document_title: List of FIFA World Cup winners

question_text: who has the most world cup wins list

question_tokens: who has the most world cup wins list

text: List of FIFA World Cup winners

text: By team[edit]

text: The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different nations. Brazil has won the most titles, five. The current champion is France, who won the title in 2018.

text:
Nations that won the World Cup

Titles

Team

Year(s)

5

 Brazil

1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002

4

 Italy

1934, 1938, 1982, 2006

4

 Germany[n 1]

1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

2

 Uruguay

1930, 1950

2

 Argentina

1978, 1986

2

 France

1998, 2018

1

 England

1966

1

 Spain

2010

text: By year[edit]

text: Participating teams have to register squads for the World Cup, which consisted of 22 players until 1998 and of 23 players from 2002 onwards.

text: Since 1978, winners' medals are given to all members of the winning squads. Prior to that, only players who were on the pitch during the final matches received medals. FIFA decided in 2007 to retroactively award winners' medals to all members of the winning squads between 1930 and 1974.[citation needed]

text:
Squads of teams that won the World Cup

Year

Team

Squad[n 2]

Coach

Ref

1930

 Uruguay  (detailed squad)

MF J. Andrade •  FW P. Anselmo •  GK E. Ballestrero •  FW J. Calvo •  GK M. Capuccini •  FW H. Castro •  FW P. Cea •  FW P. Dorado •  DF L. Fernández •  MF Á. Gestido •  FW S. Iriarte •  DF E. Mascheroni •  MF Á. Melogno •  DF J. Nasazzi •  FW P. Petrone •  MF C. Píriz •  DF E. Recoba •  MF C. Riolfo •  FW Z. Saldombide •  FW H. Scarone •  DF D. Tejera •  FW S. Urdinarán

A. Suppici

[fs 1]

1934

 Italy  (detailed squad)

DF L. Allemandi •  FW P. Arcari •  MF L. Bertolini •  FW F. Borel •  DF U. Caligaris •  MF A. Castellazzi •  GK G. Cavanna •  GK G. Combi •  FW A. Demaría •  FW G. Ferrari •  MF A. Ferraris •  FW E. Guaita •  FW A. Guarisi •  GK G. Masetti •  FW G. Meazza •  MF L. Monti •  DF E. Monzeglio •  FW R. Orsi •  MF M. Pizziolo •  DF V. Rosetta •  FW A. Schiavio •  MF M. Varglien

V. Pozzo

[fs 2]

1938

 Italy  (detailed squad)

MF M. Andreolo •  FW S. Bertoni •  FW A. Biavati •  GK C. Ceresoli •  MF B. Chizzo •  FW G. Colaussi •  MF A. Donati •  FW G. Ferrari •  FW P. Ferraris •  DF A. Foni •  MF M. Genta •  MF U. Locatelli •  GK G. Masetti •  FW G. Meazza •  DF E. Monzeglio •  GK A. Olivieri •  MF R. Olmi •  FW P. Pasinati •  MF M. Perazzolo •  FW S. Piola •  DF P. Rava •  MF P. Serantoni

V. Pozzo

[fs 3]

1950

 Uruguay  (detailed squad)

FW J. Britos •  FW J. Burgueño •  DF S. Gambetta •  FW A. Ghiggia •  DF J. González •  DF M. González •  DF W. Martínez •  GK R. Máspoli •  FW Ó. Míguez •  FW R. Morán •  MF W. Ortuño •  GK A. Paz •  FW J. Pérez •  MF R. Pini •  FW L. Rijo •  MF V. Rodríguez Andrade •  FW C. Romero •  FW J. Schiaffino •  DF E. Tejera •  MF O. Varela •  FW E. Vidal •  DF H. Vilches

J. López

[fs 4]

1954

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 T. Turek •  2 F. Laband •  3 W. Kohlmeyer •  4 H. Bauer •  5 H. Erhardt •  6 H. Eckel •  7 J. Posipal •  8 K. Mai •  9 P. Mebus •  10 W. Liebrich •  11 K.-H. Metzner •  12 H. Rahn •  13 M. Morlock •  14 B. Klodt •  15 O. Walter •  16 F. Walter •  17 R. Herrmann •  18 U. Biesinger •  19 A. Pfaff •  20 H. Schäfer •  21 H. Kubsch •  22 H. Kwiatkowski

S. Herberger

[fs 5]

1958

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Castilho •  2 Bellini •  3 Gilmar •  4 Djalma Santos •  5 Dino Sani •  6 Didi •  7 M. Zagallo •  8 Oreco •  9 Zózimo •  10 Pelé •  11 Garrincha •  12 Nílton Santos  •  13 Moacir •  14 De Sordi •  15 Orlando •  16 Mauro •  17 Joel •  18 J. Altafini •  19 Zito •  20 Vavá •  21 Dida •  22 Pepe

V. Feola

[fs 6]

1962

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Gilmar •  2 Djalma Santos •  3 Mauro •  4 Zito •  5 Zózimo •  6 Nílton Santos •  7 Garrincha •  8 Didi •  9 Coutinho •  10 Pelé •  11 Pepe •  12 Jair Marinho •  13 Bellini •  14 Jurandir •  15 Altair •  16 Zequinha •  17 Mengálvio •  18 Jair •  19 Vavá •  20 Amarildo •  21 M. Zagallo •  22 Castilho

A. Moreira

[fs 7]

1966

 England  (detailed squad)

1 G. Banks •  2 G. Cohen •  3 R. Wilson •  4 N. Stiles •  5 J. Charlton •  6 B. Moore •  7 A. Ball •  8 J. Greaves •  9 B. Charlton •  10 G. Hurst •  11 J. Connelly •  12 R. Springett •  13 P. Bonetti •  14 J. Armfield •  15 G. Byrne •  16 M. Peters •  17 R. Flowers •  18 N. Hunter •  19 T. Paine •  20 I. Callaghan •  21 R. Hunt •  22 G. Eastham

A. Ramsey

[fs 8]

1970

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Félix •  2 Brito •  3 Piazza •  4 Carlos Alberto •  5 Clodoaldo •  6 Marco Antônio •  7 Jairzinho •  8 Gérson •  9 Tostão •  10 Pelé •  11 Rivellino •  12 Ado •  13 Roberto •  14 Baldocchi •  15 Fontana •  16 Everaldo •  17 Joel •  18 Paulo Cézar Caju •  19 Edu •  20 Dario •  21 Zé Maria •  22 Leão

M. Zagallo

[fs 9]

1974

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 S. Maier •  2 B. Vogts •  3 P. Breitner •  4 H.-G. Schwarzenbeck •  5 F. Beckenbauer •  6 H.-D. Höttges •  7 H. Wimmer •  8 B. Cullmann •  9 J. Grabowski •  10 G. Netzer •  11 J. Heynckes •  12 W. Overath •  13 G. Müller •  14 U. Hoeneß •  15 H. Flohe •  16 R. Bonhof •  17 B. Hölzenbein •  18 D. Herzog •  19 J. Kapellmann •  20 H. Kremers •  21 N. Nigbur •  22 W. Kleff

H. Schön

[fs 10]

1978

 Argentina  (detailed squad)

1 N. Alonso •  2 O. Ardiles •  3 H. Baley •  4 D. Bertoni •  5 U. Fillol •  6 A. Gallego •  7 L. Galván •  8 R. Galván •  9 R. Houseman •  10 M. Kempes •  11 D. Killer •  12 O. Larrosa •  13 R. La Volpe •  14 L. Luque •  15 J. Olguín •  16 O. Ortiz •  17 M. Oviedo •  18 R. Pagnanini •  19 D. Passarella •  20 A. Tarantini •  21 J. Valencia •  22 R. Villa

C. Menotti

[fs 11]

1982

 Italy  (detailed squad)

1 D. Zoff •  2 F. Baresi •  3 G. Bergomi •  4 A. Cabrini •  5 F. Collovati •  6 C. Gentile •  7 G. Scirea •  8 P. Vierchowod •  9 G. Antognoni •  10 G. Dossena •  11 G. Marini •  12 I. Bordon •  13 G. Oriali •  14 M. Tardelli •  15 F. Causio •  16 B. Conti •  17 D. Massaro •  18 A. Altobelli •  19 F. Graziani •  20 P. Rossi •  21 F. Selvaggi •  22 G. Galli

E. Bearzot

[fs 12]

1986

 Argentina  (detailed squad)

1 S. Almirón •  2 S. Batista •  3 R. Bochini •  4 C. Borghi •  5 J. Brown •  6 D. Passarella •  7 J. Burruchaga •  8 N. Clausen •  9 J. Cuciuffo •  10 D. Maradona •  11 J. Valdano •  12 H. Enrique •  13 O. Garré •  14 R. Giusti •  15 L. Islas •  16 J. Olarticoechea •  17 P. Pasculli •  18 N. Pumpido •  19 O. Ruggeri •  20 C. Tapia •  21 M. Trobbiani •  22 H. Zelada

C. Bilardo

[fs 13]

1990

 West Germany  (detailed squad)

1 B. Illgner •  2 S. Reuter •  3 A. Brehme •  4 J. Kohler •  5 K. Augenthaler •  6 G. Buchwald •  7 P. Littbarski •  8 T. Häßler •  9 R. Völler •  10 L. Matthäus •  11 F. Mill •  12 R. Aumann •  13 K.-H. Riedle •  14 T. Berthold •  15 U. Bein •  16 P. Steiner •  17 A. Möller •  18 J. Klinsmann •  19 H. Pflügler •  20 O. Thon •  21 G. Hermann •  22 A. Köpke

F. Beckenbauer

[fs 14]

1994

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Taffarel •  2 Jorginho •  3 Ricardo Rocha •  4 Ronaldão •  5 Mauro Silva •  6 Branco •  7 Bebeto •  8 Dunga •  9 Zinho •  10 Raí •  11 Romário •  12 Zetti •  13 Aldair •  14 Cafu •  15 Márcio Santos •  16 Leonardo •  17 Mazinho •  18 Paulo Sérgio •  19 Müller •  20 Ronaldo •  21 Viola •  22 Gilmar

C. Parreira

[fs 15]

1998

 France  (detailed squad)

1 B. Lama •  2 V. Candela •  3 B. Lizarazu •  4 P. Vieira •  5 L. Blanc •  6 Y. Djorkaeff •  7 D. Deschamps •  8 M. Desailly •  9 S. Guivarc'h •  10 Z. Zidane •  11 R. Pirès •  12 T. Henry •  13 B. Diomède •  14 A. Boghossian •  15 L. Thuram •  16 F. Barthez •  17 E. Petit •  18 F. Leboeuf •  19 C. Karembeu •  20 D. Trezeguet •  21 C. Dugarry •  22 L. Charbonnier

A. Jacquet

[fs 16]

2002

 Brazil  (detailed squad)

1 Marcos •  2 Cafu •  3 Lúcio •  4 Roque Júnior •  5 Edmílson •  6 Roberto Carlos •  7 Ricardinho •  8 Gilberto Silva •  9 Ronaldo •  10 Rivaldo •  11 Ronaldinho •  12 Dida •  13 Belletti •  14 Ânderson Polga •  15 Kléberson •  16 Júnior •  17 Denílson •  18 Vampeta •  19 Juninho Paulista •  20 Edílson •  21 Luizão •  22 Rogério Ceni •  23 Kaká

L. Scolari

[fs 17]

2006

 Italy  (detailed squad)

1 G. Buffon •  2 C. Zaccardo •  3 F. Grosso •  4 D. De Rossi •  5 F. Cannavaro •  6 A. Barzagli •  7 A. Del Piero •  8 G. Gattuso •  9 L. Toni •  10 F. Totti •  11 A. Gilardino •  12 A. Peruzzi •  13 A. Nesta •  14 M. Amelia •  15 V. Iaquinta •  16 M. Camoranesi •  17 S. Barone •  18 F. Inzaghi •  19 G. Zambrotta •  20 S. Perrotta •  21 A. Pirlo •  22 M. Oddo •  23 M. Materazzi

M. Lippi

[fs 18]

2010

 Spain  (detailed squad)

1 I. Casillas •  2 R. Albiol •  3 G. Piqué •  4 C. Marchena •  5 C. Puyol •  6 A. Iniesta •  7 D. Villa •  8 Xavi •  9 F. Torres •  10 C. Fàbregas •  11 J. Capdevila •  12 V. Valdés •  13 J. Mata •  14 X. Alonso •  15 S. Ramos •  16 S. Busquets •  17 Á. Arbeloa •  18 Pedro •  19 F. Llorente •  20 J. Martínez •  21 D. Silva •  22 J. Navas •  23 P. Reina

V. del Bosque

[fs 19]

2014

 Germany  (detailed squad)

1 M. Neuer •  2 K. Großkreutz •  3 M. Ginter •  4 B. Höwedes •  5 M. Hummels •  6 S. Khedira •  7 B. Schweinsteiger •  8 M. Özil •  9 A. Schürrle •  10 L. Podolski •  11 M. Klose •  12 R.-R. Zieler •  13 T. Müller •  14 J. Draxler •  15 E. Durm •  16 P. Lahm •  17 P. Mertesacker •  18 T. Kroos •  19 M. Götze •  20 J. Boateng •  21 S. Mustafi •  22 R. Weidenfeller •  23 C. Kramer

J. Löw

[fs 20]

2018

 France  (detailed squad)

1 H. Lloris •  2 B. Pavard •  3 P. Kimpembe •  4 R. Varane •  5 S. Umtiti •  6 P. Pogba •  7 A. Griezmann •  8 T. Lemar •   9 O. Giroud •  10 K. Mbappé •  11 O. Dembélé •  12 C. Tolisso •  13 N. Kanté •  14 B. Matuidi •  15 S. Nzonzi •  16 S. Mandanda •  17 A. Rami •  18 N. Fekir •  19 D. Sidibé •  20 F. Thauvin •  21 L. Hernández •  22 B. Mendy •  23 A. Areola

D. Deschamps

[fs 21]

text: By player[edit]

text: A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice.

text:
No player has won two World Cups both as captain. Italy's Giuseppe Meazza (1938), Brazil's Hilderaldo Bellini (1958), Mauro (1962) and Cafu (2002), and Argentina's Daniel Passarella (1978) lifted the trophy once as captain, but were not captain for the other tournament they won. Argentina's Diego Maradona (1986, 1990) and Brazil's Dunga (1994, 1998) captained their sides in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions, while West Germany's Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (1982, 1986) lost both final matches as captain.
Brazil's Pelé and Vavá are the only two players to score in two final matches for winning teams. West Germany's Paul Breitner (1974, 1982) and France's Zinedine Zidane (1998, 2006) also scored in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions.
Cafu is the only player to play in three final matches, 1994 (as a substitute), 1998 and 2002.
Luis Monti is the only player to play in two final matches for different national teams. He appeared in the 1930 final for Argentina, who lost, and the 1934 final for Italy, who won. Attilio Demaría was also in Argentina's 1930 squad and Italy's 1934 squad, but appeared in neither final.
Brazil's Mário Zagallo, having won in 1958 and 1962 as player, went on to win in 1970 as the head coach, becoming the first to win both as player and coach. West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer is the second, winning as both captain (1974) and coach (1990). Didier Deschamps is the third. He led the France team to win in 1998 as captain, and in 2018 as coach.
Germany's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals: 2002 (silver), 2006, 2010 (both bronze) and 2014 (gold).

text:
Players who have won the World Cup

T

Player

Team

Year(s) won[n 3]

Other appearances

Profile

As player[n 4]

As coach[n 5]

3

Pelé

 Brazil

1958, 1962, 1970

1966

[fp 1]

2

Hilderaldo Bellini

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 2]

2

Cafu

 Brazil

1994, 2002

1998, 2006

[fp 3]

2

Castilho

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1950, 1954

[fp 4]

2

Didi

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954

1970 PER

[fp 5]

2

Djalma Santos

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954, 1966

[fp 6]

2

Giovanni Ferrari

 Italy

1934, 1938

1962 ITA

[fp 7]

2

Garrincha

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 8]

2

Gilmar

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 9]

2

Guido Masetti

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 10]

2

Mauro

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1954

[fp 11]

2

Giuseppe Meazza

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 12]

2

Eraldo Monzeglio

 Italy

1934, 1938

[fp 13]

2

Nílton Santos

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1950, 1954

[fp 14]

2

Daniel Passarella

 Argentina

1978, 1986

1982

1998 ARG

[fp 15]

2

Pepe

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 16]

2

Ronaldo

 Brazil

1994, 2002

1998, 2006

[fp 17]

2

Vavá

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 18]

2

Mário Zagallo

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1970 BRA, 1974 BRA, 1998 BRA

[fp 19]

2

Zito

 Brazil

1958, 1962

1966

[fp 20]

2

Zózimo

 Brazil

1958, 1962

[fp 21]

Ado

 Brazil

1970

[fp 22]

Raúl Albiol

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 23]

Aldair

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 24]

Luigi Allemandi

 Italy

1934

[fp 25]

Sergio Almirón

 Argentina

1986

[fp 26]

Norberto Alonso

 Argentina

1978

[fp 27]

Xabi Alonso

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 28]

José Altafini

 Brazil

1958

1962 ITA[n 6]

[fp 29]

Altair

 Brazil

1962

1966

[fp 30]

Alessandro Altobelli

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 31]

Amarildo

 Brazil

1962

[fp 32]

Marco Amelia

 Italy

2006

[fp 33]

Ânderson Polga

 Brazil

2002

[fp 34]

José Andrade

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 35]

Michele Andreolo

 Italy

1938

[fp 36]

Peregrino Anselmo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 37]

Giancarlo Antognoni

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 38]

Álvaro Arbeloa

 Spain

2010

[fp 39]

Pietro Arcari

 Italy

1934

[fp 40]

Osvaldo Ardiles

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 41]

Alphonse Areola

 France

2018

[fp 42]

Jimmy Armfield

 England

1966

1962

[fp 43]

Klaus Augenthaler

 West Germany

1990

1986

[fp 44]

Raimond Aumann

 West Germany

1990

[fp 45]

Baldocchi

 Brazil

1970

[fp 46]

Héctor Baley

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 47]

Alan Ball

 England

1966

1970

[fp 48]

Enrique Ballestrero

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 49]

Gordon Banks

 England

1966

1970[n 7]

[fp 50]

Franco Baresi

 Italy

1982

1990, 1994

[fp 51]

Simone Barone

 Italy

2006

[fp 52]

Fabien Barthez

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 53]

Andrea Barzagli

 Italy

2006

2014

[fp 54]

Sergio Batista

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 55]

Hans Bauer

 West Germany

1954

[fp 56]

Bebeto

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 57]

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

1986 FRG, 1990 FRG

[fp 58]

Uwe Bein

 West Germany

1990

[fp 59]

Juliano Belletti

 Brazil

2002

[fp 60]

Giuseppe Bergomi

 Italy

1982

1986, 1990, 1998

[fp 61]

Thomas Berthold

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

[fp 62]

Luigi Bertolini

 Italy

1934

[fp 63]

Daniel Bertoni

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 64]

Sergio Bertoni

 Italy

1938

[fp 65]

Amedeo Biavati

 Italy

1938

[fp 66]

Ulrich Biesinger

 West Germany

1954

[fp 67]

Laurent Blanc

 France

1998

[fp 68]

Jérôme Boateng

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 69]

Ricardo Bochini

 Argentina

1986

[fp 70]

Alain Boghossian

 France

1998

2002

[fp 71]

Peter Bonetti

 England

1966

1970

[fp 72]

Rainer Bonhof

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 73]

Ivano Bordon

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 74]

Felice Borel

 Italy

1934

[fp 75]

Claudio Borghi

 Argentina

1986

[fp 76]

Branco

 Brazil

1994

1986, 1990

[fp 77]

Andreas Brehme

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

[fp 78]

Paul Breitner

 West Germany

1974

1982

[fp 79]

Brito

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 80]

Julio César Britos

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 81]

José Luis Brown

 Argentina

1986

[fp 82]

Guido Buchwald

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 83]

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002, 2010, 2014

[fp 84]

Juan Burgueño

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 85]

Jorge Burruchaga

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 86]

Sergio Busquets

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 87]

Gerry Byrne

 England

1966

[fp 88]

Antonio Cabrini

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 89]

Umberto Caligaris

 Italy

1934

[fp 90]

Ian Callaghan

 England

1966

[fp 91]

Juan Carlos Calvo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 92]

Mauro Camoranesi

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 93]

Vincent Candela

 France

1998

2002

[fp 94]

Fabio Cannavaro

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002, 2010

[fp 95]

Joan Capdevila

 Spain

2010

[fp 96]

Miguel Capuccini

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 97]

Carlos Alberto

 Brazil

1970

[fp 98]

Iker Casillas

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006, 2014

[fp 99]

Armando Castellazzi

 Italy

1934

[fp 100]

Héctor Castro

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 101]

Franco Causio

 Italy

1982

1974, 1978

[fp 102]

Giuseppe Cavanna

 Italy

1934

[fp 103]

Pedro Cea

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 104]

Carlo Ceresoli

 Italy

1938

[fp 105]

Lionel Charbonnier

 France

1998

[fp 106]

Bobby Charlton

 England

1966

1958, 1962, 1970

[fp 107]

Jack Charlton

 England

1966

1970

1990 IRL, 1994 IRL

[fp 108]

Bruno Chizzo

 Italy

1938

[fp 109]

Néstor Clausen

 Argentina

1986

[fp 110]

Clodoaldo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 111]

George Cohen

 England

1966

[fp 112]

Gino Colaussi

 Italy

1938

[fp 113]

Fulvio Collovati

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 114]

Gianpiero Combi

 Italy

1934

[fp 115]

John Connelly

 England

1966

1962

[fp 116]

Bruno Conti

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 117]

Coutinho

 Brazil

1962

[fp 118]

José Luis Cuciuffo

 Argentina

1986

[fp 119]

Bernhard Cullmann

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 120]

Dario

 Brazil

1970

[fp 121]

Daniele De Rossi

 Italy

2006

2010, 2014

[fp 122]

De Sordi

 Brazil

1958

[fp 123]

Alessandro Del Piero

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 124]

Attilio Demaría

 Italy

1934

1930 ARG[n 6]

[fp 125]

Ousmane Dembélé

 France

2018

[fp 126]

Denílson

 Brazil

2002

1998

[fp 127]

Marcel Desailly

 France

1998

2002

[fp 128]

Didier Deschamps

 France

1998

2014 FRA, 2018 FRA

[fp 129]

Dida

 Brazil

1958

[fp 130]

Dida

 Brazil

2002

1998, 2006

[fp 131]

Dino Sani

 Brazil

1958

[fp 132]

Bernard Diomède

 France

1998

[fp 133]

Youri Djorkaeff

 France

1998

2002

[fp 134]

Aldo Donati

 Italy

1938

[fp 135]

Pablo Dorado

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 136]

Giuseppe Dossena

 Italy

1982

[fp 137]

Julian Draxler

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 138]

Christophe Dugarry

 France

1998

2002

[fp 139]

Dunga

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

2010 BRA

[fp 140]

Erik Durm

 Germany

2014

[fp 141]

George Eastham

 England

1966

1962

[fp 142]

Horst Eckel

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 143]

Edílson

 Brazil

2002

[fp 144]

Edmílson

 Brazil

2002

[fp 145]

Edu

 Brazil

1970

1966, 1974

[fp 146]

Héctor Enrique

 Argentina

1986

[fp 147]

Herbert Erhardt

 West Germany

1954

1958, 1962

[fp 148]

Everaldo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 149]

Cesc Fàbregas

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 150]

Nabil Fekir

 France

2018

[fp 151]

Félix

 Brazil

1970

[fp 152]

Lorenzo Fernández

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 153]

Attilio Ferraris

 Italy

1934

[fp 154]

Pietro Ferraris

 Italy

1938

[fp 155]

Ubaldo Fillol

 Argentina

1978

1974, 1982

[fp 156]

Heinz Flohe

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 157]

Ron Flowers

 England

1966

1962

[fp 158]

Alfredo Foni

 Italy

1938

1966 SUI

[fp 159]

Fontana

 Brazil

1970

[fp 160]

Américo Gallego

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 161]

Giovanni Galli

 Italy

1982

1986

[fp 162]

Luis Galván

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 163]

Rubén Galván

 Argentina

1978

[fp 164]

Schubert Gambetta

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 165]

Oscar Garré

 Argentina

1986

[fp 166]

Gennaro Gattuso

 Italy

2006

2002, 2010

[fp 167]

Mario Genta

 Italy

1938

[fp 168]

Claudio Gentile

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 169]

Gérson

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 170]

Álvaro Gestido

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 171]

Alcides Ghiggia

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 172]

Alberto Gilardino

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 173]

Gilberto Silva

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 174]

Gilmar Rinaldi

 Brazil

1994

[fp 175]

Matthias Ginter

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 176]

Olivier Giroud

 France

2018

2014

[fp 177]

Ricardo Giusti

 Argentina

1986

1990

[fp 178]

Juan Carlos González

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 179]

Matías González

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 180]

Mario Götze

 Germany

2014

[fp 181]

Jürgen Grabowski

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 182]

Francesco Graziani

 Italy

1982

1978

[fp 183]

Jimmy Greaves

 England

1966

1962

[fp 184]

Antoine Griezmann

 France

2018

2014

[fp 185]

Kevin Großkreutz

 Germany

2014

[fp 186]

Fabio Grosso

 Italy

2006

[fp 187]

Enrique Guaita

 Italy

1934

[fp 188]

Anfilogino Guarisi

 Italy

1934

[fp 189]

Stéphane Guivarc'h

 France

1998

[fp 190]

Thomas Häßler

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 191]

Thierry Henry

 France

1998

2002, 2006, 2010

[fp 192]

Günter Hermann

 West Germany

1990

[fp 193]

Lucas Hernández

 France

2018

[fp 194]

Richard Herrmann

 West Germany

1954

[fp 195]

Dieter Herzog

 West Germany

1974

[fp 196]

Jupp Heynckes

 West Germany

1974

[fp 197]

Uli Hoeneß

 West Germany

1974

[fp 198]

Bernd Hölzenbein

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 199]

Horst-Dieter Höttges

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 200]

René Houseman

 Argentina

1978

1974

[fp 201]

Benedikt Höwedes

 Germany

2014

[fp 202]

Mats Hummels

 Germany

2014

2018

[fp 203]

Roger Hunt

 England

1966

1962

[fp 204]

Norman Hunter

 England

1966

1970

[fp 205]

Geoff Hurst

 England

1966

1970

[fp 206]

Vincenzo Iaquinta

 Italy

2006

2010

[fp 207]

Bodo Illgner

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 208]

Andrés Iniesta

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 209]

Filippo Inzaghi

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 210]

Santos Iriarte

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 211]

Luis Islas

 Argentina

1986

1994

[fp 212]

Jair

 Brazil

1962

[fp 213]

Jair Marinho

 Brazil

1962

[fp 214]

Jairzinho

 Brazil

1970

1966, 1974

[fp 215]

Joel

 Brazil

1958

[fp 216]

Joel Camargo

 Brazil

1970

[fp 217]

Jorginho

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 218]

Juninho Paulista

 Brazil

2002

[fp 219]

Júnior

 Brazil

2002

[fp 220]

Jurandir

 Brazil

1962

[fp 221]

Kaká

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 222]

N'Golo Kanté

 France

2018

[fp 223]

Jupp Kapellmann

 West Germany

1974

[fp 224]

Christian Karembeu

 France

1998

[fp 225]

Mario Kempes

 Argentina

1978

1974, 1982

[fp 226]

Sami Khedira

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 227]

Daniel Killer

 Argentina

1978

[fp 228]

Presnel Kimpembe

 France

2018

[fp 229]

Kléberson

 Brazil

2002

2010

[fp 230]

Wolfgang Kleff

 West Germany

1974

[fp 231]

Jürgen Klinsmann

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

2006 GER, 2014 USA

[fp 232]

Bernhard Klodt

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 233]

Miroslav Klose

 Germany

2014

2002, 2006, 2010

[fp 234]

Jürgen Kohler

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 235]

Werner Kohlmeyer

 West Germany

1954

[fp 236]

Andreas Köpke

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 237]

Christoph Kramer

 Germany

2014

[fp 238]

Helmut Kremers

 West Germany

1974

[fp 239]

Toni Kroos

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 240]

Heinz Kubsch

 West Germany

1954

[fp 241]

Heinz Kwiatkowski

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 242]

Ricardo La Volpe

 Argentina

1978

2006 MEX

[fp 243]

Fritz Laband

 West Germany

1954

[fp 244]

Philipp Lahm

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 245]

Bernard Lama

 France

1998

[fp 246]

Omar Larrosa

 Argentina

1978

[fp 247]

Leão

 Brazil

1970

1974, 1978, 1986

[fp 248]

Frank Leboeuf

 France

1998

2002

[fp 249]

Thomas Lemar

 France

2018

[fp 250]

Leonardo

 Brazil

1994

1998

[fp 251]

Werner Liebrich

 West Germany

1954

[fp 252]

Pierre Littbarski

 West Germany

1990

1982, 1986

[fp 253]

Bixente Lizarazu

 France

1998

2002

[fp 254]

Fernando Llorente

 Spain

2010

[fp 255]

Hugo Lloris

 France

2018

2010, 2014

[fp 256]

Ugo Locatelli

 Italy

1938

[fp 257]

Lúcio

 Brazil

2002

2006, 2010

[fp 258]

Luizão

 Brazil

2002

[fp 259]

Leopoldo Luque

 Argentina

1978

[fp 260]

Karl Mai

 West Germany

1954

[fp 261]

Sepp Maier

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970, 1978

[fp 262]

Steve Mandanda

 France

2018

2010

[fp 263]

Diego Maradona

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990, 1994

2010 ARG

[fp 264]

Carlos Marchena

 Spain

2010

2006

[fp 265]

Márcio Santos

 Brazil

1994

[fp 266]

Marco Antônio

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 267]

Marcos

 Brazil

2002

[fp 268]

Gianpiero Marini

 Italy

1982

[fp 269]

Javi Martínez

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 270]

William Martínez

 Uruguay

1950

1954, 1962

[fp 271]

Ernesto Mascheroni

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 272]

Roque Máspoli

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 273]

Daniele Massaro

 Italy

1982

1994

[fp 274]

Juan Mata

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 275]

Marco Materazzi

 Italy

2006

2002

[fp 276]

Lothar Matthäus

 West Germany

1990

1982, 1986, 1994, 1998

[fp 277]

Blaise Matuidi

 France

2018

2014

[fp 278]

Mauro Silva

 Brazil

1994

[fp 279]

Mazinho

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 280]

Kylian Mbappé

 France

2018

[fp 281]

Paul Mebus

 West Germany

1954

[fp 282]

Ángel Melogno

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 283]

Benjamin Mendy

 France

2018

[fp 284]

Mengálvio

 Brazil

1962

[fp 285]

Per Mertesacker

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 286]

Karl-Heinz Metzner

 West Germany

1954

[fp 287]

Óscar Míguez

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 288]

Frank Mill

 West Germany

1990

[fp 289]

Moacir

 Brazil

1958

[fp 290]

Andreas Möller

 West Germany

1990

1994, 1998

[fp 291]

Luis Monti

 Italy

1934

1930 ARG[n 6]

[fp 292]

Bobby Moore

 England

1966

1962, 1970

[fp 293]

Rubén Morán

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 294]

Max Morlock

 West Germany

1954

[fp 295]

Müller

 Brazil

1994

1986, 1990

[fp 296]

Gerd Müller

 West Germany

1974

1970

[fp 297]

Thomas Müller

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 298]

Shkodran Mustafi

 Germany

2014

[fp 299]

José Nasazzi

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 300]

Jesús Navas

 Spain

2010

[fp 301]

Alessandro Nesta

 Italy

2006

1998, 2002

[fp 302]

Günter Netzer

 West Germany

1974

[fp 303]

Manuel Neuer

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 304]

Norbert Nigbur

 West Germany

1974

[fp 305]

Steven Nzonzi

 France

2018

[fp 306]

Massimo Oddo

 Italy

2006

[fp 307]

Julio Olarticoechea

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990

[fp 308]

Jorge Olguín

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 309]

Aldo Olivieri

 Italy

1938

[fp 310]

Renato Olmi

 Italy

1938

[fp 311]

Oreco

 Brazil

1958

[fp 312]

Gabriele Oriali

 Italy

1982

[fp 313]

Orlando

 Brazil

1958

1966

[fp 314]

Raimundo Orsi

 Italy

1934

[fp 315]

Oscar Ortiz

 Argentina

1978

[fp 316]

Washington Ortuño

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 317]

Wolfgang Overath

 West Germany

1974

1966, 1970

[fp 318]

Miguel Oviedo

 Argentina

1978

[fp 319]

Mesut Özil

 Germany

2014

2010, 2018

[fp 320]

Rubén Pagnanini

 Argentina

1978

[fp 321]

Terry Paine

 England

1966

[fp 322]

Pedro Pasculli

 Argentina

1986

[fp 323]

Pietro Pasinati

 Italy

1938

[fp 324]

Paulo Cézar Caju

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 325]

Paulo Sérgio

 Brazil

1994

[fp 326]

Benjamin Pavard

 France

2018

[fp 327]

Aníbal Paz

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 328]

Pedro

 Spain

2010

2014

[fp 329]

Mario Perazzolo

 Italy

1938

[fp 330]

Julio Pérez

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 331]

Simone Perrotta

 Italy

2006

[fp 332]

Angelo Peruzzi

 Italy

2006

[fp 333]

Martin Peters

 England

1966

1970

[fp 334]

Emmanuel Petit

 France

1998

2002

[fp 335]

Pedro Petrone

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 336]

Alfred Pfaff

 West Germany

1954

[fp 337]

Hans Pflügler

 West Germany

1990

[fp 338]

Rodolfo Pini

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 339]

Silvio Piola

 Italy

1938

[fp 340]

Gerard Piqué

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 341]

Robert Pirès

 France

1998

[fp 342]

Conduelo Píriz

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 343]

Andrea Pirlo

 Italy

2006

2010, 2014

[fp 344]

Mario Pizziolo

 Italy

1934

[fp 345]

Lukas Podolski

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 346]

Paul Pogba

 France

2018

2014

[fp 347]

Josef Posipal

 West Germany

1954

[fp 348]

Nery Pumpido

 Argentina

1986

1982, 1990

[fp 349]

Carles Puyol

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006

[fp 350]

Helmut Rahn

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 351]

Raí

 Brazil

1994

[fp 352]

Adil Rami

 France

2018

[fp 353]

Sergio Ramos

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 354]

Pietro Rava

 Italy

1938

[fp 355]

Emilio Recoba

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 356]

Pepe Reina

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014, 2018

[fp 357]

Stefan Reuter

 West Germany

1990

1998

[fp 358]

Ricardinho

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 359]

Ricardo Rocha

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 360]

Karl-Heinz Riedle

 West Germany

1990

1994

[fp 361]

Luis Rijo

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 362]

Carlos Riolfo

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 363]

Rivaldo

 Brazil

2002

1998

[fp 364]

Rivellino

 Brazil

1970

1974, 1978

[fp 365]

Roberto

 Brazil

1970

[fp 366]

Roberto Carlos

 Brazil

2002

1998, 2006

[fp 367]

Víctor Rodríguez Andrade

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 368]

Rogério Ceni

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 369]

Romário

 Brazil

1994

1990

[fp 370]

Carlos Romero

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 371]

Ronaldão

 Brazil

1994

[fp 372]

Ronaldinho

 Brazil

2002

2006

[fp 373]

Roque Júnior

 Brazil

2002

[fp 374]

Virginio Rosetta

 Italy

1934

[fp 375]

Paolo Rossi

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 376]

Oscar Ruggeri

 Argentina

1986

1990, 1994

[fp 377]

Zoilo Saldombide

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 378]

Héctor Scarone

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 379]

Hans Schäfer

 West Germany

1954

1958, 1962

[fp 380]

Juan Alberto Schiaffino

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 381]

Angelo Schiavio

 Italy

1934

[fp 382]

André Schürrle

 Germany

2014

[fp 383]

Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck

 West Germany

1974

1978

[fp 384]

Bastian Schweinsteiger

 Germany

2014

2006, 2010

[fp 385]

Gaetano Scirea

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 386]

Franco Selvaggi

 Italy

1982

[fp 387]

Pietro Serantoni

 Italy

1938

[fp 388]

Djibril Sidibé

 France

2018

[fp 389]

David Silva

 Spain

2010

2014, 2018

[fp 390]

Ron Springett

 England

1966

1962

[fp 391]

Paul Steiner

 West Germany

1990

[fp 392]

Nobby Stiles

 England

1966

1970

[fp 393]

Cláudio Taffarel

 Brazil

1994

1990, 1998

[fp 394]

Carlos Tapia

 Argentina

1986

[fp 395]

Alberto Tarantini

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 396]

Marco Tardelli

 Italy

1982

1978, 1986

[fp 397]

Domingo Tejera

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 398]

Eusebio Tejera

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 399]

Florian Thauvin

 France

2018

[fp 400]

Olaf Thon

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1998

[fp 401]

Lilian Thuram

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 402]

Corentin Tolisso

 France

2018

[fp 403]

Luca Toni

 Italy

2006

[fp 404]

Fernando Torres

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 405]

Tostão

 Brazil

1970

1966

[fp 406]

Francesco Totti

 Italy

2006

2002

[fp 407]

David Trezeguet

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 408]

Marcelo Trobbiani

 Argentina

1986

[fp 409]

Toni Turek

 West Germany

1954

[fp 410]

Samuel Umtiti

 France

2018

[fp 411]

Santos Urdinarán

 Uruguay

1930

[fp 412]

Jorge Valdano

 Argentina

1986

1982

[fp 413]

Víctor Valdés

 Spain

2010

[fp 414]

José Daniel Valencia

 Argentina

1978

1982

[fp 415]

Vampeta

 Brazil

2002

[fp 416]

Raphaël Varane

 France

2018

2014

[fp 417]

Obdulio Varela

 Uruguay

1950

1954

[fp 418]

Mario Varglien

 Italy

1934

[fp 419]

Ernesto Vidal

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 420]

Patrick Vieira

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 421]

Pietro Vierchowod

 Italy

1982

1986, 1990

[fp 422]

Héctor Vilches

 Uruguay

1950

[fp 423]

David Villa

 Spain

2010

2006, 2014

[fp 424]

Ricardo Villa

 Argentina

1978

[fp 425]

Viola

 Brazil

1994

[fp 426]

Berti Vogts

 West Germany

1974

1970, 1978

1994 GER, 1998 GER

[fp 427]

Rudi Völler

 West Germany

1990

1986, 1994

2002 GER

[fp 428]

Fritz Walter

 West Germany

1954

1958

[fp 429]

Ottmar Walter

 West Germany

1954

[fp 430]

Roman Weidenfeller

 Germany

2014

[fp 431]

Wilson Piazza

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 432]

Ray Wilson

 England

1966

1962

[fp 433]

Herbert Wimmer

 West Germany

1974

[fp 434]

Xavi

 Spain

2010

2002, 2006, 2014

[fp 435]

Cristian Zaccardo

 Italy

2006

[fp 436]

Gianluca Zambrotta

 Italy

2006

2002, 2010

[fp 437]

Zé Maria

 Brazil

1970

1974

[fp 438]

Héctor Zelada

 Argentina

1986

[fp 439]

Zequinha

 Brazil

1962

[fp 440]

Zetti

 Brazil

1994

[fp 441]

Zinedine Zidane

 France

1998

2002, 2006

[fp 442]

Ron-Robert Zieler

 Germany

2014

[fp 443]

Zinho

 Brazil

1994

[fp 444]

Dino Zoff

 Italy

1982

1970, 1974, 1978

[fp 445]

text: By coach[edit]

text: 20 different coaches have won the World Cup, Italy's Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to win twice.

text: Four other coaches finished as winners once and runners-up once: West Germany's Helmut Schön (winner in 1974, runner-up in 1966) and Franz Beckenbauer (winner in 1990, runner-up in 1986), Argentina's Carlos Bilardo (winner in 1986, runner-up in 1990), and Brazil's Mário Zagallo (winner in 1970, runner-up in 1998).

text: Zagallo (twice), Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps also won the title as players.

text: Every edition of the tournament has been won by a coach leading the team of his own country.

text:
Coaches who have won the World Cup

T

Coach

Country

Year(s) won

Other appearances

As coach

As player[n 5]

2

Vittorio Pozzo

 Italy

1934 ITA, 1938 ITA

Enzo Bearzot

 Italy

1982 ITA

1978 ITA, 1986 ITA

Franz Beckenbauer

 West Germany

1990 FRG

1986 FRG

1966, 1970, 1974

Carlos Bilardo

 Argentina

1986 ARG

1990 ARG

Vicente del Bosque

 Spain

2010 ESP

2014 ESP

Didier Deschamps

 France

2018 FRA

2014 FRA

1998

Vicente Feola

 Brazil

1958 BRA

1966 BRA

Sepp Herberger

 West Germany

1954 FRG

1938 GER, 1958 FRG, 1962 FRG

Aimé Jacquet

 France

1998 FRA

Marcello Lippi

 Italy

2006 ITA

2010 ITA

Juan López

 Uruguay

1950 URU

1954 URU

Joachim Löw

 Germany

2014 GER

2010 GER, 2018 GER

César Luis Menotti

 Argentina

1978 ARG

1982 ARG

Aymoré Moreira

 Brazil

1962 BRA

Carlos Alberto Parreira

 Brazil

1994 BRA

1982 KUW, 1990 UAE, 1998 KSA, 2006 BRA, 2010 RSA

Alf Ramsey

 England

1966 ENG

1970 ENG

1950

Helmut Schön

 West Germany

1974 FRG

1966 FRG, 1970 FRG, 1978 FRG

Luiz Felipe Scolari

 Brazil

2002 BRA

2006 POR, 2014 BRA

Alberto Suppici

 Uruguay

1930 URU

Mário Zagallo

 Brazil

1970 BRA

1974 BRA, 1998 BRA

1958, 1962

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Germany is considered the inheritor of the records of the former  West Germany team, which won the 1954, 1974 and 1990 titles.

Jump up ^ Players in bold appeared in the tournament's final match (or, in the case of 1950, in the decisive match of the final stage), while players in italics did not play in the tournament.

Jump up ^ Years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the final match, while years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament.

Jump up ^ Years in italics indicate that the player did not play in the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b A golden background indicates that the player won the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b c Attilio Demaría and Luis Monti were in the title-winning Italian squad in 1934 and also in the Argentinian one in 1930, while José Altafini was in the title-winning Brazilian squad in 1958 and also in the Italian one in 1962. They are among the few players to have represented different nations in the World Cup.

Jump up ^ FIFA's website indicates that Banks also was part of the 1962 English squad, while another source states that he was not part of the squad, having been omitted from it after initially being meant to be a stay-at-home reserve.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

question_text: what state was added to the us after the original 13 colonies

root

text: List of U.S. states[edit]

text:
State

Date(admitted or ratified)

Formed from

1

 Delaware

December 7, 1787[8](ratified)

Colony of Delaware[b]

2

 Pennsylvania

December 12, 1787[10](ratified)

Proprietary Province of Pennsylvania

3

 New Jersey

December 18, 1787[11](ratified)

Crown Colony of New Jersey

4

 Georgia

January 2, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of Georgia

5

 Connecticut

January 9, 1788[12](ratified)

Crown Colony of Connecticut

6

 Massachusetts

February 6, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay

7

 Maryland

April 28, 1788[8](ratified)

Proprietary Province of Maryland

8

 South Carolina

May 23, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of South Carolina

9

 New Hampshire

June 21, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of New Hampshire

10

 Virginia

June 25, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony and Dominion of Virginia

11

 New York

July 26, 1788[13](ratified)

Crown Colony of New York

12

 North Carolina

November 21, 1789[14](ratified)

Crown Colony of North Carolina

13

 Rhode Island

May 29, 1790[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

14

 Vermont

March 4, 1791[15](admitted)

Vermont Republic[c]

15

 Kentucky

June 1, 1792[16](admitted)

Virginia (nine counties in its District of Kentucky[d])

16

 Tennessee

June 1, 1796[18](admitted)

Southwest Territory

17

 Ohio

March 1, 1803[19][e](admitted)

Northwest Territory (part)

18

 Louisiana

April 30, 1812[21](admitted)

Territory of Orleans

19

 Indiana

December 11, 1816(admitted)

Indiana Territory

20

 Mississippi

December 10, 1817[22](admitted)

Mississippi Territory

21

 Illinois

December 3, 1818[23](admitted)

Illinois Territory (part)

22

 Alabama

December 14, 1819[24](admitted)

Alabama Territory

23

 Maine

March 15, 1820[25](admitted)

Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])

24

 Missouri

August 10, 1821[26](admitted)

Missouri Territory (part)

25

 Arkansas

June 15, 1836[27](admitted)

Arkansas Territory

26

 Michigan

January 26, 1837[28](admitted)

Michigan Territory

27

 Florida

March 3, 1845(admitted)

Florida Territory

28

 Texas

December 29, 1845(admitted)

Republic of Texas

29

 Iowa

December 28, 1846(admitted)

Iowa Territory (part)

30

 Wisconsin

May 29, 1848[29](admitted)

Wisconsin Territory (part)

31

 California

September 9, 1850[30](admitted)

unorganized territory (part)

32

 Minnesota

May 11, 1858[31](admitted)

Minnesota Territory (part)

33

 Oregon

February 14, 1859(admitted)

Oregon Territory (part)

34

 Kansas

January 29, 1861[32](admitted)

Kansas Territory (part)

35

 West Virginia

June 20, 1863[33](admitted)

Virginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])

36

 Nevada

October 31, 1864(admitted)

Nevada Territory

37

 Nebraska

March 1, 1867(admitted)

Nebraska Territory

38

 Colorado

August 1, 1876[36](admitted)

Colorado Territory

39[h]

  North Dakota

November 2, 1889[38][i](admitted)

Dakota Territory (part)

40

 South Dakota

November 2, 1889[38][i](admitted)

Dakota Territory (part)

41

 Montana

November 8, 1889[39](admitted)

Montana Territory

42

 Washington

November 11, 1889[40](admitted)

Washington Territory

43

 Idaho

July 3, 1890(admitted)

Idaho Territory

44

 Wyoming

July 10, 1890(admitted)

Wyoming Territory

45

 Utah

January 4, 1896[41](admitted)

Utah Territory

46

 Oklahoma

November 16, 1907[42](admitted)

Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory

47

 New Mexico

January 6, 1912(admitted)

New Mexico Territory

48

 Arizona

February 14, 1912(admitted)

Arizona Territory

49

 Alaska

January 3, 1959(admitted)

Territory of Alaska

50

 Hawaii

August 21, 1959(admitted)

Territory of Hawaii

tag: table

text: Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]

tag: p

text:
State

Date

1

 Virginia

December 16, 1777

2

 South Carolina

February 5, 1778

3

 New York

February 6, 1778

4

 Rhode Island

February 9, 1778

5

 Connecticut

February 12, 1778

6

 Georgia

February 26, 1778

7

 New Hampshire

March 4, 1778

8

 Pennsylvania

March 5, 1778

9

 Massachusetts

March 10, 1778

10

 North Carolina

April 5, 1778

11

 New Jersey

November 19, 1778

12

 Delaware

February 1, 1779

13

 Maryland

February 2, 1781


document_title: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

question_text: when was the film wizard of oz made

question_tokens: when was the film wizard of oz made

text: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone. Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothy's dog gets in trouble with a mean neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch, when Toto bites her. However, Dorothy's family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her. Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy, who then decides to run away from home, fearing that Gulch will return.

text: They meet Professor Marvel, a phony but kindly fortune teller, who realizes Dorothy has run away and tricks her via his crystal ball into believing that Aunt Em is ill so that she must return home. She races home just as a powerful tornado strikes. Unable to get into her family's storm cellar, she seeks safety in her bedroom. A wind-blown window sash hits her in the head, knocking her out. The house is picked up and sent spinning in the air by the twister. She awakens and looks outside the window, seeing the twister and various figures flying by in the storm, including an elderly lady rocking in a chair, several farm animals, two men rowing a boat, and Miss Gulch (still pedaling her bicycle), who transforms into a cackling witch flying on a broomstick.

text: The farmhouse crashes in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz, where the film changes to Technicolor. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine, as the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her stocking feet exposed. The Wicked Witch of the West, arrives to claim her sister's ruby slippers, but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy's feet first. The Wicked Witch of the West swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister's death. Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City, where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home.

text: On her way, Dorothy meets and befriends the Scarecrow, who wants a brain, the Tin Woodman, who desires a heart, and the Cowardly Lion, who is in need of courage. Dorothy invites each of them to accompany her. After the Witch attempts to stop them several times, they finally reach the Emerald City. Inside, after being initially rejected, they are permitted to see the Wizard (who appears as a large head surrounded by fire). He agrees to grant their wishes when they bring him the Witch of the West's broomstick.

text: On their journey to the Witch's castle, the group passes through the Haunted Forest, while the Witch views their progress through a crystal ball. She sends her winged monkeys to harass Dorothy; they capture Dorothy and Toto. At the castle, the Witch receives a magical shock when she tries to get the slippers off Dorothy, then remembers that Dorothy must be dead first. Toto escapes and leads her friends to the castle. After ambushing three Winkie guards, they march inside wearing the stolen uniforms and free her, but the Witch discovers them and traps them. However, the Scarecrow uses the Tin Man's axe to cut a rope nearby and send gigantic chandelier, swinging overhead, down onto The Witch's soldiers, knocking them to the floor and the quartet attempt to escape. The Witch and her guards chase them through the castle, across battlements and finally surround them. When the Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow, Dorothy puts out the flames with a bucket of water; the Witch is splashed and melts away. The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude.

text: Back at the Emerald City, the Wizard delays granting their requests. Then Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the "Wizard" as a normal middle-aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image; he denies Dorothy's accusation that he is a bad man, but admits to being a humbug. He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Lion a medal, and the Tin Man a ticking heart-shaped watch, granting their wishes and convincing them that they have received what they sought. He then prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home, but Toto chases a cat, Dorothy follows, and the balloon leaves without them. Suddenly, Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the Ruby Slippers. Following Glinda's instructions, Dorothy taps her heels together three times and repeats, "There's no place like home". Dorothy wakes up in her home in Kansas, surrounded by her family, the farmhands, Professor Marvel and Toto. Though her family and friends dismiss her adventure as a dream, Dorothy insists that it was all real, and that there is no place like home.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel/The Wizard/Doorman/Cabbie/Guard
Ray Bolger as Hunk/Scarecrow
Jack Haley as Hickory/Tin Man
Bert Lahr as Zeke/Cowardly Lion
Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North
Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West
Clara Blandick as Auntie Em
Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry
Pat Walshe as Nikko (the Winged Monkey King)
Terry as Toto (though credited as Toto)
Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain (credited only in the IMAX version)
Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tinman's song "If I only had a heart" (uncredited).[13]

tag: ul

text: Munchkins (uncredited)[edit]

text:
Charlie Becker as Munchkin Mayor
Meinhardt Raabe as Munchkin Coroner
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich as Lollipop Guild Member
Jerry Maren as Lollipop Guild Member
Harry Doll Earles as Lollipop Guild Member
Billy Curtis as Braggart Munchkin
Harry Monty as Soldier/Winged Monkey
Mickey Carroll as Fiddler/Town Crier/Soldier
Karl Slover as Lead trumpeter/Soldier/"Sleepyhead"/Villager
Olga C. Nardone as the Littlest Lullaby League
Margaret Pellegrini as "Sleepyhead"
Ruth Duccini as a Munchkin Villager
The Doll Family as Munchkin Villagers
The Singer Midgets as Munchkins
William H. O'Docharty as Munchkin Carriage Footman

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and pre-production[edit]

text: Development began when Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) showed that films adapted from popular children's stories and fairytale folklore could be successful.[14][15] In January 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the rights to L. Frank Baum’s hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn, who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor, who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow.[15]

text: The script went through a number of writers and revisions before the final shooting.[16] Mervyn LeRoy's assistant William H. Cannon had submitted a brief four-page outline.[16] Because recent fantasy films had not fared well, he recommended that the magical elements of the story be toned down or eliminated. In his outline, the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields, and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity; this torture softened him into someone gentle and kind.[16] His vision was similar to Larry Semon's 1925 film adaptation of the story, in which the magical element is absent.

text: After that, LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who soon delivered a 17-page draft of the Kansas scenes, and a few weeks later, a further 56 pages. Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash were also hired to write separate versions of the story. None of these three knew about the others, and this was not an uncommon procedure. Nash delivered a four-page outline, Langley turned in a 43-page treatment and a full film script. He[who?] turned in three more, this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg. Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing. They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book. However, producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley.[17] During filming, Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further, adding and cutting some scenes. In addition, Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence.

text: The final draft of the script was completed on October 8, 1938, following numerous rewrites.[18] All in all, it was a mish-mash of many creative minds, but Langley, Ryerson, and Woolf got the film credits. Along with the contributors already mentioned, others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include: Irving Brecher, Herbert Fields, Arthur Freed, Yip Harburg, Samuel Hoffenstein, Jack Mintz, Sid Silvers, Richard Thorpe, Cukor and Vidor.[15]

text: In addition, songwriter Harburg's son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg reported:[19]

text:
“
So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains, and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he – there was eleven screenwriters on that – and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn't get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing.
”

text: The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight-ahead fantasy; therefore, it was reconceived as a lengthy, elaborate dream sequence. Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles, the score had featured a song called "The Jitterbug", and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests. A spoiled, selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta, and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize. This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes.[20] The plan was later dropped.

text: Another scene, which was removed before final script approval and never filmed, was a concluding scene back in Kansas after Dorothy's return. Hunk (the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow) is leaving for agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him. The implication of the scene is that romance will eventually develop between the two, which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions. This plot idea was never totally dropped, but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy, just before she is to leave Oz, tells the Scarecrow, "I think I'll miss you most of all."[21]

text: In his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Baum describes Kansas as being "in shades of gray". Further, Dorothy lived inside a farmhouse which had its paint blistered and washed away by the weather, giving it an air of grayness. The house and property were situated in the middle of a sweeping prairie where the grass was burnt gray by harsh sun. Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were "gray with age". Effectively, the use of monochrome sepia tones for the Kansas sequences was a stylistic choice that evoked the dull and gray countryside.[citation needed] Much attention was given to the use of color in the production, with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others. Consequently, it took the studio's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road.[22]

text: Casting[edit]

text: LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start; however, evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy, on loan from 20th Century Fox. A persistent rumor also existed that Fox, in turn, was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the film suggested that Temple, then 10 years old, was slightly too young for the part. Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks, "There's no place like home", suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time.[23] A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place, but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal.

text: Actress Deanna Durbin, who was under contract to Universal Studios, was also considered for the part of Dorothy. Durbin, at the time, far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two-reeler titled Every Sunday. The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin's operatic style of singing against Garland's jazzier style. Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes, also an operatic singer, to rival Garland's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film.

text: Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow.[18] Bolger, however, longed to play the Scarecrow, as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902; with that very performance, Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place. Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man (reportedly claiming, "I'm not a tin performer; I'm fluid"), Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired.[24] Ebsen did not object; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow's distinctive gait with Bolger (as a professional dancer, Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous "wobbly-walk" of Stone's Scarecrow), he recorded all of his songs, went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast.[25]

text: Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25, 1938; the next month, Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12.

text: W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard, a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small, but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields' fee; instead, another contract player, Frank Morgan, was cast on September 22.

text: An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins; this meant that most of the film's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin. According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren, the little people were each paid over $125 a week (equivalent to $2,200 today). Meinhardt Raabe, who played the coroner, revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department, under the direction of designer Adrian, had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences. They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production.

text: Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) into the familiar "ugly hag". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part, and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird in 1940; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms (1939).

text: According to Aljean Harmetz, the "gone-to-seed" coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually presented to her. But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story; Hamilton considered it a concocted studio rumor.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Richard Thorpe as director[edit]

text: Filming commenced October 13, 1938, on the MGM lot in Culver City, California, under the direction of Richard Thorpe (replacing original director Norman Taurog, who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned). Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage (nine days in total) involving Dorothy's first encounter with the Scarecrow, as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch's castle, such as Dorothy's rescue (which, though unreleased, comprises the only footage of Ebsen's Tin Man).

text: Ebsen replaced by Haley[edit]

text: According to most sources, ten days into the shoot, Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore. He was hospitalized in critical condition, and subsequently was forced to leave the project; in a later interview (included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz), he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital. Filming halted while a replacement for him was found. No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released – only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos. His replacement, Jack Haley, simply assumed he had been fired.[27] Author and screen-writer George MacDonald Fraser offers an alternative story, told to him by Burt Lancaster's producing partner, Jim Hill, that Ebsen had refused to be painted silver and was fired.[28]

text: George Cukor's brief stint[edit]

text: LeRoy, after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production, adversely affecting the actors' performances, had Thorpe replaced. During reorganization on the production, George Cukor temporarily took over, under LeRoy's guidance. Initially, the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy "baby-doll" makeup, and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion; now, Cukor changed Garland's and Hamilton's makeup and costumes, and told Garland to "be herself". This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be discarded and reshot. Cukor also suggested that the studio cast Jack Haley, on loan from Fox, as the Tin Man. To keep down on production costs, Haley only rerecorded "If I Only Had a Heart" and solo lines during "The Jitterbug" and "If I Only Had the Nerve"; as such, Ebsen's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals. The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste, with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath to protect his skin; although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley, he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it.[citation needed]

text: In addition, Bolger's original recording of "If I Only Had a Brain" had been far more sedate compared to the version heard in the film; during this time, Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy's initial meeting with the Scarecrow (initially, it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe's footage), and was rerecorded as such. At first thought to be lost for over seven decades, a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009.[29]

text: Victor Fleming, the main director[edit]

text: Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film, merely acting as something of a "creative advisor" to the troubled production, and, because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind, he left on November 3, 1938, when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility. As director, Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor's creative realignment, as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking.

text: Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and exhausting process that ran for over six months, from October 1938 to March 1939. Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4:00 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes, and often did not leave until 7 pm or later. Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight-bright lighting the early Technicolor process required, which could heat the set to over 100 °F (38 °C). Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary;[30] the toxicity of Hamilton's copper-based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days.[31] It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road.

text: All of the Oz sequences were filmed in three-strip Technicolor.[15][16] The opening and closing credits, as well as the Kansas sequences, were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia-tone process.[15] Sepia-toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch's crystal ball.

text: In Hamilton's exit from Munchkinland, a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit. The first take ran well but in the second take the flames did not go out in time. The flames set fire to her green, copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face. She spent three months healing before returning to work[32].

text: King Vidor's finishing work as director[edit]

text: On February 12, 1939, Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind; the next day, King Vidor was assigned as director by the studio to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz (mainly the sepia-toned Kansas sequences, including Garland's singing of "Over the Rainbow" and the tornado). In later years, when the film became firmly established as a classic, Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until after the death of his friend Fleming in 1949.

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16, 1939; nonetheless, reshoots and pick-up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June, under the direction of producer LeRoy. After the deletion of the "Over the Rainbow" reprise during subsequent test screenings in early June, Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the "Auntie Em, I'm frightened!" scene without the song; the footage of Blandick's Aunt Em, as shot by Vidor, had already been set aside for rear-projection work, and was simply reused.

text: After Hamilton's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator, she refused to do the pick-ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke, so LeRoy chose to have stand-in Betty Danko perform the scene, instead; as a result, Danko was severely injured doing the scene due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism.[33]

text: At this point, the film began a long arduous post-production. Herbert Stothart had to compose the film's background score, while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required, including many of the rear projection shots. The MGM art department also had to create the various matte paintings for the background of many of the scenes.

text: One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor. Each frame was to be hand-tinted to maintain the sepia tone; however, because this was too expensive and labor-intensive, it was abandoned and MGM used a simpler and less expensive variation of the process. During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame; once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting. This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland; if one looks carefully, the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot, from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse-angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy as she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge.

text: Test screenings of the film began on June 5, 1939.[34] Oz initially ran nearly two hours long. LeRoy and Fleming knew that at least 15 minutes needed to be deleted to get the film down to a manageable running time; the average film in 1939 ran for just about 90 minutes. Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara, Pomona and San Luis Obispo, California, helped guide LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting. Among the many cuts were "The Jitterbug" number, the Scarecrow's elaborate dance sequence following "If I Only Had a Brain", reprises of "Over the Rainbow" and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", and a number of smaller dialogue sequences. This left the final, mostly serious portion of the film with no songs, only the dramatic underscoring.

text: One song that was almost deleted was "Over the Rainbow". MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long, as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children. The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard. LeRoy, uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in, and they all eventually won. The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year, and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song.

text: After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July, the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101-minute running time.

text: Music[edit]

text: The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack. The music was composed by Harold Arlen, and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg, both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow". The song was ranked first in two lists: the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America's "365 Songs of the Century".

text: MGM composer Herbert Stothart, a well-known Hollywood composer and songwriter, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his original score.

text: Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman, Murray Cutter, Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements (as usual, Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed.)

text: The songs were recorded in the studio's scoring stage before filming. Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast. Therefore, while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup, his singing voice remained in the soundtrack (as noted in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition). In the group vocals of "We're Off to See the Wizard", his voice can be heard. Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent, thus did not pronounce the r in wizard. By contrast, Ebsen was a Midwesterner, like Garland, and pronounced it. Haley rerecorded Ebsen's solo parts later.

text: Deleted songs[edit]

text: Some musical pieces filmed were deleted in the editing process.

text: The song "The Jitterbug", written in a swing style, was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch's castle. Due to time constraints, the song was cut from the final theatrical version. The film footage for the song has been lost, although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived. The sound recording for the song, however, is intact and was included in the two-CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack, as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film. A reference to "The Jitterbug" remains in the film: the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because "I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them."

text: Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (blended with "We're Off to See the Wizard" and "The Merry Old Land of Oz") with the lyrics altered to "Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!" This started with the Witch's guard saying "Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch is dead!" and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard. Today, the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive, along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers. The entire audio still exists and is included on the two-CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack.[35]

text: In addition, a brief reprise of "Over the Rainbow" was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch's castle, but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense. The original soundtrack recording still exists, however, and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993-onwards.[36]

text: Song list[edit]

text:
"Over the Rainbow" – Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
Munchkinland Sequence:

"Come Out ..." – Billie Burke as Glinda, and the Munchkins
"It Really Was No Miracle" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins
"We Thank You Very Sweetly" – Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – Billie Burke as Glinda (speaking) and the Munchkins
"As Mayor of the Munchkin City"
"As Coroner, I Must Aver"
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (Reprise) – The Munchkins
"The Lullaby League"
"The Lollipop Guild"
"We Welcome You to Munchkinland" – The Munchkins

"Follow the Yellow Brick Road/You're Off to See the Wizard" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, and the Munchkins
"If I Only Had a Brain" – Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy
"We're Off to See the Wizard" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
"If I Only Had a Heart" – Jack Haley as the Tin Man
"If I Only Had a Heart" (original recording) – Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man
"We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 1) – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man
"If I Only Had the Nerve" – Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy
"We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 2) – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man, and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
"Optimistic Voices" – MGM Studio Chorus
"The Merry Old Land of Oz" – Frank Morgan as Cabby, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as Scarecrow, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople
"If I Were King of the Forest" – Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man
"The Jitterbug" – Although this song was removed from the final film, it is still available on some extended edition CDs.[37]

text: Underscoring[edit]

text: Extensive edits in the film's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film. However, the film was fully underscored, with instrumental snippets from the film's various leitmotifs throughout. There was also some recognizable popular music, including:

text:
Excerpts from Schumann's "The Happy Farmer", at several points early in the film, including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch, when Toto escapes from her, and when the house is "riding" the tornado.
An excerpt of Mendelssohn's "Opus 16, #2", when Toto escapes from the Witch's castle.
An excerpt of Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain", when Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch's castle.
"In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree", when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees.
"Gaudeamus Igitur" during the Wizard's presentation of awards to the group.
"Home! Sweet Home!", in part of the underscore of the closing scene, at Dorothy's house in Kansas.

text: (The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection.)

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino, California.[38] The film was previewed in three test markets: on August 11, 1939, at Kenosha, Wisconsin and Cape Cod, Massachusetts,[39][40] and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, on August 12.[41]

text: The Hollywood premiere was on August 15, 1939,[40] at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[42] The New York City premiere, held at Loew's Capitol Theatre on August 17, 1939, was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney. They continued to perform there after each screening for a week, extended in Rooney's case for a second week and in Garland's to three (with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr replacing Rooney for the third and final week). The film opened nationwide on August 25, 1939.

text: Box office[edit]

text: According to MGM records, during the film's initial release, it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world, resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000. While these were considerable earnings, the high production cost, in association with various distribution and other costs, meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio.[3] It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 rerelease earned an additional $1.5 million (about $15 million today). However, for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film, it was considered at least more successful than anyone thought it would be. According to Christopher Finch, author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow: The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland, "Fantasy is always a risk at the box office. The film had been enormously successful as a book, and it had also been a major stage hit, but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures." Finch also writes that after the success of the film, Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary, making her one of the top-ten box office stars in the United States.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received much acclaim upon its release. Frank Nugent considered the film a "delightful piece of wonder-working which had the youngsters' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters. Not since Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well."[44] Nugent had issues with some of the film's special effects, writing, "with the best of will and ingenuity, they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest, however vaguely, a Singer's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade. Nor can they, without a few betraying jolts and split-screen overlappings, bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place." According to Nugent, "Judy Garland's Dorothy is a pert and fresh-faced miss with the wonder-lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales, but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion are on the move."[44]

text: Writing in Variety, John C. Flinn predicted that the film was "likely to perform some record-breaking feats of box-office magic," noting, "Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment." He also called Garland "an appealing figure" and the musical numbers "gay and bright."[45]

text: Harrison's Reports wrote, "Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type, it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment. The performances are good, and the incidental music is of considerable aid. Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry."[46]

text: Film Daily wrote:

text: Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar—the one that comes from way down—for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh-and-blood... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor, with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy, its stimulus to the imagination, its procession of unforgettable settings, its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box-office.[47]

text: Not all reviews were positive. Some moviegoers felt that the 16-year-old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be. Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed "no trace of imagination, good taste, or ingenuity" and declared it "a stinkeroo,"[48] while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote, "It has dwarfs, music, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor, as well - and as for the light touch of fantasy, it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet."[49] Still, the film placed seventh on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939.[50]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films, writing that "The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music, special effects and excitement, but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood, stirs them and then reassures them."[51]

text: Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged "The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence" in his 2002 musings about the film.[52] He has written: "When I first saw The Wizard of Oz, it made a writer of me."[53] His first short story, written at the age of 10, was titled "Over the Rainbow".[53]

text: In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film's "entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history – a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination."[54]

text: On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 99% based on 109 reviews, with an average score of 9.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant, The Wizard of Oz is a must-see film for young and old."[55] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100, based on 4 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim",[56] which, as of August 2017, is matched only by five other films.

text: Re-releases[edit]

text: Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone, as in the original release, beginning with the 1955 re-issue, and continuing until the film's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989, the opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed. (This includes television showings.)[57]

text: The MGM "Children's Matinees" series rereleased the film twice, in both 1970 and 1971.[58] It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA.

text: For the film's then-upcoming 60th anniversary, Warner Bros. Pictures released a "Special Edition" on November 6, 1998, digitally restored with remastered audio.

text: In 2002, the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters, earning only $139,905.[59]

text: On September 23, 2009, the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one-night-only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17, 2009.[60]

text: An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary.[61] Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere) in Hollywood. It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood's first 3D IMAX screen. It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.[62] This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office.[63]

text: In 2013, in preparation for its IMAX 3D release, the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification. According to MPAA rules, a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification, as the 3-D conversion fell within that guideline. Surprisingly, the 3D version received a PG rating for "Some scary moments", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating.[64]

text: The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies.[65]

text: Television[edit]

text: The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, by CBS, as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee.[66]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released multiple times for the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases include an edited English version (roughly 10 minutes, and roughly 20 minutes), as well as edited Spanish versions of the classic. Also, a full commercial release of it was made on Super 8 (on multiple reels) that came out in the 1970s, as well, for the commercial market.[67]

text: The film was among the first videocassettes (on both VHS and Betamax format for the 1980 release) by MGM/CBS Home Video in 1980;[68] all current home video releases are by Warner Home Video (via current rights holder Turner Entertainment). The first LaserDisc release of it was in 1982, with two versions of a second (one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track) for the 50th anniversary release in 1989, a third in 1991, a fourth in 1993, a fifth in 1995 and a sixth and final LaserDisc release on September 11, 1996.[69]

text: In addition to VHS (and later, LaserDisc), the film has been released multiple times during the 1980s on the Betamax format, beginning in 1980 simultaneously with the VHS release.[70]

text: The film was released for the first and only time on the CED format in 1982 by MGM/UA Home Video.[71]

text: Outside of the North American and European markets, the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia.[72]

text: The first DVD release was on March 26, 1997, by MGM/Turner and contained no special features or supplements. It was re-released by Warner Bros. for its 60th anniversary on October 19, 1999, with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix. The monochrome-to-color transition was more smoothly accomplished by digitally keeping the inside of the house in monochrome while Dorothy and the reveal of Munchkinland are in color. [clarification needed] The DVD also contained a behind-the-scenes documentary, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic, produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury, which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film; it had been featured in the 1993 "Ultimate Oz" LaserDisc release. Outtakes, the deleted "Jitterbug" musical number, clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations, trailers, newsreels, and a portrait gallery were also included, as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film.

text: In 2005, two DVD editions were released, both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track. One of the two DVD releases was a "Two-Disc Special Edition", featuring production documentaries, trailers, various outtakes, newsreels, radio shows and still galleries. The other set, a "Three-Disc Collector's Edition", included these features, as well as the digitally restored 80th-anniversary edition of the 1925 feature-length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz, other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version.

text: The film was released on Blu-ray on September 29, 2009, for its 70th anniversary in a four-disc "Ultimate Collector's Edition", including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector's Edition DVD, new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins, the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story, and the miniseries MGM: When the Lion Roars. For this edition, Warner Bros. commissioned a new transfer at 8K resolution from the original negatives. The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World.[73] This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track.[74]

text: On December 1, 2009,[citation needed] three Blu-ray discs of the Ultimate Collector's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive "Emerald Edition", with an Emerald Edition four-disc DVD arriving the following week. A single-disc Blu-ray, containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two-disc Special Edition DVD, also became available on March 16, 2010.[citation needed]

text: In 2013, the film was re-released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and as part of its 75th anniversary.[61][75]

text: Also, multiple special editions were released in celebration of the film's the 75th anniversary in 2013, exclusively by both Best Buy (a SteelBook of the 3D Blu-ray) and another version that came with a keepsake lunch bag released by Target stores.[76][77]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient
Outcome

Academy Awards[78]
February 29, 1940
Best Picture
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Nominated

Best Cinematography, Color
Harold Rosson

Best Art Direction
Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning

Best Effects, Special Effects
A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer

Best Music, Original Score
Herbert Stothart
Won

Best Music, Original Song
"Over the Rainbow"
Music by Harold Arlen; Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg

Academy Juvenile Award
Judy Garland
For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year. (She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz).
Honorary

text: American Film Institute lists[edit]

text: The American Film Institute (AFI) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – No. 6
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 43
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Wicked Witch of the West – No. 4 villain

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Over the Rainbow" – No. 1
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – No. 82

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore." (Dorothy Gale) – No. 4
"There's no place like home." (Dorothy) – No. 23
"I'll get you, my pretty – and your little dog, too!" (Wicked Witch of the West) – No. 99

AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – No. 3
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 26
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 10
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 1 Fantasy film[79]

text: Other honors[edit]

text:
1999: Rolling Stone's 100 Maverick Movies – No. 20.[80]
1999: Entertainment Weekly's 100 Greatest Films – No. 32.[81]
2000: The Village Voice's 100 Best Films of the 20th Century – No. 14.[82]
2002: Sight & Sound's Greatest Film Poll of Directors – No. 41.[83]
2005: Total Film's 100 Greatest Films – No. 83.[84]
2005: ranked among the top ten of the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.[85]
2007: Total Film's 23 Weirdest Films – No. 1.[86]
2007: The Observer ranked the film's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks.[87]

text: Differences from the novel[edit]

text: Roughly 40 identifiable major differences exist between the original book and the MGM interpretation.[88][89]

text: Sequels and reinterpretations[edit]

text: The film was dramatized as a one-hour radio play on Lux Radio Theatre, which was broadcast on December 25, 1950, with Garland reprising her earlier role. In 1964, a one-hour animated cartoon called Return to Oz was shown as an afternoon weekend special on NBC.[citation needed] An official 1972 sequel, the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli, daughter of Garland, was produced to commemorate the original film's 35th anniversary.[90]

text: In 1975, the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway. It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage. It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned a number of Tony Awards. Its financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder. Its inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow.[citation needed]

text: In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film Return to Oz, which starred (and introduced) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale.[91] Based loosely on The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907), it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned.[92][93]

text: In 1995, Gregory Maguire published the novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, which was adapted into the wildly successful Broadway musical Wicked. The story describes the life of the Wicked Witch of the West and other events prior to Dorothy's arrival.[citation needed]

text: For the film's 56th anniversary, a 1995 stage show also titled The Wizard of Oz was based upon it and the book by L. Frank Baum. It toured from 1995 to 2012, except for 2004.[citation needed]

text: In 2005, The Muppets Studio produced The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, a television film for ABC, starring Ashanti as Dorothy, Jeffrey Tambor as the Wizard, David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry, and Queen Latifah as Aunt Em. Kermit the Frog portrayed the Scarecrow, Gonzo portrayed the Tin Thing (Tin Man), Fozzie Bear portrayed the Lion and Miss Piggy portrayed all the Witches of the West, East, North and South.[citation needed]

text: In 2007, The Sci-Fi Channel released the three-part miniseries Tin Man, a science fiction continuation starring Zooey Deschanel as DG.

text: Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name, which opened in 2011 at the West End's London Palladium. It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice. Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show, Over the Rainbow. Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto.[94] A reality TV show, also titled Over the Rainbow, found a Canadian girl, Danielle Wade, to play Dorothy.[95][96] The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013.[97] An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney beginning December 2017.[98]

text: An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video, incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy's "protectors".[99] A sequel titled Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.[100]

text: In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled, Oz the Great and Powerful. It was directed by Sam Raimi, and starred James Franco, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams. It was the second film based on Baum's Oz series to be produced by Disney, after Return to Oz. It was a commercial success and received a mixed critical reception.[101][102]

text: In 2014, now-defunct independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big-budget animated musical film, Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return,[103] which follows Dorothy's second trip to Oz. The film was a box office bomb and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers.

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Regarding the original Baum storybook, it has been said that "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America's greatest and best-loved home grown fairytale. The first totally American fantasy for children, it is one of the most-read children's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes, including a wizard from Omaha, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal."[104]

text: The film was one inductee of a group of 25 films that inaugurated in 1989 the National Film Registry list,[105][106] based on at least it being declared by the Library of Congress as the most viewed film on television syndication.[107] In June 2007, the film was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[108] The film placed at number 86 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments.[109] In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz, a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research; it was updated in 1989.[110]

text: Ruby slippers[edit]

text: Because of their iconic stature,[111] the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history.[112] The silver slippers that Dorothy wore in the book series were changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process. Adrian, MGM's chief costume designer, was responsible for the final design. There are five known pairs of the ruby slippers in existence. [113]

text: After filming, the slippers were stored among the studio's extensive collection of costumes and faded from attention. They were found in the basement of MGM's wardrobe department during preparations for a mammoth auction in 1970. One pair was the highlight of the auction, going for a then unheard of $15,000 to an anonymous buyer, who apparently donated them to the Smithsonian Institution in 1979. Of the four other pairs, one sold for $666,000 at auction in 2000, and another pair was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids, Minnesota and remains missing.[114]

text: Another, differently styled pair unused in the film was sold at auction with the rest of her collections by owner actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 (not including the buyer's premium) in June 2011.[115]

text: Impact upon LGBT culture[edit]