document_title: Vacuole

question_text: what kind of cell has a large central vacuole

text: Vacuole

text: Discovery

text: Contractile vacuoles ("stars") were first observed by Spallanzani (1776) in protozoa, although mistaken for respiratory organs. Dujardin (1841) named these "stars" as vacuoles. In 1842, Schleiden applied the term for plant cells, to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the protoplasm.[10][11][12][13]

text: In 1885, de Vries named the vacuoule membrane as tonoplast.[14]

text: Bacteria

text: Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita. The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40–98% of the cell.[15] The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle.[2]

text: Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas,[16] are present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy.

text: Plants

text: Most mature plant cells have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume, and that can occupy as much as 80% of the volume for certain cell types and conditions.[17] Strands of cytoplasm often run through the vacuole.

text: A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast (word origin: Gk tón(os) + -o-, meaning “stretching”, “tension”, “tone” + comb. form repr. Gk plastós formed, molded) and filled with cell sap. Also called the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. As a membrane, it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell, and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell.[18]

text: Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH, while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a proton motive force which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole. The low pH of the vacuole also allows degradative enzymes to act. Although single large vacuoles are most common, the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development. For example, developing cells in the meristems contain small provacuoles and cells of the vascular cambium have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer.

text: Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall. Proteins found in the tonoplast (aquaporins) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport, pumping potassium (K+) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to osmosis, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure, the cell will plasmolyze. Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation: as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of expansins, the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position. Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light.[19] Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol. If the cell is broken, for example by a herbivore, then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals. In garlic, alliin and the enzyme alliinase are normally separated but form allicin if the vacuole is broken. A similar reaction is responsible for the production of syn-propanethial-S-oxide when onions are cut.[citation needed]

text: Fungi

text: Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell. In yeast cells the vacuole is a dynamic structure that can rapidly modify its morphology. They are involved in many processes including the homeostasis of cell pH and the concentration of ions, osmoregulation, storing amino acids and polyphosphate and degradative processes. Toxic ions, such as strontium (Sr2+), cobalt(II) (Co2+), and lead(II) (Pb2+) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell.[20]

text: Animals

text: In animal cells, vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles, assisting in larger processes of exocytosis and endocytosis.

text: Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number.[9] There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles.[21]

text: Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell. These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the Golgi apparatus before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment. In this capacity, vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment, transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell.

text: Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms. Phagocytosis ("cell eating") is the process by which bacteria, dead tissue, or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells. The material makes contact with the cell membrane, which then invaginates. The invagination is pinched off, leaving the engulfed material in the membrane-enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact. Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") is essentially the same process, the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope.[22] Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with lysosomes which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed.[23]

text: Salmonella is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several mammal species after being engulfed.[24]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by military service

question_text: us presidents who served in world war 2

question_tokens: us presidents who served in world war 2

root

text: The United States Constitution names the President of the United States the commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces. Previous service in the military is not a prerequisite for the position of president. As of the 2016 presidential election[update], no member of the U.S. Marine Corps or U.S. Coast Guard has yet been elected President. The most frequent military experience is Army/Army Reserve with 15 presidents, followed by State Militias at 9, Navy/Naval Reserve at 6 and the Continental Army with 2 presidents serving.

tag: p

text: Eight presidents served during World War II, while seven served in the military during the American Civil War.

text: The following list outlines the military service of each president before becoming the commander in chief.

text:
President
Service
Rank
Active Service

Donald Trump
None
None
None

Barack Obama
None
None
None

George W. Bush
Texas Air National Guard, United States Air Force
First Lieutenant
Stateside service as pilot during Vietnam War (1968–1973). [1] (See George W. Bush military service controversy)

Bill Clinton
None
None
None.[2] Received student draft deferments, and planned to join Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Withdrew and entered draft, but received high number and was not drafted.[3] (See Bill Clinton: Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy.)

George H. W. Bush
United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant (Junior Grade)
Naval aviator in World War II (1942–1945). Shot down and received the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Ronald Reagan
United States Army Reserve, United States Army Air Forces
Captain
Stateside service during World War II (1942–1945); Army Reserve (1937–1942).

Jimmy Carter
United States Navy
Lieutenant (navy)
Served during World War II as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy. Sea duty and stateside service 1946–1953 during the Korean War.

Gerald Ford
United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant Commander
World War II (1942–1945); combat on USS Monterey, discharged in 1946.

Richard Nixon
United States Naval Reserve
Commander
World War II (1942–1945); earned two battle stars for service in the Pacific.

Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Naval Reserve
Commander[4]
World War II received Silver Star medal after observation mission in which aircraft he was on allegedly came under Japanese attack. However, new evidence has come to light proving that the plane in fact developed mechanical problems and therefore turned around, having never come under fire. Johnson was the only member of the crew to receive a decoration, therefore leading historians to conclude that General MacArthur awarded him this to secure political influence.[5]

John F. Kennedy
United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant (navy)
Served in combat during World War II. Received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart.

Dwight D. Eisenhower
United States Army
General of the Army
Stateside service during World War I. Served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II (1942–1945). Entire active-duty career spanned from 1915 until 1969 (excepting his two terms as president).

Harry S. Truman[6]
Missouri Army National Guard,
United States Army,
United States Army Reserve
Colonel
Stateside National Guard service in Missouri (1905–1911); served in combat in France during World War I (1917–1918); transferred to Army Reserve and retired in 1953.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
None
None
None; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I.

Herbert Hoover
None
None
None; helped guide US Marines in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion.

Calvin Coolidge
None
None
None

Warren G. Harding
None
None
None

Woodrow Wilson
None
None
None

William Howard Taft
Connecticut Home Guard
None
None; United States Secretary of War 1904–1908. Enlisted in Connecticut Home Guard for World War I. Was chairman of American Red Cross executive committee during World War I. President Wilson conferred military titles on Red Cross leaders to provide them authority to carry out their wartime responsibilities, and Taft was appointed a major general.

Theodore Roosevelt
United States Army
Colonel
New York National Guard, 1882 to 1886, captain and company commander. Spanish–American War service as second in command and then commander of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders). Only U.S. President to receive the Medal of Honor (awarded posthumously in 2001). Also a Navy Civilian, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy[7]

William McKinley
United States Army
Brevet Major
American Civil War. Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry under future President Rutherford B. Hayes; fought in the Battle of South Mountain, The Battle of Antietam, and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

Benjamin Harrison
United States Army
Brigadier General
American Civil War; Commanded an Infantry Brigade at the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peachtree Creek and Atlanta; also Commanded a brigade during Sherman's March to the Sea.

Grover Cleveland
None
None
None.

Chester A. Arthur
New York State Militia
Brigadier General
Judge Advocate General, Second Brigade of the New York Militia. Served as Engineer-in-Chief on the Governor's staff, Quartermaster General and Inspector General of the New York Militia before and during the American Civil War. Declined appointment as commander of the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade when Governor requested he remain Quartermaster General.

James Garfield
United States Army
Major General
American Civil War (1861–1863; commanded an Ohio Infantry Brigade at the Battles of Shiloh and Corinth; served as Chief of Staff for General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga; left the army to serve in the United States House of Representatives).

Rutherford B. Hayes
United States Army
Major General
American Civil War. Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry and commanded future President William McKinley; wounded at the Battle of South Mountain; also served at the Battle of Antietam and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

Ulysses S. Grant
United States Army
General of the Army
Mexican–American War and American Civil War; served 1843–54 and 1861–68.

Andrew Johnson
United States Army
Brigadier General
Served in Tennessee Militia in 1830s. American Civil War; served as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862.

Abraham Lincoln
Illinois State Militia
Captain
Black Hawk War (served three months in 1832); see Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War.

James Buchanan
Pennsylvania State Militia
Private
War of 1812

Franklin Pierce
United States Army
Brigadier General
New Hampshire Militia, 1831–46; Mexican–American War; commanded Infantry Brigade at Battle of Contreras (where his leg was injured), Battle of Churubusco, and the Assault on Mexico City.

Millard Fillmore
New York State Militia
Major
Served in New York Militia in 1820s and 1830s; Organized Union Continentals home guard unit in Buffalo, New York during the American Civil War.

Zachary Taylor
United States Army
Major General
War of 1812, Black Hawk War, Second Seminole War, Mexican–American War; entire career spanned from 1808 until 1848.

James K. Polk
Tennessee State Militia
Colonel
Joined cavalry unit in Tennessee Militia as a Captain. Subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll.

John Tyler
Virginia militia
Captain
War of 1812.

William Henry Harrison
United States Army
Major General
Northwest Indian War, War of 1812.

Martin Van Buren
None
None
None.

Andrew Jackson
Tennessee State Militia, Continental Army, United States Army
Major General
American Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Creek War, First Seminole War.

John Quincy Adams
None
None
None

James Monroe
Continental Army
Major
American Revolutionary War; depicted holding the American flag behind General George Washington in the famous painting Washington Crossing the Delaware; wounded at the Battle of Trenton, depicted in the painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 by John Trumbull.

James Madison
Virginia militia
Colonel
American Revolutionary War, did not see action.

Thomas Jefferson
Virginia militia
Colonel
Commander of Albemarle County Militia at start of American Revolution, did not see action.

John Adams
None
None
Adams served as chairman of the Continental Congress's Board of War (1776–77), making him the simultaneous equivalent of today's Secretary of Defense and Chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee; was a semi-participant in a naval engagement between a British and US ship during the American Revolution.

George Washington
Virginia militia, Virginia Regiment, Continental Army, United States Army
Lieutenant General[8]
French and Indian War, American Revolutionary War.

tag: table


document_title: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

question_text: where was the new jumanji movie filmed at

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1996 in Brantford, New Hampshire, teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game which was found by his father on a beach after it was thrown over a bridge by Alan Parrish and Sarah Whittle 27 years earlier. Alex sets the game aside. That night, it transforms into a video game cartridge which catches Alex's attention when he is awakened by the Jumanji drums and he is transported into the game.

text: Twenty years later, in 2016, four Brantford High School students serve detention: Spencer Gilpin, caught writing an essay for former friend Anthony "Fridge" Johnson (also in detention); Bethany Walker, who made a video call during an English-class quiz and Martha Kaply, who refused to participate in gym class. They are sent to the school basement to prepare magazines for recycling and to think about their future. Fridge discovers Alex's discarded video-game system when he explores the basement, and he and Spencer set up the game. Although it has five playable characters, the first one cannot be selected. Spencer and Fridge choose two characters, and the girls choose their own. When Spencer presses "Start", they are transported into the game.

text: They are in a jungle, in the forms of their game avatars. Spencer is tough, muscular explorer and archaeologist Smolder Bravestone; Fridge is diminutive zoologist Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, whom he chose after misreading "Mouse" as "Moose"; Bethany is chubby male cartographer and intellectual Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon (whose nickname she mistook for a woman's), and Martha is beautiful commando and martial arts expert Ruby Roundhouse. They each have three lives; Spencer thinks that if they lose all three, they really die.

text: They learn the game's story from NPC Nigel: Corrupt Russel Van Pelt stole the Jaguar's Eye (a magic jewel), cursing Jumanji. Nigel escaped Van Pelt with the jewel, and the players must return it to a jaguar statue and call "Jumanji" to lift the curse. Nigel warns them that Van Pelt will stop at nothing to retrieve the jewel, which gives him control of Jumanji's animals. They begin tackling the game's increasingly-difficult "levels", losing lives as they do so. The four are rescued by Alex (the missing fifth player, whose avatar is pilot Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough). Taking shelter in a jungle house built by Alan Parrish, Alex believes that he has been in the game for a few months and is distressed to learn that it is really twenty years. The newcomers vow to help him return home. They break into a transportation shed, commandeering a helicopter to fly to the jaguar statue and return the jewel, but Fridge drops the jewel into a herd of white rhinoceros. Spencer uses one of Fridge's lives, pushing him out of the helicopter as a distraction, and retrieves the jewel. Alex loses his last life when a mosquito bites him, but Bethany performs CPR and transfers one of her lives to him.

text: At the statue, the players are surrounded by a pack of jaguars and Van Pelt's forces. They outmaneuver their opposition while Spencer and Martha race to the statue. Van Pelt confronts Martha (trapped in a pit of venomous snakes) and demands the jewel, but she sacrifices one of her lives to re-spawn and get it to Spencer. With the players on their last lives, they end the game with Van Pelt disintegrating into a bunch of rats and return to the real world; Nigel bids them farewell, but Alex does not appear with them. They find the formerly-dilapidated Vreeke home restored and decorated for a Christmas family gathering. An adult Alex arrives, returning to where he left off in 1996. Now married with children, he named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life and introduces them to his infant son, Andy.

text: Spencer and Fridge reconcile, Bethany begins caring for others than herself and plans a summer backpacking adventure, Martha and Spencer become romantically involved and the four are now friends after their experiences in the game. When they hear Jumanji's drumbeats, they bring the game behind the school and Fridge destroys it with a bowling ball (found in detention) to prevent anyone from playing it again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone, an Indiana Jones-like archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer's avatar. Bravestone's strengths are stamina, courage, reflexes, climbing, smoldering intensity, and boomerang throwing. Being the archetypically masculine, intelligent, and courageous video game hero of the story, he apparently has no weaknesses. He is credited as "Spencer".

Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin, a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Fridge, Martha, and Bethany, for writing Fridge's homework for him. Spencer is panphobic; he fears everything or nothing. His experience as Smolder Bravestone helps him cope with his anxiety and becomes assertive. He later becomes Martha's love interest. He is credited as "Young Spencer".

Jack Black as Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon, a cartographer, cryptographer, archaeologist, and paleontologist who is Bethany's avatar after mistaking the character's presented name ("Shelly") for that of a woman and calling him, "the curvy genius." Though Oberon's strengths are his fields of his expertise, because of his state of being as an "overweight, middle-aged man", Oberon lacks endurance. He/she is credited as "Bethany".

Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker, a pretty and popular yet narcissistic and self-centered teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer, Fridge, and Martha, after talking on her phone during a quiz and displaying an arrogant contempt towards her class in the process. Her experience in the game changes her for the better, becoming apathetic with her smartphone, friendly, and seeks exciting interests. She is credited as "Young Bethany".

Kevin Hart as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, a zoologist and weapons specialist whom Fridge chose as his avatar due to the character's nickname being misread as "Moose" due to the game's font. Finbar's status as weapons specialist makes him Bravestone's weapon valet, having everything Bravestone needs in his signature backpack. He is nicknamed "Mouse" for his short stature; though this degrades him of speed and strength, he uses his nickname to rendezvous with the others in the climax of the film on the back of an elephant that was charging at him earlier. Cake makes him explode, making it another weakness. He credited as "Fridge".

Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, a Brantford High School football jock who lacks confidence to succeed academically, namely because he cares more with dating than studying. He is kicked off the football team and sent to detention for having Spencer write his essays for him; he is the one who discovers the Jumanji video game, as well as the bowling ball he uses to destroy it. Because of his avatar is highly intelligent, Fridge gains confidence from being Finbar to succeed intellectually. He is credited as "Young Fridge".

Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse, a Lara Croft-like commando, martial artist, and dance fighter who is Martha's avatar (after Martha was peer-pressured into playing with the others). Roundhouse is proficient in karate, t'ai chi, aikido and dance fighting and is reputed as "killer of men" because of both her skills and attractiveness. Similar to Bravestone, Roundhouse is the archetypically intelligent, athletic, beautiful, and scantily clad video game heroine of the story, with her only weakness being venom, such as that found in various animals and vegetation in the game. She is credited as "Martha".

Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, a teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer, Fridge, and Bethany, for objecting to physical education class and disregarding her teacher. She later becomes Spencer's love-interest and gains appreciation with physical fitness after her experience as Ruby Roundhouse. She is credited as "Young Martha".

Nick Jonas as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough, Alex Vreeke's avatar. McDonough is a mysterious guide, adventurer, and pilot in the game, who waits for and joins the other avatars as they attempt to escape Jumanji. McDonough's strengths are piloting and making margaritas that "Mouse"/"Fridge" takes a liking to. His only weakness is mosquito bites, which is bad for him and all the more ironic since the jungle, being a tropical one, is teeming with mosquitoes. He is credited as "Alex".[8] During his twenty-year absence, only a few months have passed for him in the game world; and in the meantime, he lives in a treehouse built and once occupied by Alan Parrish (portrayed by Robin Williams and Adam Hann-Byrd in the 1995 film Jumanji).

Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage boy who played, and was trapped inside, the Jumanji video game for 20 years. He is credited as "Young Alex". Colin Hanks portrays adult Alex Vreeke after he returns to 1996 and appears 20 years later, changing history as a result. Out of gratitude for Bethany saving his life, he named his eldest daughter after her.

tag: ul

text: Jumanji[edit]

text:
Bobby Cannavale as Professor Russel Van Pelt, a corrupt explorer once partnered with Dr. Smolder Bravestone. He seeks to regain the "Jaguar's Eye", whose power he is demonically possessed by. He is the boss of the film's game scenario, despite acting more like a classical kingpin; Jonathan Hyde played a different variant of the character in the original film.
NPCs in the game include:

Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley, the main NPC guide in the game.
William Tokarsky as an NPC food trader at the place of his name in the credits: Bread/Cake vendor.
Rohan Chand as the boy at Bazaar, a young NPC guide who leads Spencer, Fridge, Martha, and Bethany to the black mamba's basket, which has the next clue.

text: Reality[edit]

text:
Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley, the principal who makes Spencer, Bethany, Fridge, and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention.
Sean Buxton as Alex's Father / Jogger, who discovered the Jumanji game

Tim Matheson as Older Alex's Father (Old Man Vreeke, uncredited); his dialogues in the beginning of the film implies that he had witnessed his son being teleported to the game and was traumatized since. After Alex's return to 1996 alters history, he is shown to be a happy family man and grandfather.

Maribeth Monroe as Bethany Walker's English teacher
Missi Pyle as Coach Webb, Martha Kaply's physical education (PE) instructor

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In July 2012, rumors emerged that a remake of the film Jumanji was being developed. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said: "We're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present."[9] On August 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version, alongside William Teitler, who produced the original film.[10]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that they had scheduled the film for a December 25, 2016 release.[11] Internet reception to this was negative, with some posters remarking that the announcement came too soon after the death of Robin Williams, who portrayed Alan Parrish from the original film, and had died in August 2014.[12][13] The news was heavily criticized by Bradley Pierce, who played Peter Shepherd in the original Jumanji, as well as by E! News, which stated that they felt that the remake was "unnecessary and kind of insulting".[14][15] On October 23, 2015, Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film, whose production was a high priority for the studio.[16] On January 14, 2016, Deadline reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct, from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner, based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers.[17]

text: On April 15, 2016, Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film, though both actors had other projects to shoot, which might have created schedule conflicts.[18] Later in April, Johnson confirmed his casting through his Instagram account.[19] In July 2016, it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film's cast, along with the confirmed casting of Johnson, Hart, and Jack Black.[20] In August 2016, Johnson clarified that the film would not be a reboot, but a continuation of the 1995 film,[21] while Karen Gillan was also announced as having been cast.[22] On September 20, 2016, Ser'Darius Blain and Madison Iseman were cast in the film, with Blain playing Anthony "Fridge" Johnson and Iseman playing Bethany Walker. Following them, on September 22, 2016, Rhys Darby, Morgan Turner, and Alex Wolff joined the cast, with Darby playing Nigel Billingsley, Turner playing Martha Kaply, and Wolff playing Spencer Gilpin.[23][24][25] In November 2016, Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film,[26] and in December 2016, Tim Matheson also joined the cast, playing Old Man Vreeke.[27]

text: James Newton Howard was originally attached to compose the film's score;[28] after the film's release date was pushed back half a year, he was replaced by Henry Jackman.[1]

text: In March 2017, during CinemaCon, it was announced that the complete title of the film is Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. The plot was revealed to involve teenagers cleaning out a school's basement who find a vintage video game version of Jumanji, and get sucked into the jungle setting of the first film. While many fans theorized whether the film was a sequel or a reboot, the second trailer, which was released on September 20, 2017, revealed that the film takes place over twenty-one years after the events of the first.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on September 19, 2016, in Honolulu, Hawaii,[18][29] primarily taking place in the Kualoa Ranch private nature reserve.[30] The film was then wrapped on December 8, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia.[31]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony set the film a release date of December 25, 2016.[32] As filming did not start until September 2016, the release was pushed back a year to July 28, 2017, and then to December 20, 2017.[2]

text: On November 29, 2017, it was announced Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to movie tickets for a single December 8, 2017, screening of the film, at select Regal, National Amusements, ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters.[33] The screenings ended up selling out at 1,200 theaters and making $1.9 million.[34] The film was released in IMAX 2D on January 12, 2018, for its first time in IMAX in the United States.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle was released on Digital HD March 6, 2018 and on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray March 20, 2018 despite the film was still in theatres. The Blu-ray and digital versions include two additional featurettes: “Surviving the Jungle: Spectacular Stunts!” and “Book to Board Game to Big Screen & Beyond! Celebrating The Legacy of Jumanji.”[35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of April 8, 2018[update], Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle has grossed $403.7 million in the United States and Canada and $547.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $950.7 million.[4] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $305.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the 4th most profitable release of 2017.[36]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released on December 20, 2017 alongside The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross around $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six-day opening weekend with the studio predicting a more conservative $45 million debut.[37][38] The film took in $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day. Over the three-day weekend, the film grossed $36.2 million (for a six-day total of $71.9 million), finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[5] During its second weekend, the film increased to $50.1 million, again finishing in second place at the box office.[39] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 38.4% marked the fourth-largest-ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters; fellow 2017 Christmas release The Greatest Showman coincidentally set the record for best hold the same weekend.[40][41] The film dethroned Star Wars: The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend, declining just 28.1% to $36 million[42] and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million (and a total of $35.2 million over the four-day MLK weekend).[43] Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle also remained at the top of the box office for its third weekend with $19.5 million.[44]

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle again topped the charts the following week with $20 million, despite two new releases in 12 Strong and Den of Thieves.[45] The following week it continued to hold well, dropping just 16% to $16.4 million, albeit finished second behind newcomer Maze Runner: The Death Cure,[46] and would regain the top spot once again the following weekend with $11.1 million to The Death Cure's $10.6 million.[47]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 184 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material."[48] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a normalized score of 58 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[49] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while comScore reported filmgoers gave it an 84% overall positive score.[5]

text: Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise saying "Jumanji: Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds, a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually".[50] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C" and called it unnecessary but mildly amusing: "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality. Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years, Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs".[51]

text: Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman was critical of the film saying "Excitement! Suspense! Childlike innocence! Ingeniously staged action set pieces! These are a few of the things you will not find, anywhere, in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle ... It's supposed to be a board game come to life but really, it's just a bored game."[52]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Kids Choice Awards
March 2018
Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie
Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle
Won
[53]

Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Actor
Dwayne Johnson
Won

Kevin Hart
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best Fantasy Film
Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle
Pending
[54]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Dwayne Johnson, Jack Black and Nick Jonas discussed in interviews what Jumanji 3 could be about, including the possibility of the film exploring the origins of the titular game. Karen Gillan has also said that the alternate ending for Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another installment.[55][56][57][58] In February 2018, it was announced that Kasdan would return to direct the sequel, with Rosenberg and Pinkner again writing the script and Johnson, Hart, Black and Gillan also reprising their roles.[59]


document_title: Eel Pie Island

question_text: how did eel pie island get its name

question_tokens: how did eel pie island get its name

text: Eel Pie Island

text: Name[edit]

text: The name comes from the eel pies which were served by the hotel on the island in the 19th century.[citation needed] Eel Pie Island was earlier called Twickenham Ait and, before that, The Parish Ait; even earlier the island was three separate aits.

text: Description[edit]

text: A bridge to the island was proposed in 1889, but it was not until 1957 that one was completed. Today, the island has about 50 houses with 120 inhabitants, a couple of boatyards and some small businesses and artists' studios. It has nature reserves at either end, but there is no public access to these.

text: The island is privately owned and the public can only access the main pathway from the bridge, passing all the doors and gates of the houses and businesses on the island. On a few weekends a year, usually in June and December and dubbed "Artists' Open Studios", the public are invited to visit the collection of art studios, known as Eel Pie Island Art Studios.

text: The Eel Pie Studios or Oceanic Studios at The Boathouse on the mainland nearby, formerly owned by Pete Townshend, were the location of several significant pop and rock recordings. Townshend's publishing company, Eel Pie Publishing, is also named after the ait.

text: Eel Pie Island Hotel[edit]

text: The island was the site of the Eel Pie Island Hotel, a genteel nineteenth-century building that hosted ballroom dancing during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1956 trumpeter Brian Rutland, who ran a local band called The Grove Jazz Band, started jazz sessions at the newly reopened hotel.[1] Sometime afterwards Arthur Chisnall took over the running of the club and continued to promote various jazz bands and then in the 1960s rock and R&B groups.[2][3]

text: Famous names who performed at the dance hall between 1957 and 1967 include:

text:
Long John Baldry's Hoochie Coochie Men (including Rod Stewart)[4]
Acker Bilk[5]
Ken Colyer[4]
Cyril Davies Rhythm & Blues All Stars[4]
The Downliners Sect[4]
John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (featuring Eric Clapton)[4]
George Melly[5]
The Rolling Stones[4]
The Tridents (featuring Jeff Beck)[4]
The Who[4]
The Yardbirds[5]

text: In 1967, the hotel was forced to close because the owner could not meet the £200,000 cost of repairs demanded by police.[4] In 1969, the club briefly reopened as Colonel Barefoot's Rock Garden,[5] with bands such as Black Sabbath,[5] The Edgar Broughton Band,[5] Stray, Genesis, and Hawkwind[5] (then known as Hawkwind Zoo) performing there. "I approached the owner Mr. Snapper who lived in Kingston & we agreed a rental deal. I called it Colonel Barefoot's Rock Garden & plastered west london with quad crown posters. I booked in bands Edgar Broughton, Free, Spooky Tooth, Deep Purple, King Crimson, Genesis (support) Wishbone Ash, Mott The Hoople (my best ever attendance), Savoy Brown plus many more. There were two stages: the headliner was on the big stage and the support on the small stage with the light show projectionist above it. We had a bar doing tea, soft drinks, hot dogs and hamburgers. We then did Colonel Barefoot's Killer Punch (cider, cooking brandy and cinnamon) and we gave it away along with beer in half pint plastic disposable cups. I had rows with the fire department as the emergency exits were chained shut to stop people bunking in. Eventually, after a raid by the Fire Chief, I closed down and walked. I was living in Chiswick at this time." – Caldwell Smythe (entrepreneur, pro vocalist, ex Riot Squad & briefly The Honeycombs).

text: In 1969, the Eel Pie Island Hotel was occupied by a small group of local anarchists including illustrator Clifford Harper. By 1970 the Eel Pie Island Commune had become the UK's largest hippie commune.[6]

text: In 1971, the Eel Pie Island Hotel burned down in a mysterious fire.[4][7] The centre of the island was devastated by fire in 1996, and a year later, the footbridge was damaged by a utilities contractor.[7] A new footbridge opened in August 1998.[7]

text: Water sports[edit]

text: The island is also home to Twickenham Rowing Club, one of the oldest rowing clubs on the Thames, and Richmond Yacht Club.

text: Invasion of Eel Pie Island[edit]

text: For his 2005 television show How To Start Your Own Country, presenter Danny Wallace claimed to be "Leader" of Eel Pie Island after invading the island via the footbridge. After a few hours, the Metropolitan Police Service forced him to give the island back peacefully to Queen Elizabeth II.[8]

text: Image gallery[edit]

text: Despite its small size, Eel Pie Island has a wide variety of building styles.

text: Housing on Eel Pie Island

text: Notable residents and former residents[edit]

text:
Original Doctor Who actor William Hartnell lived in a house on the island during the 1960s[5]
Indie band Mystery Jets[9]
Inventor Trevor Baylis[5]
Comedy actor Nigel Planer[10]

text: In literature[edit]

text: In the funny Fashion episode of AbFab, Edina's mother inquired whether she had gone to Eel Pie Island again.

text: Eel Pie Island was also the setting of a murder mystery, The Eel Pie Murders by David Frome (Zenith Brown), published in 1933.[11] It was part of the Mr. Pinkerton series, featuring amateur sleuth, Evan Pinkerton, a widower Welshman, and his friend, Chief Inspector J. Humphrey Bull of Scotland Yard.

text: The island was also mentioned in the 2011 novel Rivers of London by Ben Aaronovitch.

text: Eel Pie Island is prominently featured in Ayize Jama-Everett's second Liminal World book The Liminal War.


document_title: Internal security

question_text: who is responsible for protecting citizens from internal threats

text: Internal security

text: Threats to internal security[edit]

text: Threats to the general peace may range from low-level civil disorder, large scale violence, or even an armed insurgency. Threats to internal security may be directed at either the state's citizens, or the organs and infrastructure of the state itself, and may range from petty crime, serious organised crime, political or industrial unrest, or even domestic terrorism. Foreign powers may also act as a threat to internal security, by either committing or sponsoring terrorism or rebellion, without actually declaring war.

text: Forces and agencies[edit]

text: Governmental responsibility for internal security will generally rest with an interior ministry, as opposed to a defence ministry. Depending on the state, a state's internal security will be maintained by either the ordinary police or law enforcement agencies or more militarised police forces (known as Gendarmerie or, literally, the Internal Troops.). Other specialised internal security agencies may exist to augment these main forces, such as border guards, special police units, or aspects of the state's intelligence agencies. In some states, internal security may be the primary responsibility of a secret police force.

text: The level of authorised force used by agencies and forces responsible for maintaining internal security might range from unarmed police to fully armed paramilitary organisations, or employ some level of less-lethal weaponry in between. For violent situations, internal security forces may contain some element of military type equipment such as non-military armored vehicles.

text: Justice aspects[edit]

text: Depending on the organisation of the state, internal security forces may have jurisdiction on national or federal levels. As the concept of internal security refers to the entity of the state and its citizens, persons who are threats to internal security may be designated as an enemy of the state or enemy of the people.

text: Persons detained by internal security forces may either be dealt with by the normal criminal justice system, or for more serious crimes against internal security such as treason, they may face special measures such as secret trials. In times of extreme unrest, internal security actions may include measures such as internment (detention without trial).

text: Relationship with the military[edit]

text: Depending on the nature of the specific state's form of government, enforcing internal security will generally not be carried out by a country's military forces, whose primary role is external defence, except in times of extreme unrest or other state of emergency, short of civil war. Often, military involvement in internal security is explicitly prohibited, or is restricted to authorised military aid to the civil power as part of the principle of civilian control of the military. Military special forces units may in some cases be put under the temporary command of civilian powers, for special internal security situations such as counter terrorism operations.