document_title: Han shot first

question_text: who shot first in the original star wars a new hope

text: Han shot first

text: Scene[edit]

text: Han Solo and Greedo both independently work for Jabba the Hutt, a crime lord based on the planet Tatooine. Before the events of the film, Solo, a smuggler for Jabba, jettisons cargo to avoid capture by an Imperial search party. As a result, Jabba offers a bounty on Solo. In the Mos Eisley Cantina, Greedo corners Solo and forces him at gunpoint to sit down in a booth. Solo tells Greedo that he has the money to compensate Jabba, but Greedo demands the money for himself. Solo says he does not have the money at the moment, quietly readying his own blaster under the table. Greedo tells him that Jabba has run out of patience with Solo and that Greedo has been "waiting for a long time for this", referring to Solo's capture. Solo replies, "Yes, I'll bet you have." The scene's conclusion varies depending on the version of the film.

text: History[edit]

text: In the original 1977 theatrical release of the scene, the film cuts to a closeup of Greedo's face, followed quickly by flash sparks, a cloud of smoke, and the sound effect of a blaster firing. This is followed by a reverse angle of Greedo from behind, slumping over the table. In 2012, director George Lucas expressed his dissatisfaction with this climax, believing that it depicts Solo, the film's supporting protagonist, as a "cold-blooded killer".[1] But Greedo had pointed a gun at Solo and bragged that he had been "looking forward" to seeing Solo's "dead body", constituting – according to at least one legal expert – a direct threat on Solo's life that would clearly warrant preemptive action on Solo's part in self-defense.[2]

text: In the 1997 special edition of the film, a few frames are inserted in which Greedo shoots first at Solo and misses, and then Solo returns fire, killing Greedo.[3][4]

text: For the film's 2004 DVD release, the scene was altered again, with new timing so that the shots are fired at nearly the same time and so that Solo dodges Greedo's shot. In an article titled "The Star Wars George Lucas Doesn't Want You To See", The Atlantic summarized that "[i]n the original versions ... it’s clear that Han Solo pulled out his gun and shot the bounty hunter Greedo. In the 1997 version, Greedo shoots first. In the 2004 version, they shoot at the same time."[5]

text: For the 2011 Blu-ray release, the scene of Solo and Greedo firing at each other was shortened by several frames.[6]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: This alteration is disagreeable to some longtime fans of the series, provoking some to create an online petition demanding that the changes be retracted.[7] The primary objection to the revision is that it alters Han's initially morally ambiguous character, making his later transition from anti-hero to hero less meaningful.[8] Film students have labored for years to issue their own entire custom-edited re-releases of the Star Wars films in an effort to redact Lucas's changes, especially this scene with Solo and Greedo.[5][9]

text: In a 2004 interview, Lucas explained, "to me, [the original movie] doesn’t really exist anymore. ... I'm sorry you saw half a completed film and fell in love with it. But I want it to be the way I want it to be."[10] In a 2012 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Lucas stated that a combination of poor-quality close-up shots and the audience's inaccurate perception of the Han Solo character was what actually caused all the confusion. Lucas explained:

text: The controversy over who shot first, Greedo or Han Solo, in Episode IV, what I did was try to clean up the confusion, but obviously it upset people because they wanted Solo to be a cold-blooded killer, but he actually isn't. It had been done in all close-ups and it was confusing about who did what to whom. I put a little wider shot in there that made it clear that Greedo is the one who shot first, but everyone wanted to think that Han shot first, because they wanted to think that he actually just gunned him down.[1]

text: Regardless of this claim from Lucas, one draft of the original film's script makes no mention of Greedo shooting at all—only Solo.[11] In 2015, what appears to be an early script was discovered in the archives of the University of New Brunswick library by Kristian Brown. The script, dated March 15, 1976, is a revised fourth draft. Brown says it confirms "100 percent, Han shot first."[12]

text: Prior to Lucas's long history of retroactive edits of Star Wars films and withholding the originals even for archival purposes, he had in 1988 protested to Congress (in opposition to Ted Turner colorizing classic black and white films) against that very process even on a purely cosmetic basis. At that time, Lucas originally argued that the public has a right to retain classic cinematic originals as a matter of cultural heritage, saying that "people who alter or destroy works of art and our cultural heritage for profit or as an exercise of power are barbarians".[5]

text: In a 2014 Reddit interview with fans, when asked who shot first, actor Harrison Ford's reply was simply, "I don't know and I don't care."[13][14] However, Paul Blake, who played Greedo, said in a 2016 interview with the New York Daily News,

text: Of course, it said it all in the original script, we played in the scene in English and at the end of the scene, it reads, 'Han shoots the alien.' It's all it says and that's what happened. It was very painful.[15]

text: Blake also indicated that Greedo shooting first made the character appear inept (in that he would have missed Solo from very short range), and that "it does give Greedo a little more glory if he's just blown away."[15]

text: In a 2015 interview for The Washington Post Lucas gave his reason for changing the scene:

text: “Han Solo was going to marry (Princess) Leia, and you look back and say, ‘Should he be a cold-blooded killer?’ ” Lucas asks. “Because I was thinking mythologically — should he be a cowboy, should he be John Wayne? And I said, ‘Yeah, he should be John Wayne.’ And when you’re John Wayne, you don’t shoot people [first] — you let them have the first shot. It’s a mythological reality that we hope our society pays attention to.”[16]


document_title: Under the Tuscan Sun (film)

question_text: where was the film under the tuscan sun filmed

root

text: Under the Tuscan Sun (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frances Mayes (Diane Lane) is a San Francisco writer whose seemingly perfect life takes an unexpected turn when she learns that her husband has been cheating on her. The divorce—and the loss of her house to her ex-husband and his much-younger, pregnant new partner—leaves her depressed and unable to write. Her best friend Patti (Sandra Oh), a lesbian who is expecting a child, is beginning to think Frances might never recover. She urges Frances to take an Italian vacation to Tuscany using the ticket she purchased before she became pregnant. At first Frances refuses, but after another depressing day in her gloomy apartment, she decides that it's a good idea to get away for a while.

tag: p

text: In Tuscany, her tour group stops in the small town of Cortona. After wandering through the charming streets, she notices a posting for a villa for sale in Cortona. She rejoins her tour group on the bus, and just outside town, the bus stops to allow a flock of sheep to cross the road. While they wait, Frances realizes that they've stopped directly in front of the very villa that she had seen for sale—something she believes is a sign. She asks the driver to stop and she gets off the bus. Through a series of serendipitous events, she becomes the owner of a lovely yet dilapidated villa in beautiful Tuscany.

text: Frances begins her new life with the help of a variety of interesting characters and unusual but gentle souls. She hires a crew of Polish immigrants to renovate the house. Over time, Frances also befriends her Italian neighbors and develops relationships with her Polish workers, the realtor who sold her the villa, and Katherine (Lindsay Duncan), an eccentric aging British actress who evokes the mystery and beauty of an Italian film star. Later, she is visited by the now very pregnant Patti, whose partner Grace has left her.

text: Frances meets and has a brief romantic affair with Marcello (Raoul Bova), but their relationship does not last. She is about to give up on happiness when one of her Polish workers, a teenager named Pawel (Pawel Szajda), and a neighbor's young daughter come to her for help. Her father does not approve of him, due to his being Polish and not having a family, yet they are very much in love and want to get married. Frances persuades the girl's family to support their love, by proclaiming that she is Pawel's family, and the young lovers are soon married at the villa. During the wedding celebration, Frances meets an American writer who is traveling in Tuscany, and their attraction for each other points to a romantic future.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diane Lane as Frances Mayes
Sandra Oh as Patti
Lindsay Duncan as Katherine
Raoul Bova as Marcello
Vincent Riotta as Martini
Mario Monicelli as Old man with flowers
Roberto Nobile as Placido
Anita Zagaria as Fiorella
Evelina Gori as Nona Cardinale
Kate Walsh as Grace
Pawel Szajda as Pawel
David Sutcliffe as Ed
Giulia Steigerwalt as Chiara
Valentine Pelka as Jerzy
Sasa Vulicevic as Zbignew
Massimo Sarchielli as Nino
Claudia Gerini as Signora Raguzzi
Laura Pestellini as Contessa
Don McManus as Nasty Man
Matt Salinger as Colleague
Elden Henson as Author
Jack Kehler as Apartment Manager
Kristoffer Ryan Winters as David Tour Guide
Nuccio Siano as Gianni
Malva Guicheney as Gianni's Daughter[4]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text:
Banca CR Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy (interiors, bank scene)
Cinecittà Studios, Cinecittà, Rome, Lazio, Italy (bookstore, Patti & Grace's San Francisco apartment)
Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
Florence, Tuscany, Italy
Montepulciano, Siena, Tuscany, Italy (leaving Cortona, wedding)
Positano, Salerno, Campania, Italy
Rome, Lazio, Italy
San Francisco, California, USA
Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy (flag-waving show)[5]
Teatro Signorelli, Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy (interiors)[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Under the Tuscan Sun opened well in the United States, grossing $9,751,425 on 1,226 screens, opening at No. 2 in the U.S. box office in the weekend of September 28, 2003. This was more than half of its estimated $18 million budget. The film was a box office success, earning $43,610,723 domestically and a further $15,268,000 internationally, totaling $58,878,723 worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% out of 147 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2/10 and the critical consensus stating: "Though formulaic and superficial, Under the Tuscan Sun is redeemed by Lane's vibrant performance."[7]

text: Diane Lane's performance was highly praised and she was nominated for a Best Actress Golden Globe Award.


document_title: Tom and Jerry

question_text: who owns the rights to tom and jerry

question_tokens: who owns the rights to tom and jerry

text: Tom and Jerry

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series features comic fights between an iconic set of adversaries, a house cat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry). The plots of each short usually center on Tom's numerous attempts to capture Jerry and the mayhem and destruction that follows. Tom rarely succeeds in catching Jerry, mainly because of Jerry's cleverness, cunning abilities, and luck. However, there are also several instances within the cartoons where they display genuine friendship and concern for each other's well-being. At other times, the pair set aside their rivalry in order to pursue a common goal, such as when a baby escaped the watch of a negligent babysitter, causing Tom and Jerry to pursue the baby and keep it away from danger.

text: The cartoons are known for some of the most violent cartoon gags ever devised in theatrical animation such as Tom using everything from axes, hammers, firearms, firecrackers, explosives, traps and poison to kill Jerry. On the other hand, Jerry's methods of retaliation are far more violent due to their frequent success, including slicing Tom in half, decapitating him, shutting his head or fingers in a window or a door, stuffing Tom's tail in a waffle iron or a mangle, kicking him into a refrigerator, getting him electrocuted, pounding him with a mace, club or mallet, letting a tree or electric pole drive him into the ground, sticking matches into his feet and lighting them, tying him to a firework and setting it off, and so on.[1] Because of this, Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent. Despite the frequent violence, there is no blood or gore in any scene.[2]:42[3]:134

text: Music plays a very important part in the shorts, emphasizing the action, filling in for traditional sound effects, and lending emotion to the scenes. Musical director Scott Bradley created complex scores that combined elements of jazz, classical, and pop music; Bradley often reprised contemporary pop songs, as well as songs from MGM films, including The Wizard of Oz and Meet Me in St. Louis, which both starred Judy Garland in a leading role.

text: Generally, there is little dialogue as Tom and Jerry almost never speak; however, minor characters are not similarly limited, and the two lead characters are able to speak English on rare occasions and are thus not mute. For example, the character Mammy Two Shoes has lines in nearly every cartoon in which she appears. Most of the vocal effects used for Tom and Jerry are their high-pitched laughs and gasping screams.

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Before 1954, all Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced in the standard Academy ratio and format; in 1954 and 1955, some of the output was dually produced in dual versions: one Academy-ratio negative composed for a flat widescreen (1.75:1) format and one shot in the CinemaScope process. From 1955 until the close of the MGM cartoon studio a year later, all Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced in CinemaScope, some even had their soundtracks recorded in Perspecta directional audio. All of the Hanna and Barbera cartoons were shot as successive color exposure negatives in Technicolor; the 1960s entries were done in Metrocolor. The 1960s entries also returned to the standard Academy ratio and format, too. The 2005 short The Karate Guard was also filmed in the standard Academy ratio and format.

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Tom and Jerry[edit]

text: Tom (named "Jasper" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. ("Tom" is a generic name for a male cat.) He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named "Jinx" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts. Although cats typically chase mice to consume them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry. Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry, sometimes in revenge, and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry. By the final "fade-out" of each cartoon, Jerry usually emerges triumphant, while Tom is shown as the loser.

text: However, other results may be reached. On rare occasions, Tom triumphs, usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or when he pushes Tom a little too far. In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal, especially mice; he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates. In Timid Tabby Tom's look-alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge. Occasionally and usually ironically, they both lose, usually when Jerry's final trap or attack on Tom backfires or Jerry overlooks something. In Chuck Jones' Filet Meow, Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish, but finds himself entirely intimidated as well. Finally, they occasionally end up being friends, although within this set of stories, there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce. One story that has friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me.

text: Both characters display sadistic tendencies, in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other, although it is often in response to a triggering event. However, when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party, the other will develop a conscience and save him. Occasionally, they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks. Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty, and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it, usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both. Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens, or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary. This is the case in Posse Cat, when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner, but Tom then reneges. Other times however, Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved.

text: Tom changes his love interest many times. The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n' Toots, and calls him "Tommy" in The Mouse Comes to Dinner. He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots. The most frequent love interest of Tom's is Toodles Galore, who never has any dialogue in the cartoons.

text: Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom's apparent death, his demise is never permanent; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry's Diary. He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble (after which he is seen in heaven), Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second, while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen.

text: Tom and Jerry speaking[edit]

text: Although many supporting and minor characters speak, Tom and Jerry rarely do so themselves. Tom, most famously, sings while wooing female cats; for example, Tom sings Louis Jordan's "Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" in the 1946 short Solid Serenade. In that one as well as Zoot Cat, Tom, when romancing a female cat, woos her in a French-accented voice similar to that of screen actor Charles Boyer. At the end of The Million Dollar Cat after beginning to antagonize Jerry he says, "Gee, I'm throwin' away a million dollars... BUT I'M HAPPY!" In Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring, Jerry says, "No, no, no, no, no," when choosing the shop to remove his ring. In The Mouse Comes to Dinner Tom speaks to his girlfriend Toots while inadvertently sitting on a stove: "Say, what's cookin'?", to which Toots replies "You are, stupid." Another instance of speech comes in Solid Serenade and The Framed Cat, where Tom directs Spike through a few dog tricks in a dog-trainer manner. Co-director William Hanna provided most of the squeaks, gasps, and other vocal effects for the pair, including the most famous sound effects from the series, Tom's leather-lunged scream (created by recording Hanna's scream and eliminating the beginning and ending of the recording, leaving only the strongest part of the scream on the soundtrack) and Jerry's nervous gulp.

text: The only other reasonably common vocalization is made by Tom when some external reference claims a certain scenario or eventuality to be impossible, which inevitably, ironically happens to thwart Tom's plans – at which point, a bedraggled and battered Tom appears and says in a haunting, echoing voice "Don't you believe it!", a reference to the then-popular 1940s radio show Don't You Believe It.[4][5] In Mouse Trouble, Tom says "Don't you believe it!" after being beaten up by Jerry (this also happens in The Missing Mouse). In the 1946 short Trap Happy, Tom hires a cat disguised as a mouse exterminator who, after several failed attempts to dispatch Jerry, changes profession to Cat exterminator by crossing out the "Mouse" on his title and writing "Cat", resulting in Tom spelling out the word out loud before reluctantly pointing at himself. One short, 1956's Blue Cat Blues, is narrated by Jerry in voiceover (voiced by Paul Frees) as they try to win back their ladyfriends. Both Tom and Jerry speak more than once in the 1943 short The Lonesome Mouse, while Jerry was voiced by Sara Berner during his appearance in the 1945 MGM musical Anchors Aweigh. Tom and Jerry: The Movie is the first (and so far only) installment of the series where the famous cat-and-mouse duo regularly speak. In that movie, Tom was voiced by Richard Kind, and Jerry was voiced by Dana Hill.

text: Spike and Tyke[edit]

text: In his attempts to catch Jerry, Tom often has to deal with Spike (known as "Killer" and "Butch" in some shorts), an angry, vicious but easily duped bulldog who tries to attack Tom for bothering him or his son Tyke while trying to get Jerry. Originally, Spike was unnamed and mute (aside from howls and biting noises) as well as attacking indiscriminately, not caring whether it was Tom or Jerry though usually attacking Tom. In later cartoons, Spike spoke often, using a voice and expressions (performed by Billy Bletcher and later Daws Butler) modeled after comedian Jimmy Durante. Spike's coat has altered throughout the years between grey and creamy tan. The addition of Spike's son Tyke in the late 1940s led to both a slight softening of Spike's character and a short-lived spin-off theatrical series (Spike and Tyke).

text: Most cartoons with Spike in it have a system; usually Spike is trying to accomplish something (such as building a dog house or sleeping) when Tom and Jerry's antics stop him from doing it. Spike then (presumably due to prejudice) singles out Tom as the culprit and threatens him that if it ever happens again, he will do "something horrible" to him (effectively forcing Tom to take the blame) while Jerry overhears; afterwards Jerry usually does anything he can to interrupt whatever Spike is doing while Tom barely manages to stop him (usually getting injured in the process). Usually Jerry does eventually wreck whatever Spike is doing in spectacular fashion and leaving Tom to take the blame, forcing him to flee from Spike and inevitably lose (usually due to the fact that Tom is usually framed by Jerry and that Spike just doesn't like Tom). Off-screen, Spike does something to Tom and finally Tom is generally shown injured or in a bad situation while Jerry smugly cuddles up to Spike unscathed. Tom sometimes can get irritated with Spike on some occasions (example is in That's My Pup!, when Spike forced Tom to run up a tree every time his son barked, causing Tom to hang Tyke on a flag pole). At least once however, Tom does something that benefits Spike, who promises not to interfere ever again; causing Jerry to frantically leave the house and run into the distance (in Hic-cup Pup). Spike is well known for his famous "Listen pussycat!" catchphrase when he threatens Tom, his other famous catchphrase is "That's my boy!" normally said when he supports or congratulates his son.

text: Tyke is described as a cute, sweet looking, happy and a lovable puppy. He is Spike's son, but unlike Spike, Tyke does not speak and only communicates (mostly towards his father) by barking, yapping, wagging his tail, whimpering and growling. Tyke's father Spike would always go out of his way to care and comfort his son and make sure that he is safe from Tom. Tyke loves his father and Spike loves his son and they get along like friends, although most of time they would be taking a nap or Spike would teach Tyke the main facts of life of being a dog. Like Spike, Tyke's appearance has altered throughout the years, from grey (with white paws) to creamy tan. When Tom and Jerry Kids first aired, this was the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak.

text: Butch and Toodles Galore[edit]

text: Butch is a black, cigar-smoking cat who also wants to eat Jerry. He is the most frequent adversary of Tom. However, for most of the episodes he appears in, he is usually seen rivaling Tom over Toodles. Butch was also Tom's chum as in some cartoons, where Butch is leader of Tom's alley cat buddies, who are mostly Lightning, Topsy, and Meathead. Butch talks more often than Tom or Jerry in most shorts.

text: Both characters were originally introduced in Hugh Harman's 1941 short The Alley Cat, but were integrated into Tom and Jerry rather than continuing in their own series.

text: Nibbles[edit]

text: Nibbles is a small grey mouse who often appears in shorts as Jerry's nephew. He is a carefree individual who very rarely understands the danger of the situation, simply following instructions the best he can both to Jerry's command and his own innocent understanding of the situation. This can lead to such results as "getting the cheese" by simply asking Tom to pick it up for him, rather than following Jerry's example of outmaneuvering and sneaking around Tom. Many times Nibbles is an ally of Jerry in fights against Tom, including being the second Mouseketeer. He is given speaking roles in all his appearances as a Mouseketeer, often with a high-pitched French tone. However, during a short in which he rescued Robin Hood, his voice was instead more masculine, gruff, and cockney accented.

text: Mammy Two Shoes[edit]

text: Mammy Two Shoes is a heavy-set middle-aged mammy who often has to deal with the mayhem generated by the lead characters. Voiced by character actress Lillian Randolph, she is often seen as the owner of Tom. Her face was only shown once, very briefly, in Saturday Evening Puss. Mammy's appearances have often been edited out, dubbed, or re-animated as a slim white woman in later television showings, since her character is a mammy archetype now often regarded as racist.[6] She was mostly restored in the DVD releases of the cartoons, with an introduction by Whoopi Goldberg explaining the importance of African-American representation in the cartoon series, however stereotyped.

text: History and evolution[edit]

text: "Tom and Jerry" was a commonplace phrase for youngsters indulging in riotous behaviour in 19th-century London. The term comes from Life in London, or Days and Nights of Jerry Hawthorne and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom (1823) by Pierce Egan.[7] However Brewer notes no more than an "unconscious" echo of the Regency era original in the naming of the cartoon.[8]

text: Hanna-Barbera era (1940–58)[edit]

text: William Hanna and Joseph Barbera were both part of the Rudolf Ising unit at the MGM cartoon studio in the late 1930s. After the financial disaster of a series of MGM cartoons based upon the Captain and the Kids comic strip characters, Barbera, a storyman and character designer, was paired (out of desperation) with Hanna, an experienced director, to start directing films for the Ising unit. In their first discussion for a cartoon, Barbera suggested a cat-and-mouse cartoon titled Puss Gets the Boot. "We knew we needed two characters. We thought we needed conflict, and chase and action. And a cat after a mouse seemed like a good, basic thought," as he recalled in an interview.[9] Hanna and other employees complained that the idea wasn't very original; nevertheless, the short was completed in late 1939, and released to theaters on February 10, 1940. Puss Gets The Boot centers on Jasper, a gray tabby cat trying to catch a mouse named Jinx (whose name is not mentioned within the cartoon itself), but after accidentally breaking a houseplant and its stand, the African American housemaid Mammy has threatened to throw Jasper out if he breaks one more thing in the house. Naturally, Jinx uses this to his advantage, and begins tossing any and everything fragile, so that Jasper will be thrown outside. Puss Gets The Boot was previewed and released without fanfare, and Hanna and Barbera went on to direct other non-cat-and-mouse related shorts such as Gallopin' Gals (1940) and Officer Pooch (1941). "After all," remarked many of the MGM staffers, "haven't there been enough cat-and-mouse cartoons already?"

text: The pessimistic attitude towards the cat and mouse duo changed when the cartoon became a favorite with theater owners and with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which nominated the film for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons of 1941. It lost to another MGM cartoon, Rudolph Ising's The Milky Way.

text: Producer Fred Quimby, who ran the MGM animation studio, quickly pulled Hanna and Barbera off the other one-shot cartoons they were working on, and commissioned a series featuring the cat and mouse. Hanna and Barbera held an intra-studio contest to give the pair a new name by drawing suggested names out of a hat; animator John Carr won $50 with his suggestion of Tom and Jerry, at the time best known as the name of a Christmastime mixed drink.[10] The Tom and Jerry series went into production with The Midnight Snack in 1941, and Hanna and Barbera rarely directed anything but the cat-and-mouse cartoons for the rest of their tenure at MGM. Barbera would create the story for each short while Hanna would supervise production.

text: Tom's physical appearance evolved significantly over the years. During the early 1940s, Tom had an excess of detail—shaggy fur, numerous facial wrinkles, and multiple eyebrow markings, all of which were streamlined into a more workable form by the end of the 1940s. In addition, he also looked like a more realistic cat early on; evolving from his quadrupedal beginnings Tom to become increasingly and almost exclusively bipedal. By contrast, Jerry's design remained essentially the same for the duration of the series. By the mid-1940s, the series had developed a quicker, more energetic and violent tone, due to the inspiration from the work of their colleague in the MGM cartoon studio, Tex Avery, who joined the studio in 1942.

text: Even though the theme of each short is virtually the same – cat chases mouse – Hanna and Barbera found endless variations on that theme. Barbera's storyboards and rough layouts and designs, combined with Hanna's timing, resulted in MGM's most popular and successful cartoon series. Thirteen entries in the Tom and Jerry series (including Puss Gets The Boot) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons; seven of them went on to win the Academy Award, breaking the Disney studio's winning streak in that category. Tom and Jerry won more Academy Awards than any other character-based theatrical animated series.

text: Tom and Jerry remained popular throughout their original theatrical run, even when the budgets began to tighten in the 1950s and the pace of the shorts slowed slightly. However, after television became popular in the 1950s, box office revenues decreased for theatrical films, and short subjects. At first, MGM combated this by going to all-CinemaScope production on the series. After MGM realized that their re-releases of the older cartoons brought in just as much money as the new cartoons did, the studio executives decided, much to the surprise of the staff, to close the animation studio. The MGM cartoon studio was shut down on May 15, 1957, and the last of the 114 Hanna-Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts, Tot Watchers, was released on August 1, 1958. Hanna and Barbera established their own television animation studio, Hanna-Barbera Productions, on July 7, 1957, which went on to produce hit TV shows, such as The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, The Jetsons and Scooby-Doo.

text: Gene Deitch era (1961–62)[edit]

text: In 1961, MGM revived the Tom and Jerry franchise, and contracted European animation studio Rembrandt Films to produce thirteen Tom and Jerry shorts in Prague, Czechoslovakia.[11][12][13][14] All thirteen shorts were directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder.[11][14] Deitch himself wrote most of the cartoons, with occasional assistance from Larz Bourne and Eli Bauer. Stěpan Koniček provided the musical score for the Deitch shorts. Sound effects were produced by Tod Dockstader. The majority of vocal effects and voices in Deitch's films were provided by Allen Swift.[15]

text: Deitch states that, being a "UPA man", he was not a fan of the Tom and Jerry cartoons, thinking they were "needlessly violent".[16][17] However, after being assigned to work on the series, he quickly realized that "nobody took [the violence] seriously", and it was merely "a parody of exaggerated human emotions".[16] He also came to see what he perceived as the "biblical roots" in Tom and Jerry's conflict, similar to David and Goliath, stating "That's where we feel a connection to these cartoons: the little guy can win (or at least survive) to fight another day."[16]

text: Since the Deitch/Snyder team had seen only a handful of the original Tom and Jerry shorts, and since the team produced their cartoons on a tighter budget of $10,000, the resulting films were considered surrealist in nature, though this was not Deitch's intention.[12][17] The animation was limited and jerky in movement, compared to the more fluid Hanna-Barbera shorts. Background art was done in a more simplistic, angular, Art Deco-esque style. The soundtracks featured sparse and echoic electronic music, futuristic sound effects, heavy reverb, and dialogue that was mumbled rather than spoken. According to Jen Nessel of The New York Times, "The Czech style had nothing in common with these gag-driven cartoons."[18]

text: Whereas Hanna-Barbera's shorts generally took place in and outside of a house, Deitch's shorts opted for more exotic locations, such as a 19th-century whaling ship, the jungles of Nairobi, an Ancient Greek acropolis, or the Wild West. In addition, Mammy Two-Shoes was replaced as Tom's owner by Clint Clobber, a bald, overweight, short-tempered, middle-aged white man who was also much more brutal and violent in punishing Tom's actions as compared to previous owners, by beating and thrashing Tom repeatedly, stomping on his hand, searing his head with a grill, forcing him to drink an entire carbonated beverage, slamming his fingers with a lunchbox lid and even wrapping a shotgun over his head and firing it.

text: To avoid being linked to Communism, Deitch romanized the Czech names of his crew in the opening credits of the shorts (e.g. Stêpan Koniček became "Steven Konichek" and Vaclav Lidl became "Victor Little"). In addition, these shorts are among the few Tom and Jerry cartoons not to carry the "Made In Hollywood, U.S.A." phrase on the end title card; due to Deitch's studio being behind the Iron Curtain, the production studio's location is omitted entirely on it.[17] After the thirteen shorts were completed, Joe Vogel, the head of production, was fired from MGM. Vogel had approved of Deitch and his team's work, but MGM decided not to renew their contract after Vogel's departure.[17] The final of the thirteen shorts, Carmen Get It!, was released on December 21, 1962.[12]

text: Deitch's shorts were commercial successes. In 1961, the Tom and Jerry series became the highest-grossing animated short film series of that time, dethroning Looney Tunes, which had held the position for sixteen years; this success was repeated once more in 1962.[14] However, unlike the Hanna-Barbera shorts, none of Deitch's films were nominated for nor did they win an Academy Award.[14] In retrospect, these shorts are often considered the worst of the Tom and Jerry theatrical output.[16] Deitch stated that due to his team's inexperience as well as their low budget, he "hardly had a chance to succeed", and "well understand[s] the negative reactions" to his shorts. He believes "They could all have been better animated – truer to the characters – but our T&Js were produced in the early 1960s, near the beginning of my presence here, over a half-century ago as I write this!"[19] Despite the criticism, some fans wrote positive letters to Deitch, stating that his Tom and Jerry shorts were their personal favorites due to their quirky and surreal nature.[20] The shorts were released on DVD in 2015 in Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection.

text: Chuck Jones era (1963–67)[edit]

text: After the last of the Deitch cartoons were released, Chuck Jones, who had been fired from his thirty-plus year tenure at Warner Bros. Cartoons, started his own animation studio, Sib Tower 12 Productions (later renamed MGM Animation/Visual Arts), with partner Les Goldman. Beginning in 1963, Jones and Goldman went on to produce 34 more Tom and Jerry shorts, all of which carried Jones' distinctive style (and a slight psychedelic influence).

text: Jones had trouble adapting his style to Tom and Jerry's brand of humor, and a number of the cartoons favored full animation, personality and style over storyline. The characters underwent a slight change of appearance: Tom was given thicker eyebrows (resembling Jones' Grinch, Count Blood Count or Wile E. Coyote), a less complex look (including the color of his fur becoming gray), sharper ears, longer tail and furrier cheeks (resembling Jones' Claude Cat or Sylvester), while Jerry was given larger eyes and ears, a lighter brown color, and a sweeter, Porky Pig-like expression.

text: Some of Jones' Tom and Jerry cartoons are reminiscent of his work with Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, included the uses of blackout gags and gags involving characters falling from high places. Jones co-directed the majority of the shorts with layout artist Maurice Noble. The remaining shorts were directed by Abe Levitow and Ben Washam, with Tom Ray directing two shorts built around footage from earlier Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Hanna and Barbera, and Jim Pabian directed a short with Maurice Noble. Various vocal characteristics were made by Mel Blanc and June Foray. These shorts contain a memorable opening theme, in which Tom first replaces the MGM lion, then is trapped inside the "O" of his name.[21]

text: Though Jones's shorts were generally considered an improvement over Deitch's, they nevertheless had varying degrees of critical success. MGM ceased production of Tom and Jerry shorts in 1967, by which time Jones had moved on to television specials and the feature film The Phantom Tollbooth.[21] The shorts were released on DVD in 2009 in Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection.

text: Tom and Jerry hit television[edit]

text: Beginning in 1965, the Hanna and Barbera Tom and Jerry cartoons began to appear on television in heavily edited versions. The Jones team was required to take the cartoons featuring Mammy Two Shoes and remove her by pasting over the scenes featuring her with new scenes. Most of the time, she was replaced with a similarly fat White Irish woman; occasionally, as in Saturday Evening Puss, a thin white teenager took her place instead, with both characters voiced by June Foray. However, recent telecasts on Cartoon Network and Boomerang retain Mammy with new voiceover work performed by Thea Vidale to remove the stereotypical black jargon featured on the original cartoon soundtracks. The standard Tom and Jerry opening titles were removed as well. Instead of the roaring MGM Lion sequence, an opening sequence featuring different clips of the cartoons was used instead. The title cards were also changed. A pink title card with the name written in white font was used instead.

text: Debuting on CBS' Saturday morning schedule on September 25, 1965, Tom and Jerry moved to CBS Sundays two years later and remained there until September 17, 1972.

text: Second Hanna-Barbera era: The Tom and Jerry Show (1975)[edit]

text: In 1975, Tom and Jerry were reunited with Hanna and Barbera, who produced new Tom and Jerry cartoons for Saturday mornings. These 48 seven-minute short cartoons were paired with Grape Ape and Mumbly cartoons, to create The Tom and Jerry/Grape Ape Show, The Tom and Jerry/Grape Ape/Mumbly Show, and The Tom and Jerry/Mumbly Show, all of which initially ran on ABC Saturday mornings between September 6, 1975 and September 3, 1977. In these cartoons, Tom and Jerry (now with a red bow tie), who had been enemies during their formative years, became nonviolent pals who went on adventures together, as Hanna-Barbera had to meet the stringent rules against violence for children's TV. This 1975-styled format was no longer used in the newer Tom and Jerry entrees.[21]

text: Filmation era (1980–82)[edit]

text: Filmation Studios (in association with MGM Television) also tried their hands at producing a Tom and Jerry TV series. Their version, The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show, debuted in 1980, and also featured new cartoons starring Droopy, Spike (from Tom & Jerry, and the same version also used in Droopy), Slick Wolf, and Barney Bear, not seen since the original MGM shorts. The Filmation Tom and Jerry cartoons were noticeably different from Hanna-Barbera's efforts, as they returned Tom and Jerry to the original chase formula, with a somewhat more "slapstick" humor format. This incarnation, much like the 1975 version, was not as well received by audiences as the originals, and lasted on CBS Saturday mornings from September 6, 1980 to September 4, 1982.[21]

text: Tom and Jerry's new owners[edit]

text: In 1986, MGM was purchased by WTBS founder Ted Turner. Turner sold the company a short while later, but retained MGM's pre-1986 film library, thus Tom and Jerry became the property of Turner Entertainment Co. (where the rights stand today via Warner Bros.), and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner-run stations, such as TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, The WB, Boomerang, and Turner Classic Movies.

text: Third Hanna-Barbera era: Tom and Jerry Kids (1990–94)[edit]

text: One of the biggest trends for Saturday morning television in the 1980s and 1990s was the "babyfication" of older, classic cartoon stars, and on March 2, 1990, Tom and Jerry Kids, co-produced by Turner Entertainment Co. and Hanna-Barbera Productions (which would be sold to Turner in 1991) debuted on Fox Kids and for a few years, aired on British children's block, CBBC. It featured a youthful version of the famous cat-and-mouse duo chasing each other. As with the 1975 H-B series, Jerry wears his red bowtie, while Tom now wears a red cap. Spike and his son Tyke (who now had talking dialogue) and Droopy and his son Dripple, appeared in back-up segments for the show, which ran until November 18, 1994. Tom and Jerry Kids was the last Tom and Jerry cartoon series produced in 4:3 (full screen) aspect ratio.

text: One-off productions (2001; 2005)[edit]

text: In 2001, a new television special titled Tom and Jerry: The Mansion Cat premiered on Boomerang. It featured Joe Barbera (who was also a creative consultant) as the voice of Tom's owner, whose face is never seen. In this cartoon, Jerry, housed in a habitrail, is as much of a house pet as Tom is, and their owner has to remind Tom to not "blame everything on the mouse".

text: In 2005, a new Tom and Jerry theatrical short, titled The Karate Guard, which had been written and directed by Barbera and Spike Brandt, storyboarded by Joseph Barbera and Iwao Takamoto and produced by Joseph Barbera, Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone premiered in Los Angeles cinemas on September 27, 2005. As part of the celebration of Tom and Jerry's sixty-fifth anniversary, this marked Barbera's first return as a writer, director and storyboard artist on the series since his and Hanna's original MGM cartoon shorts, and last overall; he would die shortly after production ended. Director/animator, Spike Brandt was nominated for an Annie award for best character animation. The short debuted on Cartoon Network on January 27, 2006.

text: Warner Bros. era (2006–present)[edit]

text: During the first half of 2006, a new series called Tom and Jerry Tales was produced at Warner Bros. Animation. Thirteen half-hour episodes (each consisting of three shorts, some of them—like The Karate Guard—were produced and completed in 2003 as part of a 30-plus theatrical cartoon schedule aborted after the financial disaster of Looney Tunes Back in Action) were produced, with only markets outside of the United States and United Kingdom signed up. The show then came to the UK in February 2006 on Boomerang, and it went to the U.S. on Kids' WB on The CW.[22] Tales is the first Tom and Jerry TV series that utilizes the original style of the classic shorts, along with the slapstick. The series was canceled in 2008, shortly before the Kids' WB block shut down. Tom and Jerry Tales was also the first Tom and Jerry cartoon series produced in 16:9 (widescreen) aspect ratio but cropped to 4:3 (full screen).

text: Cartoon Network, which began rerunning the Tom and Jerry Tales in January 2012, subsequently aired a second series consisting of two 11-minute shorts per episode that likewise sought to maintain the look, core characters and sensibility of the original theatrical shorts. Similar to other reboot works like Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated and The Looney Tunes Show, several episodes the new series brought Tom and Jerry into contemporary environments, telling new stories and relocating the characters to more fantastic worlds, from a medieval castle to a mad scientist's lab. Titled The Tom and Jerry Show, the series is produced by Warner Bros. Animation, with Sam Register serving as executive producer in collaboration with Darrell Van Citters and Ashley Postelwaite at Renegade Animation. Originally slated for an undated 2013 Cartoon Network premiere[23] before being pushed back to April 9, 2014, this is the second Tom and Jerry production presented in 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio.[24]

text: In November 2014, a two-minute sketch was shown as part of the Children In Need Telethon in the United Kingdom, the sketch was produced as a collaboration with Warner Bros.[25]

text: Outside the United States[edit]

text: When shown on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom (from 1967 to 2000, usually on the BBC) Tom and Jerry cartoons were not edited for violence, and Mammy was retained. As well as having regular slots (mainly after the evening BBC News with around 2 shorts shown every evening and occasionally shown on children's network CBBC in the morning), Tom and Jerry served the BBC in another way. When faced with disruption to the schedules (such as those occurring when live broadcasts overrun), the BBC would invariably turn to Tom and Jerry to fill any gaps, confident that it would retain much of an audience that might otherwise channel hop. This proved particularly helpful in 1993, when Noel's House Party had to be cancelled due to an IRA bomb scare at BBC Television Centre—Tom and Jerry was shown instead, bridging the gap until the next programme.[citation needed] In 2006, a mother complained to OFCOM of the smoking scenes shown in the cartoons, since Tom often attempts to impress love interests with the habit, resulting in reports that the smoking scenes in Tom and Jerry films may be subject to censorship.[26]

text: Due to its lack of dialogue, Tom and Jerry was easily translated into various foreign languages. Tom and Jerry began broadcast in Japan in 1965. A 2005 nationwide survey taken in Japan by TV Asahi, sampling age groups from teenagers to adults in their sixties, ranked Tom and Jerry #85 in a list of the top 100 "anime" of all time; while their web poll taken after the airing of the list ranked it at #58 – the only non-Japanese animation on the list, and beating anime classics like Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, A Little Princess Sara, and the ultra-classics Macross and Ghost in the Shell (it should be noted that in Japan, the word "anime" refers to all animation regardless of origin, not just Japanese animation).[27] Tom and Jerry also serve as long-time licensed mascots for Gifu-based Juroku Bank. Unlike some other Western cartoons such as Bob the Builder and Postman Pat, whose characters had to be doctored to have five fingers in each hand instead of the original four,[28] Tom and Jerry aired in Japan without such edits, as did other series starring non-human protagonists such as SpongeBob SquarePants.

text: Tom and Jerry have long been popular in Germany. The different shorts are usually linked together with key scenes from Jerry's Diary (1949), in which Tom reads about past adventures. The cartoons are introduced with rhyming German language verse, and when necessary a German voice spoke the translations of English labels on items and similar information.

text: The show was aired in Mainland China by CCTV in the late 1980s to early 1990s, and was extremely popular at the time. Collections of the show are still a prominent feature in Chinese book stores.

text: Even though Gene Deitch's shorts were created in Czechoslovakia (1960–1962), the first official TV release of Tom and Jerry was in 1988. It was one of the few cartoons of western origin broadcast in Czechoslovakia (1988) and Romania (until 1989) before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989.

text: The Pakistani ice cream brand OMORÉ has launched a chocolate bar ice cream based on the show.[29]

text: Feature films[edit]

text: Tom and Jerry's first feature film appearance was in the 1945 MGM musical Anchors Aweigh, in which Jerry performs a dance number with Gene Kelly. In this scene, Tom also made a cameo as a servant. Filmmakers had wanted Mickey Mouse for the scene, but Roy Disney had rejected the deal, as the Disney studio was focusing on its own cartoons to help pay off its debts after World War II.[30] William Hanna and Joe Barbera supervised animation for the scene.

text: Tom and Jerry's second feature film appearance was swimming with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another MGM big-screen musical, Dangerous When Wet (1953).

text: On October 1, 1992, the first international release of Tom and Jerry: The Movie arrived when the film was released overseas to theatres in Europe[31] and then domestically by Miramax Films on July 30, 1993,[32] with future video and DVD releases that would be sold under Warner Bros., which, following Disney's acquisition of Miramax and Turner's subsequent merger with Time Warner, had acquired the film's distribution rights. Barbera served as creative consultant for the picture, which was produced and directed by Phil Roman. A musical film with a structure similar to MGM's blockbusters, The Wizard of Oz and Singin' in the Rain. In 2001, Warner Bros. (which had, by then, merged with Turner and assumed its properties) released the duo's first direct-to-video movie, Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring, in which Tom covets a ring that grants mystical powers to the wearer, and has become accidentally stuck on Jerry's head. It would mark the last time Hanna and Barbera co-produced a Tom and Jerry cartoon together, as William Hanna died shortly after The Magic Ring was released.

text: Four years later, Bill Kopp scripted and directed two more Tom and Jerry DTV features for the studio, Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars and Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry, the latter one based on a story by Barbera. Both were released on DVD in 2005, marking the celebration of Tom and Jerry's 65th anniversary. In 2006, another direct-to-video film, Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers, tells the story about the pair having to work together to find the treasure. Joe came up with the storyline for the next film, Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale, as well as the initial idea of synchronizing the on-screen actions to music from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite. This DTV film, directed by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone, would be Joe Barbera's last Tom and Jerry project due to his death in December 2006. The holiday-set animated film was released on DVD in late 2007, and dedicated to Barbera. A new direct-to-video film, Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes, was released on August 24, 2010. It is the first made-for-video Tom and Jerry movie produced without any of the characters' original creators. The next direct-to-video film, Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz, was released on August 23, 2011 and was the first made-for-video Tom and Jerry movie made for Blu-ray. It had a preview showing on Cartoon Network. Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse was released on Blu-ray and DVD on October 2, 2012.[33] Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure was released in 2013 on Blu-ray and DVD.[34] Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon was released on DVD on September 2, 2014.[35] Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest was released on DVD on June 23, 2015.[36] Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.[37] Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was released on DVD on July 11, 2017.[38]

text: On April 6, 2015 a new theatrical feature film was announced. It will be completely animated and will be "in the same vein" as the source material. Cate Adams and Jesse Ehrman will oversee the movie.[39]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Like many animated cartoons from the 1930s to the early 1950s, Tom and Jerry featured racial stereotypes.[6] After explosions, for example, characters with blasted faces would resemble stereotypical blacks, with large lips and bow-tied hair. Perhaps the most controversial element of the show is the character Mammy Two Shoes,[40] a poor black maid who speaks in a stereotypical "black accent" and has a rodent problem. Joseph Barbera, who was responsible for these gags, claimed that the racial gags in Tom and Jerry did not reflect his racial opinion; they were just reflecting what was common in society and cartoons at the time and were meant to be humorous.[9] Today, the blackface gags are often censored when these shots are aired. Mammy Two-Shoes' voice was re-dubbed by Turner in the mid-1990s to make the character sound less stereotypical; the resulting accent sounds more Irish. Three shorts in particular, His Mouse Friday, the depiction of cannibals, in Casanova Cat, a scene where the face of Jerry is blackened by Tom with cigar smoke and Mouse Cleaning where Tom is shown as blackface has been removed from the Blu-ray DVD edition.[41]

text: In Tom and Jerry's Spotlight Collection DVD, a disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg warns viewers about the potentially offensive material in the cartoons and emphasizes that they were "wrong then and they are wrong today", borrowing a phrase from the Warner Bros. Golden collection. This disclaimer is also used in the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection: Volume 1 on iTunes.

text:
“
The cartoons you are about to see are products of their time. They may depict some of the ethnic and racial prejudices that were commonplace in the U.S. society. These depictions were wrong then and they are wrong today. While the following does not represent the Warner Bros. view of today's society, these cartoons are being presented as they were originally created, because to do otherwise would be the same as claiming that these prejudices never existed.
”

— Disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg[42]

text: As of 2011, most shorts that feature Mammy Two Shoes, except "Part Time Pal", are rarely seen on Cartoon Network and Boomerang.

text: In 2006, the British version of the Boomerang channel made plans to edit Tom and Jerry cartoons being aired in the UK where the characters were seen to be smoking in a manner that was "condoned, acceptable or glamorized". This followed a complaint from a viewer who thought that smoking was wrong and that the cartoons were not appropriate for younger viewers.[40] There was a subsequent investigation by UK media watchdog OFCOM.[26] It has also taken the U.S. approach by censoring blackface gags, though this seems to be random as not all scenes of this type are cut.

text: In 2013, it was reported that Cartoon Network of Brazil censored 27 shorts on the grounds of being "politically incorrect".[43] In an official release, the channel confirmed that it had censored only 2 shorts ("The Two Mouseketeers" and "Heavenly Puss") "by editorial issues and appropriateness of the content to the target audience—children of 7 to 11 years".[44]

text: Other formats[edit]

text: Tom and Jerry began appearing in comic books in 1942, as one of the features in Our Gang Comics. In 1949, with MGM's live-action Our Gang shorts having ceased production five years earlier, the series was renamed Tom and Jerry Comics. The pair continued to appear in various books for the rest of the 20th century.[45]

text: The pair have also appeared in a number of video games as well, spanning titles for systems for the Sega Genesis plus also Sega Game Gear and the Sega Master System and their rival console around the 1990s, Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES and Nintendo 64 to more recent entries for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube and also on the portable Nintendo consoles, Game Boy and Nintendo DS.

text: Cultural influences[edit]

text: Throughout the years, the term and title Tom and Jerry became practically synonymous with never-ending rivalry, as much as the related "cat and mouse fight" metaphor has. Yet in Tom and Jerry it was not the more powerful Tom who usually came out on top.

text: In January 2009, IGN named Tom and Jerry as the 66th best in the Top 100 Animated TV Shows.[46]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible, otherwise delete it. (January 2017)

text: In 1945, Jerry made an appearance in the live-action MGM musical feature film Anchors Aweigh, in which, through the use of special effects, he performs a dance routine with Gene Kelly. Tom is briefly seen in Anchors Aweigh. He appears as a servant, offering King Jerry some food on a tray.

text: Both Tom and Jerry appear with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another big-screen musical, Dangerous When Wet (1953).

text: In 1973, the magazine National Lampoon referenced Tom and Jerry in a violence-filled comic book parody, Kit 'n' Kaboodle.[47][48][49]

text: In The Simpsons, The Itchy & Scratchy Show is a spoof of Tom and Jerry—a "cartoon within a cartoon".[1][50][51] In an episode of the series titled "Krusty Gets Kancelled", Worker and Parasite, a replacement cartoon for Itchy & Scratchy, is a reference to Soviet-era animation.[52]

text: In an interview found on the DVD releases, several MADtv cast members stated that Tom and Jerry is one of their biggest influences for slapstick comedy. Also in the Cartoon Network show MAD, Tom and Jerry appear in three segments "Celebrity Birthdays", "Mickey Mouse Exterminator Service", and "Tom and Jury". Johnny Knoxville from Jackass has stated that watching Tom and Jerry inspired many of the stunts in the movies.[53]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the pre-video era, Tom & Jerry cartoons were a popular subject for 8mm home movies, with the UK-based Walton Films issuing dozens of titles as colour one-reel Super 8 films, in both silent and sound editions. Walton's agreement with MGM obligated them to release the films in slightly edited form, even though the single-reel format would have comfortably accommodated the cartoons' seven to eight minute running time.

text: MGM/UA released a series of Tom & Jerry laserdisc box sets in the 1990s. The Art of Tom & Jerry volumes 1 and 2, contain all the MGM shorts up to (but not including) the Deitch Era, including letterboxed versions of the shorts filmed in CinemaScope. The cartoons are all intact save for His Mouse Friday (dialogue has been wiped) and Saturday Evening Puss, which is the re-drawn version with June Foray's voice added. A third volume to The Art of Tom & Jerry was released and contains all of the Chuck Jones-era Tom and Jerry shorts.

text: There have been several Tom and Jerry DVDs released in Region 1 (the United States and Canada), including a series of two-disc sets known as the Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection. There have been negative responses to Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, due to some of the cartoons included on each having cuts and redubbed Mammy Two-Shoes dialogue. A replacement program offering uncut versions of the shorts on DVD was later announced. There are also negative responses to Vol. 3, due to Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat being excluded from these sets and His Mouse Friday being edited for content with an extreme zooming-in towards the end to avoid showing a particularly race-based caricature.

text: There have been two Tom and Jerry DVD sets in Region 2. In Western Europe, most of the Tom and Jerry shorts have been released (only two, The Million Dollar Cat and Busy Buddies, were not included) under the name Tom and Jerry: Classic Collection. Almost all of the shorts contain re-dubbed Mammy Two-Shoes tracks. Despite these cuts, His Mouse Friday, the only Tom and Jerry cartoon to be completely taken off the airwaves in some countries due to claims of racism, is included, unedited with the exception of zooming-in as on the North American set. These are regular TV prints sent from the U.S. in the 1990s. Shorts produced in CinemaScope are presented in pan and scan. Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat are presented uncut as part of these sets.

text: Tom and Jerry: Classic Collection is available in 6 double-sided DVDs (issued in the United Kingdom) and 12 single-layer DVDs (issued throughout Western Europe). Another Tom and Jerry Region 2 DVD set is available in Japan. As with Tom and Jerry:Classic Collection in Western Europe, almost all of the shorts (including His Mouse Friday) contain cuts. Slicked-up Pup, Tom's Photo Finish, Busy Buddies, The Egg and Jerry, Tops with Pops and Feedin' the Kiddie are excluded from these sets. However, most of these cartoons are included in the UK version. Most shorts produced in CinemaScope are presented in pan and scan for showing on the 4:3 aspect ratio television screen.

text: Prior to 2015, the Gene Deitch-era shorts saw limited home media release outside of Europe and Asia. In Japan, all thirteen shorts were released on the Tom and Jerry & Droopy laserdisc and VHS, as well as on the bonus DVD for those who have purchased all the ten titles of the DVD collection series at its initial release. In the United Kingdom, the shorts are available on the second side of the Tom and Jerry Classic Collection: Volume 5 DVD. In the United States, The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit, Down and Outing, and Carmen Get It! were included on the Paws for a Holiday VHS and DVD,[54] the Summer Holidays DVD, and the Musical Mayhem DVD, respectively. On June 2, 2015, Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection DVD was released in the United States, with all thirteen shorts as well as special features.

text: The Chuck Jones-era Tom and Jerry shorts were released in a two-disc set titled Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection on June 23, 2009.[55] On October 25, 2011, Warner Home Video released the first volume of the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection on DVD and Blu-ray.[56] This set featured newly remastered prints and bonus material never before seen. The sets were aimed at the collector in a way that the previous "Spotlight" DVD releases were not.[57] A second set was due for release at June 11, 2013. in February 2013, it was announced by TVShowsOnDVD.com that Mouse Cleaning was not part of the list of cartoons on this release, as well as the cartoon Casanova Cat that was also skipped over on the 2007 DVD release. Many collectors and fans[weasel words] have posted negative reviews of the product on Amazon and other various websites to make Warner put Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat on the release.[58]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Theatrical shorts[edit]

text: The following cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons:[59]

text:
1943: The Yankee Doodle Mouse
1944: Mouse Trouble
1945: Quiet Please!
1946: The Cat Concerto
1948: The Little Orphan
1952: The Two Mouseketeers
1953: Johann Mouse

text: These cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons, but did not win:

text:
1940: Puss Gets the Boot
1941: The Night Before Christmas
1947: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse
1949: Hatch Up Your Troubles
1950: Jerry's Cousin
1954: Touché, Pussy Cat!

text: Television shows[edit]

text:
The Tom and Jerry Show (ABC, 1975)
The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (CBS, 1980–1982)
Tom & Jerry Kids (FOX, 1990–1994)
Tom and Jerry Tales (The CW, Cartoon Network, 2006–2008)
The Tom and Jerry Show (Teletoon, Cartoon Network, 2014–present)

text: Packaged shows and programming blocks[edit]

text:
Tom and Jerry (1960s packaged show) (CBS, 1965–1972)
Tom and Jerry on BBC One (BBC, 1967–2000)
Tom and Jerry's Funhouse on TBS (TBS, 1986–1989)
Cartoon Network's Tom and Jerry Show (Cartoon Network, 1992–present)

text: Television specials[edit]

text:
Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (TNT, 1989)
Tom and Jerry: The Mansion Cat (Boomerang, 2001)
Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (Warner Home Video, 2014)[60]

text: Theatrical films[edit]

text: Tom and Jerry: The Movie (Turner Pictures/Film Roman/WMG, 1992)

text: Direct-to-video films[edit]

text:
Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (Warner Home Video, 2002)
Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (Warner Home Video, 2005)
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (Warner Home Video, 2005)
Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (Warner Home Video, 2006)
Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (Warner Home Video, 2007)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (Warner Home Video, 2010)
Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz (Warner Home Video, 2011)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (Warner Home Video, 2012)[33]
Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure (Warner Home Video, 2013)[34]
Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon (Warner Home Video, 2014)[35]
Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest (Warner Home Video, 2015)[36]
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (Warner Home Video, 2016)[61]
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (Warner Home Video, 2017)[62]


document_title: 7de Laan

question_text: who plays the role of karmen in 7de laan

text: 7de Laan

text: History[edit]

text: Odendaal originally conceived of the series when he was a resident of the Melville section of Johannesburg.[2] At the time, Odendaal would watch the people of his community over breakfast and a cup of coffee at his favourite coffee shop.[2] He would make up fictitious characters based on what he saw.[3]

text: The working title for the show was Die Koffiekan (The Coffee Pot).[2] Later it was renamed Hoe Meer Dae… (How many days), but the name was considered too similar to the American soap opera, Days of Our Lives.[2] Eventually, the title 7de Laan was chosen because it reflects a place where people live and work and because it is a common street name in South Africa.[2]

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: The series made its debut on Tuesday, 4 April 2000, on South African public television network SABC 2.[2] Initially, 7de Laan was broadcast on Tuesday only, then on Tuesday and Thursday, and eventually five days a week, Monday to Friday.[3]

text: After airing at 18:30 daily for much of its broadcast history, in July 2016, 7de Laan was moved to a later timeslot, 19:00.[4] In February 2017, 7de Laan's timeslot was changed again, this time moved to 18:00.[5] The move was part of an ongoing programme shuffle of the SABC's three TV networks, the third such major change in a year's time.[5] It was feared that the timeslot change would erode 7de Laan's audience, "working-class commuters," were not yet at home.[5]

text: In February 2017, SABC 2 announced that it would no longer air the omnibus edition of 7de Laan on Sunday afternoons.[6] However, in May 2017, SABC 2 announced that the Sunday omnibus would resume in July.[7] As of February 2017, Episodes continued to be repeated daily on SABC 2 at 13:00 and on SABC 3 at 13:30.[8] The show also remained available on the network's YouTube channel.[8]

text: In April 2010, 7de Laan celebrated ten years on television.[citation needed] During this month, viewers got to see pictures of the show through its ten years during the end credits of each episode.[citation needed] On 9 May 2013, episode number 3,000 was broadcast.[citation needed] On 20 October 2016, the series broadcast its 3,900th episode.[3]

text: On 9 March 2017, 7de Laan aired its 4000th episode.[9] The 4000th episode featured characters Vanessa (Ingrid Paulus) and Xander (Theodore Jantjies) renewing their wedding vows.[10] Several characters from the show's past were featured in the storyline, including Errol (Christo Davids), Dezi (Elma Postma), Wilmien (Nina Swart), and Karien (Christi Panagio).[10]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In 2009 7de Laan received 1.95 million viewers per episode.[2] In 2015, ratings were considered "still big but flat."[11] To improve the ratings, the show underwent changes in 2015, including a new theme song, opening credits, and sets.[11] At the time, almost half (45,3%) of the soap's viewership across all race groups was older than 50 years of age.[11]

text: In 2016, it was reported that the series was considered to be in "an ongoing ratings slide" but still drew 1.8 million viewers in September 2016 and was the 7th most popular programme on SABC 2.[12]

text: Storyline controversies[edit]

text: The Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa (BCCSA) found the series and SABC 2 guilty of contravening the South African Broadcasting Code of Conduct for episodes aired on April 27 and 28, 2012, in which one of the actors drank heavily and contemplated suicide after his wife had left him.[13]

text: In May 2015, SABC2 was forced to "humbly apologise" by the BCCSA for depictions of graphic violence and inappropriate language aired during February 2015.[14] The broadcast scenes depicted a hostage drama at the show's coffeehouse, Oppiekoffie.[14] The BCCSA ordered 7de Laan and SABC2 to broadcast an on-screen statement, accompanied by a voice-over telling viewers that 7de Laan and SABC2 had erred in broadcasting the scenes.[14]

text: In May 2016, the BCCSA fined the SABC R15,000 for breaching the broadcasting code.[15] The show had been charged with broadcasting a depiction of violence during family viewing time with insufficient warning to viewers.[15] In an episode aired on 24 March 2016, the character Willem was shown strangling the character Gita in a violent scene.[15]

text: For the first time in its then 17-year run, on 2 March 2017, 7de Laan aired a kiss between two male characters, Logan and Divan.[16] The kiss generated a mostly positive reaction from viewers who commented on the TV show's Facebook page.[17]

text: Contract dispute[edit]

text: In October 2016, it was reported that 7de Laan's production company, Danie Odendaal Productions, had not been able to negotiate successfully a new contract with the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC).[12] The company revealed that it had footed the bill for the series since July 2016 and could no longer afford to fund the production.[18] As a result, cast and crew were told they would not be paid.[12] It was also speculated that the 21 October 2016 episode could be the last one for several months.[19]

text: However, contract negotiations for both 7de Laan and fellow SABC 2 soap Muvhango were resolved satisfactorily.[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text: 7de Laan has won the following awards:

text:
Best Soapie, 2010, South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTA) (determined by public vote)[21]
Best Soapie, 2011, South African Film and Televisions Awards (SAFTA) (determined by public vote)[22]
Best TV Soap, 2014, South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTA) (determined by public vote)[23]

text: In 2011, 7de Laan won the SAFTA public vote for Best Soapie, despite an issue with voting.[22] The initial SMS voting number given for 7de Laan in the TV promos was wrong and had to be changed so the votes cast before the correction were lost.[24] Voting lines opened on 14 February and the correction was made on 16 February.[24]

text: In 2012, the show did not enter cast and crew into SAFTA categories, leading to its being removed from consideration from the Best Soap category.[25]

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The series' original theme song was composed by Louis van Rensburg and performed by the Soweto String Quartet.[11] Having been the theme song since the series' inception in 2000, the tune was considered "iconic" but was replaced in June 2015 with a new composition by Joe Niemand and Nomansland.[11] The theme-tune is so well-loved that many viewers complained when the instantly recognisable tune was replaced by the newer more modern theme.[citation needed]

text: Cookbook[edit]

text: In 2010, a cookbook featuring recipes inspired by the programme's characters was published.[26] Characters featured include Hilda, Matrone, Charmaine, Maria, Vince, Lukas, and Paula.[27] The book was released in two languages, in English as Cook with 7de Laan and in Afrikaans as 7de Laan Kook.[27]

text: List of characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: The main cast included:[28]

text:
Aggie Ngwenya (Mimi Mahlasela)
Alexa Welman (Carina Nel)
Amorey Welman (Kristen Raath)
Bonita Meintjies (Hildegardt Whites)
Charmaine Meintjies (Vinette Ebrahim)
Chris Welman (David Rees)
Connie van der Lecq-Atkins (Quinne Brown Huffman)[29]
Diederik Greyling (Hennie Jacobs)
Esti Fouche (Reandi Grey)
Fikani Chauke (Nicholas Nkuna)
Hilda de Kock-van Zyl (Annelisa Weiland)
Jacob Moloi (Patrick Shai)
Justin Booysen (Dann-Jacques Mouton)
Lesedi Moloi (KB Motsilanyane)
Mariaan Welman (Deirdre Wolhuter)
Marko Greyling (Francois Lensley)
Matrone Netta Nortjè (Annelize van der Ryst-Hattingh)
Rickus Welman (André Lotter)
Vanessa Meintjies (Ingrid Paulus)
Vince Meintjies (Jacques Blignaut)
Willem Spies (Markus Haywood)
Xander Meintjies (Theodore Jantjies)

text: Guest artists[edit]

text:
Amanda Louw (Carina Nel)
André Vosloo (Marcus Muller)
Arnold Langley (Simon Bruinders)
Karmen Meintjies (Gabriella Linton)
Kopano (Thabo Mhlanga)
Nozi (Dimpho More)
Olivia (Nadia Herbst)
Vernon (Duane Williams)

text: Past actors[edit]

text:
Altus de Bruyn (Heino Schmitt)
Alyce Morapedi (Vuyelwa Booi)
Anna van Biljon (Hanli Rolfes)
Annelie van Dyk (Donnalee Roberts)
Antoinette Heyneke (Zoe Ras)
Asha Sharma (Kajal Bagwandeen)
Ava Jordaan (Emily McLaren)
Bart Kruger (Neil Sandilands)
Bernard Jordaan (Werner Coetser)[30]
Brandt van der Bergh (Steve Hofmeyr)
Brionay (Verona Gosslet)
Carlos Perestrelo (Pedro Camara)
Cas van Graan (Andre Roothman)
Christelle Terreblanche (Anna-Mart van der Merwe)
Cindy (Christina Storm)
Clara (Angelique Gerber)
Daleen Meintjies (Denise Newman)
Danelle (Andrea Streso)
Dawid Greef (Stian Bam)
Dezi Terreblanche (Elma Postma)
Dewald Gerické (Kaz McFadden)
Dorothy Daniels (Shaleen Surtie-Richards)
Dr SP de Wet Malan (Gys de Villiers)
Dwayne (David Johnson)
Dylan (Charl Timotheus)
Elna Bredenkamp (Mandy Baard)
Elsa Winterbach (Isadora Verwey)
Emma le Roux (Bertha le Roux)
Errol Pieterse (Christo Davids)
Esther, Matrone's sister (Late Trudie Taljaard)
Felicity Daniels (Melanie Du Bois)[31]
"Flooze van Witbank" (Sorina Erasmus)
Francois Rossouw (Chris Van Niekerk)
George Kyriakis (Nico Panagio)
Gita McGregor (Jo da Silva)[32]
Hannes (Izak Taljaard)
Helena Moolman (Jana Strydom)
Henk (Francois Jacobs)
Herman Croukamp (Deon Coetzee)
Inge van Schalkwyk (Antoinette Louw)
Isabelle Moolman (Illse Roos)
Jacomien van Niekerk (Susanne Beyers)
Jan-Hendrik Terreblanche (Waldemar Schultz)
Jason De Lange (Jaco Snyman)
Jerome (Terence Bridgett)
Jocelyn Pieterse (Keziah Jooste)
Johan (Reynard Slabbert)
Kabelo Padi (Sekoati Tsubane)
Karien Momberg (Christi Panagio))
Khanyi (Hlehle Ndlovu)
Kim Conradie (Corné Crous)[31]
Kosie van die slaghuis (Kosie)
Leon de Lange (Dawid Minnaar)
Liam (Chris Chameleon)
Liezl (Anel Alexander)
Linda Jordaan (Elsabé Daneel)
Lindile Hadebe (Musa Ngema)
Louis Spies (Lesley van Wyk)
Lukas Mulder (Hendrik Cronje)
Madel Terreblanche (Wilna Snyman)
Mandla Khumalo (Freedom Hadebe)
Marcel van Niekerk (Zetske van Pletzen)
Maria Zibula (Themsie Times)
Monique van Huyssteen (Minette Grové)
Nadine (Mmapule Tsholo)
Nadia Croukamp (Simoné Nortmann)
Natalie Baker (Daniella Deysel)
Neville Meintjies (Zane Meas)
Nthabiseng (Salamina Mosese)
Neef Gert (Ben Kruger)
Nila (Gulashafa Sayed)
Nurse at the Hillside Clinic (Zelda Roelofse)
Oubaas Septimus van Zyl (Pierre van Pletzen)
Ockert (Anrich Herbst)
Paula van der Lecq-de Bruyn (Diaan Lawrenson)[33]
Petra Terreblanche (Yvonne van den Bergh)
Petro Cilliers (Carla van der Merwe)
Pierre (Brian Robson)
Pieter van Heerden (Ivan Botha)
Pulane Masemola (Masego Sehoole)[31]
Quentin (Danny Ross)
Retha (Marlise Erwee)
Riaan van Dyk (Luan Jacobs)
Romi (Barbara-Marie Venter)
Ryno Lategan (Chris Vorster)
Sandra Theron-Stutterheim (Heléne Lombard)
Sanjay Ramdin (Strini Pillai)
San-Mari van Graan (Amalia Uys)
Sheldon (Denver Vraagom)
Sifiso Ndlela (Anelisa Phewa)[31]
Sonja Theunissen (Tessa Holloway)
Steyn (Ivan Zimmerman)
Tamara (Tess van Staden)
Tante Dolores (Marga van Rooy)
Tannie Rademan (Late Miems De Bruyn)
Tannie Schoeman (Late Milla Louw)
Tessa Krige (Vicky Davis)
Tiaan Terreblanche (Francois Rautenbach)
Tim Jordaan (Marius Weyers)
Tokkie le Roux (Richard van der Westhuizen)
Tony - warden (Marlo Minnaar)
Trishan (Jai'prakash Sewram)
Tshepo (Sam Mbuyane)
Tyrone "Ty" Prinsloo (Wilhelm van der Walt)[34]
Willem Rautenbach (Ray Randall)
Wilmien de Lange (Nina Swart)
Wynand (Marcel van Heerden)
Zinzi Kheswa (Caroline Jacobs)

text: Past guest actors[edit]

text:
Alan Fletcher (Duncan Lawson)
Alex (Donovan Honeyborne)
Amos (Boikie Pholo)
Andries (Ian Rossouw)
Anél Botha (Kara du Toit)
Antoinette Heyneke (Zoe Ras)
Baby AJ de Bruyn (Jean Louw)
Baby Karmen (Razeen Isaacs)
Baby Samantha (Mia van Wyk)
Bekker (Shaun Barnard)
Benji (Rowan Cloete)
Belinda (Maritsa)
Bertus (Jean-Chris Posthumus)
Bets (Gigi Strydom)
Boeta (David James)
Charlie (Yutamé Venter)
Daleen Meintjies (Denise Newman)
Dali (Thabiso Mokethi)
David Abrahams (Abduraghmaan Adams)
Douglas (Mike Huff)
Dominee (Div de Villiers)
Dr Kritzinger (Estelle Kriek Venter)
Dr Moolman (Anriette van Rooyen)
Dumisani (Sandile Makhoba)
Dwelmsmous (Gert Steyn)
Eben (Jacques Bessenger)
Elaine Mostert (Natasha Dryden)
Ettiene (David Louw)
Fekile (Benni Langa)
Frank Krige (Albert Maritz)
Freda (Corlia Troskie)
Irma Theunissen (Adriana Faling)
Jackson (Marcus Mabusela)
Janet (Ingeborg Riedmaier)
Joshi (Zane Gillion)
Jurie (Herman Vorster)
Karmen (Erin le Roux)
Koot (Francois Stemmet)
Kristin de Swardt (Loriska Bubb)
Lana (Natalie van der Walt)
Larry Saayman (Sean Brebnor)
Leonie (Marinhta Labuschagne)
Lilian Bala (Vicky Kente)
Lorraine (Estelle Grobler - Stellie)
Loyiso (Mike Mvelase)
Luke (Jonathan Pienaar)
Lynette Lindeque (Odelle de Wet)
Lynn-Mari (Vanessa Smith)
Michelle (Michelle Victor)
Monique (Lizca Kruger)
Nadine (Mmapule Tsholo)
Nurse (Zelda Roelofse)
Retief (Alwyn van der Merwe)
Rick (Darren Kelfkens)
Rochelle (Lindy Joubert)
Speurder Kobus Fourie (Willem Klopper)
Speurder Fritz de Lange (Jacques Gombault)
Tarryn (Kay Smith)
Terry (Jenna Dunster)
Thinus le Roux (Juandré van Zyl)
Tom (Craig Hawks)
Tumi (Mari Molefe van Heerden)
Vanessa's GP (Natasha du Plooy)
Vivian Williams (Vinette Ebrahim)
Wessel Buys (André Schwartz)
Yannis (Emmanuel Castis)
Zelda (Amor Vittone)

text: Shops, businesses and residences[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: 7de Laan is set in Hillside which is a fictional suburb in Johannesburg. Within the suburb, there are many businesses and shops where the characters work and hang out. These are some of the locations featured in the series:[1]

text: Hillside Heights

text: The Hillside Heights is the centre of Hillside. It is an old residential building that has small apartments where most of the characters reside. The Hillside Heights building is owned by Willem Spies and Oubaas van Zyl is the caretaker of the building. Many a spookstorie made its appearance in the building's alleys, and so often somebody gets locked-up in the store room by accident.

text: Charmaine Meintjies owns and runs Oppiekoffie, which is a coffee shop located on the ground floor of the Hillside Heights building, directly opposite the Eclectic E boutique. The current waiters at Oppiekoffie are Petro, Kopano and Amoray. Many of the young characters worked there as waiters in the past: Annelie, Bernard, Clara, Connie, Danelle, Diederik, Kabelo, Kim, Lucas, Monique, Pieter, Tessa and Zinzi.

text: Eclectic E Boutique[1]

text: Eclectic E is the local boutique located opposite Oppikoffie. It is owned by Felicity Daniels, a well-known fashion designer. It was closed down for a time when Felicity left, but it has since reopened and is currently managed by Connie (van der Lecq). Past assistants were Pulane, Irma, Paula, Annelie, Clara, Monique and Tessa. It is a popular meeting place for many of the females.

text: *The Hillside Deli The Deli was owned and managed by Vince Meintjies (one of Neville Meintjies' sons). Jerome, Bart, Vanessa, Matrone, Lukas, Bernard, Pieter and Amoray used to work here at different times.

text: The Hillside Bookshop[1]

text: The bookshop is owned by Ryno Lategan with the assistance of Matrone Netta Nortjè. The bookshop has featured many real life book-releases on the show with the author guest-starring in the particular episode to sign autographs and to answer questions.

text: Bruynwaves

text: Bruynwaves is an events organising company that was previously owned by Altus du Bruyn and bought over by the current owner Vanessa Meintjies. Diederik and Justin are co-organisers.

text: Theron & Terreblanche (T&T)

text: T&T is the local sporting equipment shop, formerly owned by Madel Terreblanche (the matriarch of the wealthy Terreblanche family and the namesake of the shop). The Hillside Gym is located on the first floor of the building. Willem is the manager of T&T and Rickus works in T&T as shop assistant.

text: O'Malley's

text: O'Malley's is the pub where the young crowd like to hang out. Former bartenders included Lucas, Pieter and Bernard.

text: Stasie Ses

text: The after-work recreation and relaxation venue in Hillside. Owned and run by Marko Greyling.

text: The Welman House

text: This is a real, old time mansion, previously owned by Madel Terreblanche and author Ryno Lategan, then by the Croukamps, but now by the Welmans. It turns out to be a popular venue for house parties, fashion shows, book launches as well as wedding receptions. A fictitional character (never seen on screen) is Evelina, the residence's cook and famous for her dish Evelina se niertjies. She started working there when it was still Madel's house in early episodes.

text: Hillside Clinic

text: Whenever there is a medical emergency, this scene comes into play. "Patients" are kept in bed for a short while, visited by the other characters, and then discharged home. Doctor Alexa Welman works here.

text: Other places (seldom seen on screen):

text:
Restaurant "Le Petit Paris"
The Cherry On Top (Restaurant)
Mostly Matise (Restaurant)
Laura Lee Beauty Salon
Felicity Fashions' factory
Die slaghuis (butchery)
Die apteek (pharmacy)
Police station and magistrate's court
The Church (mostly for weddings)

text: References in Popular Culture[edit]

text: The show was referenced in the first episode of the Netflix original series, The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale, in which McHale joked about a scene in an episode where one of the main characters calls one of the child guest stars, and calls the Afrikaans word for child, which sounds strikingly similar to the English word “cunt”.


document_title: Amateur radio operator

question_text: how many ham radio operators in the us

question_tokens: how many ham radio operators in the us

text: Amateur radio operator

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Country

Number of amateurradio operators

% population

Year ofReport

Source

 United States

801,424

0.248

2016

[3]

 Japan

435,581

0.343

2015

[4]

 Thailand

176,278

0.275

2006

[5]

 Germany

75,262

0.092

2007

[6]

 Canada

69,183

0.201

2011

[3]

 Republic of China

68,692

0.296

1999

[5]

 Spain

58,700

0.127

1999

[5]

 United Kingdom

58,426

0.094

2000

[5]

 South Korea

42,632

0.082

2012

[7]

 Russia

38,000

0.026

1993

[5]

 Brazil

32,053

0.016

1997

[5]

 Italy

30,000

0.049

1993

[5]

 Indonesia

27,815

0.011

1997

[5]

 France

14,160

0.02

2013

[5]

 Ukraine

17,265

0.037

2000

[5]

 Argentina

16,889

0.042

1999

[5]

 Poland

16,000

0.041

2000

[5]

 Australia

15,328

0.067

2000

[5]

 India

15,679

0.001

2000

[5]

 Malaysia

10,509

0.0004

2016

[5]

 Denmark

8,668

0.156

2012

[8]

 Slovenia

6,500

0.317

2000

[5]

 South Africa

6,000

0.012

1994

[5]

 Austria

5,967

0.068

2016

[9]

 Norway

5,302

0.106

2000

[5]

 Finland

5,000

0.090

2016

[10]

 Romania

3,527

0.018

2017

[11]

text: Few governments maintain detailed demographic statistics of their amateur radio operator populations, aside from recording the total number of licensed operators. The majority of amateur radio operators worldwide reside in Japan, the United States, Thailand, South Korea, and the nations of Europe. The top five countries by percentage of the population are Japan, Slovenia, Taiwan, South Korea and Thailand. Only the governments of Yemen and North Korea currently prohibit their citizens from becoming amateur radio operators. In some countries, acquiring an amateur radio license is difficult because of the bureaucratic processes or fees that place access to a license out of reach for most citizens. Most nations permit foreign nationals to earn an amateur radio license, but very few amateur radio operators are licensed in multiple countries.

text: Gender[edit]

text: In the vast majority of countries, the population of amateur radio operators is predominantly male. In China, 12% of amateur radio operators are women,[12] while approximately 15% of amateur radio operators in the United States are women.[13] The Young Ladies Radio League is an international organization of female amateur radio operators.

text: A male amateur radio operator can be referred to as an OM, an abbreviation used in Morse code telegraphy for "old man", regardless of the operator's age. A female amateur radio operator can be referred to as a YL, from the abbreviation used for "young lady", regardless of the operator's age. XYL was once used by amateur radio operators to refer to an unlicensed woman, usually the wife of a male amateur radio operator; today, the term has come to mean any female spouse of an amateur radio operator, licensed or not.  Sometimes the wife of a ham operator is called a YF (wife). Although these codes are derived from English language abbreviations, their use is common among amateur radio operators worldwide. Incidentally, the most common language heard in the HF amateur bands (the bands below 30 MHz that support worldwide communications) is English.

text: Age[edit]

text: In most countries there is no minimum age requirement to earn an amateur radio license and become an amateur radio operator. Although the number of amateur radio operators in many countries increases from year to year[citation needed], the average age of amateur radio operators is quite high. In some countries, the average age is over 80 years old[citation needed], with most amateur radio operators earning their license in their 40s or 50s.[citation needed]

text: Some national radio societies have responded to this by developing programs specifically to encourage youth participation in amateur radio, such as the American Radio Relay League's Amateur Radio Education and Technology Program.[14] The World Wide Young Contesters organization promotes youth involvement, particularly amongst Europeans, in competitive radio contesting. A strong tie also exists between the amateur radio community and the Scouting movement to introduce radio technology to youth. WOSM's annual Jamboree On The Air is Scouting's largest activity, with a half million Scouts and Guides speaking with each other using amateur radio each October.[15]

text: Silent Key[edit]

text: When referring to a person, the phrase Silent Key and its abbreviation SK indicates an amateur radio operator who is deceased.[16] The procedural signal "SK" (or "VA") has historically been used in Morse code as the last signal sent from a station before ending operation,[17] usually just before shutting off the transmitter. Since this was the last signal received by other operators, the code was adopted to refer to any amateur radio operator who is deceased, regardless of whether they were known to have used telegraphy in their communications.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
An operator running high-speed telegraphy (HST)

An operator working HF

Amateur Radio station equipped for reception of VLF signals.

Shack of F6BLK in September 2008


document_title: I'll Be Over You

question_text: who sings toto i'll be over you

question_tokens: who sings toto i 'll be over you

text: I'll Be Over You

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video (in which guest vocalist McDonald also appears) was shot with the band playing on an apartment rooftop until it rained. The rooftop is on top of the building located at 548 South Spring Street in Los Angeles, California, USA.[3]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"I'll Be Over You"
"In a Word" - Non-album track, later released on Toto XX

tag: ol

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [4]
11

U.S. Adult Contemporary [4]
1

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Steve Lukather - lead and backing vocals, guitars
Joseph Williams - backing vocals
David Paich — Yamaha DX7 Rhodes, synthesizer
Steve Porcaro - synthesizer
Mike Porcaro - bass
Jeff Porcaro - drums

text:
Michael McDonald - backing vocal
Lenny Castro - percussion
Paulinho da Costa - percussion


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office

question_text: who was the longest serving australian prime minister

text: Rank by time in office[edit]

text:
Australian Labor Party   Liberal Party of Australia   Australian Country Party   Nationalist Party of Australia
  United Australia Party   Commonwealth Liberal Party   National Labor Party   Free Trade Party   Protectionist Party

text:
Rank:
No:
Prime Minister:
Portrait:
Party:
District:
Assumed
Office:
Left
Office:
TERM
Time in Office:
TOTAL
Time in Office:
Election
Wins:

1.
12th
Sir Robert Menzies
(1894–1978)

United Australia
Kooyong, VIC
(1934–1966)
26 April 1939
29 August 1941
7002856000000000000♠2 years, 125 days
18 years, 163 days
1940 1949 1951
1954 1955 1958
1961 1963

Liberal
19 December 1949
26 January 1966
7003588200000000000♠16 years, 38 days

2.
25th
John Howard
(born 1939)

Liberal
Bennelong, NSW
(1974–2007)
11 March 1996
3 December 2007
7003428400000000000♠11 years, 267 days
1996 1998 2001
2004

3.
23rd
Bob Hawke
(born 1929)

Labor
Wills, VIC
(1980–1992)
11 March 1983
20 December 1991
7003320600000000000♠8 years, 284 days
1983 1984 1987
1990

4.
22nd
Malcolm Fraser
(1930–2015)

Liberal
Wannon, VIC
(1955–1983)
11 November 1975
11 March 1983
7003267700000000000♠7 years, 120 days
1975 1977 1980

5.
7th
Billy Hughes
(1862–1952)

Labor
West Sydney, NSW
(1901–1917)
Bendigo, VIC
(1917–1922)
North Sydney, NSW
(1922–1949)
27 October 1915
9 February 1923
7003266200000000000♠7 years, 105 days
1917 1919 1922

National Labor

Nationalist

6.
10th
Joseph Lyons
(1879–1939)

United Australia
Wilmot, TAS
(1929–1939)
6 January 1932
7 April 1939
7003264800000000000♠7 years, 91 days
1931 1934 1937

7.
8th
Stanley Bruce
(1883–1967)

Nationalist
Flinders, VIC
(1918–1929)
9 February 1923
22 October 1929
7003244700000000000♠6 years, 255 days
1925 1928

8.
2nd
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)

Protectionist
Ballaarat, VIC
(1901–1913)
24 September 1903
27 April 1904
7002216000000000000♠216 days
4 years, 313 days
1903 1906

5 July 1905
13 November 1908
7003122700000000000♠3 years, 131 days

Commonwealth Liberal
2 June 1909
29 April 1910
7002331000000000000♠331 days

9.
5th
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)

Labor
Wide Bay, QLD
(1901–1915)
13 November 1908
2 June 1909
7002201000000000000♠201 days
4 years, 297 days
1910 1914

29 April 1910
24 June 1913
7003115200000000000♠3 years, 56 days

17 September 1914
27 October 1915
7002405000000000000♠1 year, 40 days

10.
16th
Ben Chifley
(1885–1951)

Labor
Macquarie, NSW
(1940–1951)
13 July 1945
19 December 1949
7003162000000000000♠4 years, 159 days
1946

11.
24th
Paul Keating
(born 1944)

Labor
Blaxland, NSW
(1969–1996)
20 December 1991
11 March 1996
7003154300000000000♠4 years, 82 days
1993

12.
14th
John Curtin
(1885–1945)

Labor
Fremantle, WA
(1934–1945)
7 October 1941
5 July 1945
7003136700000000000♠3 years, 271 days
1943

13.
19th
John Gorton
(1911–2002)

Liberal
22.2.1950 – 1.2.1968: Senate (Vic)
2.2.1968 – 23.2.1968: Not in Parliament
24.2.1968 – 11.11.1975: Higgins, VIC
(1968–1975)
10 January 1968
10 March 1971
7003115500000000000♠3 years, 59 days
1969

14.
27th
Julia Gillard
(born 1961)

Labor
Lalor, VIC
(1998–2013)
24 June 2010
27 June 2013
7003109900000000000♠3 years, 3 days
2010

15.
21st
Gough Whitlam
(1916–2014)

Labor
Werriwa, NSW
(1952–1978)
5 December 1972
11 November 1975
7003107100000000000♠2 years, 341 days
1972 1974

16.
26th
Kevin Rudd
(born 1957)

Labor
Griffith, QLD
(1998–2013)
3 December 2007
24 June 2010
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 203 days
2 years, 286 days
2007

27 June 2013
18 September 2013
7001830000000000000♠83 days

17.
1st
Sir Edmund Barton
(1849–1920)

Protectionist
Hunter, NSW
(1901–1903)
1 January 1901
24 September 1903
7002996000000000000♠2 years, 266 days
1901

18.
9th
James Scullin
(1876–1953)

Labor
Yarra, VIC
(1922–1949)
22 October 1929
6 January 1932
7002806000000000000♠2 years, 76 days
1929

19.
29th
Malcolm Turnbull
(born 1954)

Liberal
Wentworth, NSW
(2004–present)
15 September 2015
Incumbent
7002783000000000000♠2 years, 52 days
2016

20.
28th
Tony Abbott
(born 1957)

Liberal
Warringah, NSW
(1994–present)
18 September 2013
15 September 2015
7002727000000000000♠1 year, 362 days
2013

21.
17th
Harold Holt
(1908–1967)

Liberal
Higgins, VIC
(1949–1967)
26 January 1966
19 December 1967
7002692000000000000♠1 year, 327 days
1966

22.
20th
William McMahon
(1908–1988)

Liberal
Lowe, NSW
(1949–1982)
10 March 1971
5 December 1972
7002636000000000000♠1 year, 270 days

23.
6th
Joseph Cook
(1860–1947)

Commonwealth Liberal
Parramatta, NSW
(1901–1921)
24 June 1913
17 September 1914
7002450000000000000♠1 year, 85 days
1913

24.
4th
George Reid
(1845–1918)

Free Trade
East Sydney, NSW
(1901–1910)
18 August 1904
5 July 1905
7002321000000000000♠321 days

25.
3rd
Chris Watson
(1867–1941)

Labor
Bland, NSW
(1901–1906)
27 April 1904
18 August 1904
7002113000000000000♠113 days

26.
13th
Arthur Fadden
(1894–1973)

Country
Darling Downs, QLD
(1936–1949)
29 August 1941
7 October 1941
7001390000000000000♠39 days

27.
18th
John McEwen
(1900–1980)

Country
Murray, VIC
(1949–1971)
19 December 1967
10 January 1968
7001220000000000000♠22 days

28.
11th
Sir Earle Page
(1880–1961)

Country
Cowper, NSW
(1919–1961)
7 April 1939
26 April 1939
7001190000000000000♠19 days

29.
15th
Frank Forde
(1890–1983)

Labor
Capricornia, QLD
(1922–1946)
6 July 1945
13 July 1945
7000700000000000000♠7 days

text: Prime Ministers' parties by time in office[edit]

text:
Liberal Party of Australia – 16843 days as of 6 November 2017.
Australian Labor Party – 13798 days
Nationalist Party – 5142 days
United Australia Party – 3505 days
Protectionist Party – 2442 days
Commonwealth Liberal Party – 783 days
Free Trade Party – 322 days
Country Party – 84 days