document_title: List of minimum wages by country

question_text: who has the highest minimum wage in the world

root

text: List of minimum wages by country

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The minimum wages given refer to a gross amount, that is before deduction of taxes and social security contributions, which vary from one country to another. Also excluded from calculations are regulated paid days off, including public holidays, sick pay, annual leave and social insurance contributions paid by the employer.

tag: p

text: For the sake of comparison, an annual wage column is provided in international dollars, a hypothetical unit of currency calculated based on the purchasing power parity of household final consumption expenditure. For calculating the annual wage, the lowest general minimum wage was used.

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Country
Minimum wage
Annual
Workweek
(hours)[2]
Hourly
Percent of
GDP per capita[3]
Effective per

Nominal (US$)[4]
PPP (Int$)[5]
Nominal (US$)[6]
PPP (Int$)[7]

 Afghanistan
5,000 Afghani ($72) per month for government workers. No minimum set for private sector workers, but labor law prevents paying private sector workers less than government workers. Informal sector day workers are unprotected.[8]
7002884000000000000♠884

7003300100000000000♠3,001

40
6999430000000000000♠0.43

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7002155190000000000♠155.2%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Albania
24,000 Albanian lekë (214 $) per month, in private sector and 37,000 lekë (330 $) per month in public sector. The law establishes a 40-hour workweek, but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective-bargaining agreement.[8][9][10]
7003212700000000000♠2,127

7003479000000000000♠4,790

40
7000102000000000000♠1.02

7000230000000099999♠2.3

7001424000000000000♠42.4%
000000002013-07-03-00003 July 2013

 Algeria
18,000 Algerian dinars ($170) per month, nationally.[8][11][12]
7003197400000000000♠1,974

7003590800000000000♠5,908

40
6999950000000000000♠0.95

7000284000000000000♠2.84

7001402000000000000♠40.2%
000000002012-01-01-00001 January 2012

 Andorra
€991.47 per month, €5.72 per hour.[13]
7004134440000000000♠13,444
7004104020000000000♠10,402
40
7000646000000000000♠6.46
7000500000000000000♠5
7001280000000000000♠28%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Angola
15,003 kwanza per month; paid thirteen times a year.[14][15]
7003162500000000000♠1,625

7003196100000000000♠1,961

40
6999780000000000000♠0.78

6999940000000000000♠0.94

7001266000000000000♠26.6%
000000002014-06-01-00001 June 2014

 Antigua and Barbuda
EC$8.20 per hour.[8][16][17]
7003631700000000000♠6,317

7003766100000000000♠7,661

40
7000304000000000000♠3.04

7000368000000000000♠3.68

7001334000000000000♠33.4%
000000002014-11-01-00001 November 2014

 Argentina
8,860 Argentine pesos ($504) per month for up to 200 hours; paid thirteen times a year.[18]
7003780400000000000♠7,804

7004206270000000000♠20,627

48
7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000826000000000000♠8.26

7001915000000000000♠91.5%
000000002017-07-01-00001 July 2017

 Armenia
55,000 Armenian dram ($107) per month.[8][19][20]
7003137400000000000♠1,374

7003326500000000000♠3,265

40
6999660000000000000♠0.66

7000157000000000000♠1.57

7001389000000000000♠38.9%
000000002015-07-01-00001 July 2015

 Australia
Most workers are covered by an award, which may vary by employee age, geographical location and industry. For employees 21+ not covered by an award or agreement, the minimum wages is A$18.29 per hour, A$694.90 per week; set federally by the Fair Work Commission.
Workers under 21, apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum.[21][22] Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8% of the 21+ minimum wage (A$6.73 per hour).[23]
7004268620000000000♠26,862

7004229240000000000♠22,924

38
7001135900000000000♠13.59

7001116000000000000♠11.6

7001504000000000000♠50.4%
000000002017-07-01-00001 July 2017

 Austria
National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of €1,200 ($1,289) per month. Wages where no such collective agreements exist, such as for domestic workers, janitorial staff and au pairs, are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining. The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed, although is still in force by convention.[24]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Azerbaijan
116 Azerbaijani manat ($68.80) per month.[25]
7002872000000000000♠872

7003433600000000000♠4,336

40
6999420000000000000♠0.42

7000208000000000000♠2.08

7001244000000000000♠24.4%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 The Bahamas
B$5.25 ($5.25) per hour, B$42 ($42) per day, and B$210 ($210) per week.[8][26][27]
7004109200000000000♠10,920

7003944800000000000♠9,448

40
7000525000000000000♠5.25

7000454000000000000♠4.54

7001397000000000000♠39.7%
000000002015-08-15-000015 August 2015

 Bahrain
None; 300 BHD ($800) for the public sector workers (only applies to Bahraini nationals).[8]

48

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Bangladesh
1,500 taka ($19) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry-specific wages; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ($68) per month. The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry.[8][28][29][30]
7003126200000000000♠1,262

7003323500000000000♠3,235

48
6999510000000000000♠0.51

7000130000000000000♠1.3

7001971000000000000♠97.1%
000000002013-12-01-00001 December 2013

 Barbados
BDS$6.25 ($3.13) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage.[8][31]
7003650000000000000♠6,500

7003529200000000000♠5,292

40
7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000254000000000000♠2.54

7001322999999900000♠32.3%
000000002012-03-01-00001 March 2012

 Belarus
230.00 Belarusian rubles ($114) per month.[15]
5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

40
5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Belgium
€1,501.82 ($1,673) per month, €9.12 ($10.16) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over; €1,541.67 ($1,718) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age, with six months of service; €1,559.38 ($1,738) per month for workers 22 years of age, with 12 months of service; coupled with extensive social benefits.[15][32]
7004203630000000000♠20,363

7004200560000000000♠20,056

38
7001103100000000000♠10.31

7001101500000000000♠10.15

7001456000000000000♠45.6%
000000002013-04-01-00001 April 2013

 Belize
BZ$3.30 ($1.65) per hour.[8][33][34]
7003386100000000000♠3,861

7003673700000000000♠6,737

45
7000165000000000000♠1.65

7000288000000000000♠2.88

7001790000000000000♠79%
000000002012-05-26-000026 May 2012

 Benin
40,000 CFA francs per month; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations.[15][35]
7002809000000000000♠809

7003210200000000000♠2,102

40
6999390000000000000♠0.39

7000101000000000000♠1.01

7001996000000000000♠99.6%
000000002014-04-01-00001 April 2014

 Bhutan
3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month.[8][36][37]
7002670000000000000♠670

7003208200000000000♠2,082

40
6999320000000000000♠0.32

7000100000000000000♠1

7001258000000000000♠25.8%
000000002014-02-01-00001 February 2014

 Bolivia
1805 Bolivian bolivianos per month.[38][39] plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month's pay, prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position. Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough, plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year.[40][41]
7003339600000000000♠3,396

7003699000000000000♠6,990

48
7000136000000000000♠1.36

7000280000000099999♠2.8

7002101600000000000♠101.6%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
406 convertible marks ($240) net per month.[42]
7003217200000000000♠2,172

7003457500000000000♠4,575

40
7000104000000000000♠1.04

7000220000000000000♠2.2

7001435000000000000♠43.5%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Botswana
3.8 Botswana pula ($0.58) an hour for most full-time labor in the private sector; 2.7 ($.28) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 21.6 pula ($2.28) a day; 550 Botswana pula ($58) per month for workers in the agriculture sector.[8]
7002652000000000000♠652

7003127900000000000♠1,279

48
6999260000000000000♠0.26

6999510000000000000♠0.51

7000810000000000000♠8.1%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Brazil
937 Brazilian reais per month ($300), paid 13 times a year.[43][44] The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government. Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage, which cannot be lower than the federal minimum wage. Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide, R$ 1,103.66.[45][46]
7003349100000000000♠3,491

7003596200000000000♠5,962

44
7000153000000000000♠1.53

7000261000000000000♠2.61

7001388009999900000♠38.8%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Brunei
None[8]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Bulgaria
460 Bulgarian lev ($257) per month, 2.90 lev ($1.6) per hour.[47][48][49]
7003341200000000000♠3,412

7003786700000000000♠7,867

40
7000164000000000000♠1.64

7000378000000000000♠3.78

7001449000000000000♠44.9%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Burkina Faso
34,664 CFA francs per month.[8][50]
7002701000000000000♠701

7003187700000000000♠1,877

40
6999340000000000000♠0.34

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7002113100000000000♠113.1%
000000002012-04-01-00001 April 2012

 Burundi
None; in the past the government set the minimum wage, but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces.[8][35]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Cambodia
None; US$140 per month, for the garment and shoe industry.[8][15]

48

1 January 2016

 Cameroon
36,270 CFA francs ($75) per month.[8][51]
7002734000000000000♠734

7003181200000000000♠1,812

40
6999350000000000000♠0.35

6999870000000000000♠0.87

7001580000000000000♠58%
000000002014-07-30-000030 July 2014

 Canada
The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory; ranges from C$10.72 to C$13.00 per hour.[8][52][53]
7004168230000000000♠16,823

7004168180000000000♠16,818

40
7000809000000000000♠8.09

7000809000000000000♠8.09

7001380000000000000♠38%
000000002017-04-01-00001 April 2017

 Cape Verde
11,000 Cape Verdean escudos per month; in the public sector 12,000 Cape Verdean escudos per month for an entry‑level worker.[54][55][56]
7003132400000000000♠1,324

7003281200000000000♠2,812

44
6999579990000000000♠0.58

7000123000000000000♠1.23

7001420000000000000♠42%
000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014

 Central African Republic
35 000 CFA francs per month, 218.75 CFA francs per hour.[57][58]
7002767000000000000♠767

7003145500000000000♠1,455

40
6999370000000000000♠0.37

6999700000000000000♠0.7

7002243600000000000♠243.6%
000000002011-01-01-00002011

 Chad
59,995 CFA francs ($120) per month, 355 CFA francs per hour.[8][59][60]
7003121400000000000♠1,214

7003340600000000000♠3,406

39
6999600000000000000♠0.6

7000168000000000000♠1.68

7002156900000000000♠156.9%
000000002011-10-18-000018 October 2011

 Chile
264,000 Chilean pesos ($408) per month for workers aged 18–65; 186,631 pesos ($276) for workers younger than 18 and older than 65; and 161,265 pesos ($238) for 'non remunerative' purposes.[61]
7003468000000000000♠4,680

7003725300000000000♠7,253

45
7000200000000000000♠2

7000310000000000000♠3.1

7001325000000000000♠32.5%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 China
The minimum wage in China is set locally, ranges from RMB1,000 ($146) per month, RMB9.50 ($1.39) per hour in Guangxi to RMB2,190 ($321) per month, RMB19.00 ($2.78) per hour in Shanghai.[15][62][63][64][64][65][66]
7003180600000000000♠1,806

7003313900000000000♠3,139

40
6999870000000000000♠0.87

7000151000000000000♠1.51

7001220000000000000♠22%
000000002016-11-12-000012 November 2016

 Colombia
737,717 Colombian pesos per month ($250)[67]
7003289900000000000♠2,899

7003685300000000000♠6,853

48
7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000275000000000000♠2.75

7001497000000000000♠49.7%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Comoros
55,000 Comorian francs ($150) per month.[8]
7003148400000000000♠1,484

7003307000000000000♠3,070

40
6999710000000000000♠0.71

7000148000000000000♠1.48

7002202200000000000♠202.2%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,680 Congolese francs ($1.83) per day.[8][68]
7002432000000000000♠432

7002762000000000000♠762

45[69]
6999180000000000000♠0.18

6999330000000000000♠0.33

7001974000000000000♠97.4%
000000002009-01-01-00001 January 2009

 Republic of the Congo
90,000 CFA francs ($170) per month in the formal sector.[8]
7003182100000000000♠1,821

7003604300000000000♠6,043

40
6999880000000000000♠0.88

7000291000000000000♠2.91

7001949000000000000♠94.9%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Costa Rica
Varies for specified industries from ₡9,598.73 per 8-hour work day for unskilled workers to ₡12,537.91 per day for specialized workers. All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale, which varies from ₡286,467.36 per month for unskilled workers to ₡615,083.69 for licentiates.[70][71]
7003458100000000000♠4,581

7003660300000000000♠6,603

48
7000184000000000000♠1.84

7000265000000000000♠2.65

7001429000000000000♠42.9%
000000002015-07-01-00001 July 2015

 Côte d'Ivoire
Varies by occupation, with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ($72) per month for the industrial sector; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers.[8][72][73]
7002741000000000000♠741

7003185800000000000♠1,858

40
6999360000000000000♠0.36

6999890000000000000♠0.89

7001532000000000000♠53.2%
000000001994-01-01-00001994

 Croatia
3,120 Croatian kuna ($464) per month.[15]
7003550100000000000♠5,501

7003895500000000000♠8,955

40
7000264000000000000♠2.64

7000430990000099999♠4.31

7001409000000000000♠40.9%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Cuba
225 Cuban pesos ($9) per month.[8][74] (Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012, as more current data was not available at the time of data entry) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary.
7002147000000000000♠147
181
40
6998500000000000000♠0.05
6998800000000000000♠0.08
6999400000000000000♠0.4%
000000002005-05-01-00001 May 2005

 Cyprus
None; €870 per month for shop assistants, nurses' assistants, clerks, hairdressers, and nursery assistants; it rises to €924 after six months' employment. For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ($570) with accommodation and food provided. For skilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum salary was 767 euros ($1,040) without accommodation and food.[8]

48

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Czech Republic
11,000 Czech koruna ($468) per month, or 66.00 koruna ($2.8) per hour.[75]
7003561700000000000♠5,617

7003947600000000000♠9,476

40
7000270000000000000♠2.7

7000455990000099999♠4.56

7001295000000000000♠29.5%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Denmark
None; instead, negotiated between unions and employer associations; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 (nominally $16) per hour, exclusive of pension benefits.[8][76]

37.5

000000002017-01-01-00002017

 Djibouti
None; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories, establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees. For public sector workers, minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ($198) per month.[8][55]

48

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Dominica
EC$4.00 ($1.50) per hour.[8][77][78]
7003308100000000000♠3,081

7003418000000000000♠4,180

40
7000148000000000000♠1.48

7000200999999999999♠2.01

7001371000000000000♠37.1%
000000002008-06-01-00001 June 2008

 Dominican Republic
8,310 Dominican pesos per month in the FTZs and between 7,843 pesos and 12,873 pesos outside the FTZs, depending upon the size of the company; 5,884 pesos per month for the public sector; 234 pesos a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10-hour day, with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight-hour workday.[8][79][80]
7002906000000000000♠906

7003187900000000000♠1,879

44
6999400000000000000♠0.4

6999820009999900000♠0.82

7001132000000000000♠13.2%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Ecuador
US$427 per month (for a 12 month average, including 13th and 14th salaries). Minimum wage has been set by the government at $366 per month for the year 2016, but a worker who works a full year also receives a 13th and a 14th salary.[81]
7003512400000000000♠5,124

7003848500000000000♠8,485

40
7000246000000000000♠2.46

7000408000000000000♠4.08

7001745000000000000♠74.5%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Egypt
None; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE 1,200 ($68) per month.[8]

48

1 January 2014

 El Salvador
Set sector by sector; for example, US$242.40 a month for retail employees; US$237.00 for industrial laborers; US$202.80 for apparel assembly workers; US$113.70 for agriculture workers. The wage for seasonal agricultural workers of cotton and sugar cane is used here.[8][15][82][needs update]
7002130000000000000♠130

7003219400000000000♠2,194

44
6998600000000000000♠0.06

6999960000000000000♠0.96

7001255000000000000♠25.5%
000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014

 Equatorial Guinea
129,035 CFA franc ($224).[8]
7003261100000000000♠2,611

7003424400000000000♠4,244

48
7000105000000000000♠1.05

7000170000000000000♠1.7

7001141000000000000♠14.1%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Eritrea
None; 360 Eritrean nakfa ($23.3) per month in the public sector.[8]

44.5

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Estonia
€470 per month, €2.78 per hour.[15][47][83]
7003653400000000000♠6,534

7003917000000000000♠9,170

40
7000314000000000000♠3.14

7000441000000000000♠4.41

7001326000000000000♠32.6%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Ethiopia
None; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages: public sector employees, the largest group of wage earners, earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ($21); employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ($18).[8]

48

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Federated States of Micronesia
None; US$2.65 per hour for employment with the national government; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers: $2.00 in Pohnpei, $1.25 in Chuuk, $1.42 in Kosrae, and $1.60 in Yap; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei.[8]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Fiji
FJ$2.32 per hour.[84]
7003276100000000000♠2,761

7003462400000000000♠4,624

48
7000111000000000000♠1.11

7000185000000000000♠1.85

7001505000000000000♠50.5%
000000002015-07-01-00001 July 2015

 Finland
None; however, the law requires all employers, including non-unionized ones, to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements.[8]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 France
€1,480.27 per month, €9.76 per hour.[47][85]
7004200710000000000♠20,071

7004200810000000000♠20,081

35
7001110300000000000♠11.03

7001110300000000000♠11.03

7001506000000000000♠50.6%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Gabon
150,000 CFA francs ($255) per month; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ($34) per child; government workers also received transportation, housing, and family benefits; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers.[8][86]
7003303500000000000♠3,035

7003733600000000000♠7,336

40
7000146000000000000♠1.46

7000353000000000000♠3.53

7001367000000000000♠36.7%
000000002010-02-01-00001 February 2010

 The Gambia
50 dalasi ($1.25) per day.[8]
7002317000000000000♠317

7003110900000000000♠1,109

48
6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999440000000000000♠0.44

7001674000000000000♠67.4%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Georgia
20 Georgian lari ($8) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s; 115 lari ($48) per month for public employees.[8]
7002101000000000000♠101

7002284000000000000♠284

40
6998500000000000000♠0.05

6999140000000000000♠0.14

7000290000000000000♠2.9%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Germany
€8.84 per hour. A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law.[15]
7004210360000000000♠21,036

7004222360000000000♠22,236

40.5[87]
7000999000000000000♠9.99

7001105600000000000♠10.56

7001470000000000000♠47%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Ghana
8.00 Ghanaian cedis per day.[88]
7002558000000000000♠558

7003168700000000000♠1,687

40
6999270000000000000♠0.27

6999810000000000000♠0.81

7001402000000000000♠40.2%
000000002015-08-01-00001 August 2015

 Greece
€683.76 per month ($762) in 12 payments, €586 per month ($653) in 14 payments, or €4.23 per hour.[47][89]
7003927100000000000♠9,271

7004117250000000000♠11,725

40
7000446000000000000♠4.46

7000564000000000000♠5.64

7001439000000000000♠43.9%
000000002013-01-01-00001 January 2013

 Grenada
Minimum wage schedules set pay by occupation; for example, the minimum wage for domestic workers, for example, was EC $4.50 per hour, while that for a security guard was EC $9.00 per hour.[8]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Guatemala
81.87 Guatemalan quetzales per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales per day for work in export-sector regime factories. Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales, and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses (the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus), each equivalent to one month's salary.[8][15]
7003399100000000000♠3,991

7003719700000000000♠7,197

48
7000160000000000000♠1.6

7000288000000000000♠2.88

7001934000000000000♠93.4%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Guernsey
£7.20 per hour ($8.79) for those aged 18+
£6.50 per hour ($8.49) for those aged 17–18.[90]

1 January 2017

 Guinea
The labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage; however, the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ($62) per month.[8]

48

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Guinea-Bissau
19,030 CFA francs ($30) per month plus a bag of rice[8]
7002385000000000000♠385

7002939000000000000♠939

45
6999160000000000000♠0.16

6999400000000000000♠0.4

7001645999999900000♠64.6%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Guyana
G$35,000 per month, G$1,616 per day and G$202 per hour.[91]
7003203500000000000♠2,035

7003356000000000000♠3,560

40
6999980000000000000♠0.98

7000171000000000000♠1.71

7001474000000000000♠47.4%
000000002013-07-01-00001 July 2013

 Haiti
125 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight-hour workday; 225 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries; 240 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries; 260 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries; 225 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export; and 300 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports.[8][92][93][94]
7002616000000000000♠616

7003154800000000000♠1,548

48
6999250000000000000♠0.25

6999620000000000000♠0.62

7001878000000000000♠87.8%
000000002014-05-01-00001 May 2014

 Honduras
Minimum wages ranged from a low of 5,681.73 Honduran lempiras per month, 22.44 lempiras per hour to 8,803.70 lempiras per month, 36.68 lempiras per hour.[8][15][95]
7003230400000000000♠2,304

7003443100000000000♠4,431

44
7000101000000000000♠1.01

7000194000000000000♠1.94

7001872000000000000♠87.2%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Hong Kong
HK$34.50 (US$4.5) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong.[96]
7003924500000000000♠9,245

7004112480000000000♠11,248

40
7000444000000000000♠4.44

7000541000000000000♠5.41

7001198000000000000♠19.8%
000000002017-05-01-00001 May 2017

 Hungary
127,650 HUF (€425; $445) per month for unskilled labor, 161,250 HUF (€535; $560) per month for skilled labor.[15][97][98][99]
7003544100000000000♠5,441

7004102880000000000♠10,288

40
7000262000000000000♠2.62

7000495000000000000♠4.95

7001402000000000000♠40.2%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Iceland
None; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations, regardless of union membership; while the agreements can be either industry- or sector-wide, and in some cases firm-specific, the minimum wage levels are occupation-specific.[8][47]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 India
Varied from 160 rupees ($2.40) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ($11.31) per day in Kerala. State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers.[8] The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act, 1948.[100]
7002743000000000000♠743

7003259000000000000♠2,590

48
6999300000000000000♠0.3

7000104000000000000♠1.04

7001425000000000000♠42.5%
000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Indonesia
Established by provincial and district authorities, which vary by province, district, and sector; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,337,745 ($100) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,355,750 ($252) per month.[15]
[101]

7002992000000000000♠992

7003270700000000000♠2,707

40
6999480000000000000♠0.48

7000130000000000000♠1.3

7001245000000000000♠24.5%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Iran
929,931 Iranian tomans ($250) (equal to 9299310 rials) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year;[102] set annually for each industrial sector and region. The standard workweek is 44 hours, and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime.[8]
7002361000000000000♠361

7002994000000000000♠994

44[103]
6999160000000000000♠0.16

6999430000000000000♠0.43

7000580000000000000♠5.8%
000000002017-03-21-000021 March 2017

 Iraq
250,000 Iraqi dinars ($214) per month.[8]
7003257000000000000♠2,570

7003504900000000000♠5,049

40
7000124000000000000♠1.24

7000243000000000000♠2.43

7001339000000000000♠33.9%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Ireland
€9.25 per hour, with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 (70% of minimum), and for those over 18 in first year of employment (80%), in second year of employment (90%), and in certain types of training (75% to 90%).[104]
7004211970000000000♠21,197

7004182470000000000♠18,247

39[105]
7001104509999900000♠10.45

7000900000000000000♠9

7001334000000000000♠33.4%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Isle of Man
£7.50 per hour ($9.15) for those aged 21+
£6.85 per hour ($8.36) for those aged 18–20.[106]

1 April 2017

 Israel
₪5,000 Israeli new shekel ($1,433) per month; or ₪26.88 Israeli new shekel ($7.70) per hour.[107][108]
7004156230000000000♠15,623

7004136080000000000♠13,608

43
7000699000000000000♠6.99

7000609000000000000♠6.09

7001384000000000000♠38.4%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Italy
None; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector-by-sector basis.[8]

40

000000002015-01-01-00002015

 Jamaica
J$6,200 per week.[8][109][110]
7003275800000000000♠2,758

7003408600000000000♠4,086

40
7000133000000000000♠1.33

7000196000000000000♠1.96

7001451000000000000♠45.1%
000000002016-03-01-00001 March 2016

 Japan
Ranges from 714 – 932 Japanese yen per hour; set on a prefectural and industry basis.[111][112]
7004136510000000000♠13,651

7004130880000000000♠13,088

40
7000656000000000000♠6.56

7000629000000000000♠6.29

7001351000000000000♠35.1%
000000002016-10-20-000020 October 2016

 Jordan
220 Jordanian dinars ($310) per month.[113]
7003371800000000000♠3,718

7003779500000000000♠7,795

48
7000149000000000000♠1.49

7000312000000000000♠3.12

7001716009999900000♠71.6%
000000002017-02-12-000012 February 2017

 Kazakhstan
22,859 Kazakhstani tenge ($67) per month.[8][15][114]
7002802000000000000♠802

7003273000000000000♠2,730

40
6999390000000000000♠0.39

7000131000000000000♠1.31

7001106000000000000♠10.6%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Kenya
Set by the government by location, age and skill level; the lowest urban minimum wage was 10,107.10 shillings per month, and the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 5,436.90 shillings per month, excluding housing allowance.[8][15][115][116]
7002665000000000000♠665

7003147300000000000♠1,473

52
6999250000000000000♠0.25

6999540000000000000♠0.54

7001478000000000000♠47.8%
000000002015-05-01-00001 May 2015

 Kiribati
None; informal minimum wage estimated by government authorities to be between A$1.60 ($1.66) to A$1.70 ($1.77) per hour[8]

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 North Korea
Averaging 5,000 – 10,000 North Korean won ($5.5 – $11.1) per day.[56]

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 South Korea
6,470 South Korean won per hour; reviewed annually.[117] Scheduled to increase to 7,530 South Korean won per hour from 1 January 2018.[118]
7004115990000000000♠11,599

7004131400000000000♠13,140

40
7000558000000000000♠5.58

7000632000000000000♠6.32

7001380000000000000♠38%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Kosovo
€170 ($224) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age; €130 for workers under 35 years of age.[8][119]
7003230500000000000♠2,305

7003592800000000000♠5,928

40
7000111000000000000♠1.11

7000285000000000000♠2.85

7001610000000000000♠61%
000000002011-08-17-000017 August 2011

 Kuwait
60 Kuwaiti dinars ($216) per month.[8][120]
7003238300000000000♠2,383

7003373300000000000♠3,733

48
6999950000000000000♠0.95

7000150000000000000♠1.5

7000520000000000000♠5.2%
000000002010-04-14-000014 April 2010

 Kyrgyzstan
970 Kyrgyzstani som ($14) per month, nominally; used for administrative purpose.[8][121][122][123]
7002166000000000000♠166

7002558000000000000♠558

40
6998800000000000000♠0.08

6999270000000000000♠0.27

7001163000000000000♠16.3%
000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015

 Laos
800,000 Lao kip ($100) per month; additionally, employers were required to pay an 30,000-kip ($3.74) meal allowance per day. The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ($170) per month.[8][124][125]
7003206200000000000♠2,062

7003519300000000000♠5,193

48
6999830000000000000♠0.83

7000208000000000000♠2.08

7001915000000000000♠91.5%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Latvia
€380 per month.[126]
7003501700000000000♠5,017

7003764700000000000♠7,647

40
7000241000000000000♠2.41

7000368000000000000♠3.68

7001315000000000000♠31.5%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Lebanon
675,000 pounds ($450) per month, 30,000 pounds per day.[8][127]
7003537300000000000♠5,373

7003872200000000000♠8,722

48
7000215000000000000♠2.15

7000349000000000000♠3.49

7001626000000000000♠62.6%
000000002012-02-01-00001 February 2012

 Lesotho
1,178 maloti ($102) per month to 1,285 maloti ($112) per month; varied by sector.[8]
7002961000000000000♠961

7003318500000000000♠3,185

45
6999410009999900000♠0.41

7000136000000000000♠1.36

7002106700000000000♠106.7%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Liberia
15 Liberian dollars ($0.31) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day, excluding benefits, for unskilled laborers; 5,600 LD ($114) per month for civil servants.[8]
7002435000000000000♠435

7002823000000000000♠823

48
6999170000000000000♠0.17

6999330000000000000♠0.33

7001984000000000000♠98.4%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Libya
450 Libyan dinars ($325) per month; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities.[8][128][129][130]
7003391900000000000♠3,919

7003945700000000000♠9,457

40
7000188000000000000♠1.88

7000455000000000000♠4.55

7001668000000000000♠66.8%
000000002011-03-01-00001 March 2011

 Liechtenstein
None[8]

48

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Lithuania
€380 per month ($423.26), €2.31 per hour ($2.57).[131]
7003500600000000000♠5,006

7003842100000000000♠8,421

40
7000241000000000000♠2.41

7000405000000000000♠4.05

7001304000000000000♠30.4%
000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016

 Luxembourg
€1,998.59 per month, €11,55 per hour for unskilled workers over 18; increased by 20% for a skilled employee; decreased by 20% to 25% in the case of an adolescent worker.[15][47][132][133]
7004271520000000000♠27,152

7004240240000000000♠24,024

40
7001130500000000000♠13.05

7001115500000000000♠11.55

7001236000000000000♠23.6%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Republic of Macedonia
10,500 Macedonian denars ($182.3) per month.[89][134][135]
7003226100000000000♠2,261

7003534700000000000♠5,347

40
7000109000000000000♠1.09

7000257000000099999♠2.57

7001384000000000000♠38.4%
000000002016-03-01-00001 March 2016

 Madagascar
133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month, 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers; 134,920.00 ariary per month, 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers.[8][15]
7002453000000000000♠453

7003167600000000000♠1,676

41[136]
6999210000000000000♠0.21

6999790000000000000♠0.79

7002114900000000000♠114.9%
000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015

 Malawi
MK 687.70 per day.[8][15][137]
7002301000000000000♠301

7003124400000000000♠1,244

48
6999120000000000000♠0.12

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7002105200000000000♠105.2%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Malaysia
RM1000 per month, RM4.81 per hour on the peninsula; and RM920 per month, RM4.42 per hour for the states of Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan.[138][139] To be fully enforced on July 1, 2016.
7003231700000000000♠2,317

7003584000000000000♠5,840

48[8]
6999930000000000000♠0.93

7000234000000000000♠2.34

7001217000000000000♠21.7%
000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016

 Maldives
None; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ($242) per month in the government sector.[8]

48

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Mali
28,465 CFA francs ($57), supplemented by a required package of benefits, including social security and health care.[8]
7002576000000000000♠576

7003151300000000000♠1,513

48[140]
6999230000000000000♠0.23

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7001623000000000000♠62.3%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Malta
€728.04 per month, €168.01 per week; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of €270.20 and a €242.32 annual cost of living increase, automatically adjusted for inflation.[141][142]
7004104510000000000♠10,451

7004137010000000000♠13,701

40
7000501990000099999♠5.02

7000659000000000000♠6.59

7001381000000000000♠38.1%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Marshall Islands
US$2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees.[8][143]
7003416000000000000♠4,160

7003398100000000000♠3,981

40[144]
7000200000000000000♠2

7000191000000000000♠1.91

7002124000000000000♠124%
000000001986-03-06-00006 March 1986

 Mauritania
30,000 Mauritanian ouguiya ($100) per month for adults.[8][145][146]
7003110900000000000♠1,109

7003381000000000000♠3,810

40
6999530000000000000♠0.53

7000183000000000000♠1.83

7001867000000000000♠86.7%
000000002011-09-01-00001 September 2011

 Mauritius
607 Mauritian rupees ($20) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone(EPZ); 794 rupees ($26) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ; set by the government by sector, and increased each year based on the inflation rate.[8]
7002888000000000000♠888

7003161800000000000♠1,618

45
6999380000000000000♠0.38

6999690009999900000♠0.69

7000830000000000000♠8.3%
000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Mexico
80.04 Mexican pesos ($3.94) per day.[15][147]
7003122100000000000♠1,221

7003240100000000000♠2,401

48
6999490000000000000♠0.49

6999960000000000000♠0.96

7001139000000000000♠13.9%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Moldova
1900 Moldovan lei ($96) per month in the private sector; 1000 lei ($50) per month in the public sector.[8][148][149][150]
7002638000000000000♠638

7003183800000000000♠1,838

40
6999310000000000000♠0.31

6999880000000000000♠0.88

7001365000000000000♠36.5%
000000002015-05-01-00001 May 2015

 Monaco
€1,731.91 per month and €10.25 per hour; same as the French minimum wage, plus a 5% adjustment.[151]
7004234870000000000♠23,487

39
7001115800000000000♠11.58

17%[152]
1 January 2017

 Mongolia
192,000 Mongolian tögrög ($87) per month.[8][153]
7003107600000000000♠1,076

7003275500000000000♠2,755

40
6999520000000000000♠0.52

7000132000000000000♠1.32

7001226000000000000♠22.6%
000000002013-09-01-00001 September 2013

 Montenegro
€193 per month ($215).[8][154]
7003256200000000000♠2,562

7003498000000000000♠4,980

40
7000123000000000000♠1.23

7000239000000000000♠2.39

7001322000000000000♠32.2%
000000002013-05-01-00001 May 2013

 Morocco
3 000 MADs ($310) per month[155] in public sector, 2 570.86 MAD ($265) per month in private sector,[156] 69,73 MAD ($7) per day for agricultural workers.[157]
7003366400000000000♠3,664

7003858000000000000♠8,580

44[158]
7000160000000000000♠1.6

7000375000000000000♠3.75

7002109700000000000♠109.7%
000000002015-07-01-00001 July 2015

 Mozambique
Set for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias a month in the public sector to 7,465 meticias a month in the financial sector.[8][15]
7002571000000000000♠571

7003215000000000000♠2,150

40
6999270000000000000♠0.27

7000103000000000000♠1.03

7002181300000000000♠181.3%
000000002014-05-01-00001 May 2014

 Myanmar
3,600 Myanmar kyat per day, 450 Myanmar kyat per hour.[8][159][160]
7002886000000000000♠886

7003314300000000000♠3,143

44
6999390000000000000♠0.39

7000137000000000000♠1.37

7001575000000000000♠57.5%
000000002015-09-01-00001 September 2015

 Namibia
None; the mining, construction, security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining.[8]

45

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Nauru
None; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees, none for private-sector workers.[8]

40[161]

000000002014-01-01-00002014

   Nepal
8,000 Nepalese rupees ($74) per month.[8][162]
7002893000000000000♠893

7003281500000000000♠2,815

48
6999360000000000000♠0.36

7000112990000099999♠1.13

7002114500000000000♠114.5%
000000002013-06-10-000010 June 2013

 Netherlands
€1,551.60 per month, €358.05 per week, €71.61 per day, and €8.95 per hour for persons 23 and older (in a 40-hours work week, a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour); between 30-85% of this amount for persons aged 15–22.[163][164]
7004210390000000000♠21,039

7004203400000000000♠20,340

40[165]
7001101100000000000♠10.11

7000978000000099999♠9.78

7001420000000000000♠42%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 New Zealand
NZ$15.75 per hour for workers 18 years old or older, and NZ$12.60 per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old.[166]
7004228050000000000♠22,805

7004203060000000000♠20,306

40
7001109600000000000♠10.96

7000976000000000000♠9.76

7001549000000000000♠54.9%
000000002017-04-01-00001 April 2017

 Nicaragua
Set for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector.[15]
7003133600000000000♠1,336

7003347400000000000♠3,474

48
6999540000000000000♠0.54

7000138990000099999♠1.39

7001669000000000000♠66.9%
000000002015-09-01-00001 September 2015

 Niger
30,047 CFA francs ($60) per month.[8][15]
7002608000000000000♠608

7003161500000000000♠1,615

40
6999289990000000000♠0.29

6999780000000000000♠0.78

7002169400000000000♠169.4%
000000002012-08-17-000017 August 2012

 Nigeria
18,000 naira per month (was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58, or $38 using the parallel market rate).[8][167]
7003112200000000000♠1,122

7003199600000000000♠1,996

40
6999540000000000000♠0.54

6999960000000000000♠0.96

7001333009999900000♠33.3%
000000002011-01-01-00001 January 2011

 Northern Cyprus
2020 Turkish lira ($550) per month (gross minimum wage). [168]
6,600

40

1 February 2017

 Norway
None; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor, employers, and local governments.[8]

37.5

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Oman
225 Omani rials ($592) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ($263) per month for citizens; does not apply to foreign workers.[8][169]
7004101430000000000♠10,143

7004195060000000000♠19,506

45
7000433000000000000♠4.33

7000834000000000000♠8.34

7001510000000000000♠51%
000000002013-07-01-00001 July 2013

 Pakistan
15000 Pakistani rupees ($150) per month.[8][15][35]
7003171800000000000♠1,718

7003574800000000000♠5,748

48
6999690009999900000♠0.69

7000230000000099999♠2.3

7002114000000000000♠114%
000000002016-06-01-00001 June 2016

 Palau
US$3.00 per hour; does not include foreign workers.[8][170]
7003624000000000000♠6,240

7003589800000000000♠5,898

40[171]
7000300000000000000♠3

7000284000000000000♠2.84

7001386000000000000♠38.6%
000000002014-10-01-00001 October 2014

 Palestine
₪1,450 ($384) per month;[172][173]

0

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Panama
1.2222 to 2.3636 balboas ($1.22 - $2.36) per hour, depending on region and sector. Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers, such as domestic and agricultural workers. Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 175 to 200 balboas ($175 - $200) per month. The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages, respectively.[8][174][175]
7003304500000000000♠3,045

7003513100000000000♠5,131

48
7000122000000000000♠1.22

7000206000000000000♠2.06

7001231000000000000♠23.1%
000000002012-01-01-00001 January 2012

 Papua New Guinea
3.20 Papua New Guinean kina per hour.[8][176]
7003264500000000000♠2,645

7003334300000000000♠3,343

44[177]
7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000146000000000000♠1.46

7002126100000000000♠126.1%
000000002014-08-01-00001 August 2014

 Paraguay
1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ($348) per month; The law discriminates against domestic workers, who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage. The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker's salary.[8][15][178][179]
7003386000000000000♠3,860

7003866100000000000♠8,661

48
7000155000000000000♠1.55

7000347000000000000♠3.47

7001943000000000000♠94.3%
000000002014-03-01-00001 March 2014

 Peru
850 Peruvian nuevos soles ($294) per month.[8][15]
7003320300000000000♠3,203

7003601400000000000♠6,014

48
7000128000000000000♠1.28

7000241000000000000♠2.41

7001485000000000000♠48.5%
000000002012-06-01-00001 June 2012

 Philippines
Ranges from PhP243 daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region to PhP512 daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila.[180]
7003280300000000000♠2,803

7003662300000000000♠6,623

48[181]
7000112000000000000♠1.12

7000265000000000000♠2.65

7001900000000000000♠90%
000000002017-10-05-00005 October 2017

 Poland
2,000 PLN ($505) monthly. 13 PLN ($3.88) per hour.
7003608700000000000♠6,087

7004124660000000000♠12,466

40
7000293000000000000♠2.93

7000599000000000000♠5.99

7001477000000000000♠47.7%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Portugal
€557 per month ($648) in 14 payments; for full-time workers, rural workers, and domestic employees ages 18 and older.[182]
7003755300000000000♠7,553

7003984400000000000♠9,844

40
7000363000000000000♠3.63

7000473000000000000♠4.73

7001337000000000000♠33.7%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Qatar
None; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage, but he did not do so.[8]

48

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Romania
1450 lei ($339) per month; else 8.63 lei ($2) per hour for a full-time schedule of 168 hours per month. See Minimum wage in Romania.[183]
7003426600000000000♠4,266

7003899400000000000♠8,994

40
7000205009999999999♠2.05

7000432000000000000♠4.32

7001420000000000000♠42%
000000002017-02-01-00001 February 2017

 Russia
7,500 ruble (€100) per month.[15][184]
7003111000000000000♠1,110

7003310600000000000♠3,106

40
6999530000000000000♠0.53

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7001127000000000000♠12.7%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Rwanda
None; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ($0.83 to $1.66) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ($2.50 to $8.30) per day in the construction industry.[8]

45

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
EC$9.00 per hour.[8][185][186]
7003693300000000000♠6,933

7003889800000000000♠8,898

40[187]
7000333000000000000♠3.33

7000428000000000000♠4.28

7001365000000000000♠36.5%
000000002014-11-01-00001 November 2014

 Saint Lucia
Minimum wage for some sectors; EC$300 ($111) per month for office clerks; EC$200 ($74) for shop assistants; EC$160 ($59) for messengers.[8]

40

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Set sector by sector; for example, EC$56 ($20.74) per day for agriculture workers (shelter not provided); EC$40 ($14.81) per day for industrial workers; and EC$25 per day for household domestic workers.[8][188][189]
7003240700000000000♠2,407

7003329800000000000♠3,298

40
7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000159000000000000♠1.59

7001299000000000000♠29.9%
000000002008-07-01-00001 July 2008

 Samoa
WST$2.00 ($0.89) per hour for the private sector; WST$2.65 ($1.18) for the public sector.[8]
7003162200000000000♠1,622

7003224000000000000♠2,240

40
6999780000000000000♠0.78

7000108000000000000♠1.08

7001378009999900000♠37.8%
000000002012-01-01-00002012

 San Marino
€1582.57 per month ($1,763); €9.74 per hour ($10.85).[8][190]
7004210070000000000♠21,007

7004266730000000000♠26,673

37.5[191]
7001107700000000000♠10.77

7001136800000000000♠13.68

7001423009999900000♠42.3%
000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014

 São Tomé and Príncipe
None; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ($40) per month for civil servants[55]

000000002013-01-01-00002013
{{List of minimum wages by country/Row|Saudi Arabia|3000|monthly|48|2 February 2013| comment=3,000 Saudi riyals ($720) per month for public sector; does not apply to foreign workers. There are no minimum wage in private sector.[8][192]

 Senegal
209.10 CFA francs ($0.42) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ($0.37) per hour for agricultural workers.[8][15][193]
7002642000000000000♠642

7003161000000000000♠1,610

40
6999310000000000000♠0.31

6999770000000000000♠0.77

7001662000000000000♠66.2%
000000001996-01-01-00001 January 1996

 Serbia
22,620 Serbian dinars (€183.45) net monthly, 130 dinars ($1.1) per hour net, 175 dinars ($1.5) per hour gross.[8][194][195]
7003327100000000000♠3,271

7003733800000000000♠7,338

40
7000157000000000000♠1.57

7000353000000000000♠3.53

7001544000000000000♠54.4%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Seychelles
SR26.70 per hour for all workers other than casual workers; SR30.78 per hour for casual workers.[8][196][197]
7003417000000000000♠4,170

7003628700000000000♠6,287

40[198]
7000200000000000000♠2

7000302000000000000♠3.02

7001231000000000000♠23.1%
000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014

 Sierra Leone
500,000 Sierra Leonean leones per month.[8][199][200][201]
7003118100000000000♠1,181

7003248000000000000♠2,480

40
6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000119000000000000♠1.19

7002155900000000000♠155.9%
000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015

 Singapore
None.[8] However, two exceptions were made recently: 1) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of $1,000/month effective January 2014.[202] 2) Security guards to have a minimum wage of $1,100/month effective September 2016.[203]

44

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Slovakia
€405 per month, €2.33 per hour.[15][204]
7003547600000000000♠5,476

7003867700000000000♠8,677

40
7000263000000000000♠2.63

7000417000000000000♠4.17

7001300000000000000♠30%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Slovenia
€804.96 per month.[15][47][205]
7004109150000000000♠10,915

7004144010000000000♠14,401

40
7000525000000000000♠5.25

7000692000000000000♠6.92

7001463000000000000♠46.3%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Solomon Islands
SI$4.00 ($0.55) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors, who received SI$3.20 per hour.[8]
7002946000000000000♠946

7002948000000000000♠948

45
6999400000000000000♠0.4

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7001434000000000000♠43.4%
000000002008-05-01-00001 May 2008

 Somalia
None.[8]

48

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 South Africa
not mandatory, but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand[206] per month ($155) except domestic and farm works' wages 1,500 rand ($95),.[8][207]

45

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 South Sudan
None.[208]

000000002011-01-01-00002011

 Spain
€825.65 ($886) per month in 12 payments, €707.70 ($760) per month in 14 payments.[47][209]
7004111950000000000♠11,195

7004130970000000000♠13,097

40
7000538000000000000♠5.38

7000630000000000000♠6.3

7001379000000000000♠37.9%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Sri Lanka
10,000 rupees per month.(US $ 70.75 per month ) [15]
7002824000000000000♠824

7003249900000000000♠2,499

45
6999350000000000000♠0.35

7000107000000000000♠1.07

7001213000000000000♠21.3%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Sudan
425 Sudanese pounds ($70) per month.[56]
7002846000000000000♠846

7003126600000000000♠1,266

40
6999410009999900000♠0.41

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7001303000000000000♠30.3%
000000002008-01-01-00002008

 Suriname
None; SRD 600 ($180) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants.[8]

45

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Swaziland
531.6 Swazi emalangeni ($76.50) per month for a domestic worker; 420 emalangeni ($60.50) a month for an unskilled worker; 600 emalangeni ($86.50) a month for a skilled worker.[55]
7002694000000000000♠694
7003112800000000000♠1,128
48
6999330000000000000♠0.33
6999540000000000000♠0.54
7001190000000000000♠19%
000000002011-01-01-00002011

 Sweden
None; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively, and it prohibits antiunion discrimination.[8]

40

000000002013-01-01-00002013

  Switzerland
None; however, a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts (GLC, collective labour agreements), reached on a sector-by-sector basis,[210] contain minimum compensation clauses, which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ($2,363 to $4,511) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ($3,010 to $5,693) per month for skilled employees.[8] On 18 May 2014, Swiss voters rejected an initiative (by 76.3%) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ($24.65) or (PPP-adjusted: $12.55).[211][212]

41.7[213][214]

000000002014-01-01-00002014

 Syria
9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ($176–$266) per month, plus benefits, including compensation for meals, uniforms, and transportation.[55]
7003211200000000000♠2,112
7003285000000000000♠2,850
40
7000102000000000000♠1.02
7000137000000000000♠1.37
7001540000000000000♠54%
000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Taiwan
The minimum wage in Taiwan is NT$21,009 ($654 USD) per month; NT$133 ($4.14 USD) per hour.[215][216]
7003836600000000000♠8,366

7004181990000000000♠18,199

40
7000401999999999999♠4.02

7000875000000000000♠8.75

7001389000000000000♠38.9%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 Tajikistan
250 Tajikistani somoni ($31) per month, plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families.[55][217]
7002487000000000000♠487

7003144400000000000♠1,444

40
6999230000000000000♠0.23

6999690009999900000♠0.69

7001520000000000000♠52%
000000002013-09-01-00001 September 2013

 Tanzania
Varies by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings per month to 400,000 shillings per month.[8][15]
7002220000000000000♠220

7002616000000000000♠616

45[218]
6998900000000000000♠0.09

6999260000000000000♠0.26

7001231000000000000♠23.1%
000000002013-07-01-00001 July 2013

 Thailand
Ranges from 300 Thai baht ($8) per day and up, depending on the cost of living in various provinces; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives.[219][220][221]
7003265200000000000♠2,652

7003722300000000000♠7,223

48
7000106000000000000♠1.06

7000289000000000000♠2.89

7001443000000000000♠44.3%
000000002013-01-01-00001 January 2013

 Timor-Leste
US$115 per month.[8][222]
7003138000000000000♠1,380

7003206200000000000♠2,062

44
6999600000000000000♠0.6

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7001913000000000000♠91.3%
000000002012-06-22-000022 June 2012

 Togo
35,000 ($70) CFA francs per month.[8][15]
7002708000000000000♠708

7003178900000000000♠1,789

40
6999340000000000000♠0.34

6999860000000000000♠0.86

7002122600000000000♠122.6%
000000002012-01-01-00001 January 2012

 Tonga
None[8]

40

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Trinidad and Tobago
TT$15.00 ($2.36) per hour.[223]
7003468200000000000♠4,682

7003559800000000000♠5,598

40
7000225000000000000♠2.25

7000269000000000000♠2.69

7001172000000000000♠17.2%
000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015

 Tunisia
For the industrial sector: 340 Tunisian dinars ($140) per month for a 48-hour workweek and 290 dinars ($120) per month for a 40‑hour workweek; 9 dinars ($3.70) to 14 dinars ($5.7) per day for agricultural workers; supplemented with transportation and family allowances.[55]
7003116200000000000♠1,162

7003308500000000000♠3,085

48
6999470000000000000♠0.47

7000124000000000000♠1.24

7001271000000000000♠27.1%
000000002011-01-01-00002011

 Turkey
1647 Turkish lira ($450) per month (gross minimum wage). Net minimum wage after taxes is 1300.99 Turkish lira ($439) per month. Employer pays 1935.23 Turkish Lira ($654) per month including taxes and health insurance.[224]
7003654400000000000♠6,544

7004127790000000000♠12,779

45
7000280000000099999♠2.8

7000546000000000000♠5.46

7001650999999900000♠65.1%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Turkmenistan
535 Turkmenistani manat ($156) per month.[8][225]
7003183400000000000♠1,834

7003455600000000000♠4,556

40
6999880000000000000♠0.88

7000219000000000000♠2.19

7001276000000000000♠27.6%
000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015

 Tuvalu
None; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A$3,000 to A$4,000 ($3,120 to $4,160).[8]

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Uganda
6,000 Ugandan shillings ($1.7) per month.[8][15][35]
7001210000000000000♠21

7001610000000000000♠61

40
6998100000000000000♠0.01

6998300000000000000♠0.03

7000330000000000000♠3.3%
000000001984-01-01-00001 January 1984

 Ukraine
₴3200 (UAH) ($121.75) / month,
18.18 hryvnias ($0.70) / hour.[15][226]
7003150300000000000♠1,503

7003730300000000000♠7,303

40
6999720000000000000♠0.72

7000351000000000000♠3.51

7001923000000000000♠92.3%
000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017

 United Arab Emirates
None.[8]

48

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 United Kingdom
£7.50 per hour ($9.36) for those aged 25+
£7.05 per hour ($8.80) for those aged 21–24,
£5.60 per hour ($6.99) for those aged 18–20,
£4.05per hour ($5.05) for under 18,
£3.50 per hour ($4.37) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year.[227]
7004200630000000000♠20,063

7004185770000000000♠18,577

38.1[228]
7001101300000000000♠10.13

7000938000000000000♠9.38

7001450000000000000♠45%
000000002017-04-01-00001 April 2017

 United States
The federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US$7.25 per hour.[229] States may also set a minimum, in which case the higher of the two is controlling; some territories are exempt and have lower rates.[230] The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour.[231][232] Since January 1st, 2017, Seattle, Washington, now has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour. [233]
7004150800000000000♠15,080

7004150800000000000♠15,080

40
7000725000000000000♠7.25

7000725000000000000♠7.25

7001270000000000000♠27%
000000002009-07-24-000024 July 2009

 Uruguay
10,000 Uruguayan pesos ($349) per month. 500 pesos ($17) per day. 50 pesos ($1.7) per hour.[8][234][235]
7003413800000000000♠4,138

7003576600000000000♠5,766

48
7000166000000000000♠1.66

7000231000000000000♠2.31

7001272000000000000♠27.2%
000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015

 Uzbekistan
107,635 Uzbekistani som ($35) per month.[8][236]
7002503000000000000♠503

7003141700000000000♠1,417

40
6999240000000000000♠0.24

6999680000000000000♠0.68

7001236000000000000♠23.6%
000000002014-09-01-00001 September 2014

 Vanuatu
30,000 Vanuatu vatu ($323) per month, 170 vatu per hour.[8][237]
7003324400000000000♠3,244

7003302900000000000♠3,029

40
7000156000000000000♠1.56

7000146000000000000♠1.46

7002118800000000000♠118.8%
000000002012-08-20-000020 August 2012

 Venezuela
27,091 Venezuelan bolívares (BsF) per month, with a food bonus of 63,720 BsF.[238] 27,091 and 63,720 BsF are $15.94 and $45.99 at the open market exchange rate, which the government considers illegal, or $41.15 and $96.80 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 658.28 (exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM).[239]
7002245000000000000♠245

7002134000000000000♠134

40
6999120000000000000♠0.12

6998600000000000000♠0.06

6999800000000000000♠0.8%
000000002016-11-01-00001 November 2016

 Vietnam
Varies by region; Region I: VND 3,500,000 per month; Region II: VND 3,100,000 per month; Region III: VND 2,700,000 per month and Region IV: VND 2,400,000 per month.[8][15]
7003132700000000000♠1,327

7003325900000000000♠3,259

40
6999640000000000000♠0.64

7000157000000000000♠1.57

7001541000000000000♠54.1%
000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016

 Yemen
None; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ($100) per month.

48

000000002013-01-01-00002013

 Zambia
Varies by sector; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers, K1,132,400 per month for shopkeepers, and between K1,132,400 and K2,101,039 for general workers' in categories one to five—which includes receptionists and clerks, among others (wages are inclusive transportation, lunch, and housing allowances).[240][241] Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha, which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha.
7002608000000000000♠608

7003194800000000000♠1,948

48
6999240000000000000♠0.24

6999780000000000000♠0.78

7001506000000000000♠50.6%
000000002012-07-04-00004 July 2012

 Zimbabwe
None, except for agricultural and domestic workers; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages. The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month.[56]

000000002012-01-01-00002012

tag: table


document_title: Supervisory program

question_text: the supervisor program of the operating system is also known as the

text: Supervisory program

text:
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text: A supervisory program or supervisor is a computer program, usually part of an operating system, that controls the execution of other routines and regulates work scheduling, input/output operations, error actions, and similar functions and regulates the flow of work in a data processing system.

text: It can also refer to a program that allocates computer component space and schedules computer events by task queuing and system interrupts. Control of the system is returned to the supervisory program frequently enough to ensure that demands on the system are met.

text: Historically, this term was essentially associated with IBM's line of mainframe operating systems starting with OS/360. In other operating systems, the supervisor is generally called the kernel.

text: In the 1970s, IBM further abstracted the supervisor state from the hardware, resulting in a hypervisor that enabled full virtualization, i.e. the capacity to run multiple operating systems on the same machine totally independently from each other. Hence the first such system was called Virtual Machine or VM.


document_title: Carriage

question_text: when was the first horse drawn carriage invented

text: Carriage

text: Overview[edit]

text: The word carriage (abbreviated carr or cge) is from Old Northern French cariage, to carry in a vehicle.[3] The word car, then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century;[3] it was also used for railway carriages, and was extended to cover automobile around the end of the nineteenth century, when early models were called horseless carriages.

text: A carriage is sometimes called a team, as in "horse and team". A carriage with its horse is a rig. An elegant horse-drawn carriage with its retinue of servants is an equipage. A carriage together with the horses, harness and attendants is a turnout or setout. A procession of carriages is a cavalcade.

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: Some horsecarts found in Celtic graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically.[4] Four-wheeled wagons were used in prehistoric Europe, and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage (that survived until the age of the motor car) were established then.[5]

text: Chariot[edit]

text: The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the chariot, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC.[6] Used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The chariot was revolutionary and effective because it delivered fresh warriors to crucial areas of battle with swiftness.

text: Roman carriage[edit]

text: First century BC Romans used sprung wagons for overland journeys.[7] It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as indicated by carriage parts found in excavations.

text: Ancient Chinese carriage[edit]

text: In the kingdom of the Zhou Dynasty the Warring States were also known to have used carriages as transportation. With the decline of these civilizations these techniques almost disappeared.

text: Medieval carriage[edit]

text: The medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top ('tilt') similar in appearance to the Conestoga Wagon familiar from the USA. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it very likely also employed the pivoting fore-axle in continuity from the ancient world. Suspension (on chains) is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th century ('chars branlant' or rocking carriages), and was in widespread use by the 15th century.[8] Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats (and especially by women), and could be elaborately decorated and gilded. These carriages were on four wheels often and were pulled by two to four horses depending on how they were decorated (elaborate decoration with gold lining made the carriage heavier). Wood and iron were the primary requirements needed to build a carriage and carriages that were used by non-royalty were covered by plain leather.

text: Another form of carriage was the pageant wagon of the 14th century. Historians debate on the structure and size of pageant wagons; however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. The pageant wagon is significant because up until the 14th century most carriages were on two or 3 wheels; the chariot, rocking carriage, and baby carriage are two examples of carriages which pre-date the pageant wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, which allowed the wheels to turn. Whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages; they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles. Pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels. This allowed the horse to move freely and steer the carriage in accordance with the road or path.

text: Coach[edit]

text: One of the great innovations of the carriage was the invention of the suspended carriage or the chariot branlant (though whether this was a Roman or medieval innovation remains uncertain). The 'chariot branlant' of medieval illustrations was suspended by chains rather than leather straps as had been believed.[9][10] Chains provided a smoother ride in the chariot branlant because the compartment no longer rested on the turning axles. In the 15th century, carriages were made lighter and needed only one horse to haul the carriage. This carriage was designed and innovated in Hungary.[11] Both innovations appeared around the same time and historians believe that people began comparing the chariot branlant and the Hungarian light coach. However, the earliest illustrations of the Hungarian 'Kochi-wagon' do not indicate any suspension, and often the use of three horses in harness.

text: Under King Mathias Corvinus (1458–90), who enjoyed fast travel, the Hungarians developed fast road transport, and the town of Kocs between Budapest and Vienna became an important post-town, and gave its name to the new vehicle type.[12] The Hungarian coach was highly praised because it was capable of holding 8 men, used light wheels, could be towed by only one horse (it may have been suspended by leather straps, but this is a topic of debate).[13] Ultimately it was the Hungarian coach that generated a greater buzz of conversation than the chariot branlant of France because it was a much smoother ride.[13] Henceforth, the Hungarian coach spread across Europe rather quickly, in part due to Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara (1479–1529), nephew of Mathias' queen Beatrix of Aragon, who as a very junior Archbishopric of Esztergom developed a liking of Hungarian riding and took his carriage and driver back to Italy.[14] Around 1550 the 'coach' made its appearance throughout the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages.[15] However, the new 'coach' seems to have been a concept (fast road travel for men) as much as any particular type of vehicle, and there is no obvious change that accompanied the innovation. As it moved throughout Europe in the late 16th century, the coach’s body structure was ultimately changed, from a round-top to the 'four-poster' carriages that became standard by c.1600.[8]

text: Later development of the coach[edit]

text: The coach had doors in the side, with an iron step protected by leather that became the "boot" in which servants might ride. The driver sat on a seat at the front, and the most important occupant sat in the back facing forwards. The earliest coaches can be seen at Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the Moscow Kremlin, and they become a commonplace in European art. It was not until the 17th century that further innovations with steel springs and glazing took place, and only in the 18th century, with better road surfaces, was there a major innovation with the introduction of the steel C-spring.[16]

text: It was not until the 18th century that steering systems were truly improved. Erasmus Darwin was a young English doctor who was driving a carriage about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients all over England. Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage. First, the front wheels were turned by a pivoting front axle, which had been used for years, but these wheels were often quite small and hence the rider, carriage and horse felt the brunt of every bump on the road. Secondly, he recognized the danger of overturning.

text: A pivoting front axle changes a carriage’s base from a rectangle to a triangle because the wheel on the inside of the turn is able to turn more sharply than the outside front wheel. Darwin proposed to fix these insufficiencies by proposing a principle in which the two front wheels turn about a centre that lies on the extended line of the back axle. This idea was later patented as Ackerman Steering. Darwin argued that carriages would then be easier to pull and less likely to overturn.

text: Carriage use in North America came with the establishment of European settlers. Early colonial horse tracks quickly grew into roads especially as the colonists extended their territories southwest. Colonists began using carts as these roads and trading increased between the north and south. Eventually, carriages or coaches were sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, chariots, coaches and/or carriages were a mark of status. The tobacco planters of the South were some of the first Americans to use the carriage as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grew in the southern colonies so did the frequency of carriages, coaches and wagons. Upon the turn of the 18th century wheeled vehicle use in the colonies was at an all-time high. Carriages, coaches and wagons were being taxed based on the number of wheels they had. These taxes were implemented in the South primarily as the South had superior numbers of horses and wheeled vehicles when compared to the North. Europe, however, still used carriage transportation far more often and on a much larger scale than anywhere else in the world.

text: Carriages and coaches began to disappear as use of steam propulsion began to generate more and more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal power as is evident by a newspaper article written in England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam".[17] The article highlights the death of the carriage as the means of transportation.

text: Nowadays, carriages are still used for day-to-day transport in the United States by some minority groups such as the Amish. They are also still used in the tourism as vehicles for sightseeing in cities such as Bruges, Vienna, New Orleans, and Little Rock, Arkansas.

text: The most complete working collection of carriages can be seen at the Royal Mews in London where a large selection of vehicles is in regular use. These are supported by a staff of liveried coachmen, footmen and postillions. The horses earn their keep by supporting the work of the Royal Household, particularly during ceremonial events. Horses pulling a large carriage known as a "covered brake" collect the Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniforms from St James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are driven to their audiences with The Queen in landaus; visiting heads of state are transported to and from official arrival ceremonies and members of the Royal Family are driven in Royal Mews coaches during Trooping the Colour, the Order of the Garter service at Windsor Castle and carriage processions at the beginning of each day of Royal Ascot.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Body[edit]

text: Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type.[18] The top cover for the body of a carriage, called the head or hood, is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. Such a folding top is called a bellows top or calash. A hoopstick forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an imperial. A closed carriage may have side windows called quarter lights (British) as well as windows in the doors, hence a "glass coach". On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called a dashboard intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a wing (British). A foot iron or footplate may serve as a carriage step.

text: A carriage driver sits on a box or perch, usually elevated and small. When at the front it is known as a dickey box, a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A footman might use a small platform at the rear called a footboard or a seat called a rumble behind the body. Some carriages have a moveable seat called a jump seat. Some seats had an attached backrest called a lazyback.

text: The shafts of a carriage were called limbers in English dialect. Lancewood, a tough elastic wood of various trees, was often used especially for carriage shafts. A holdback, consisting of an iron catch on the shaft with a looped strap, enables a horse to back or hold back the vehicle. The end of the tongue of a carriage is suspended from the collars of the harness by a bar called the yoke. At the end of a trace, a loop called a cockeye attaches to the carriage.

text: In some carriage types the body is suspended from several leather straps called braces or thoroughbraces, attached to or serving as springs.

text: Undergear[edit]

text: Beneath the carriage body is the undergear or undercarriage (or simply carriage), consisting of the running gear and chassis.[19] The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the running gear. The wheels revolve upon bearings or a spindle at the ends of a bar or beam called an axle or axletree. Most carriages have either one or two axles. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the forward part of the running gear, or forecarriage, is arranged to permit the front axle to turn independently of the fixed rear axle. In some carriages a 'dropped axle', bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows a low body with large wheels. A guard called a dirtboard keeps dirt from the axle arm.

text: Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a futchel, which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the backstay may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle.

text: A skid called a drag, dragshoe, shoe or skidpan retards the motion of the wheels. A London patent of 1841 describes one such apparatus: An iron-shod beam, slightly longer than the radius of the wheel, is hinged under the axle so that when it is released to strike the ground the forward momentum of the vehicle wedges it against the axle. The original feature of this modification was that, instead of the usual practice of having to stop the carriage to retract the beam and so lose useful momentum, the chain holding it in place is released (from the driver's position) so that it is allowed to rotate further in its backwards direction, releasing the axle. A system of "pendant-levers" and straps then allows the beam to return to its first position and be ready for further use.[20]

text: A catch or block called a trigger may be used to hold a wheel on a declivity.

text: A horizontal wheel or segment of a wheel called a fifth wheel sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. A block of wood called a headblock might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring.

text: Pony trap or horse trap[edit]

text: A trap, pony trap or horse trap is a light, often sporty, two-wheeled or sometimes four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage, accommodating usually two to four persons in various seating arrangements, such as face-to-face or back-to-back.

text: Tonga/tanga (Indian horse carriage)[edit]

text: A tanga (Hindi: टाँगा, Urdu: ٹانگہ, Bengali: টাঙ্গা) or Tonga is a light horse-drawn carriage used for transportation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Tangas are a popular mode of transportation because they are fun to ride in, and are usually cheaper to hire than a taxi or rickshaw. However, in many cities, tangas are not allowed to use highways because of their slow pace. In Pakistan, tangas are mainly found in the older parts of cities and towns, and are becoming less popular for utilitarian travel and more popular for pleasure. Tangas have become a traditional feature of weddings and other social functions in Pakistan, as well as in other nations. They are usually pulled by two horses, though some require only one. Others are designed for farm work. The room under the seats is sometimes used by the coachman (locally called "coach-waan") to keep his horse's food and sometimes to keep luggage if required.

text: Tangas are used for economic activity, mainly to carry heavy goods within the city limits.[21]

text: Tangas were the most common means of transport in urban India and Pakistan until the early 1980s. Although autorickshaws have overtaken them in popularity, tangas are still common today in many cities and villages.

text: Volante[edit]

text: A volante is a two-wheeled, one- or two-passenger Spanish carriage formerly much used in Cuba. The axle was behind an open, hooded body. The carriage was driven by a rider on the horse.

text: Araba[edit]

text: An araba (from Arabic: عربة, araba or Turkish: araba[22]) (also arba or aroba) is a carriage (such as a cabriolet or coach), wagon or cart drawn by horses or oxen, used in Turkey and neighboring Middle Eastern countries. It is usually heavy and without springs, and often covered.

text: Words related to carriages[edit]

text: The names of many of these have now passed into obscurity but some have been adopted to describe automotive car body styles: coupé, victoria, brougham, landau and landaulet, cabriolet (giving us our cab), phaeton, and limousine – all these once denoted particular types of carriages.

text: Miscellany[edit]

text: A person whose business was to drive a carriage was a coachman. A servant in livery called a footman or piquer formerly served in attendance upon a rider or was required to run before his master's carriage to clear the way. An attendant on horseback called an outrider often rode ahead of or next to a carriage. A carriage starter directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A hackneyman hired out horses and carriages. When hawking wares, a hawker was often assisted by a carriage.

text: Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as carriage folk or carriage trade.

text: Carriage passengers often used a lap robe as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet. A buffalo robe, made from the hide of an American bison dressed with the hair on, was sometimes used as a carriage robe; it was commonly trimmed to rectangular shape and lined on the skin side with fabric. A carriage boot, fur-trimmed for winter wear, was made usually of fabric with a fur or felt lining. A knee boot protected the knees from rain or splatter.

text: A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a carriage horse; one for use on a road is a road horse. One such breed is the Cleveland Bay, uniformly bay in color, of good conformation and strong constitution. Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a break or brake.

text: A carriage dog or coach dog is bred for running beside a carriage.

text: A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a carriage porch or porte cochere. An outbuilding for a carriage is a coach house, which was often combined with accommodation for a groom or other servants.

text: A livery stable kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A range of stables, usually with carriage houses (remises) and living quarters built around a yard, court or street, is called a mews.

text: A kind of dynamometer called a peirameter indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track.

text: Competitive driving[edit]

text: In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many horse shows host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles are usually carriages, carts, or buggies and, occasionally, sulkies or wagons. Modern high-technology carriages are made purely for competition by companies such as Bennington Carriages.[23] in England. Terminology varies: the simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the USA, but a "carriage" in Australia.

text: Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-round test of driving: combined driving, also known as horse-driving trials, an equestrian discipline regulated by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. World championships are conducted in alternate years, including single-horse, horse pairs and four-in-hand championships. The World Equestrian Games, held at four-year intervals, also includes a four-in-hand competition.

text: For pony drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events.

text: Types of horse-drawn carriages[edit]

text: An almost bewildering variety of horse-drawn carriages existed. Arthur Ingram's Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions. The types of carriage included the following:

text:
Araba
Bandy
Barouche
Berlin
Brake
Britzka
Brougham
Buggy
Cabriolet
Calash
Cape cart
Cariole
Carryall
Chaise
Chariot

Chariot

Biga
Triga

Clarence
Coach
Coupé
Croydon
Curricle
Dogcart

Dos-à-dos

Drag (carriage)
Droshky (Drozhki)
Ekka
Fiacre
Fly
Four-in-hand
Gharry
Gig
Gladstone
Governess cart
Hackney
Hansom
Hearse
Herdic
Horse and buggy
Jaunting car
Karozzin (Maltese horse cariage)[24]
Kibitka
Landau
Limousine
Mail coach
One-horse carriage
One-horse shay
Park Drag
Phaeton

Spider phaeton

Post chaise
Randem
Ratha

Temple car

Road Coach
Rockaway
Sociable
Sprung cart
Stagecoach
Stanhope
Sulky
Surrey
Tarantass (Tarantas)
Tanga/Tonga (Indian horse carriage)
Telega
Tilbury
Trap
Troika
Un-sprung cart
Victoria
Village cart
Vis-à-vis
Voiturette
Volante
Wagonette
Whim
Whiskey

tag: ul

text: Carriage collections[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Cobb + Co Museum – National Carriage Collection, Queensland Museum, Toowoomba, Queensland.[25]
The National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Carriage Collection

text: Austria[edit]

text: Museum of Carriages and Department of Court Uniforms, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.[26]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
VZW Rijtuigmuseum Bree, Bree, Limburg[27]
De Groom Carriage Center Bruges, Brugge, West Flanders
Koetsenmuseum Verdonckt

text: Brazil[edit]

text:
National Historical Museum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Imperial Museum in Petrópolis, Brazil

text: Canada[edit]

text:
The Remington Carriage Museum in Cardston, Alberta, Canada
The Campbell Carriage Factory Museum in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
Kings Landing Historical Settlement in Prince William, New Brunswick, Canada, has a large collection of horse and oxen drawn vehicles.

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Royal Carriage Museum, Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen
Slesvigske Vognsamling, Haderslev

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Carriage Museum

text: France[edit]

text:
Palace of Versailles

The Versailles Stables[28]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Marstallmuseum of Carriages and Sleighs in the former Royal Stables, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich[29]
Hesse Museum of Carriages and Sleighs in Lohfelden near Kassel[30]

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Museo "Le Carrozze d'Epoca", Rome.
Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca di Codroipo.
Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca, San Martino, Udine.
Museo della Carrozza di Macerata.
Museo delle Carrozze del Quirinale, Rome.
Museo delle Carrozze di Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza.
Museo delle Carrozze, Catanzaro.
Museo delle Carrozze, Naples.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum, Leek in Groningen.[31]

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Łańcut Castle
Rogalin Palace

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
National Coach Museum (Museu dos Coches), Lisbon[32]
Geraz do Lima Carriage museum

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Mossman Collection, Luton, Bedfordshire[33]
Royal Mews at Buckingham Palace, London.[34]
Swingletree Carriage Collection. John Parker Swingletree Carriage Driving, Swingletree, Wingfield, Nr. Diss, Norfolk[35]
National Trust Carriage Museum, Arlington Court, near Barnstaple, Devon[36]
The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages, Maidstone, Kent[37]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Florida Carriage Museum, Weirsdale, Florida. Formerly Austin Carriage Museum.[38]
Skyline Farm Carriage Museum, North Yarmouth, Maine[39]
The Carriage Collection of the Owls Head Transportation Museum, Owls Head, Maine.[40]
The Carriage Museum, Washington, Kentucky[41]
Carriage Museum of America, Lexington, Kentucky[42]
Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan[43]
The Long Island Museum of American Art, History & Carriages, Stony Brook, New York
Pioneer Village, Farmington, Utah.[44]
Thrasher Carriage Museum, Frostburg, Maryland[45]
The Wesley W. Jung Carriage Museum, Greenbush, Wisconsin[46]
Shelburne Museum, Shelburne, Vermont
Forney Museum of Transportation, Denver, Colorado[47]
Mifflinburg Buggy Museum, Mifflinburg, PA. Only museum in US that preserves an original intact 19th century carriage factory.[48]
Frick Art & Historical Center Car & Carriage Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, preserving carriages owned by Henry Clay Frick and his family.[49]


document_title: List of pig breeds

question_text: what kind of pig is white with black spots

text: List of pig breeds

text: There are hundreds of breeds of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References

text: List with classification and standards[edit]

text:
Breed
Origin
Height
Weight
Color
Image

Aksai Black Pied
Kazakhstan
167–182 cm
240–320 kg (530–710 lb)
Black & White
---

American Yorkshire
United States
---
---
White

Angeln Saddleback
Germany
---
300–350 kg (660–770 lb)
Black & White

Appalachian English
---
---
---
---
---

Arapawa Island
New Zealand
---
100–180 kg (220–400 lb)
Red & Black
[1]

Auckland Island Pig
New Zealand
---
---
Black, Black & Tan
[2]

Australian Yorkshire
Australia
---
---
---
---

Babi Kampung
---
---
---
---
---

Ba Xuyen
Vietnam
---
100 kg (220 lb)
Black & White
---

Bantu
---
---
---
---
---

Basque
France
---
---
---

Bazna
Romania
---
---
Black & White
---

Beijing Black
China
---
---
Black
---

Belarus Black Pied
Belarus
---
---
Black & White
---

Belgian Landrace
Belgium
---
---
White

Bengali Brown Shannaj
---
---
---
---
---

Bentheim Black Pied
Germany
70–75 cm (28–30 in)
180–250 kg (400–550 lb)
Black & White

Berkshire
United Kingdom
---
---
Black with some White markings

Bisaro
Portugal
---
---
Black & White
---

Bangur pig
Nepal
---
205–600 kg (452–1,323 lb)
Black and White
---

Black Slavonian
---
---
---
Black
---

Black Canarian Pig
---
---
---
Black
---

Breitovo
Russia
---
---
---
---

British Landrace
United Kingdom
---
---
White
---

British Lop
United Kingdom
---
---
White

British Saddleback
United Kingdom
---
---
Black & White

Bulgarian White
Bulgaria
21

---
White
---

Cantonese
---
---
---
---
---

Celtic pig
Galicia, Spain
80 cm (31 in)
---
Black & White

Chato Murciano
Spain
---
180 kg (400 lb)
Black or White or Black & White
---

Chester White
United States
---
---
White

Chiangmai Blackpig aka MooDum Chiangmai
Thailand
---
---
Black
---

Choctaw Hog
United States
---
60 kg (130 lb)
Black
---

Creole Pig
Haiti
---
---
---
---

Cumberland Pig (Extinct)
United Kingdom
---
---
White

Czech Improved White
---
---
---
White
---

Danish Landrace
Denmark
---
---
White
---

Danish Protest Pig
Germany
92 cm (36 in)
350 kg (770 lb)
Red & White

Dermantsi Pied
---
---
---
---
---

Li Yan Pig
---
Singapore Boon Lay
---
---
---

Dharane Kalo sungur
Dharan, Nepal
---
---
---
---

Duroc
United States
---
---
Red or Black

Dutch Landrace pig
Netherlands
---
---
---
---

East Balkan pig
---
---
---
---
---

Essex
United Kingdom
---
---
Black & White

Estonian Bacon
Estonia
---
---
---
---

Fengjing pig
China
---
---
---
---

Finnish Landrance
Finland
---
---
---
---

Forest Mountain
Armenia
---
165–260 kg (364–573 lb)
White
---

French Landrace
France
---
---
White

Gascon
France
---
---
Black

German Landrace
Germany
80–90 cm
250–320 kg (550–710 lb)
White

Gloucestershire Old Spot
United Kingdom
---
220–280 kg (490–620 lb)
White with Black spots

Göttingen minipig
Germany
35 cm
34 kg (75 lb)
White

Grice
United Kingdom
---
---
---
---

Guinea Hog
United States
---
200 kg (440 lb)
Black

Hampshire
United Kingdom
---
---
Black & White

Hante
---
---
---
---
---

Hereford
United States
---
200–370 kg (440–820 lb)
Red & White
---

Hezuo
---
---
---
---
---

Hogan Hog
Baraga, MI, United States
---
---
---
---

Huntingdon Black Hog
United Kingdom
---
---
Black with White socks
---

Iberian
Iberian Peninsula
---
---
Black, Red

Iron Age Pig
Russia
---
---
Black, White

Italian Landrace
Italy
---
---
White

Japanese Landrace
Japan
---
---
---
---

Jeju Black Pig
Jeju Island, South Korea
---
---
Black

Jinhua pig
---
---
---
---
---

Juliana
Europe
---
---
Tri-Colored
---

Kakhetian
Georgia
---
---
---

Kele pig
---
---
---
---
---

Kemerovo
Russia
---
---
---
---

Korean Native Pig
Korea
---
---
Black
---

Krskopolje
Slovenia
---
---
---
---

Kunekune
New Zealand
60 cm (24 in)
68–100 kg (150–220 lb)
Red, Black & White, Cream, Gold-tip, Black, Brown & Tri-colored

Lacombe
Canada
---
---
---
---

Large Black
United Kingdom
---
270–360 kg (600–790 lb)
Black

Large Black-white
---
---
---
Black & White
---

Large White
United Kingdom
---
---
White

Latvian White
Latvia
---
---
White
---

Leicoma
---
---
---
---
---

Linderödssvin
Sweden
---
---
Black & White, Red, Black & Tri-Colored
---

Lithuanian Native
Lithuania
---
---
Black & White, Red, Black & Tri-Colored
---

Lithuanian White
Lithuania
---
---
White
---

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig
United Kingdom
---
---
White
---

Livny
Russia
---
---
---
---

Malhado de Alcobaça
Portugal
---
---
Black & White
---

Mangalitsa
Hungary
---
---
Blonde, Swallow-Bellied, Red

Meishan
China
---
---
Black

Middle White
United Kingdom
---
---
White

Minzhu
---
---
---
---
---

Minokawa Buta
---
---
---
---
---

Mong Cai
---
---
---
---
---

Mora Romagnola
---
---
---
---
---

Moura
---
---
---
---
---

Mukota
Zimbabwe
---
---
---
---

Mulefoot
Gulf Coast
---
---
---
---

Murom
---
---
---
---
---

Myrhorod
Ukraine
---
---
Black & White
---

Nero dei Nebrodi
Italy - Sicily
60–65 cm (24–26 in)
150 kg (330 lb)
Black

Neijiang
---
---
---
---
---

Ningxiang
---
---
---
---
---

North Caucasian
Russia & Uzbekistan
---
---
---
---

North Siberian
Russia
---
---
---
---

Norwegian Landrace
Norway
---
---
White

Norwegian Yorkshire
Norway
---
---
---
---

Ossabaw Island
Ossabaw Island
51 cm (20 in)
90 kg (200 lb)
Black, Spotted

Oxford Sandy and Black
United Kingdom
---
---
Red & Black spotted

Pakchong 5
Thailand
---
---
---
---

Philippine Native
---
---
---
---
---

Piétrain
Wallonia
---
---
White spotted

Poland China
United States
---
---
---

Red Wattle
United States
120 cm (47 in)
270–680 kg (600–1,500 lb)
Red

Semirechensk
Kazakhstan
---
---
---
---

Siberian Black Pied
Russia
---
---
Black & White
---

Small Black (Extinct)
United Kingdom
---
---
Black

Small White (Extinct)
United Kingdom
---
---
White

Spots
---
---
---
---
---

Surabaya Babi
---
---
---
---
---

Swabian-Hall
Germany
---
---
Black & White

Swedish Landrace
Sweden
---
---
White
---

Taihu pig
China
---
---
Black
---

Tamworth
United Kingdom
50–65 cm (20–26 in)
250–370 kg (550–820 lb)
Red

Thuoc Nhieu
---
---
---
---
---

Tibetan
---
---
---
---

Tokyo-X
Japan
---
---
---
---

Tsivilsk
Russia
---
---
White
---

Turopolje
Croatia
---
---
---

Ukrainian Spotted Steppe
Ukraine
---
---
---
---

Ukrainian White Steppe
Ukraine
---
---
White
---

Urzhum
Russia
---
---
---
---

Vietnamese Potbelly
Vietnam
40–66 cm (16–26 in)
45–90 kg (99–198 lb)
Black, Black with white markings

Welsh
United Kingdom
---
110–140 kg (240–310 lb)
White
---

Wessex Saddleback
United Kingdom
---
---
Black & White

West French White
France
---
---
White

Windsnyer
---
---
---
---
---

Wuzishan
---
---
---
---
---

Yanan
---
---
---
---
---

Yorkshire Blue and White (Extinct)
United Kingdom
---
---
---
---