document_title: United States Cavalry

question_text: soldier nickname given to 19th century us cavalrymen fighting on the frontier

text: United States Cavalry

text: History[edit]

text: Washington saw the intimidating effect of the small force of British 17th Light Dragoons, which panicked his militia infantry at White Plains. Appreciating the ability of the 5th Regiment of Connecticut Light Horse Militia, under Major Elisha Sheldon, to gather intelligence during the subsequent retreat of Continental forces into New Jersey, he asked the Continental Congress for a light cavalry force in the Continental army. In late 1776, Congress authorized Washington to establish a mounted force of 3,000 men.

text: American Revolutionary War[edit]

text: On 12 December 1776, Congress converted Elisha Sheldon's militia regiment into the Regiment of Light Dragoons. In March 1777, Washington established the Corps of Continental Light Dragoons consisting of four regiments of 280 men, each organised in six troops. Many problems faced the light dragoon regiments, including the inability of recruiting to bring the units to authorized strength, shortage of suitable cavalry weapons and horses, and lack of uniformity among troopers in dress and discipline. Congress appointed the Hungarian revolutionary and professional soldier Michael Kovats and the Polish Casimir Pulaski to train them as an offensive strike force during winter quarters of 1777–78 at Trenton, New Jersey.

text: Pulaski's efforts led to friction with the American officers, resulting in his resignation, but Congress authorized Pulaski to form his own independent corps in 1778. Pulaski's Legion consisted of dragoons, riflemen, grenadiers, and infantry. Another independent corps of dragoons joined Pulaski's in the Continental Line during 1778 when a former captain in Bland's Horse, "Light Horse Harry" Lee, formed Lee's Corps of Partisan Light Dragoons, which specialized in raiding British supply lines. Colonel Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie ("Col. Armand"), a French nobleman, raised a third corps of infantry in Boston, called the Free and Independent Chasseurs, which later added a troop of dragoons, becoming Armand's Legion. Although a reorganization in 1778 authorized expansion of the four regiments to 415 men each, forage difficulties, expiration of enlistments, desertions, and other problems made this impossible, and no regiment ever carried more than 200 men on its rolks, and they averaged 120 to 180 men between 1778 and 1780.

text: In 1779, Washington ordered the 2nd and 4th Continental Light Dragoons equipped temporarily as infantry, and deployed the 1st and 3rd Continental Light Dragoons and Pulaski's Legion to the South to join local militia cavalry and to oppose the new British strategy for controlling that area. Battle engagements in South Carolina largely seriously attrited the 1st and 3rd Regiments in the spring of 1780, who amalgamated into a single unit. Following the capture of Charleston, South Carolina on 12 May 1780, the remnants tried to regroup and reconstitute in Virginia and North Carolina. In August, 1780, Armand's Legion was with General Gates at the disastrous Battle of Camden.

text: The most significant engagement of the war involving Continental light dragoons was the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781. Southern theater commander General Nathanael Greene reorganized part of Lee's Legion and elements of the amalgamated 1st and 3rd Light Dragoons in Charlotte and dispatched them on a series of raids against Loyalist forces in western Carolina. The British responded by organizing a large force of dragoons and infantry under British Lt-Col Banastre Tarleton to stop the raids and put down the mobile forces. The dragoons joined the "flying corps" commanded by General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, charged the advancing lines of Tarlton's infantry at a calculated moment, broke their ranks, and secured a crucial victory. Later, the 3rd Legionary Corps participated in Greene's maneuvers across North Carolina and fought well against Cornwallis's army at Guilford Courthouse.

text: In January 1781, the practice of the dragoons employing both mounted and dismounted troops resulted in their official reconfiguration as Legionary Corps, the mounted dragoons supported by dismounted dragoons armed as infantry, an organization that persisted until the war's end. In 1783, the Continental Army was discharged and the dragoons were released.

text: War of 1812[edit]

text: The first cavalry unit formed by the Congress of the United States of America was a squadron of four troops commanded by Major Michael Rudolph on 5 March 1792. In 1799, Congress established a provision for mobilization of three cavalry regiments in the event of a war. Equipment for 3,000 men and horses was procured and stored. The Congressional act of 12 April 1808 authorized a standing regiment of light dragoons consisting of eight troops. As war loomed, Congress authorized another regiment of light dragoons on 11 January 1812. These regiments were respectively known afterwards as the First and Second United States Dragoons.

text: In 1813, Secretary of War John Armstrong, Jr. granted Colonel Richard Mentor Johnson permission to raise two battalions of volunteer cavalry. Johnson recruited 1,200 men, divided into 14 companies. In autumn, after much training, Johnson's Volunteers, as they had come to be called, clashed with the British 45th Foot along the Thames River, 90 miles east of Detroit. The training and the tactical leadership of Col. Johnson resulted in the surrender of the British.

text: Congress combined the First and Second United States Dragoons into one Regiment of Light Dragoons on 30 March 1814. This was a cost cutting measure; it was cheaper and easier to maintain one unit at full strength than two organizations that could not maintain a full complement of riders. The signing of the Treaty of Ghent at the end of the year ended the war. The regiment was disbanded on 3 March 1815, with the explanation that cavalry forces were too expensive to maintain as part of a standing army. The retained officers and men were folded into the Corps of Artillery by 15 June 1815, all others were discharged.

text: Westward expansion[edit]

text: In 1832, Congress formed the United States Mounted Ranger Battalion to protect settlers along the east bank of the Mississippi River and to keep the Santa Fe trail open. The battalion comprised volunteers organized into six companies of 100 men. To correct what was perceived as a lack of discipline, organization and reliability, Congress formed the United States Regiment of Dragoons as a regular force in 1833, consisting of 10 companies (designated A through K) with a total of 750 men. The Regiment fought against the Seminole nation in 1835, when Chief Osceola led warriors from his tribe in the Second Seminole War in protest to the Treaty of Payne's Landing. For a year, the established units had difficulty containing the Indians. Congress responded by establishing the 2nd United States Regiment of Dragoons in 1836.

text: War with Mexico[edit]

text: The First Dragoons served in the Mexican War, and Charles A. May's squadron of the Second Dragoons helped decide the Battle of Resaca de la Palma.

text: Civil War[edit]

text: Shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, the Army's dragoon regiments were designated as "Cavalry", losing their previous distinctions. The change was an unpopular one and the former dragoons retained their orange braided blue jackets until they wore out and had to be replaced with cavalry yellow. The 1st United States Cavalry fought in virtually every campaign in the north during the American Civil War.

text: Indian wars[edit]

text: The U.S. Cavalry played a prominent role in the American Indian Wars, particularly in the American Old West. Particularly notable were the 7th Cavalry, associated with General George Armstrong Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and the 9th and 10th Cavalry, the Buffalo Soldiers. Infantry units, called by the Indians "walkaheaps", were also involved and in some cases were the main force deployed. Infantry, when mounted, were called "mounted infantry"; they lacked training and skill in horsemanship and cavalry tactics.

text:
U.S. Army poster illustrating field uniforms circa 1876

Roasting the Christmas Beef, Frederic Remington, Harper's Weekly, 24 December 1892

"Cavalry Soldier" sculpture, Bent County Courthouse in Las Animas, Colorado.

Company "A" 1st US Cavalry Sgt wearing Hardee hat, 1866

text: Spanish–American War[edit]

text: A notable cavalry unit in the Spanish–American War was the Rough Riders, although only officers used horses as there was not enough room on the ship to bring all the horses to Cuba, and those that were not used by the officers were used to pull equipment.

text: World War I[edit]

text: The 15th Cavalry Division was created in February 1917 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. It numbered in succession of the 1st–14th Divisions, which were not all active at its creation. Originally trained for deployment to Europe, its units were later converted into field artillery units. The division was deactivated on 12 May 1918. Its personnel and other assets were later used to form 1st & 2nd Cavalry Divisions. On 20 August 1921, as a result of lessons learned from World War I, the Army's Adjutant General, Major General Peter C. Harris, constituted the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions to meet future mobilization requirements. However, the 2nd Cavalry Division was not subsequently activated, and remained in 'on-paper' organizational limbo for twenty years.

text: In 1921 the formation of the National Guard 21st through 24th Cavalry Divisions began with the First, Second, and Third Army Areas supporting the 21st, 22nd, and 24th, respectively. The 23d was the nation's at-large cavalry division, supported by all army areas (Alabama, Massachusetts, New Mexico, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin Army National Guards). In a short time the divisions had the prescribed cavalry regiments and machine gun squadrons but not the majority of their support organizations.[2] To create the Organized Reserve cavalry divisions, the War Department added the 61st, 62nd; 63rd; 64th, 65th and 66th Cavalry Divisions to the rolls of the Army on 15 October 1921.

text: In 1927, the adjutant general constituted one regular army, one cavalry corps, and three army corps headquarters. In addition, the 3rd Cavalry Division, a new Regular Army formation, was added to the rolls to complete the cavalry corps.[3] No army corps, cavalry corps, or army headquarters was organized at that time, but moving these units in the mobilization plans from the Organized Reserve to the Regular Army theoretically made it easier to organize the units in an emergency.

text: In 1922 the 26th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Philippine Scouts, was formed in the Philippines.

text: In the midst of the 1940 presidential campaign prominent black leaders complained bitterly to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the limited number of black units. Under political pressure the Army activated the 2nd Cavalry Division at Fort Riley, Kansas, on 1 April 1941, with one white and one black brigade.[4] The black brigade, the 4th Cavalry Brigade was activated during February 1941 with the 9th Cavalry Regiment and 10th Cavalry Regiment, the 'Buffalo Soldiers,' as its cavalry regiments. In addition, a further black cavalry regiment, the 27th Cavalry Regiment (Colored), 2nd Cavalry Division, was also activated in April 1941.

text: Post-World War I[edit]

text: Proponents of horse cavalry argued that the lack of success of cavalry on World War I's static defensive lines had been an exception, and that cavalry still had a role to play in warfare, even as the U.S. Army's mechanization continued.[5]

text: The American Expeditionary Forces convened a Cavalry Board to consider the future of horse cavalry; this panel concluded that the employment of large cavalry units was probably obsolete, but that horse cavalry units of regiment size and below could be attached to infantry and armor units for reconnaissance and similar missions on an as needed basis.[6] The Army accepted this recommendation, and continued to field horse cavalry units in the 1920s and 1930s.[6]

text: As part of the National Defense Act of 1920, the Army created the Office of the Chief of Cavalry; the chief would be a temporary major general, and would be empowered to supervise cavalry activities, including personnel management, equipment development and fielding, and creation and implementation of tactics, doctrine, and training.[6] Willard Ames Holbrook was appointed as the first Chief of Cavalry, and he served until 1924.[6] The individuals appointed to serve in this position included:[7]

text:
Willard Ames Holbrook, 1920–1924
Malin Craig, 1924–1926
Herbert B. Crosby, 1926–1930
Guy V. Henry Jr., 1930–1934
Leon Kromer, 1934–1938
John Knowles Herr, 1938–1942

text: The Chief of Cavalry position was abolished in 1942, as were the chief's positions for the Army's other branches; George Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff, centralized the chief's functions within the Army Ground Forces headquarters as part of an effort to consolidate and streamline the integration of training and doctrine among the Army's different branches.[6]

text: World War II[edit]

text:
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text: Going into the Second World War, the Cavalry consisted of three Regular, four National Guard, and six Organized Reserve cavalry divisions as well as the independent 56th Cavalry Brigade. Because of a shortage of men, on 15 July 1942,[8] the 2d Cavalry Division was inactivated to permit organization of the 9th Armored Division. White cavalrymen were assigned to the 9th Armored Division, and the all-black 4th Cavalry Brigade became a nondivisional formation.

text: The 106th Cavalry was before World War II a National Guard unit based in Chicago, Illinois. Prior to World War I and the Spanish–American War it had been known as the 1st Illinois Volunteer Cavalry. The 106th underwent a number of different reorganizations until 1 September 1940, when it was redesignated the 1st Squadron, 106th Cavalry (Horse-Mechanized).

text: On 25 February 1943 the 2nd Cavalry Division was (re)activated. The 27th Cavalry Regiment was attached to the 5th Cavalry Brigade (Colored) on 25 February 1943. It was deactivated 27 March 1944 and personnel later reorganized into the 6400th Ordnance Battalion (Ammo) (Provisional) 12 June 1944.[8] The 28th Cavalry Regiment (Colored), 2nd Cavalry Division, activated February 1942 and attached to the 5th Cavalry Brigade (Coloured) on 25 February 1943. It was deactivated 31 March 1944 and personnel later reorganized into the 6400th Ordnance Battalion (Ammo) (Provisional) 12 June 1944.[8]

text: Horse cavalry[edit]

text: A horse cavalry rifle squad consisted of a corporal and seven privates in two sets of four. One of the privates acted as the squad's second-in-command (2IC). Each set of four consisted of a squad leader or 2IC, a scout, a horseholder and a rifleman. Mounted troopers would attack with their pistols; at the command 'charge', troopers would shorten their reins, lean well forward and ride at full speed toward the enemy. Each trooper would select a victim to his immediate front and bear down on him with his pistol extended at arm's length, withholding fire until within 25 yards. When fighting on foot, troopers would dismount taking their rifles from the scabbards mounted on their horses. The horseholder would then take control of the other troopers horses in the set of four while the three dismounted troopers operated on foot.

text: The Horse Cavalry rifle platoon consisted of three rifle squads and a platoon headquarters. The platoon hq consisted of a lieutenant as platoon leader, a platoon sergeant, a file closer sergeant, two intelligence scouts, who also acted as messengers, and three basic privates, who replaced squad casualties.

text: The last horse cavalry charge by an U.S. Army cavalry unit took place against Japanese forces during the fighting in the Bataan Peninsula, Philippines, in the village of Morong on 16 January 1942, by the 26th Cavalry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts. Shortly thereafter, the besieged combined United States-Philippine forces were forced to slaughter their horses for food and the 26th Regiment fought on foot or in whatever scarce vehicles were available until their surrender.

text: The 10th Mountain Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop of the 10th Mountain Division, while not designated as U.S. Cavalry, conducted the last horse-mounted charge of any Army organization while engaged in Austria in 1945.[9] An impromptu pistol charge by the Third Platoon was carried out when the Troop encountered a machine gun nest in an Italian village/town sometime between 14–23 April 1945.

text: Horse cavalry rifle troop 1944[edit]

text:
Troop headquarters

HQ

Troop commander (captain) pistol
1st sergeant pistol
Stable staff sergeant pistol
Bugler (private) pistol
Intelligence scout (private) rifle and pistol
Clerk (corporal) rifle and pistol
Orderly (private) rifle and pistol

Troop Train

Three horsesholders, one with pack horse (privates) rifles and pistols
Saddler with pack horse (private) rifle and pistol
Two pack drivers with pack horses for ammunition (privates) rifles and pistols

Kitchen section

Mess sergeant rifle and pistol
Three cooks, one in wagon (privates) rifles and pistols
Wagoner with four horses and wagon (private)
Two pack drivers with pack horses (privates) rifles and pistols
Two cook helpers with pack horses (privates) rifles and pistols

Three rifle platoons

Platoon headquarters

Platoon leader (Second Lieutenant) pistol
Platoon sergeant (Staff Sergeant) rifle and pistol
Two intelligence scouts (privates) rifles and pistols
File Closer Sergeant rifle and pistol
Three basic riflemen (privates) rifles and pistols

Three rifle squads

Squad leader (corporal) rifle and pistol
Two Riflemen (privates) rifles and pistols
Two Horseholders (privates) rifles and pistols
Two Scouts (privates) rifles and pistols
Second-in-command (private) rifle and pistol

Machine gun platoon

Platoon headquarters

Platoon leader (second lieutenant) pistol
Platoon sergeant (staff sergeant) rifle and pistol
Two intelligence scouts (privates) rifles and pistols
File closer sergeant rifle and pistol
Three basic riflemen (privates) rifles and pistols

Light machine gun section

Section Leader (sergeant) pistol
Two light machine gun squads

Squad leader (corporal) pistol
Three pack drivers with pack horses, two for one LMG each and one for ammunition (privates) rifles and pistols
Two gunners for LMGs (privates) pistols
Two assistant gunners (privates) pistols

.50 machine gun Section

Section leader (sergeant) pistol
Two .50 Machine Gun Squads

Squad leader (corporal) pistol
Three pack drivers with pack horses, two for ammunition and one for .50 MG (privates) rifles and pistols
Gunner for .50 MG (private) pistol
Two assistant gunners (privates) pistols
Ammunition carrier (private) pistol

text: Mechanized cavalry[edit]

text: Prior to World War II, the Army commenced experimenting with mechanization and had partially mechanized some cavalry regiments, such as the Wyoming National Guard's 115th Cavalry Horse-Mechanized. During the war, many of the Army's cavalry units were mechanized with tanks and reconnaissance vehicles, while others fought dismounted as infantry. Some units were converted into other types of units entirely, some of which made use of the cavalry's experience with horses. The Mars Men of the China Burma India Theater give such an example.

text: The principal reconnaissance element of an Infantry Division was a mechanized cavalry troop, whilst an armored division was provided with a full cavalry squadron. Several cavalry groups, each of two squadrons, were formed to serve as the reconnaissance elements for U.S. corps headquarters in the European Theater of Operations during 1944–45.

text: Besides HQ and service elements, each cavalry troop comprised three cavalry platoons, each of which was equipped with six Bantam jeeps and three M8 Greyhound armored cars.[10]

text: Three of the jeeps were mounted with a 60mm mortar manned by two soldiers; the other three had a bracket-mounted .30 caliber machine gun, manned by a soldier sitting in the front passenger seat – although sometimes the M1919 was replaced by a .50 caliber machine gun. To maximize speed and maneuverability on the battlefield, the Bantams were not given extra armor protection.[11]

text: The M8 Greyhound was a six-wheeled, light-weight armored car, mounting a 37 mm gun in a movable turret that could swing a full 360 degrees. It also featured a .30 caliber coaxial machine gun that could move independently of the turret. The M8 was equipped with powerful FM radios to enable battlefield communications.

text: A cavalry squadron comprised a HQ Troop, three cavalry troops (four for those in armored divisions), a light tank company and an assault gun troop.

text: The light tank company had 17 tanks; two in the company headquarters and three platoons of five tanks. Initially, the tanks were M3 Stuarts, later M5 Stuarts; both of which were equipped with 37mm guns. The Stuart was capable of speeds of up to 36 mph (58 km/h) on the road. While fast and maneuverable, its armor plating and cannon were soon found to be no match for the German tanks. In February 1945 they were replaced with the M24 Chaffee light tank, which was equipped with a 75 mm gun.[10]

text: The assault gun troop comprised three assault gun platoons (four for those in armored divisions), each with two M8 HMCs – M5 Stuarts with their turrets replaced by an open-turreted 75 mm howitzer – and two M3 Half-tracks; one for the platoon HQ, the other for the ammunition section.

text: The experience gained in the use of the mechanized cavalry groups during World War II led to the eventual postwar formation of armored cavalry regiments to act as corps reconnaissance and screening elements.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: The Vietnam War saw the first combat use of air cavalry warfare; and twenty armored and air cavalry units were deployed to Vietnam during the war. Armored cavalry units in Vietnam were initially equipped with the M48A3 Patton tank, armed with a 90 mm main gun, and the M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV). In January 1969, the cavalry began transitioning from the Patton tank to the M551 Sheridan Armored Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicle.[12] By 1970, all armored cavalry units in Vietnam were operating the Sheridan except for the tank companies of the 11th ACR, which continued to use Patton tanks.[13]

text: Historical units[edit]

text: First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry also called Philadelphia Light Horse, mustered into federal service. Now Troop A, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment, Pennsylvania Army National Guard. (Founded in 1774.)

text:
1st Continental Light Dragoons
2nd Continental Light Dragoons also (Sheldon's Horse)
3rd Continental Light Dragoons
4th Continental Light Dragoons
Pulaski's Legion (1778–1780)
Armand's Legion (1778–1783)
Lee's Legion, also Lee's Partisan Corps
Ottendorf's Corps

text: 106th Cavalry Group (United States)

text:
5th Cavalry Brigade HHT (Colored), 2nd Cavalry Division, activated 25 February 1943 and reorganized as 6400th Ordnance Battalion (Ammo)(Provisional) 12 June 1944.[8]
31st Cavalry Regiment (United States), deactivated 2005

text: Contemporary cavalry and dragoons[edit]

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: The 1st Dragoons was reformed in the Vietnam era as 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry. Today's modern 1–1st Cavalry is a scout/attack unit, equipped with M1A1 Abrams tanks and M3 Bradley CFVs.

text: Another modern U.S. Army unit informally known as the 2nd Dragoons is the 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker). This unit was originally organized as the Second Dragoon Regiment in 1836 until it was renamed the Second Cavalry Regiment in 1860, morphing into the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in the 1960s. The regiment is currently equipped with the Stryker family of wheeled fighting vehicles. As equipped with the Stryker, the 2nd Cavalry once again can be accurately referred to as a "dragoon" force – mounted infantry.[14]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: The cavalry, like any other military force, has its own unique traditions and history. These traditions include the Order of the Spur; Spurs are issued to cavalry soldiers in Gold, for the completion of a tour of combat service and in Silver for the completion of what is commonly called the "Spur Ride." The Cavalry traditions also include: the Stetson, Stetson Cords, Fiddler's Green poem, and the Order of the Yellow Rose.[citation needed] Units in the modern Army with the cavalry designation have adopted the black Stetson hat as unofficial semi dress headgear, recalling the black felt campaign hats of the American frontier era. Where as the Quarter-Cav still wears the brown felt Stetsons.

text: Cavalry designation[edit]

text: The distinct cavalry branch ceased to exist when it was absorbed into the Armor branch in 1951, during the Korean War. Other regiments of both armored and air cavalry exist in the Army. The patches on 1st Cavalry Division helicopters that served in Vietnam retained the symbol of a horse, symbolizing the mobility that characterized the original horse cavalry. In spite of the formal disbanding of the branch, however, the recognition of it continues on within the Army's armor and aviation branches, where some officers choose cavalry branch insignia over the very similar armor branch insignia or aviation "prop and wing" insignia.

text: Chief, the last surviving tactical horse of the United States Cavalry, died in 1968, at the age of 36.[15]

text: There is one enlisted Army military occupational specialty in use in Cavalry units: 19D, armored cavalry reconnaissance specialist, or cavalry scout. Officers are often branch detailed either from the Armor branch or the Infantry branch to lead Cavalry soldiers.

text: The 1st Cavalry Division is the only presently existing division of the Army that retains the "cavalry" name and the division retains one detachment of ceremonial horse cavalry for morale and ceremonial purposes. In addition to a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, division artillery, and a sustainment brigade, the division is otherwise divided into three armored brigade combat teams and one combat aviation brigade. Both types of brigades contain subordinate units (armored cavalry squadrons and an attack/reconnaissance squadron, respectively) that perform traditional cavalry tasks.

text: Heraldry[edit]

text:
Branch insignia:

Two crossed sabers in scabbards, cutting edge up, 11/16-inch in height, of gold color metal. The cavalry insignia was adopted in 1851. Officers and enlisted personnel assigned to cavalry regiments, cavalry squadrons or separate cavalry troops are authorized to wear the cavalry collar insignia in lieu of their insignia of branch when approved by the MACOM commander. Some of the armor and aviation units are designated cavalry units.

Branch plaque:

The plaque design has the Cavalry insignia and rim in gold. The background is white and the letters are scarlet.

Regimental insignia:

Personnel assigned to cavalry units affiliate with a specific regiment of their branch or cavalry unit and wear the insignia of the affiliated regiment.

Regimental coat of arms:

There is no standard cavalry regimental flag to represent all of the cavalry regiments. Each cavalry regiment has its own coat of arms that is displayed on the breast of a displayed eagle. The background of all cavalry regimental flags is yellow, and they have yellow fringes.

Branch colors:

Yellow is the Cavalry branch color. In March 1855, two regiments of cavalry were created and their trimmings were to be "yellow." In 1861, the designation of dragoon and mounted rifleman disappeared, all becoming troopers with "yellow" as their colors. Yellow was continued as the color for cavalry units subsequent to disbanding as a branch. Although the regimental flags for cavalry units are yellow, the troop guidons are red and white without an insignia on the guidon.

text: U.S. Army cavalrymen[edit]

text:
Adna Chaffee, Jr.
Adna R. Chaffee
Charles A. May
Charles Willeford
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Elijah Churchill
Forrest Tucker
Francis Marion
George Armstrong Custer
George S. Patton
Jeffery M. Walker

Hal Moore
Harry A. "Paddy" Flint
H.R. McMaster
Henry Lee III
James Ewell Brown Stuart
John Bigelow, Jr.
John Buford
John J. Pershing
John P. Lucas
Lemuel Cook

Louis H. Carpenter
Lucian Truscott
Luke Short
Nicholas M. Nolan
Phillip Sheridan
Robert E. Lee
Ronald Reagan
Samuel H. Starr
Samuel P. Carter
Stephen W. Kearny

Theodore Roosevelt
Thomas Custer
Wesley Merritt
Wild Bill Hickok
Will Cook
William Cody
Ranald Mackenzie
William Washington
William Donovan

text: Current units[edit]

text: Active units:

text:
1st Cavalry Division founded 1921, (Active)
1st Cavalry Regiment (6), US Regiment of Dragoons founded 1833. Changed to the 1st Cavalry Regiment in 1861.
2nd Cavalry Regiment (4), 2nd Regiment of Dragoons founded 1836. Changed from 2nd Dragoons to the 2nd Cavalry in 1861.
3rd Cavalry Regiment (4), organized in 1846 as the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen; redesignated in 1861 as the 3d Cavalry Regiment.
4th Cavalry Regiment (5), organized in 1855 as the 1st Cavalry Regiment; redesignated in 1861 as the 4th Cavalry Regiment.
5th Cavalry Regiment (2 squadron and 2 troops), formerly 2nd Cavalry Regiment formed 1855. Changed to 5th Cavalry in 1861
6th Cavalry Regiment (4), founded 1861
7th Cavalry Regiment (5), founded 1866
8th Cavalry Regiment (4), founded 1866
9th Cavalry Regiment (3), founded 1866
10th Cavalry Regiment (3), (Buffalo Soldiers), founded 28 July 1866
11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (2), founded 2 February 1901
12th Cavalry Regiment (2), founded 2 February 1901
13th Cavalry Regiment (2), founded 1901
14th Cavalry Regiment (2), founded 1901
15th Cavalry Regiment, founded 1901 US Army Training and Doctrine Command unit
16th Cavalry Regiment, founded 1916 US Army Armor School
17th Cavalry Regiment (5), founded 1916.
32nd Cavalry Regiment (1)
33rd Cavalry Regiment (1) E.T.H.O.G.A. Civilian G-Code regulators
38th Cavalry Regiment (3) part of Battlefield Surveillance Brigades
40th Cavalry Regiment (1) cryptographic data team
61st Cavalry Regiment (2)
71st Cavalry Regiment (2),reestablished in 2004
73rd Cavalry Regiment (4)
75th Cavalry Regiment (1)
89th Cavalry Regiment (2)
91st Cavalry Regiment (1)

text: Army National Guard:

text:
18th Cavalry Regiment, CA ARNG
102nd Cavalry Regiment, NJ ARNG (1)
104th Cavalry Regiment, PA ARNG
106th Cavalry Regiment, reestablished in 2006
107th Cavalry Regiment, OH ARNG
108th Cavalry Regiment, GA ARNG
112th Cavalry Regiment, TX ARNG
113th Cavalry Regiment, IA ARNG
116th Cavalry Brigade, ID ARNG
124th Cavalry Regiment, TX ARNG
1-142nd BFSB, AL ARNG
1-134th Cavalry Reconnaissance and Surveillance Squadron (1-134 Cavalry R&S)-- formerly 1-167th Cavalry RSTA, 67th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, Nebraska Army National Guard (NEARNG)
152nd Cavalry Regiment, 1st Squadron in 76th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Squadron in 219th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade, IN ARNG
1–153rd Cavalry Squadron, FL ARNG
158th Cavalry Regiment, MD ARNG
163rd Cavalry Regiment, MT ARNG
278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, TN ARNG
1-297th BFSB, AK ARNG
299th Cavalry Regiment, HI ARNG
303rd Cavalry Regiment, WA ARNG
1/221 Cavalry Squadron, 11th ACR reconnaissance squadron, NV ARNG
2nd Squadron, 183rd Cavalry Regiment, 116th IBCT, VA ARNG
2nd Squadron, 101st Cavalry, 27th IBCT, NY ARNG


document_title: Minister of Defence (India)

question_text: who is the newly elected defence minister of india

root

text: Minister of Defence (India)

text:
Minister of Defence

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Nirmala Sitharaman

Ministry of Defence

Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
Baldev Singh

Formation
2 September 1946

tag: table

text: The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University.

tag: p

text: The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post.

text: List of Defence Ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

1
Baldev Singh
(1902-1961)

2 September 1946
1952
Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru

2
Kailash Nath Katju
(1887-1968)

1955
1957

3
V. K. Krishna Menon
(1896-1974)

1957
1962

4
Yashwantrao Chavan
(1913-1984)

1962
1966
Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

5
Swaran Singh
(1907-1994)

1966
1970
Indira Gandhi

6
Jagjivan Ram
(1908-1986)

1970
1974

(5)
Swaran Singh
(1907-1994)

1974
1975

7
Indira Gandhi
(1917-1984)

1975
1975

8
Bansi Lal
(1927-2006)

21 December 1975
24 March 1977

(6)
Jagjivan Ram
(1908-1986)

24 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

9
Chidambaram Subramaniam
(1910-2000)

28 July 1979
14 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

(7)
Indira Gandhi
(1917-1984)

14 January 1980
1982
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

10
R. Venkataraman
(1910-2009)

1982
1984

11
Shankarrao Chavan
(1920-2004)

1984
1984
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi

12
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921-2004)

1984
1985
Rajiv Gandhi

13
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944-1991)

1985
1987

14
V. P. Singh
(1931-2008)

1987
1987

15
K. C. Pant
(1931-2012)

1987
1989

(14)
V. P. Singh(1931-2008)

2 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal
(National Front)

Himself

16
Chandra Shekhar
(1927-2007)

10 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party
(National Front)

Himself

17
Sharad Pawar
(1940–)

21 June 1991
6 March 1993
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

(12)
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921-2004)

6 March 1993
16 May 1996

18
Pramod Mahajan
(1949-2006)

16 May 1996
1 June 1996
Bharatiya Janata Party

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

19
Mulayam Singh Yadav
(1939-)

1 June 1996
19 March 1998
Samajwadi Party
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral

20
George Fernandes
(1930–)

19 March 1998
16 March 2001
Samata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

21
Jaswant Singh
(1938-)

16 March 2001
21 October 2001
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

(20)
George Fernandes
(1930–)

21 October 2001
22 May 2004
Samata Party
Janata Dal
(National Democratic Alliance)

22
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–)

22 May 2004
24 October 2006
Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance)

Manmohan Singh

23
A.K. Antony
(1940–)

24 October 2006
26 May 2014

24
Arun Jaitley
(1952–)

26 May 2014
9 November 2014
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Narendra Modi

25
Manohar Parrikar
(1955–)

9 November 2014
13 March 2017

(24)
Arun Jaitley
(1952–)

13 March 2017
3 September 2017

26
Nirmala Sitharaman
(1959–)

3 September 2017
Incumbent


document_title: Generation

question_text: what is the name of the generation before the millennials

text: Generation

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word generate comes from the Latin generāre, meaning "to beget".[3] The word generation as a cohort in social science signifies the entire body of individuals born and living at about the same time, most of whom are approximately the same age and have similar ideas, problems, and attitudes (e.g., Beat Generation and Lost Generation).[4]

text: Familial generation[edit]

text: A familial generation is a group of living beings constituting a single step in the line of descent from an ancestor.[5] In developed nations the average familial generation length is in the high 20s and has even reached 30 years in some nations.[6] Factors such as greater industrialisation and demand for cheap female labour, urbanisation, delayed first pregnancy and a greater uncertainty in relationship stability have all contributed to the increase of the generation length from the late 18th century to the present. These changes can be attributed to both social factors, such as GDP and state policy, and related individual-level variables, particularly a woman's educational attainment.[7] Conversely, generation length has changed little and remains in the low 20s in less developed nations.[6][8]

text: An intergenerational rift in the nuclear family, between the parents and two or more of their children, is one of several possible dynamics of a dysfunctional family. Coalitions in families are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are thought to be a sign of family dysfunction.[9]

text: Social generation[edit]

text: Social generations are cohorts of people born in the same date range and who share similar cultural experiences.[10] The idea of a social generation, in the sense that it is used today, gained currency in the 19th century. Prior to that the concept "generation" had generally referred to family relationships and not broader social groupings. In 1863, French lexicographer Emile Littré had defined a generation as, "all men living more or less at the same time".[11]

text: Several trends promoted a new idea of generations, as the 19th century wore on, of a society divided into different categories of people based on age. These trends were all related to the processes of modernisation, industrialisation, or westernisation, which had been changing the face of Europe since the mid-18th century. One was a change in mentality about time and social change. The increasing prevalence of enlightenment ideas encouraged the idea that society and life were changeable, and that civilization could progress. This encouraged the equation of youth with social renewal and change. Political rhetoric in the 19th century often focused on the renewing power of youth influenced by movements such as Young Italy, Young Germany, Sturm und Drang, the German Youth Movement, and other romantic movements. By the end of the 19th century, European intellectuals were disposed toward thinking of the world in generational terms—in terms of youth rebellion and emancipation.[11]

text: Two important contributing factors to the change in mentality were the change in the economic structure of society. Because of the rapid social and economic change, young men particularly were less beholden to their fathers and family authority than they had been. Greater social and economic mobility allowed them to flout their authority to a much greater extent than had traditionally been possible. Additionally, the skills and wisdom of fathers were often less valuable than they had been due to technological and social change.[11] During this time, the period between childhood and adulthood, usually spent at university or in military service, was also increased for many people entering white-collar jobs. This category of people was very influential in spreading the ideas of youthful renewal.[11]

text: Another important factor was the breakdown of traditional social and regional identifications. The spread of nationalism and many of the factors that created it (a national press, linguistic homogenisation, public education, suppression of local particularities) encouraged a broader sense of belonging beyond local affiliations. People thought of themselves increasingly as part of a society, and this encouraged identification with groups beyond the local.[11] ′ Auguste Comte was the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to systematically study generations. In Cours de philosophie positive Comte suggested that social change is determined by generational change and in particular conflict between successive generations.[12] As the members of a given generation age, their "instinct of social conservation" becomes stronger, which inevitably and necessarily brings them into conflict with the "normal attribute of youth"—innovation. Other important theorists of the 19th century were John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm Dilthey.

text: Sociologist Karl Mannheim was a seminal figure in the study of generations. He elaborated a theory of generations in his 1923 essay The Problem of Generations.[2] He suggested that there had been a division into two primary schools of study of generations until that time. Firstly, positivists such as Comte measured social change in designated life spans. Mannheim argued that this reduced history to "a chronological table". The other school, the "romantic-historical" was represented by Dilthey and Martin Heidegger. This school focused on the individual qualitative experience at the expense of social context. Mannheim emphasised that the rapidity of social change in youth was crucial to the formation of generations, and that not every generation would come to see itself as distinct. In periods of rapid social change a generation would be much more likely to develop a cohesive character. He also believed that a number of distinct sub-generations could exist.[2]

text: According to Gilleard and Higgs, Mannheim identified three commonalities that a generation shares:[13]

text:
Shared temporal location – generational site or birth cohort
Shared historical location – generation as actuality or exposure to a common era
Shared sociocultural location – generational consciousness or "entelechy"

tag: ul

text: Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe developed the Strauss-Howe generational theory outlining what they saw as a pattern of generations repeating throughout American history. This theory became quite influential with the public and reignited an interest in the sociology of generations. This led to the creation of an industry of consulting, publishing, and marketing in the field.[14]

text: According to an article by Frank Giancola, cohort generations are "triumphant in popular culture but have been confined by experts to the shadow world of unproven hypothesis". He and others argued that the concept may be overused and that differences have been overstated in many cases.[15]

text: Generational theory[edit]

text: While the concept of a generation has a long history and can be found in ancient literature,[16] there are also psychological and sociological dimensions in the sense of belonging and identity which may define a generation.

text: The concept of a generation can also be used to locate particular birth cohorts in specific historical and cultural circumstances, such as the "Baby boomers".[16]

text: While all generations have similarities, there are differences among them as well. A 2007 Pew Research Center report called "Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change" noted the challenge of studying generations: "Generational analysis has a long and distinguished place in social science, and we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an exact science. We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors, and lifestyles within a generation as there are between generations. But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity."[17] Another element of generational theory is recognizing how youth experience their generation, and how that changes based on where they reside in the world. "Analyzing young people's experiences in place contributes to a deeper understanding of the processes of individualization, inequality, and of generation." [18] Being able to take a closer looks at youth cultures and subcultures in different times and places adds an extra element to understanding the everyday lives of youth. This allows a better understanding of youth and the way generation and place play in their development.[19]

text: It is not where the birth cohort boundaries are drawn that is important, but how individuals and societies interpret the boundaries and how divisions may shape processes and outcomes. However, the practice of categorizing age cohorts is useful to researchers for the purpose of constructing boundaries in their work.[20]

text: Generational tension[edit]

text: Norman Ryder, writing in American Sociological Review in 1965, shed light on the sociology of the discord between generations by suggesting that society "persists despite the mortality of its individual members, through processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts". He argued that generations may sometimes be a "threat to stability" but at the same time they represent "the opportunity for social transformation".[21] Ryder attempted to understand the dynamics at play between generations.

text: Amanda Grenier, in a 2007 essay published in Journal of Social Issues, offered another source of explanation for why generational tensions exist. Grenier asserted that generations develop their own linguistic models that contribute to misunderstanding between age cohorts, "Different ways of speaking exercised by older and younger people exist, and may be partially explained by social historical reference points, culturally determined experiences, and individual interpretations".[22]

text: Karl Mannheim, in his 1952 book Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge asserted the belief that people are shaped through lived experiences as a result of social change. Howe and Strauss also have written on the similarities of people within a generation being attributed to social change. Based on the way these lived experiences shape a generation in regard to values, the result is that the new generation will challenge the older generation's values, resulting in tension. This challenge between generations and the tension that arises is a defining point for understanding generations and what separates them.[23]

text: List of generations[edit]

text: Western world[edit]

text: For the purposes of this list, "Western world" can be taken to include North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but necessarily very general. For details see the individual articles.

text:
The Lost Generation, also known as the Generation of 1914 in Europe,[24] is a term originating with Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The members of the lost generation were typically born between 1883 and 1900.
The G.I. Generation, is the generation that includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from around 1901 to 1924, coming of age during the Great Depression. Journalist Tom Brokaw described U.S members of this cohort as the Greatest Generation in a book of the same name.[25]
The Silent Generation, also known as the Lucky Few, were born from approximately 1925 to 1942.[26] It includes some who fought in World War II, most of those who fought the Korean War and many during the Vietnam War.
The Baby Boomers are the generation that were born mostly following World War II. There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end. Typically, they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom making them a relatively large demographic cohort.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
Generation X, commonly abbreviated to Gen X, is the generation following the baby boomers. Demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years ranging from the early-to-mid 1960s and ending birth years in the early 1980s. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s.

In the U.S., some called Generation Xers the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in the birth rate following the baby boom.[34] The drop in fertility rates in America began in the late 1950s. But according to authors and demographers William Strauss and Neil Howe (who use 1961 to 1981 for Gen X birth years), there are approximately 88.5 million Gen Xers in the U.S. today.[35]

Millennials, also known as Generation Y,[36] were born in early to mid-1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.[37] As of April 2016, the Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in size in the U.S., with 76 million Boomers and 77 million Millennials.[38]
Generation Z, also known as the iGeneration, Post-Millennials, Homeland Generation, or Plurals is the cohort of people born after the Millennials. Demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years ranging from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s, while there is little consensus yet regarding ending birth years. A significant aspect of this generation is the widespread usage of the Internet from a young age.

text: Other areas[edit]

text:
In Romania, all people who were born in 1989 are called the Revolution Generation because communism fell that year and Romania experienced a violent revolution that ended the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu and brought democracy to Romania.[citation needed] There was also a demographic called "Decrețeii", representing those that were born during the effect of the communism regime applied Decree 770, which lasted between 1967 and 1989.
In Poland, two important groups with a shared generational identity are recognized: the Generation of Columbuses, who were born during the brief period of Polish independence in the interbellum and survived World War II, and the "generation of free Poland", born after the dissolution of communism in 1989.[citation needed]
In Germany generations widely follow the western world pattern but have many aspects of different Vergangenheitsbewältigung. In German history the start and abolishment of Gleichschaltung in mass movements (nazi Hitlerjugend and later communist Free German Youth) also shaped generations.[citation needed] The baby boomer generation was heavily challenging their parents and relatives with their past in Nazi Germany and in World War II as well as their (individual) responsibility for the Holocaust but also the survival of the Third Reich in (West) German administration, science, legislation and culture due to claimed unsuccessful denazification. It formed German student movement which translated West Germany in some aspects. Later Generation Golf (named after VW Golf) is very similar to Generation X describing the generation that was raised in late West Germany with the specific background of the german separation, then deadlocked German question and cold-war threats.[citation needed] The east-german generation which was born in the mid-eighties and later was little influenced and indoctrinated by East German Communist education system and not captured by Free German Youth. Children in the New states of Germany who were not older than seven years during german reunification are often in a stronger cultural contrast to their parents and relatives while those who were slightly older saw a massive change in their school system, syllabi and breakdown of the youth welfare but also unexpected opportunities and chances in modern Germany.[citation needed]
In Armenia, people born after the country's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 are known as the "Independence generation"[39]
In South Africa, people born after the first democratic election held after apartheid are often referred to in media as the "born-free generation".[40][41][42]
Post-80s in Hong Kong are for the most part different from the after-1980 generation in mainland China.[43] The term Post-80s (八十後) came into use in Hong Kong between 2009 and 2010, particularly during the opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, during which a group of young activists came to the forefront of Hong Kong's political scene.[44] They are said to be "post-materialist" in outlook, and they are particularly vocal in issues such as urban development, culture and heritage, and political reform. Their campaigns include the fight for the preservation of Lee Tung Street, the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier, Choi Yuen Tsuen Village, real political reform (on 23 June), and a citizen-oriented Kowloon West Art district. Their discourse mainly develops around themes such as anti-colonialism, sustainable development, and democracy.
In South Korea, generational cohorts are often defined around the democratization of the country, with various schemes suggested including names such as the "democratization generation", 386 generation[45][46] (named after Intel 386 computer in the 1990s to describe people in their late 30s and early 40s who were born in the 60s, and attended university/college in the 80s, also called the "June 3, 1987 generation"), that witnessed the June uprising, the "April 19 generation" (that struggled against the Syngman Rhee regime in 1960), the "June 3 generation" (that struggled against the normalization treaty with Japan in 1964), the "1969 generation" (that struggled against the constitutional revision allowing three presidential terms), and the shin-se-dae ("new") generation.[46][47][48] The term Shin-se-dae generation refers to the generation following Millennials in the Korean language. The Shin-se-dae generation are mostly free from ideological or political bias.[49]
In India, generations tend to follow a pattern similar to the broad western model, although there are still major differences, especially in the older generations.[50] One interpretation sees India's independence in 1947 as India's major generational shift. People born in the 1930s and 1940s tended to be loyal to the new state and tended to adhere to "traditional" divisions of society. Indian "boomers", those born after independence and into the early 1960s, tended to link success to leaving India and were more suspicious of traditional social institutions. Events like the Indian Emergency between 1975 and 1977 made them more sceptical of government. Gen Xers experienced India's economic ascendance and are more comfortable with diverse perspectives. Generation Y continues this pattern.[citation needed]
In the Philippines, people also identify with Western terms such as "Generation X" and "Millennials", with Filipinos born before or during the Second World War (as well as those living as adults in that period) constituting an unofficial generation. "Martial Law Babies" are generally defined as people born in the time period between the imposition of Martial Law by President Ferdinand Marcos on 21 September 1972 and its formal lifting in January 1981.[51] The term is sometimes extended to anyone born within Marcos' entire 21-year rule, while those born after the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the regime are sometimes termed "EDSA Babies".[52]
In People's Republic of China, the Post-80s (Chinese: 八零后世代 or 八零后) (born-after-1980 generation) are those who were born between the year 1980 to 1989 in urban areas of Mainland China. Growing up in modern China, the Post-80s has been characterised by its optimism for the future, newfound excitement for consumerism and entrepreneurship and acceptance of its historic role in transforming modern China into an economic power. There is also the similarly named Post-90s (Chinese: 九零后), referring to modern teenagers and college students.[citation needed] A broader generational classification would be the "one child generation" born between the introduction of the one-child policy in 1980 and its softening into a "two-child policy" in 2013. The lack of siblings has had profound psychological effects on this generation, such as egoism due to always being at the centre of parents' attention as well as the stress of having to be the sole provider once the parents retire.
In Iran, the generation born after 1981 up to 1991 are called the "sixties' decade generation,"[citation needed] named after the solar calendar 1360 up to 1370,[citation needed] and are known as calm and well-behaved children. Some argue that because of the war between Iran and Iraq at that time, this generation suffers stress and depression.[citation needed] The next generation from 1991 to 2001 or post war are called the "seventies' decade generation,"[citation needed] also named after the solar calendar, from 1370 to 1380,[citation needed] who are known to be more aggressive, careless, and perky.[citation needed]
9X Generation is a Vietnamese term for people born during the 1990s.
In Taiwan, the term Strawberry generation refers to Taiwanese people born after 1981 who "bruise easily" like strawberries – meaning they can not withstand social pressure or work hard like their parents' generation; the term refers to people who are insubordinate, spoiled, selfish, arrogant, and sluggish in work.

text: Other terminology[edit]

text: The term generation is sometimes applied to a cultural movement, or more narrowly defined group than an entire demographic. Some examples include:

text:
The Stolen Generation, refers to children of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander (AATSI) descent, who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments between approximately 1869 and 1969.
The Beat Generation, refers to a popular American cultural movement widely cited by social scholars as having laid the foundation of the pro-active American counterculture of the 1960s. It consisted of Americans born between the two world wars who came of age in the rise of the automobile era, and the surrounding accessibility they brought to the culturally diverse, yet geographically broad and separated nation.[53]
Generation Jones is a term coined by Jonathan Pontell to describe the cohort of people born between 1954 and 1965. The term is used primarily in English-speaking countries.[54][55] Pontell defined Generation Jones as referring to the second half of the post–World War II baby boom [56] The term also includes first-wave Generation X.
MTV Generation, a term referring to the adolescents and young adults of the 1980s and early 1990s who were heavily influenced by the MTV television channel. It is often used synonymously with Generation X.[57][58][59]
In Europe, a variety of terms have emerged in different countries particularly hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects.[60] The Generation of 500 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career. Young adults are usually forced into underemployment in temporary and occasional jobs, unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base salary of €500. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and participated in the 2010–2011 Greek protests.[61] In Spain, they are referred to as the mileurista (for €1,000),[62] in France "The Precarious Generation", and in Italy also the generation of 1,000 euros. In Portugal, they are also called the generation of 500 euros.[citation needed]
Oregon Trail Generation, Xennials and Generation Catalano are terms used to describe individuals born during Generation X/Millennial cusp years, typically late 1970s to early 1980s.[63][64][65]


document_title: Vasan Healthcare

question_text: how many branches of vasan eye care in india

text: Vasan Healthcare

text:
Vasan Healthcare Group

vasan

Geography

Location
Trichy/Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Organisation

Care system
Private

Funding
For-profit hospital

Hospital type
Specialist

Services

Speciality
Eye care

History

Founded
2002

Links

Website
http://www.vasaneye.in/index.asp

Lists
Hospitals in India

text: Vasan Healthcare Group is a health care groups in India. Founded by A. M. Arun, the group is based in Trichy and has more than 170 eye care hospitals and 30 dental care Hospitals across India, including two multi-speciality hospitals in Trichy. Vasan Eye Care Hospitals are day-care centres for treating eye ailments. The corporate office of the hospital is located in Chennai.

text: Crisil instruments and ratings: Rs. 500 million cash credit limit | Rs. 750 million non-convertible debentures | Rs. 1.7584 billion term loan facilities | www.crisil.com/ratings/viewInstdetails.jsp?code=VHPLTD&ID=1

text: Hurun Report ranked AM Arun as the 244th richest Indian with ₹2,314 crore fortune in its 2015 list.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: Vasan Medical Centre, a drug store, was established in Trichy in 1947. Dr.A. M. Arun,the founder of Vasan Healthcare Group, took over the shop in 1991, established a diagnostic centre and laboratory and later founded two multi-speciality hospitals in Trichy. Dr.A. M. Arun started the group's first eye care hospital in 2002 in Trichy.[2]


document_title: Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who was the last supreme court nominee to be rejected

text: George Washington[edit]

text: Among the six original nominees to the Supreme Court, George Washington nominated Robert H. Harrison, who declined to serve.[3] The seat remained empty until the confirmation of James Iredell in 1790.

text: Washington nominated William Paterson for the Supreme Court on February 27, 1793.[4] The nomination was withdrawn by the President the following day. Washington had realized that since the law establishing the positions within the Supreme Court had been passed during Paterson's term as a Senator (a post he had resigned in November 1790 after being elected Governor of New Jersey) the nomination was a violation of Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution. Washington re-nominated Paterson to the Court on March 4, 1793, after Paterson's term as Senator had expired, and Paterson was confirmed by the Senate.[4]

text: John Jay resigned as Chief Justice on June 29, 1795, after being elected Governor of New York. The subsequent nomination of John Rutledge as Chief Justice was rejected by a vote of 10–14 on December 15, 1795. Rutledge's strident and vocal opposition to the Jay Treaty may have been the main reason for his rejection. Because he had been a recess appointment, Rutledge served as Chief Justice for one term.[5] Washington nominated Associate Justice William Cushing to replace him as Chief Justice, but Cushing declined the role. Washington then successfully appointed Oliver Ellsworth to serve as the next Chief Justice.[6]

text: John Adams[edit]

text: After Oliver Ellsworth decided to resign from the position of Chief Justice, President John Adams sought to replace Ellsworth with John Jay, who had been the first Chief Justice. Jay was formally nominated, but turned down the position. Adams then successfully nominated his Secretary of State, John Marshall.[7]

text: James Madison[edit]

text: When William Cushing died, James Madison nominated Levi Lincoln Sr. on January 2, 1811.  Lincoln declined the nomination.[8] Alexander Wolcott was then nominated, but was rejected by a vote of 9–24 on February 13, 1811.[8] After John Quincy Adams declined a nomination, Madison was finally successful in filling the seat with his appointment of Joseph Story.[6]

text: John Quincy Adams[edit]

text: John Quincy Adams nominated John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1828. The Senate postponed the vote on his confirmation, by a vote of 23–17, on February 12, 1829. The Senate did not explicitly vote to "postpone indefinitely", but the resolution did have that effect.[9] President Andrew Jackson instead filled the position with John McLean.[6]

text: Andrew Jackson[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson nominated Roger B. Taney on January 15, 1835, to be an Associate Justice. A resolution was passed by a Senate vote of 24–21 on March 3, 1835, to postpone the nomination indefinitely.[10] Jackson nominated Taney again on December 28, 1835. After the political composition of the Senate changed the next year, Taney was confirmed as Chief Justice March 15, 1836.[10]

text: In 1837, Jackson nominated William Smith and John Catron to newly created seats. Both were confirmed, but Smith declined to serve. Later that year, President Van Buren appointed John McKinley to fill the vacancy.[6]

text: John Tyler[edit]

text: John Tyler experienced extreme difficulty in obtaining approval of his nominees due to his lack of political support in the Senate. Tyler took office in 1841 after the death of Whig President William Henry Harrison. Tyler had been Harrison's running mate in the 1840 election, but Tyler clashed with the Congressional Whigs over issues such as the national bank, and these clashes extended to judicial nominees.[11]

text: John C. Spencer was nominated on January 9, 1844, and his nomination was defeated by a vote of 21–26 on January 31, 1844. Reuben H. Walworth was nominated on March 13, 1844, and a resolution to table the nomination passed on a 27–20 vote on June 15, 1844. The nomination was withdrawn from the Senate on June 17, 1844. Edward King was nominated on June 5, 1844. A resolution to table the nomination passed by a vote of 29–18 on June 15, 1844. No other action was taken on this nomination.[11]

text: The same day that Walworth's nomination was withdrawn, Spencer was re-submitted, but there is no record of debate and a letter from the President withdrawing the nomination was received on the same day. Walworth was then re-nominated later that same day, but the motion to act on the nomination in the Senate was objected to, and no further action was taken.[11]

text: Walworth and King were re-nominated on December 10, 1844, but both nominations were tabled on January 21, 1845. Walworth's nomination was withdrawn on February 6, 1845, and King's two days later. John M. Read was nominated on February 8, 1845, and there was a motion to consider the nomination in the Senate on January 21, 1845, but the motion was unsuccessful and no other action was taken.[11] On February 14, 1845, the Senate voted to confirm Samuel Nelson.[6]

text: James K. Polk[edit]

text: After Henry Baldwin's death in 1844, James K. Polk nominated James Buchanan, who declined the nomination.[12] Polk then nominated George W. Woodward, but the Senate rejected him by a vote of 20–29.[12] Baldwin was finally replaced by Robert Cooper Grier in 1846.[6]

text: Millard Fillmore[edit]

text: Millard Fillmore made three nominations to replace John McKinley, nominating Edward A. Bradford, George Edmund Badger, and William C. Micou, but the Senate did not take action on any of the nominees. President Franklin Pierce filled the vacancy with John Archibald Campbell.[6]

text: James Buchanan[edit]

text: James Buchanan nominated Jeremiah S. Black to the court in 1861 to replace Peter Vivian Daniel. The Senate voted 25–26 against confirming him.[13] President Lincoln filled the seat with Samuel Freeman Miller in 1862.[6]

text: Andrew Johnson[edit]

text: Andrew Johnson took office after the death of Republican President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Johnson, a former Democrat, had been Lincoln's running mate on the National Union ticket of 1864, but Johnson disagreed with Congressional Republicans on several issues, including judicial nominees.

text: Two justices died in office during Johnson's administration, James Moore Wayne and John Catron. Congress, however, passed the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, which provided for a gradual elimination of seats until only seven were left.[14] Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase had urged for this reduction in the hopes that it would result in an increase of the justices' salaries, which, ironically, did not happen until Congress restored the size of the court to nine members in 1871. Johnson had nominated Henry Stanbery to be an Associate Justice, but due to the reduction of seats, this nomination was nullified.[15]

text: Ulysses S. Grant[edit]

text: Ulysses S. Grant nominated Ebenezer R. Hoar to a new seat on the court. The Senate rejected this nomination by a vote of 24–33.[16]:54 Grant successfully nominated Joseph Bradley for the seat.[6]

text: Grant also nominated Edwin M. Stanton, former Attorney General and Secretary of War to the court.[16]:79 The nomination was eventually confirmed, but Stanton died before he was commissioned.[17] Grant then successfully nominated William Strong.[6]

text: Grant nominated George Henry Williams to be Chief Justice of the United States in 1873, but he later withdrew from consideration.[18]  Prior to withdrawal of consideration, the Senate Judiciary Committee declined to recommend confirmation to the entire Senate.[19] Grant then nominated Caleb Cushing for Chief Justice on January 9, 1874, but despite Cushing's great learning and eminence at the bar, his anti-war record and the feeling of distrust experienced by many members of the U.S. Senate on account of his inconsistency, aroused such vigorous opposition that his nomination was withdrawn on January 13, 1874.[20] Grant was successful with his third nomination of Morrison Waite.[6]

text: Rutherford B. Hayes[edit]

text: Early in 1881, President Rutherford B. Hayes nominated Thomas Stanley Matthews for the position of Associate Justice. Matthews was a controversial nominee due to his close ties to the railroad industry,[21] and as the nomination came near the end of Hayes's term, the Senate did not act on it. However, upon succeeding Hayes, incoming President James A. Garfield (who, like Hayes, was a Republican) renominated Matthews, and the Senate confirmed him by a vote of 24 to 23, the narrowest confirmation for a successful U.S. Supreme Court nominee in history. He served on the Court until his death in 1889.[22][23]

text: Chester A. Arthur[edit]

text: In 1882, Chester A. Arthur nominated Roscoe Conkling to serve as an Associate Justice after Ward Hunt resigned.[24]  Conkling was confirmed,[25] and then declined the position.[26]

text: After Conkling declined, Arthur nominated George F. Edmunds, who twice declined to serve.[27]  Arthur then nominated Samuel Blatchford, who was confirmed and accepted.[28]

text: Grover Cleveland[edit]

text: Associate Justice Samuel Blatchford died in 1893, during the second term of Grover Cleveland.[29]  This seat was traditionally held by a New Yorker. Cleveland's first two nominees were not confirmed by the Senate; the nomination of William Hornblower was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 24–30 on January 15, 1894.[6]  Cleveland's follow-up nominee Wheeler Hazard Peckham, was also rejected by the Senate, 32–41, on February 16, 1894.[6]

text: By the tradition of Senatorial courtesy, other Senators generally deferred to a nominee's home state senators when evaluating a presidential nomination.[30]  The Senators from New York were Edward Murphy, Jr. and David B. Hill;[31]  Hill objected to Cleveland's nominations, and most other Senators supported Hill.[32]  Hill was a rival of Cleveland's who had lost the Democratic nomination for President to him in 1892.[33]

text: Cleveland finally overcame Hill's opposition by nominating Edward Douglass White of Louisiana.[34]  White was a sitting Senator, and Senatorial courtesy dictated that the Senate not reject one of its own.[35]  White's nomination was approved; he served as an Associate Justice until 1910,[36] and as Chief Justice until his death in 1921.[37]

text: Warren Harding[edit]

text: President Warren G. Harding nominated Pierce Butler to the Supreme Court in 1922, but the Senate refused to consider his nomination, in part due to Butler's advocacy for railroad interests. However, Harding re-submitted the nomination later in the year, and Butler was confirmed in a 61–8 vote.[21]

text: Herbert Hoover[edit]

text: On May 7, 1930, Herbert Hoover's nomination of Appellate Judge John J. Parker for the Supreme Court was rejected by a vote of 39–41.[38] Parker was nominated to replace Edward Terry Sanford. The American Federation of Labor opposed Parker for his rulings that were favorable towards yellow dog contracts and the NAACP opposed Parker due to concerns about Parker's racial views.[39] Hoover attempted to appeal to Southern Democratic Senators to vote for Parker, who was from North Carolina, but Hoover was unable to win enough Democratic votes to make up for Republican defections.[39] Hoover's second nominee, Owen J. Roberts, was confirmed by the Senate.[6]

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower[edit]

text: President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated John Marshall Harlan II in 1954, but his nomination was not reported out of the judiciary committee, in part due to opposition to his purported "ultra-liberal" views. Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in 1955, and the Senate confirmed him in a 71–11 vote.[21]

text: Lyndon B. Johnson[edit]

text: Lyndon B. Johnson nominated Abe Fortas, then an associate justice, for Chief Justice. Fortas would have succeeded Earl Warren, who had decided to retire. Controversy ensued regarding Fortas's extrajudicial activities, and at Fortas's request, Johnson withdrew the nomination prior to a vote of the full Senate.[40] Fortas's nomination was also opposed by many senators who opposed the rulings of the Warren Court.[21] President Nixon instead filled the vacancy caused by Warren's retirement with Warren Burger.

text: When Johnson nominated Fortas, he also nominated Homer Thornberry to fill Fortas' seat. Since Fortas withdrew his name from the Chief Justice nomination, but maintained his seat as an Associate Justice (with Earl Warren continuing as Chief Justice), the nomination of Thornberry was void. He was never voted on by the Senate.[41]

text: Richard Nixon[edit]

text: When Abe Fortas resigned in 1969 because of a scandal separate from his Chief Justice bid, Richard Nixon nominated Clement Haynsworth, a Southern jurist. His nomination was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 45–55 on November 21, 1969,[42] due to concerns about Haynsworth's civil rights record and perceived ethical lapses.[21] In response, Nixon nominated G. Harrold Carswell, a Southerner with a history of supporting segregation and opposing women's rights. The Senate rejected his nomination 45 to 51 on April 8, 1970, following much pressure from the Civil Rights and Feminist movements.[43] Nixon's third nominee for the Fortas vacancy was Harry Blackmun, who was confirmed by the Senate with no opposition on May 17, 1970.

text: Nixon was soon faced with two more Supreme Court vacancies when John Harlan and Hugo Black retired in the fall of 1971. Nixon considered nominating Arkansas lawyer Hershel Friday and California intermediate appellate judge Mildred Lillie to the high court. By tradition at the time, potential Supreme Court nominees were first disclosed to the American Bar Association's standing committee on the federal judiciary. When it became apparent that this 12-member committee would find that both were unqualified, Nixon passed over Friday and Lillie,[44] and nominated Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist. Powell was confirmed by an 89–1 vote, and Rehnquist was confirmed 68–22.[6]

text: Ronald Reagan[edit]

text: When Lewis Powell retired in July 1987, Ronald Reagan nominated Robert Bork. Bork was a member of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia at the time and known as a proponent of constitutional originalism. Bork lost confirmation by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, largely due to Bork's extreme conservative opinions on constitutional issues and his role in the Nixon Saturday Night Massacre.[45]

text: Reagan then announced his intention to nominate Douglas H. Ginsburg to the court. Before Ginsburg could be officially nominated, he withdrew himself from consideration under heavy pressure after revealing that he had smoked marijuana with his students while a professor at Harvard Law School.[46] Reagan then nominated Anthony Kennedy, who was confirmed by a Senate vote of 97–0.[6]

text: George W. Bush[edit]

text: In October 2005, George W. Bush nominated Harriet Miers, a corporate attorney from Texas who had served as Bush's private attorney and as White House Counsel, as an Associate Justice to replace retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Miers was widely perceived as unqualified for the position, and it later emerged that she had allowed her law license to lapse for a time. The nomination was immediately attacked by politicians and commentators from across the political spectrum. At Miers's request, Bush withdrew the nomination on October 27, ostensibly to avoid violating executive privilege by disclosing details of her work at the White House.[47] Four days later, Bush nominated Samuel Alito to the seat. Alito was confirmed by a vote of 58–42 on January 31, 2006.[6]

text: Barack Obama[edit]

text: In February 2016, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia died. The following month, President Barack Obama nominated D.C. Circuit Judge Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. However, the Senate was controlled by the Republican Party, which argued that the next president should instead appoint Scalia's successor.[48] Senate Republicans refused to hold hearings on Garland, and Garland's nomination remained before the Senate longer than any other Supreme Court nomination.[49] Garland's nomination expired with the end of the 114th United States Congress.[50]

text: The vacancy caused by Scalia's death remained unfilled for 422 days, making it just the second Supreme Court vacancy since the end of the Civil War to remain unfilled for more than one year.[51] On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated federal appeals court Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Justice Scalia. Justice Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017, after being confirmed by a vote of 54–45.

text: List of unsuccessful nominations[edit]

text: Following is a complete list of the 30 persons officially nominated to the Supreme Court (not including current pending nominee Brett Kavanaugh), who for various reasons never served on the Court.

text:
Supreme Court nominees who never served on the Court

Nominee
Year
Nominated by
Outcome[6]

Robert Harrison
1789
Washington
Declined

Levi Lincoln
1811
Madison
Declined

Alexander Wolcott
1811
Madison
Rejected, 9–24

John Quincy Adams
1811
Madison
Declined

John J. Crittenden
1828
J. Q. Adams
Postponed

William Smith
1837
Jackson
Declined

John C. Spencer
1844
Tyler
Rejected, 21–26

Reuben H. Walworth
1844
Tyler
Withdrawn

Edward King
1845
Tyler
Withdrawn

John M. Read
1845
Tyler
No Action

George W. Woodward
1845
Polk
Rejected, 20–29

Edward A. Bradford
1852
Fillmore
No Action

George E. Badger
1853
Fillmore
Postponed

William C. Micou
1853
Fillmore
No Action

Jeremiah S. Black
1861
Buchanan
Rejected, 25–26

Henry Stanbery
1866
A. Johnson
Nullified

Ebenezer R. Hoar
1869
Grant
Rejected, 24–33

Edwin Stanton
1869
Grant
Died

George Henry Williams
1873
Grant
Postponed

Caleb Cushing
1874
Grant
Withdrawn

Roscoe Conkling
1882
Arthur
Declined

William B. Hornblower
1893
Cleveland
Rejected, 24–30

Wheeler Hazard Peckham
1894
Cleveland
Rejected, 32–41

John J. Parker
1930
Hoover
Rejected, 39–41

Homer Thornberry
1968
L. B. Johnson
Nullified

Clement Haynsworth
1969
Nixon
Rejected, 45–55

G. Harrold Carswell
1970
Nixon
Rejected, 45–51

Robert H. Bork
1987
Reagan
Rejected, 42–58

Harriet Miers
2005
G. W. Bush
Withdrawn

Merrick Garland
2016
Obama
No Action