document_title: Column

question_text: what is the top part of a pillar called

question_tokens: what is the top part of a pillar called

text: Column

text: History[edit]

text: All significant Iron Age civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean made some use of columns. In Ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds; in later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common. Egyptian columns are famously present in the Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak (ca. 1224 BC), where 134 columns are lined up in 16 rows, with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres.

text: Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the Persians, especially the massive stone columns erected in Persepolis. They included double-bull structures in their capitals. The Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis, measuring 70 × 70 metres, was built by the Achaemenid king Darius I (524–486 BC). Many of the ancient Persian columns are standing, some being more than 30 metres tall.[citation needed]

text: The Minoans used whole tree-trunks, usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth, stood on a base set in the stylobate (floor base) and topped by a simple round capital. These were then painted as in the most famous Minoan palace of Knossos. The Minoans employed columns to create large open-plan spaces, light-wells and as a focal point for religious rituals. These traditions were continued by the later Mycenaean civilization, particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces. The importance of columns and their reference to palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as the famous lion-gate of Mycenae where two lions stand each side of a column. Being made of wood these early columns have not survived, but their stone bases have and through these we may see their use and arrangement in these palace buildings.

text: The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon. The Greeks developed the classical orders of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and its various elements. Their Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders were expanded by the Romans to include the Tuscan and Composite orders (see below).

text: Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in the architecture of the Middle Ages. The classical forms were abandoned in both Byzantine architecture and the Romanesque and Gothic architecture of Europe in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various types of foliage decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in relief. Renaissance architecture was keen to revive the classical vocabulary and styles, and the informed use and variation of the classical orders remained fundamental to the training of architects throughout Baroque, Rococo and Neo-classical architecture.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a single piece of stone. Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical sites, sectioned columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together, using stone or metal pins. The design of most classical columns incorporates entasis (the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect.

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: Most classical columns arise from a basis, or base, that rests on the stylobate, or foundation, except for those of the Doric order, which usually rest directly on the stylobate. The basis may consist of several elements, beginning with a wide, square slab known as a plinth. The simplest bases consist of the plinth alone, sometimes separated from the column by a convex circular cushion known as a torus. More elaborate bases include two toruses, separated by a concave section or channel known as a scotia or trochilus. Scotiae could also occur in pairs, separated by a convex section called an astragal, or bead, narrower than a torus. Sometimes these sections were accompanied by still narrower convex sections, known as annulets or fillets.[2][3]

text: At the top of the shaft is a capital, upon which the roof or other architectural elements rest. In the case of Doric columns, the capital usually consists of a round, tapering cushion, or echinus, supporting a square slab, known as an abax or abacus. Ionic capitals feature a pair of volutes, or scrolls, while Corinthian capitals are decorated with reliefs in the form of acanthus leaves. Either type of capital could be accompanied by the same moldings as the base.[2][3] In the case of free-standing columns, the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a finial.

text: Modern columns may be constructed out of steel, poured or precast concrete, or brick, left bare or clad in an architectural covering, or veneer. Used to support an arch, an impost, or pier, is the topmost member of a column. The bottom-most part of the arch, called the springing, rests on the impost.

text: Equilibrium, instability, and loads[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Mechanical failure modes

Buckling
Corrosion
Corrosion fatigue
Creep
Fatigue
Fouling
Fracture
Hydrogen embrittlement
Impact
Mechanical overload
Stress corrosion cracking
Thermal shock
Wear
Yielding

tag: table

text: As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic material properties is increased in magnitude, this ideal column passes through three states: stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium, and instability. The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a lateral force, applied between the two ends of the column, produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and the column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is removed. If the column load is gradually increased, a condition is reached in which the straight form of equilibrium becomes so-called neutral equilibrium, and a small lateral force will produce a deflection that does not disappear and the column remains in this slightly bent form when the lateral force is removed. The load at which neutral equilibrium of a column is reached is called the critical or buckling load. The state of instability is reached when a slight increase of the column load causes uncontrollably growing lateral deflections leading to complete collapse.

text: For an axially loaded straight column with any end support conditions, the equation of static equilibrium, in the form of a differential equation, can be solved for the deflected shape and critical load of the column. With hinged, fixed or free end support conditions the deflected shape in neutral equilibrium of an initially straight column with uniform cross section throughout its length always follows a partial or composite sinusoidal curve shape, and the critical load is given by

text:
f

c
r

≡

π

2

E

I

m
i
n

L

2

(
1
)

{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}{\textit {E}}I_{min}}{{L}^{2}}}\qquad (1)}

text: where E = elastic modulus of the material, Imin = the minimal moment of inertia of the cross section, and L = actual length of the column between its two end supports. A variant of (1) is given by

text:
f

c
r

≡

π

2

E

T

(

K
L

r

)

2

(
2
)

{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}E_{T}}{({\frac {KL}{r}})^{2}}}\qquad (2)}

text: where r = radius of gyration of [column]cross-section which is equal to the square root of (I/A), K = ratio of the longest half sine wave to the actual column length, and KL = effective length (length of an equivalent hinged-hinged column). From Equation (2) it can be noted that the buckling strength of a column is inversely proportional to the square of its length.

text: When the critical stress, Fcr (Fcr =Pcr/A, where A = cross-sectional area of the column), is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the column is experiencing inelastic buckling. Since at this stress the slope of the material's stress-strain curve, Et (called the tangent modulus), is smaller than that below the proportional limit, the critical load at inelastic buckling is reduced. More complex formulas and procedures apply for such cases, but in its simplest form the critical buckling load formula is given as Equation (3),

text:
f

c
r

≡

F

y

−

F

y

2

4

π

2

E

(

K
L

r

2

)

(
3
)

{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {F_{y}}-{\frac {F_{y}^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}E}}\left({\frac {KL}{r^{2}}}\right)\qquad (3)}

text: where Et = tangent modulus at the stress Fcr

text: A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling (sudden twisting) before, or in combination with, lateral buckling. The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex.

text: Eccentricity of the load, or imperfections such as initial crookedness, decreases column strength. If the axial load on the column is not concentric, that is, its line of action is not precisely coincident with the centroidal axis of the column, the column is characterized as eccentrically loaded. The eccentricity of the load, or an initial curvature, subjects the column to immediate bending. The increased stresses due to the combined axial-plus-flexural stresses result in a reduced load-carrying ability.

text: Column elements are considered to be massive if their smallest side dimension is equal to or more than 400 mm. Massive columns have the ability to increase in carrying strength over long time periods (even during periods of heavy load). Taking into account the fact, that possible structural loads may increase over time as well (and also the threat of progressive failure), massive columns have an advantage compared to non-massive ones.

text: Extensions[edit]

text: When a column is too long to be built or transported in one piece, it has to be extended or spliced at the construction site. A reinforced concrete column is extended by having the steel reinforcing bars protrude a few inches or feet above the top of the concrete, then placing the next level of reinforcing bars to overlap, and pouring the concrete of the next level. A steel column is extended by welding or bolting splice plates on the flanges and webs or walls of the columns to provide a few inches or feet of load transfer from the upper to the lower column section. A timber column is usually extended by the use of a steel tube or wrapped-around sheet-metal plate bolted onto the two connecting timber sections.

text: Foundations[edit]

text: A column that carries the load down to a foundation must have means to transfer the load without overstressing the foundation material. Reinforced concrete and masonry columns are generally built directly on top of concrete foundations. When seated on a concrete foundation, a steel column must have a base plate to spread the load over a larger area, and thereby reduce the bearing pressure. The base plate is a thick, rectangular steel plate usually welded to the bottom end of the column.

text: Classical orders[edit]

text: The Roman author Vitruvius, relying on the writings (now lost) of Greek authors, tells us that the ancient Greeks believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood. The earlier smoothed tree-trunk was replaced by a stone cylinder.

text: Doric order[edit]

text: The Doric order is the oldest and simplest of the classical orders. It is composed of a vertical cylinder that is wider at the bottom. It generally has neither a base nor a detailed capital. It is instead often topped with an inverted frustum of a shallow cone or a cylindrical band of carvings. It is often referred to as the masculine order because it is represented in the bottom level of the Colosseum and the Parthenon, and was therefore considered to be able to hold more weight. The height-to-thickness ratio is about 8:1. The shaft of a Doric Column is almost always fluted.

text: The Greek Doric, developed in the western Dorian region of Greece, is the heaviest and most massive of the orders. It rises from the stylobate without any base; it is from four to six times as tall as its diameter; it has twenty broad flutes; the capital consists simply of a banded necking swelling out into a smooth echinus, which carries a flat square abacus; the Doric entablature is also the heaviest, being about one-fourth the height column. The Greek Doric order was not used after c. 100 B.C. until its “rediscovery” in the mid-eighteenth century.

text: Tuscan order[edit]

text: The Tuscan order, also known as Roman Doric, is also a simple design, the base and capital both being series of cylindrical disks of alternating diameter. The shaft is almost never fluted. The proportions vary, but are generally similar to Doric columns. Height to width ratio is about 7:1.

text: Ionic order[edit]

text: The Ionic column is considerably more complex than the Doric or Tuscan. It usually has a base and the shaft is often fluted (it has grooves carved up its length). The capital features a volute, an ornament shaped like a scroll, at the four corners. The height-to-thickness ratio is around 9:1. Due to the more refined proportions and scroll capitals, the Ionic column is sometimes associated with academic buildings. Ionic style columns were used on the second level of the Colosseum.

text: Corinthian order[edit]

text: The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket. In fact, the oldest known Corinthian capital was found in Bassae, dated at 427 BC. It is sometimes called the feminine order because it is on the top level of the Colosseum and holding up the least weight, and also has the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Height to width ratio is about 10:1.

text: Composite order[edit]

text: The Composite order draws its name from the capital being a composite of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals. The acanthus of the Corinthian column already has a scroll-like element, so the distinction is sometimes subtle. Generally the Composite is similar to the Corinthian in proportion and employment, often in the upper tiers of colonnades. Height to width ratio is about 11:1 or 12:1.

text: Solomonic[edit]

text: A Solomonic column, sometimes called "barley sugar", begins on a base and ends in a capital, which may be of any order, but the shaft twists in a tight spiral, producing a dramatic, serpentine effect of movement. Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world, but remained rare there. A famous marble set, probably 2nd century, was brought to St Peter's, Rome by Constantine I, and placed round the saint's shrine, and was thus familiar throughout the Middle Ages, by which time they were thought to have been removed from the Temple of Jerusalem.[4] The style was used in bronze by Bernini for his spectacular St. Peter's baldachin, actually a ciborium (which displaced Constantine's columns), and thereafter became very popular with Baroque and Rococo church architects, above all in Latin America, where they were very often used, especially on a small scale, as they are easy to produce in wood by turning on a lathe (hence also the style's popularity for spindles on furniture and stairs).

text: Pillar tombs[edit]

text: Pillar tombs are monumental graves, which typically feature a single, prominent pillar or column, often made of stone. A number of world cultures incorporated pillars into tomb structures. In the Ancient Greek colony of Lycia in Anatolia, one of these edifices is located at the tomb of Xanthos. In the town of Hannassa in southern Somalia, ruins of houses with archways and courtyards have also been found along with other pillar tombs, including a rare octagonal tomb.[5]


document_title: Blighted ovum

question_text: gestational sac but no yolk sac and embryo

root

text: Blighted ovum

text:
Anembryonic gestation

Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a gestational sac with a diameter of 28 mm, corresponding to a gestational age of approximately 7 weeks and 5 days. It contains a yolk sac (protruding from its lower part) but no embryo, even after scanning across all planes of the gestational sac, thus being diagnostic of an anembryonic gestation.

Classification and external resources

Specialty
obstetrics

ICD-10
O02.0

ICD-9-CM
631

[edit on Wikidata]

text: A blighted ovum or anembryonic gestation (anembryonic pregnancy) is a pregnancy in which the embryo never develops or develops and is reabsorbed.[1] It typically results in a miscarriage. In a normal pregnancy, an embryo would be visible on an ultrasound by six weeks after the woman's last menstrual period. Anembryonic gestation is one of the causes of miscarriage of a pregnancy.[2][3][4]

tag: p

text: A blighted ovum or anembryonic gestation is characterized by a normal-appearing gestational sac, but the absence of an embryo. It likely occurs as a result of early embryonic death with continued development of the trophoblast. When small, the sac cannot be distinguished from the early normal pregnancy, as there may be a yolk sac, though a fetal pole is not seen. For diagnosis, the sac must be of sufficient size that the absence of normal embryonic elements is established. The criteria depends on the type of ultrasound exam performed. A pregnancy is anembryonic if a transvaginal ultrasound reveals a sac with a mean gestational sac diameter (MGD) greater than 25 mm and no yolk sac, or an MGD >25 mm with no embryo. Transabdominal imaging without transvaginal scanning may be sufficient for diagnosing early pregnancy failure when an embryo whose crown–rump length is 15 mm or more has no visible cardiac activity.[5]


document_title: Midnight sun

question_text: on what date does the arctic circle experience the midnight sun

text: Midnight sun

text: Details[edit]

text: Around the summer solstice (approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere), the sun is visible for the full 24 hours, given fair weather. The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes. Although approximately defined by the polar circles, in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles (90 km) outside the polar circle, as described below, and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year-to-year.

text: Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle, apart from research stations, the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle: the Canadian Yukon, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories; the nations of Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Greenland), Russia; and the State of Alaska in the United States. A quarter of Finland's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle, and at the country's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer. In Svalbard, Norway, the northernmost inhabited region of Europe, there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August. The extreme sites are the poles, where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year. The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September.

text: The opposite phenomenon, polar night, occurs in winter, when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day.

text: Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable (approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes), the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer.[1] The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle, for several weeks only 100 km (62 mi) closer to the pole, and for six months at the pole. At extreme latitudes, the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day.

text: At the poles themselves, the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox. During the six months that the sun is above the horizon, it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer, gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice.

text: Because of atmospheric refraction, and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point, the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle, though not exceeding one degree (depending on local conditions). For example, Iceland is known for its midnight sun, even though most of it (Grímsey is the exception) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle. For the same reasons, the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months. Even the northern extremities of Scotland (and places at similar latitudes, such as St. Petersburg) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice.

text: Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the "dip" of the horizon viewed from altitude.

text: Time zones and daylight saving time[edit]

text: The term "midnight sun" refers to the consecutive 24-hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as "midnight sun", but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time. For instance, in Fairbanks, Alaska, which is south of the Arctic Circle, the sun sets at 12:47 am at the summer solstice. This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone (as most of the state is in one time zone) and Alaska observes daylight saving time. (Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west, corresponding to UTC−9 hours 51 minutes, and is on UTC−9 in winter.) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12:51 pm instead of at 12 noon.

text: If a precise moment for the genuine "midnight sun" is required, the observer's longitude, the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account. The moment of the sun's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer's position, which occurs only approximately at midnight in general. Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock, while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time (UTC, also known as GMT) makes the moment an hour later. These two effects must be added. Furthermore, the equation of time (which depends on the date) must be added: a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position, so the value must be subtracted.[2]

text: As an example, at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21/22, the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time; but the local time, 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer, makes it 120 minutes later by clock time. The equation of time at that date is -2.0 minutes. Therefore, the sun's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight: at 00.19 Central European Summer time. On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time, so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period. The sun's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time.

text: White nights[edit]

text: Locations where the sun remains less than 6 (or 7[3]) degrees below the horizon—above 60° 34’ (or 59° 34’) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle—experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun, so that daytime activities, such as reading, are still possible without artificial light on a clear night.

text: White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg, Russia, where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July,[3] and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival.

text: Duration[edit]

text: Even though at the Arctic Circle the center of the sun is, per definition and without refraction by the atmosphere, only visible during one summer night, some part of the midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from approximately 12 June until 1 July. This period extends as one travels north: At Cape Nordkinn, Norway, the northernmost point of Continental Europe, the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July. On the Svalbard archipelago farther north, it lasts from 20 April to 22 August.[4]


document_title: Amendments to the Constitution of Canada

question_text: since when has the protocol for the amendment of the canadian constitution existed

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1982, modifying the Constitution of Canada primarily meant amending the British North America Act, 1867. Unlike most constitutions, however, this Act had no amending formula: instead changes were enacted through Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (or "Imperial Parliament") called the British North America Acts.

text: Other Commonwealth countries had taken over the authority for constitutional amendment after the Statute of Westminster 1931, but at the time, Canada decided to allow the Parliament of the United Kingdom to "temporarily" retain the power. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over the authority to amend its own constitution, achieving full sovereignty.[1][2][3]

text: Between 1931 and 1982, the federal government, on behalf of the Canadian House of Commons and the Senate, would issue an address to the British government requesting an amendment. The request would include a resolution containing the desired amendments. These in turn, were always passed by the British Parliament, with little or no debate.

text: Amendment formula[edit]

text: As part of the patriation of the Constitution in 1982 an amending formula was adopted in sections 38 to 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982.[4]

text: Most amendments can be passed only if identical resolutions are adopted by the House of Commons, the Senate and two thirds or more of the provincial legislative assemblies representing at least 50 percent of the national population. This formula, which is outlined in section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982, is officially referred to as the "general amendment procedure" and is known colloquially as the "7+50 formula".

text: Once the procedure for the adoption of the amendment is followed successfully, the amendment is formalized as a proclamation of the Governor General in Council. Officially, therefore, the Constitution is amended by Proclamation, and the issue of the Proclamation requires prior approval by resolutions of the House of Commons, the Senate, and the necessary number of provincial legislative assemblies.

text: The following matters are reserved to the s. 38 procedure, by virtue of s. 42:

text: If a constitutional amendment affects only one province, however, only the assent of Parliament and of that province's legislature is required. Seven of the eleven amendments passed so far have been of this nature, four being passed by and for Newfoundland and Labrador, one for New Brunswick, one for Prince Edward Island and one for Quebec. This formula is contained in section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982.

text: There are some parts of the Constitution that can be modified only with the unanimous consent of all the provinces plus the two Houses of Parliament. This formula is contained in section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982, and is known as the "unanimity formula". It is reserved for the following matters:

text:
Type of amending procedure - Part V of the Constitution Act, 1982

Section
Description
Subject to
Notes

s. 38
Resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assemblies of at least two-thirds of the provinces that have, in the aggregate, according to the then latest general census, at least fifty per cent of the population of all the provinces.
ss. 39–40

There are cases (provided for in subsection 2 of section 38) in which such amendments do not apply to a province whose legislature has passed a resolution of dissent.
S. 42 lists matters that may be executed only under s. 38 (but where the dissent procedure does not apply).

s. 41
Resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of each province.

With respect to matters listed in that section.

s. 43
Resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of each province to which the amendment applies.

s. 44
Parliament may exclusively make laws amending the Constitution of Canada in relation to the executive government of Canada or the Senate and House of Commons.
ss. 41–42

s. 45
The legislature of each province may exclusively make laws amending the constitution of the province.
s. 41

s. 47
An amendment to the Constitution of Canada made by proclamation under section 38, 41, 42 or 43 may be made without a resolution of the Senate authorizing the issue of the proclamation if, within 180 days after the adoption by the House of Commons of a resolution authorizing its issue, the Senate has not adopted such a resolution and if, at any time after the expiration of that period, the House of Commons again adopts the resolution.

Any period when Parliament is prorogued or dissolved shall not be counted in computing the 180-day period.

text: No specific mention is made in the procedure for amendments affecting what falls within the federal/provincial distribution of powers. Therefore, they can be dealt with generally under s. 38, or with respect to specific provinces under s. 43. However, a s. 38 amendment in that regard will not apply to a province that has passed a resolution of dissent from it, and s. 40 states that a s. 38 amendment that transfers provincial jurisdiction over an education or cultural matter to Parliament must be accompanied by reasonable compensation by Canada to the provinces.

text: Supreme Court of Canada in the amending formula[edit]

text: There has been a debate among legal scholars as to whether the Supreme Court of Canada is entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada was not created by the constitution, rather the power to create a "Court of General Appeal for Canada" was granted to Parliament by s. 101 of the British North America Act, 1867. Parliament proceeded to create the Supreme Court of Canada under the authority of s. 101 in 1875 by passing the Supreme Court Act, which was an ordinary piece of legislation with no constitutional significance at the time.

text: The Supreme Court of Canada was mentioned for the first time in a constitutional document by the Constitution Act, 1982. The Supreme Court is referred to twice. First, s. 41 lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring unanimous consent. S. 41(d) includes the "composition of the Supreme Court of Canada" in this list. Second, s. 42(1) lists several amendments to the Constitution of Canada requiring the general amendment procedure. S. 42(1)(d) includes "subject to s. 41(d), the Supreme Court of Canada" in this list. Sections 41 and 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982, thus appear to include the Supreme Court of Canada in the Constitution of Canada. However, this conclusion is questionable because the "Constitution of Canada" is expressly defined in s. 52(2) as a set of thirty instruments that does not include the Supreme Court Act. Some scholars, including Peter Hogg, have suggested that the references to the Supreme Court of Canada in sections 41 and 42 are ineffective. They argue that these references are "anticipatory" and will become effective only if Parliament adds the Supreme Court Act to the list in s. 52(2). Other scholars, including Professor Cheffins, have argued that the Supreme Court Act is implied as entrenched into s. 52(2) because of sections 41 and 42. S. 52(2) uses the words "includes ..." to introduce the list of thirty instruments, suggesting that the provision does not contain an exhaustive list. The Supreme Court itself has confirmed in New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 319 that s. 52(2) is not exhaustive, but has not yet ruled on whether the Supreme Court Act is included in the Constitution of Canada.

text: This issue has implications for judicial selection in Canada. S. 4(2) of the Supreme Court Act specifies that the Governor in Council (federal cabinet) has the power to appoint judges to the Supreme Court. Prime Minister Stephen Harper has announced that a new reformed selection process will be developed. If the new process binds the federal government, it will necessarily involve an amendment to s. 4(2) of the Supreme Court Act. If the Act is "constitutionalized," this would require a constitutional amendment under the general amendment procedure, a significant hurdle requiring provincial cooperation. If the Act is not constitutionalized, Parliament can simply amend the legislation by a majority vote.

text: This issue arose again in connection with Private Member's Bill C-232, passed by the House of Commons in March 2010. The Bill would have amended the Supreme Court Act to require all future appointees to the court to be able to understand both French and English without the assistance of an interpreter. If the Supreme Court Act is considered part of the Constitution, this change would require a constitutional amendment. Bill C-323 died on the table when Parliament was dissolved for the May election.

text: In Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6 2014 SCC 21, a majority of the Supreme Court rule that clauses concerning the appointment of Justices from Quebec are entrenched.[5]

text: Debate[edit]

text: Amending the Canadian Constitution is a topic of great debate in Canada. There seems to be general agreement among provincial governments that some parts of the Constitution need to be amended to deal with long-standing demands from many provinces. There are demands by western provinces for a greater share of power at the federal level, and demands from Quebec for greater protection for its status as a "distinct society". Quebec, in particular, has not formally agreed to the Constitution Act, 1982, although this does not have affect on the legal applicability of the Act.

text: Nevertheless, agreement on details of amendments has been elusive. Further complicating attempts to amend the Constitution is the complexity of the procedure for doing so, which in most cases requires approval from both the federal parliament and two-thirds of the provincial governments representing at least 50 per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments.

text: The 1987 Meech Lake Accord, a package of constitutional amendments, intended to address Quebec's objections to the Constitution Act, 1982, failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The Charlottetown Accord was defeated in a national referendum in 1992.

text: There have been several relatively minor amendments to the Constitution since it was patriated in 1982 including amendments dealing with provincial schooling in Newfoundland and Quebec and the changing of the name of Newfoundland to Newfoundland and Labrador (see below).

text: Although the amending formula has not been formally altered, the Canadian government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien after the 1995 Quebec referendum recognized regional vetoes over proposed amendments, held by the provinces of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, and by the regions the Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and the Atlantic (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island).[6]

text: Pre-1982 amendments to the Constitution[edit]

text: In addition to the amendments listed in the following table, many important changes were made to the constitutional structure of Canada by adding entire extra documents to the Constitution. These include orders that added provinces to Canada, such as the British Columbia Terms of Union and documents that altered the structure of the government of Canada, such as the Parliament of Canada Act, 1875. For a complete list of documents added to the Constitution before 1982, see List of Canadian constitutional documents.

text:
List of amendments to the Constitution Act, 1867 prior to 1981

Name
Section(s) amended

Manitoba Act, 1870
21

British Columbia Terms of Union
21

36 Vict, c 16 (NB)
124

Parliament of Canada Act, 1875
18

Statute Law Revision Act, 1893
enacting clause, 2, 4, 25, 42, 43, 51, 81, 88, 89, 127, 145

Alberta Act
21

Saskatchewan Act
21

Constitution Act, 1915
21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 51A

Constitution Act, 1940
91(2A)

British North America Act, 1943
51

British North America Act, 1946
51

Newfoundland Act
21, 22

British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949
91

Statute Law Revision Act, 1950
118

British North America Act, 1951
94A

British North America Act, 1952
51

Constitution Act, 1960
99

Constitution Act, 1964
94(A)

Constitution Act, 1965
29

Constitution Act, 1974
51(1)

Constitution Act (No. 1), 1975
51(2)

Constitution Act (No. 2), 1975
21, 22, 28

Constitution Act, 1982
1, 20, 51, 91(1), 92(1), 92A(6), 94A, Sixth Schedule

text: Post-1982 amendments to the Constitution[edit]

text: Amending the Constitution has been a topic of much debate in contemporary Canada, and the two most comprehensive attempts to revise the document have both been defeated. There have, however, been eleven minor amendments to the Constitution since it was patriated in 1982. Most of these amendments have been limited in scope, dealing only with matters affecting specific provinces.

text:
List of amendments to the Constitution of Canada, by type of amending procedure

Name
Section(s) amended
Purpose and Notes
§38
§43
§44
§47

Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1983
§§25(b), 35(3)-(4), 35.1, 37.1, 54.1, and 61 of Constitution Act, 1982
Strengthened Aboriginal rights in the Constitution.

Constitution Act, 1985 (Representation)
§51(1) of Constitution Act, 1867
Modified the formula for apportioning seats in the House of Commons.
Amendment was replaced by Fair Representation Act in 2011.

Constitution Amendment, 1987
§3 of Newfoundland Act and term 17 of schedule to that Act
Extended education rights to the Pentecostal Church in Newfoundland.
Replaced by Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act).

Constitution Amendment, 1993 (New Brunswick)
§16.1 of Constitution Act, 1982
Added Section 16.1 to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which made the English and French linguistic communities in New Brunswick equal, with the right to distinct cultural and educational institutions.

Constitution Amendment, 1993 (Prince Edward Island)
schedule to Prince Edward Island Terms of Union
Allowed for a fixed link bridge to replace ferry services to Prince Edward Island.

Constitution Amendment, 1997 (Newfoundland Act)
term 17 of schedule to Newfoundland Act
Allowed the Province of Newfoundland to create a secular school system to replace the church-based education system.

Constitutional Amendment, 1997 (Quebec)
§93A of Constitution Act, 1867
Permitted the Province of Quebec to replace the denominational school boards with ones organized on linguistic lines.
NB: The preamble to the resolution of the Quebec National Assembly adopting the amendment makes no reference to which amending formula is being used, and includes the following statement: "Whereas such amendment in no way constitutes recognition by the National Assembly of the Constitution Act, 1982, which was adopted without its consent."

Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act)
term 17 of schedule to Newfoundland Act
Ended denominational quotas for Newfoundland religion classes.

Constitution Act, 1999 (Nunavut)
§§21, 23, 28, and 51(2) of Constitution Act, 1867
Granted the Territory of Nunavut representation in the Senate of Canada.
NB: At the time of the Act’s adoption, Leader of the Opposition Preston Manning argued that both this Act and the Nunavut Act of 1993 ought to have been adopted using a more inclusive amendment formula (probably the 7/50 formula), and that the failure to use the appropriate formula could result in future constitutional difficulties.[7]

Constitution Amendment, 2001 (Newfoundland and Labrador)
every instance of the word "Newfoundland" in schedule to Newfoundland Act
Changed the name of the "Province of Newfoundland" to the "Province of Newfoundland and Labrador".

Fair Representation Act, 2011
§51(1)-(1.1) of Constitution Act, 1867
Modified the formula for apportioning seats in the House of Commons.

text: Post-1982 failed attempts[edit]

text: Attempts to enact major amendments:

text:
The Meech Lake Accord.
The Charlottetown Accord.

tag: ul

text: Temporary alternative to amendment[edit]

text: Various provisions of the Canadian Constitution are subject to the notwithstanding clause, which is Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This section authorizes governments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7–15 for up to five years, subject to renewal. The Canadian federal government has never invoked it, although provincial governments have done so.[8]

text: The notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely, between 1982 and 1985, by the province of Quebec (which did not support the enactment of the Charter but is subject to it nonetheless). The provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta have also invoked the notwithstanding clause, to end a strike and to protect an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage,[9] respectively. (Note that Alberta's use of the notwithstanding clause is of no force or effect, since the definition of marriage is federal not provincial jurisdiction.)[10] The territory of Yukon also passed legislation once that invoked the notwithstanding clause, but the legislation was never proclaimed in force.[11]


document_title: List of Test cricket records

question_text: who has scored the most test hundred ever

text: List of Test cricket records

text: Listing criteria

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

text: Listing notation

text:
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
(300–3 d) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets, and declared its innings closed
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out

text:
(100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out

text: (5–100) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs

text: indicates a current Test cricketer

text: Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[23] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

text: Team records

text: Team wins, losses and draws

text:
Team

First Test match

Matches

Won

Lost

Tied

Drawn

% Won

 Afghanistan
14 June 2018
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

 Australia
15 March 1877
812
383
219
2
208
47.16

 Bangladesh
10 November 2000
106
10
80
0
16
9.43

 England
15 March 1877
997
356
296
0
345
35.70

 India
25 June 1932
521
144
160
1
216
27.63

 Ireland
11 May 2018
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

 New Zealand
10 January 1930
426
92
170
0
164
21.59

 Pakistan
16 October 1952
413
133
122
0
158
32.20

 South Africa
12 March 1889
425
161
140
0
124
37.88

 Sri Lanka
17 February 1982
269
85
100
0
84
31.59

 West Indies
23 June 1928
530
168
187
1
174
31.69

 Zimbabwe
18 October 1992
105
11
67
0
27
10.47

ICC World XI
14 October 2005
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

Last updated: 20 June 2018[24]

text: Result records

text: Greatest win margins (by innings)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

Innings and 579 runs

 England (903–7 d) beat  Australia (201 & 123)
The Oval, London
1938

Innings and 360 runs

 Australia (652–7 d) beat  South Africa (159 & 133)
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2001–02

Innings and 336 runs

 West Indies (614–5 d) beat  India (124 & 154)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
1958–59

Innings and 332 runs

 Australia (645) beat  England (141 & 172)
Brisbane Cricket Ground
1946–47

Innings and 324 runs

 Pakistan (643) beat  New Zealand (73 & 246)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2002

Last updated: 12 December 2016[25]

text: Greatest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

675 runs

 England (521 & 342–8 d) beat  Australia (122 & 66)
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
1928–29

562 runs

 Australia (701 & 327) beat  England (321 & 145)
The Oval, London
1934

530 runs

 Australia (328 & 578) beat  South Africa (205 & 171)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1910–11

492 runs

 South Africa (488 & 344-6 d) beat  Australia (221 & 119)
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2018

491 runs

 Australia (381 & 361–5 d) beat  Pakistan (179 & 72)
WACA Ground, Perth
2004–05

Last updated: 3 April 2018[26]

text: Matches that finished with scores level

text:
Result

Teams

Venue

Season

Tie

 Australia (505 & 232) vs  West Indies (453 & 284)
The Gabba
1960–61

Tie

 India (397 & 347) vs  Australia (574–7 d & 170–5 d)
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Madras
1986–87

Draw

 Zimbabwe (376 & 234) vs  England (406 & 204–5)
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1996–97

Draw

 India (482 & 242–9) vs  West Indies (590 & 134)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
2011–12

Last updated: 15 June 2016[27][28][29]

text: Narrowest win margin (by wickets)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

1 wicket

 England (183 & 263–9) beat  Australia (324 & 121)
The Oval, London
1902

 South Africa (91 & 287–9) beat  England (184 & 190)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1905–06

 England (382 & 282–9) beat  Australia (266 & 397)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1907–08

 England (183 & 173–9) beat  South Africa (113 & 242)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1922–23

 Australia (216 & 260–9) beat  West Indies (272 & 203)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1951–52

 New Zealand (249 & 104–9) beat  West Indies (140 & 212)
Carisbrook, Dunedin
1979–80

 Pakistan (256 & 315–9) beat  Australia (337 & 232)
National Stadium, Karachi
1994–95

 West Indies (329 & 311–9) beat  Australia (490 & 146)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1998–99

 West Indies (273 & 216–9) beat  Pakistan (269 & 219)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1999–00

 Pakistan (175 & 262–9) beat  Bangladesh (281 & 154)
Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, Multan
2003

 Sri Lanka (321 & 352–9) beat  South Africa (361 & 311)
Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo
2006

 India (405 & 216–9) beat  Australia (428 & 192)
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
2010–11

Last updated: 15 June 2016[30]

text: Narrowest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

1 run

 West Indies (252 & 146) beat  Australia (213 & 184)
Adelaide Oval
1992–93

2 runs

 England (407 & 182) beat  Australia (308 & 279)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
2005

3 runs

 Australia (299 & 86) beat  England (262 & 120)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1902

 England (284 & 294) beat  Australia (287 & 288)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1982–83

5 runs

 South Africa (169 & 239) beat  Australia (292 & 111)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1993–94

Last updated: 15 June 2016[31]

text: Victory after following-on

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

10 runs

 England (325 & 437) beat  Australia (586 & 166)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1894–95

18 runs

 England (174 & 356) beat  Australia (401–9 d & 111)
Headingley, Leeds
1981

171 runs

 India (171 & 657–7 d) beat  Australia (445 & 212)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
2000–01

Last updated: 15 June 2016[32]

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Wins

Team

First win

Last win

16

 Australia
 Zimbabwe at Harare, 14 October 1999
 India at Mumbai, 27 February 2001

16

 Australia
 South Africa at Melbourne, 26 December 2005
 India at Sydney, 2 January 2008

11

 West Indies
 Australia at Bridgetown, 30 March 1984
 Australia at Adelaide, 7 December 1984

9

 Sri Lanka
 India at Colombo, 29 August 2001
 Pakistan at Lahore, 6 March 2002

9

 South Africa
 Australia at Durban, 15 March 2002
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 1 May 2003

Last updated: 15 June 2016[33]

text: Team scoring records

text:
Most runs in an innings

Runs

Teams

Venue

Season

952-6 d

 Sri Lanka (v  India)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997

903-7 d

 England (v  Australia)
The Oval, London
1938

849

 England (v  West Indies)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30

790–3 d

 West Indies (v  Pakistan)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

765–6 d

 Pakistan (v  Sri Lanka)
National Stadium, Karachi
2008–09

Last updated: 14 September 2017[34]

text:
Fewest runs in a completed innings

Runs

Teams

Venue

Date

26

 New Zealand (v  England)
Eden Park, Auckland
25 March 1955

30

 South Africa (v  England)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
13 February 1896

 South Africa (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
14 June 1924

35

 South Africa (v  England)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1 April 1899

36

 Australia (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
29 May 1902

 South Africa (v  Australia)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
12 February 1932

Last updated: 14 September 2017[35]

text:
Highest fourth-innings totals to win

Runs

Teams

Venue

Season

418–7

 West Indies (v  Australia)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2002–03

414–4

 South Africa (v  Australia)
WACA Ground, Perth
2008–09

406–4

 India (v  West Indies)
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
1975–76

404–3

 Australia (v  England)
Headingley, Leeds
1948

391–6

 Sri Lanka (v  Zimbabwe)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2017

Last updated: 14 September 2017[36]

text: Individual records

text: Individual records (batting)

text: Career runs

text:
Most career runs

Runs

Player

Period

15,921 (329 innings)

 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

13,378 (287 innings)

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

13,289 (280 innings)

 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

13,288 (286 innings)

 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

12,400 (233 innings)

 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[37]

text:
Most career runs – progression of record

Runs

Player

Record held until

Duration of record

239

 Charles Bannerman
4 January 1882
4 years, 295 days

676

 George Ulyett[a]
13 August 1884
2 years, 222 days

860

 Billy Murdoch[b]
14 August 1886
2 years, 1 day

1,277

 Arthur Shrewsbury
23 January 1902
15 years, 162 days

1,293

 Joe Darling[c]
18 February 1902
26 days

1,366

 Syd Gregory[d]
14 June 1902
116 days

1,531

 Archie MacLaren[e]
13 August 1902
60 days

3,412

 Clem Hill
27 December 1924
22 years, 136 days

5,410

 Jack Hobbs
29 June 1937
12 years, 184 days

7,249

 Wally Hammond
27 November 1970
33 years, 151 days

7,459

 Colin Cowdrey[f]
23 March 1972
1 year, 117 days

8,032

 Garfield Sobers
23 December 1981
9 years, 275 days

8,114

 Geoffrey Boycott
12 November 1983
1 year, 324 days

10,122

 Sunil Gavaskar
25 February 1993
9 years, 105 days

11,174

 Allan Border
25 November 2005
12 years, 273 days

11,953

 Brian Lara
17 October 2008
2 years, 327 days

15,921

 Sachin Tendulkar
current
9 years, 309 days

Last updated: 15 June 2016[38]

Notes:

^[a]  Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs
^[b]  Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs
^[c]  Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs
^[d]  Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs
^[e]  MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs
^[f]  Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs

text: Most runs in each batting position

text:
Batting position

Player

Runs

Average

Opener
 Alastair Cook
11378
45.88

Number 3
 Kumar Sangakkara
11679
60.83

Number 4
 Sachin Tendulkar
13492
54.40

Number 5
 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
6883
56.42

Number 6
 Steve Waugh
3165
51.05

Number 7
 Adam Gilchrist
3948
46.45

Number 8
 Daniel Vettori
2227
39.77

Number 9
 Stuart Broad
1292
20.51

Number 10
 Dale Steyn
518
12.95

Number 11
 Muttiah Muralitharan
623
11.33

Last updated: 17 January 2018[39]

text: Highest career batting average

text:
Average

Player

Period

99.94 (80 innings)

 Donald Bradman
1928–1948

64.02 (108 innings)

 Steve Smith
2010–

61.87 (31 innings)

 Adam Voges
2015–2016

60.97 (41 innings)

 Graeme Pollock
1963–1970

60.83 (40 innings)

 George Headley
1930–1954

60.73 (84 innings)

 Herbert Sutcliffe
1924–1935

Qualification: 20 innings.

Note: If the qualification is removed, the record Test batting average is  Andy Ganteaume's 112.00; Ganteaume was dismissed for 112 runs in his only Test innings.[40] A very few one-Test wonders have never been dismissed, leaving them without a defined Test batting average. Notable players who played only a single Test innings without a dismissal are  Stuart Law (54*, innings declared) and  Andy Lloyd (10*, retired hurt).[41][42]

Last updated: 6 January 2017[43]

text: Innings or series

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of Test cricket triple centuries)

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

380

 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04

375

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94

374

 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

365*

 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

Last updated: 15 June 2015[44]

text:
Highest individual score – progression of record

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

Test match Number

165*

 Charles Bannerman
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77
Test No. 1

211

 Billy Murdoch
 England
The Oval, London
1884
Test No. 16

287

 R. E. Foster
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1903–04
Test No. 78

325

 Andy Sandham
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30
Test No. 193

334

 Don Bradman
 England
Headingley, Leeds
1930
Test No. 196

336*

 Wally Hammond
 New Zealand
Eden Park, Auckland
1932–33
Test No. 226

364

 Len Hutton
 Australia

The Oval, London
1938
Test No. 266

365*

 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58
Test No. 452

375

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94
Test No. 1259

380

 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04
Test No. 1661

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04
Test No. 1696

Last updated: 15 June 2016[45]

text:
Most runs in a match

Runs

Scores

Player

Match

456

333 and 123

 Graham Gooch
v  India at Lord's, 1990

426

334* and 92

 Mark Taylor
v  Pakistan at Peshawar, 1998–99

424

319 and 105

 Kumar Sangakkara
v  Bangladesh at Chittagong, 2013–14

400

400*

 Brian Lara
v  England at St John's, Antigua, 2003–04

380

247* and 133

 Greg Chappell
v  New Zealand at Wellington, 1973–74

380

 Matthew Hayden
v  Zimbabwe at Perth, 2003–04

Last updated: 15 June 2016[46]

text:
Most runs in a series

Runs

Player

Series

974 (7 innings)

 Donald Bradman
v  England, 1930

905 (9 innings)

 Wally Hammond
v  Australia, 1928–29

839 (11 innings)

 Mark Taylor
v  England, 1989

834 (9 innings)

 Neil Harvey
v  South Africa, 1952–53

829 (7 innings)

 Viv Richards
v  England, 1976

Last updated: 15 June 2016[47]

text: Calendar year and between dismissals

text:
Most runs in a calendar year

Runs

Player

Average

Year

1788

 Mohammad Yousuf
99.33
2006

1710

 Vivian Richards
90.00
1976

1656

 Graeme Smith
72.00
2008

1595

 Michael Clarke
106.33
2012

1562

 Sachin Tendulkar
78.10
2010

Last updated: 15 June 2015[48]

text:
Most runs between consecutive dismissals

Runs

Player

Innings

Sequence

Season

614

 Adam Voges
3
269*, 106*, 239
2015-16

497

 Sachin Tendulkar
4
241*, 60*, 194*, 2
2003-04

490

 Garfield Sobers
2
365*, 125
1957-58

489

 Michael Clarke
2
259*, 230
2012-13

473

 Rahul Dravid
4
41*, 200*, 70*, 162
2000-01

Last updated: 21 December 2017[49][50]

text: Highest scores at each batting position

text:
Batting position

Player

Score

Opponent

Venue

Date

Opener
 Matthew Hayden
380
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground
9 October 2003

Number 3
 Brian Lara
400*
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground
10 April 2004

Number 4
 Mahela Jayawardene
374
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground
27 July 2006

Number 5
 Michael Clarke
329*
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground
3 January 2012

Number 6
 Ben Stokes
258
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground
2 January 2016

Number 7
 Donald Bradman
270
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1 January 1937

Number 8
 Wasim Akram
257*
 Zimbabwe
Sheikhupura Stadium
17 October 1996

Number 9
 Ian Smith
173
 India
Eden Park
22 February 1990

Number 10
 Walter Read
117
 Australia
Kennington Oval
11 August 1884

Number 11
 Ashton Agar
98
 England
Trent Bridge
10 July 2013

Last updated: 18 November 2017[51]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Highest individual score as captain

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

374

 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

334*

 Mark Taylor
 Pakistan
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
1998

333

 Graham Gooch
 India
Lord's, London
1990

329*

 Michael Clarke
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2012

Last updated: 15 June 2015[52]

text: Innings carrying the bat

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket)

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

244*

 Alastair Cook
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
2017–18

223*

 Glenn Turner
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1972

216*

 Marvan Atapattu
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1999–00

206*

 Bill Brown
 England
Lord's, London
1931

202*

 Len Hutton
 West Indies
The Oval, London
1950

Last updated: 29 December 2017[53]

text: Most runs in an over

text:
Runs

Sequence

Batsman

Bowler

Venue

Season

28

4–6–6–4–4–4
 Brian Lara
 Robin Peterson
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2003–04

4–6–2–4–6–6
 George Bailey
 James Anderson
WACA, Perth
2013–14

27

6–6–6–6–2–1
 Shahid Afridi
 Harbhajan Singh
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2005–06

26

4–4–6–0–6–6
 Mitchell Johnson
 Paul Harris
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2008–09

4–0–6–6–6–4
 Brian Lara
 Danish Kaneria
Multan Cricket Stadium
2006–07

4–4–4–4–6–4
 Craig McMillan
 Younis Khan
Seddon Park, Hamilton
2000–01

4–6–6–0–4–6
 Brendon McCullum
 Suranga Lakmal
Hagley Oval, Christchurch, New Zealand
2014–15

4–4–6–6–6–0
 Hardik Pandya
 Malinda Pushpakumara
Pallekele International Cricket Stadium,Sri Lanka
2017

Last updated: 14 August 2017[54]

text: Centuries

text: Most Test centuries

text:
Centuries

Player

Matches

Innings

Inns/Century

51

 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329
6.4

45

 Jacques Kallis
166
280
6.2

41

 Ricky Ponting
168
287
7.0

38

 Kumar Sangakkara
134
233
6.1

36

 Rahul Dravid
164
286
7.9

Last updated: 15 June 2016[55]

text:
Fastest Test centuries

No. of balls

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

54

 Brendon McCullum
 Australia
Hagley Oval, Christchurch
2015–16

56

 Viv Richards
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1985–86

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014

57

 Adam Gilchrist
 England
WACA Ground, Perth
2006–07

67

 Jack Gregory
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1921–22

Last updated: 15 June 2016[56]

text:
Most Test double centuries

Double centuries

Player

Matches

12

 Donald Bradman
52

11

 Kumar Sangakkara
130

9

 Brian Lara
131

7

 Wally Hammond
85

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

Last updated: 15 June 2016[57]

text:
Most Test triple centuries

Triple centuries

Player

Matches

2

 Donald Bradman
52

 Virender Sehwag
104

 Chris Gayle
103

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 11 December 2016[58]

Note:
21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test: see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details[59]

text:
Most Test quadruple centuries

Quadruple centuries

Player

Matches

1

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 15 June 2016[60]

text: Half Centuries

text: Most Test 50+

text:
50+

Player

Matches

Innings

119

 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329

103

 Jacques Kallis
166
280

103

 Ricky Ponting
168
287

99

 Rahul Dravid
164
286

96

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
164
280

Last updated: 15 June 2016[61]

text:
Fastest Test half-centuries

No. of balls

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

21

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014/15

24

 Jacques Kallis
 Zimbabwe
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2004/05

25

 Shane Shillingford
 New Zealand
Sabina Park, Kingston
2014

26

 Shahid Afridi
 India
M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2004/05

 Mohammad Ashraful
 India
Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium, Mirpur
2007

 Dale Steyn
 West Indies
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
2014/15

Last updated: 15 June 2016[62]

text: Most fours in career

text:
Fours

Player

Innings

2058+
 Sachin Tendulkar
329

1654
 Rahul Dravid
286

1559
 Brian Lara
232

1509
 Ricky Ponting
287

1491
 Kumar Sangakkara
233

Key: + means the complete career records aren't known
Last updated: 15 February 2016[63]

text: Individual records (bowling)

text: Career

text:
Most wickets in a career

Wickets

Player

Matches

Average

800

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72

708

 Shane Warne
145
25.41

619

 Anil Kumble
132
29.65

563

 Glenn McGrath
124
21.64

544

 James Anderson
139
27.19

Last updated: 4 August 2018[64]

text:
Most wickets in a career – Progression of record

Wickets

Player

Matches

Average

Record held until

Duration of record

8[a]

 Alfred Shaw
1
10.75
31 March 1877
16 days

14

 Tom Kendall
2
15.35
4 January 1879
1 year, 279 days

94[b]

 Fred Spofforth
18
18.41
12 January 1895
16 years, 8 days

118

 Johnny Briggs
33
17.75
2 January 1904
8 years, 355 days

141

 Hugh Trumble
32
21.78
13 December 1913
9 years, 345 days

189

 Sydney Barnes
27
16.43
4 January 1936
22 years, 22 days

216

 Clarrie Grimmett
37
24.21
24 July 1953
17 years, 201 days

236

 Alec Bedser
51
24.89
26 January 1963
9 years, 186 days

242[c]

 Brian Statham
67
24.27
15 March 1963
48 days

307

 Fred Trueman
67
21.57
1 February 1976
12 years, 323 days

309

 Lance Gibbs
79
29.09
27 December 1981
5 years, 329 days

355

 Dennis Lillee
70
23.92
21 August 1986
4 years, 237 days

373[d]

 Ian Botham
94
27.86
12 November 1988
2 years, 83 days

431

 Richard Hadlee
86
22.29
8 February 1994
5 years, 88 days

434

 Kapil Dev
131
29.64
27 March 2000
6 years, 48 days

519

 Courtney Walsh
132
24.44
8 May 2004
4 years, 42 days

532[e]

 Muttiah Muralitharan
91
22.87
15 October 2004
160 days

708

 Shane Warne
145
25.41
3 December 2007
3 years, 49 days

800

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72
Current
10 years, 262 days

Notes
^[a] Allen Hill took the first Test wicket, but only two in the First Test match. Alfred Shaw (3/51 & 5/35) and Tom Kendall (1/54 & 7/55) both took eight wickets, but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets. Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets (15.35) in seven Tests[65]

^[b] Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne, as did Charles Turner two days later. Briggs overook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide, which Turner missed, and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney. Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets (16.53) in 17 Tests[66]

^[c] Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets (24.84) in 70 Tests

^[d] Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets (28.40) in 102 Tests

^[e] Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets (22.72) in 133 Tests[67]

text:
Best career average

Average

Player

Balls

Wickets

10.75

 George Lohmann
3,830
112

12.70

/ John Ferris[a]
2,302
61

15.54

 Billy Barnes
2,289
51

16.42

 Billy Bates
2,364
50

16.43

 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowledLast updated: 15 June 2016[68]

Note: If the qualification is removed, the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket (i.e. no runs were conceded). This record is shared by Englishmen A N Hornby, Wilf Barber and New Zealander, Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run[69]

^[a]  John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country. He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886–87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891–92.[70]

text:
Best career strike rate

Strike rate

Player

Balls

Wickets

34.1

 George Lohmann
3,830
112

37.7

 /  J. J. Ferris
2,302
61

38.7

 Shane Bond
3,372
87

41.4

 Dale Steyn
17,286
417

41.6

 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowledLast updated: 2 September 2017[71]

text:
Most 5 wickets in an innings

5 wickets in an innings

Player

Matches

67

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

37

 Shane Warne
145

36

 Richard Hadlee
86

35

 Anil Kumble
132

34

 Rangana Herath
92

Last updated: 25 July 2018[72]

text:
Most 10 wickets in a match

10 wickets in a match

Player

Matches

22

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

10

 Shane Warne
145

9

 Richard Hadlee
86

 Rangana Herath
92

8

 Anil Kumble
132

Last updated: 25 July 2018[73]

text: Series

text:
Most wickets in a series

Wickets

Player

Series

49 (4 Tests)

 Sydney Barnes
v  South Africa 1913–14

46 (5 Tests)

 Jim Laker
v  Australia, 1956

44 (5 Tests)

 Clarrie Grimmett
v  South Africa 1935–36

42 (6 Tests)

 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1981

41 (6 Tests)

 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1989

 Rodney Hogg
v  England, 1978–79

Last updated: 15 June 2016[74]

text: Innings

text:
Best figures in an innings

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

10–53

 Jim Laker
 Australia (2nd innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

10–74

 Anil Kumble
 Pakistan
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
1998–99

9–28

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

9–37

 Jim Laker
 Australia (1st innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

9–51

 Muttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
2001–02

Last updated: 15 June 2016[75]

text:
Best figures in an innings – progression of record

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

7–55

 Tom Kendall (in the inaugural Test match)
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77

7–44

 Fred Spofforth
 England
The Oval, London
1882

7–28

 Billy Bates
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1882–83

8–35

 George Lohmann
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1886–87

8–11

 Johnny Briggs
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1888–89

8–7

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
1895–96

9–28

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

10–53

 Jim Laker
 Australia
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

Calculated at the conclusion of each Test
 Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Match records

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

19–90

 Jim Laker
 Australia
Manchester, England,
1956

17–159

 Sydney Barnes
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1913–14

16–136

 Narendra Hirwani
 West Indies
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
1987–88

16–137

 Bob Massie
 England
Lord's, London
1972

16–220

 Muttiah Muralitharan
 England
The Oval, London
1998

Last updated: 15 June 2016[76]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Best figures in an innings as captain

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

9–83

 Kapil Dev
 West Indies
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
1983

8–60

 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Karachi
1982

8–63

 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
2016

8–106

 Kapil Dev
 Australia
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
1985

7–37

 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1995

Last updated: 16 March 2017[77]

text: Match records as captain

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

13–55

 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington, New Zealand
1995

13–135

 Waqar Younis
 Zimbabwe
Southend Club Cricket Stadium, Karachi, Pakistan
1993

13–152

 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare, Zimbabwe
2016

12–100

 Fazal Mahmood
 West Indies
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka, Bangladesh
1959

11–79

 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Pakistan
1982

Last updated: 15 June 2016[78]

text: Individual records (fielding)

text: Most catches in Test career

text:
Catches

Player

Matches

210

 Rahul Dravid
164

205

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

200

 Jacques Kallis
166

196

 Ricky Ponting
168

181

 Mark Waugh
128

Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper[79] Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)

text:
Most dismissals

Dismissals

Player

Matches

555 (532 catches + 23 stumpings)

 Mark Boucher
147

416 (379 catches + 37 stumpings)

 Adam Gilchrist
96

395 (366 catches + 29 stumpings)

 Ian Healy
119

355 (343 catches + 12 stumpings)

 Rod Marsh
96

294 (256 catches + 38 stumpings)

 MS Dhoni
90

Last updated: 15 June 2016[80]

text:
Most catches

Catches

Player

Matches

532

 Mark Boucher
147

379

 Adam Gilchrist
96

366

 Ian Healy
119

343

 Rod Marsh
96

265

 Jeff Dujon
81

Last updated: 15 June 2016[81]

text:
Most stumpings

Stumpings

Player

Matches

52

 Bert Oldfield
54

46

 Godfrey Evans
91

38

 Syed Kirmani
88

 MS Dhoni
90

37

 Adam Gilchrist
96

Last updated: 15 June 2016[82]

text: Individual records (as an all-rounder)

text:
10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match

Player

Runs

Wickets

Date

Opponent

Venue

 Ian Botham[83]

114

13/109

15 February 1980

 India

Mumbai, India

 Imran Khan[83]

117

11/180

3 January 1983

 India

Faisalabad, Pakistan

 Shakib Al Hasan[83]

137

10/124

3 November 2014

 Zimbabwe

Khulna, Bangladesh

Last updated: 15 June 2016[84]

text: Individual records (other)

text:
Most matches played

Matches

Player

Period

200

 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

168

 Steve Waugh
1985–2004

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

166

 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

164

 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
1994–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[85]

text:
Most matches played as captain

Matches

Player

Won

Lost

Drawn

Tied

109

 Graeme Smith
53
29
27
0

93

 Allan Border
32
22
38
1

80

 Stephen Fleming
28
27
25
0

77

 Ricky Ponting
48
16
13
0

74

 Clive Lloyd
36
12
26
0

Last updated: 15 June 2016[86]

text:
Most matches won as captain

Won

Player

Lost

Drawn

Ties

Matches

53

 Graeme Smith
26
26
0
109

48

 Ricky Ponting
16
13
0
77

41

 Steve Waugh
9
7
0
57

36

 Clive Lloyd
12
26
0
74

32

 Allan Border
22
38
1
93

Last updated: 15 June 2016[87]

text: Partnership records

text: Highest partnership for each wicket

text:
Partnership

Runs

Team

Players

Opposition

Venue

Season

1st wicket

415
 South Africa
Graeme Smith (232)
Neil McKenzie (226)
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Divisional Stadium
2008

2nd wicket

576
 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

3rd wicket

624
 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

4th wicket

449
 Australia
Adam Voges (269*)
Shaun Marsh  (182)
 West Indies
Bellerive Oval, Hobart
2015–16

5th wicket

405
 Australia
Sid Barnes (234)
Donald Bradman (234)
 England
Sydney Cricket Ground
1946–47

6th wicket

399
 England
Ben Stokes  (258)
Jonny Bairstow  (150*)
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2015–16

7th wicket

347
 West Indies
Denis Atkinson (219)
Clairmonte Depeiaza (122)
 Australia
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1954–55

8th wicket

332
 England
Jonathan Trott (184)
Stuart Broad  (169)
 Pakistan
Lord's, London
2010

9th wicket

195
 South Africa
Mark Boucher (78)
Pat Symcox (108)
 Pakistan
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
1997–98

10th wicket

198
 England
Joe Root  (154*)
James Anderson  (81)
 India
Trent Bridge, Nottingham
2014

Last updated: 15 June 2016[88]

text: Highest partnerships

text:
Runs

Team

Players

Opposition

Venue

Season

624 (3rd wicket)

 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

576 (2nd wicket)

 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

467 (3rd wicket)

 New Zealand
Andrew Jones (186)
Martin Crowe (299)
 Sri Lanka
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1990–91

451 (2nd wicket)

 Australia
Bill Ponsford (266)
Donald Bradman (244)
 England
The Oval, London
1934

451 (3rd wicket)

 Pakistan
Mudassar Nazar (231)
Javed Miandad (280*)
 India
Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad
1982–83

Last updated: 15 June 2016[89]


document_title: Anne Jeffreys

question_text: what role did anne jeffreys play on general hospital

text: Anne Jeffreys

text: Career[edit]

text: Born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael on January 26, 1923 in Goldsboro, North Carolina,[4] Jeffreys entered the entertainment field at a young age, having her initial training in voice (she was an accomplished soprano). "She became a member of the New York Municipal Opera Company on a scholarship and sang the lead at Carnegie Hall in such things as La bohème, Traviata, and Pagliacci."[5] However, she decided as a teenager to sign with the John Robert Powers agency as a junior model.

text: Her plans for an operatic career were sidelined when she was cast in a staged musical review, Fun for the Money. Her appearance in that revue led to her being cast in her first movie role, in I Married an Angel (1942), starring Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald. She was under contract to both RKO and Republic Studios during the 1940s, including several appearances as Tess Trueheart in the Dick Tracy series, and the 1944 Frank Sinatra musical Step Lively. She also appeared in the horror comedy Zombies on Broadway with Wally Brown and Alan Carney in 1945 and starred in Riffraff with Pat O'Brien two years later. Jeffreys also appeared in a number of western films and as bank robber John Dillinger's moll in 1945's Dillinger

text: When her Hollywood career faltered, she instead focused on the stage, playing lead roles on Broadway in productions such as the 1947 opera Street Scene, the 1948 Cole Porter musical Kiss Me, Kate (having replaced Patricia Morison) and the 1952 musical Three Wishes for Jamie.[6] With long-term husband Robert Sterling, she appeared in the CBS sitcom Topper (1953–1955), in which she was billed in a voiceover as "the ghostess with the mostest".

text: On December 18, 1957, Jeffreys and her husband played a couple with an unusual courtship arrangement brought about by an attack of the fever in the episode "The Julie Gage Story", broadcast in the first season of NBC's Wagon Train.[citation needed]

text: After a semi-retirement in the 1960s, she appeared on television, appearing in episodes of such series as Love, American Style (with her husband), L.A. Law and Murder, She Wrote. She was nominated for a Golden Globe for her work in The Delphi Bureau (1972). From 1984-85, she starred in the short-lived Aaron Spelling series Finder of Lost Loves.[4] She also appeared in Baywatch as David Hasselhoff's mother, and also had a recurring role in the night-time soap Falcon Crest as Amanda Croft.[citation needed]

text: In 1979, she guest starred as Siress Blassie in the Battlestar Galactica episode "The Man with Nine Lives" as a love interest of Chameleon, a part played by Fred Astaire. She was the last person to dance with him onscreen. She also guest starred as Prime Minister Dyne in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episode "Planet of the Amazon Women" as the leader of the titular planet.[citation needed]

text: Her most recent career was in daytime television; From 1984 to 2004, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital[4] (as well as its short-lived spinoff, Port Charles) in the recurring role of wealthy socialite Amanda Barrington, a long-time board member of both the hospital and ELQ. In her initial storyline, she was part of a blackmail scheme which led to the murder of Jimmy Lee Holt's mother, Beatrice, of whose death she was a suspect in.[7] In the last year of Port Charles, Amanda last appeared on screen in 2004 when Amanda attended Lila Quartermain's funeral.

text: Recognition[edit]

text: Jeffreys' star in the Television category on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is at 1501 Vine Street. It was dedicated February 8, 1960.[8] In 1997, she was a recipient of a Golden Boot Award as one who "furthered the tradition of the western on film and in television."[9] In 1998, she received the Living Legacy Award from the Women's International Center.[10]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Jeffreys was married twice. Her first marriage, to Joseph Serena, was annulled in 1949.[11] They had no children.

text: She married actor Robert Sterling in 1951. Sterling appeared with Jeffreys in the series Topper. In January 1958, the duo attempted to star in another series, Love That Jill. It ran only a few months, with 13 episodes shot. They had three sons: Jeffrey, Dana and Tyler. Robert Sterling died on May 30, 2006 at age 88.[citation needed]

text: In July 1956, Jeffreys' mother, Kate Jeffreys Carmichael, 67, was run down and killed by her own automobile in the driveway of the home of her daughter. Police said Carmichael was taking books from the car's trunk when the emergency brake apparently slipped. The car rolled down the sloping driveway, dragging the actress' mother 26 feet.[12]

text: Death[edit]

text: Jeffreys died on September 27, 2017 at her home in Los Angeles at the age of 94. She was survived by her stepdaughter Tisha Sterling, her three sons, five grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.[13][14]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

1942
Billy the Kid Trapped
Sally Crane

Yokel Boy
Witness at wedding

Tarzan's New York Adventure
Young woman

Moonlight Masquerade
Singer at Trio

I Married an Angel
Polly

The Old Homestead
Goldie

Joan of Ozark
Marie Lamont

Flying Tigers
Nurse

X Marks the Spot
Lulu

1943
Chatterbox
Vivan Gale

Calling Wild Bill Elliott
Edith Richards

The Man from Thunder River
Nancy Ferguson

Crime Doctor
Reporter on telephone

Bordertown Gun Fighters
Anita Shelby

Wagon Tracks West
Moon Hush

Overland Mail Robbery
Judy Goodrich

Death Valley Manhunt
Nicky Hobart

1944
Mojave Firebrand
Gail Holmes

Hidden Valley Outlaws
June Clark

Step Lively
Miss Abbott

Nevada
Julie Dexter

1945
Dillinger
Helen Rogers

Zombies on Broadway
Jean La Danse

Those Endearing Young Charms
Suzibelle, officer's club waitress

Sing Your Way Home
Kay Lawrence

Dick Tracy
Tess Trueheart

1946
Ding Dong Williams
Vanessa Page

Step by Step
Evelyn Smith

Genius at Work
Ellen Brent

Dick Tracy vs. Cueball
Tess Trueheart

Vacation in Reno
Eleanor

1947
Trail Street
Ruby Stone

Riffraff
Maxine Manning

1948
Return of the Bad Men
Cheyenne

1962
Boys' Night Out
Toni Jackson

1968
Panic in the City
Myra Pryor

1994
Clifford
Annabelle Davis

2008
Richard III
Duchess of York

2015
Le Grand Jete
Millie Halifax

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1953–1955
Topper
Marion Kerby
78 episodes

1955
Dearest Enemy
Betsy Burke
TV movie

1957
Wagon Train
Julia Gage
Episode: The Julia Gage Story

1957
Wagon Train
Mary Beckett
Episode: The Mary Beckett Story

1966
Bonanza
Lily
Episode: "The Unwritten Commandment"

1966
The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
Calamity Rogers
Episode: "The Abominable Snowman Affair"

1969
My Three Sons
Mrs. Carstairs
Episode: What did you do today Grandpa

1972
Love, American Style
the First Lady
Segment "Love and the President"
Episode: "Love and the Clinic/Love and the Perfect Wedding/Love and the President/Love and the Return of Raymond"

1972–1973
The Delphi Bureau
Sybil Van Loween

1975–1976
Police Story
Examiner Murphy / Marie Tabor
2 episodes

1978–1982
Fantasy Island
Nancy Ogden / Cissy Darumple / Sally Dupres
3 episodes

1978
Flying High
Mrs. Benton
Episode: "In the Still of the Night"

1979
Battlestar Galactica
Siress Blassie
Episode: "The Man with Nine Lives"

1979
Vega$
Cynthia
Episode: "Doubtful Target"

1979
Beggarman, Thief
Honor Day
TV movie

1982–1983
Falcon Crest
Amanda Croft
7 episodes

1983
Matt Houston
Elisabeth Davis
Episode: "Here's Another Fine Mess"

1984
Hotel
Mrs. Jenks
Episode: "Tomorrows"

1984–1985
Finder of Lost Loves
Rita Hargrove
23 episodes

1984–2004
General Hospital
Amanda Barrington
361 episodes

1986
Murder, She Wrote
Agnes Shipley
Episode: "If a Body Meet a Body"

1992
L.A. Law
Lilah Vandenberg
Episode: "I'm Ready for My Closeup, Mr. Markowitz"

1993–1998
Baywatch
Irene Buchannon
5 episodes

1999–2003
Port Charles
Amanda Barrington
17 episodes

2013
Getting On
Donna Hewler
Episode: "If You're Going to San Francisco"

text: Selected musical theatre work[edit]

text:
Street Scene (1947)
Kiss Me, Kate (1949)
Three Wishes for Jamie (1952)
Bells Are Ringing (1958)
Destry Rides Again (1960)
Kismet (1962)
Camelot (1963)
Do I Hear a Waltz? (1966)
Ninotchka (1966)
Pal Joey (1968)
The Desert Song (1968)
Song of Norway (1969)
The Most Happy Fella (1970)
The King and I (1974)
Follies (1977)
High Button Shoes (1978)
A High-Time Salute to Martin and Blane (1991 benefit concert)