document_title: Smokey and the Bandit

question_text: who played the bandit in smokey and the bandit

text: Smokey and the Bandit

text: Plot[edit]

text: Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette and his son Little Enos seek a truck driver willing to bootleg Coors beer to Georgia for their refreshment. At the time, Coors was regarded as one of the finest beers in the United States,[4] but it could not be legally sold east of the Mississippi River. Truck drivers who had taken the bet previously had been caught and arrested by "Smokey" (CB slang for highway patrol officers, referring to the Smokey Bear–type hats worn in some states).

text: The Burdettes find legendary trucker Bo "Bandit" Darville competing in a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds in Atlanta; they offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana, Texas back to Atlanta in 28 hours; Big Enos has sponsored a driver running in the Southern Classic stockcar race and "when he wins I want to celebrate in style." Bandit accepts the bet and recruits his partner Cledus "Snowman" Snow to drive the truck, while Bandit drives the "blocker", a black Pontiac Trans Am bought on an advance from the Burdettes, to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo.

text: The trip to Texas is mostly uneventful except for at least one pursuing Arkansas State Trooper whom Bandit evades with ease. They reach Texarkana an hour ahead of schedule, load their truck with the beer and head back toward Atlanta. Immediately upon starting the second leg of the run, Bandit picks up runaway bride Carrie, whom he eventually nicknames "Frog" because she is "kinda cute like a frog," she is "always hoppin' around," and because he "wants to jump" her.  But in so doing, Bandit makes himself a target of Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice, a career lawman whose handsome but slow-witted son Junior was to have been Carrie's bridegroom. Ignoring his own jurisdiction, Sheriff Justice, with Junior in tow, chases Bandit all the way to Georgia, even as various mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate around them.

text: The remainder of the film is one lengthy high-speed chase, as Bandit's antics attract more and more attention from local and state police across Dixie while Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer. Bandit and Snowman are helped along the way via CB radio by many colorful characters, including an undertaker with his hearse driver and their funeral procession, an elderly lady, a drive-in waitress and all her customers, a convoy of trucks, and even a madam who runs a brothel out of her RV.  Neither Sheriff Justice nor any other police officers have any knowledge of Snowman's illegal manifest.

text: The chase intensifies as Bandit and Snowman get closer to Atlanta; moments after crossing back into Georgia, Bandit comes to the rescue when Snowman is pulled over by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle patrolman, and state and local police step up their pursuit with more cruisers, larger roadblocks, and even a police helicopter to track Bandit's movements. Discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, and with just four miles left to go, Bandit is about to give up, but Snowman refuses to listen and takes the lead, smashing through the police roadblock at the entrance to the fairgrounds. They arrive back at Lakewood Speedway (while the Southern Classic race is being run) with only 10 minutes to spare, but instead of taking the payoff, Frog and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos — a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours. They quickly escape in one of Big Enos' Cadillac convertibles as Georgia State Patrol cruisers flood the racetrack to confiscate the Trans Am and truck, passing Sheriff Justice's badly damaged police car by the side of the road. Bandit first directs Sheriff Justice to Big and Little Enos, but then in a gesture of respect, reveals his true location and invites Justice to give chase, leaving Junior behind.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Burt Reynolds as Bo Darville ("Bandit")
Sally Field as Carrie ("Frog")
Jerry Reed as Cledus Snow ("Snowman")
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey")
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Big Enos Burdette
Paul Williams as Little Enos Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr. B
Susan McIver as Hot Pants
George Reynolds as Sheriff George Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as Little Beaver
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as Sugar Bear
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Alabama Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3

text: Production[edit]

text: Director Hal Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million,[3] with Jerry Reed as the Bandit. It was not until Needham's friend Burt Reynolds read the script, and said he would star, that the film was aimed at a more mainstream release; Reed would now portray Bandit's friend Snowman (Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3). At that time Reynolds was the top box office star in the world. In the original script Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey. Bandit's car was a second generation Ford Mustang and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000.[5]

text: Burt Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads. Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read but that he would still make the movie. Most of the dialogue was improvised on set.[6]

text: Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5.3 million, figuring it was a good risk.[3] Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million. With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3.3 million to make the film. Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule.[3]

text: "Buford T. Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida. His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often.

text: Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions. It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout.  In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the "choke and puke" (a roadside diner) was not in the original story, but rather was Gleason's idea.

text: Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T. Justice.[6]

text: Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her resume. Reynolds actively pushed for her casting after Universal initially resisted, claiming Field was not attractive enough. Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised.

text: Reportedly, Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, as in the film industry, he was better known as a stuntman. He managed to obtain studio attention after his friend Reynolds agreed to portray the Bandit in the film.

text: The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro and Lithonia. The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area, and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit), and in McDonough. However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California on the corner of Ojai and El Paseo. Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity. The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on the south side of Atlanta. The roller coaster seen in the movie was the Greyhound. It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film. It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and a flashback scene in Part 3.[7]

text: The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down", was written virtually overnight by Jerry Reed. He gave Needham a preview of the song, and when initially he got no reaction from the director, offered to rewrite the song. Needham, however, liked the song so much he assured Jerry not to change a word. It became one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature song.[8]

text: The area around Helen, Georgia was also used for some locations. The scene where Buford T. Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Helen. The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike.

text: The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas.[9] Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made sheriff's uniforms (waist size 64 inches) that Jackie Gleason wore throughout the film.

text: Reynolds and Sally Field began dating during the filming of Smokey and the Bandit.

text: While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze.[10]

text: Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on the air. Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both). In return, Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series.

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that would be the Bandit's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie. He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans 4-door sedans would be provided for the movie.[11] The Trans Ams were actually 1976-model cars with 1977 front ends. (From 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro had two round headlights, and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four rectangular headlights, while the Camaro remained unchanged.) The decals were also changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976. The hood scoop on these cars says "6.6 LITRE", which in 1977 would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine. All four of the cars were badly damaged during production,[12] one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled bridge. The Trans Am used for the dismantled bridge jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump. Needham served as the driver for the stunt (standing in for Reynolds) while Lada St. Edmund was in the same car (standing in for Sally Field during the jump). By the movie's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running. The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme, and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and as Bandit, Snowman, Fred, and Frog make their escape in the final scene.

text: The film also made use of three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks, which Jerry Reed can be seen driving, each equipped with 38-inch sleepers. Two units were 1974 models as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business. The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims, and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit. This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running.[13]

text: Legal status of Coors beer[edit]

text: In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma. A 1974 Time magazine article explains why Coors was so coveted that one would be willing to pay the Bandit such a high price to transport it. Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance as certain people sought it out for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives. The article says that future Vice President Gerald Ford hid it in his luggage after a trip to Colorado in order to take it back to Washington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted to Washington by the Air Force. The article also mentions Frederick Amon, who smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price.[14] The lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors had the potential for spoiling in a week if it were not kept cold throughout its transportation and in storage at its destination. This explains the 28-hour deadline.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion PictureSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
1977 (1977)Genre
Truck-driving countrycountry rockcountrybluegrassrockLength
41:11Label
MCA RecordsProducer
Sonny Burke
Singles from Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture

"East Bound and Down"Released: August 1, 1977

text: The theme music, "East Bound and Down", was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller. It became Reed's signature song and is found on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed: Live Still. In 1991 it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm. Several other groups, such as US rock band Tonic, have also covered it. Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of The Bandit's escapades prior to the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which features in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack. Reed's hit notwithstanding, Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film. Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack as part of long careers in music. Legendary five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is also heard prominently towards the end of "East Bound and Down." The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette and 8-track through MCA Records.[16]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."The Legend"Jerry R. Hubbard2:092."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:283."West Bound And Down"Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller2:454."Foxy Lady"Bill Justis2:515."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Smokey"] – Jackie Gleason, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:566."Orange Blossom Special"Ervin T. Rouse2:407."The Bandit"Dick Feller3:008."March Of The Rednecks"Bill Justis2:229."If You Leave Me Tonight I'll Cry"Gerald Sanford, Hal Mooney2:4710."East Bound and Down (Incidental CB Dialogue Included)" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed)Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller4:4211."The Bandit"Dick Feller2:4812."And The Fight Played On!"Bill Justis2:2213."Ma Cousin Plays Steel"Bill Justis3:1114."Hot Pants Fuzz Parade"Bill Justis4:4815."Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["Bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["Snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 1:0516."The Bandit (Reprise)"Dick Feller2:17Total length:41:11

text: Reception[edit]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was a sleeper hit.[17] The film premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City where it performed badly.[18]  It then opened in just the South of the United States over the Memorial Day weekend and grossed $2,689,851 in 386 theatres.  By the end of June it had played in major Southern markets including Charlotte, Atlanta, Jacksonville, New Orleans, Memphis, Dallas and Oklahoma City grossing $11.9 million.  It opened in other Northern states at the end of July.[19]

text: With an original budget of $5.3 million (cut to $4.3 million two days before initial production),[3] the film eventually grossed $126,737,428 in North America,[20] making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977. The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million.[3]

text: Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "About as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed."[21]

text: Gene Siskel, in his review in the Chicago Tribune, gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus removing suspense throughout the film concerning how long remained to them. He also claimed that Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him. However, this is inaccurate: within seconds of Bandit picking her up, Frog tells him "there is a wedding in search of a bride", and goes on to explain her ill-advised romance with Junior, as Bandit holds up the CB mic for Snowman to hear.

text: The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. It currently holds a 79% "Fresh" rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews.[22]

text: Burt Reynolds rated the film as the one he most enjoyed and had the most fun making in his career.[23]

text: Legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock stated that the movie was one of his favorites.[24]

text: Upon meeting Burt Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that the picture was not considered a "film" in the south, so much as a documentary.[25]

text: Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1977 and was a sizeable success there, garnering positive reviews.[26]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Trans Am[edit]

text: After the debut of the film the Trans Am became wildly popular with sales almost doubling in two years of the film's release, to the delight of General Motors; in fact, it outsold its Camaro counterpart for the first time ever.[27] Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film. Because of the popularity of the movie and the sales success of the Trans Am, then President of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year. Owing to his financial difficulties, in 2014 Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am. High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but that was dwarfed by the actual sale price of $450,000. Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000.[28] In 2016, Trans Am Depot, a Florida-based automobile customization company, announced that it would build 77 Trans Ams that would be modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the 1977 original, despite Pontiac having been discontinued by GM in 2009. These new models were built off the Camaro platform (the very same one that the real Firebird and Trans Am used), came with Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird and Bandit logos, as well as instrument panels, center consoles and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds. Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-cid (7.4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967-69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977-81 models had rectangular headlights.[29]

text: Diablo sandwich[edit]

text: The diablo sandwich ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film. While no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities. A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn and sour cream.[30] Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun.[31]

text: The Bandit Run[edit]

text: First run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car. A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, Georgia, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film.

text: The Bandit Run quickly caught on and has become a fixture, most recently celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special screening of the film attended by Burt Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by Bandit and Frog across a river.[32]

text: Mobil 1 commercial[edit]

text: In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring NASCAR star Tony Stewart, closely based on the film. Called Smoke is the Bandit playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite Darrell Waltrip who played Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T. Justice. The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products. The adverts poked fun at the film and even featured a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down. The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites.[33]

text: Television censorship and alternative versions[edit]

text: When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film. For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was (and remains, to an extent) common practice. The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum". This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children, and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail. The TV prints of the first two Bandit films are still shown regularly on television, although a few TV stations aired the unedited version in recent years as some of the phraseology (i.e. "(son of a) bitch", "ass", etc.) became more acceptable on TV.

text: The original actors mostly redubbed their own lines for the television version, except for Gleason. Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue. This is fitting, as Fred Flintstone was a parody of/homage to Gleason's character Ralph Kramden and The Flintstones was a parody of/homage to The Honeymooners.

text: In the UK, the heavily dubbed version was shown for a number of years, particularly by the BBC. However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly and noticeably.

text: The theatrical release itself had a few lines deleted, including a creative edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off." His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn. At the time, using the 'F' word would immediately require an R rating and this clever self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience. However, the scene and the obscured expletive was played for comedy value and written as such, with the passing truck being the gag of the scene more than a way to avoid the censors.

text: In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally-remastered audio track with 5.1 Dolby-compatible surround sound. It should be noted however that many of the film's original sounds were replaced. For instance, the diesel engine start and run up sequence in the opening sequence of the film was completely dubbed over with a totally new sound. A few other examples of "sound effect replacement" occur when Bandit takes off after managing to get a reluctant Cledus involved in the bet, and after he comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie. Some of the original sound effects (such as Cledus' dog Fred's barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced. (Note: earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu-ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact.)[34]

text: Major portions of the audio 'background' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film. The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film. The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place.

text: Some TV versions also feature a longer version of the scene where Cledus wades into the pond after Fred.[35]

text: Spinoff[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)

text: A series of television movies aired in 1994. The car featured was a Dodge Stealth.


document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: where did they film a league of their own

root

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

tag: p

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

tag: table

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled "A League of their Own", on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million budget.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[17]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[18]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[19]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[20]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[21]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[22] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: Amethyst

question_text: where does the best quality amethyst come from

text: Amethyst

text: Structure[edit]

text: Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz (SiO2) and owes its violet color to irradiation, iron impurities (in some cases in conjunction with transition element impurities), and the presence of trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions.[2][3][4] The hardness of the mineral is the same as quartz, thus it is suitable for use in jewelry.

text: Hue and tone[edit]

text: Amethyst occurs in primary hues from a light pinkish violet to a deep purple. Amethyst may exhibit one or both secondary hues, red and blue.[5] The best varieties of amethyst can be found in Siberia, Sri Lanka, Brazil and the far East. The ideal grade is called "Deep Siberian" and has a primary purple hue of around 75–80%, with 15–20% blue and (depending on the light source) red secondary hues.[6] Green quartz is sometimes incorrectly called green amethyst, which is a misnomer and not an appropriate name for the material, the proper terminology being prasiolite. Other names for green quartz are vermarine or lime citrine.

text: Of very variable intensity, the color of amethyst is often laid out in stripes parallel to the final faces of the crystal. One aspect in the art of lapidary involves correctly cutting the stone to place the color in a way that makes the tone of the finished gem homogeneous. Often, the fact that sometimes only a thin surface layer of violet color is present in the stone or that the color is not homogeneous makes for a difficult cutting.

text: The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron (Fe3+) for silicon in the structure,[4][7] in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius,[3] and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low. Natural amethyst is dichroic in reddish violet and bluish violet,[4] but when heated, turns yellow-orange, yellow-brown, or dark brownish and may resemble citrine,[8] but loses its dichroism, unlike genuine citrine. When partially heated, amethyst can result in ametrine.

text: Amethyst can fade in tone if overexposed to light sources and can be artificially darkened with adequate irradiation.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: Amethyst was used as a gemstone by the ancient Egyptians and was largely employed in antiquity for intaglio engraved gems.[9]

text: The Greeks believed amethyst gems could prevent intoxication,[10] while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle in the belief that amethysts heal people and keep them cool-headed.[11] Beads of amethyst were found in Anglo-Saxon graves in England.[12] Anglican bishops wear an episcopal ring often set with an amethyst, an allusion to the description of the Apostles as "not drunk" at Pentecost in Acts 2:15.[13]

text: A large geode, or "amethyst-grotto", from near Santa Cruz in southern Brazil was presented at a 1902 exhibition in Düsseldorf, Germany.[1]

text: In the 19th century, the color of amethyst was attributed to the presence of manganese. However, since it can be greatly altered and even discharged by heat, the color was believed by some authorities to be from an organic source. Ferric thiocyanate has been suggested, and sulfur was said to have been detected in the mineral.[1]

text: Synthetic amethyst[edit]

text: Synthetic (laboratory-grown) amethyst is produced by a synthesis method called hydrothermal growth, which grows the crystals inside a high-pressure autoclave.

text: Synthetic amethyst is made to imitate the best quality amethyst. Its chemical and physical properties are the same to that of natural amethyst and it can not be differentiated with absolute certainty without advanced gemmological testing (which is often cost-prohibitive). There is one test based on "Brazil law twinning" (a form of quartz twinning where right and left hand quartz structures are combined in a single crystal[14]) which can be used to identify synthetic amethyst rather easily. It is possible to synthesize twinned amethyst, but this type is not available in large quantities in the market.[6]

text: Single-crystal quartz is very desirable in the industry, particularly for keeping the regular vibrations necessary for quartz movements in watches and clocks, which is where a lot of synthetic quartz is used.

text: Treated amethyst is produced by gamma ray, X-ray or electron beam irradiation of clear quartz (rock crystal) which has been first doped with ferric impurities. On exposure to heat, the irradiation effects can be partially cancelled and amethyst generally becomes yellow or even green, and much of the citrine, cairngorm, or yellow quartz of jewelry is said to be merely "burnt amethyst".[1][15]

text: Cultural history[edit]

text: Ancient Greece[edit]

text: The Greek word "amethystos" may be translated as "not drunken", from Greek a-, "not" + methustos, "intoxicated".[16] Amethyst was considered to be a strong antidote against drunkenness,[17] which is why wine goblets were often carved from it.[18] In his poem "L'Amethyste, ou les Amours de Bacchus et d'Amethyste" (Amethyst or the loves of Bacchus and Amethyste), the French poet Remy Belleau (1528–1577) invented a myth in which Bacchus, the god of intoxication, of wine, and grapes was pursuing a maiden named Amethyste, who refused his affections. Amethyste prayed to the gods to remain chaste, a prayer which the chaste goddess Diana answered, transforming her into a white stone. Humbled by Amethyste's desire to remain chaste, Bacchus poured wine over the stone as an offering, dyeing the crystals purple.[19][20]

text: Variations of the story include that Dionysus had been insulted by a mortal and swore to slay the next mortal who crossed his path, creating fierce tigers to carry out his wrath. The mortal turned out to be a beautiful young woman, Amethystos, who was on her way to pay tribute to Artemis. Her life was spared by Artemis, who transformed the maiden into a statue of pure crystalline quartz to protect her from the brutal claws. Dionysus wept tears of wine in remorse for his action at the sight of the beautiful statue. The god's tears then stained the quartz purple.[21]

text: This myth and its variations are not found in classical sources. However, the titan Rhea does present Dionysus with an amethyst stone to preserve the wine-drinker's sanity in historical text.[22]

text: Other cultural associations[edit]

text: Tibetans consider amethyst sacred to the Buddha and make prayer beads from it.[23] Amethyst is considered the birthstone of February.[24] In the Middle Ages, it was considered a symbol of royalty and used to decorate English regalia.[24] In the Old World, amethyst was considered one of the Cardinal gems, in that it was one of the five gemstones considered precious above all others, until large deposits were found in Brazil.

text: Geographic distribution[edit]

text: Amethyst is produced in abundance from the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil where it occurs in large geodes within volcanic rocks. Many of the hollow agates of southwestern Brazil and Uruguay contain a crop of amethyst crystals in the interior. Artigas, Uruguay and neighboring Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul are large world producers exceeding in quantity Minas Gerais, as well as Mato Grosso, Espirito Santo, Bahia, and Ceará states, all amethyst producers of importance in Brazil.

text: It is also found and mined in South Korea. The largest opencast amethyst vein in the world is in Maissau, Lower Austria. Much fine amethyst comes from Russia, especially from near Mursinka in the Ekaterinburg district, where it occurs in drusy cavities in granitic rocks. Many localities in south India yield amethyst.[1] One of the largest global amethyst producers is Zambia in southern Africa with an annual production of about 1000 tons.

text: Amethyst occurs at many localities in the United States. Among these may be mentioned: the Mazatzal Mountain region in Gila and Maricopa Counties, Arizona; Red Feather Lakes, near Ft Collins, Colorado; Amethyst Mountain, Texas; Yellowstone National Park; Delaware County, Pennsylvania; Haywood County, North Carolina; Deer Hill and Stow, Maine and in the Lake Superior region of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan.[1] Amethyst is relatively common in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia. The largest amethyst mine in North America is located in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

text: Amethyst is the official state gemstone of South Carolina. Several South Carolina amethysts are on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.[25]

text: Value[edit]

text: Up until the 18th century, amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones (along with diamond, sapphire, ruby, and emerald). However, since the discovery of extensive deposits in locations such as Brazil, it has lost most of its value.

text: Collectors look for depth of color, possibly with red flashes if cut conventionally.[26] As amethyst is readily available in large structures the value of the gem is not primarily defined by carat weight; this is different to most gemstones where the carat weight exponentially increases the value of the stone. The biggest factor in the value of amethyst is the color displayed.[27]

text: The highest grade amethyst (called "Deep Russian") is exceptionally rare and therefore, when one is found, its value is dependent on the demand of collectors. It is, however, still orders of magnitude lower than the highest grade sapphires or rubies (padparadscha sapphire or "pigeon's blood" ruby).[6]


document_title: List of cities in China by population and built-up area

question_text: what is the largest city in china by population

text: Definition and classification[edit]

text: According to the administrative divisions of China, there are three levels of cities, namely municipalities (直辖市), prefecture-level cities (地级市), and county-level cities (县级市). The Special Administrative Regions (S.A.R.s) of Hong Kong and Macau are not included in this administrative classification.

text: A built up area can be made of several cities (e.g., Guangzhou–Dongguan–Shenzhen, Shanghai–Suzhou, Shenyang–Fushun, Anshan–Liaoyang, etc.).

text: Municipalities and prefecture-level cities are not each a "city" in the strictest sense of the term, but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, both an urban core (a city in the strict sense) and surrounding rural or less-urbanized areas usually many times the size of the central, built-up core.

text: Prefecture-level cities nearly always contain multiple counties, county-level cities, and other such sub-divisions. To distinguish a prefecture-level city from its actual urban area (city in the strict sense), the term "市区" (shìqū; "urban area") is used. However, even this term often encompasses large suburban regions often greater than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2), sometimes only the urban core whereas the agglomeration overtake the city limits. Thus, the "urban core" would be roughly comparable to the US term "city limit", the "shìqū or urban area" would be roughly comparable to "metropolitan area", and the municipality is a political designation defining regions under control of a municipal government, having no comparable division.

text: List according to 2010 Census[edit]

text: The list contains all cities with the administrative designation "sub-provincial city" (副省级城市), many are "Prefecture level cities" and "Provincial capitals" (省会). "Special Economic Zones" (经济特区城市), "National Central Cities" (国家中心城市) and some Council-Level cities. The larger municipality figure is the wider administrative area population, which includes suburban and rural areas as of the 2010 census.[2]

text:
Levels: Sub-provincial = sub-provincial city; Prefecture-level = prefecture-level city; County-level = county-level city.
Status: Prov. Capital = provincial capital; National Centre = national central city; Special Econ. Zones = Special Economic Zones; Special Admin. Region = special administrative region.

text:
City
(2010 census)
Chinese
Metropolitan Area
Urban area
Level
Administrative area
Province-level division
Notes

Guangzhou
广州
44,294,245
19,800,654
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
National Centre
12,700,800
Guangdong
Incl. Shenzhen, Dongguan, Macao and part of Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Huizhou.

Shanghai
上海
35,965,403
24,500,000
Direct-controlled
National Centre
23,019,148
Shanghai
Incl. all Suzhou districts but Changshu and Zhangjiagang not yet in built-up area.

Chongqing
重庆
25,165,500
15,384,000
Direct-controlled
National Centre
28,846,170
Chongqing
Incl. 6 urban districts plus Banan and Yubei suburban districts. Beibei District not yet built-up.

Beijing
北京
22,500,000
22,500,000
Direct-controlled
National Centre
19,612,368
Beijing
Incl. the cities of Zhuozhou and Sanhe and Dachang Hui Autonomous County in Hebei, but not Miyun, Pinggu and Yanqing suburban districts not yet linked to built-up area.[3]

Hangzhou
杭州
21,102,000
10,018,000
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
8,700,400
Zhejiang
Incl. Shaoxing and Yuecheng districts of Shaoxing city

Wuhan
武汉
19,780,644
10,670,000
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
National Centre[4]
9,785,392
Hubei
7 central urban districts plus Caidian and Dongxihu districts but not Water region.

Chengdu
成都
18,000,000
14,677,122
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
14,047,625
Sichuan
Incl. 8 out of 9 urban districts plus Pi and Shuangliu counties being urbanized.

Tianjin
天津
16,000,000
15,500,000
Direct-controlled
National Centre
12,937,954
Tianjin
Baodi urban District not yet in built-up area.

Xi'an
西安
13,569,700
8,627,500
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
8,467,837
Shaanxi
Incl. Qindu and Weicheng urban districts of Xianyang.

Jinan
济南
13,000,000
7,067,900
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
6,813,800
Shandong

Shenzhen
深圳
0 !Guangzhou
12,357,938
Sub-provincial
Special Econ. Zones
10,357,938
Guangdong

Nanjing
南京
12,652,000
8,216,000
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
8,004,680
Jiangsu
Incl. 6 urban and 3 suburban districts.

Shenyang
沈阳
12,263,612
8,255,921
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
8,106,171
Liaoning
Incl. all Shenyang urban districts but Shenbei plus 4 Fushun urban districts.

Harbin
哈尔滨
12,000,000
12,000,000
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
10,635,971
Heilongjiang
A'cheng and Shuangcheng Districts not yet in built-up area.

Shantou
汕头
11,630,447
5,346,708
Prefecture-level
Special Econ. Zones
5,391,028
Guangdong
Incl. most districts of Jieyang and Chaozhou

Suzhou
苏州
0 !Shanghai
4,330,000
Prefecture-level
10,658,000
Jiangsu

Dongguan
东莞
0 !Guangzhou
8,220,937
Prefecture-level
8,220,937
Guangdong

Wenzhou
温州
9,122,102
6,642,592
Prefecture-level
9,122,100
Zhejiang
Incl. 3 urban districts plus Ruian and Yueqing cities being urbanized.

Qingdao
青岛
9,046,200
6,188,100
Sub-provincial
8,715,100
Shandong
Incl. 4 urban districts plus huangdao, chengyang, and Jimo city being urbanized.

Quanzhou
泉州
8,128,533
6,107,475
Prefecture-level
8,128,530
Fujian

Changsha
长沙
7,311,500
5,288,800
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
7,044,118
Hunan
3

Foshan
佛山
0 !Guangzhou
7,197,394
Prefecture-level
7,197,394
Guangdong

Zhengzhou
郑州
4,867,388
4,253,627
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
8,626,505
Henan
25

Fuzhou
福州
4,468,076
2,707,294
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
7,200,000
Fujian

Nanchang
南昌
4,107,962
2,357,838
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
5,042,565
Jiangxi
Incl. Nanchang County being urbanized but not Wanli urban District, not yet in built-up area.

Dalian
大连
4,087,733
4,087,733
Sub-provincial
6,690,432
Liaoning

Taiyuan
太原
4,062,173
3,426,522
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
4,201,591
Shanxi
Incl. Yuci and Qu urban districts in Jinzhong.

Shijiazhuang
石家庄
3,995,290
2,861,784
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
10,163,788
Hebei
Incl. Luquan City, Zhengding and Luancheng Counties being urbanized.

Kunming
昆明
6,562,382
3,583,429
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
6,432,212
Yunnan
Includes 4 urban districts and Chenggong suburban District.

Wuxi
无锡
3,542,319
3,542,319
Prefecture-level
6,372,624
Jiangsu
Becoming part of Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi built-up area.

Xiamen
厦门
3,531,347
3,531,347
Sub-provincial
Special Econ. Zones
5,114,758
Fujian
Incl. all Xiamen city plus Longwen, Xiacheng Zhangzhou urban districts and Longhai city being urbanized.

Changchun
长春
3,530,115
3,530,115
Sub-provincial
Prov. Capital
7,677,089
Jilin

Ningbo
宁波
3,491,597
3,491,597
Sub-provincial
7,605,700
Zhejiang

Zibo
淄博
3,484,800
2,980,800
Prefecture-level
4,530,600
Shandong
Includes 5 urban districts plus Huantai County being urbanized.

Hefei
合肥
3,352,076
3,352,076
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
5,702,466
Anhui

Changzhou
常州
3,290,548
3,290,548
Prefecture-level
4,591,972
Jiangsu

Taizhou
37
3,269,300
1,902,500
Prefecture-level
5,968,800
Zhejiang
Includes Wenling city now in built-up area.

Tangshan
唐山
3,187,171
3,187,171
Prefecture-level
7,577,284
Hebei

Nantong
39
3,180,924
2,273,326
Prefecture-level
7,282,835
Jiangsu
Includes Haimen city now in built-up area.

Nanning
南宁
3,177,450
3,437,171
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
6,661,600
Guangxi
Yongning urban District not yet in built-up area.

Zhongshan
中山
0 !Guangzhou
3,142,300
Prefecture-level
3,142,300
Guangdong

Guiyang
贵阳
3,037,159
3,037,159
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
4,324,561
Guizhou

Ürümqi
乌鲁木齐
2,988,715
3,029,372
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
3,110,280
Xinjiang
Dabancheng suburban District not yet in built-up area.

Huai'an
淮安
2,633,420
2,633,420
Prefecture-level
4,799,899
Jiangsu

Xuzhou
徐州
2,623,066
3,053,778
Prefecture-level
8,580,500
Jiangsu

Linyi
临沂
2,600,200
2,600,200
Prefecture-level
10,039,400
Shandong

Lanzhou
兰州
2,492,325
2,492,325
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
3,616,163
Gansu

Yangzhou
48
2,399,079
2,399,079
Prefecture-level
4,459,760
Jiangsu

Huizhou
49
0 !Guangzhou
2,344,507
Prefecture-level
4,597,002
Guangdong
2 urban districts part of Guangzhou-Shenzhen built-up area.

Anshan
50
2,242,436
1,544,084
Prefecture-level
3,645,884
Liaoning
Incl. 4 Liaoning urban districts now in Anshan-Liaoning built-up area.

Huaibei
51
2,114,276
1,113,321
Prefecture-level
2,114,276
Anhui
Incl. Suixi county largely being urbanized.

Haikou
海口
2,046,189
2,046,189
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
2,046,189
Hainan

Yiwu
义乌
2,038,400
2,038,400
County-level
Jinhua
Zhejiang
Incl. Dongyang City in the Yiwu-Dongyang built-up area.

Baotou
包头
2,034,996
2,070,801
Prefecture-level
2,650,364
Inner Mongolia
Shiguai urban district not yet urbanized.

Liuzhou
55
1,998,950
1,436,599
Prefecture-level
3,758,704
Guangxi
Incl. Liujiang County now in built-up area.

Anyang
56
1,995,760
1,146,761
Prefecture-level
5,172,834
Henan
Incl. Anyang County now in built-up area.

Hohhot
呼和浩特
1,980,774
1,980,774
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
2,866,615
Inner Mongolia

Jilin City
吉林市
1,975,803
1,975,803
Prefecture-level
4,414,681
Jilin

Putian
莆田
1,953,801
1,953,801
Prefecture-level
2,778,508
Fujian

Huainan
60
1,938,212
1,666,826
Prefecture-level
2,334,000
Anhui
Incl. Fengtai County being urbanized but not Panji urban district not in built-up area.

Xiangtan
61
1,875,300
959,303
Prefecture-level
2,748,552
Hunan
Incl. Xiangtan County being urbanized. Built-up area of 2,930,673 in progress with 4 urban districts of Zhuzhou.

Yantai
烟台
1,870,600
1,870,600
Prefecture-level
6,968,200
Shandong

Nanchong
63
1,858,875
1,858,875
Prefecture-level
6,278,622
Sichuan

Luoyang
洛阳
1,856,877
1,925,948
Prefecture-level
6,549,486
Henan
Jili urban district not yet in built-up area.

Jiangmen
江门
0 !Guangzhou
1,822,640
Prefecture-level
4,448,871
Guangdong

Nanyang
66
1,811,732
1,811,732
Prefecture-level
10,263,006
Henan

Baoding
67
1,789,550
1,157,891
Prefecture-level
11,194,379
Hebei
Incl. Qingyuan County now in built-up area.

Fuyang
68
1,768,947
1,768,947
Prefecture-level
7,599,918
Anhui

Tai'an
69
1,735,500
1,735,500
Prefecture-level
5,494,200
Shandong

Suzhou
70
1,647,642
1,647,642
Prefecture-level
5,352,924
Anhui

Lu'an
71
1,644,344
1,778,583
Prefecture-level
5,612,000
Anhui
Yeji urban District not yet urbanized.

Datong
72
1,629,035
1,737,517
Prefecture-level
3,318,057
Shanxi
Xinrong urban District not yet urbanized.

Yancheng
73
1,615,717
1,615,717
Prefecture-level
7,262,200
Jiangsu

Zhanjiang
74
1,612,300
1,612,300
Prefecture-level
1,392,493
Guangdong

Tengzhou
75
1,603,700
1,603,700
County-level
Zaozhuang
Shandong

Huangshi
76
1,601,687
764,571
Prefecture-level
2,429,318
Hubei
Incl. Daye city.

Jiangyin
江阴
1,594,829
1,594,829
County-level
Wuxi
Jiangsu

Zhuhai
珠海
0 !Guangzhou
1,562,530
Prefecture-level
Special Econ. Zones
1,560,229
Guangdong
Incl. Macau and southern part of Zhongshan but not eastern part of Zhuhai prefecture not yet urbanized. Satellite views show that Zhuhai-Macau conurbation is being included into Guangzhou-Shenzhen built-up area.

Qiqihar
79
1,559,517
1,481,637
Prefecture-level
5,611,000
Heilongjiang
Incl. Longsha, Jianhua and Tiefeng urban districts only.

Weifang
80
1,521,600
1,521,600
Prefecture-level
9,086,200
Shandong

Yinchuan
81
1,513,151
1,290,170
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
1,993,088
Ningxia
Incl. Helan county within built-up area.

Changshu
82
1,510,103
1,510,103
County-level
Suzhou
Jiangsu

Dengzhou
83
1,468,061
1,468,061
County-level
Nanyang
Henan
Built-up area smaller because of the huge city area (2,226 km²)

Cixi
84
1,462,383
1,462,383
County-level
Ningbo
Zhejiang

Changde
85
1,458,536
1,458,536
Prefecture-level
5,717,218
Hunan

Pizhou
86
1,458,036
1,458,036
County-level
Xuzhou
Jiangsu

Baoji
87
1,437,802
1,437,802
Prefecture-level
3,716,731
Shaanxi

Suqian
88
1,437,686
1,437,686
Prefecture-level
4,715,553
Jiangsu

Daqing
89
1,415,268
1,649,825
Prefecture-level
2,904,532
Heilongjiang
Datong urban district not yet in built-up area.

Bozhou
90
1,409,436
1,409,436
Prefecture-level
4,851,000
Anhui
Built-up area smaller because of the huge city area (2,226 km²).

Handan
91
1,403,439
941,427
Prefecture-level
9,174,679
Hebei

Panjin
92
1,392,493
676,464
Prefecture-level
1,392,493
Liaoning
Incl. 2 urban districts plus Dawa and Panshan counties partly in built-up area.

Wenling
93
1,366,800
1,366,800
Prefecture-level
Taizhou
Zhejiang

Ma'anshan
94
1,366,302
741,531
Prefecture-level
1,366,302
Anhui
Incl. Dangtu County largely being urbanized.

Zigong
95
1,362,062
1,362,062
Prefecture-level
2,678,898
Sichuan

Fushun
96
0 !Shenyang
1,356,987
Prefecture-level
2,138,090
Liaoning

Mianyang
97
1,355,331
1,355,331
Prefecture-level
4,613,862
Sichuan

Yingkou
98
1,351,519
738,128
Prefecture-level
2,428,534
Liaoning
Incl. Dashiqiao city now in built-up area.

Yichang
99
1,350,150
1,411,380
Prefecture-level
4,059,686
Hubei
Xiaoting urban District not yet in built-up area.

Heze
100
1,346,700
1,346,700
Prefecture-level
8,287,800
Shandong

Chifeng
102
1,333,526
1,333,526
Prefecture-level
4,341,245
Inner Mongolia
Built-up area probably smaller because of the huge city area (7,012 km²).

Guilin
103
1,326,470
975,638
Prefecture-level
4,748,000
Guangxi
Incl. Lingchuang County being urbanized.

Xiangyang
104
1,294,732
2,199,689
Prefecture-level
5,500,307
Hubei
Xiangzhou urban District not yet in built-up area.

Haicheng
105
1,293,877
1,293,877
County-level
Anshan
Liaoning
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 2732 km².

Rugao
如皋
1,452,800
1,267,066
County-level
Nantong
Jiangsu

Xuchang
许昌
1,952,666
1,265,536
Prefecture-level
4,307,488
Henan
Incl. Xuchang County being urbanized.

Neijiang
108
1,251,095
1,251,095
Prefecture-level
3,702,847
Sichuan

Zhangjiagang
109
1,248,414
1,248,414
County-level
Suzhou
Jiangsu

Yixing
110
1,235,476
1,235,476
County-level
Wuxi
Jiangsu
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 2039 km².

Fuqing
111
1,234,838
1,234,838
County-level
Fuzhou
Fujian
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 1932.4 km².

Zhaoqing
112
1,232,701
644,045
Prefecture-level
3,918,085
Guangdong
Incl. Gaoyao County being urbanized but not Dinghu urban District not yet in built-up area.

Xinyang
113
1,229,959
1,229,959
Prefecture-level
6,108,683
Henan
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the 2 urban districts are 3672 km².

Liaocheng
114
1,229,800
1,229,800
Prefecture-level
5,789,900
Shandong

Maoming
115
1,217,715
1,217,715
Prefecture-level
5,817,753
Guangdong

Jiaxing
116
1,201,900
1,201,900
Prefecture-level
4,501,600
Zhejiang

Zhenjiang
117
1,200,400
1,200,400
Prefecture-level
3,113,384
Jiangsu

Xining
118
1,198,304
1,198,304
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
2,208,708
Qinghai

Tianshui
119
1,197,174
1,197,174
Prefecture-level
3,262,548
Gansu

Ganzhou
120
9,606,300
1,430,289
Prefecture-level
8,368,447
Jiangxi
Incl. Gan County largely being urbanized.

Huazhou
121
1,178,873
1,178,873
County-level
Maoming
Guangdong
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 2354 km².

Qujing
122
1,171,805
740,925
Prefecture-level
5,855,055
Yunnan
Incl. Zhanyi County in built-up area.

Dingzhou
123
1,165,182
1,165,182
County-level
Baoding
Hebei

Wuhu
124
1,162,664
1,307,042
Prefecture-level
3,443,192
Anhui
Sanshan urban district not yet in built-up area..

Zhuji
125
1,157,900
1,157,900
County-level
Shaoxing
Zhejiang
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 2311 km²

Xingtai
126
1,155,199
688,876
Prefecture-level
7,104,114
Hebei
Incl. Xingtai County now in built-up area.

Jingzhou
127
1,154,086
1,154,086
Prefecture-level
5,691,707
Hubei

Shouguang
128
1,139,400
1,139,400
County-level
Weifang
Shandong
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 2180 km²

Yuzhou
禹州
1,131,819
1,131,819
County-level
Xuchang
Henan
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 1472 km²

Bazhong
巴中
1,126,790
1,126,790
Prefecture-level
3,283,771
Sichuan
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as Bazhou urban District is 2566 km²

Zoucheng
邹城市
1,116,700
1,116,700
County-level
Jining
Shandong
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 1619 km²

Jining
济宁
1,115,300
1,115,300
Prefecture-level
8,081,900
Shandong

Zunyi
遵义
1,095,189
1,095,189
Prefecture-level
6,127,009
Guizhou

Jinzhou
锦州
1,091,799
1,091,799
Prefecture-level
3,126,463
Liaoning

Guigang
贵港
1,086,327
1,493,874
Prefecture-level
4,118,808
Guangxi
Incl. Gangbei and Gangnan urban districts only.

Zhucheng
诸城
1,086,200
1,086,200
county-level
Weifang
Shandong
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 2183 km²

Jinhua
金华
1,077,300
1,077,300
Prefecture-level
5,361,600
Zhejiang

Hengyang
衡阳
1,075,516
1,135,166
Prefecture-level
7,141,462
Hunan
Nanyue urban district not yet in built-up area.

Taixing
泰兴市
1,073,921
1,073,921
County-level
Taizhou
Jiangsu

Zhangqiu
章丘
1,064,200
1,064,200
County-level
Jinan
Shandong
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the City is 1855 km²

Zhuzhou
株洲
1,055,373
1,055,373
Prefecture-level
3,855,609
Hunan
Built-up area of 2,930,673 in progress with 3 urban districts of Xiangtan.

Lianyungang
连云港
1,049,831
1,049,831
Prefecture-level
4,393,914
Jiangsu

Ezhou
鄂州
1,035,500
1,048,672
Prefecture-level
1,048,672
Hubei
Incl. only Echeng urban district plus Huangzhou district of Huanggang Prefecture.

Pingdingshan
平顶山
1,033,975
1,033,975
Prefecture-level
4,904,367
Henan

Qinhuangdao
秦皇岛
1,029,670
1,029,670
Prefecture-level
2,987,605
Hebei

Linhai
临海
1,028,800
1,028,800
County-level
Taizhou
Zhejiang
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the city is 2331 km².

Benxi
本溪
1,011,377
1,094,294
Prefecture-level
1,709,538
Liaoning
Nanfeng district not in built-up area.

Wuwei
武威
1,010,295
1,010,295
Prefecture-level
1,815,054
Gansu
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the Liangzhou urban district is 5081 km².

Hezhou
贺州
1,005,500
1,005,500
Prefecture-level
1,954,100
Guangxi
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the Babu urban district is 5334 km²

Zaoyang
枣阳
1,004,741
1,004,741
County-level
Xianyang
Hubei
Built-up area < 1,000,000 inhabitants as the city is 3277 km².

Xiangcheng
项城
1,003,626
1,003,626
County-level
Zhoukou
Henan

Dongying
东营
999,000
756,700
Prefecture-level
2,035,300
Shandong
Incl. Kenli county partly within built-up area.

Yueyang
岳阳
991,465
1,232,133
Prefecture-level
5,477,911
Hunan
Junshan urban districts not yet in built-up area.

Laiwu
莱芜
989,500
1,298,500
Prefecture-level
1,298,500
Shandong
Gangcheng urban district not yet in built-up area.

Bengbu
蚌埠
972,784
972,784
Prefecture-level
3,164,467
Anhui

Qidong
启东
972,525
972,525
County-level
Nantong
Jiangsu

Mudanjiang
牡丹江
965,154
965,154
Prefecture-level
2,798,723
Heilongjiang

Danyang
丹阳市
960,418
960,418
County-level
Zhenjiang
Jiangsu

Wuchuan
吴川
947,499
947,499
County-level
Zhanjiang
Guangdong

Feicheng
肥城
946,600
946,600
County-level
Tai'an
Shandong

Xianyang
咸阳
0 !Xi'an
945,420
Prefecture-level
5,096,006
Shaanxi

Linfen
临汾
944,050
944,050
Prefecture-level
4,316,612
Shanxi

Xinyi
新沂
920,610
920,610
County-level
Xuzhou
Jiangsu

Weihai
威海
908,200
908,200
Prefecture-level
2,804,800
Shandong

Haimen
海门
Nantong
907,598
County-level
Nantong
Jiangsu
Incl. in Nantong built-up area in 2012.

Xinxiang
新乡
902,731
1,047,020
Prefecture-level
5,707,801
Henan
Fengquan urban District not yet linked to built-up area.

Zaozhuang
枣庄
899,700
2,125,136
Prefecture-level
3,729,300
Shandong
Xuecheng, Shanting and Tai'erzhuang urban districts not in built-up area.

Kaifeng
开封
896,057
896,057
Prefecture-level
4,676,159
Henan

Shaoxing
绍兴
0 !Hangzhou
883,800
Prefecture-level
4,912,200
Zhejiang
Yuecheng urban district and Shaoxing County in Hangzhou built-up area.

Jiamusi
佳木斯
881,711
881,711
Prefecture-level
2,552,097
Heilongjiang

Suihua
绥化
877,682
877,682
Prefecture-level
5,416,339
Heilongjiang

Langfang
廊坊
868,066
868,066
Prefecture-level
4,358,839
Hebei
Sanhe City and Dachang Hui Autonomous County included in Beijing built-up area.

Jiaozuo
焦作
865,356
865,356
Prefecture-level
3,539,860
Henan

Rizhao
日照
865,032
1,143,078
Prefecture-level
2,801,100
Shandong
Lanshan urban District not in built-up area.

Zhoushan
舟山
843,000
843,000
Prefecture-level
1,121,300
Zhejiang

Yibin
宜宾
836,383
836,383
Prefecture-level
4,472,001
Sichuan

Kashgar
喀什
819,095
396,795
County-level
Special Econ. Zones
3,979,321
Xinjiang
Incl. Shule County being urbanized.

Dandong
丹东
798,364
798,364
Prefecture-level
2,444,697
Liaoning

Panzhihua
攀枝花
787,177
787,177
Prefecture-level
1,214,121
Sichuan

Anqing
安庆
780,514
780,514
Prefecture-level
5,311,000
Anhui

Huludao
葫芦岛
777,682
777,682
Prefecture-level
2,623,541
Liaoning

Shaoyang
邵阳
753,194
753,194
Prefecture-level
7,071,741
Hunan

Binzhou
滨州
709,700
709,700
Prefecture-level
3,748,500
Shandong

Zhangzhou
漳州
Xiamen
705,649
Prefecture-level
4,809,983
Guangdong
Longwen, Xiacheng Zhangzhou urban districts and Longhai city now in Xiamen built-up area.

Fuxin
阜新
686,848
686,848
Prefecture-level
1,819,339
Liaoning

Dezhou
德州
679,600
679,600
Prefecture-level
5,568,200
Shandong

Yangjiang
阳江
676,858
676,858
Prefecture-level
2,421,812
Guangdong

Tieling
铁岭
666,755
328,555
Prefecture-level
2,717,732
Liaoning
Incl. Tieling County now in built-up area.

Liaoyang
辽阳
0 !Anshan
655,738
Prefecture-level
1,859,768
Liaoning

Puyang
濮阳
655,631
655,631
Prefecture-level
3,598,494
Henan

Yulin
玉林
637,617
637,617
Prefecture-level
3,351,437
Guangxi
Incl. largely rural areas.

Jingjiang
靖江
617,277
617,277
County-level
Taizhou
Jiangsu

Jiujiang
九江
592,381
592,381
Prefecture-level
4,728,764
Jiangxi

Taizhou
泰州
586,392
1,417,567
Prefecture-level
4,618,558
Jiangsu
Jiangyan suburban District not yet in built-up area.

Chuzhou
滁州
562,321
562,321
Prefecture-level
3,937,868
Anhui

Cangzhou
沧州
536,793
536,793
Prefecture-level
7,134,053
Hebei

Aksu
阿克苏
535,657
535,657
County-level
2,370,887
Xinjiang
Incl. largely rural areas.

Beihai
北海
525,385
668,085
Prefecture-level
1,539,300
Guangxi
Incl. Haicheng and Yinhai urban districts.

Zhoukou
周口
505,139
505,139
Prefecture-level
8,953,172
Henan

Hegang
鹤岗
489,232
489,232
Prefecture-level
1,058,665
Heilongjiang
Dongshan District not yet in built-up area.

Nanping
南平
467,875
467,875
Prefecture-level
2,645,549
Fujian

Chaozhou
潮州
0 !Shantou
452,472
Prefecture-level
2,669,844
Guangdong

Lishui
丽水
451,400
451,400
Prefecture-level
2,117,000
Zhejiang

Lhasa
拉萨
279,074
279,074
Prefecture-level
Prov. Capital
559,423
Tibet

Karamay
克拉玛依
261,445
261,445
Prefecture-level
391,008
Xinjiang

Altay
阿勒泰
190,064
190,064
County-level
603,280
Xinjiang

Lijiang
丽江
155,540
155,540
Prefecture-level
1,244,769
Yunnan

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Guangzhou

Shanghai

Chongqing

Beijing

Hangzhou

Tianjin

Xi'an

Jinan

Shenzhen

Nanjing

Shenyang

Harbin

Shantou

Suzhou

Dongguan

Wenzhou

Qingdao

Changsha

Foshan

Zhengzhou

Fuzhou

Nanchang

Dalian

Shijiazhuang

Kunming

Wuxi

Xiamen

Ningbo

Zibo

Hefei

Changzhou

Tangshan

Nanning

Guiyang

Urumqi

Xuzhou

Lanzhou

Anshan

Hohhot


document_title: Margaret Wolfe Hungerford

question_text: origin of beauty is in the eye of the beholder

text: Margaret Wolfe Hungerford

text: Biography[edit]

text: She was born in County Cork, Ireland on 27 April 1855. Her father was Canon Fitzjohn Stannus Hamilton, rector and vicar-choral at St. Faughnan's cathedral in Rosscarbery. As a child she enjoyed making up stories, and won prizes for her writing at school. She was educated at Portarlington College.

text: In 1872, she married Edward Argles, a Dublin solicitor, who died less than six years later. They had three daughters. To support the fatherless family, she wrote her first novel, Phyllis.[1] Soon after its favourable reception, she wrote Molly Bawn, which became her most well-known book.

text: She married Thomas Henry Hungerford, of Cahirmore, in 1882, with whom she had two sons and one daughter. They lived at St. Brenda's, Bandon, County Cork. By contemporary accounts, she enjoyed country life and was an avid gardener. She rarely travelled far from home. She was one of the few women in Victorian times who was both a prolific author and mother of a sizeable family.

text: She died at Bandon of typhoid fever on 24 January 1897.

text: Writing[edit]

text: She approached her writing methodically, setting aside three hours every morning for it. The room where she did her writing had neatly organised manuscripts at her desk, surrounded by many reference works, novels, and other books.

text: Her books were first published anonymously, and later as by "Mrs. Hungerford". In the United States, her books were mostly published under the pen name "The Duchess". Some of her early books were published by William Tinsley, a major publisher at the time.

text: Often writing on commission, she wrote many novels, short stories, and newspaper articles. Her books continued selling as fast as she could write them.

text: Her plots follow the usual conventions of romantic novels of the day. They contain delicate love scenes that were never offensive to the ideals of Victorian morals. Her works are characterised as entertaining and charming, though usually not of great depth. She tends to have little in the way of character development, tending more towards flirtatious dialogue. She was adept at capturing the tone of her contemporary fashionable society, and sometimes used Irish settings.

text: Molly Bawn[edit]

text: Hungerford's best-known novel is Molly Bawn (1878) the story of a frivolous, petulant Irish girl, a flirt, who arouses her lover's jealousy and naively ignores social conventions. Mrs. Hungerford and this book are mentioned in chapter 18 of James Joyce's Ulysses:

text: "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"[edit]

text: Molly Bawn contains Hungerford's most famous idiom:

text: Works[edit]

text:
Phyllis: a Novel, 1877
Molly Bawn, 1878
Airy Fairy Lilian, 1879
Beauty's Daughters, 1880
Mrs. Geoffrey, 1881
Faith and Unfaith, 1881
Portia, or by Passions Rocked, 1882
Loys, Lord Beresford, and other Tales, 1883
Moonshine and Marguerites, 1883
Rossmoyne, 1883
Doris, 1884
The witching hour, and other stories, 1884 (U.S.)
Fortune's wheel, and other stories, 1884
A Week in Killarney, 1884—reissued as Her Week's Amusement, 1886
O Tender Dolores, 1885
Mildred Trevanion, 1885
A Maiden All Forlorn, and other Stories, 1885
In Durance Vile, and Other Stories, 1885
Dick's Sweetheart, 1885 (U.S.)
Green Pastures and Grey Grief, 1885
Lady Branksmere, 1886
A Mental Struggle, 1886
The Haunted Chamber, 1886 (U.S.)
Lady Valworth's Diamonds, 1886
A Modern Circe, 1887
The Duchess, 1887
Undercurrents, 1888
Marvel, 1888
Honourable Mrs. Vereker, 1888

A Life's Remorse, 1889
A Troublesome Girl, 1889
A Born Coquette, 1890
April's Lady, 1890
A Little Rebel, 1890
Her Last Throw, 1890
A Little Irish Girl, and other Stories, 1891
The O'Connors of Ballinahinch, 1892
A Conquering Heroine, 1892
Nor Wife Nor Maid, 1892
A Conquering Heroine, 1892
Lady Patty, 1892
Nora Creina, 1892
A Mad Prank, 1893
The Red House Mystery, 1893
Lady Verner's Flight, 1893
An Unsatisfactory Lover, 1894
Peter's Wife, 1894
The Hoyden, 1894
The Three Graces, 1895
A Tug of War, 1895
The Professor's Experiment, 1895
Molly Darling and Other Stories, 1895
A Lonely Girl, 1896-- (American title: A Lonely Maid)
A Point of Conscience, 1896
An Anxious Moment, 1897--(Stories)
Lovice, 1897 (posthumous)
The Coming of Chloe, 1897 (posthumous)


document_title: Roue de Paris

question_text: when was the ferris wheel in paris built

text: Roue de Paris

text: The Roue de Paris is a 60-metre (200 ft) tall[1][2] transportable Ferris wheel, originally installed on the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France, for the 2000 millennium celebrations. It left Paris in 2002 and has since then seen service at numerous other locations around the world.

text: It is a Ronald Bussink series R60 wheel and needs no permanent foundations, instead 40,000 litres (8,800 imp gal; 11,000 US gal) (40 tonnes) of water ballast provide a stable base.[2] It weighs 365 tonnes.[1]

text: Due to its transportable design, it can be erected in 72 hours and dismantled in 60 hours by a specialist team. Transport requires seven 20-foot (6.1 m) container lorries, ten open trailer lorries, and one closed trailer lorry.

text: The forty-two gondolas can be loaded either three or six at a time, and each can accommodate eight passengers.[1]

text: Installations[edit]

text:
2000–02: Place de la Concorde, Paris, France. (48°51′54″N 2°19′19″E / 48.8651374°N 2.3220406°E / 48.8651374; 2.3220406)[citation needed]
2003–04: following its initial installation in France, the Roue de Paris was moved to Birmingham, England, where it was known as the Wheel of Birmingham. For Christmas 2004, it was moved to Exchange Square, Manchester, where it was known as the Wheel of Manchester.[citation needed]
2005: first the wheel went to the Netherlands, making a short visit to the World Town Fair in Geleen, followed by ten days at the Museumplein (Museum Square) in Amsterdam. It then went to Gateshead, England for the Tall Ships Race and stayed there until the end of September.[3]
2006–07: the wheel was installed at the Suan Lum Night Bazaar in Bangkok, Thailand, and operated there until it was dismantled and removed in 2007.[citation needed]
2008: Antwerp, Belgium.[citation needed]
2013: Rimini, Italy.[citation needed]
2015: [Gent]During Christmas and new year.
2016: [Gent] During Christmas and new year.


document_title: Blinded experiment

question_text: in experiments the double-blind technique is used to avoid

text: Blinded experiment

text: History[edit]

text: The French Academy of Sciences originated the first recorded blind experiments in 1784: the Academy set up a commission to investigate the claims of animal magnetism proposed by Franz Mesmer. Headed by Benjamin Franklin and Antoine Lavoisier, the commission carried out experiments asking mesmerists to identify objects that had previously been filled with "vital fluid", including trees and flasks of water. The subjects were unable to do so. The commission went on to examine claims involving the curing of "mesmerized" patients. These patients showed signs of improved health, but the commission attributed this to the fact that these patients believed they would get better—the first scientific suggestion of the now well-known placebo effect.[4]

text: In 1799 the British chemist Humphry Davy performed another early blind experiment. In studying the effects of nitrous oxide (laughing gas) on human physiology, Davy deliberately did not tell his subjects what concentration of the gas they were breathing, or whether they were breathing ordinary air.[4][5]

text: Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings. In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot. A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.[6][7]

text: One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.[8]

text: Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.[9]

text: Single-blind trials[edit]

text: Single-blind describes experiments where information that could introduce bias or otherwise skew the result is withheld from the participants, but the experimenter will be in full possession of the facts.

text: In a single-blind experiment, the individual subjects do not know whether they are so-called "test" subjects or members of an "experimental control" group. Single-blind experimental design is used where the experimenters either must know the full facts (for example, when comparing sham to real surgery) and so the experimenters cannot themselves be blind, or where the experimenters will not introduce further bias and so the experimenters need not be blind. However, there is a risk that subjects are influenced by interaction with the researchers – known as the experimenter's bias. Single-blind trials are especially risky in psychology and social science research, where the experimenter has an expectation of what the outcome should be, and may consciously or subconsciously influence the behavior of the subject.

text: A classic example of a single-blind test is the Pepsi Challenge. A tester, often a marketing person, prepares two sets of cups of cola labeled "A" and "B". One set of cups is filled with Pepsi, while the other is filled with Coca-Cola. The tester knows which soda is in which cup but is not supposed to reveal that information to the subjects. Volunteer subjects are encouraged to try the two cups of soda and polled for which ones they prefer. One of the problems with a single-blind test like this is that the tester can unintentionally give subconscious cues which influence the subjects. In addition, it is possible the tester could intentionally introduce bias by preparing the separate sodas differently (e.g., by putting more ice in one cup or by pushing one cup closer to the subject). If the tester is a marketing person employed by the company which is producing the challenge, there's always the possibility of a conflict of interest where the marketing person is aware that future income will be based on the results of the test.

text: Double-blind trials[edit]

text: Double-blind describes an especially stringent way of conducting an experiment which attempts to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects (usually human) and conductors. Double-blind studies were first used in 1907 by W. H. R. Rivers and H. N. Webber in the investigation of the effects of caffeine.[10]

text: In most cases, double-blind experiments are regarded to achieve a higher standard of scientific rigor than single-blind or non-blind experiments.

text: In these double-blind experiments, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, nor the test group. Only after all data have been recorded (and, in some cases, analyzed) do the researchers learn which participants were which. Performing an experiment in double-blind fashion can greatly lessen the power of preconceived notions or physical cues (e.g., placebo effect, observer bias, experimenter's bias) to distort the results (by making researchers or participants behave differently from in everyday life). Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is a critical part of any double-blind research design. The key that identifies the subjects and which group they belonged to is kept by a third party, and is not revealed to the researchers until the study is over.

text: Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious or unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both. For example, in animal studies, both the carer of the animals and the assessor of the results have to be blinded; otherwise the carer might treat control subjects differently and alter the results.[11]

text: Computer-controlled experiments are sometimes also erroneously referred to as double-blind experiments, since software may not cause the type of direct bias between researcher and subject. Development of surveys presented to subjects through computers shows that bias can easily be built into the process. Voting systems are also examples where bias can easily be constructed into an apparently simple machine based system. In analogy to the human researcher described above, the part of the software that provides interaction with the human is presented to the subject as the blinded researcher, while the part of the software that defines the key is the third party. An example is the ABX test, where the human subject has to identify an unknown stimulus X as being either A or B.

text: Triple-blind trials[edit]

text: A triple-blind study is an extension of the double-blind design; the committee monitoring response variables is not told the identity of the groups. The committee is simply given data for groups A and B. A triple-blind study has the theoretical advantage of allowing the monitoring committee to evaluate the response variable results more objectively. This assumes that appraisal of efficacy and harm, as well as requests for special analyses, may be biased if group identity is known. However, in a trial where the monitoring committee has an ethical responsibility to ensure participant safety, such a design may be counterproductive since in this case monitoring is often guided by the constellation of trends and their directions. In addition, by the time many monitoring committees receive data, often any emergency situation has long passed.[12]

text: Use[edit]

text: In medicine[edit]

text: Double-blinding is relatively easy to achieve in drug studies, by formulating the investigational drug and the control (either a placebo or an established drug) to have identical appearance (color, taste, etc.). Patients are randomly assigned to the control or experimental group and given random numbers by a study coordinator, who also encodes the drugs with matching random numbers. Neither the patients nor the researchers monitoring the outcome know which patient is receiving which treatment, until the study is over and the random code is revealed.

text: Effective blinding can be difficult to achieve where the treatment is notably effective (indeed, studies have been suspended in cases where the tested drug combinations were so effective that it was deemed unethical to continue withholding the findings from the control group, and the general population),[13][14] or where the treatment is very distinctive in taste or has unusual side-effects that allow the researcher and/or the subject to guess which group they were assigned to. It is also difficult to use the double blind method to compare surgical and non-surgical interventions (although sham surgery, involving a simple incision, might be ethically permitted). A good clinical protocol will foresee these potential problems to ensure blinding is as effective as possible. It has also been argued[15] that even in a double-blind experiment, general attitudes of the experimenter such as skepticism or enthusiasm towards the tested procedure can be subconsciously transferred to the test subjects.

text: Evidence-based medicine practitioners prefer blinded randomised controlled trials (RCTs), where that is a possible experimental design. These are high on the hierarchy of evidence; only a meta analysis of several well designed RCTs is considered more reliable.[16]

text: In physics[edit]

text: Modern nuclear physics and particle physics experiments often involve large numbers of data analysts working together to extract quantitative data from complex datasets. In particular, the analysts want to report accurate systematic error estimates for all of their measurements; this is difficult or impossible if one of the errors is observer bias. To remove this bias, the experimenters devise blind analysis techniques, where the experimental result is hidden from the analysts until they've agreed—based on properties of the data set other than the final value—that the analysis techniques are fixed.

text: One example of a blind analysis occurs in neutrino experiments, like the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, where the experimenters wish to report the total number N of neutrinos seen. The experimenters have preexisting expectations about what this number should be, and these expectations must not be allowed to bias the analysis. Therefore, the experimenters are allowed to see an unknown fraction f of the dataset. They use these data to understand the backgrounds, signal-detection efficiencies, detector resolutions, etc.. However, since no one knows the "blinding fraction" f, no one has preexisting expectations about the meaningless neutrino count N' = N × f in the visible data; therefore, the analysis does not introduce any bias into the final number N which is reported. Another blinding scheme is used in B meson analyses in experiments like BaBar and CDF; here, the crucial experimental parameter is a correlation between certain particle energies and decay times—which require an extremely complex and painstaking analysis—and particle charge signs, which are fairly trivial to measure. Analysts are allowed to work with all the energy and decay data, but are forbidden from seeing the sign of the charge, and thus are unable to see the correlation (if any). At the end of the experiment, the correct charge signs are revealed; the analysis software is run once (with no subjective human intervention), and the resulting numbers are published. Searches for rare events, like electron neutrinos in MiniBooNE or proton decay in Super-Kamiokande, require a different class of blinding schemes.

text: The "hidden" part of the experiment—the fraction f for SNO, the charge-sign database for CDF—is usually called the "blindness box". At the end of the analysis period, one is allowed to "unblind the data" and "open the box".

text: In forensics[edit]

text: In a police photo lineup, an officer shows a group of photos to a witness or crime victim and asks him or her to pick out the suspect. This is basically a single-blind test of the witness's memory, and may be subject to subtle or overt influence by the officer. There is a growing movement in law enforcement to move to a double-blind procedure in which the officer who shows the photos to the witness does not know which photo is of the suspect.[17][18]

text: In music[edit]

text: In recruiting musicians to perform in orchestras and so on, blind auditions are now routinely done: the musicians perform behind a screen so that their physical appearance and gender cannot prejudice the listener judging the performance.

text: Science portal