document_title: History of Central America

question_text: what central american country was a british colony until 1981

text: History of Central America

text: Before European contact[edit]

text: In the Pre-Columbian era, the northern areas of the relaxing Central America were inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. Most notable among these were the Mayans, who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and the Aztecs, who had created a vast empire. The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and are considered by some[1] culturally different and grouped in the Isthmo-Colombian Area.

text: Spanish Colonial Era[edit]

text: Central America is composed of seven independent nations: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. After the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, most of the inhabitants of Central America shared a similar history. The exception was the Western Caribbean Zone, which included the Caribbean coast and encompassed both semi-independent indigenous polities, runaway slave communities, and settlers, especially British settlers who would eventually form British Honduras (the modern-day nation of Belize), a sparsely populated area that was inhabited by the British through the Treaty of Madrid from Spain. When Spain failed to regain control over British Honduras, the British continued to inhabit the country, and eventually colonized it. When Guatemala gained its independence, they assumed inheritance of British Honduras from Spain. British Honduras had been a British settlement, not a Colony (the treaty between Spain and The United Kingdom prohibited British Colonies in the territory)for several years. After many years of controversy, a treaty was signed between Guatemala and the United Kingdom in which the Guatemalan President of the time recognized the original territory (granted by the kingdom of Spain to the British Crown) of Belize. Within this treaty, was also an agreement that a cart road be built from Guatemala City through British Honduras to the Caribbean Sea. Since the cart road was never built, Guatemala declared the treaty null and void. British Honduras for the British and Belize for the Spaniards and Guatemalans gained its independence from Great Britain in 1981 and adopted the name "Belize". Guatemala still disputes the Belizean Territory.

text: From the 16th century through 1821, Central America formed the Captaincy General of Guatemala, sometimes known also as the Kingdom of Guatemala, composed by a part of the state of Chiapas (nowadays Mexico), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Officially, the Captaincy was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and therefore under the supervision of the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City. It was, however, administered not by the viceroy or his deputies, but by an independently appointed Captain General headquartered first in Antigua Guatemala and later in Guatemala City.

text: Independence[edit]

text: In 1811, independence movements broke out in El Salvador in reaction to events in the Peninsular War, and again in 1814 after the restoration of Ferdinand VII. Both revolts were easily suppressed and the political unrest was subsumed into the general political process in the Spanish world that led to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Between 1810 and 1814, the Captaincy General elected seven representatives to the Cádiz Cortes, in addition to forming a locally-elected Provincial Deputation.[2] In 1821 a congress of Central American Criollos in Guatemala City composed the Act of Independence of Central America to declare the region's independence from Spain, effective on 15 September of that year.[3] That date is still marked as independence day by most Central American nations. The Spanish Captain General, Gabino Gaínza, sympathized with the rebels and it was decided that he should stay on as interim leader until a new government could be formed. Independence was short-lived, for the conservative leaders in Guatemala welcomed annexation by the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide on 5 January 1822. Central American liberals objected to this, but an army from Mexico under General Vicente Filisola occupied Guatemala City and quelled dissent.

text: When Mexico became a republic the following year, it acknowledged Central America's right to determine its own destiny. On 1 July 1823, the congress of Central America declared absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America and a Republica system of government, was established.

text:
Coat of arms of the United Provinces of Central America in 1823.

Central America, 1892

text: United Provinces of Central America[edit]

text: In 1823, the nation of Central America was formed. It was intended to be a federal republic modeled after the United States of America. It was provisionally known as "The United Provinces of Central America," while the final name according to the Constitution of 1824 was "The Federal Republic of Central America." It is sometimes incorrectly referred in English as "The United States of Central America." The Central American nation consisted of the states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In the 1830s, an additional state was added, Los Altos, with its capital in Quetzaltenango, occupying parts of what is now the western highlands of Guatemala and part of Chiapas (now part of Mexico), but this state was reincorporated into Guatemala and Mexico respectively in 1840.

text: Central American liberals had high hopes for the federal republic, which they believed would evolve into a modern, democratic nation, enriched by trade crossing through it between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. These aspirations are reflected in the emblems of the federal republic: The flag shows a white band between two blue stripes, representing the land between two oceans. The coat of arms shows five mountains (one for each state) between two oceans, surmounted by a Phrygian cap, the emblem of the French Revolution.

text: The Union dissolved in civil war between 1838 and 1840. Its disintegration began when Nicaragua separated from the federation on November 5, 1838.

text: United Provinces of Central America (Further Reading)[edit]

text: UPCA

text: The United Provinces of Central America (or PUCA- Provincias Unidas De Centro-America in Spanish) is the name given to the different states of Central America in the time after Central America’s independence and before becoming their own distinct nations (between 1823-1840[4]). It was a political movement that strived to unify the regions of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala (Panama and Belize at the time were under separate ownership) under a liberal federal government that believed that united they would be a stronger political unit. Unfortunately, due to many strong political disagreements within the different states, the UPCA eventually disbanded and the regions became separate nations with devastating political and economic civil wars that are still felt today.

text: The kingdom of Guatemala (what Central America was more commonly known as during Spanish and Mexican rule) was annexed into Mexico in 1822 under the rule of emperor Agustín de Iturbide. Shortly after, opposition from Central Americans began against the monarch and they pushed for independence from Mexico. Iturbide’s unsuccessful leadership of Central America caused his party to fail against the uprising rebels and on July 1, 1823, Central America gained its independence.

text: After receiving independence, officials from the different regions gathered in a junta to decide the future of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala. They decided on uniting themselves into a federation of 5 autonomous states, thus creating the UPCA, a term coined by Brigadier General Filisola who was stationed in Guatemala City.

text: The UPCA’s aims were to be a liberal government with political principles modeled after the United States,[5] and also to remain united. They felt that the “provinces alone were too small and weak economically to survive as sovereign states” so they “avert[ed] fragmentation of the isthmus”[6] and pushed for union. However, the UPCA soon noticed that there were many political ideals between the regions and conservative parties on the other end of the political spectrum actively showed their discontent under the new liberal regime. Despite this, the beginning of the federation went relatively smooth and negotiations helped them reform borders, capital cities were moved to accommodate the citizens, and economies of coffee grew high. All the while, tensions between the liberals and conservatives and power struggles within the different economies increasingly grew.

text: One the most notable key figures of UPCA was Francisco Morazan, a liberal advocate who was chosen as president of the UPCA. Between the 1820s through the 1830s Morazan took an active role in liberal movements throughout Central America, especially in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras against conservative parties. These battles between parties increasingly divided the nation causing sour relationships and distance between them. Differences between liberals who wanted free trade favored a republic and had anti-clerical views contested those of the conservatives who wanted a monarchy, trade under close control and power to the church. These conflicts, along with cholera outbreaks, foreign intervention and distress among those in poverty caused many insurgencies those rose up against liberal movements and vice versa resulted in various civil wars throughout Central America.

text: Morazan was captured in Costa Rica by the conservative party and they assassinated him on September 15, 1842),[7] which marked the official end of the UPCA. Upon notification of his death, greater turmoil and fights among the opposing liberal and conservative parties increased. It is said that the conservative-liberal struggles that Morazan campaigned for are still in effect today.[8] In addition, lacking a central authority proved to be unproductive and created more disputes and distrust within the different nations. In fact, foreigners who were looking to make economic and/or political negations were told that they had to go to each individual region for consultations and found it inconvenient.[6] The desire for power and their inability to overcome bad relations among each other led to the fall of the UPCA. Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica seceded from the union in 1838. In 1839 Guatemala seceded, and in 1840 El Salvador did the same.

text: The provinces shortly after became their own separate republican nations, of which we are more familiar with today and eventually Panama and Belize joined what we know today as “Central America.” Tensions among the different nations, however, continued to grow more aggressive throughout the rest of the 19th century. Despite knowing that being unified would overall work better for Central America, they remained separate. Though many attempts to reunite the nations have been attempted throughout the years it always resulted with unsuccessful results. Civil wars continued to be part of Central America through the 20th and parts of the 21st century as well.

text: Greater Republic of Central America[edit]

text: Various attempts were made to reunite Central America in the 19th century, but none succeeded for any length of time:

text:
The first attempt was in 1842 by former President Francisco Morazán, who was quickly captured and executed. The abortive attempt proposed to restore the union as the Confederation of Central America and planned to include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This first attempt lasted until 1844.
A second attempt was made and lasted from October to November 1852, when El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua created a Federation of Central America (Federacion de Centro America).
Guatemalan President Justo Rufino Barrios attempted to reunite the nation by force of arms in the 1880s and was also killed in the process, like his 1842 predecessor.
The third union of Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador as the Greater Republic of Central America or "Republica Mayor de Centroamerica" lasted from 1896 to 1898.
The last attempt occurred between June 1921 and January 1922 when El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica formed a (second) Federation of Central America. The treaty establishing this federation was signed at San José, Costa Rica on January 19, 1921. This second Federation was nearly moribund from the start, having only a Provisional Federal Council made up of delegates from each state.

tag: ul

text: Despite the failure of a lasting political union, the concept of Central American reunification, though lacking enthusiasm from the leaders of the individual countries, rises from time to time. In 1856-1857, the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by U.S. adventurer William Walker. Today, all five nations fly flags that retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe. (Costa Rica, traditionally the least committed of the five to regional integration, modified its flag significantly in 1848 by darkening the blue and adding a double-wide inner red band, in honor of the French tricolor).

text: The liberal reforms period[edit]

text: Even though the dates for this period change from country to country, they approximately correspond to the years between 1870 and 1930. During this time, political elites in the five Central American countries advanced reforms on agriculture, commerce, and redefined the relationship between the state, society and the economy. The most relevant political figures during this period were the presidents Justo Rufino Barrios in Guatemala, Rafael Zaldivar in El Salvador, Braulio Carrillo and Tomas Guardia in Costa Rica, Macro Aurelio Soto in Honduras, and Jose Santos Zelaya in Nicaragua. The key result of this period in all the Central American countries was a transition from communal to private property of land. The extent to which liberals targeted common lands for privatization varied from country to country. Likewise, there were important differences in the size of the commercial landholding estate. Another source of variance among the policies promoted by the liberal governments was the use of coercion and security organizations in the implementation of the different reforms to the landholding policies.[9]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1907, a Central American Court of Justice was created. On December 13, 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua established the Central American Common Market ("CACM"). Costa Rica chose not to participate in the CACM. The goals for the CACM were to create greater political unification and success of import substitution industrialization policies. The project was an immediate economic success but was abandoned after the 1969 "Football War" between El Salvador and Honduras.

text: By the 1930s the United Fruit Company owned 3.5 million acres of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase Banana Republic. [10]

text: A Central American Parliament has operated, as a purely advisory body, since 1991. The regional parliament seat deputies from the four former members of the Union (Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras), as well as from Panama and the Dominican Republic.

text: Another initiative is known as Free Movement of Persons in the CA-4, which has opened the borders between Nicaragua and Guatemala removing the need to carry a passport to cross borders, just a national ID (cédula de identidad) is enough to cross borders. This initiative is the result of negotiations of the Central American Commission of Directors of Migration (OCAM) with the support of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This initiative has been in effect since 2007.[citation needed]

text: History of Central American nations[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Central America.

text:
History of Belize
History of Guatemala
History of El Salvador
History of Honduras
History of Nicaragua
History of Costa Rica
History of Panama


document_title: List of Bob's Burgers characters

question_text: who voices lindas mom in bob's burgers

question_tokens: who voices lindas mom in bob 's burgers

root

text: List of Bob's Burgers characters

text: Belcher family[edit]

text: The Belcher family is a family who runs the family business called Bob's Burgers. Loren Bouchard described their ethnicity:

tag: p

text:
“
For better, for worse we gave [the main characters] the name Belcher so at least one of Bob's parents hails from some French or French-Canadian lineage. But in a perfect world, we'd have the show about a sort of Greek-Armenian-Italian-Jewish-German polyglot.[1]
”

tag: table

text: The Belcher family consists of:

text: Bob[edit]

text: Robert "Bob" Belcher, Jr. (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) – Bob Belcher is the husband of Linda; the father of Tina, Gene, and Louise; the son of Robert Belcher, Sr. (nicknamed "Big Bob"); and the main character of the series. He is a third-generation restaurateur, as his father owns a diner, and currently the proprietor of his eponymous burger restaurant (Bob's Burgers) in a shore town. The Season 5 episode "Father of the Bob" begins with a flashback set 30 years prior in which a young Bob states that he is 14 years old, making him 44 in the episode's present. It is also mentioned in the episode that Bob's mother had died sometime prior to the series' beginning. Bob has a tendency to entertain himself by having conversations with inanimate objects and then speak back as the inanimate object, usually in a high, squeaky voice. He also enjoys making puns, utilizing this talent to name his burger specials (i.e. the If Looks Could Kale Burger, New Bacon-ings Burger, etc.) As revealed in "Bob Fires the Kids", his childhood has been described as "crappy," as his father discouraged play. While poor with business management, and cursed with an unlucky streak, his skills at burger cooking have been shown to be excellent, to the point where he has been referred to as a "beef artist." His primary business rival is Jimmy Pesto, who owns an Italian restaurant (Jimmy Pesto’s Pizzeria) across the street from Bob’s Burgers.

text: As shown in the flashback during "Father of the Bob," the "Burger of the Day" special stems from an incident in which he customized a burger by adding chives to it, calling it "Baby You Can Chive My Car." He tried to serve it to one of Big Bob's regular customers who normally ordered a tuna melt, but Big Bob threw the burger away in front of the whole diner. Ten years later, still resentful over not being allowed to cook the way he wanted, Bob turned down Big Bob's offer of a partnership in the diner and opened his own restaurant.

text: Bob prides himself on giving the customer a quality meal and goes the extra mile to ensure that, choosing fresh ingredients he gets from the local farmer's markets and co-op's. His biggest accomplishment is the Meatsiah, a concoction that consists of a steak tartare center with a medium-well cooked burger surrounding it and a burger Wellington surrounding the burger. Bob is allergic to shellfish, particularly lobster, as it causes his face to swell any time he eats it. This is a problem, as the town the Belchers live in has an annual lobster festival (which Bob hates because it takes away from his business). Bob, along with Linda, enjoys drinking and many of the episode gags involve Bob or Linda drinking and getting drunk from wine. Bob also has a tendency to take mind-altering substances such as crack in "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?", absinthe in "An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal", pain relievers in "Housetrap", and his pain medication in "Burgerboss".

text: Linda[edit]

text: Linda Belcher (voiced by John Roberts) – Linda Belcher is Bob's happy-go-lucky and supportive wife and the mother of Tina, Gene, and Louise. Prior to her marriage to Bob, she was engaged to Hugo, who is now a local health inspector ("Human Flesh"). In the fifth-season episode "Eat, Spray, Linda" she turned forty-four years old. She has also referred to herself as a "pre middle aged mother" ("Lindapendent Woman") Linda often calls her husband Bobby, and her attraction to Bob is in part due to his passion for his work, and also due to his "Tom Selleckian" mustache. She remains a loyal and devoted wife despite their frequent financial problems and never having had a honeymoon or a day off in 10 years ("Weekend at Mort's"). She has a preference for mustaches, and says Bob "made himself ugly" when he shaved it off ("Sheesh! Cab, Bob?"). Her passions include singing, dinner theater, porcelain baby figurines, Tom Selleck, nautically themed romance novels, and prenatal yoga. She handles the accounting for the restaurant, though her bookkeeping methods are sometimes troublesome and overly complicated. She is fond of alcohol and is known to say that "Mommy doesn't get drunk; she just has fun." Linda is extroverted, has a thick New Jersey accent, and is somewhat odd; she is also fond of tackling problems using unconventional methods, though her methods are frequently over-optimistic and things sometimes go awry. She often encourages her kids to engage in behavior that Bob finds annoying, and though she wants what's best for her kids, she tends to be scatter-brained. Bob has described her as a "pushover" because she allows people (the kids) to take advantage of her. She has a contentious relationship with Louise and often misunderstands her, even once organizing a slumber party for Louise against her will. She is a talented lyricist, as shown in "Lil Hard Dad;" Gene may have inherited his musical predilection from her. She has tendency to spontaneously burst into song, a trait she shares with her voice actor John Roberts. Many of the songs she is known for are improvised by Roberts, including her "Thanksgiving Song", "Dish-a-Dee-Doo" (a jazzy ditty sung while washing the dishes, as seen in "Mother Daughter Laser Razor"), and a hair-brushing ditty that references the late Harry Truman. Her songs are frequently remade and set to music for the episode's end credits.

text: Tina[edit]

text: Tina Ruth Belcher (voiced by Dan Mintz) – Tina Belcher is the eldest Belcher child. She was said to be autistic in the first episode, but the claim was immediately dismissed by her parents. She generally speaks in a low, monotone voice, works part-time at the family restaurant, and is often the voice of reason among the Belcher children, though it is made quite clear Tina's own characteristics rival those of her siblings. She is trying to come to grips with her entry into adulthood, and claims to have a complicated relationship with zombies. She is obsessed with horses, boys (particularly Jimmy Jr.), and buttocks; in various episodes she writes in her journal about touching people's butts, which, to her, is the height of sexual contact. According to her siblings,[2] Tina has written erotic fanfiction of several television shows and movies and has moved on to "erotic friend fiction", in which she uses real-life people. She is a member of the Hormone-iums, a musical revue at Wagstaff that sings songs about puberty, and was formerly a member of the Thundergirls, a Girl Scout-like organization. Tina was aged 12 in early episodes and now 13 since the episode "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?". She is generally soft-spoken and reserved, often in contrast to her more strident siblings. In the show's early developmental stages, the eldest Belcher child was originally written as a boy,[3] Daniel Belcher. Daniel was also voiced by Mintz, whose personality in the never-broadcast pilot is said to have been similar to that of Tina. Tina is also shown to have difficulties with her schoolwork, although she is a hard worker, as shown in "Can't Buy Me Math" when she is put into remedial math and "Bob and Deliver" when guidance counselor Mr. Frond refers to her as a "dum-dum".

text: Gene[edit]

text: Eugene "Gene" Belcher (voiced by Eugene Mirman) – Gene Belcher is the middle child and only son in the family, revealed to be 11 years old in season 3.[4] Like Linda, he has an upbeat and enthusiastic attitude about almost everything; however, he closely resembles Bob and has inherited his lobster allergy. He often promotes the restaurant by wearing a burger costume, which he uses to run in a mascot race in the season 1 episode "Torpedo" and using a toy megaphone to hand out samples. In "It Snakes a Village", it is shown that he suffers from ophidiophobia. Gene has a variety of interests and hobbies, with his most well-known being food and music. Though he has no training, he occasionally demonstrates great skill in music and aspires to be a musician; he enjoys playing a Casio-type keyboard and makes fart sounds using it, and creates an elaborate love duet in "Topsy" as well as a one-man show in "Work Hard or Die Trying, Girl." Despite this, Gene is not without his flaws, namely a tendency to be easily distracted, which the family refers to as "Gene-ing out" in "Best Burger", but he is loving and loyal toward his family. He is also unathletic, as seen in several episodes including "Synchronized Swimming", when he has trouble opening a door which Tina then opens with ease, and "Spaghetti Western and Meatballs", when he runs away from a fight in fear.

text: Louise[edit]

text: Louise Belcher (voiced by Kristen Schaal) – Louise Belcher is the youngest of the Belcher siblings and is revealed to be 9 years old in season 1.[5] She is still 9 by Christmas five seasons later.[6] In spite of being the youngest, she usually dominates her two older siblings by "wear[ing] down your self esteem over a period of years." Precociously intelligent, manipulative, and aggressive (even towards adults), she is more than willing to exploit people if there is anything to be gained. She has an offbeat and dark sense of humor and picks locks as a hobby. Louise always wears her signature pink hat with bunny ears, regardless of the time of day or situation; to date, viewers have never seen her uncovered head. She claims that she has "a raging staph infection under here" in the episode "Synchronized Swimming" when they try to make her take it off. In "Ear-sy Rider," when a high-schooler stole her hat from her, her head was off screen, then she wore a hoodie till she got it back. Louise is not immune to breaking her tough character persona, however: she called Bob "daddy" until she was eight, felt guilty about almost electrocuting her sister to death, still believes in Santa Claus, has a disturbing crush on a boy-band member, and proclaims she does love her family in the face of death at the end of season 4. Since she was a baby, Louise has always liked Bob more than Linda, opting to spend more time with him as she finds him much more interesting; it can generally be assumed that Louise and Bob have a very strong relationship, although she is the most prone amongst her siblings to mock him. In "Carpe Museum", Louise accidentally reveals her plan to take over the family restaurant when Bob retires, after renaming it to "Louise's Burgers."

text: Relatives of the Belcher Family[edit]

text:
Gayle (voiced by Megan Mullally) – Linda's neurotic artist sister, the aunt of Tina, Gene and Louise and the sister-in-law of Bob. Bob dislikes her, much to Linda's consternation. She is desperately lonely and once fell in love with Bob because, Linda explains, she always wants what Linda has. However, men often take an interest in her, including Dr. Yap, Mort, Mr. Frond and Mr. Fischoeder. She loves cats and may suffer from some form of factitious disorder, as she often fakes injuries.
Al (voiced by Sam Seder) – Linda's father, father-in-law of Bob, and the maternal grandfather of Tina, Gene, and Louise. He rarely speaks, is hard of hearing, and wears a hearing aid. He accompanies Gloria everywhere. He has a fetish for the sound of popping balloons.
Gloria (voiced by Renée Taylor) – Linda's mother, mother-in-law of Bob, and maternal grandmother of Tina, Gene and Louise. Bob doesn't like her very much and he always tries to hide from her when she and Al come over to visit.
Big Bob (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin in "Bob Fires the Kids," Bill Hader in "Father of the Bob") – Robert "Big Bob" Belcher, Sr. is Bob's father, the father-in-law of Linda, and the paternal grandfather of Tina, Gene and Louise. Like his son, Big Bob is a restaurateur who owns his own business called "Big Bob's Diner." He's shown to be a tough loving father towards his own son, as shown in flashbacks. Since his pre-teens, Big Bob has been very controlling of Bob and has put him to work most of the time. He enjoys line-dancing, which he practices at the bar next to his diner.

text: Regular customers at Bob's Burgers[edit]

text: Bob's Burgers features regular ups and downs in customer volume, but two loyal customers help keep the restaurant open.

text:
Teddy (voiced by Larry Murphy) – Teddy Francisco is a talkative, burly contractor who is a loyal and regular customer of the Belcher family restaurant, and a close family friend. He is divorced, lives alone and dates infrequently. In the episode “Thanks-Hoarding”, it is revealed that he is a hoarder. Teddy considers Bob to be his “bestie”, loves the Belchers and wants to be part of their family.[7] Long-winded at times, he frequently tells needlessly detailed stories about mundane situations that usually bore the listener. While he is known to eat nearly anything (on one occasion, he ate a piece of a sponge Bob handed to him and, according to Linda, a receipt) Bob's hamburgers seem to be among his favorite foods. In the episode “Friends with Burger-fits”, Teddy learns that his daily consumption of Bob’s burgers have caused him to develop extremely high cholesterol. Generally mild mannered and affable, Teddy participates in on-going therapy sessions as he sometimes has angry, violent outbursts over minor things which he instantly regrets. He was attractive and physically fit enough in his youth to be cast as a lifeguard in a 1980s exploitation movie The Deepening, filmed at Wonder Wharf. However, an incident during filming took such a psychological toll on him that he resorted to eating and gained a substantial amount of weight.
Mort (voiced by Andy Kindler) – Mort is a mortician and the owner of the "It's Your Funeral" funeral home next to the restaurant and also a regular customer of Bob's Burgers. He is a little odd and has a stereotypically morbid sense of humor. Mort is single, wears an obvious toupee and lives in a stylishly decorated apartment above his funeral home. He is good friends with Bob and Teddy and has cared for the Belcher children on occasion. He has also acted as the Belcher family driver when Tina crashed Bob's car. Mort has a generally good sense of humor about the macabre questions to which he is often subjected regarding his job.

text: Pesto family[edit]

text:
Jimmy Pesto, Sr. (voiced by Jay Johnston) – Jimmy Pesto, Sr., real surname Poplopovich, is the owner of the Italian themed restaurant across the street called "Jimmy Pesto's Pizzeria." Although of eastern European descent he goes by the Italian-sounding name of Pesto, presumably to increase the appeal of his restaurant; he and his family members are invariably referred to by the Pesto last name. He is the father of Jimmy Pesto, Jr., Andy, and Ollie, and is Bob's personal rival. Their rivalry often seems to border on stalking each other and occasionally descends into violence. Their families actually get along well and apart from a few isolated incidents, neither of their businesses actually endanger the other. This is in part because Bob's burgers are genuinely better than the food Jimmy serves, which is often described as being of sub par quality. In one episode where Jimmy tries to outdo Bob by serving burgers, he can be seen weeping in the middle of the night, knowing that the ruse won't last; in another episode, Jimmy competes in a burger cookoff against Bob and a celebrity chef and his "Oregano Burger" is poorly received. It is revealed in "The Belchies" that he and his children's mother are divorced; she has not yet been seen.
Jimmy Pesto, Jr. (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) – Almost always referred to as "Jimmy Junior", Jimmy Pesto, Jr. is the oldest son Jimmy Pesto and speaks with a lisp. Jimmy works as the busboy at Jimmy Pesto's Pizzeria. He is Tina's classmate, love interest and on-again, off-again boyfriend. Tina has a crush on him and tries her best to get his attention (slow dancing with him, forcibly sharing a pasta strand with him, etc.). He switches between thinking Tina is weird and reciprocating her feelings. He is close friends with Zeke, has a noticeable speech impediment, and loves dancing. He appears to be among the most popular students at Wagstaff, though many students turned against him in "The Millie-Churian Candidate" after Louise sabotaged his class president campaign. He has jealous tendencies; in "Stand By Gene" he resents Gene for his friendship with Zeke, and in "Two for Tina" he feuds with Tina's love interest Josh despite their on-and-off relationship. Jimmy has gone on dates with Tina, and Louise said they were dating, however Jimmy tends to forget this from time to time. Louise calls him "brace face" in "The Belchies," implying he wears braces, but these are never seen, as Bob's Burgers rarely shows its characters' teeth.
Andy and Ollie Pesto (voiced by Sarah Silverman and Laura Silverman) – Andy and Ollie Pesto are Jimmy Pesto, Sr.'s blonde twin sons who are the brothers of Jimmy Pesto, Jr. They are very childish and care for each other a lot, experiencing extreme anxiety whenever they must be separated – at one point they imply that their backpacks will miss each other when separated and are nearly run over because they were trying to carry each other across the street. They are classmates and good friends with Louise despite the rivalry between their fathers (as well as Louise's tendency to take advantage of them, such as in "Art Crawl"). Ollie and Andy's intense fondness for each other mimics that of Walter and Perry from Loren Bouchard's previous animated television series Home Movies.

text: Wagstaff School staff[edit]

text: The following characters work at Wagstaff School:

text:
Phillip Frond (voiced by David Herman) – Mr. Frond is the "self-certified" school counselor of Wagstaff School. Bob describes him as a "tall drink of annoying", and he has stuffed dolls that he talks to as if they were real. He feels underused and underappreciated at the school, since nobody really likes him, due to his uptight and strict personality, and his advice is never sought after. He occasionally concocts harebrained schemes to advance his own career, which usually backfire spectacularly.
Coach Blevins (voiced by Larry Murphy) – Coach Blevins is the gym teacher who wears shatterproof goggles.
Mr. Ambrose (voiced by Billy Eichner) – Mr. Ambrose is the school librarian and the cheerleading coach who has a penchant for dramatism.
Mr. Branca (voiced by David Herman) – Mr. Branca is an immigrant janitor from an unknown country. Back in his country, he was its President before a coup d'état occurred.
Ms. Jacobson (voiced by Melissa Bardin Galsky) – Ms. Jacobson is an eighth grade teacher who is usually seen teaching Tina's class which often includes Jimmy Jr., Jocelyn, Tammy Larsen, and Zeke. She was included in Tina's erotic friend fiction in "Bad Tina", where she paired her with Mr. Frond. She is described by Bob as "ridiculously attractive" in "Two for Tina".
Ms. LaBonz (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) – Ms. LaBonz is the 4th grade teacher who is usually teaching Louise's class which also consisted of Andy and Ollie Pesto, Millie Frock, Regular Size Rudy, and Wayne. She has a habit of stealing supplies from the school.
Ms. Merkin (voiced by Brian Huskey) – Ms. Merkin is a longtime music teacher at Wagstaff. She is a very proficient musician, competent at multiple instruments including drums, ukulele, piano, and guitar. She is supportive of Gene's talent, defecting to his guerrilla Die Hard musical after being replaced in the school musical. In "Itty Bitty Ditty Committee," Gene enlists her to help him improve his musicianship, but he gives up three seconds later, because of the commitment required.
Ms. Schnur (voiced by Sarah Silverman) – Ms. Schnur is the secretary to Principal Spoors who is usually distracted by kids who are sent to Spoors.

text: Wagstaff School students[edit]

text: The following students attend Wagstaff school with the Belcher siblings and the Pesto siblings:

text:
Chloe Barbash (voiced by Stephanie Beatriz) - Chloe Barbash is a student at Wagstaff School. In "Bob Actually", it is revealed that Regular-Sized Rudy has an unrequited crush on her.
Choo-Choo (voiced by Brian Posehn) – Choo-Choo is a student at Wagstaff School and Gene's nemesis. He constantly annoys Gene whenever he tells a joke by saying the punchline before him. He first appeared in "Spaghetti Western and Meatballs" and got his name for saying "choo choo" every time he got into a fight.
Courtney Wheeler (voiced by David Wain) – Gene's ex-girlfriend; an annoying girl who likes Gene in the episode "The Unbearable Like-Likeness of Gene." Gene begins going out with her when he is stuck with answering if he "like-likes" her, so he pairs up with her temporarily. Gene's plans were to dump her until he meets her father Doug who he believes can launch his career in writing jingles. He breaks up with her at her birthday party after she interrupts one of his performances, and she retaliates by upstaging him by staging a musical based on the film Working Girl. In "The Gene & Courtney Show," they reconcile and appear to kindle a romance. Courtney has blonde curly hair and always wears a necklace with a heart pendant on it that always seems to wind up in her mouth.
Darryl (voiced by Aziz Ansari) – Darryl is a student at Wagstaff School and a video game enthusiast. He goes by DRL in reference to his initials for arcade scoreboards. In the episode Nude Beach, he returns to team up with the Belchers in their attempt to sell tickets to a view of the titular nude beach to children at their school.
Henry Haber (voiced by Jim Gaffigan) – Henry Haber is a student at Wagstaff School. He first appears in "Carpe Museum" where he is assigned as Tina's buddy for the museum field trip. In "The Millie-churian Candidate " Henry runs for student body president under the campaign "Chess we Can". He later wins by default after Millie and Louise both get disqualified.
Jeremy (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) – Jeremy is one of Louise's classmates. He appears in "Topsy" and has increasingly accompanied the Belcher children and their crew. He was first characterized as uptight, ratting on Louise's science project to Mr. Frond in "Topsy," but as evidenced by his willingness to engage in bounce house theft in "House Of 1000 Bounces," he's loosened up a little.
Jocelyn (voiced by John Roberts) – Jocelyn is a student at Wagstaff School. She has blonde curly hair that she wears in a side ponytail and is a cheerleader as well. She displays an obsession with being cool and popular to the point of being unable to have a mind of her own to avoid embarrassing herself. She can often be heard saying things like "That's so cool. Unless you guys don't think so. Then it's lame."
Jodi (voiced by Rachel Dratch) – Jodi is a student at Wagstaff School who has a severe fear of germs. It is extreme enough that she struggles to sit down or touch anything without using hand sanitizer or wearing rubber gloves.
Large Tommy (voiced by Larry Murphy) – Large Tommy is an overweight nerd-looking student who has brown hair and wears a red shirt and glasses. Like Speedo Guy, he appears randomly in the series, mainly in background roles.
Lenny DeStefano (voiced by Larry Murphy) – A student at Wagstaff School. Lenny is an extremely popular and handsome boy, considered the biggest catch at Wagstaff among the girls. His charm apparently extends to adults, as Bob seemed very taken with Lenny during a short car ride together and Ms. Merkin even expressed interest in attending his birthday party.
Mabel "Abby" Haddington (voiced by Rachel Dratch) – Mabel Haddington (better known as Abby) is a student who attends Wagstaff School. She is obsessed with braiding.
Millie Frock (voiced by Molly Shannon) – Millie Frock is a Wagstaff Middle School student who first appeared in the second Bob's Burgers' Halloween episode "Fort Night." She is Louise's age and is obsessed with her. She displays psychopathic tendencies; in "Fort Night," she traps the Belcher children and their friends in a fort overnight as retaliation for Louise refusing to be her friend.
Peter Pescadero (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) – Peter Pescadero is a wimpy boy who is one of Gene's classmates. He is a terrible dancer and owns a Sasquatch Mask that Gene borrowed as seen in "Beefsquatch." He has partial hearing loss (as mentioned in "The Unbrearable Like-Likeness of Gene") and is also an award winning magician ("Presto Tina-O")
Regular-Sized Rudy (voiced by Brian Huskey) – Rudolph Steiblitz, known as Regular-Sized Rudy to distinguish him from a smaller classmate (Pocket-Sized Rudy), is Louise's classmate, best friend and love interest. He has asthma and needs to use his inhaler every two hours. Despite his condition, he loves to have fun and often joins Louise in her mischievous escapades. He keeps cymbals in his backpack. He is a frequent guest on the wine tasting train ("The Kids Rob a Train") where he spends his time with Beans the bean bag chair while his father goes on internet dates.
Tammy Larsen (voiced by Jenny Slate) – Tina's mean girl nemesis, who continuously bullies her. She usually wears heavy makeup and has blonde hair, which she wears in a side ponytail. She acts like the "popular" and "hot" girl, despite the fact that nobody likes her. She was a brunette in her first appearance on the show (in the episode "Bad Tina"), but in subsequent episodes she is blonde (this fact is acknowledged twice in the show: once in the episode "Broadcast Wagstaff School News," in which she taunts Tina by saying "I'm a blonde now so I'm better than you," and the second in the episode "Lice Things Are Lice," in which she says, "You're not a blonde," and Tina replies, "Neither are you.") Andy and Ollie once described her as a "bathroom clown" due to her makeup. Tammy comes from a Jewish family and is at least twelve years old, as she has celebrated her bat mitzvah – or rather she tried to, as Tina wound up taking her place at the party, much to the relief of everyone, including Tammy's own relatives. She is also Wagstaff's head cheerleader and has a problem with passing gas, caused by laughing too hard, by someone lifting her up wrong, or because of nerves.
Zeke (voiced by Bobby Tisdale) – Zeke is a boisterous and immature boy with a slight southern accent, who usually hangs out with Jimmy Junior. Zeke's middle name is Anthony, and his last name is unknown.[8] He's obsessed with wrestling and breasts and makes fart jokes often. He may be a gifted chef, as suspected by Bob in "Bob And Deliver."

text: Other recurring characters[edit]

text:
Bryce (voiced by Joe Lo Truglio) – Bryce is a teenage resident of King's Head Island who participates in the annual Hell Hunt on Halloween night as seen in "Full Bars." He appears again in "Speakeasy Rider" where he is an expert in Go-Karting racing under the name "Bryced Lightning." Bryce finished third in the King's Head Island Grand Prix.
Calvin Fischoeder (voiced by Kevin Kline) – Mr. Fischoeder is an odd local landlord and businessman who dresses in a white suit, a white cape, and a white eyepatch over his left eye, and who has a hairstyle similar to Vanity Fair publisher Graydon Carter. He owns or has a stake in just about everything on the harbor (and many things in town) including the Belcher and Pesto restaurants. He likes Bob despite Bob always being late with his rent (partially because Bob knows a legendary burger recipe that he greatly enjoys and Bob reminds him of his father due to Bob's hairy arms). Louise describes him as being "one white cat away from being a supervillain". His last name is pronounced "Fish-odor." He smokes marijuana, as revealed in "Bob Fires The Kids." In "Ambergris", it is revealed that Calvin has a brother named Felix who is the reason why Calvin wears an eyepatch.
Chuck Charles (voiced by Thomas Lennon) – A daytime talk-show host along with his co-host and (secretly ex-) wife Pam until the Belchers' participation on his show caused their show to be cancelled. He then became the host of a game show called "Family Fracas". He and Pam hid their divorce for the sake of their talk show, but have an antagonistic relationship behind the scenes. Chuck blames the Belchers for his show being cancelled and harbors a grudge against them that has apparently yet to dissipate, if events of "Best Burger" are any indication.
Cynthia Bush (voiced by Lindsey Stoddart) – The mother of Logan Barry Bush. She has appeared in both of the episodes that Logan has appeared in as well and has a similarly contentious relationship with Linda as Logan does with Louise.
Dr. Yap (voiced by Ken Jeong) – He works as the Belcher Family's dentist. He appears as a competent professional, but when the surface is scratched, he is fairly irresponsible and erratic. He is shown to be somewhat lonely and socially awkward, which leads him to inappropriate behavior with his patients and his fraternity brothers. He is the subject of one of Tina Belcher's youthful crushes.
Edith and Harold Cranwinkle (voiced by Larry Murphy and Sam Seder) – The elderly owners of Reflections (an art sale, supplies, and lessons store). Edith is the chairperson of the Art Crawl (an event where local businesses display art work). She frequently antagonizes Bob, but it's never explained why she hates him.
Fanny (voiced by Jordan Peele) – Fanny is Felix Fischoeder's girlfriend. Felix promises her a recording studio at the planned high end condo development along with a nightclub where she can sing. She attempts to kill Calvin Fischoeder and the Belchers, but her plan is ruined by Linda, knocking a rotten wooden pole into the peddle boat that Fanny was on. Fanny is later seen being taken away by the police for attempted murder with the Belchers covering up Felix's attempted murder by stating that Fanny manipulated him.
Felix Fischoeder (voiced by Zach Galifianakis) – Felix Fischoeder is the younger brother of Calvin Fischoeder. Felix is known to be rather neurotic and has emotional issues likely stemming from childhood. Felix is the cause of Calvin's poked out eye. Also to calm him down, they would have to sing a song tributing to Felix, revealing that he is a narcissist. He first appeared in "Ambergris" when he decided to install a new, high-tech bathroom in the restaurant. In the two-part episode "World Wharf II," he and Bob conspire to convince Calvin to destroy Wonder Wharf in order to put up a condominium and get a nightclub for his girlfriend Fanny. When Bob goes back on his deal to convince Calvin to sell Wonder Wharf, Felix ties them up under the pier with the intention of having them drown when the tide comes in but soon regrets his actions and tries to save them. Felix later returned in "Dawn of the Peck" where he conceived the idea of a Running of the Bulls style event called the "Turkey Trot" for the town's Thanksgiving festival, which turned out to be a disaster when the birds attacked the participants.
Gretchen (voiced by Larry Murphy) – She was first introduced in "Lobsterfest". Gretchen has blonde hair, and is Linda's hairstylist. She is somewhat overweight and provocative, speaking frankly about sex and personal issues, to the point of making others uncomfortable. She also is attracted to men with badges or so called "authority-figures". She also goes to the nude beach and has a tattoo of a dolphin on her back.
Hugo Habercore (voiced by Sam Seder) – Hugo is a health inspector who used to be engaged to Linda but was jilted by her for Bob, a fact that causes him no end of frustration. This fact alone causes him to target Bob any chance he gets, to the point of malpractice as a health inspector. His last name was revealed on a chyron during a news report in "Human Flesh".
Ron (voiced by Ron Lynch) – Ron is Hugo's assistant, a trainee health inspector. Often quiet, he is willing to point out Hugo's malpractices when they go too far.
Jairo (voiced by Jon Glaser) – Jairo is a Brazilian capoeira instructor. He first appeared in "Sexy Dance Fighting" as an antagonist and returned in "Sexy Dance Healing" as an ally of Bob, healing his arm with massage. He does not pay rent and has been serially evicted from numerous buildings. His carefree attitude borders on sociopathy, as seen when he dumps excess oil on the street with no thought for potential pedestrian slippage.
Jen (voiced by Wendy Molyneux) – Jen is the babysitter for Gene and Louise when Tina is unavailable or when Tina isn't trusted to watch them. Tina resents her because she replaced her job as a babysitter in "Purple Rain-Union." In the same episode, she is shown to be extremely ticklish and gives Tina a black eye in reaction to being tickled.
Josh (voiced by Ben Schwartz) – A boy that Tina met while in the milk fridge of the supermarket from "Lindapendent Woman." He returns in "Two for Tina" where both he and Jimmy Pesto Jr. both attempt to win over her heart and take her to the dance. He goes to a school for the performing arts and is a ballet dancer.
Kevin (voiced by Tim Heidecker) – The manager of Dusty's Feedbag, a burger restaurant that serves the Belt Buckle Belly Buster burger. The 5 lb. burger proves problematic as Bob is concerned for Teddy's cardiac health.
Logan Barry Bush (voiced by Kurt Braunohler) – Louise's nemesis and Cynthia's son. He first premiered in "Ear-sy Rider" as a bully to the Belcher kids, eventually stealing Louise's hat. He manages to keep it from her until the climax of the episode where Louise gets a biker gang to get it back. He later appears in the episode "Mother Daughter Laser Razor" attending the Mother Daughter seminar where Dakota calls him a "male daughter." His middle name was chosen to make his full name a play on words based on the loganberry bush; his mother Cynthia admits "we didn't think it through."
Marshmallow (voiced by David Herman) – A transgender prostitute that first appeared in "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?" She is dark-skinned and is usually seen in a white monokini. She also appears in Bod to beach.
Marbles (voiced by Jack McBrayer) – A transgender prostitute who first appeared in "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?" She is light-skinned, blonde, and is usually seen in a red dress.
Glitter (voiced by Steve Agee) – A transgender sex worker who Bob regularly ferries around in his taxi in "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?" She is also said to be going under gender reassignment because she mentions the town being full of "Doctors who refuse to cut off your penis." Bob later invites her to Tina's 13th birthday party.
Cha-Cha (voiced by Oscar Nunez) – A transgender prostitute who first appeared in "Sheesh! Cab, Bob?"
Mickey (voiced by Bill Hader) – A former bank robber who took a shine to the Belcher kids. In contrast to stereotypes of criminals, he has an amiable demeanor. He later reformed himself enough to get a job as a ride operator at Wonder Wharf. He also has worked as a pedicab driver.
Mike Wobbles (voiced by Tim Meadows) – The reticent, reluctant, yet available mailman. One of his legs is shorter than the other.
Officer Julia (voiced by Jerry Minor) – Officer Julia is a local police officer. She acts tough with people she arrests. She appears mostly with Officer Cliffany. From the beginning of the season 2, she is written out of the storylines for unknown reasons, though she has made a few cameo appearances since then.
Officer Cliffany (voiced by Sam Seder) – Officer Cliffany is a local tall, androgynous, and overweight police officer. She works frequently with Officer Julia whenever there is a case in town. Like Officer Julia, she was written out of the show after Season 1, though she has made some cameo appearances since then.
One Eyed Snakes – The One Eyed Snakes are a biker gang who are good friends with the Belcher Family. The One Eyed Snakes was founded by Horny Dave and led by him until his death when his motorcycle collided with a semi-trailer truck. There are a total of 18 members in the One Eyed Snakes.

Critter (voiced by Robert Ben Garant) – Critter is the leader of the One Eyed Snakes following the death of Horny Dave. Afterwards, he's seen as a friend of the Belchers, helping the kids build a go-kart from stolen motorcycle parts, sitting with Bob and Linda at the go-kart races, and calling on Bob for help getting out of jail.
Mudflap (voiced by Wendi McLendon-Covey) – Mudflap is a female member of the One Eyed Snakes. At the beginning of "Ear-sy Rider," she is heavily pregnant with a baby whom everybody assumes is Horny Dave's. After Tom delivers her baby boy, she reveals to Critter that she slept with him nine months ago and that he is the father as Horny Dave had a vasectomy in 1995.

Olsen Benner (voiced by Pamela Adlon) – A local news correspondent.
Pam (voiced by Samantha Bee) – A daytime talk-show host along with her co-host and (secretly) ex-husband, Chuck. The Belchers cause her show to be cancelled. Pam later gets a daytime court show called "Pam's Court" despite not being a real judge. Unlike Chuck, she does not harbor resentment toward the Belchers (likely because she doesn't have to put up with Chuck as much thanks to them). Despite initially keeping their divorce secret to the public, Pam harbors deep resentment toward Chuck. She claims that fame ruined their marriage. Pam is a binge drinker.
The Prince of Persuasia (voiced by Rob Huebel) – The Prince of Persuasia (also known as The Deuce) is a "love guru," or more accurately a "pick-up artist" mentioned in the episode "Dr. Yap". Dr. Yap himself is a graduate of the prince's three-step program known as "The Persuasion Arts: The Ancient Art of Picking Up Women." Yap describes the prince to Bob saying: "He's a prophet, and for 3 payments of $900 he can be your best friend." In the subsequent episode "The Unnatural", it was revealed that he also operates several other instructional businesses, including baseball coaching and close-up magic. He uses a different alias/identity for each of these.
Randy Watkins (voiced by Paul F. Tompkins) – Randy is a jack-of-all-trades who alternately appears as a friend or enemy of the Belchers. He has held various odd-jobs in his appearances. In "Sacred Cow," Randy worked as a film maker who constantly makes Bob feel guilty about making burgers by putting a cow next to his restaurant and convincing people not to eat there. In "Food Truckin'," Randy worked as a food truck caterer. In "Easy Commercial, Easy Gommercial," Randy helped the Belcher Family film their Super Bowl commercial.
Reggie (voices by Eddie Pepitone) – The owner of Reggie's Deli. He appears to be a careless restaurateur, openly admitting to using stale bread.
Yuli the Security Guard (voiced by Robert Smigel) – A security guard that works at Family Funtime in "Burger Boss." In "Adventures in Chinchilla-sitting," the security guard was seen working at the roller rink indicating that he is a freelancer. In "Ex Mach Tina", he works as a nighttime security guard for Wagstaff.
Sergeant Bosco (voiced by Gary Cole) – An authoritarian, no-nonsense police sergeant. He arrests Linda in "My Fuzzy Valentine" when she takes his gun in retaliation for his undermining her Speed Dating night. In spite of this, he has a fun-loving side and takes glee in telling his deepest, darkest secrets during speed dating; his partners happily oblige, indicating he might have a way with women. Gretchen is attracted to him. His last name is a reference to the movie Heat, where a detective played by Ted Levine bears the same last name
Speedo Guy (voiced by H. Jon Benjamin) – A unnamed blonde man in a pink speedo and roller blades. He appears randomly in the series, often seen in background scenes in various episodes such as "Burger Wars"' and "The Deepening."
Trev (voiced by David Herman) – Trev is a bartender at Jimmy Pesto's Pizzeria. He serves as Pesto's sycophant, often laughing excessively at his terrible jokes.


document_title: 2018 AFL finals series

question_text: when do the afl semi finals start 2018

question_tokens: when do the afl semi finals start 2018

text: 2018 AFL finals series

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Venues[edit]

text: The matches of the 2018 AFL finals series were contested at three venues around the country. The newly-built Perth Stadium hosted its first finals, hosting West Coast's qualifying and preliminary finals. The MCG hosted Richmond's qualifying and preliminary finals, both semi finals (hosted by Hawthorn and Collingwood), as well as Melbourne's elimination final. The SCG hosted its first Sydney derby final.

text:
Sydney

SydneyPerthMelbourne

Sydney Cricket Ground

Capacity: 48,000

Melbourne

Melbourne Cricket Ground

Capacity: 100,024

Perth

Optus Stadium

Capacity: 60,000

text: Matches[edit]

text: The system used for the 2018 AFL finals series is a final eight system. The top four teams in the eight receive the "double chance" when they play in week-one qualifying finals, such that if a top-four team loses in the first week it still remains in the finals, playing a semi-final the next week against the winner of an elimination final. The bottom four of the eight play knock-out games – only the winners survive and move on to the next week. Home-state advantage goes to the team with the higher ladder position in the first two weeks, to the qualifying final winners in the third week.

text: In the second week, the winners of the qualifying finals receive a bye to the third week. The losers of the qualifying final plays the elimination finals winners in a semi-final. In the third week, the winners of the semi-finals from week two play the winners of the qualifying finals in the first week. The winners of those matches move on to the Grand Final at the MCG in Melbourne.[1]

text:
Qualifying / Elimination finals

Semi-finals

Preliminary finals

Grand final

QF1: Sep 6, MCG

1

 Richmond

13.17 (95)

4

 Hawthorn

9.10 (64)

SF1: Sep 14, MCG

 Hawthorn

10.11 (71)

EF1: Sep 7, MCG

 Melbourne

16.8 (104)

PF1: Sep 21, MCG

5

 Melbourne

10.15 (75)

 Richmond

8.10 (58)

8

 Geelong

6.10 (46)

 Collingwood

15.7 (97)

GF: 29 Sep, MCG

 West Coast

11.13 (79)

EF2: Sep 8, SCG

PF2: Sep 22, Optus Stadium

 Collingwood

11.8 (74)

6

 Sydney

4.6 (30)

 West Coast

18.13 (121)

7

 Greater Western Sydney

10.19 (79)

SF2: Sep 15, MCG

 Melbourne

7.13 (55)

 Collingwood

9.15 (69)

QF2: Sep 8, Optus Stadium

 Greater Western Sydney

9.5 (59)

2

 West Coast

12.14 (86)

3

 Collingwood

10.10 (70)

text: Week one (qualifying and elimination finals)[edit]

text: First qualifying final (Richmond vs Hawthorn)[edit]

text: The first qualifying final saw minor premiers and defending premier Richmond defeat the fourth placed Hawthorn at the MCG in the third-ever Thursday night final and first in Victoria. Despite both clubs' presence in the competition for almost 100 years, this was the first meeting between Richmond and Hawthorn in a final.

text:
First qualifying final

Thursday, 6 September (7:20 pm)

Richmond

def.

Hawthorn

MCG (crowd: 91,446)

Report

2.2 (14)5.7 (37)10.13 (73) 13.17 (95)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

2.3 (15)3.5 (23)5.8 (38) 9.10 (64)

Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

3: McIntosh, Rioli2: Caddy 1: Martin, Prestia, Higgins, Edwards, Graham

Goals

3: Roughead1: Shiels, Nash, Impey, Mitchell, Breust, Smith

Martin, Prestia, Cotchin, Rioli, Lambert, Grimes, Grigg

Best

O'Meara, Mitchell, Shiels, Smith, Henderson, Sicily

Rance (foot)

Injuries

Hardwick (hip), Stratton (hamstring)

text: First elimination final (Melbourne vs Geelong)[edit]

text: The first elimination final was held between fifth placed Melbourne and eighth placed Geelong at the MCG. Melbourne returned to the finals for the first time in twelve years, securing two impressive wins over West Coast and Greater Western Sydney in the final two rounds of the home and away season to earn a home final for the first time since the corresponding first elimination final in 2006. Geelong, meanwhile, looked in danger of missing the eight late in the home and away season but recorded two victories by 100 or more points over Fremantle and Gold Coast to secure their eleventh finals berth in twelve years.

text: This marked the eighth final between the two sides, having previously met in a Sectional Round 1 Final in 1900, the 1925 Semi Final, 1937 Semi Final, 1950 First Semi Final, 1954 Preliminary Final, 1989 First Semi Final and 2005 Second Elimination Final.

text:
First elimination final

Friday, 7 September (7:50 pm)

Melbourne

def.

Geelong

MCG (crowd: 91,767)

Report

5.3 (33)5.9 (39)6.13 (49) 10.15 (75)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

0.2 (2)2.4 (16)3.8 (26) 6.10 (46)

Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

3: Weideman1: Harmes, Gawn, Melksham, T.McDonald, Jones, Hannan, Neal-Bullen

Goals

2: Hawkins 1: Kelly, Tuohy, Murdoch, Duncan

Weideman, Harmes, Brayshaw, T.McDonald, Gawn, Viney, vandenBerg

Best

Dangerfield, J.Selwood, Ablett, Bews, Tuohy

Injuries

Stewart (neck)

text: Second elimination final (Sydney vs Greater Western Sydney)[edit]

text: The second elimination final saw Sydney and Greater Western Sydney face each other in a finals match for the second time in three years, after the two sides had previously met in the 2016 first qualifying final. It was the first finals match between the pair to be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground, after the 2016 final was played at Stadium Australia.

text:
Second elimination final

Saturday, 8 September (4:20 pm)

Sydney

def. by

Greater Western Sydney

SCG (crowd: 40,350)

Report

1.4 (10)2.4 (16)2.6 (18) 4.6 (30)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

2.3 (15)4.7 (31)7.11 (53) 10.19 (79)

Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

2: Papley 1: Parker, Ronke

Goals

3: Greene 2: Cameron, Himmelberg 1: Coniglio, de Boer, Ward

Kennedy, Parker, Heeny, Cunningham

Best

Davis, Whitfield, Greene, Coniglio, Himmelberg, Ward, Haynes

Injuries

Kelly (knee)

text: Second qualifying final (West Coast vs Collingwood)[edit]

text: The second qualifying final sees second placed West Coast host third-placed Collingwood at  Optus Stadium; the first final at the new venue. This marks the sixth final between the two sides, having previously contested a qualifying final and replay in 1990, a qualifying final in 1994, a semi final in 2007, a qualifying final in 2011 and a semi final in 2012.

text:
Second qualifying final

Saturday, 8 September (6:10 pm)

West Coast

def.

Collingwood

Optus Stadium (crowd: 59,585)

Report

3.3 (21)6.7 (43)7.11 (53) 12.14 (86)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

1.3 (9)7.4 (46)9.9 (63) 10.10 (70)

Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

2: Ryan, Darling, Kennedy 1: Vardy, Jetta, Sheed, Cripps, Rioli, Redden

Goals

2: Adams, De Goey, Mihocek 1: Stephenson, Thomas, Varcoe, Mayne

Yeo, McGovern, Ryan, Jetta, Sheed, Redden

Best

Sidebottom, Adams, Grundy, Goldsack, Treloar, Mihocek

Sheppard (hamstring)

Injuries

text: Week two (semi-finals)[edit]

text: First semi-final (Hawthorn vs Melbourne)[edit]

text: This was the seventh finals meeting between Hawthorn and Melbourne, and the first since the 1990 elimination final.

text:
First semi-final

Friday, September 14 (7:50 pm)

Hawthorn

def. by

Melbourne

MCG (crowd: 90,152)

Report

3.1 (19)3.7 (25)6.9 (45) 10.11 (71)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

3.1 (19)6.2 (38)12.5 (77) 16.8 (104)

Umpires: Rosebury, Stevic, Nicholls Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

3: Gunston  2: Schoenmakers, Roughead1: Worpel, Puopolo, Smith

Goals

4: T. McDonald  2: Weideman, Brayshaw, Melksham, Spargo  1: Petracca, Gawn, Neal-Bullen, Hannan

Gunston, Mirra, Howe, Shiels, Mitchell, Henderson

Best

Viney, T.McDonald, Petracca, Jetta, Hibberd, Oliver

Mitchell (AC joint), Puopolo (hamstring)

Injuries

Nil

Nil

Reports

Nil

text: Second semi-final (Collingwood vs Greater Western Sydney)[edit]

text: This was the first finals meeting between Collingwood and Greater Western Sydney.

text:
Second semi-final

Saturday, September 15 (7:25 pm)

Collingwood

def.

Greater Western Sydney

MCG (crowd: 72,504)

Report

3.6 (24)4.9 (33)6.12 (48) 9.15 (69)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

0.2 (2)4.2 (26)7.3 (45) 9.5 (59)

Umpires: Chamberlain, Findlay, Ryan Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

3: De Goey  2: Thomas, Hoskin-Elliot 1: Mihocek, Varcoe

Goals

2: Coniglio  1: Griffen, Himmelberg, Lobb, Cameron, Langdon, De Boer

De Goey, Sidebottom, Howe, Treloar, Maynard, Adams, Langdon, Phillips

Best

Whitfield, Coniglio, Lobb, Shiel, Williams, Davis

Nil

Injuries

Davis (shoulder)

Nil

Reports

Nil

text: Week three[edit]

text: First preliminary final (Richmond vs Collingwood)[edit]

text: This was the seventeenth finals meeting between Richmond and Collingwood, and the first since the 1980 Grand Final. Richmond have won nine of those games, while Collingwood have won eight. This was the first time that Collingwood has defeated Richmond in a final since 1937.

text:
First preliminary final

Friday, September 21 (7:50 pm)

Richmond

def. by

Collingwood

MCG (crowd: 94,959)

Report

1.3 (9)2.8 (20)6.10 (46) 8.10 (58)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

5.2 (32)10.4 (64)12.7 (79) 15.7 (97)

Umpires: Rosebury, Stevic, Ryan Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

5: Riewoldt  2: Higgins  1: Houli

Goals

4: De Goey  3: Cox  2: Crisp, Mihocek  1: Varcoe, Treloar, Grundy, Stephenson

Riewoldt, Cotchin, Houli, Higgins

Best

Sidebottom, Cox, Grundy, Adams, Crisp, De Goey, Greenwood

Nil

Injuries

Howe (ankle)

Nil

Reports

Nil

text: Second preliminary final (West Coast vs Melbourne)[edit]

text: This was the fifth finals meeting between West Coast and Melbourne. The clubs previously met in the 1988 elimination final, the 1990 semi final, the 1991 semi final and the 1994 preliminary final. West Coast won three of those four games.

text:
Second preliminary final

Saturday, September 22 (1:20 pm)

West Coast

def.

Melbourne

Optus Stadium (crowd: 59,608)

Report

4.8 (32)10.9 (69)15.10 (100) 18.13 (121)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

0.3 (3)0.6 (6)5.9 (39) 7.13 (55)

Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast)

Melbourne became the first side since Richmond in the 1927 Grand Final to not score a goal in the first half of a final and the first ever in a preliminary final.[2]

text: Week four (grand final)[edit]

text:
Grand final

Saturday, 29 September (2:30 pm)

West Coast

def.

Collingwood

MCG (crowd: 100,022)

Report

2.2 (14)4.3 (27)8.7 (55) 11.13 (79)

Q1Q2Q3 Final

5.1 (31)6.3 (39)8.7 (55) 11.8 (74)

Umpires: Rosebury, Stevic, Ryan Norm Smith Medal: Luke Shuey Television broadcast: Seven Network, Fox Footy (simulcast) National anthem: Mahalia Barnes


document_title: A Regular Epic Final Battle

question_text: who does mordecai end up with in the finale

text: A Regular Epic Final Battle

text: Plot[edit]

text: Prior[edit]

text: Prior to the events of the episode, Pops is upset about the upcoming fight and is put in a very bad mood. The gang at the park cheer him up by throwing him a party. In order to remember the events, all of their memories are put onto a collection of Blu-ray discs and buried in the park. They set a course to the location of the fight, Lolliland, Pops' home planet.

text: Part 1[edit]

text: An epic final battle begins and concludes, all deciding the fate of the universe. The park crew arrives at Lolliland, the place of birth of Pops and Anti-Pops. The place is shattered of all the old fights the two brothers had and there they meet a group of natives from Lolliland, Frivola-Kranus, Quadravi-Kranus and Weird Mushroom Guy, they tell the crew of the previous battles Pops and Anti-Pops had, also they discover Pops' real name, Mega-Kranus and Anti-Pops', Malum-Kranus, and how the Lolliland natives have been evolving to the point Pops was born.

text: In the ancient tapestries show every battle ever done, and there is a section where warriors resembling the park crew are fighting along Pops, meaning they were meant to fight in the ultimate battle, but now that they know that they are meant to end the fight in a stalemate. Mordecai comes up with the plan of setting traps for Anti-Pops so they get an advantage in the battle. Pops is against the idea at first, but he was also convinced that they have to win to save themselves so he helped them to set the traps.

text: Anti-Pops arrives in a Uber-like taxi, Pops still tries to convince him not to fight, but Anti-Pops refused, after singing the Lolliland anthem, Anti-Pops started the fight but everyone had striked him with the traps, at first they were excited about defeating Anti-Pops but then he returned, unscathed from the traps.

text: Part 2[edit]

text: Pops still wants a fair fight, so they make a deal of who ever knocks the other first, can do what they want to the universe, they both agree and start to fight, which in the first round Pops crushed Anti-Pops with a cruise boat, but Anti-Pops breaks the deal and continues the fight while the park crew fought against Anti-Pops' minions, as well as Streaming Modem who wants to destroy the disc masters, but they are aided by HD DVD and Blu-ray, the Baby Ducks, Toothpick Sally, Recap Robot, the real Chance Sureshot (it was a clone of the one that died), the Guardians of Eternal Youth, Gary, Carter and Briggs, Death, Party Horse 42699, and the Guardian of Lolliland (even she isn't supposed to participate), the Baby Ducks form another mecha with Skips, Eileen, Benson (on top of the hat), the Guardians of Eternal Youth, Gary, Carter and Briggs, Death, and Party Horse 42699, then they fight the modem, Anti-Pops minions' shoot down Rigby's ship but are caught by Mordecai, and Chance shoots the Uber driver, the modem is beaten with Gary's synthesizer, a shock wave from Blu-ray and HD DVD, and an elbow drop from the guardian of Lolliland.

text: As they end the first part of the battle, Anti-Pops reaches his ultimate power and starts erasing Lolliland, Muscle Man and HFG are caught in the erasing beam and Pops tries to save them but he is too scared of failing, so Muscle Man said his last "my mom" joke before dying. With their death, Pops gets angry enough to reach his ultimate power and the real cosmic battle starts, both brothers fired their beams on Lolliland, but Pops is still scared of failing and Anti-Pops who is currently stronger erases everyone, including Andy, the long-lost teenage brother of the Baby Ducks, except Mordecai and Rigby.

text: With the death of almost all his friends, Pops engages the fist crash that would reset the universe, Anti-Pops would counter-attack it, as Mordecai and Rigby were looking at it, Mordecai thought of shooting Anti-Pops before their fists collide, but their shots didn't affect him and they are caught in the middle of the punch, obliterating the entire universe and resetting time.

text: Part 3: "The Power"[edit]

text: After the events of the end of part two, we see the first part of the first episode "The Power". It stops at the point where Rigby is about to crash into the wall, and he recalls the events happening. Rigby tries to convince Mordecai, but he doesn't remember. Rigby then goes to where they previously buried the Blu-ray discs which contains all their memories, Mordecai touches it and remembers everything. Realizing that time didn't properly reset, they use the Power to take them to the fight in the future. Pops and Anti-Pops are still fighting and Mordecai and Rigby appear, which leaves Pops surprised. Anti-Pops blasts them, destroying the Power in the process. When it becomes a stalemate again, Pops realizes what he must do to stop the reboot of time. He does this by sacrificing himself and Anti-Pops into the sun. After this, time continues and we see the future lives of the park gang as they return to Earth after being in space for three years in earth time.

text: Mr. Maellard becomes depressed and mourns for his son, so the park workers erect a memorial for Pops, Mordecai and Rigby quit their jobs at the park and move on with their lives. Mordecai moves to New York City and finally makes his dream of being a painter come true and meets a woman named Stef [a female bat] he genuinely loves and has three children with her (and though he never reconnects with either Margaret or CJ, he does consider them his muses and incorporates their appearances in his art). Rigby settles down with Eileen and becomes a father of two girls. Muscle Man reunites with his wife, Starla who is revealed to have been pregnant with his daughter when he left, and the three of them move to a nicer trailer and continue to have children.

text: High-Five Ghost and his girlfriend, Celia, become party DJs touring in Prague and later have a son. Benson, who now becomes the owner of the park after Mr. Maellard passes on, reunites with Pam and the two adopt four cats and Applesauce, Benson's pig. Skips is still single and still working in the park, only now he is wearing jean shorts (or jorts) instead of jeans. At their 25th anniversary reunion Skips and Muscle Man raise the statue of Mr. Maellard along with the previous Pops, A now middle aged Mordecai and Rigby remember the sacrifice of Pops and how immature they used to be before deciding to play some old arcade games. This episode ends with the revelation that Pops is watching his friends from Heaven on a VHS labeled "Regular Show". He ejects the tape and says "Jolly good show" as the series officially ends set to the 1977 David Bowie song "'Heroes'".

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The episode premiered on Cartoon Network on January 16, 2017,[6] at 6:00pm ET/PT. Preceding the finale was a Teen Titans Go! marathon (in addition to airings of Shrek and The Cat in the Hat). It was viewed by 1.33 million viewers in part one and 1.37 million viewers in part two, making this the most watched episode of the eighth season.


document_title: Chicago Marathon

question_text: where is the start of the chicago marathon

text: Chicago Marathon

text: History[edit]

text: The first marathon at the 1896 Games of the I Olympiad generated interest in the sport which led to similar races throughout most western countries and across the United States. While marathons sporadically occurred in New York City and St. Louis,[12] the Boston Marathon had established an annual marathon in 1897, soon to be followed by Chicago.[13] Beginning in 1905,[14] the Chicago Marathon (organized first by the Illinois Athletic Club 1905 to 1909, then sponsored by the Chicago Daily News after 1910) was held annually, with significant community and spectator support, until the early 1920s.[15]

text: The First Chicago Marathon was run on September 23, 1905.[13] That first race began in Evanston and finished in front of a standing-room-only paying crowd at Washington Park race track. In a stunning upset, a reported 100,000 or more spectators watched Rhud Metzner come from behind to steal a late-race victory from the favored Louis Marks.[14] With that first race, the Chicago Marathon began an annual run of epic races that continued until the early 1920s on a revised course that largely resembles today's marathon route.[15] Over the years elite fields included Olympic champions, world records were continually sought, and the marathon continued to inspire Chicago communities and spectators until challenges of the early 1920s sidelined the event.[16]

text: It was not until the health consciousness of the 1960s that marathon growth gained traction in the eyes of the nation. Frank Shorter's 1972 Games of the XX Olympiad marathon victory represented the convergence of many middle-class American ideals.[17] Then the 1976 New York City Marathon, which was the first New York City Marathon to embrace the five borough course, popularized the big city marathon. As the New York marathon began to grow exponentially in the 1970s, the Chicago Marathon was established as a rival to the New York City Marathon.[4] By the mid-1980s, the Chicago Marathon was ensconced as one of the big four marathons.[18] During the mid-1980s, it was named America's Marathon/Chicago and opened up the way for appearance payments. Joan Benoit Samuelson described the Chicago Marathon's of the mid-1980s as "The World's Marathon".[19] The Bank of America Chicago Marathon is an open race with no qualifying time to participate.[7]

text: The Modern Era Chicago Marathon was founded over the objection of Ed Kelly, Chicago Parks Superintendent who refused permission to run in the parks or along the Lake Michigan lakefront. With the help of Lee Flaherty, the event's founder who operated out of Flair House in the Near North Side community area of Chicago,[20] Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's support for the marathon was enlisted. Although Mayor Daley died, his successor Michael Anthony Bilandic approved the race and got Kelly on board. Michael Bilandic, a runner, and his wife actually passed out medals at the first marathon on September 25, 1977. This first edition of the modern Chicago Marathon was called the Mayor Daley Marathon.[21] Flaherty footed the bill for the first race, which had no sponsors. He again footed the bill in 1978 when the race was again called the Mayor Daley Marathon. In 1979, however, Beatrice Foods became the first race sponsor.

text: In the early years the Chicago Marathon was held in August.[22] It has from its inception with 4,200 runners and 2,128 finishers been one of the nation's largest marathons. The 2000 running was second only to New York.[23] The 1979 and 1980 events, however, continued to be gatherings of amateur runners. By 1982, the race finally had sufficient prize money to attract world class athletes. The 1982 was the first with world class times such as the 2:10:59 by Greg Meyer.[17] By 1983, the Chicago Marathon had achieved its status as one of America's most important marathons. In 1984, Beatrice raised the purse to $250,000 ($50,000 more than New York's).[17] The race had become a legitimate rival to New York and continues to vie for top runners. The 1985 race was spectacular with Steve Jones breaking his own course record (2 seconds short of the world record) and Joan Benoit Samuelson the 1984 Olympic Champion, two-time defending Chicago Marathon Champion and Olympic Bronze Medalist, Rosa Mota and the fourth place Olympic finisher and world record setting Ingrid Kristiansen. Benoit set a record that stood nearly a generation. At that time, it was considered the premier marathon in the United States, if not the world.[24] Although 1986 had 40 world-class runners among the 8,000 participants the times paled in comparison.[25] Beatrice dropped out as a sponsor in 1987. Because of this only a half-marathon race was held that year[6] and the marathon was moved to the spring of 1988[26] and attracted Heileman Brewing Company to sponsor the 1988 Old Style Chicago Marathon.[27] The race resulted in three women who had been passed over for the 1988 Games of the XXIV Olympiad placing in the top positions.[28] In 1991, Heileman discontinued its sponsorship and both the prize money and performances waned.[29] In 1992, the race again had no sponsorship, but 1993 brought new sponsor LaSalle Bank.[30] In 1994, the race became the LaSalle Bank Chicago Marathon.[31] In 1996, LaSalle Bank purchased the Chicago Marathon from Major Events, Inc., who had purchased the race three years prior from Flaherty.[32][33] In 1998, the race began using transponder timing.[34] In 2001, when Catherine Ndereba broke the women's world record marathon time, both the men's and women's then-current world records had been set at the Chicago Marathon.[35] For 2008, the race was sponsored by Bank of America following the purchase of LaSalle Bank from ABN Amro to Bank of America, and the new title will be in use.[36]

text: In 2007 Bank of America acquired LaSalle Bank's parent company ABN AMRO North America in 2007 and assumed the races title sponsorship.[37][38] The 2007 race made history with the first ever CEO Marathon Challenge. The race featured a special competition among the CEOs, presidents, company owners and c-suite executives of companies with at least $5 million in annual gross revenue ($2.5 million for women).[39] The 2007 race also made history for having three (men's, women's & men's wheelchair) of its four races decided in the final 100 meters in a day of record setting heat.[40] The race was partially shut down early (after three and a half hours) as temperatures rose to an unseasonably hot 88 °F (31 °C), which surpassed both the temperature records for the Chicago Marathon and official Chicago records for October 7.[41] Over 10,000 registrants chose not to run in the record temperatures, while 10,934 people did not finish (many were called after the course closed early for safety).[5][40][42] One runner died, over 30 were hospitalized, and over 400 others sought medical attention. Marathon owner and sponsor Bank of America, which had just acquired LaSalle Bank, has denied culpability. Similar hot conditions have been experienced in other city centre races. In London in 2003 The British 10K also had extremely hot weather that affected many runners.[42][43]

text: Course[edit]

text: The marathon course is a loop course, starting and ending at Grant Park. From here, the current course winds through 29 of the city's neighborhoods.[44] The course loop can be generally divided into three sections: North, West, and South. Near each of these directions, three of the city's main stadiums are nearby at their turning points. Wrigley Field is near the north. The United Center is to the west. US Cellular Field is to the south. On the other hand, Soldier Field is located near the start/finish area.

text: For the first three miles, runners wind through Chicago's downtown area. Eventually, they head north along LaSalle Street.

text: Runners are supported by over 12,000 volunteers[45] spread throughout the course including at 20 aid stations[46] located approximate every 1–3 miles.[47] For runners in distress, aid station volunteers include medical staff and ambulatory services are scattered throughout the course.

text: Digital timers are positioned every 5 kilometers, as well as the halfway point.

text: Runner statistics[edit]

text:
Chicago Marathon Finishers (2000–present)
Total finishers and by gender

Year
Finishers
Male
Female
Avg Finish Time

2000
27,870
16,802
11,068
4:21:46

2001
28,390
17,129
11,261
4:19:28

2002
31,093
18,111
12,982
4:19:51

2003
32,395
18,720
13,675
4:25:09

2004
33,033
19,073
13,960
4:26:53

2005
32,995
18,673
14,322
4:26:22

2006
33,618
18,904
14,714
4:25:02

2007
28,815
16,945
11,870
4:52:11

2008
31,343
17,675
13,668
4:46:30

2009
33,475
18,983
14,492
4:27:20

2010
36,159
19,973
16,186
4:43:48

2011
35,670
20,256
15,414
4:40:34

2012
37,455
20,688
16,767
4:32:02

2013
39,122
21,618
17,504
4:32:23

2014
40,801
22,299
18,502
4:33:03

2015
37,182
20,144
17,038
4:33:14

2016
40,608
22,045
18,563
4:34:48

2017
44,508
22,906
21,602
4:47:23

Source:[48]|[49]

text: The Bank of America Chicago Marathon has grown significantly from its beginnings. In 1905, 20 runners registered for the first Chicago Marathon, 15 actually started the race, and 7 finished.[16] For the first "modern" marathon race in 1977, just over 1,000 people signed up for the race, with expected numbers of just 200–300.[50] In 1995, 9,000 people registered, and in 1999, over 29,000 people registered. The 2001 marathon run on October 7 reached its cap of 37,500, which was instituted after the 2000 race drew 33,171 runners,[51] just prior to the entry deadline on September 19.[52] In 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 it reached its cap of 40,000.[4][53] The October 10, 2004, October 9, 2005 and October 22, 2006 races reached their 40,000 entrant caps on August 16, July 14, and May 26 respectively.[53][54][55] On April 18, 2007, the 2007 race run on October 7 reached its cap of 45,000 entrants.[56] There was a late registration exemption whereby elite runners (marathon times of less than 2:31/3:01 or half marathon times of 1:11/1:21 for (men/women)) could register until September 1 even though the race had reached its registration cap in the spring.[57] The 40,000 registrants and 33,000 finishers in 2003 made the Chicago Marathon the third or fourth largest marathon depending on which metric (registrants or finishers) is used.[58]

text: The Chicago Marathon is entered by predominantly Caucasian entrants from middle- to upper-middle-class affluence with a wide range in age and near equality in the sexes.[7] The Chicago Marathon has never excluded women. Historically, however, the women's field has been smaller than the men's. This seems to be the result of older age categories having large multiples of men to women, but the women are beginning to outnumber the men in the 20s age group of the field.[59]

text: Records[edit]

text: World records have been broken at Chicago four times.[60] In 1984, Steve Jones broke the world record with 2:08:05. In 1999, Khalid Khannouchi was the first to surpass 2:06:00 with 2:05:42. The women's record was broken in two consecutive years. In 2001, Catherine Ndereba broke the record in 2:18:47, and Paula Radcliffe surpassed that mark with 2:17:18 the year after.

text: Radcliffe's world record is also the course record; while the men's record is 2:03:45, set in the 2013 race by Dennis Kimetto.[61]

text: Economic impact[edit]

text: Much of the marathon's impact is derived from the tourism industry. More than 10,000 of the runners in 2010 indicated that it was their first visit to Chicago. Of that, 6,000 came from 100 countries. Due to the travelers, the event increases hotel occupancy rates during the marathon. According to an independent study by the University of Illinois, the 2015 marathon contributed an estimated US$277 million worth of activity to the Chicago economy, equivalent to 1,948 jobs.[62]

text: Charity program[edit]

text: Since the charity program was officially established in 2002, more than 106,000 runners have raised over $167 million for local, national and global causes.[63]

text: Charity fundraising is now closely intertwined with the event as the runners now raise money for research, aid the suffering and heighten public awareness of different causes.[64] The marathon offers all registered entrants the opportunity to fundraise for a charity partner. The marathon recognizes four levels of charities based on the number of participants recruited, and fundraising levels.[65]

text: Runners can also opt out of the public lottery or obtain a guaranteed place after this has been drawn by choosing to run for an official charity. The 2016 event had over 170 charity partners, and raised more than US$16.9 million.[63]

text:
Year
Charity
Count
Charity Runner
Count
Funds Raised

2001
7
NA
NA

2002
14
1,674
$2,950,000

2003
19
2,527
$4,540,000

2004
29
2,449
$4,740,000

2005
43
3,000
$6,317,000

2006
60
4,500
$9,500,000

2007
85
6,600
$9,985,482

2008
110
6,745
$9,209,000

2009
123
8,768
$10,183,855

2010
150
9,842
$12,109,000

2011
162
10,192
$13,400,000

2012
170
10,693
$15,300,000

2013
140
10,712
$15,000,000

2014
195
10,000+
$17,700,000

2015
172
10,000+
$18,700,000[66]

2016
170+
10,000+
$16,900,000[63]

Source: 2015 Chicago Marathon Media Guide[67]

text: Deaths[edit]

text:
2011 – William Caviness, 35, Greensboro, North Carolina – Believed to have died from cardiac arrest five hundred yards from finish line.[68][69]
2007 – Chad Schieber, 35, Midland, Michigan[43] – Mitral valve prolapse[70]
2003 – Rachael Townsend, 29, The Plains, Ohio – Mitral valve prolapse[71][72]
2001 – Luke Roach, 22, Seattle, Washington – Collapsed near finish line. Body temperature reached 107 °F (42 °C) (heat stroke)[22][73]
2000 – Danny Towns, 45, Edmond, Oklahoma – Cardiac arrest[22][74]
1998 – Kelly Barrett, 43, Littleton, Colorado – Believed to be caused by hyponatremia[22][75]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
1913 Chicago Marathon start on Columbus Drive

2008 Chicago Marathon start on Columbus Drive

First Chicago Marathon September 13, 1905, lead runner Rhud Metzner, eventual race winner.

Elite Women start Chicago Marathon 2008, including Lidiya Grigoryeva, eventual race winner.

Chicago Marathon 1907, Albert Corey, Sidney Hatch, others pursue the lead.

Chicago Marathon 2008, mile 13, Arusei and elite runners pursue the lead.

Albert Corey approaching victory in the 1908 Chicago Marathon

Evans Cheruiyot near victory in the 2008 Chicago Marathon.

2007 Chicago Marathon banner

2007 Chicago Marathon men's wheelchair finish

2007 Chicago Marathon

2007 Chicago Marathon Columbus Drive start from Randolph Street overpass

Jaouad Gharib and Patrick Ivuti neck-and-neck at mile 23 (2007)

Adriana Pirtea (right) had a deceptively comfortable lead over eventual 2007 women's winner Berhane Adere (background) in the final 300 meters.

2005 winner Felix Limo endures the heat of the 2007 race.