document_title: Bat Out of Hell

question_text: where did the phrase bat out of hell come from

text: Bat Out of Hell

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: The album developed from a musical, Neverland, a futuristic rock version of Peter Pan, which Steinman wrote for a workshop in 1974, and performed at the Kennedy Center Music Theatre Lab in 1977.[8][9] Steinman and Meat Loaf, who were touring with the National Lampoon show, felt that three songs were "exceptional" and Steinman began to develop them as part of a seven-song set they wanted to record as an album.[10] The three songs were "Bat Out of Hell", "Heaven Can Wait" and "The Formation of the Pack", which was later retitled "All Revved Up with No Place to Go".

text: Bat Out of Hell is often compared to the music of Bruce Springsteen, particularly the album Born to Run. Steinman says that he finds that "puzzling, musically", although they share influences; "Springsteen was more an inspiration than an influence."[9] A BBC article added "that Max Weinberg and Roy Bittan from Springsteen's E Street Band played on the album only helped reinforce the comparison."[11]

text: Steinman and Meat Loaf had immense difficulty finding a record company willing to sign them. According to Meat Loaf's autobiography, the band spent most of 1975 writing and recording material, and two and a half years auditioning the record and being rejected.[12] Manager David Sonenberg jokes that they were creating record companies just so they could be rejected.[13] They performed the album live in 1976, with Steinman on piano, Meat Loaf singing, and sometimes Ellen Foley joining them for "Paradise." Steinman says that it was a "medley of the most brutal rejections you could imagine."[14] Meat Loaf "almost cracked" when CBS executive Clive Davis rejected the project.[10] According to Meat Loaf's autobiography. Davis commented that "actors don't make records" and challenged Steinman's writing abilities and knowledge of rock music:

text: Do you know how to write a song? Do you know anything about writing? If you're going to write for records, it goes like this: A, B, C, B, C, C. I don't know what you're doing. You're doing A, D, F, G, B, D, C. You don't know how to write a song.... Have you ever listened to pop music? Have you ever heard any rock-and-roll music.... You should go downstairs when you leave here...and buy some rock-and-roll records.[15]

text: Meat Loaf asserts "Jim, at the time, knew every record ever made. [He] is a walking rock encyclopedia." Although Steinman laughed off the insults, the singer screamed "Fuck you, Clive!" from the street up to his building.[16]

text: In one 1989 interview with Classic Rock magazine, Steinman labeled him "the only genuine genius I've ever worked with."[10] In a 1989 interview with Redbeard for the In the Studio with Redbeard episode on the making of the album, Meat Loaf revealed that Jimmy Iovine and Andy Johns were potential candidates for producing Bat Out of Hell before being rejected by the singer and Steinman in favor of Todd Rundgren, whom Meat Loaf initially found cocky but grew to like. Rundgren found the album hilarious, thinking that it was a parody of Springsteen.[17] The singer quotes him as saying: "I've 'got' to do this album. It's just so 'out' there." They told the producer that they had previously been signed to RCA.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: Recording started in late 1975 in Bearsville Studios, Woodstock, New York. Roy Bittan and Max Weinberg, the pianist and drummer from Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band played on the album, in addition to members of Rundgren's group Utopia: Kasim Sulton, Roger Powell and John "Willie" Wilcox. Edgar Winter played the saxophone on "All Revved Up".[12] Rundgren himself played guitar, including the "motorcycle solo" on "Bat Out of Hell."[18] Both Steinman and Rundgren were influenced by Phil Spector and his "wall of sound."[12] According to Meat Loaf, Rundgren put all the arrangements together because although "Jim could hear all the instruments" in his head, Steinman hummed rather than orchestrating.[18]

text: When Rundgren discovered that the deal with RCA did not actually exist, Albert Grossman, who had been Bob Dylan's manager, offered to put it on his Bearsville label but needed more money.[19] Rundgren had essentially paid for the album himself.[14] Mo Ostin at Warner Bros. was impressed, but other senior people rejected them after they performed live. Steinman had offended them a few years earlier by auditioning with a song named "Who Needs the Young," which contains the lyric "Is there anyone left who can fuck? Screw 'em!"[20]

text: Another E Street Band member, Steve Van Zandt, and Sonenberg arranged to contact Cleveland International Records, a subsidiary of Epic Records. After listening to the spoken word intro to "You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth" ("Hot Summer Night"), founder Steve Popovich accepted the album for Cleveland.[20][21]

text: Rundgren mixed the record in one night. However, the mixes were not suitable to the extent that Meat Loaf did not want "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" on the album. Jimmy Iovine, who had mixed Springsteen's Born to Run, remixed some of the tracks. After several attempts by several people, John Jansen mixed the version of "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" that is on the album. According to Meat Loaf, he, Jansen and Steinman mixed the title track.[19]

text: Phil Rizzuto's baseball play-by-play call for "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" was recorded in 1976 at The Hit Factory in New York City by Rundgren, Meat Loaf and Steinman. As an Italian Catholic, Rizzuto publicly maintained he was unaware that his contribution would be equated with sex in the finished song. However, Meat Loaf asserts that Rizzuto only claimed ignorance to stifle criticism and was fully aware of the context of what he was recording.[22]

text: Composition[edit]

text:
"Bat Out of Hell"

This sample contains the beginning of the chorus.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Todd Rundgren acknowledges that Steinman was highly influenced by the "rural suburban teenage angst" of Bruce Springsteen.[23] According to manager David Sonenberg, "Jim would always come up with these great titles and then he would write a song that would try to justify the greatness of the title."[13]

text: Since 1968[24], Jim Steinman had been working on a magnum opus, which finally opened in 2017 in the form of Bat Out Of Hell The Musical. The first incarnation of his work was a musical called The Dream Engine when he was in college at Amherst. The qualities of teenage rebellion and a girl joining a "tribe" led by a charismatic leader are present in all versions of Steinman's work. The Dream Engine is where the spoken word piece "Hot Summer Night" originates[25], and is the earliest work that appears on the Meat Loaf album, where it is performed by Jim Steinman and actress Marcia McClain[26].

text: The next incarnation of Steinman's magnum opus, during the 1970s, was a musical called "Neverland," which contained many of the same scenes and themes as The Dream Engine but was now largely depoliticized and contained many Peter Pan references. Some scenes in "Neverland," such as the parents feeding their imprisoned daughter "dream suppressant" drugs[27][28], are still present in Bat Out Of Hell The Musical, but overall Neverland was of a much darker tone. This musical contained the songs Heaven Can Wait, Bat Out Of Hell, and All Revved Up With No Place To Go[29]. On the 25th anniversary version of the album Bat Out Of Hell, one of the bonus live tracks, "Great Boleros Of Fire," is an instrumental version of another song from Neverland titled "Gods." (Meat Loaf finally recorded and released this song under the title "Godz" on his 2016 album Braver Than We Are).

text: When staged in 1977, the cast of "Neverland" included Ellen Foley as Wendy[30] - who performs the lead female vocal on Paradise By The Dashboard Light on the album. The music for "Neverland" was performed by Orchestra Luna, and one of their members at the time was Karla DeVito. Ellen Foley was not available when it came time to go on tour for the album Bat Out Of Hell, so Karla DeVito took her place. In the various promotional music videos for the songs on the album Bat Out Of Hell Karla DeVito's lips are synced to Ellen Foley's album vocals.

text: The opening track "Bat Out of Hell" is the result of Steinman's desire to write the "most extreme crash song of all time."[14]

text: "You Took The Words Right Out Of My Mouth" is musically inspired by the rock chords of The Who's Baba O'Riley with a Phil Spector style melody on top[31]. In Jim Steinman's "Neverland" and "Bat Out Of Hell The Musical," the spoken word "Hot Summer Night" and this song are used as an exchange of wedding vows, and to celebrate a wedding.

text: The song "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" was written in direct response to actress Mimi Kennedy asking Jim Steinman whether he could write a simple song like Elvis Presley's "I want you, I need you, I love you"[32]. Todd Rundgren identifies how the song was influenced by the Eagles, who were successful at the time. The producer also highlights the "underlying humor in the lyrics," citing the line "There ain't no Coupe de Ville hiding at the bottom of a Cracker Jack box." He says you could only "get away" with that lyric "in a Meat Loaf song."[23]

text: Ellen Foley, who appears on "Paradise by the Dashboard Light", first met Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman while they were all working together on the National Lampoon Road Tour[33], so they had a history of performing over-the-top musical comedy sketches together[34]. The baseball commentary make-out section performed by New York Yankees announcer Phil Rizzuto was written with the announcer in mind, using phrases he would actually say during commentary[35].

text: "For Crying Out Loud" was originally written for the 1975 New York Shakespeare Festival musical Kid Champion, and a recording by an unknown artist is in the New York Public Library archives.[36]. Jim Steinman considers the line "And can't you see my faded Levi's bursting apart" his most daring lyric on the entire album[37].

text: Comparing the album to Steinman's late-1960s musical "The Dream Engine," Classic Rock magazine says that Steinman's imagery is "revved up and testosterone-fueled. Songs like "Paradise by the Dashboard Light," "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" and "For Crying Out Loud" echoed the textbook teenage view of sex and life: irrepressible physical urges and unrealistic romantic longing."[10]

text: Steinman's songs for "Bat Out of Hell" are personal but not autobiographical:

text: I never thought of them as personal songs in terms of my own life but they were personality songs. They were all about my obsessions and images. None of them takes place in a normal world. They all take place in an extreme world. Very operatic...they were all heightened. They don't take place in normal reality.[14]

text: For example, citing the narrative of "Paradise," Rundgren jokes that he can't imagine Steinman being at a lakeside with the most beautiful girl in school, but he can imagine Steinman "imagining" it.[23]

text: Cover[edit]

text: Steinman is credited with the album cover concept, which was illustrated by Richard Corben. The cover depicts a motorcycle, ridden by a long-haired man, bursting out of the ground in a graveyard. In the background, a large bat perches atop a mausoleum that towers above the rest of the tombstones. In 2001, Q magazine listed the cover as number 71 in its list of "The Hundred Best Record Covers of All Time."[38]

text: Steinman had wanted equal billing with Meat Loaf on the album's title; he wanted it to be called "Jim Steinman presents..." or "Jim and Meat," or vice versa. For marketing reasons, the record company wished to make 'Meat Loaf' the recognizable name. As a compromise, the words "Songs by Jim Steinman" appear relatively prominently on the cover. The singer believes that this was probably the beginning of their "ambivalent relationship."[39]

text: Title[edit]

text: The phrase "Bat Out of Hell" can be traced back to the Greek playwright Aristophanes' 414 B.C. work titled The Birds.[40] In it is what is believed to be the first reference to a bat out of Hell:

text: Near by the land of the Sciapodes there is a marsh, from the borders whereof the unwashed Socrates evokes the souls of men. Pisander came one day to see his soul, which he had left there when still alive. He offered a little victim, a camel, slit his throat and, following the example of Odysseus, stepped one pace backwards. Then that bat of a Chaerephon came up from hell to drink the camel's blood.

text: Steinman registered "Bat Out of Hell" as a trademark in 1995, and sought to prevent Meat Loaf from using the title.[41] In 2006, however, the singer sought to cancel Steinman's trademark and use the title for Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose.[42]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section may require copy editing.  (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[43]Rolling Stonemixed[44]Robert ChristgauC−[45]

text: "Bat Out of Hell" was released by Cleveland International Records in September 1977. However, at Cleveland International Records' parent label, Epic Records,  almost everyone hated it.[21] Steve Popovich, the head of Cleveland International Records, was relentless in his efforts to get Epic and all of CBS Records and radio on board. In 1993, Steinman reflected that the album was "timeless in that it didn't fit into any trend. It's never been a part of what's going on. You could release that record at any time and it would be out of place."[46]

text: Response to the album was slow. Steinman asserts that it was "underpromoted," having a reputation of being "damaged goods because it had been walked around to so many places." Due to the enthusiastic response to the music videos from the record, Australia and England were the first to develop interest.[14] The BBC television program The Old Grey Whistle Test aired a clip of the live band performing the nine-minute title track. According to "Classic Rock," the response was so overwhelming, that they screened it again the following week. They later invited the band to perform "Paradise" live. "As a result, in the UK 'Bat' became an unfashionable, uncool, non-radio record that became a 'must-have' for everyone who heard it, whether they 'got' Steinman's unique perspective or not."[21]

text:
Meanwhile, according to Billboard Magazine in North America, Steve Popovich and his partners began promoting the album aggressively, first getting radio play in Omaha, Cleveland, and New York. By the year's end, the album had sold a respectable 140,000 copies by Popovich's account, but the promotion people at Epic were still unmoved. Popovich, in a letter to his former boss Alexenburg, complained, "Some of your guys have given up."
But not in Canada.
Graham Powers, CBS Canada’s Director of Marketing introduced himself to CHUM-FM’s new Program Director Warren Cosford. Cosford’s background was as the Production Manager of Radio Documentaries on The Beatles, Elvis Presley and the 64-hour Evolution of Rock, which were in syndication throughout North America. Powers had heard that Warren was a fan of ‘Wall of Sound’ Production and suggested that he listen to Bat Out of Hell over the Christmas and New Year's holiday. Cosford loved it. The first day after New Year's he called a Music Meeting. Everyone agreed they should not only ‘add’ Bat Out of Hell, but put it in ‘Heavy Rotation’ for a week to gauge audience response. The telephones lit up.

text: As their Parent Company in New York had earlier turned the record down and were merely distributing it, CBS Canada was surprised but jumped on board. Later, as Graham Powers said, "Tackling the Meatloaf campaign was different from handling most other CBS international acts in that there was no prior stateside success to refer to. The album was doing virtually nothing in the U.S. and subsequently had to be approached as a totally new project in Canada with a Marketing Campaign developed from scratch." Publicity Manager Liz Braun added: "After Meat Loaf had played at the El Mocambo where he caused a riot, all the press in town wanted to talk to him and did. Suddenly he had a hardcore following in Toronto and he was asked to perform at the CBS Convention in New Orleans." Meat Loaf ‘Live’ at The El Mocambo was immediately pressed to disc and distributed to stations throughout North America. On the Canadian charts, the album reached number 5 (for 2 weeks after 27 weeks on the chart) having been number 6 for 7 weeks.

text: Despite the album's success in Canada, it was not an immediate hit in the U.S. Bat Out of Hell still sells about 200,000 copies per year and has sold an estimated 43 million copies worldwide,[47][48] including 14 million in the United States[49] and over 1.7 million albums in Australia, where it is the best-selling album in the country and even re-entered the ARIA Charts in June 2007, at number 34. It stayed on the United Kingdom charts for 485 weeks,[50] a feat surpassed only by the 522 weeks of Fleetwood Mac's Rumours.[51] In 1989, Kerrang! magazine listed the album at No. 38 among the "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time."[52] In 2003, the album was ranked number 343 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[53] In 2005, "Bat Out of Hell" was ranked number 301 in "Rock Hard" magazine's book of "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time."[54] In 2006 it was voted number nine in a poll conducted by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation to discover Australia's most popular album.[55] In November 2007, Meat Loaf was awarded the Classic Album award in Classic Rock's Classic Rock Roll Of Honour.[56]  The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[57]

text: Reviews were initially mixed, but have since become much more positive. At first "Rolling Stone" called the songs "swell, but... entirely mannered and derivative" and noted that the arrangements "aren't bad," although the musicians were commended. The review ended with the assertion that the "principals have some growing to do."[58] Modern reviews are more positive, however. Allmusic declares "this is Grand Guignol pop—epic, gothic, operatic, and silly, and it's appealing because of all of this." They acknowledge that Steinman is "a composer without peer, simply because nobody else wanted to make mini-epics like this." Rundgren's production is applauded, as is the wit in the music and lyrics. "It may elevate adolescent passion to operatic dimensions, and that's certainly silly, but it's hard not to marvel at the skill behind this grandly silly, irresistible album."[59]

text: Also, Meat Loaf revealed on In the Studio with Redbeard that he was not well received early on in the tour when he was opening for Cheap Trick. In the same interview, Meat Loaf revealed that when he played at a CBS Records convention in 1978, record executives and superstar Billy Joel (who was in the audience) gave Meat Loaf a standing ovation for his performance after a haunting rendition of the closing track "For Crying Out Loud", and credits this as the turning point in the album's success in the United States.

text: Dispute between Cleveland International and Sony[edit]

text: In 1995, Cleveland International sued Sony Music Entertainment for unpaid royalties from sales of "Bat out of Hell." Under the terms of the 1998 settlement agreement ending the suit, Sony agreed to pay US$6.7 million and include the Cleveland International logo on all future releases of the album. In 2002, Steve Popovich, founder of Cleveland International, sued Sony alleging that Sony had failed to include the logo on the album as agreed. In 2005, the federal district court in Cleveland, Ohio entered judgment against Sony pursuant to a jury verdict in favor of Popovich and awarded Popovich US$5,700,000 in damages for Sony's breach of the 1998 settlement agreement. Sony appealed the verdict but in 2007 the federal appellate court in Cincinnati, Ohio affirmed the judgment of the trial court.[60] In 2012, Sony reached a final out-of-court settlement with Popovich's estate over more unpaid royalties revealed in an audit performed prior to Popovich's death in 2011.[61]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Jim Steinman.

text: Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Bat Out of Hell"9:482."You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth (Hot Summer Night)"5:043."Heaven Can Wait"4:384."All Revved Up with No Place to Go"4:19

text: Side twoNo.TitleLength5."Two Out of Three Ain't Bad"5:236."Paradise by the Dashboard Light" (duet with Ellen Foley) (I. Paradise / II. Let Me Sleep On It / III. Praying for the End of Time)8:287."For Crying Out Loud"8:45

text: Versions[edit]

text: The album also exists in numerous other formats and re-releases, including a Super Audio CD version, a 25th anniversary edition (2001 – Epic/Legacy #62171) with two bonus tracks ("Great Boléros of Fire (live intro)" [3:54] and "Bat Out of Hell (live)" [11:10], and a "Bat Out of Hell: Re-Vamped" release (1991) containing the bonus song "Dead Ringer for Love."

text: A new hybrid SACD version was released in late 2016 by Analog Spark, an audiophile imprint of the Razor & Tie label, mastered from the original tapes by Ryan Smith at Sterling Sound. (Early copies erroneously name Kevin Gray as the mastering engineer; Analog Spark issued a statement that this intended arrangement did not happen because of a "miscommunication.")

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Arrangements[edit]

text:
Kenneth Ascher – string arrangements (3, 5)
Steve Margoshes – orchestra arrangement (7)

text: Band[edit]

text:
Meat Loaf – lead vocals, backing vocals (6), percussion (2)
Todd Rundgren – guitar (1, 2, 4–6), percussion (1, 2), keyboards (1), backing vocals (1–3, 5, 6)
Kasim Sulton – bass guitar (1, 2, 4–7), backing vocals (1)
Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards (1-2, 6)
Steve Margoshes – piano (7)
Cheryl Hardwick – piano (7)
Jim Steinman – keyboards (1, 2, 6), percussion (1, 2), "lascivious effects" (6)
Roger Powell – synthesizer (1, 2, 5, 6)
Edgar Winter – saxophone (2, 4, 6)
Max Weinberg – drums (1, 2, 6)
John "Willie" Wilcox – drums (4, 5, 7)
Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto – play-by-play (6)
Ellen Foley – lead vocals (6), backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 6)
Rory Dodd – backing vocals (all except 4)
Gene Orloff – concert master (7)
Members of New York Philharmonic and Philadelphia Orchestra – orchestra (7)

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1977–78)

Peak position

Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[62]

1

Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[63]

5[64]

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[65]

1

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[66]

11

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[67]

1

Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[68]

13

UK Albums (OCC)[69]

9

US Billboard 200[70]

14

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[71]

25× Platinum

1,750,000^

Canada (Music Canada)[72]

2× Diamond

2,000,000^

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[73]

2× Platinum

40,000^

Germany (BVMI)[74]

Platinum

500,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[75]

17× Platinum

255,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[76]

10× Platinum

3,282,300[77]

United States (RIAA)[78]

14× Platinum

14,000,000^

Summaries

Worldwide

43,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Maharashtra Day

question_text: who invented the maharashtra state ceremony on 1st may 1960

root

text: Maharashtra Day

text: Background[edit]

text: The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 defined boundaries for the states within India on the basis of languages.[3] The Bombay State that was formed as a consequence of this act, however, was composed of different areas where different languages were spoken; Marathi, Gujarati, Kutchi and Konkani. The Sanyukta Maharashtra Samiti was at the forefront of the movement to divide the Bombay State into two states; one composed of areas where people primarily spoke Gujarati and Kutchhi and the other where people primarily spoke Marathi and Konkani.[4][5]

tag: p

text: The state of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed as a result of this movement according to the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 enacted by the Parliament of India on 25 April 1960. The act came into effect on 1 May 1960,[6] hence the reason of annual celebration.

text: Observance[edit]

text: Every year the Government of Maharashtra issues a notification declaring the 1st of May to be a public holiday to be celebrated as Maharashtra Day. This holiday applies to all the schools, offices and companies under the jurisdiction of the State and central Government celebrate this day by organising various programmes.[7]

text: Customs[edit]

text: Every year a parade is held at Shivaji Park where the Governor of Maharashtra makes a speech.

text: Liquor sales to Indians are prohibited on this day across Maharashtra, excluding foreigners.[8]

text: Unique or historical celebrations[edit]

text: The Golden Jubilee celebrations for Maharashtra Day were conducted on 1 May 2011 across Maharashtra.[9][10]

text: Inaugurations and launching of new projects and schemes[edit]

text: In Maharashtra state government and private sector inaugurates and launches various new projects and schemes on 1 May. Annual celebrations of such institutions and projects are also held on Maharashtra Day.

text: The Marathi language Wikipedia was started on 1 May 2003.


document_title: Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)

question_text: who was the first mr wilson on dennis the menace

text: Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The show follows the lives of the Mitchell family – Henry, Alice, and their only child, Dennis, an energetic, trouble-prone, mischievous, but well-meaning boy, who often tangles first with his peace-and-quiet-loving neighbor, George Wilson, a retired salesman, and later with George's brother John, a writer.

text: While the series was based on the Dennis the Menace comic strip, differences between the two are seen. On the sitcom and in the comics, Dennis is basically a good, well-intentioned boy who always tries to help people, but winds up making situations worse - often at Mr. Wilson's expense. In early episodes of the first season, far more disasters happened as a result of his actions than in later episodes. The character of Dennis was slightly toned down by the sixth or seventh episode. Instead of Dennis's dog Ruff, a smaller Cairn Terrier (per the episode "Miss Cathcart's Friend") named Fremont belonged to George and Martha Wilson. He did not appear during the fourth season, when John and Eloise Wilson moved in to 625 Elm Street.

text: First season[edit]

text: With CBS seeking to replace the hit show it had lost when it allowed Leave It to Beaver to migrate to ABC, a pilot episode titled "Dennis Goes To The Movies" was filmed late in 1958. In the pilot, Dennis was younger and his speech, the tone of his voice, and character had not been as developed as in episodes later in the 1959–1960 season. In the episode, Dennis indeed causes a lot of destruction such as burying a hose (installing an automatic sprinkler system), trying to repair a leg on the kitchen table and causing the whole table to collapse, almost knocking Mr. Wilson off the ladder but causing him to ruin his shoes as he steps in a can of paint, among other things. Dennis's father and mother then announce that they are going to the movies to see a Western (that Dennis wanted to see "all my life") and that Dennis would stay home with a babysitter.

text: Because none of the babysitters in the neighborhood would help out because of Dennis's mischief, the Mitchells find an older lady, Mrs. Porter (Madge Blake), who had never met Dennis. Dennis then switches places with Joey and sneaks out to the same movie his parents are seeing. Joey stays home, while Mrs. Porter thinks he is Dennis. Meanwhile, Dennis causes havoc at the theater, even demanding that the projectionist repeat a scene. His parents suspect that Dennis is there causing these problems and call Mrs. Porter at the house. Mrs. Porter assures them that Dennis has been well behaved. Dennis beats his parents home and is in bed by the time they return, but he makes noises trying to borrow Mr. Wilson's ladder to climb back into his upstairs bedroom window. This causes Mr. Wilson to go outside to see what is wrong. Mr. Wilson is arrested for armed robbery when he is found with Dennis's toy gun (which in those days much more closely resembled a real gun). The final scene where Joey jumps into bed with Dennis was filmed in the summer of 1959, after half a dozen episodes had been filmed (Dennis was obviously at least a few months older, has a different hairstyle, and is wearing different clothes) to make the episode fit the half-hour time segment.

text: In early 1959, several other episodes were filmed, including "The Fishing Trip", "Dennis Gets a Duck", "Dennis Runs Away", "The Cowboy", "Open House" (where Margaret made her debut, this episode was made prior to "The Sign Post", but aired after), and "Dennis Becomes a Babysitter" (in which Margaret also appears). At that point, CBS consented to air the program at 7:30 pm ET on Sunday evenings after Lassie. After viewing these episodes, CBS determined that Dennis's antics had to be toned down because of fear that his actions would encourage children watching the show to imitate Dennis.

text: Several weeks before the series was to debut, the episode "The Sign Post" was made in which Tommy made his debut. Margaret, who appeared in two episodes that were made before, but aired after, also appeared along with Joey. After the pilot aired as the first episode, "The Sign Post" aired and after that "Fishing Trip", the second episode, aired. After that, newly made episodes aired mixed in with the initial batch made earlier in 1959, which explains why "Dennis Runs Away", which was the fourth or fifth episode was run later in the first run, and shows an obviously younger Dennis as in the earlier episodes. Also, the episode "Dennis and The Rare Coin" was aired before "Dennis Runs Away" but aired after. On both episodes, Dennis is at the police station. On "Dennis and The Rare Coin" where Dennis is given milk he states "last time I came here I got ice cream", referring to the episode "Dennis Runs Away" where he got an ice cream cone at the police station, which was made before but aired after. Joey was gradually phased out in season one. Dennis's friend Stewart appeared in only a few episodes in the first season and was played by Ron Howard (who soon after became Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show).

text: Later seasons[edit]

text: Dennis and Mr. Wilson had a love-hate relationship, with Dennis always aggravating Mr. Wilson, but usually without realizing it. He would call Mr. Wilson his "best friend", and often referred to him as "Good 'Ol Mr. Wilson", while on many occasions, Mr. Wilson would tell Dennis, "You have far better friends than me." Mrs. Wilson, however, loved Dennis in a grandmotherly way and tried to make the situation better between the two. Other neighbors and townspeople aired on a recurring basis included Mrs. Lucy Elkins (a widowed neighbor and the town gossip), Mrs. Dorothy Holland (another widow who aired on a recurring basis in season one only), Miss Esther Cathcart (a lonely spinster), Mr. Otis Quigley (the grocer), Opie Swanson (the TV/appliance store owner), Mr. Lawrence Finch (the druggist), Sgt. Harold Mooney (the policeman), Mr. Krinkie (the newspaper editor), and Buzz (the local handyman), among others. Dennis also had a nemesis named Johnny Brady, whose father and Henry Mitchell also were sometimes at odds.

text: Second- and third-season episodes began to focus on Dennis at school learning to read, going to camp, playing baseball, being in scouting, and trying to help Mr. Wilson. Dennis was gradually maturing, and at times, it is revealed that Mr. Wilson does like Dennis deep down. In the fourth season, Dennis is no longer seen in his trademark overalls and is instead wearing regular pants. Also, the famous striped shirt goes from a crew-neck to a "polo"-type shirt with a collar and buttons.

text: Death of Joseph Kearns[edit]

text: On February 17, 1962, after filming the show's 100th episode, Joseph Kearns died of a cerebral hemorrhage. In a 2010 interview, actress Gloria Henry revealed Kearns followed a strict six-week Metrecal diet that may have contributed to his death.[2] The following two episodes were filmed without the character of Mr. Wilson. Gale Gordon joined the cast for the last six episodes of the season as Mr. Wilson's brother, John. Gordon bore a closer resemblance to the comic strip's Mr. Wilson than Kearns did. It was explained that John was staying as a guest while George was settling an estate back east. Sylvia Field, who played Martha Wilson, was let go at the end of the season. In the fourth and final season, John Wilson purchased the house from his brother, although where George and Martha had moved was never explained. He was joined by his wife, Eloise, played by Sara Seegar. Final references to George and Martha Wilson were made early in the fourth season, although they were not mentioned by name after the first episode. George Wilson was referred to as "the other Mr. Wilson" in the second episode, and John Wilson says in the seventh episode he bought the house from his brother. After that, the original Wilsons were never mentioned again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Dennis Mitchell (Jay North) – series protagonist (146 episodes, 1959–1963).
Henry Mitchell (Herbert Anderson) – father to Dennis and Alice's husband (144 episodes, 1959–1963).
Alice Mitchell (Gloria Henry) – Henry Mitchell's wife and Dennis's mother (145 episodes, (1959–1963).
Mr. George Wilson (Joseph Kearns) – the Mitchells' neighbor, often exasperated with Dennis's antics, though is proud that Dennis considers him his best friend. George has a dog named Fremont. Kearns appeared in 101 episodes from 1959 to 1962; his last work was aired posthumously in the episode "The Man Next Door" on May 6, 1962.
Mrs. Martha Wilson (Sylvia Field) – George Wilson's wife, a loving, grandmotherly-type neighbor who enjoys Dennis's company. The Wilsons had no children. Martha Wilson was written out of the series after Joseph Kearns' death (90 episodes, 1959–62).
Tommy Anderson (Billy Booth) – Dennis's closest friend (111 episodes, 1959–1963).
Mr. John Wilson (Gale Gordon) – George Wilson's brother. Gordon's first episode is entitled "John Wilson's Cushion", which aired on May 27, 1962. Gordon appeared in 43 episodes from 1962 to 1963.
Eloise Wilson (Sara Seegar) – John Wilson's wife (36 episodes, 1962–1963).

tag: ul

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Margaret Wade (Jeannie Russell) – a snooty, but good girl with a crush on Dennis, (38 episodes, 1959–1963).
Seymour Williams (Robert John Pittman) – Dennis's friend (31 episodes, 1961–1963).
Stewart (Ron Howard) - Another of Dennis's friends (six episodes, 1959–1960). Howard left to join the cast of The Andy Griffith Show.
The Bradys – Johnny was Dennis's nemesis, the neighborhood braggart with a better-than-you attitude – shown to everyone but his father Charles – who annoys adults with the same arrogance. Johnny was played by Gregory Irvin; Laurence Haddon was cast as Charles Brady.
Sergeant Harold Mooney (George Cisar) – Policeman (31 episodes, 1960–1963). Mooney's first name also was Ralph in various episodes.
Mrs. Lucy Elkins (Irene Tedrow) – A Mitchell neighbor (26 episodes).
Mr. Otis Quigley (Willard Waterman) – Grocer (14 episodes).
Miss Esther Cathcart (Mary Wickes) – Spinster (10 episodes, 1959–1962).
Mr. Krinkie (Charles Seel) - Newspaper editor (nine episodes, 1960–1963).
Grandma Mitchell (Kathleen Mulqueen) - Henry's mother, who joined the cast for eight episodes in 1961 while Gloria Henry was on maternity leave.
Joey McDonald (Gil Smith) – Dennis's friend (eight episodes, 1959–1960).
Mrs. Schooner (Lillian Culver) - Local socialite, volunteer and outdoor enthusiast (seven episodes, 1960–63).
Mr. Lawrence Finch (Charles Lane) – Drugstore owner (six episodes, 1960–1962).
Mrs. Dorothy Holland (Helen Kleeb) - A Mitchell neighbor and Mrs. Elkins' friend. Kleeb appeared in five episodes from 1959–1962, three as Mrs. Holland.
Mr. Merrivale (Will Wright) - Florist (four episodes, 1959–61).
Uncle Ned Matthews (Edward Everett Horton) - George and John Wilson's uncle (three episodes, 1962–63).
Opie Swanson (Dub Taylor) - Electrician (three episodes, 1960).
Mr. Dorfman (Robert B Williams) - Postman (1959–60).
Mr. Hall (J. Edward McKinley) - Mr. Mitchell's boss.
Foster A. Steward (Ned Wever) - Chief of Police.
Buzz (Chubby Johnson) - The salvage man (three episodes, 1961–1962).[3]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Mel Blanc, a Hollywood voice acting specialist, was cast as Leo Trinkle, the town dogcatcher, in the 1961 episode "Miss Cathcart's Friend".[4]
Spring Byington appeared as herself in the 1961 episode "Dennis's Birthday", with Vaughn Taylor also appearing in this segment.[5]
Elinor Donahue portrayed Georgiana Ballinger in the 1960 episode "Dennis and the Wedding". In the story line, Georgiana is the niece of George and Martha Wilson, and Dennis is selected as the ringbearer at her wedding. The cranky Mr. Wilson worries that Dennis could disrupt the whole ceremony. (Note: Despite two of Mr. Wilson's sisters appearing in first-season episodes, as well as references to Mrs. Wilson's mother and two sisters and the later existence of John Wilson, George says he and Martha "are the only family she (Georgiana) has left.") Georgiana was referenced later in the second season as being pregnant with her first child, but her character was not seen nor ever mentioned again for the rest of the series.[6]
Bob Dornan was cast as Lieutenant Alden in the 1962 episode "Dennis at Boot Camp". Roy Roberts played Captain Stone in the same segment.[7]
Bob Hastings appeared five times on the series, most notably as Coach Gilmore in the 1963 episode, "The Big Basketball Game".[8]
Cheryl Holdridge, a member of the Mickey Mouse Club, was cast as Helen Franklin in "Dennis's Lovesick Friend", the second episode without Joseph Kearns as Mr. Wilson. Instead, this segment features Edward Everett Horton as Uncle Ned Wilson.[9]
Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher, appeared as himself in the episode "Dennis and the Dodger", the first episode without Joseph Kearns.[10]
John A. "Shorty" Powers, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force known as the "Voice of the Astronauts", portrayed himself in the 1963 episode "Junior Astronaut".[11]

text: Others appearing on the series include:

text:
Morris Ankrum
John Astin
Eleanor Audley
Parley Baer
Madge Blake
Willis Bouchey
Edgar Buchanan
Frank Cady
James T. Callahan
Olive Carey
Joe Conley
Ellen Corby
Lloyd Corrigan
Cyril Delevanti
Barry Gordon
Harold Gould
Don C. Harvey
Jimmy Hawkins
Jonathan Hole
Hal Hopper
Brad Johnson

Harvey Korman
Forrest Lewis
Tyler McVey
Arthur Malet
James Millhollin
Stuart Nisbet
Alice Pearce
Maudie Prickett
Stafford Repp
Addison Richards
Hal J. Smith
Arthur Space
Jean Stapleton
Hope Summers
Ray Teal
Ernest Truex
Lurene Tuttle
Gregory Walcott
Doodles Weaver
Estelle Winwood

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
32
October 4, 1959 (1959-10-04)
June 6, 1960 (1960-06-06)

2
38
October 2, 1960 (1960-10-02)
June 25, 1961 (1961-06-25)

3
38
October 1, 1961 (1961-10-01)
July 1, 1962 (1962-07-01)

4
38
September 30, 1962 (1962-09-30)
July 7, 1963 (1963-07-07)

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The fictional "Blondie Street" located at Columbia Ranch in Burbank, California (now the Warner Ranch) was the backdrop for the series.

text: The Mitchells' house was constructed between 1934 and 1935 for the movie Party Wire. It was later moved and became well known as the home of the Stone family on The Donna Reed Show in 1958, before becoming the home of the Mitchell family in 1959.

text: The Wilsons' house was constructed between 1936 and 1937 for the Blondie film series. This structure, after some transformation, became well known as the home of the Andersons in Father Knows Best before becoming the home of the Wilsons, and later, the home of Major Nelson and Jeannie in I Dream of Jeannie. The house can also be seen in episodes of Bewitched and The Partridge Family.

text: The Partridge Family house, located on the same street, was used as the home of Mrs. Elkins (a Mitchell neighbor). It can be seen in the episode "The Man Next Door" (Season 3 Episode 30) in which Mr. Wilson and Dennis believe there is a jewel thief living next door and climb into a basement window of the home. It was also used as Miss Cathcart's house in the episode "Miss Cathcart's Sunsuit" (Season 1 Episode 32). The corner church, together with The Partridge Family house, burned down in a fire in August 1970. Both were rebuilt to specification, albeit the church was moved further back and in a different configuration and smaller. Prior to The Partridge Family the house facade was used by the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Kravitz on Bewitched. These days all of these houses still exist at the Warner Ranch and are used primarily as storage space and production offices across from the suburban park it faces.

text: The garage of the well-known address, 1164 Morning Glory Circle, used as the Bewitched house, can also be seen in several episodes.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Ratings

Season
Rank (Rating)

1) 1959–60
# 16 (26.0)

2) 1960–61
# 11 (26.1)

3) 1961–62
# 17 (23.8)

4) 1962–63
Not In The Top 30

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: By the show's fourth season, Jay North was 11 years old and was outgrowing the antics associated with his character. CBS canceled Dennis the Menace in the spring of 1963.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: In 1963, NBC began airing reruns of the series on Saturday mornings for two seasons - the show entered syndication in 1965. It has run consistently on local stations over subsequent years. On July 1, 1985,[12] the Nickelodeon cable network began airing the series, and continued until October 21, 1994.[13] It also aired on TV Land from 2002 to 2003. On January 3, 2011, Dennis the Menace began airing on Antenna TV.

text: The show was exported to the United Kingdom and shown on the ITV network, with 103 episodes airing in the London region between 1960 and 1966. To avoid confusion with the British comic character, the series was known in the UK as Just Dennis.

text: Dennis The Menace is currently available in its entirety on the Hulu streaming service.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Shout! Factory (under license from Sony Pictures) has released all four seasons on DVD in Region 1. On August 7, 2012, Shout! Factory released a 20-episode best-of set entitled Dennis the Menace- 20 Timeless Episodes.

text:
DVD Name
Episodes
Release Date

Season One
32
March 29, 2011

Season Two
38
July 26, 2011

Season Three
38
October 25, 2011

Season Four
38
January 10, 2012


document_title: Epithelium

question_text: type of epithelial tissue containing cells that can change shapes as the tissue stretches

text: Epithelium

text: Classification[edit]

text: In general, epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and function of the cells.[2][4][5]

text: The three principal shapes associated with epithelial cells are—squamous, cuboidal and columnar.

text:
Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height (flat and scale-like). This is found as the lining of the mouth , oesophagus the blood vessels and in the alveou of the lungs.
Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same (cube shaped).
Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide (column-shaped).

text: By layer, epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium, only one cell thick (unilayered) or stratified epithelium as stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, and stratified columnar epithelium that are two or more cells thick (multi-layered),[6][7] and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes.[4] However, when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights, they can be confused with stratified epithelia. This kind of epithelium is therefore described as pseudostratified columnar epithelium.[8]

text: Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal, depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium.[9]

text: Simple epithelium[edit]

text: Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue. In general, it is  found where absorption and filtration occur. The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes.[4]

text: In general, simple epithelial tissues are classified by the shape of their cells. The four major classes of simple epithelium are: (1) simple squamous; (2) simple cuboidal; (3) simple columnar; (4) pseudostratified.[4]

text: Stratified epithelium[edit]

text: Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers. Cells flatten as the layers become more apical, though in their most basal layers the cells can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar.[10]

text: Stratified epithelia (of columnar, cuboidal or squamous type) can have the following specializations:[10]

text:
Specialization

Description

Keratinized

In this particular case, the most apical layers (exterior) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm, instead contain a tough, resistant protein called keratin. This specialization makes the epithelium waterproof, so is found in the mammalian skin. The lining of the esophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or "moist" stratified epithelium.[10]

Parakeratinized

In this case, the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin, but they still retain their nuclei. These nuclei are pyknotic, meaning that they are highly condensed. Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the oral mucosa and in the upper regions of the esophagus.[11]

Transitional

Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is relaxed, or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches. It is sometimes called urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder, ureters and urethra.[10]

text: Cell types[edit]

text: The basic cell types are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar classed by their shape.

text:
Type

Description

Squamous

Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above.[12] Their name comes from  squāma, Latin for scale – as on fish or snake skin. The cells  fit closely together in tissues; providing a smooth, low-friction surface over which fluids can move easily. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium. Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened, nearly oval shaped nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell. Squamous epithelium is found lining surfaces such as the skin, and alveoli in the lung, enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the alveolar epithelium in the lungs. Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels, as endothelium and in the pericardium, as mesothelium and in other body cavities.

Cuboidal

Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube-like shape and appear square in cross-section. The cell nucleus is large, spherical and is in the center of the cell. Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the exocrine glands, or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas, the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. The germinal epithelium that covers the female ovary, and the germinal epithelium that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type. Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen, or passive depending on their location and specialisation. Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands.[13] Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of sweat glands,[14] mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Columnar

Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column-shaped and have a height of at least four times their width. Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. The cells here may possess microvilli for  maximising the surface area for absorption and these microvilli may form a brush border. Other cells may be ciliated to move mucus in the function of mucociliary clearance. Other ciliated cells are found in the fallopian tubes, the uterus and central canal of the spinal cord.  Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and the taste buds. Hair cells in the inner ears have stereocilia which are similar to microvilli. Goblet cells are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum. They secrete mucus, which acts as a lubricant. Single-layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function. Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in lobar ducts in the salivary glands, the eye, pharynx and sex organs. This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells which can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.

Pseudostratified

These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence "pseudo") impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section. Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia. Cilia are capable of energy dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes. In the respiratory tract the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells (to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles) to flow in that direction (typically out of the body). Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.

text: Structure[edit]

text:
Cells of epithelial tissue are scutoid shaped, tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. They have almost no intercellular spaces. All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
The lining of the mouth, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue. The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called endothelium.

text: Location[edit]

text: Epithelium lines both the outside (skin) and the inside cavities and lumina of bodies. The outermost layer of human skin is composed of dead stratified squamous, keratinized epithelial cells.[15]

text: Tissues that line the inside of the mouth, the esophagus, the vagina, and part of the rectum are composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous, columnar, or pseudostratified epithelial cells. Other epithelial cells line the insides of the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive and urinary tracts, and make up the exocrine and endocrine glands. The outer surface of the cornea is covered with fast-growing, easily regenerated epithelial cells. A specialised form of epithelium – endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart, and is known as vascular endothelium, and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium.  Another type, mesothelium, forms the walls of the pericardium, pleurae, and peritoneum.[citation needed]

text: In arthropods, the integument, or external "skin", consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle,[16] an outer covering of chitin the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition.

text: Basement membrane[edit]

text: Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane, which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries.[17] Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply, but no blood supply and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue. The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium.[3]

text: Cell junctions[edit]

text: Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport.[18]

text:
Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells. There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions: tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions.
Tight junctions are a pair of trans-membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane.
Adherens junctions are a plaque (protein layer on the inside plasma membrane) which attaches both cells' microfilaments.
Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein.
Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section. They are made up of the integrin (a transmembrane protein) instead of cadherin. They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane.
Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called connexins (six of which come together to make a connexion).[citation needed]

text: Development[edit]

text: Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological germ layers:[citation needed]

text:
from ectoderm (e.g., the epidermis);
from endoderm (e.g., the lining of the gastrointestinal tract);
from mesoderm (e.g., the inner linings of body cavities).

text: However, it is important to note that pathologists do not consider endothelium and mesothelium (both derived from mesoderm) to be true epithelium. This is because such tissues present very different pathology. For that reason, pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium sarcomas, whereas true epithelial cancers are called carcinomas. Also, the filaments that support these mesoderm-derived tissues are very distinct. Outside of the field of pathology, it is, in general, accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers.[citation needed]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions:

text:
to protect the tissues that lie beneath from radiation, desiccation, toxins, invasion by pathogens, and physical trauma
the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity
the secretion of hormones into the circulatory system, as well as the secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts[19]
to provide sensation[20]

tag: ol

text: Glandular tissue[edit]

text: Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the glands from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue. There are two major classifications of glands: endocrine glands and exocrine glands:

text:
Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the circulatory system.
Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the lumen of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium.

text: Sensing the extracellular environment[edit]

text: "Some epithelial cells are ciliated, especially in respiratory epithelium, and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarised cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen." Primary cilia on epithelial cells provide chemosensation, thermoception, and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment by playing "a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile."[21]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The slide shows at (1) an epithelial cell infected by Chlamydia pneumonia; their inclusion bodies shown at (3); an uninfected cell shown at (2) and (4) showing the difference between an infected cell nucleus and an uninfected cell nucleus.

text: Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics. Epithelial cells tend to cluster together, and have a "characteristic tight pavement-like appearance". But this is not always the case, such as when the cells are derived from a tumor. In these cases, it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification. The intermediate filament proteins in the cytokeratin group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells, and so are often used for this purpose.[22]

text: Carcinomas develop in epithelial tissues. Sarcomas develop in connective tissue.[23]

text: When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from cystic fibrosis, sweat glands are also damaged, causing a frosty coating of the skin.

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word epithelium uses the Greek roots ἐπί (epi), "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē), "nipple". Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small "nipples" of tissue on the lip.[24] The word has both mass and count senses; the plural form is epithelia.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Squamous Epithelium 100x

Human cheek cells (Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) 500x

Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium

Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium


document_title: List of Academy Award Best Actress winners by age

question_text: former holywood leading lady who won 4 best actress oscars

text: List of winners[edit]

text:
#
Actress
Film
Date of birth
Date of award
Age upon
receiving award
Date of death
Lifespan
Notes

1
Gaynor, JanetJanet Gaynor
Seventh Heaven, Street Angel and Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans7th Heaven,
Street Angel, and Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans
1906-10-06(1906-10-06)October 6, 1906
May 16, 1929 (1929-05-16)
7003825800000000000♠22 years, 222 days
1984-09-14(1984-09-14)September 14, 1984
28,468 days (7004284680000000000♠77 years, 344 days)
Held record as youngest winner for 59 award ceremonies (from the 1st to the 59th, May 1929–March 1987 [57 years, 10 months])

2
Pickford, MaryMary Pickford
CoquetteCoquette
1892-04-08(1892-04-08)April 8, 1892
April 3, 1930 (1930-04-03)
7004138730000000000♠37 years, 360 days
1979-05-29(1979-05-29)May 29, 1979
31,826 days (7004318260000000000♠87 years, 51 days)
Held record as oldest winner for 2 award ceremonies (from the 2nd to the 4th, April 1930–November 1931 [1 year, 7 months])

3
Shearer, NormaNorma Shearer
DivorceeThe Divorcee
1902-08-10(1902-08-10)August 10, 1902
November 5, 1930 (1930-11-05)
7004103140000000000♠28 years, 87 days
1983-06-12(1983-06-12)June 12, 1983
29,526 days (7004295260000000000♠80 years, 306 days)

4
Dressler, MarieMarie Dressler
Min And BillMin and Bill
1868-11-09(1868-11-09)November 9, 1868
November 10, 1931 (1931-11-10)
7004230100000000000♠63 years, 1 day
1934-07-28(1934-07-28)July 28, 1934
24,001 days (7004240010000000000♠65 years, 261 days)
Held record as oldest winner for 50 award ceremonies (from the 4th to the 50th, November 1931–March 1982 [50 years, 4 months])

5
Hayes, HelenHelen Hayes
Sin Of Madelon ClaudetThe Sin of Madelon Claudet
1900-10-10(1900-10-10)October 10, 1900
November 18, 1932 (1932-11-18)
7004117270000000000♠32 years, 39 days
1993-03-17(1993-03-17)March 17, 1993
33,761 days (7004337610000000000♠92 years, 158 days)

6
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Morning GloryMorning Glory
1907-05-12(1907-05-12)May 12, 1907
March 16, 1934 (1934-03-16)
7003980500000000000♠26 years, 308 days
2003-06-29(2003-06-29)June 29, 2003
35,112 days (7004351120000000000♠96 years, 48 days)
1st of 4

7
Colbert, ClaudetteClaudette Colbert
It Happened One NightIt Happened One Night
1903-09-13(1903-09-13)September 13, 1903
February 27, 1935 (1935-02-27)
7004114900000000000♠31 years, 167 days
1996-07-30(1996-07-30)July 30, 1996
33,924 days (7004339240000000000♠92 years, 321 days)

8
Davis, BetteBette Davis
DangerousDangerous
1908-04-05(1908-04-05)April 5, 1908
March 5, 1936 (1936-03-05)
7004101960000000000♠27 years, 335 days
1989-10-06(1989-10-06)October 6, 1989
29,769 days (7004297690000000000♠81 years, 184 days)
1st of 2

9
Rainer, LuiseLuise Rainer
Great ZiegfeldThe Great Ziegfeld
1910-01-12(1910-01-12)January 12, 1910
March 4, 1937 (1937-03-04)
7003991300000000000♠27 years, 51 days
2014-12-30(2014-12-30)December 30, 2014
38,338 days (7004383380000000000♠104 years, 352 days)[4]
1st of 2

10
Rainer, LuiseLuise Rainer
Good EarthThe Good Earth
1910-01-12(1910-01-12)January 12, 1910
March 10, 1938 (1938-03-10)
7004102840000000000♠28 years, 57 days
2014-12-30(2014-12-30)December 30, 2014
38,338 days (7004383380000000000♠104 years, 352 days)
2nd of 2

11
Davis, BetteBette Davis
JezebelJezebel
1908-04-05(1908-04-05)April 5, 1908
February 23, 1939 (1939-02-23)
7004112810000000000♠30 years, 324 days
1989-10-06(1989-10-06)October 6, 1989
29,769 days (7004297690000000000♠81 years, 184 days)
2nd of 2

12
Leigh, VivienVivien Leigh
Gone With The WindGone with the Wind
1913-11-05(1913-11-05)November 5, 1913
February 29, 1940 (1940-02-29)
7003961200000000000♠26 years, 116 days
1967-07-07(1967-07-07)July 7, 1967
19,602 days (7004196020000000000♠53 years, 244 days)
1st of 2

13
Rogers, GingerGinger Rogers
Kitty FoyleKitty Foyle
1911-07-16(1911-07-16)July 16, 1911
February 27, 1941 (1941-02-27)
7004108190000000000♠29 years, 226 days
1995-04-25(1995-04-25)April 25, 1995
30,599 days (7004305990000000000♠83 years, 283 days)

14
Fontaine, JoanJoan Fontaine
SuspicionSuspicion
1917-10-22(1917-10-22)October 22, 1917
February 26, 1942 (1942-02-26)
7003889300000000000♠24 years, 127 days
2013-12-15(2013-12-15)December 15, 2013
35,118 days (7004351180000000000♠96 years, 54 days)

15
Garson, GreerGreer Garson
Mrs MiniverMrs. Miniver
1904-09-29(1904-09-29)September 29, 1904
March 4, 1943 (1943-03-04)
7004140350000000000♠38 years, 156 days
1996-04-06(1996-04-06)April 6, 1996
33,427 days (7004334270000000000♠91 years, 190 days)

16
Jones, JenniferJennifer Jones
Song Of BernadetteThe Song of Bernadette
1919-03-02(1919-03-02)March 2, 1919
March 2, 1944 (1944-03-02)
7003913200000000000♠25 years, 0 days
2009-12-17(2009-12-17)December 17, 2009
33,163 days (7004331630000000000♠90 years, 290 days)

17
Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
GaslightGaslight
1915-08-29(1915-08-29)August 29, 1915
March 15, 1945 (1945-03-15)
7004107910000000000♠29 years, 198 days
1982-08-29(1982-08-29)August 29, 1982
24,472 days (7004244720000000000♠67 years, 0 days)
1st of 2

18
Crawford, JoanJoan Crawford
Mildred PierceMildred Pierce
1904-03-23(1905-03-23)March 23, 1905
March 7, 1946 (1946-03-07)
7004149590000000000♠40 years, 349 days
1977-05-10(1977-05-10)May 10, 1977
26,711 days (7004263460000000000♠72 years, 48 days)

19
De Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland
To Each His OwnTo Each His Own
1916-07-01(1916-07-01)July 1, 1916
March 13, 1947 (1947-03-13)
7004112120000000000♠30 years, 255 days
2018-06-18
37,242 days (7004372420000000000♠101 years, 352 days)
1st of 2

20
Young, LorettaLoretta Young
Farmers DaughterThe Farmer's Daughter
1913-01-06(1913-01-06)January 6, 1913
March 20, 1948 (1948-03-20)
7004128570000000000♠35 years, 74 days
2000-08-12(2000-08-12)August 12, 2000
31,995 days (7004319950000000000♠87 years, 219 days)

21
Wyman, JaneJane Wyman
Johnny BelindaJohnny Belinda
1917-01-05(1917-01-05)January 5, 1917
March 24, 1949 (1949-03-24)
7004117660000000000♠32 years, 78 days
2007-09-10(2007-09-10)September 10, 2007
33,120 days (7004331200000000000♠90 years, 248 days)

22
De Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland
HeiressThe Heiress
1916-07-01(1916-07-01)July 1, 1916
March 23, 1950 (1950-03-23)
7004123180000000000♠33 years, 265 days
2018-06-18
37,242 days (7004372420000000000♠101 years, 352 days)
2nd of 2

23
Holliday, JudyJudy Holliday
Born YesterdayBorn Yesterday
1921-06-21(1921-06-21)June 21, 1921
March 29, 1951 (1951-03-29)
7004108730000000000♠29 years, 281 days
1965-06-07(1965-06-07)June 7, 1965
16,057 days (7004160570000000000♠43 years, 351 days)[5]

24
Leigh, VivienVivien Leigh
Streetcar Named DesireA Streetcar Named Desire
1913-11-05(1913-11-05)November 5, 1913
March 20, 1952 (1952-03-20)
7004140150000000000♠38 years, 136 days
1967-07-07(1967-07-07)July 7, 1967
19,602 days (7004196020000000000♠53 years, 244 days)
2nd of 2

25
Booth, ShirleyShirley Booth
Come Back Little ShebaCome Back, Little Sheba
1898-08-30(1898-08-30)August 30, 1898
March 19, 1953 (1953-03-19)
7004199240000000000♠54 years, 201 days
1992-10-16(1992-10-16)October 16, 1992
34,380 days (7004343800000000000♠94 years, 47 days)

26
Hepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn
Roman HolidayRoman Holiday
1929-05-04(1929-05-04)May 4, 1929
March 25, 1954 (1954-03-25)
7003909100000000000♠24 years, 325 days
1993-01-20(1993-01-20)January 20, 1993
23,272 days (7004232720000000000♠63 years, 261 days)

27
Kelly, GraceGrace Kelly
Country GirlThe Country Girl
1929-11-12(1929-11-12)November 12, 1929
March 30, 1955 (1955-03-30)
7003926900000000000♠25 years, 138 days
1982-09-14(1982-09-14)September 14, 1982
19,299 days (7004192990000000000♠52 years, 306 days)

28
Magnani, AnnaAnna Magnani
Rose TattooThe Rose Tattoo
1908-03-07(1908-03-07)March 7, 1908
March 21, 1956 (1956-03-21)
7004175460000000000♠48 years, 14 days
1973-09-26(1973-09-26)September 26, 1973
23,944 days (7004239440000000000♠65 years, 203 days)

29
Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
AnastasiaAnastasia
1915-08-29(1915-08-29)August 29, 1915
March 27, 1957 (1957-03-27)
7004151860000000000♠41 years, 210 days
1982-08-29(1982-08-29)August 29, 1982
24,472 days (7004244720000000000♠67 years, 0 days)
2nd of 2

30
Woodward, JoanneJoanne Woodward
Three Faces Of EveThe Three Faces of Eve
1930-02-27(1930-02-27)February 27, 1930
March 26, 1958 (1958-03-26)
7004102540000000000♠28 years, 27 days
2018-06-18
32,253 days (7004322530000000000♠88 years, 111 days)

31
Hayward, SusanSusan Hayward
I Want to LiveI Want to Live!
1917-06-30(1917-06-30)June 30, 1917
April 6, 1959 (1959-04-06)
7004152550000000000♠41 years, 280 days
1975-03-14(1975-03-14)March 14, 1975
21,076 days (7004210760000000000♠57 years, 257 days)

32
Signoret, SimoneSimone Signoret
Room At The TopRoom at the Top
1921-03-25(1921-03-25)March 25, 1921
April 4, 1960 (1960-04-04)
7004142550000000000♠39 years, 10 days
1985-09-30(1985-09-30)September 30, 1985
23,565 days (7004235650000000000♠64 years, 189 days)

33
Taylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor
Butterfield 8BUtterfield 8
1932-02-27(1932-02-27)February 27, 1932
April 17, 1961 (1961-04-17)
7004106420000000000♠29 years, 49 days
2011-03-23(2011-03-23)March 23, 2011
28,879 days (7004288790000000000♠79 years, 24 days)
1st of 2

34
Loren, SophiaSophia Loren
Two WomenTwo Women
1934-09-20(1934-09-20)September 20, 1934
April 9, 1962 (1962-04-09)
7004100630000000000♠27 years, 201 days
2018-06-18
30,587 days (7004305870000000000♠83 years, 271 days)

35
Bancroft, AnneAnne Bancroft
Miracle WorkerThe Miracle Worker
1931-09-17(1931-09-17)September 17, 1931
April 8, 1963 (1963-04-08)
7004115260000000000♠31 years, 203 days
2005-06-06(2005-06-06)June 6, 2005
26,926 days (7004269260000000000♠73 years, 262 days)

36
Neal, PatriciaPatricia Neal
HudHud
1926-01-20(1926-01-20)January 20, 1926
April 13, 1964 (1964-04-13)
7004139630000000000♠38 years, 84 days
2010-08-08(2010-08-08)August 8, 2010
30,881 days (7004308810000000000♠84 years, 200 days)

37
Andrews, JulieJulie Andrews
Mary PoppinsMary Poppins
1935-10-01(1935-10-01)October 1, 1935
April 5, 1965 (1965-04-05)
7004107790000000000♠29 years, 186 days
2018-06-18
30,211 days (7004302110000000000♠82 years, 260 days)

38
Christie, JulieJulie Christie
DarlingDarling
1941-04-14(1941-04-14)April 14, 1941
April 18, 1966 (1966-04-18)
7003913500000000000♠25 years, 4 days
2018-06-18
28,189 days (7004281890000000000♠77 years, 65 days)

39
Taylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor
Whos Afraid Of Virginia WoolfWho's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
1932-02-27(1932-02-27)February 27, 1932
April 10, 1967 (1967-04-10)
7004128260000000000♠35 years, 42 days
2011-03-23(2011-03-23)March 23, 2011
28,879 days (7004288790000000000♠79 years, 24 days)
2nd of 2

40
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Guess Whos Coming To DinnerGuess Who's Coming to Dinner
1907-05-12(1907-05-12)May 12, 1907
April 10, 1968 (1968-04-10)
7004222490000000000♠60 years, 334 days
2003-06-29(2003-06-29)June 29, 2003
35,112 days (7004351120000000000♠96 years, 48 days)
2nd of 4

41
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Lion In WinterThe Lion in Winter
1907-05-12(1907-05-12)May 12, 1907
April 14, 1969 (1969-04-14)
7004226180000000000♠61 years, 337 days
2003-06-29(2003-06-29)June 29, 2003
35,112 days (7004351120000000000♠96 years, 48 days)
Tie; 3rd of 4

42
Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand
Funny GirlFunny Girl
1942-04-24(1942-04-24)April 24, 1942
April 14, 1969 (1969-04-14)
7003985200000000000♠26 years, 355 days
2018-06-18
27,814 days (7004278140000000000♠76 years, 55 days)
Tie

43
Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith
Prime Of Miss Jean BrodieThe Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
1934-12-28(1934-12-28)December 28, 1934
April 7, 1970 (1970-04-07)
7004128840000000000♠35 years, 100 days
2018-06-18
30,488 days (7004304880000000000♠83 years, 172 days)

44
Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson
Women In LoveWomen in Love
1936-05-09(1936-05-09)May 9, 1936
April 15, 1971 (1971-04-15)
7004127590000000000♠34 years, 341 days
2018-06-18
29,990 days (7004299900000000000♠82 years, 40 days)
1st of 2

45
Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
KluteKlute
1937-12-21(1937-12-21)December 21, 1937
April 10, 1972 (1972-04-10)
7004125290000000000♠34 years, 111 days
2018-06-18
29,399 days (7004293990000000000♠80 years, 179 days)
1st of 2

46
Minnelli, LizaLiza Minnelli
CabaretCabaret
1946-03-12(1946-03-12)March 12, 1946
March 27, 1973 (1973-03-27)
7003987700000000000♠27 years, 15 days
2018-06-18
26,396 days (7004263960000000000♠72 years, 98 days)

47
Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson
Touch Of ClassA Touch of Class
1936-05-09(1936-05-09)May 9, 1936
April 2, 1974 (1974-04-02)
7004138420000000000♠37 years, 328 days
2018-06-18
29,990 days (7004299900000000000♠82 years, 40 days)
2nd of 2

48
Burstyn, EllenEllen Burstyn
Alice Doesn't Live Here AnymoreAlice Doesn't Live Here Anymore
1932-12-07(1932-12-07)December 7, 1932
April 8, 1975 (1975-04-08)
7004154620000000000♠42 years, 122 days
2018-06-18
31,239 days (7004312390000000000♠85 years, 193 days)

49
Fletcher, LouiseLouise Fletcher
One Flew Over The Cuckoos NestOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1934-07-22(1934-07-22)July 22, 1934
March 29, 1976 (1976-03-29)
7004152260000000000♠41 years, 251 days
2018-06-18
30,647 days (7004306470000000000♠83 years, 331 days)

50
Dunaway, FayeFaye Dunaway
NetworkNetwork
1941-01-14(1941-01-14)January 14, 1941
March 28, 1977 (1977-03-28)
7004132220000000000♠36 years, 73 days
2018-06-18
28,279 days (7004282790000000000♠77 years, 155 days)

51
Keaton, DianeDiane Keaton
Annie HallAnnie Hall
1946-01-05(1946-01-05)January 5, 1946
April 3, 1978 (1978-04-03)
7004117760000000000♠32 years, 88 days
2018-06-18
26,462 days (7004264620000000000♠72 years, 164 days)

52
Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
Coming HomeComing Home
1937-12-21(1937-12-21)December 21, 1937
April 9, 1979 (1979-04-09)
7004150840000000000♠41 years, 109 days
2018-06-18
29,399 days (7004293990000000000♠80 years, 179 days)
2nd of 2

53
Field, SallySally Field
Norma RaeNorma Rae
1946-11-06(1946-11-06)November 6, 1946
April 14, 1980 (1980-04-14)
7004122130000000000♠33 years, 160 days
2018-06-18
26,157 days (7004261570000000000♠71 years, 224 days)
1st of 2

54
Spacek, SissySissy Spacek
Coal Miners DaughterCoal Miner's Daughter
1949-12-25(1949-12-25)December 25, 1949
March 31, 1981 (1981-03-31)
7004114190000000000♠31 years, 96 days
2018-06-18
25,012 days (7004250120000000000♠68 years, 175 days)

55
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
On Golden PondOn Golden Pond
1907-05-12(1907-05-12)May 12, 1907
March 29, 1982 (1982-03-29)
7004273500000000000♠74 years, 321 days
2003-06-29(2003-06-29)June 29, 2003
35,112 days (7004351120000000000♠96 years, 48 days)
4th of 4
Held record as oldest winner for 8 award ceremonies (from the 54th to the 62nd, March 1982–March 1990)

56
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Sophies ChoiceSophie's Choice
1949-06-22(1949-06-22)June 22, 1949
April 11, 1983 (1983-04-11)
7004123460000000000♠33 years, 293 days
2018-06-18
25,198 days (7004251980000000000♠68 years, 361 days)
1st of 2

57
Maclaine, ShirleyShirley MacLaine
Terms of EndearmentTerms of Endearment
1934-04-24(1934-04-24)April 24, 1934
April 9, 1984 (1984-04-09)
7004182480000000000♠49 years, 351 days
2018-06-18
30,736 days (7004307360000000000♠84 years, 55 days)

58
Field, SallySally Field
Places In The HeartPlaces in the Heart
1946-11-06(1946-11-06)November 6, 1946
March 25, 1985 (1985-03-25)
7004140190000000000♠38 years, 139 days
2018-06-18
26,157 days (7004261570000000000♠71 years, 224 days)
2nd of 2

59
Page, GeraldineGeraldine Page
Trip To BountifulThe Trip to Bountiful
1924-11-22(1924-11-22)November 22, 1924
March 24, 1986 (1986-03-24)
7004224020000000000♠61 years, 122 days
1987-06-13(1987-06-13)June 13, 1987
22,848 days (7004228480000000000♠62 years, 203 days)[6]

60
Matlin, MarleeMarlee Matlin
Children Of A Lesser GodChildren of a Lesser God
1965-08-24(1965-08-24)August 24, 1965
March 30, 1987 (1987-03-30)
7003788800000000000♠21 years, 218 days
2018-06-18
19,291 days (7004192910000000000♠52 years, 298 days)
Has held record as youngest winner for 31 award ceremonies (from the 59th through the 90th, March 1987–March 2018)

61
Cher, CherCher
MoonstruckMoonstruck
1946-05-20(1946-05-20)May 20, 1946
April 11, 1988 (1988-04-11)
7004153020000000000♠41 years, 327 days
2018-06-18
26,327 days (7004263270000000000♠72 years, 29 days)

62
Foster, JodieJodie Foster
AccusedThe Accused
1962-11-19(1962-11-19)November 19, 1962
March 27, 1989 (1989-03-27)
7003962500000000000♠26 years, 128 days
2018-06-18
20,300 days (7004203000000000000♠55 years, 211 days)
1st of 2

63
Tandy, JessicaJessica Tandy
Driving Miss DaisyDriving Miss Daisy
1909-06-07(1909-06-07)June 7, 1909
March 26, 1990 (1990-03-26)
7004295120000000000♠80 years, 292 days
1994-09-11(1994-09-11)September 11, 1994
31,142 days (7004311420000000000♠85 years, 96 days)
Has held record as oldest winner for 28 award ceremonies (from the 62nd through the 90th, March 1990–March 2018)

64
Bates, KathyKathy Bates
MiseryMisery
1948-06-28(1948-06-28)June 28, 1948
March 25, 1991 (1991-03-25)
7004156100000000000♠42 years, 270 days
2018-06-18
25,557 days (7004255570000000000♠69 years, 355 days)

65
Foster, JodieJodie Foster
Silence of the LambsThe Silence of the Lambs
1962-11-19(1962-11-19)November 19, 1962
March 30, 1992 (1992-03-30)
7004107240000000000♠29 years, 132 days
2018-06-18
20,300 days (7004203000000000000♠55 years, 211 days)
2nd of 2

66
Thompson, EmmaEmma Thompson
Howards EndHowards End
1959-04-15(1959-04-15)April 15, 1959
March 29, 1993 (1993-03-29)
7004124020000000000♠33 years, 348 days
2018-06-18
21,614 days (7004216140000000000♠59 years, 64 days)

67
Hunter, HollyHolly Hunter
PianoThe Piano
1958-03-20(1958-03-20)March 20, 1958
March 21, 1994 (1994-03-21)
7004131500000000000♠36 years, 1 day
2018-06-18
22,005 days (7004220050000000000♠60 years, 90 days)

68
Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
Blue SkyBlue Sky
1949-04-20(1949-04-20)April 20, 1949
March 27, 1995 (1995-03-27)
7004167770000000000♠45 years, 341 days
2018-06-18
25,261 days (7004252610000000000♠69 years, 59 days)

69
Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon
Dead Man WalkingDead Man Walking
1946-10-04(1946-10-04)October 4, 1946
March 25, 1996 (1996-03-25)
7004180700000000000♠49 years, 173 days
2018-06-18
26,190 days (7004261900000000000♠71 years, 257 days)

70
Mcdormand, FrancesFrances McDormand
FargoFargo
1957-06-23(1957-06-23)June 23, 1957
March 24, 1997 (1997-03-24)
7004145190000000000♠39 years, 274 days
2018-06-18
22,275 days (7004222750000000000♠60 years, 360 days)
1st of 2

71
Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt
As Good As It GetsAs Good as It Gets
1963-06-15(1963-06-15)June 15, 1963
March 23, 1998 (1998-03-23)
7004127000000000000♠34 years, 281 days
2018-06-18
20,092 days (7004200920000000000♠55 years, 3 days)

72
Paltrow, GwynethGwyneth Paltrow
Shakespeare In LoveShakespeare in Love
1972-09-27(1972-09-27)September 27, 1972
March 21, 1999 (1999-03-21)
7003967100000000000♠26 years, 175 days
2018-06-18
16,700 days (7004167000000000000♠45 years, 264 days)

73
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Boys Don't CryBoys Don't Cry
1974-07-30(1974-07-30)July 30, 1974
March 26, 2000 (2000-03-26)
7003937100000000000♠25 years, 240 days
2018-06-18
16,029 days (7004160290000000000♠43 years, 323 days)
1st of 2

74
Roberts, JuliaJulia Roberts
Erin BrockovichErin Brockovich
1967-10-28(1967-10-28)October 28, 1967
March 25, 2001 (2001-03-25)
7004122020000000000♠33 years, 148 days
2018-06-18
18,496 days (7004184960000000000♠50 years, 233 days)

75
Berry, HalleHalle Berry
Monsters BallMonster's Ball
1966-08-14(1966-08-14)August 14, 1966
March 24, 2002 (2002-03-24)
7004130060000000000♠35 years, 222 days
2018-06-18
18,936 days (7004189360000000000♠51 years, 308 days)

76
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman
HoursThe Hours
1967-06-20(1967-06-20)June 20, 1967
March 23, 2003 (2003-03-23)
7004130600000000000♠35 years, 276 days
2018-06-18
18,626 days (7004186260000000000♠50 years, 363 days)

77
Theron, CharlizeCharlize Theron
MonsterMonster
1975-08-07(1975-08-07)August 7, 1975
February 29, 2004 (2004-02-29)
7004104330000000000♠28 years, 206 days
2018-06-18
15,656 days (7004156560000000000♠42 years, 315 days)

78
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Million Dollar BabyMillion Dollar Baby
1974-07-30(1974-07-30)July 30, 1974
February 27, 2005 (2005-02-27)
7004111700000000000♠30 years, 212 days
2018-06-18
16,029 days (7004160290000000000♠43 years, 323 days)
2nd of 2

79
Witherspoon, ReeseReese Witherspoon
Walk The LineWalk the Line
1976-03-22(1976-03-22)March 22, 1976
March 5, 2006 (2006-03-05)
7004109400000000000♠29 years, 348 days
2018-06-18
15,428 days (7004154280000000000♠42 years, 88 days)

80
Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren
QueenThe Queen
1945-07-26(1945-07-26)July 26, 1945
February 25, 2007 (2007-02-25)
7004224940000000000♠61 years, 214 days
2018-06-18
26,625 days (7004266250000000000♠72 years, 327 days)

81
Cotillard, MarionMarion Cotillard
La Vie En RoseLa Vie en rose
1975-09-30(1975-09-30)September 30, 1975
February 24, 2008 (2008-02-24)
7004118350000000000♠32 years, 147 days
2018-06-18
15,602 days (7004156020000000000♠42 years, 261 days)

82
Winslet, KateKate Winslet
ReaderThe Reader
1975-10-05(1975-10-05)October 5, 1975
February 22, 2009 (2009-02-22)
7004121940000000000♠33 years, 140 days
2018-06-18
15,597 days (7004155970000000000♠42 years, 256 days)

83
Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock
Blind SideThe Blind Side
1964-07-26(1964-07-26)July 26, 1964
March 7, 2010 (2010-03-07)
7004166600000000000♠45 years, 224 days
2018-06-18
19,685 days (7004196850000000000♠53 years, 327 days)

84
Portman, NatalieNatalie Portman
Black SwanBlack Swan
1981-06-09(1981-06-09)June 9, 1981
February 27, 2011 (2011-02-27)
7004108550000000000♠29 years, 263 days
2018-06-18
13,523 days (7004135230000000000♠37 years, 9 days)

85
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Iron LadyThe Iron Lady
1949-06-22(1949-06-22)June 22, 1949
February 26, 2012 (2012-02-26)
7004228940000000000♠62 years, 249 days
2018-06-18
25,198 days (7004251980000000000♠68 years, 361 days)
2nd of 2

86
Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence
Silver Linings PlaybookSilver Linings Playbook
1990-08-15(1990-08-15)August 15, 1990
February 24, 2013 (2013-02-24)
7003822900000000000♠22 years, 193 days
2018-06-18
010,169 days (7004101690000000000♠27 years, 307 days) 10,169 days (7004101690000000000♠27 years, 307 days)

87
Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett
Blue JasmineBlue Jasmine
1969-05-14(1969-05-14)May 14, 1969
March 2, 2014 (2014-03-02)
7004163630000000000♠44 years, 292 days
2018-06-18
17,932 days (7004179320000000000♠49 years, 35 days)

88
Moore, JulianneJulianne Moore
Still AliceStill Alice
1960-12-03(1960-12-03)December 3, 1960
February 22, 2015 (2015-02-22)
7004198040000000000♠54 years, 81 days
2018-06-18
21,016 days (7004210160000000000♠57 years, 197 days)

89
Larson, BrieBrie Larson
RoomRoom
1989-10-01(1989-10-01)October 1, 1989
February 28, 2016 (2016-02-28)
7003964600000000000♠26 years, 150 days
2018-06-18
10,487 days (7004104870000000000♠28 years, 260 days)

90
Stone, EmmaEmma Stone
La La LandLa La Land
1988-11-06(1988-11-06)November 6, 1988
February 26, 2017 (2017-02-26)
7004103390000000000♠28 years, 112 days
2018-06-18
10,816 days (7004108160000000000♠29 years, 224 days)

91
Mcdormand, FrancesFrances McDormand
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, MissouriThree Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
1957-06-23(1957-06-23)June 23, 1957
March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)
7004221690000000000♠60 years, 254 days
2018-06-18
22,275 days (7004222750000000000♠60 years, 360 days)
2nd of 2

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Actress
Film
Date of birth
Date of award
Age upon
receiving award
Date of death
Lifespan
Notes