document_title: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

question_text: which is the second nearest star to the earth after the sun

text: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

text: List[edit]

text: Stars visible to the unaided eye have their magnitude shown in light blue below. Brown dwarfs are shown with their designations in brown. White dwarfs are shown with their designation in beige. The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types (these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star's observed color). Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near-infrared J band apparent magnitude due to how dim (and often invisible) they are in visible colors. Some of the parallax and distance results are preliminary measurements.[5]

text:
Nearest star systems

Designation

Distance[6](light-years (±err))

Stellar class

Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)

Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)

Epoch J2000.0

Parallax(mas (±err))[5][note 1]

Discovery date[note 2]

Notes and additionalreferences

System

Star #

Right ascension[5]

Declination[5]

Solar System

Sun

5000000000000000000♠0

G2V[5]

−26.74[5]

4.85[5]

—

—

—

—

eight planets

Alpha Centauri(Rigil Kentaurus)

Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)

7000424410000000000♠4.2441±0.0011

M5.5Ve

11.09[5]

15.53[5]

14h 29m 43.0s

−62° 40′ 46″

7002768500000000000♠768.50±0.20[7]

1915

flare star, one planet (b) (2016)

α Centauri A (HD 128620)

7000436500000000000♠4.3650±0.0068

G2V[5]

0.01[5]

4.38[5]

14h 39m 36.5s

−60° 50′ 02″

7002747230000000000♠747.23±1.17[8][9][10]

—

α Centauri B (HD 128621)

K1V[5]

1.34[5]

5.71[5]

14h 39m 35.1s

−60° 50′ 14″

1689

one suspected planet (c) (2013)(planet b refuted in 2015)

Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a)

7000595770000000000♠5.9577±0.0032

M4.0Ve

9.53[5]

13.22[5]

17h 57m 48.5s

+04° 41′ 36″

7002547450000000000♠547.45±0.29[7]

1916

flare star, largest known proper motion[11]

Luhman 16(WISE 1049−5319)

Luhman 16A

7000650490000000000♠6.5049±0.0012

L8±1[12]

10.7 J

14.2 J

10h 49m 15.57s

−53° 19′ 06″

7002501398000000000♠501.398±0.093[13]

2013

one refuted planet (Ab[14] in 2017[13])

Luhman 16B

T1±2[12]

WISE 0855−0714

7000726000000000000♠7.26±0.13[15]

Y2

25.0 J

08h 55m 10.83s

−07° 14′ 42.5″

7002449000000000000♠449±8[16]

2014

sub-brown dwarf

Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)

7000785600000000000♠7.856±0.031

M6.0V[5]

13.44[5]

16.55[5]

10h 56m 29.2s

+07° 00′ 53″

7002415160000000000♠415.16±1.62[17]

1919

flare star

Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)

7000830700000000000♠8.307±0.014

M2.0V[5]

7.47[5]

10.44[5]

11h 03m 20.2s

+35° 58′ 12″

7002392640000000000♠392.64±0.67[18]

1801

one suspected planet (2017)[19]

Sirius(α Canis Majoris)

Sirius A

7000865900000000000♠8.659±0.010

A1V[5]

−1.46[5]

1.42[5]

06h 45m 08.9s

−16° 42′ 58″

7002376680000000000♠376.68±0.45[7]

—

brightest star in the night sky

Sirius B

DA2[5]

8.44[5]

11.34[5]

1844

Luyten 726-8

Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti)

7000879100000000000♠8.791±0.012

M5.5Ve

12.54[5]

15.40[5]

01h 39m 01.3s

−17° 57′ 01″

7002371000000000000♠371.0±0.5[7]

1949

flare star (Archetypal member)

Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti)

M6.0Ve

12.99[5]

15.85[5]

Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)

7000970350000000000♠9.7035±0.0019

M3.5Ve

10.43[5]

13.07[5]

18h 49m 49.4s

−23° 50′ 10″

7002336123000000000♠336.123±0.064[7]

1925

flare star

Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)

7001102903000000000♠10.2903±0.0041

M5.5Ve

12.29[5]

14.79[5]

23h 41m 54.7s

+44° 10′ 30″

7002316960000000000♠316.96±0.13[7]

1925

flare star

Epsilon Eridani (BD−09°697)

7001104460000000000♠10.446±0.016

K2V[5]

3.73[5]

6.19[5]

03h 32m 55.8s

−09° 27′ 30″

7002312220000000000♠312.22±0.47[7]

150

three circumstellar disks,two suspected planets (AEgir (debated) and c) (2000 & 2002)[20]

Lacaille 9352 (CD−36°15693)

7001107211000000000♠10.7211±0.0016

M0.5V

7.34[5]

9.75[5]

23h 05m 52.0s

−35° 51′ 11″

7002304219000000000♠304.219±0.045[7]

1753

Ross 128 (FI Virginis)

7001110074000000000♠11.0074±0.0026

M4.0Vn

11.13[5]

13.51[5]

11h 47m 44.4s

+00° 48′ 16″

7002296307000000000♠296.307±0.070[7]

1925

flare star, one planet (b) (2017)[21]

EZ Aquarii(Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6)

EZ Aquarii A

7001111090000000000♠11.109±0.034

M5.0Ve

13.33[5]

15.64[5]

22h 38m 33.4s

−15° 17′ 57″

7002293600000000000♠293.60±0.9[22]

1937

A & B flare stars

EZ Aquarii B

M?

13.27[5]

15.58[5]

-

EZ Aquarii C

M?

14.03[5]

16.34[5]

1995

61 Cygni

61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)

7001114008000000000♠11.4008±0.0012

K5.0V[5]

5.21[5]

7.49[5]

21h 06m 53.9s

+38° 44′ 58″

7002286080000000000♠286.08±0.03[7]

1725

B flare star, first star (besides Sun) to have measured distance[23]possible circumstellar disk.

61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)

K7.0V[5]

6.03[5]

8.31[5]

21h 06m 55.3s

+38° 44′ 31″

-

Procyon(α Canis Minoris)

Procyon A

7001114020000000000♠11.402±0.032

F5V–IV[5]

0.38[5]

2.66[5]

07h 39m 18.1s

+05° 13′ 30″

7002286050000000000♠286.05±0.81[8][9]

—

Procyon B

DQZ[5]

10.70[5]

12.98[5]

1844

Struve 2398(Gliese 725, BD+59°1915)

Struve 2398 A (HD 173739)

7001114880000000000♠11.4880±0.0012

M3.0V[5]

8.90[5]

11.16[5]

18h 42m 46.7s

+59° 37′ 49″

7002283910000000000♠283.91±0.03[7]

1835

flare stars

Struve 2398 B (HD 173740)

M3.5V[5]

9.69[5]

11.95[5]

18h 42m 46.9s

+59° 37′ 37″

1835

Groombridge 34(Gliese 15)

Groombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae)

7001116182000000000♠11.6182±0.0008

M1.5V[5]

8.08[5]

10.32[5]

0h 18m 22.9s

+44° 01′ 23″

7002280730000000000♠280.73±0.02[7]

1813

flare star, two suspected planets (Ac, 2017) and Ab, 2014)[24]

Groombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae)

M3.5V[5]

11.06[5]

13.30[5]

-

flare star

DX Cancri (G 51-15)

7001116780000000000♠11.6780±0.0056

M6.5Ve

14.78[5]

16.98[5]

08h 29m 49.5s

+26° 46′ 37″

7002279290000000000♠279.29±0.13[7]

1972

flare star

Tau Ceti (BD−16°295)

7001117530000000000♠11.753±0.022

G8Vp[5]

3.49[5]

5.68[5]

01h 44m 04.1s

−15° 56′ 15″

7002277519999999999♠277.52±0.52[7]

150

one debris disktwo planets (e and f) (2012),three suspected planets (d, g and h) (2012, 2017), two refuted planets (b and c in 2017)

Epsilon Indi(CPD−57°10015)

Epsilon Indi A

7001118690000000000♠11.869±0.011

K5Ve[5]

4.69[5]

6.89[5]

22h 03m 21.7s

−56° 47′ 10″

7002274800000000000♠274.80±0.25[7]

1597

one planet (b) (2018)[25]

Epsilon Indi Ba

T1.0V

12.3 J[26]

22h 04m 10.5s

−56° 46′ 58″

2003

Epsilon Indi Bb

T6.0V

13.2 J[26]

2003

GJ 1061 (LHS 1565)

7001119803000000000♠11.9803±0.0029

M5.5V[5]

13.09[5]

15.26[5]

03h 35m 59.7s

−44° 30′ 45″

7002272245000000000♠272.245±0.066[7]

1995

[27][28]

YZ Ceti (LHS 138)

7001121084000000000♠12.1084±0.0035

M4.5V[5]

12.02[5]

14.17[5]

01h 12m 30.6s

−16° 59′ 56″

7002269363000000000♠269.363±0.078[7]

1961

flare star, three planets (b, c, and d) (2017),[29]one suspected planet (e)

Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668)

7001121990000000000♠12.199±0.036

M3.5Vn

9.86[5]

11.97[5]

07h 27m 24.5s

+05° 13′ 33″

7002267360000000000♠267.36±0.79[30]

1935

two planets (b, c) (2017)[31]

Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258)

7001124960000000000♠12.496±0.013

M6.5V

15.14[5]

17.22[5]

02h 53m 00.9sg

+16° 52′ 53″

7002261010000000000♠261.01±0.27[7]

2003

tentative radial velocity variation (2010)[28][32]

SCR 1845-6357

SCR 1845-6357 A

7001125710000000000♠12.571±0.054

M8.5V[5]

17.39

19.41

18h 45m 05.3s

−63° 57′ 48″

7002259450000000000♠259.45±1.11[note 3]

2004

[28]

SCR 1845-6357 B

T6[33]

13.3 J[26]

18h 45m 02.6s

−63° 57′ 52″

2006

Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841)

7001128294000000000♠12.8294±0.0013

M1.5V[5]

8.84[5]

10.87[5]

05h 11m 40.6s

−45° 01′ 06″

7002254226000000000♠254.226±0.026[7]

1898

two suspected planets (b and c) (2014)[34]

Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)

7001129515000000000♠12.9515±0.0029

M0.0V[5]

6.67[5]

8.69[5]

21h 17m 15.3s

−38° 52′ 03″

7002251829000000000♠251.829±0.056[7]

1753

flare star

Kruger 60(BD+56°2783)

Kruger 60 A

7001130724000000000♠13.0724±0.0052

M3.0V[5]

9.79[5]

11.76[5]

22h 27m 59.5s

+57° 41′ 45″

7002249500000000000♠249.5±0.1[7]

1880

B flare star

Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei)

M4.0V[5]

11.41[5]

13.38[5]

1890?

DEN 1048-3956

7001131931999999999♠13.1932±0.0066

M8.5V[5]

17.39[5]

19.37[5]

10h 48m 14.7s

−39° 56′ 06″

7002247220000000000♠247.22±0.12[7]

2001

[35][36]

Ross 614(V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234)

Ross 614A (LHS 1849)

7001134240000000000♠13.424±0.049

M4.5V[5]

11.15[5]

13.09[5]

06h 29m 23.4s

−02° 48′ 50″

7002242970000000000♠242.97±0.88[7]

1927

A flare star

Ross 614B (LHS 1850)

M5.5V

14.23[5]

16.17[5]

1936

UGPS J0722-0540

7001134300000000000♠13.43±0.13

T9[5]

16.52 J[37]

07h 22m 27.3s

–05° 40′ 30″

7002242800000000000♠242.8±2.4[38]

2010

[39]

Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523)

7001140458000000000♠14.0458±0.0038

M3.0V[5]

10.07[5]

11.93[5]

16h 30m 18.1s

−12° 39′ 45″

7002232210000000000♠232.210±0.063[7]

1919

three planets (b, c, and d) (2015)[40]

Wolf 424(FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473)

Wolf 424 A

7001140500000000000♠14.05±0.26

M5.5Ve

13.18[5]

14.97[5]

12h 33m 17.2s

+09° 01′ 15″

7002232200000000000♠232.2±4.3[41]

1919

flare stars

Wolf 424 B

M7Ve

13.17[5]

14.96[5]

1941

Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)

7001140744000000000♠14.0744±0.0023

DZ7[5]

12.38[5]

14.21[5]

00h 49m 09.9s

+05° 23′ 19″

7002231737000000000♠231.737±0.038[7]

1896

closest known free-floating white dwarf,third known white dwarfpossible debris disk (1917),possible planet (b) (2004) (debated)

Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492)

7001141725000000000♠14.1725±0.0037

M1.5 V [5]

8.55[5]

10.35[5]

00h 05m 24.4s

−37° 21′ 27″

7002230133000000000♠230.133±0.060[7]

1884

L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1)

7001145843000000000♠14.5843±0.0070

M4.5V[5]

12.27[5]

14.03[5]

02h 00m 13.2s

+13° 03′ 08″

7002223630000000000♠223.63±0.11[7]

flare star

Gliese 674 (LHS 449)

7001148387000000000♠14.8387±0.0033

M3.0V[5]

9.38[5]

11.09[5]

17h 28m 39.9s

−46° 53′ 43″

7002219801000000000♠219.801±0.049[7]

one planet (b) (2007)[42]

Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)

7001148401000000000♠14.8401±0.0022

M3.0V[5]

9.17[5]

10.89[5]

17h 36m 25.9s

+68° 20′ 21″

7002219781000000000♠219.781±0.032[7]

possible flare star, one planet (b) (2014)[43]

LHS 292 (LP 731-58)

7001148850000000000♠14.885±0.011

M6.5V[5]

15.60[5]

17.32[5]

10h 48m 12.6s

−11° 20′ 14″

7002219120000000000♠219.12±0.16[7]

flare star

WISE J0521+1025

7001150000000000000♠15±3[note 4]

T7.5[44]

15.26 J

16.95 J

05h 21m 26.3s

+10° 25′ 28″

7002217500000000000♠217.5±40

2012

distance highly uncertain

LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)

7001151182000000000♠15.1182±0.0023

DQ6[5]

11.50[5]

13.18[5]

11h 45m 42.9s

−64° 50′ 29″

7002215737000000000♠215.737±0.032[7]

1917

G 208-44G 208-45(GJ 1245)

G 208-44 A (V1581 Cyg)

7001152090000000000♠15.2090±0.0050

M5.5V[5]

13.46[5]

15.17[5]

19h 53m 54.2s

+44° 24′ 55″

7002214450000000000♠214.45±0.07[7]

flare stars

G 208-45

M6.0V[5]

14.01[5]

15.72[5]

19h 53m 55.2s

+44° 24′ 56″

G 208-44 B

M5.5

16.75[5]

18.46[5]

19h 53m 54.2s

+44° 24′ 55″

Gliese 876 (Ross 780)

7001152504000000000♠15.2504±0.0054

M3.5V[5]

10.17[5]

11.81[5]

22h 53m 16.7s

−14° 15′ 49″

7002213867000000000♠213.867±0.076[7]

four planets (d (2005), c (2001), b (1998), and e (2010))[45]two possible planets (f and g) (2014) (debated)

LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)

7001157703000000000♠15.7703±0.0056

M5.5V[5]

13.90[5]

15.51[5]

10h 44m 21.2s

−61° 12′ 36″

7002206817000000000♠206.817±0.074[7]

one tentative planet (b) (2007)[28]

GJ 1002

7001158164000000000♠15.8164±0.0098

M5.5V[5]

13.76[5]

15.40[5]

00h 06m 43.8s

−07° 32′ 22″

7002206210000000000♠206.21±0.13[7]

Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380)

7001158797000000000♠15.8797±0.0026

K7.0V[5]

6.59[5]

8.16[5]

10h 11m 22.1s

+49° 27′ 15″

7002205392000000000♠205.392±0.034[7]

1838

flare star, one suspected debris disk,one suspected planet (b) (1989) (tentative)

DEN 0255-4700

7001158850000000000♠15.885±0.020

L7.5V[5]

22.92[5]

24.44[5]

02h 55m 03.7s

−47° 00′ 52″

7002205330000000000♠205.33±0.25[7]

1999

[36]

Gliese 412

Gliese 412 A

7001159830000000000♠15.983±0.013

M1.0V[5]

8.77[5]

10.34[5]

11h 05m 28.6s

+43° 31′ 36″

7002204060000000000♠204.06±0.17[7]

1850s?

Gliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris)

M5.5V[5]

14.48[5]

16.05[5]

11h 05m 30.4s

+43° 31′ 18″

1850s?

flare star

WISE 1639-6847

7001161200000000000♠16.12±0.25[note 4]

Y0.5

20.57 J

22.10 J

16h 39m 40.9s

−68° 47′ 46″

7002202300000000000♠202.3±3.1[46]

2012

Gliese 832

7001161939000000000♠16.1939±0.0034

M1.5 V[5]

8.66[5]

10.20[5]

21h 33m 34.0s

−49° 00′ 32″

7002201407000000000♠201.407±0.043[7]

1910s?

possible flare star, two planets (b (2008) and c (2014))[47][48]

AD Leonis

7001161970000000000♠16.1970±0.0055

M3.0V[5]

9.32[5]

10.87[5]

10h 19m 36.4s

+19° 52′ 10″

7002201368000000000♠201.368±0.068[7]

1850s?

flare star

GJ 1005

GJ 1005 A

7001162600000000000♠16.26±0.76[note 4]

M4V[49]

11.48[49]

00h 15m 28.11s

−16° 08′ 01.6″

7002200500000000000♠200.5±9.4[49]

GJ 1005 B

M7V

?

?

System

Star #

Distance[6]Light-years (±err)

Stellar class

Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)

Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)

Right ascension[5]

Declination[5]

Parallax[5][note 1]mas (±err)

Discovery date

Additionalreferences

Designation

Epoch J2000.0

text: Maps of nearby stars[edit]

text: Distant future and past encounters[edit]

text: Over long periods of time, the slow independent motion of stars change in both relative position and in their distance from the observer. This can cause other currently distant stars to fall within a stated range, which may be readily calculated and predicted using accurate astromertic measurements of parallax and total proper motions, along with spectroscopic determined radial velocities. Although predictions can be extrapolated back into the past or forward into the future, they are subject to increasing significant cumulative errors over very long periods.[1] Inaccuracies of these measured parameters make determining the true minimum distances of any encountering stars or brown dwarfs fairly difficult.[50]

text: Examples of notable predicted stellar encounters falling within 5 parsecs from the Sun appear in the list below. A summary of the more likely candidates include:

text:
Scholz's star and its companion brown dwarf is thought to have passed about 52,000 astronomical units (0.25 parsecs; 0.82 light-years) from the Sun about 70,000 years ago.[51]
Gamma Microscopii approximately 3.8 million years ago has been predicted to approach as close as 6 light-years from the Sun. Maximum apparent magnitude possibly reached −3, being brighter than the current brightest star, Sirius.[citation needed] More recent examination of measurement errors now suggests it may or may not have passed within 5.0 parsecs.
Gliese 710 / HIP 89825 is the low mass orange K7 spectral type star that currently lies about 63.8 light-years (19.6 parsecs) from the Sun. Based on past and 2007 Hipparcos data,[52] was first estimated to approach just under one light year from the Sun some 1.4 million years from now to appear as a first-magnitude star roughly equal in brightness to Antares. As total proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small and a radial velocity of −119 km/s is fairly high, this suggests it is traveling at a similar and relatively close-approach trajectory to the Solar System. Gaia DR2 in 2018 now predicts the closest known encounter so far known: Minimum perihelion distance is 0.0676±0.0157 parsecs or 13900±3200 AU about 1.281 million years in the future. The Gliese 710 close approach will likely cause the greatest known gravitational perturbation on celestial objects within in the Solar System.[4]
Ross 248 is presently about 10.3 light-years away from the Sun and in about 31,000 years from now it may be the closest star for several millennia, with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs (3.02 light-years) in 36,000 years.[1]
Gliese 445 present distance is 17.6 light-years but in about 40,000 years it will become the closest star for a period of several thousand years.
HIP 85605 in 2014 was estimated to approach the Sun between 0.13 to 0.65 light-years (8,200 to 41,100 astronomical units; 0.040 to 0.199 parsecs) within the next 240,000 to 470,000 years.[53][54][55] With the release of Gaia DR2, it was determined that HIP 85605 is actually a much more distant 1790±30 light-years away, and as such will not be passing remotely close to the Sun at any point in time.

text:
Known stars that have passed or will pass within 5.1 light-years of the Sun within ±3 million years:[52][56]

Star name

HIP#

Minimum distance(light-years)

Date of approachin kiloyears

Current distance(light-years)

Stellarclassification

Mass in M☉

Currentapparent magnitude

Current Constellation

CurrentRight ascension

CurrentDeclination

Gliese 710

89825

6999178000000000000♠0.178+0.043−0.036

7003128000000000000♠1280+41−39

7001621030000000000♠62.103±0.057

K7V

0.4–0.6

9.6

Serpens

18h 19m 50.843s

−01° 56′ 18.98″

2MASS J0610-4246

6999755000000000000♠0.755+0.084−0.090

2996883560000000000♠−1164.4+8.8−8.9

7002319750000000000♠319.75±0.60

early K

~0.8

11.79

Puppis

06h 10m 55.448s

−42° 46′ 03.39″

Scholz's star and companion brown dwarf

6999820000000000000♠0.82+0.37−0.22

2998310000000000000♠−69+10−14

7001196000000000000♠19.6±3.4

M9+T5

0.15

18.3

Monoceros

07h 20m 03.20s

−08° 46′ 51.2″

HD 283856

7000112999999999999♠1.13+0.75−0.55

7002374000000000000♠374+40−34

7002290000000000000♠290±17

K0V (binary?)

~0.8

10.46

Taurus

04h 48m 28.124s

+27° 00′ 39.06″

TYC 1662-1962-1

7000184000000000000♠1.84+0.22−0.21

2996848700000000000♠−1513+18−19

7002284500000000000♠284.5±1.0

Early K

~0.8

10.95

Vulpecula

21h 14m 32.911s

+21° 53′ 32.76″

HD 7977

7000188000000000000♠1.88+0.18−0.16

2996720200000000000♠−2798+44−46

7002247030000000000♠247.03±0.70

G0V

~1.2

9.04

Cassiopeia

01h 20m 31.597s

+61° 52′ 57.08″

2MASS J2146+3813

7000189000000000000♠1.89+0.18−0.15

7001844000000000000♠84.4+8.0−6.8

7001229603000000000♠22.9603±0.0083

M5V

~0.015

10.82

Cygnus

21h 46m 22.285s

+38° 13′ 03.12″

2MASS J0634-7449

7000216900000000000♠2.169+0.083−0.080

2997102000000000000♠−898+12−13

7002213280000000000♠213.28±0.29

mid K

~0.6

12.69

Mensa

06h 34m 29.385s

−74° 49′ 47.12″

TYC 2730-1701-1

7000231000000000000♠2.31+0.31−0.29

2997286000000000000♠−714+21−22

7002829100000000000♠829.1±9.1

G?

~1

9.44

Pegasus

21h 50m 41.029s

+36h 20m 46.73s

2MASS J0409+0245

7000268400000000000♠2.684+0.088−0.091

7002912000000000000♠912±13

7002101400000000000♠101.40±0.18

Early M

~0.4

11.73

Taurus

04h 09m 02.050s

+02° 45′ 38.32″

Gliese 3649

7000297500000000000♠2.975+0.093−0.089

2997491000000000000♠−509±12

7001544150000000000♠54.415±0.048

M1

0.49

10.85

Leo

11h 12m 38.97s

+18° 56′ 05.4″

2MASS J0605+4020

7000290000000000000♠2.9+4.5−2.1

2997140000000000000♠−860+210−350

7002248000000000000♠248±20

K

~0.5

12.07

Auriga

06h 05m 05.077s

+40° 20′ 37.72″

2MASS J1818-4038

7000300000000000000♠3.0+1.3−1.1

7003104900000000000♠1049+54−50

7002191400000000000♠191.4±5.6

K/M

~0.5

11.97

Corona Australis

18h 18m 17.213s

−40° 38′ 39.48″

BD-21 1529

7000301000000000000♠3.01+0.29−0.28

2996831500000000000♠−1685+14−15

7002374100000000000♠374.1±1.8

G5V

~0.95

9.67

Canis Major

06h 37m 48.004s

−21° 22′ 21.94″

Ross 248

7000311000000000000♠3.11+0.15−0.14

7001392000000000000♠39.2+1.9−1.8

7001102903000000000♠10.2903±0.0041

M6V

0.136

12.29

Andromeda

23h 41m 54.99s

+44° 10′ 40.8″

Proxima Centauri

70890

7000310340000000000♠3.1034±0.0033

7001286770000000000♠28.677±0.054

7000424410000000000♠4.2441±0.0011

M5Ve

0.15

11.05

Centaurus

14h 29m 42.949s

−62° 40′ 46.14″

Alpha Centauri AB

7168371685

7000324200000000000♠3.242±0.060

7001296300000000000♠29.63+1.00−0.98

7000432100000000000♠4.321±0.024

G2V+K1V

1.1000.907[57]

-0.01+1.33

Centaurus

14h 39m 36.495s

−60° 50′ 02.31″

Gliese 445

57544

7000333650000000000♠3.3365±0.0050

7001463010000000000♠46.301±0.052

7001171424000000000♠17.1424±0.0043

M4

0.15?

10.8

Camelopardalis

11h 47m 41.377s

+78° 41′ 28.18″

HIP 117795

117795

7000343300000000000♠3.433±0.013

7001934599999999999♠93.46±0.21

7001873360000000000♠87.336±0.075

K8V

~0.5

10.6

Cassiopeia

23h 53m 20.014s

+59° 56′ 42.95″

2MASS J0625-2408

7000359000000000000♠3.59+0.25−0.27

2996815100000000000♠−1849+30−31

7002537100000000000♠537.1±2.7

K/M

~0.5

12.91

Canis Major

06h 25m 42.744s

−24° 08′ 35.02″

Barnard's Star

87937

7000376040000000000♠3.7604±0.0074

7001117310000000000♠11.731±0.027

7000595770000000000♠5.9577±0.0032

sdM4

0.144

9.54

Ophiuchus

17h 57m 48.498s

+04° 41′ 36.25″

2MASS J2241-2759

7000379000000000000♠3.79+0.67−0.62

2996719100000000000♠−2809+53−55

7002414700000000000♠414.7±2.6

K7V

~0.5

12.28

Piscis Austrinus

22h 41m 50.996s

−27° 59′ 47.04″

Gliese 3379

7000419400000000000♠4.194±0.016

2997843870000000000♠−156.13±0.52

7001169813000000000♠16.9813±0.0063

M3.5V

0.19

11.31

Orion

06h 00m 03.824s

+02° 42′ 22.97″

Zeta Leporis

27288

7000470000000000000♠4.70+0.59−0.51

2997140000000000000♠−860+45−49

7001713400000000000♠71.34±0.65

A2Vann

2.0

3.55

Lepus

05h 46m 57.341s

−14° 49′ 19.02″

Lalande 21185

54035

7000469200000000000♠4.692±0.018

7001220390000000000♠22.039+0.082−0.081

7000830700000000000♠8.307±0.014

M2V

0.39

7.52

Ursa Major

11h 03m 20.194s

+35° 58′ 11.55″

2MASS J1941-4602

7000485400000000000♠4.854+0.087−0.085

2997536299999999999♠−463.7+6.5−6.7

7001669960000000000♠66.996±0.066

M4-M6

~0.15

12.4

Telescopium

19h 41m 53.18s

−46° 02′ 31.4″


document_title: Baby's Day Out

question_text: who plays the baby in baby's day out

question_tokens: who plays the baby in baby 's day out

root

text: Baby's Day Out

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bennington Austin "Bink" Cotwell IV has adoring parents Laraine (Lara Flynn Boyle) and Bennington (Matthew Glave), lives in a huge mansion in a suburb of Chicago, and is just about to appear in the social pages of the newspaper. Three klutzy would-be kidnappers – Edgar "Eddie" Mauser (Joe Mantegna), Norbert "Norby" LeBlaw (Joe Pantoliano) and Victor "Veeko" Riley (Brian Haley) –, the main antagonists, disguise themselves as the photographers from the paper and kidnap him. After the kidnapping, they have difficulty controlling him. In the trial of trying to get him to fall asleep, Norby does so reading Bink's book named "Baby's Day Out", leaving him unattended. Norby later goes to sleep himself. Looking through it, he notices a bird on the page and then by the window. He follows it out and successfully gets away from his kidnappers, with Eddie falling off the building and into a garbage bin.

tag: p

text: The FBI arrives at the mansion, headed by Dale Grissom (Fred Dalton Thompson), where they try to piece together clues along with Bink's parents and his loving nanny Gilbertine (Cynthia Nixon). Meanwhile, he, now outside on the ground and crawling about, finds another part of his book - the blue bus, which he then boards. The kidnappers realise he is missing and start chasing the bus in their van, but their efforts are in vain. Meanwhile, on the bus, Bink crawls into the bag of an obese lady, who gets off at her stop shortly afterwards. By the time the trio catches it, and realise Bink is not on board, they then realise that he crawled into the lady's bag and follow her. An altercation ensues after they insult her (when she insults them), and while they attempt their escape, Bink crawls up to a revolving door at the entrance to a department store and is forced inwards by its momentum.

text: Crawling through the Marshall Fields department store, Bink is stopped by a worker who works for Mother Goose Corner, a nearby day care center, who believes he is another baby who escaped from there. He later escapes there and the store and eventually crawls into traffic. The kidnappers attempt to follow him but keep getting injured in the process as he makes his way to the city zoo. They are shocked to find him in the primate house with a gorilla. It shows a maternal side and does not injure him. The kidnappers try to retrieve him but it notices and hits Veeko's hand, throws Norby into the air using a mop as a catapult, and hurls Eddie against the bars of the cage opposite its own.

text: The kidnappers eventually corner and catch Bink in the zoo's park, but are confronted by two friendly police officers, who have noticed that their van's engine is still running. During the conversation, Eddie hides Bink under his coat in his lap, but he reaches Eddie's cigarette lighter, sets his crotch on fire, and sneaks off as soon as the officers are gone. Veeko extinguishes the fire by stomping repeatedly on Eddie's groin. They follow Bink to a construction yard, but are still unable to catch him, with Veeko getting thrown off the building (after falling onto one of the construction workers lift) and into the back of a garbage truck, Norby falling into a vat of wet cement, and Eddie getting stranded on a crane after being drenched in glue. The sun sets as Bink leaves the construction yard. The kidnappers manage to escape (offscreen), but decide to give up and go home.

text: Bink's parents are notified of various sightings of him in the city and Gilbertine deduces that he has been following his favorite book (or "Boo-Boo", as Bink calls it), and will most likely head for the Old Soldiers' Home next. Sure enough, they find him there, but on the way home, he begins to call out "Boo-Boo" toward the kidnappers' flat. The FBI move in and arrest the kidnappers, who return Bink's book.

text: Back home, Bink is put to bed by his parents. As they discuss having his picture taken by a normal photographer in the morning, he wakes up and gets ready to read another book, Baby's Trip to China.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joe Mantegna as Edgar "Eddie" Mauser
Brian Haley as Victor "Veeko" Riley
Joe Pantoliano as Norbert "Norby" LeBlaw
Lara Flynn Boyle as Laraine Cotwell
Matthew Glave as Bennington Austin "Bing" Cotwell III
Cynthia Nixon as Gilbertine
Fred Dalton Thompson as Dale Grissom
John Neville as Mr. Andrews
Robin Baber as Ursula
Trevor Dalton as Norm
Eddie Bracken as Old Soldier
Dawn Maxey as Teenage Employee
Anna Thomson as Mrs. McCray
Adam Robert and Jacob Joseph Worton as Bennington Austin "Baby Bink" Cotwell IV

Verne Troyer as Bink's stunt double

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

tag: table

text: Baby's Day Out was panned by critics, and holds a 21% "rotten" approval rating at the review website Rotten Tomatoes, with 3 positive reviews from 14.[2]

text: On the Siskel & Ebert show, critic Roger Ebert wrote that "Baby's Day Out contains gags that might have worked in a Baby Herman cartoon, but in live action, with real people, taxis, buses, streets, and a real baby, they're just not funny. The Worton twins are adorable as Baby Bink, however; the audience produced an audible coo the first time they saw him on the screen." He gave the film 1 1/2 stars.[3]

text: His partner, Gene Siskel, however, liked the film because he thought that young children would love it for the humor. Hal Hinson, writing for the Washington Post, wrote: "The pace is quick and efficient but never frantic...almost everything in the picture is just right, including the two-bit crooks who abduct the superhero toddler and end up bruised and begging hilariously for mercy. Best of all, though, is the Binkman himself, whose tiny face is so expressive that he brings new meaning to the phrase 'conquering with a smile.'"[4]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened with takings of $4,044,662 at the start of July 1994.[5][6][7] The film finally grossed $16,827,402 at the domestic box office, a disappointing return considering the $48 million production budget for the film. It ranked at #83 for the best performing films of 1994.[1]

text: It was also the 26th best performing PG-rated family film of the year in 1994.[1]

text: Popularity in South Asia and remakes [edit]

text: Baby's Day Out was tremendously popular in South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. In India, the movie was played at the largest theater in Calcutta for over a year. Recalling a trip to Calcutta, Roger Ebert says, "I asked if Star Wars had been their most successful American film. No, I was told, it was Baby's Day Out..."[8] It was remade twice, first in Telugu in 1995 under the title Sisindri and then in Malayalam in 1999 under the title James Bond. It was dubbed in Tamil with the title Chutti Kuzhanthai meaning Naughty Baby. It was also dubbed in Bengali and played in theaters in Bangladesh. It was also dubbed in Punjabi as a comedy in Pakistan.

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game version of the film was planned, completed, and slated to be released on Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Genesis and Game Boy in October 1994,[9][10] but was cancelled at the last minute. Two prototypes of the Genesis port can be found for download on several ROM sites. One is a near completed version while the other is a very early beta. Instead of playing as Bink, the player controls what appears to be Bink's guardian angel to guide Bink to safety in the vein of Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures.

text: Home media[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on VHS on April 4, 1995. The film was released on DVD on January 29, 2001. It includes Patrick Read Johnson's commentary, a featurette, and a trailer for the film. The film was re-released on DVD on October 11, 2011.


document_title: Healing the mother of Peter's wife

question_text: where did jesus heal peter's mother in law

question_tokens: where did jesus heal peter 's mother in law

text: Healing the mother of Peter's wife

text: The healing of the mother of Peter's wife is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels, reported in Matthew 8:14–15, Mark 1:29–31, and Luke 4:38–41.[1]

text: In the Gospels of Mark and Luke, this episode takes place after Jesus had been preaching at the synagogue of Capernaum. Jesus goes to Peter's house, where he sees the mother of Peter's wife lying in bed with a high fever. Jesus touches her hand and the fever leaves her, and she gets up and begins to wait on him. In Matthew's gospel the event is the third in a series of healings recorded in chapter 8 which take place following Jesus' Sermon on the Mount.

text: Peter's mother-in-law was sick with a great fever before Jesus came into the house and was made aware of the sickness. Jesus was with some of his disciples when he walked over to her and rebuked the fever in a similar fashion to the way he rebuked devils. Jesus commanded the sickness to leave, and it went away immediately. She was healed so quickly and thoroughly that not only was the fever gone, but she was able to immediately resume performing household duties such as serving food to the guests. In the ancient world, fever was a distinct illness and not just the symptom of various infirmities. In the Talmud, fever is described as a fire.[2]

text: In the majority of readings of Matthew 8:15, she began to wait upon "him" (i.e. Jesus) but in the Textus Receptus she began to wait upon "them" (Greek: αὐτοῖς, autois). Mark and Luke both refer to "them"; Johann Bengel  therefore argues that in Matthew's gospel, "him" is the correct reading and "them" is an "erroneous reading ... introduced from the other Evangelists".[3]

text: Following this event, the Gospels report that at sunset, "the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness or were demon-possessed, and laying his hands on each one, Jesus healed them and cast demons out of them" (Matthew 8:16–18).

text: Biblical commentator Matthew Henry used the incident to argue that "Christ ... showed that he approved of the married state, by being thus kind to Peter's wife's relations".[4]


document_title: The Football Association

question_text: who retired in 1996 as chairman of the fa

text: The Football Association

text: History[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Laws of the Game

text: For centuries before the first meeting of the Football Association in The Freemasons' Tavern on Great Queen Street, London on 26 October 1863, there were no universally accepted rules for playing football.[3][4] Six meetings near London's Covent Garden, at 81-82 Long Acre,[5] ended in a split between the Football Association and what would have become the future rugby ten years later.[6] Both of them had their own uniforms, rituals, gestures and highly formalised rules.[7]

text: In each public school the game was formalised according to local conditions; but when the schoolboys reached university, chaos ensued when the players used different rules, so members of the University of Cambridge devised and published a set of Cambridge Rules in 1848 which was widely adopted.[3] Another set of rules, the Sheffield Rules, was used by a number of clubs in the North of England from the 1850s.

text: Eleven London football clubs and schools representatives met on 26 October 1863 to agree on common rules.[3][4] The founding clubs present at the first meeting were Barnes, Civil Service, Crusaders, Forest of Leytonstone (later to become Wanderers F.C.), N.N. (No Names) Club (Kilburn), the original Crystal Palace, Blackheath, Kensington School, Perceval House (Blackheath), Surbiton and Blackheath Proprietary School; Charterhouse sent their captain, B.F. Hartshorne, but declined the offer to join.[8] Many of these clubs are now defunct or play rugby union. Civil Service FC, who now plays in the Southern Amateur League, is the only one of the original eleven football clubs still in existence and playing Association Football.[4] There are only three institutions which have been continuous members of the F.A. since 1863, those being Civil Service, Forest School and King's College School, Wimbledon.

text: Central to the creation of the Football Association and modern football was Ebenezer Cobb Morley. He was a founding member of the Football Association in 1863. In 1862, as captain of Barnes, he wrote to Bell's Life newspaper proposing a governing body for the sport that led to the first meeting at The Freemasons' Tavern that created the FA.[4] He was the FA's first secretary (1863–66) and its second president (1867–74) and drafted the Laws of the Game generally called the "London Rules" at his home in Barnes, London. As a player, he played in the first-ever match in 1863.

text: The first version of the rules for the modern game was drawn up over a series of six meetings held in The Freemasons' Tavern from October till December.[4] Of the clubs at the first meeting, Crusaders, Surbiton and Charterhouse did not attend the subsequent meetings, replaced instead by the Royal Navy School, Wimbledon School and Forest School.[9] At the final meeting, F. M. Campbell, the first FA treasurer and the Blackheath representative, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA but instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union.[3] The term "soccer" dates back to this split to refer to football played under the "association" rules.

text: An inaugural game using the new FA rules was initially scheduled for Battersea Park on 2 January 1864, but enthusiastic members of the FA could not wait for the new year and an experimental game was played at Mortlake on 19 December 1863 between Morley's Barnes team and their neighbours Richmond (who were not members of the FA), ending in a goalless draw. The Richmond side were obviously unimpressed by the new rules in practice because they subsequently helped form the Rugby Football Union in 1871. The Battersea Park game was postponed for a week, and the first exhibition game using FA rules was played there on Saturday 9 January 1864. The members of the opposing teams for this game were chosen by the President of the FA (A. Pember) and the Secretary (E. C. Morley) and included many well-known footballers of the day.[citation needed]

text: After the first match according to the new FA rules a toast was given "Success to football, irrespective of class or creed".[10]

text: Charles Alcock (of Harrow School) of the Wanderers was elected to the committee of the FA in 1866, becoming its first full-time secretary and treasurer in 1870. He masterminded the creation of the Football Association Cup[11]—the longest-running association football competition in the world—in 1871. Fifteen participating clubs subscribed to purchase a trophy. The very first Cup Final was held at The Oval on 16 March 1872, fought between the Wanderers and the Royal Engineers (RE), watched by 2,000 spectators.[4]

text: This competition was initially contested by mostly amateur teams but by the end of the 19th century it was dominated by professional teams that were mostly members of the Football League that had been founded in 1888 and expanded during the 1890s.[citation needed]

text: After many years of wrangling between the London Association and the Sheffield Football Association, the FA Cup brought the acceptance that one undisputed set of laws was required. The two associations had played 16 inter-association matches under differing rules; the Sheffield Rules, the London Rules and Mixed Rules. In April 1877, those laws were set with a number of Sheffield Rules being incorporated.

text: In 1992, the Football Association took control of the newly created Premier League which consisted of 22 clubs who had broken away from the First Division of the Football League. The Premier League reduced to 20 clubs in 1995 and is one of the richest football leagues in the world.[12]

text: The Football Association celebrated their 150th year by changing their logo. The new logo has retained the current logo's three lions but it would be in golden colour and also have "The FA" written above and also have "1863 150 years 2013" written below. It also has some writings of the laws of the game penned at the first meeting held at The Freemasons' Tavern.[13]

text: Women's football[edit]

text: By 1921 women's football had become increasingly popular through the charitable games played by women's teams during and after the First World War. In a move that was widely seen as caused by jealousy of the crowds' interest in women's games which frequently exceeded that of the top men's teams, the Football Association banned all women's teams from playing on grounds affiliated to the FA because football damaged women's bodies.[14][15]

text: For several decades this decision meant that women's football virtually ceased to exist. It only reversed from 1969 when, after the increased interest in football caused by England's 1966 World Cup triumph, the Women's Football Association was founded,[16] although it would take a further two years - and an order from UEFA - to force the (men's) Football Association to remove its restrictions on the playing rights of women's teams.[17] It was not until 1983 that the WFA was able to affiliate to the FA as a "County Association" and only in 1993 did the FA found the "Women's Football Committee" to run women's football in England.[18]

text: UK football sexual abuse scandal[edit]

text: In mid-November 2016, allegations of widespread historical sexual abuse at football clubs dating back to the 1970s began to emerge. On 21 November, the Football Association said it would set up a helpline;[19] this was established with the NSPCC and opened on 24 November,[20] reportedly receiving over 50 calls within the first two hours,[21] over 100 by 27 November,[22] and 860 ("more than three times as many referrals as in the first three days of the Jimmy Savile scandal") by 1 December[23] with 350 individuals alleging abuse.[24] The FA and NSPCC also collaborated to produce a film about how to keep children safe in the sport, featuring the captains of England's men's, women's and cerebral palsy football teams (Wayne Rooney, Steph Houghton and Jack Rutter).[25]

text: On 27 November, the FA announced it was to set up an internal review, led by independent counsel Kate Gallafent QC, into what Crewe and Manchester City knew about convicted paedophile Barry Bennell and allegations of child sexual abuse in football, and investigate what information it was aware of at the time of the alleged offences.[26]

text: The FA was criticised by Conservative MP Damian Collins, chair of the House of Commons' Culture, Media and Sport Committee, for being too slow in reacting and not instigating a wider review.[27] Former sport minister Gerry Sutcliffe talked of previous concern about how the FA dealt with governance of the sport and with youth development (in the 1990s, the FA was said to have reacted "dismissively" to worries about sexual abuse in the game, and too slow to implement criminal record checks;[28] in 2003, the FA had scrapped a project meant to ensure children were being protected from sexual abuse;[29] and FA officials had been uncooperative with the review project, with ten of 14 FA staff not replying to interview requests and a report by the researchers of others being "prevented/bullied" from talking).[30] Sutcliffe said an independent body, such as the Department for Culture, Media and Sport should look at the issue rather than the FA investigating itself: "What I've seen in football over the years is that they're very narrow, very insular, and may not do a proper job even though with the right intentions."[31]

text: On 6 December 2016, the FA announced that, due to "the increased scope of the review since it was announced"[32] and Gallafent's other professional commitments, the review would be conducted by Clive Sheldon QC.[33] On 11 January 2017, it was reported that the Sheldon review had made its first call for evidence, writing to all football clubs in England and Wales, amateur and professional, asking for information by 15 March about allegations of child sexual abuse between 1970 and 2005.[34]

text: FA 2017 reform[edit]

text: Also in December 2016, five former FA executives - David Bernstein, David Davies, Greg Dyke, Alex Horne and David Triesman - called on Parliament's Culture, Media and Sport Committee to propose legislation to reform the FA, saying it was outdated, held back by "elderly white men", and unable to counter the power of the Premier League or "to reform and modernise in a fast-changing world".[35]

text: In April 2017, it was announced that some reforms, including reducing the size of the FA's board and increasing the number of women, would be submitted for approval to the FA's annual general meeting on 18 May. However, the proposed changes were criticised by some for not going far enough, particularly to improve minority representation.[36] The proposals were approved at the AGM and include:[37]

text:
Establishing three positions on the FA board for female members by 2018
Reducing the size of the board to 10 members
Adding 11 new members to the FA Council to "better reflects the inclusive and diverse nature of English football"
Limiting board membership to three terms of three years
Introducing term limits for FA Council members

text: However, pressure for FA reform continued fuelled by allegations of racism and bullying in relation to the Mark Sampson and Eniola Aluko cases, and the historical sexual abuse scandal.[38] In October 2017, FA chairman Greg Clarke announced a "fundamental" review of the FA after admitting it had "lost the trust of the public" following the Sampson controversy.[39] In the same month, Clarke was criticised by sexual abuse victim Andy Woodward and the Professional Footballers' Association's chief executive Gordon Taylor for remarks Clarke made to a Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee hearing.[40][41][42]

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: The Football Associations within the Crown dependencies Jersey (Jersey Football Association), Guernsey (Guernsey Football Association) and the Isle of Man (Isle of Man Football Association) are affiliated to the FA despite having a separate identity from that of the United Kingdom and by extension England.[43] They are considered County Football Associations by the FA. Matt Le Tissier and Graeme Le Saux have represented the FA's full national representative team and were born in Guernsey and Jersey respectively.[44]

text: The Guernsey Football Association, Isle of Man Football Association and Jersey Football Association have been affiliated with the FA since 1903, 1908 and 1905 respectively.[45][46][47]

text: The British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar's Gibraltar Football Association was affiliated to the FA from 1911 until it opted to become a fully recognised member of UEFA, a feat achieved after a 14-year legal battle. Joseph Nunez, the Gibraltar FA President claimed they were "unilaterally thrown out" of the FA following an intervention from Geoff Thompson.[45]

text: A loophole was closed in May 2008 by FIFA which allowed players born in the Channel Islands to choose which nation belonging to the United Kingdom to represent at international level. During the 1990s, Trevor Wood (Jersey) and Chris Tardif (Guernsey) represented Northern Ireland.

text: Relationship with FIFA[edit]

text: The Football Association first joined FIFA in 1905. The British Associations (England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales) opted to leave FIFA after World War I when FIFA chose not to exclude those who were part of the Central Powers from the organisation. The British Associations' stance had changed by 1922 and in 1924 they had rejoined FIFA.[note 1]

text: The British Olympic Association had fought against 'broken time' - monetary compensation for athletes' earnings when competing in the Olympic games. At the 1925 Olympic Congress in Prague, the British had made an amendment that concluded governing federations should define amateur status for their sports but only in accordance with the definition of amateurism accepted by the Olympic Congress. In 1928, Switzerland proposed to FIFA that in certain circumstances, 'broken time' payments should be allowed and FIFA accepted. The FA resigned from FIFA in protest against the proposal. As a result of the FA's resignation, England did not participate in the 1930, 1934 or 1938 FIFA World Cup.

text: At the 1930 Olympic Congress in Berlin, Belgian delegates proposed that for each sport the definition of amateur status be left to its international federation. The BOA argued for a common definition of amateurism and argued that 'broken time' payments were against the Olympic ideal.

text: The FA rejoined FIFA in 1946 and participated in their first World Cup in 1950. One of the first actions of the Football Association was to request the expulsion of the German and Japanese national football associations for their countries' role in World War II. Germany and Japan were prevented from qualifying for the 1950 FIFA World Cup as a consequence. They were re-acquainted with FIFA in 1950 following a second request from Switzerland who had had a previous request rejected in 1948.

text: Finances[edit]

text: The FA's main commercial asset is its ownership of the rights to England internationals and the FA Cup. Broadcasting income remains the FA's largest revenue stream with both domestic and international broadcasting rights for England fixtures and the FA Cup tied up until at least 2021.

text: For the four seasons from 2008 to 2012, the FA secured £425 million from ITV and Setanta for England and FA Cup games domestic television rights, a 42% increase over the previous contract, and £145 million for overseas television rights, up 272% on the £39 million received for the previous four-year period.[48] However, during 2008–09 Setanta UK went into administration, which weakened the FA's cashflow position.

text: Turnover for the year ending 31 July 2016 was £370 million on which it made a profit after tax of £7 million. It has also made an investment of £125 million back into every level of Football in 2016. In July 2015 the FA announced plans to carry out a significant organisational restructure, in order to deliver considerable cost savings to invest in elite England teams, facilities and grassroots coaching.[49]

text: The FA's income does not include the turnover of English football clubs, which are independent businesses. As well as running its own operations the FA chooses five charities each year to which it gives financial support.[50][51]

text: During the last three years, the FA received £350,000 in fines from players over comments made on Twitter, the most recent fine being a £25,000 to Rio Ferdinand. The highest fine given during the last three years was a £90,000 fine to Ashley Cole in 2012 after calling the FA "a bunch of twats." The FA has been more and more strict on comments made by players on Twitter, as the FA has disciplined 121 players overall in the last three years.[52]

text: Competitions[edit]

text: The FA also runs several competitions:

text:
FA Cup
FA Trophy
FA Vase
FA Women's Cup
FA Women's Premier League Cup
FA Youth Cup
FA Sunday Cup
FA County Youth Cup
FA Community Shield
FA Inter-League Cup
FA Umbro Fives
FA Futsal Cup
FA People's Cup[53]

text: Principals[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The FA has a figurehead President, who since 1939 has always been a member of the British Royal Family. The Chairman of the FA has overall responsibility for policy. Traditionally this person rose through the ranks of the FA's committee structure (e.g. by holding posts such as the chairmanship of a county football association). In 2008 politician David Triesman was appointed as the FA's first "independent chairman", the first from outside the football hierarchy. The day to day head of the FA was known as the Secretary until 1989, when the job title was changed to Chief Executive.

text:
Office-holders

Office

Name

Tenure

President

Arthur Pember

1863–1867

E.C. Morley

1867–1874

Francis Marindin

1874–1890

Lord Kinnaird

1890–1923

Sir Charles Clegg

1923–1937

William Pickford

1937–1939

The Earl of Athlone

1939–1955

HRH the Duke of Edinburgh

1955–1957

HRH the Duke of Gloucester

1957–1963

The Earl of Harewood

1963–1971

HRH the Duke of Kent

1971–2000

HRH the Duke of York

2000–2006

HRH the Duke of Cambridge

2006–present

Chairman

Charles Clegg

1890–1937

A. G. Hines

1938

M. Frowde

1939–1941

Amos Brook Hirst

1941–1955

Arthur Drewry

1955–1961

Graham Doggart

1961–1963

Joe Mears

1963–1966

Andrew Stephen

1967–1976

Harold Thompson

1976–1981

Bert Millichip

1981–1996

Keith Wiseman

1996–1999

Geoff Thompson

1999–2008

David Triesman

2008–2010

David Bernstein

2011–2013

Greg Dyke

2013-2016

Greg Clarke

2016–present

Secretary

E.C. Morley

1863–1866

R. W. Willis

1866–1868

R. G. Graham

1868–1870

Charles Alcock

1870–1895

Frederick Wall

1895–1934

Stanley Rous

1934–1962

Denis Follows

1962–1973

Ted Croker

1973–1989

Chief executive

Graham Kelly

1989–1998

Adam Crozier

2000–2002

David Davies

2002–2003 (acting)

Mark Palios

2003–2004

David Davies

2004–2005 (acting)

Brian Barwick

2005–2008

Ian Watmore

2009–2010

Alex Horne

2010–2010 (acting)

Martin Glenn

2015–present

General Secretary

Alex Horne

2010–present

Executive Director

David Davies

1998–2000

text: Board of directors[edit]

text: Taken from The FA's website on 29 September 2017[54]

text:
Chairman: Greg Clarke
Chief Executive: Martin Glenn

text: National Game representatives:

text:
Robert Cotter
Mervyn Leggett
Jack Pearce

text: Professional Game representatives:

text:
Peter McCormick (OBE)
Jim Rodwell

text: Independent Non-Executive directors:

text: Roger Devlin

text: Note[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Ireland had since been partitioned. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, the Irish Free State was independent of Britain. The latter is now the Republic of Ireland.

tag: ol


document_title: Sippy Pallippuram

question_text: where is the born place of cp pallipuram

text: Sippy Pallippuram

text: Sippy Pallippuram is a highly acclaimed children's story writer in Malayalam who has won several awards including Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award[1] and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award. His novel about the memories of Kunjunni Mash Oridathoru Kunjunni won the national award for children's literature by Kendra Sahitya Akademi.[2] His book Unnikalkku Noottiyettu Gurudeva Kathakal received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature in 2013.[3] A teacher by profession, he has over 80 (as of 2008)[4] poetries and stories to his credit in the children's category of Malayalam literature. Sippy has been into children's literature for more than four decades.[2]

text:
He is a native of Pallippuram, Vypeen, Ernakulam, Kerala, and was born on 18 May 1943
in a Roman Catholic Latin Rite[5] family belonging to Kodungallur-Kottappuram Roman Catholic Diocese.[6]

text: List of awards Sippy has received over the years

text:
Year
Book
Award

2013
Unnikalkku Noottiyettu Gurudeva Kathakal
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award

2010
Oridathoru Kunjunni
Kendra Sahitya Akademi

1988
Thathakalude Gramam
Kairalee Children's Book Trust Award

Appuppan Thadiyude Swarga Yathra
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Endowment

Pooram
Bheema Children's Literature Award

Thathakalude Gramam
Thrissur Sahrudaya Vedi Award


document_title: Soulmate

question_text: where does the term soul mate come from

question_tokens: where does the term soul mate come from

text: Soulmate

text: Historical usage of the concept[edit]

text: Plato[edit]

text: In his dialogue The Symposium, Plato has Aristophanes present a story about soulmates. Aristophanes states that humans originally had four arms, four legs, and a single head made of two faces. He continues that there were three genders: man, woman and the "Androgynous". Each with two sets of genitalia with the Androgynous having both male and female genitalia. The men were children of the sun, the women were children of the earth and the Androgynous were children of the moon, which was born of the sun and earth. It is said that humans had great strength at the time and threatened to conquer the gods. The gods were then faced with the prospect of destroying the humans with lightning as they had done with the Titans but then they would lose the tributes given to the gods by humans. Zeus developed a creative solution by splitting humans in half as punishment for humanity's pride and doubling the number of humans who would give tribute to the gods. These split humans were in utter misery to the point where they would not eat and would perish so Apollo had sewn them up and reconstituted their bodies with the navel being the only remnant harkening back to their original form. Each human would then only have one set of genitalia and would forever long for his/her other half; the other half of his/her soul. It is said that when the two find each other, there is an unspoken understanding of one another, that they feel unified and would lie with each other in unity and would know no greater joy than that.[3]

text: Theosophy[edit]

text: According to Theosophy, whose claims were modified by Edgar Cayce, God created androgynous souls—equally male and female. Later theories postulate that the souls split into separate genders, perhaps because they incurred karma while playing around on the Earth, or "separation from God." Over a number of reincarnations, each half seeks the other. When all karmic debt is purged, the two will fuse back together and return to the ultimate.[4][5]

text: Current usage[edit]

text: In current usage, "soulmate" usually refers to a romantic partner, with the implication of an exclusive lifelong bond.[6] This is to say, the word is used with more rarity than other terms associated with 'romantic partner'. It is a very versatile term, being defined differently by different individuals, as it is related to the concept of love. It commonly holds the connotation of being the strongest bond with another person[7] that one can achieve. Soulmate is not used as often as other terms representing the same idea, and this is likely to lead to its perceived rarity in meaning. The definition ranges widely and cannot be pinpointed. It is commonly accepted that one will feel 'complete' once they have found their soulmate, as it is partially in the perceived definition that two souls are meant to unite. The term "soulmate" first appeared in the English language in a letter by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1822.

text: Speculated term confusion[edit]

text: According to spiritual teachers like Mark L. Prophet and Elizabeth Clare Prophet, one’s true love, perfect match, or literal other half is a twin flame; a soulmate is something else. Twin flames are actually a single soul that was created at the beginning of time, but then divided, as in Plato's idea. The soulmate is a separate entity with whom one has spent many lifetimes as a friend, lover, co-worker or partner, and are usually drawn together to fulfill a specific mission.[8]

text: According to Mark Prophet: "A soulmate relationship has to do with the seat of the soul chakra, that chakra just above the base" (this refers to the Svadhisthana center, which believers locate in the lower back or about three inches below the navel, above the Manipura "base" chakra) at the genitals). "The connection is one of parallel and mutual evolution rather than origin." [9] Believers describe Svadhisthana as “the creativity and sexual chakra”[10]. However, the Prophets claim that a true “literal other half” relationship doesn't center around energies or activities believed to be related to the sacral chakra, but is a "profound" relationship with your direct counterpart -- the twin flame you have known as your other self from the first moment of your creation.”[9], similar to what Plato describes: he says "the intense yearning which each of them has towards the other does not appear to be the desire of lover's intercourse, but of something else."[3]

text: In the 1988 released The Ascended Masters on Soulmates and Twin Flames,[11] Mark and Elizabeth Prophet describe the “one true love” or “origin” based twin flame relationship that is oftentimes referred to as a soulmate relationship by saying “They are called twin flames because they came out of the original single ovoid. The Electronic Presence of each soul is the exact duplicate of the other. And when they descend into form, one assumes the positive or masculine and one assumes the negative or feminine polarity.”[9] The Prophet’s ideas about the physical nature of a “true love” relationship are not completely inconsistent with the words and ideas expressed by ancient philosophers and in various religious traditions. The Greek philosopher Aristotle is quoted as saying "Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies"[12] and the Zohar states that "Each soul and spirit prior to its entering into this world, consists of a male and female united into one being. When it descends on this earth the two parts separate and animate two different bodies. At the time of marriage, the Holy One, blessed be He, who knows all souls and spirits, unites them again as they were before, and they again constitute one body and one soul, forming as it were the right and left of one individual."[13] In Hinduism, the gods Shiva and Parvati fit the “right and left of one individual” description given in the Judaism related Zohar when represented in their composite androgynous form Ardhanarishvara. It is said that Ardhanarishvara “represents a synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe“.[14] In Christian literature, there is mention of an Ardhanarishvara like “two into one” union in the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew “the two will become one flesh. So they are no longer two, but one flesh”.[15][16] Additionally, in the Gospel of Thomas, Jesus reportedly describes a “two into one”, yin and yang like or Ardhanarishvara like relationship to his disciples as the way to enter the Kingdom. "Jesus said to them, "When you make the two into one, and when you make the inner like the outer and the outer like the inner, and the upper like the lower, and when you make male and female into a single one, so that the male will not be male nor the female be female, when you make eyes in place of an eye, a hand in place of a hand, a foot in place of a foot, an image in place of an image, then you will enter [the kingdom].".[17] In Islam, it is believed that the Prophet Muhammad once said “women are the twin halves of men”.[18]

text: The Prophet’s and other spiritual teachers around the world teach or have taught that one can have many soulmates but only one true love or twin flame.“You have only one twin flame. But you may have brothers and sisters in various places whom you’re working with.”.[9] Spiritual teachers like Mark and Elizabeth Prophet ultimately define or describe a soulmate as one of many potential spiritual brothers or sisters “even though there may be a great attraction and bond between soulmates, fundamentally, in the ultimate sense, you could define it more as a brother/sister relationship, even though soulmates have great marriages and a great union of hearts.”[9]

text: Bashert: Jewish view of soulmates[edit]

text: Bashert (Yiddish: באַשערט) is a Yiddish word that means "destiny".[19] It is often used in the context of one's divinely foreordained spouse or soulmate, who is called "basherte" (female) or "basherter" (male). It can be used to express the seeming fate or destiny of an auspicious or important event, friendship, or happening.

text: The idea of basherte(r) comes from statements found in classical rabbinic literature.[citation needed] A proverb that "marriages are made in heaven" is illustrated by a story in a midrash collection:

text: A Roman matron, on being told by Rabbi Jose ben Halafta that God arranges all marriages, said that this was an easy matter and boasted that she could do as much herself. Thereupon she assembled her male and female slaves and paired them off in couples; but on the morrow they all went to her with complaints. Then she admitted that divine intervention is necessary to suitable marriages

text: Even God Himself finds it as difficult an undertaking as the dividing of the Red Sea. Forty days before a child is born its mate is determined upon (Genesis Rabba lxviii. 3-4; also Babylonian Talmud, tractates Soṭah 2a; Sanhedrin 22a; comp. M. Ḳ. 18b; "Sefer Hasidim," § 1128).

text: In modern usage, Jewish singles will say that they are looking for their bashert, meaning they are looking for that person who will complement them perfectly and whom they will complement perfectly. Since it is considered to have been foreordained by God whom one will marry, one's spouse is considered to be one's bashert by definition, independent of whether the couple's marital life works out well or not.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Some psychologists state that believing that a soulmate exists specifically for a person is an unrealistic expectation.[7][20][21]