-07-0000February 7, 1990
Morningside (CA)
South Torrance (CA)
102–24
37
56
0
0
27
35

 [show]

Leslie scored all 101 points in the first half alone; she scored 49 points in the first quarter and 52 in the second quarter. The opponent forfeited the game at halftime.

[27]

101
Hensley, CedrickCedrick Hensley
000000002001-01-16-0000January 16, 2001
Heritage Christian (TX)
Banff Christian (TX)
178–28
46
59
2
5
6

 [show]

Hensley coincidentally scored 101 points on the same night as Dajuan Wagner scored 100 (listed below).

[28]
[29]

100
Coward, WayneWayne Coward
000000001961-01-24-0000January 24, 1961
J.C. Lynch (SC)
Britton's Neck (SC)
139–31

—
—

 [show]

Coward scored 80 points in the second half.

[4]

100
Procell, GregGreg Procell
000000001970-01-29-0000January 29, 1970
Noble-Ebarb (LA)
Elizabeth (LA)
139–79

—
—

[4]

100
Page, LindaLinda Page
000000001981-02-15-0000February 15, 1981
Dobbins Tech (PA)
Mastbaum (PA)
131–38
41
57
—
—
18
21

[30]

100
Lorenzen, LynneLynne Lorenzen
000000001986-02-15-0000February 15, 1986
Ventura (IA)
Woden-Crystal Lake (IA)
126–74
43
48
—
—
14

 [show]

Lorenzen scored a national prep record (boys or girls) of 6,736 points during her four-year career. Her 100-point game was during six-on-six competition.

[31]

100
Wagner, DajuanDajuan Wagner
000000002001-01-16-0000January 16, 2001
Camden (NJ)
Gloucester Twp. Tech (NJ)
157–67
42
60
10
15
6

 [show]

Wagner set the New Jersey state prep single game scoring record en route to setting the state career scoring mark of 3,462 points. He also substituted out of the game with four minutes remaining once he reached 100.

[28]
[29]

100
Grigorian, TigranTigran Grigorian
000000002003-02-11-0000February 11, 2003
Pico Rivera Mesrobian (CA)
Los Angeles Pacific Christian (CA)
114–47

11

[32]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Points
Player
Date
Team
Opponent
Final score
FGM
FGA
3FGM
3FGA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

139
Harrison, BobBob Harrison
000000001941-02-03-0000February 3, 1941
LaGrange School
Arch Street School
139–8
69

—
—
1

 [show]

Harrison was a 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m), 13-year old 8th grader from Toledo, Ohio. This game was played in eight-minute quarters on a regulation basketball court.

[2]
[3]

113
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)

—
—

 [show]

According to the Harvey Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook, this occurred during an amateur league game.

[33]

105
Fisher, CoreyCorey Fisher
000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010
Dyckman
GymRatsNYC
138–130

23
28

 [show]

It is believed to set a new organized street basketball scoring record, surpassing Fly Williams' previous record of 100 set back in 1978. Played at Watson Gleason Playground in the Bronx, New York City, Fisher scored 72 points by the end of the third quarter and shot 23-for-28 from three-point range.

[34]

100
Williams, FlyFly Williams
000000001978-07-01-0000Summer 1978

 [show]

Set a then-record for organized street basketball during an IS8 League game in Jamaica, Queens, New York City.

[34]

text: International[edit]

text:
Points
Nationality
Player
Date
Team
Opponent
Final score
FGM
FGA
3FGM
3FGA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

272
SWED ! Sweden
Wermelin, MatsMats Wermelin
000000001974-02-05-0000February 5, 1974

272–0

—
—

 [show]

According to Guinness World Records, Wermelin, a 13-year-old boy, scored all 272 points in the shutout win in Stockholm during a regional boys tournament.

[3]
[21]

227
POL ! Poland
Migdalski, KonradKonrad Migdalski
000000002005-12-01-0000December 2005
MKS-MOS Pruszków
UKS Czarodzieje z Bielan
326–15

 [show]

He scored 100 points 3 minutes before end of 2nd quarter. The game was a local U-14 Polish league match.

[35]

178
CROA ! Croatia
Ferenčević, MarinMarin Ferenčević (2)
000000002006-05-01-0000May 2006
KK Virovitica
ABN Graminea
187–70
67
86
9
14
17
18

 [show]

He also grabbed 22 rebounds and had 16 steals in the contest. The game was a local U-14 Croatian league match. His scoring by quarter went: 34, 61, 55, 28.

[23]

153
TUR ! Turkey
Kunter, ErmanErman Kunter
000000001988-01-01-00001988
Fenerbahçe
Hilalspor
175–101

 [show]

Kunter scored 81 points in the first half and 72 in the second half and set the Turkish Basketball League record.

[36]

145
GREE ! Greece
Moumoglou, AristeidisAristeidis Moumoglou
000000001972-07-13-0000July 13, 1972
Iraklis
VAO
172–94

—
—

 [show]

Scored in a Greek Basket League game.

[37]

144
YUGO ! Yugoslavia
Babić, ZdenkoZdenko Babić
000000001985-10-10-0000October 10, 1985
KK Zadar
Apoelo of Cyprus
192–116

 [show]

Scored in the first round of the 1985–86 FIBA Korać Cup. It only took 26 minutes (of the 40-minute game) for Babić to score 113 points.[citation needed]

[38][39]

136
ISRA ! Israel
Draigor, AnatAnat Draigor
000000002006-04-05-0000April 5, 2006
Hapoel Mate Yehuda
Elitzur Givat Shmuel
158–41

 [show]

Draigor's total is recognized by Guinness World Records as the highest single game point total in women's professional basketball history. When she accomplished the feat, she was a 46-year-old mother and playing in an Israel Division III League playoff game. She scored 61 first-half points and 75 second-half points.

[22]

134
POL ! Poland
Doliński, LeszekLeszek Doliński
000000001993-12-18-0000December 18, 1993
ATS Koszalin
Gajjal Choszczno

 [show]

Scored during a III Liga (3rd division) game. Doliński was a former Polish National Team player. Record in Polish senior leagues.

[40]

129
YUGO ! Brazil
Carvalho, Marx Martins RodriguesMarx Martins Rodrigues Carvalho
000000001984-09-16-0000September 16, 1984
CR Vasco da Gama
Hebraica Sociedade Cultural Esportiva e Recreativa

 [show]

Scored in a Rio de Janeiro State Championship game.

[41]

129
POL ! Poland
Jakóbczyk, KrzysztofKrzysztof Jakóbczyk
000000002007-01-22-0000January 22, 2007
AWF Wrocław
WSH Wrocław

 [show]

During local academic league game.

[42]

124
GREA ! Great Britain
Ogden, PaulPaul Ogden
000000001982-03-09-0000March 9, 1982
St. Alban's School
South Chadderton School
226–82

 [show]

Scored at the British high school level.

[43]

124
BRAZ ! Brazil
Marcari, HortênciaHortência Marcari
000000001987-01-01-00001987
Minercal

252–31

 [show]

The game was played at São Paulo State College, which was the location of a city tournament.

[44]
[45]

120
PHIL ! Philippines
Quijano, ClarkClark Quijano^
000000002013-10-01-0000 October 2013
AMA University High School
Grace Christian College
166–85

 [show]

Set a new Philippine high school record during the Freego Tiong Lian Basketball Association Tournament.

[46]

116
PHIL ! Philippines
Salvador, LouLou Salvador
000000001923-05-01-0000May 1923
Philippines national team
China national team

—
—

 [show]

Achieved in the gold medal game at the 1923 Far Eastern Games and still remains the highest single game total in international competition.

[20]

116
USA ! United States
Talley, ArchieArchie Talley
000000001978-01-01-00001978
TV Clausen
Tria
132–91

 [show]

Scored during a game in Germany.

[47]

113
LEB ! Lebanon
Akkari, MohammadMohammad Akkari^
000000002012-04-03-0000April 3, 2012
Al Mouttahed Tripoli
Bejje SC
173–141
40
69
32
59
1

 [show]

This was the first 100-point performance in any official game of any league in a FIBA Asia member country. El Akkari had only been averaging 7.6 points per game until this game.

[48]

112
YUGO ! Yugoslavia
Petrović, DraženDražen Petrović*
000000001985-10-05-0000October 5, 1985
Cibona Zagreb
SMELT Olimpija

40
60
10
20
22
22

 [show]

Scored in a Yugoslav First League game.

[49]

111
CAN ! Canada
Brown, DenhamDenham Brown
000000002002-02-07-0000February 7, 2002
West Hill Collegiate Institute
R. H. King Academy
150–58

13

 [show]

He set the Canadian high school single game record. Brown scored 51 first half points and 41 in the third quarter alone.

[50]

111
CROA ! Croatia
Kuna, MatejMatej Kuna
000000002006-02-01-0000February 2006
Belišće
Požega
159–77

20
26

 [show]

Matej was a 21-year-old playing in the Croatian A2 League and fell two points shy of breaking Dražen Petrović's record of 112. He thought he had broken the record and substituted out with 90 seconds remaining, but officials later revealed he had "only" scored 111.

[51]

110
KOS ! Kosovo
Rugova, GranitGranit Rugova^
000000002011-03-30-0000March 30, 2011
Sigal Prishtina
KB Mitrovica
150–54

 [show]

Highest total in Kosovar basketball history.

[52]

107
NICA ! Nicaragua
Wilson, Derick OmeirDerick Omeir Wilson
000000001978-01-01-00001978
Bluefields Selection
National School of Agriculture

 [show]

Set a Nicaraguan national scoring record.

[53]

105
USA ! United States
Harris, TonyTony Harris
000000001992-10-10-0000October 10, 1992
Swift Premiums
Ginebra San Miguel
152–147

 [show]

Harris broke Michael Hackett's seven-year-old Philippine Basketball Association record, which still stands to this day.

[54]

104
PHIL ! Philippines
Teng, JeronJeron Teng
000000002011-01-05-0000January 5, 2011
Xavier School
Grace Christian College
164–74
37
70
1

29
34

 [show]

Set a then-Philippine high school record (later broken in October 2013).

[55]

103
USA ! United States
Hackett, MichaelMichael Hackett
000000001985-11-21-0000November 21, 1985
Ginebra San Miguel
Great Taste
197–168

 [show]

Set a then-Philippine Basketball Association record.

[56]

101
USA ! United States
Bradshaw, KevinKevin Bradshaw
000000001993-01-01-00001993
M. M. Giv'at Shmuel
Maccabi Tverya
165–109

 [show]

Scored during a Liga Leumit (Division 2) game towards the beginning of the 1993–94 season. Previously, in college, Bradshaw set the NCAA Division I single game scoring record with 72 points.

[57]
[58]

101
USA ! United States
Eubanks, J. J.J. J. Eubanks
000000001994-10-09-0000October 9, 1994
Maccabi Ramat Gan
Beitar Ramat Gan

 [show]

Scored during an Israeli Basketball Super League (Division 1) game. Due to financing issues, Beitar Ramat Gan played with youth players all season long, allowing several records, including this, to be set against them.

[59]

101
CROA ! Croatia
Ferenčević, MarinMarin Ferenčević
000000002006-04-01-0000April 2006
KK Virovitica

 [show]

Ferenčević, 13 at the time, is the son of ex-basketball player Branko Ferenčević.

[23]

100
USA ! United States
Shouse, DannyDanny Shouse
000000001979-12-01-0000December 1, 1979
Ármann
Skallagrímur
118–109

 [show]

Scored during a Icelandic Division I game.

[60]

100
CRO ! Croatia
Petranović, VeljkoVeljko Petranović
000000002003-10-08-0000October 8, 2003
Postojna
Vipava
150–49

 [show]

Set during Spar pokal. Petranović was 43 years old and played only three quarters.

[61]

100
POL ! Poland
Klimek, BorysBorys Klimek
000000002014-11-28-0000November 28, 2014
Stal Ostrów Wielkopolski
KT Kosz Kalisz
165–86

 [show]

He played 32 minutes. The game was a local U-20 Polish league match.

[62]