document_title: Pitch Perfect 2

question_text: who wins at the end of pitch perfect 2

question_tokens: who wins at the end of pitch perfect 2

text: Pitch Perfect 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three years after winning the previous competition, the Barden Bellas are now led by Beca Mitchell and three-time super senior Chloe Beale. The Bellas have become ICCA champions each of these three years. However, the group becomes involved in a national scandal, dubbed Muffgate, when a wardrobe malfunction causes Fat Amy's pants to rip in front of President Barack Obama, as well as showing her vagina to the public since she did not wear underwear, leading to the Bellas' suspension from the ICCAs. Beca makes a deal to allow the Bellas to be reinstated should they win the World Championship of a cappella.

text: Freshman Emily Junk begins her college career, hoping to follow in her mother Katherine's footsteps by being a Bella. At orientation, she watches an a cappella performance by the Treblemakers, now led by Beca's boyfriend Jesse Swanson. Benjamin "Benji" Applebaum, Jesse's best friend, overhears Emily, leading to a crush on her.

text: The Bellas learn that German a cappella group, Das Sound Machine, have replaced the Bellas on their victory tour. Additionally, Beca has started an internship at a recording studio, Residual Heat, something only Jesse knows.

text: Emily goes to the Bellas' sorority house to audition for them because of their absence from the auditions. When she sings her unfinished song "Flashlight," she succeeds in joining the Bellas.

text: At a car show where the ICCA winners are due to perform, the Bellas scout their replacements, German powerhouse "Das Sound Machine" (DSM) - led by intimidating duo Pieter Krämer and Kommissar, who take delight in mocking the all-girl group. Later, the Bellas are invited to an exclusive riff-off, but end up losing to DSM in the final round when a nervous Emily flubs an attempt to sing "Flashlight," her original song not from the right category ("90's Hip-Hop Jamz").

text: The next day at the warmups, the Bellas' chance of winning end in disaster when the performance makes John and Gail question the Bellas' identity and sets Cynthia-Rose's hair on fire by pyrotechnics. In order to regain harmony and sync, Chloe takes them to a retreat led by former leader Aubrey Posen. Beca starts a heated debate with Chloe over herself being the only one thinking about life beyond the Bellas and Chloe's obsession with winning Worlds.

text: To prove to her boss that she can produce music well, Beca offers Emily to produce "Flashlight" at the studio. The group realizes that they will no longer be together and may go their separate ways after graduation, and regain harmony by singing "Cups (When I'm Gone)." At the studio, Emily and Beca present their song to Beca's boss, in which he demonstrates envy for their talent and looks forward to producing with them.

text: The senior Bellas graduate and they all head off to Copenhagen for the World Finals, with Jesse and Benji to cheer them on. They perform a harmonized version of "Flashlight" with Aubrey, Katherine, and other past Bellas joining in. The Bellas win the championship and repair their damaged legacy. As the senior Bellas leave Barden, they give Emily a belated proper initiation with Fat Amy showing her how to do the last tradition: christening the house by sliding down the staircase.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Bumper performs on The Voice, he chooses Christina Aguilera as his coach and makes her uncomfortable when he gives her an oddly lengthy hug.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Barden Bellas[edit]

text:
Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, the senior leader of the Bellas, known for creating the unique modern-day sound of the Bellas. She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat, a record label.
Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale, the three-time super senior with a Type A personality who is the co-leader of the Bellas.
Rebel Wilson as Patricia "Fat Amy", a senior Bella from Australia and Bumper's love interest.
Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad, a senior Bella known for being overly sexual.
Ester Dean as Cynthia-Rose Adams, a lesbian senior Bella known for her strong urban vocal skills.
Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakurama, a senior Bella known for her quiet speaking voice, odd remarks, and beat-boxing.
Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk, a freshman legacy Bella who is an aspiring songwriter, and Benji's love interest. Her mother was also a Barden Bella.
Chrissie Fit as Florencia "Flo" Fuentes, a senior Bella who joined the group her sophomore year when she came to Barden University from Guatemala.
Kelley Jakle as Jessica, a senior Bella.
Shelley Regner as Ashley, a senior Bella.

tag: ul

text: Additional characters[edit]

text:
Skylar Astin as Jesse Swanson, the leader of the Treblemakers and Beca's boyfriend.
Adam DeVine as Bumper Allen, Fat Amy's love interest, former leader of the Treblemakers and current member of the Tone Hangers. After working for John Mayer, he returns to Barden University as a security guard.
Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen, former leader of the Bellas, now runs the Lodge of Fallen Leaves.
Ben Platt as Benjamin "Benji" Applebaum, a senior Treblemaker, Jesse's best friend, and Emily's love interest.
Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Kommissar, Das Sound Machine's leader.
Flula Borg as Pieter Krämer, Das Sound Machine's 'second in command'
Katey Sagal as Katherine Junk, Emily's mother and a former Bella.
John Michael Higgins as John Smith, an a cappella competition commentator.
Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy-McKadden-Feinberger, an a cappella competition commentator.
Keegan-Michael Key as Sammy, Beca's boss at Residual Heat, a rude but successful producer.
Shawn Carter Peterson as Dax, an intern at Residual Heat.
David Cross as the Riff-Off host.
Reggie Watts, John Hodgman, Jason Jones, and Joe Lo Truglio as Tone Hanger singers.
Pentatonix as Team Canada
Penn Masala as Team India

text: Green Bay Packers players Clay Matthews, David Bakhtiari, Don Barclay, Josh Sitton, and T. J. Lang play themselves in cameo appearances. Also appearing as themselves are Snoop Dogg, Natalie Morales, Jake Tapper, Joe Scarborough, Mika Brzezinski, Jimmy Kimmel, Rosie O'Donnell, Rosie Perez, Nicolle Wallace, Jordan Rodgers, Christina Aguilera, Adam Levine, Blake Shelton, and Pharrell Williams. Robin Roberts, C.J. Perry, and Kether Donohue appear as Legacy Bellas during the finale. Additionally, President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama briefly appear via archive footage.

text: Production[edit]

text: In December 2012, Skylar Astin revealed that he and Rebel Wilson had had meetings with Universal Studios about the potential sequel.[7] In April 2013, it was confirmed that a sequel would be released in 2015.[8] Elizabeth Banks directed the sequel, and Kay Cannon returned as screenwriter.[9] Paul Brooks produced for Gold Circle Films, alongside Banks and Max Handelman.[9] Deke Sharon returned as vocal producer, and has a brief cameo as a German reporter.[10] As in the first movie, they ran a month of "a cappella boot camp" before filming.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Anna Kendrick and Wilson returned to the cast early in 2014 to play the characters they originated in the first film.[12] Brittany Snow reprised her character.[13] On April 24, Chrissie Fit was added to the cast.[14] On May 1, Hailee Steinfeld was added to the cast, playing a new member of the Barden Bellas.[15] On May 5, Adam DeVine was reported to return in the film.[16] On May 14, Katey Sagal was added to the cast, playing Steinfeld's character's mother.[17] On May 29, Flula Borg was added to the cast.[18] He played the leader of a European a cappella group, Das Sound Machine, that competed with the Bellas.[19] It was confirmed on June 18, 2014 that Christopher Shepard was added to the cast.[20] It was confirmed on June 19, 2014 that Pentatonix would play the role of a rival group to the Barden Bellas.[21] It was later confirmed that The Filharmonic from season 4 of The Sing Off would make a cameo appearance as a rival group from the Philippines.[22] On August 24, 2014 it was announced that Penn Masala,[23] the all-male Hindi a cappella group from director Elizabeth Banks's and producer Max Handelman's alma mater The University of Pennsylvania, would be featured as a team from Southeast Asia.[24] On June 25, Birgitte Hjort Sørensen was confirmed added to the cast.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 21, 2014, principal photography began at Louisiana State University (LSU) campus in Baton Rouge.[26]

text: Music[edit]

text: On December 3, 2014, Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to compose the music for the film.[27] The official soundtrack was released on May 12, 2015.[28] The special edition soundtrack was later released on August 8, 2015.[29]

text: The original album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, earning 107,000 album-equivalent units (92,000 copies of traditional sales) in the week ending May 17, 2015.[30]

text:
No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Universal Fanfare"

Elizabeth Banks
John Michael Higgins

0:33

2.
"Kennedy Center Performance (We Got the World/Timber/America The Beautiful/Wrecking Ball)"
The Barden Bellas
2:27

3.
"Lollipop"
The Treblemakers
2:43

4.
"Car Show (Uprising/Tsunami)"
Das Sound Machine
1:47

5.
"Winter Wonderland/Here Comes Santa Claus"

Snoop Dogg
Anna Kendrick

3:04

6.
"Riff Off (Thong Song/(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty/Low/Bootylicious/Baby Got Back/Live Like You Were Dying/Before He Cheats/A Thousand Miles/We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together/What's Love Got to Do with It/This Is How We Do It/Doo Wop (That Thing)/Poison/Scenario/Insane in the Brain/Flashlight)"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Barden Bellas
Green Bay Packers
The Treblemakers

4:24

7.
"Jump"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hanger
The Treblemakers
Green Bay Packers

1:16

8.
"Convention Performance (Promises/Problem)"
The Barden Bellas
1:41

9.
"Back to Basics (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy/You Can't Hurry Love/Lady Marmalade/MMMBop/My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It))"
The Barden Bellas
1:30

10.
"Cups ("When I'm Gone") [Campfire Version]"
The Barden Bellas
0:45

11.
"We Belong"

Rebel Wilson
Adam DeVine

3:34

12.
"Any Way You Want It (World Championship Medley)"

Pentatonix
Filharmonic
The Cantasticos
The Singboks
Penn Masala

1:56

13.
"World Championship Finale 1 (My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)/All I Do Is Win)"
Das Sound Machine
2:01

14.
"World Championship Finale 2 (Run the World (Girls)/Where Them Girls At/Lady Marmalade/We Belong/Timber/Flashlight)"
The Barden Bellas
4:16

15.
"Crazy Youngsters"
Ester Dean
3:39

16.
"Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley"
Mark Mothersbaugh
3:00

17.
"Flashlight"
Jessie J
3:29

18.
"All of Me (Bumper's Audition)"
Adam DeVine
1:27

Total length:
43:32[28][31]

text:
[show]Special edition

No.
Title
Music
Length

1.
"Universal Fanfare"

Elizabeth Banks
John Michael Higgins

0:33

2.
"Kennedy Center Performance (We Got the World/Timber/America The Beautiful/Wrecking Ball)"
The Barden Bellas
2:27

3.
"Bang Bang"

Jessie J
Ariana Grande
Nicki Minaj

3:19

4.
"Lollipop"
The Treblemakers
2:43

5.
"Change Your Life"
Iggy Azalea (feat. T.I.)
3:41

6.
"Sunshine"
Teddybears
3:20

7.
"Car Show (Uprising/Tsunami)"
Das Sound Machine
1:47

8.
"A Different Beat"
Little Mix
3:27

9.
"Winter Wonderland/Here Comes Santa Claus"

Snoop Dogg
Anna Kendrick

3:04

10.
"Riff Off (Thong Song/(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty/Low/Bootylicious/Baby Got Back/Live Like You Were Dying/Before He Cheats/A Thousand Miles/We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together/What's Love Got to Do with It/This Is How We Do It/Doo Wop (That Thing)/Poison/Scenario/Insane in the Brain/Flashlight)"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hangers
The Barden Bellas
Green Bay Packers
The Treblemakers

4:24

11.
"Jump"

Das Sound Machine
Tone Hanger
The Treblemakers
Green Bay Packers

1:16

12.
"Convention Performance (Promises/Problem)"
The Barden Bellas
1:41

13.
"Back to Basics (Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy/You Can't Hurry Love/Lady Marmalade/MMMBop/My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It))"
The Barden Bellas
1:30

14.
"Cups ("When I'm Gone") [Campfire Version]"
The Barden Bellas
0:45

15.
"We Belong"

Rebel Wilson
Adam Devine

3:34

16.
"Any Way You Want It (World Championship Medley)"

Pentatonix
Filharmonic
The Cantasticos
The Singboks
Penn Masala

1:56

17.
"World Championship Finale 1 (My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)/All I Do Is Win)"
Das Sound Machine
2:01

18.
"World Championship Finale 2 (Run the World (Girls)/Where Them Girls At/Lady Marmalade/We Belong/Timber/Flashlight)"
The Barden Bellas
4:16

19.
"Crazy Youngsters"
Ester Dean
3:39

20.
"Heartbreak Dream"
Betty Who
3:38

21.
"Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley"
Mark Mothersbaugh
3:00

22.
"Flashlight"
Jessie J
3:29

23.
"All of Me (Bumper's Audition)"
Adam DeVine
1:27

24.
"Flashlight (Sweet Life Mix)"
Hailee Steinfeld
2:58

25.
"Any Way You Want It"
Pentatonix
2:30

26.
"Flashlight (Rebel Mix)"
Jessie J
3:41

27.
"Jungle"
The Barden Bellas
0:32

Total length:
70:38[29]

text:
Chart (2015)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[32]
3

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[33]
11

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[34]
144

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[35]
3

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[36]
12

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[37]
8

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[38]
26

Taiwanese Albums (Five Music)[39]
1

US Digital Albums (Billboard)[40]
1

US Billboard 200[41]
1

US Vinyl Albums (Billboard)[42]
1

text:
Chart (2015)
Position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[43]
27

US Billboard 200[44]
52

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on May 7, 2015 in Australia and New Zealand, and May 15 in the United States and Canada.[45]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A still from the rehearsals for the film was revealed on May 16, 2014.[46] The poster was released on November 18, 2014 and the trailer came out the following day. A second trailer was aired during the Super Bowl on February 1, 2015.[47]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Director Elizabeth Banks stated an additional performance by the Treblemakers was filmed specifically for the DVD release. Also included on the DVD will be deleted scenes.[48] On May 20, 2015, it was announced that FX Networks had acquired U.S. television broadcasting rights to the film.[49]

text: The Blu-ray and DVD editions of Pitch Perfect 2 were released on September 22, 2015 in the U.S.[50] with a Target-exclusive edition containing additional bonus features being released the same day.[51]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $184.2 million in North America and $103.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $287.5 million, against a budget of $29 million.[3] In its first five days, the film surpassed the total gross of the original ($115.4 million), and also overtook School of Rock ($131.3 million) for the highest grossing musical-comedy of all-time and the second greatest musical debut ever (behind Beauty and the Beast's $174.8 million in 2017).[4] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[52]

text: In the United States and Canada, Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $4.6 million from Thursday night showings and $27.8 million on its opening day, increasing the opening weekend projections from $40 million to $64 million.[53] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $69.2 million, finishing first at the box office.[54] The opening weekend gross was more than the entire North American total gross of the first film ($65 million), is the third biggest PG-13 comedy opening of all-time (behind The Simpsons Movie's $74 million in 2007 and Austin Powers in Goldmember's $73 million in 2002) and the highest grossing opening ever for a musical.[55]

text: Outside North America, the film opened at number one in Australia and New Zealand, earning $7.6 million and $1.2 million respectively.[56] The film grossed $22.1 million in Australia, $27.3 million in the United Kingdom and $2.7 million in New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Pitch Perfect 2 received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 183 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pitch Perfect 2 sings in sweet comedic harmony, even if it doesn't hit quite as many high notes as its predecessor."[57] On Metacritic, the film holds score of 63 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[58] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Pitch Perfect 2 an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Billboard Music Awards[edit]

text: 2016 Top Soundtrack (won)

text: Teen Choice Awards[edit]

text:
2015 Choice Movie: Comedy (won)
2015 Choice Movie Actor: Comedy (Skylar Astin, won)
2015 Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Anna Kendrick, won)
2015 Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Rebel Wilson, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Chemistry (Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow, won)
2015 Choice Movie: Liplock (Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Anna Kendrick, won)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Adam DeVine, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Green Bay Packers, nominated)
2015 Choice Movie: Scene Stealer (Hailee Steinfeld, nominated)

text: People's Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Favorite Movie (lost to Furious 7)
Favorite Comedic Movie (won)
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress (Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, both lost to Melissa McCarthy)

text: Kids Choice Awards[edit]

text:
Favorite Movie (lost to Star Wars: The Force Awakens)
Favorite Movie Actress (Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, lost to Jennifer Lawrence)

text: MTV Movie Awards[edit]

text:
Best Female Performance (Anna Kendrick, nominated)
Best Comedic Performance (Rebel Wilson, nominated)
Best Kiss (Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine, won)
Best Ensemble Cast (won)

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the film, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or any of the other cast members would also be reprising their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off," although nothing has been confirmed.[60]

text: Director, star, and producer Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film, saying, "I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3; the possibility of it. We are really focused on getting as many butts in seats for this one. If fans embrace it, we are going to seriously think about what the continuing journey would look like, but we don’t know what that is yet".[61]

text: On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, with Kay Cannon returning to write the script.[62] Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles, and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return.[5] Banks will also return to produce, but in June 2016 it was announced she would not be directing the film.[63]

text: The film was originally slated for a July 21, 2017 release, and was later pushed back to August 4, 2017 before moving back to the July 21 slot.[6] In May 2016 it was moved again, this time being pushed back to December 22, 2017.[64]

text: As of January 2, 2017, Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, Anna Camp, Brittany Snow, Ester Dean, Alexis Knapp, Hana Mae Lee, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, Hailee Steinfeld, Chrissie Fit, and Elizabeth Banks have been confirmed to be reprising their roles.[65][66]


document_title: History of warning labels in the US

question_text: when did tobacco companies start putting warning labels on cigarettes

root

text: History of warning labels in the US

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2012)

tag: table

text: The history of warning labels in the United States began in 1938 when the United States Congress passed a law mandating that food products have a list of ingredients on the label.[1]

tag: p

text: In 1966 the Federal government mandated that cigarette packs have a warning on them from the surgeon general. See Tobacco packaging warning messages. Congress voted in 1973 that products containing “toxic substances” must have labels. In 1985 there was a testimony that wanted record companies to put labels on music that contained sexual or violent lyrics. On March 29, 1990 warning labels were put on music products that contained potentially offensive lyrics; this was done with the agreement of the recording companies. In 1989, alcohol was required to have their surgeon general’s warning.

text: Several federal agencies are involved in the business of warning-labels, including the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI warning labels have been appeared since 1975 in rented movies warning people about video piracy.

text: Types of warning labels[edit]

text: There are three levels of warning, CAUTION, WARNING and DANGER:[2]

text:
Caution indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury.
Warning indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
Danger indicates an imminently hazardous situation that, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. This word is limited to the use in the most extreme situations.


document_title: History of Antarctica

question_text: who was the first person to set foot on antarctica

question_tokens: who was the first person to set foot on antarctica

text: History of Antarctica

text: Early exploration[edit]

text: The search for Terra Australis Incognita[edit]

text: In the Western world, belief in a Cold Land—a vast continent located in the far south of the globe to "balance" out the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed for centuries. Aristotle had postulated a symmetry of the earth, which meant that there would be equally habitable lands south of the known world. The Greeks suggested that these two hemispheres, north and south, were divided by a "belt of fire", due to the general observation that the climate got warmer and warmer the further south someone travelled, and no Europeans had gone past the equator to see that this was not the case.[citation needed]

text: It was not until Prince Henry the Navigator began in 1418 to encourage the penetration of the torrid zone in the effort to reach India by circumnavigating Africa that European exploration of the southern hemisphere began. In 1473 Portuguese navigator Lopes Gonçalves proved that the equator could be crossed, and cartographers and sailors began to assume the existence of another, temperate continent to the south of the known world.

text: The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist.

text: Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through the Straits of Magellan in 1520, assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land, and it appeared as such on a map by Ortelius: Terra australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita ("Southern land recently discovered but not yet fully known").[citation needed]

text: European geographers connected the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land or Third World was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. In 1599, according to the account of Jacob le Maire, the Dutch Dirck Gerritsz Pomp observed mountainous land at latitude (64°). If so, these were the South Shetland Islands, and possibly the first European sighting of Antarctica (or offshore-lying islands belonging to it). Other accounts, however, do not note this observation, casting doubt on their accuracy. It has been argued that the Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla claimed to have sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the 64° S in 1603, but this claim is not generally recognized.

text: Quirós in 1606 took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo (the New Hebrides) and those he would discover "even to the Pole".

text: Francis Drake like Spanish explorers before him had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. Indeed, when Schouten and Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land.

text: Finally, in 1642 Tasman showed that even New Holland (Australia) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent. Voyagers round the Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice-encumbered seas; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they did.

text: South of the Antarctic Convergence[edit]

text: The visit to South Georgia by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence.[1][2] Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ‘Roché Island’, honouring the discoverer.

text: James Cook was aware of la Roché's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775.[3]

text: Edmond Halley's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in 52° S in January 1700, but that latitude (he reached 140 mi off the north coast of South Georgia) was his farthest south. A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier to discover the "South Land" – described by a half legendary "sieur de Gonneyville" – resulted in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54°10′ S, and in the navigation of 48° of longitude of ice-cumbered sea nearly in 55° S in 1730 .

text: In 1771, Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of "a very large continent." He lighted upon a land in 50° S which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation, but which was ultimately named after him.[4]

text: The Antarctic Circle[edit]

text: The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple, the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook. Sailing in 1772 with the Resolution, a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and the Adventure of 336 tons under Captain Tobias Furneaux, Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island, then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58° S, and then 30° eastward for the most part south of 60° S, a higher southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67° 15' S by 39° 35' E, where their course was stopped by ice.

text: Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands, of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10° too far east and did not see it. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61° 52′ S by 95° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60° S to 147° E. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. In November 1773, Cook left New Zealand, having parted company with the Adventure, and reached 60° S by 177° W, whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed. The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days, being compelled after reaching 67° 31′ S to stand north again in 135° W.

text: A long detour to 47° 50′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego. Turning south again, Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109° 30′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71° 10′ S by 106° 54′ W. This point, reached on 30 January 1774, was the farthest south attained in the 18th century. With a great detour to the east, almost to the coast of South America, the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment. In November 1774, Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 53° and 57° S to Tierra del Fuego; then, passing Cape Horn on 29 December, he rediscovered Roché Island renaming it Isle of Georgia, and discovered the South Sandwich Islands (named Sandwich Land by him), the only ice-clad land he had seen, before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between 55° and 60°. He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent. Cook's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 60th parallel, and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and of no economic value.[4]

text: First sighting[edit]

text: Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen was one of the first to spot the continent of Antarctica. The first land south of the parallel 60° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith, who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819. A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago, landed on King George Island, and claimed the new territories for Britain.

text: The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica cannot be accurately attributed to one single person. It can, however, be narrowed down to three individuals. According to various sources,[5][6][7] three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other: Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; Edward Bransfield, a captain in the Royal Navy; and Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut.

text: It is certain that the expedition, led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny, reached on 28 January 1820 a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Princess Martha Coast and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722[8] that became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. On 30 January 1820, Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland, while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820. Von Bellingshausen's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island, the first islands to be discovered south of the circle.

text: Early Exploration[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The first landing on the Antarctic mainland, was according to the American Captain John Davis, a sealer, who claimed to have set foot there on 7 February 1821,[9] though this is not accepted by all historians.[citation needed]

text: In December 1821, Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer looking for seal breeding grounds, sighted what is now known as the Antarctic Peninsula, located between 55 and 80 degrees west. In 1823, James Weddell, a British sealer, sailed into what is now known as the Weddell Sea. Until, the twentieth century, most expeditions were for commercial purpose, to look for the prospects of seal and whale hunting. A piece of wood, from the South Shetland Islands, was the first fossil ever recorded from Antarctica, obtained during a private United States expedition during 1829-31, commanded by Captain Benjamin Pendleton.[10][11][12]

text: Charles Wilkes, as commander of a United States Navy expedition in 1840,[13] discovered what is now known as Wilkes Land, a section of the continent around 120 degrees East.

text: After the North Magnetic Pole was located in 1831, explorers and scientists began looking for the South Magnetic Pole. One of the explorers, James Clark Ross, a British naval officer, identified its approximate location, but was unable to reach it on his 4 year-expedition from 1839 to 1843. Commanding the British ships Erebus and Terror, he braved the pack ice and approached what is now known as the Ross Ice Shelf, a massive floating ice shelf over 100 feet (30 m) high. His expedition sailed eastward along the southern Antarctic coast discovering mountains which were since named after his ships: Mount Erebus, the most active volcano on Antarctica, and Mount Terror.[13]

text: The first documented landing on the mainland of East Antarctica was at Victoria Land by the American sealer Mercator Cooper on 26 January 1853.[14]

text: These explorers, despite their impressive contributions to South Polar exploration, were unable to penetrate the interior of the continent and, rather, formed a broken line of discovered lands along the coastline of Antarctica. What followed this period of Antarctic interest is what historian H.R. Mill called 'the age of averted interest'.[15] Following the expedition South by the ships Erebus and Terror under James Clark Ross (January, 1841), he suggested that there were no scientific discoveries, or 'problems', worth exploration in the far South.[15]

text: It is considered that Ross' influence, as well as the loss of the Franklin expedition in the Arctic, lead to disinterest in polar interest, particularly by the Royal Society - the organization that helped oversee many Arctic explorations, including those that would be made by Shackleton and Scott. However, in the following twenty years after Ross' return, there was a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration.[15]

text: Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration[edit]

text: The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration began at the end of the 19th century and closed with Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition in 1917.[16]

text: During this period the Antarctic continent became the focus of an international effort that resulted in intensive scientific and geographical exploration and in which 17 major Antarctic expeditions were launched from ten countries.[17]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The initial impetus for the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was a lecture given by Dr. John Murray entitled "The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration", given to the Royal geographical Society in London, November 27, 1893.[18] Murray advocated that research into the Antarctic should be organised to "resolve the outstanding geographical questions still posed in the south".[19] Furthermore, the Royal Geographic Society instated an Antarctic Committee shortly prior to this, in 1887, which successfully encouraged many whalers to explore the Southern regions of the world and laid the groundwork for the lecture given by Murray.[20]

text: The Norwegian ship Antarctic was put ashore at Cape Adare, on January 24, 1895.[21]

text: In August 1895 the Sixth International Geographical Congress in London passed a general resolution calling on scientific societies throughout the world to promote the cause of Antarctic exploration "in whatever ways seem to them most effective".[22] Such work would "bring additions to almost every branch of science".[22] The Congress had been addressed by the Norwegian Carsten Borchgrevink, who had just returned from a whaling expedition during which he had become one of the first to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. During his address, Borchgrevink outlined plans for a full-scale pioneering Antarctic expedition, to be based at Cape Adare.[23][24]

text: The Heroic Age was inaugurated by an expedition launched by the Belgian Geographical Society in 1897; Borchgrevink followed a year later with a privately sponsored British expedition.[25] (Some histories consider the Discovery expedition, which departed in 1901, as the first proper expedition of the Heroic Age.[26])

text: The Belgian Antarctic Expedition was led by Belgian Adrian de Gerlache. In 1898, they became the first men to spend winter on Antarctica, when their ship Belgica became trapped in the ice. They became stuck on 28 February 1898, and only managed to get out of the ice on 14 March 1899.

text: During their forced stay, several men lost their sanity, not only because of the Antarctic winter night and the endured hardship, but also because of the language problems between the different nationalities. This was the first expedition to overwinter within the Antarctic Circle,[27][28] and they visited the South Shetland Islands.[29]

text: Early British expeditions[edit]

text: The Southern Cross Expedition began in 1898 and lasted for two years. This was the first expedition to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland (Cape Adare) and was the first to make use of dogs and sledges. It made the first ascent of The Great Ice Barrier, (The Great Ice Barrier later became formally known as the Ross Ice Shelf). The expedition set a Farthest South record at 78°30'S. It also calculated the location of the South Magnetic Pole.[30][31]

text: The Discovery Expedition was then launched, from 1901–04 and was led by Robert Falcon Scott. It made the first ascent of the Western Mountains in Victoria Land, and discovered the polar plateau. Its southern journey set a new Farthest South record, 82°17'S. Many other geographical features were discovered, mapped and named. This was the first of several expeditions based in McMurdo Sound.[32][33][34]

text: A year later, the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition was launched, headed by William Speirs Bruce. 'Ormond House' was established as a meteorological observatory on Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and was the first permanent base in Antarctica. The Weddell Sea was penetrated to 74°01'S, and the coastline of Coats Land was discovered, defining the sea's eastern limits.[35][36][37]

text: Ernest Shackleton, who had been a member of Scott's expedition, organized and led the Nimrod Expedition from 1907 to 1909. The expedition's primary objective was of reaching the South Pole. Based in McMurdo Sound, the expedition pioneered the Beardmore Glacier route to the South Pole, and the (limited) use of motorised transport. Its southern march reached 88°23'S, a new Farthest South record 97 geographical miles from the Pole before having to turn back. During the expedition, Shackleton was the first to reach the polar plateau. Parties led by T. W. Edgeworth David also became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole.[38][39][40]

text: Expeditions from other countries[edit]

text: The First German Antarctic Expedition was sent to investigate eastern Antarctica in 1901. It discovered the coast of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, and Mount Gauss. The expedition's ship became trapped in ice, however, which prevented more extensive exploration.[41][42][43]

text: The Swedish Antarctic Expedition, operating at the same time worked in the east coastal area of Graham Land, and was marooned on Snow Hill Island and Paulet Island in the Weddell Sea, after the sinking of its expedition ship. It was rescued by the Argentinian naval vessel Uruguay.[44][45][46]

text: The French organized their first expedition in 1903 under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Charcot. Originally intended as a relief expedition for the stranded Nordenskiöld party, the main work of this expedition was the mapping and charting of islands and the western coasts of Graham Land, on the Antarctic peninsula. A section of the coast was explored, and named Loubet Land after the President of France.[47][48][49]

text: A follow up trip was organized from 1908–10 which continued the earlier work of the French expedition with a general exploration of the Bellingshausen Sea, and the discovery of islands and other features, including Marguerite Bay, Charcot Island, Renaud Island, Mikkelsen Bay, Rothschild Island.[50]

text: Race to the Pole[edit]

text: The prize of the Heroic age was to reach the South Pole. Two expeditions set off in 1910 to attain this goal; a party led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram and Robert Falcon Scott's British group from the Terra Nova.

text: Amundsen succeeded in reaching the Pole on 14 December 1911 using a route from the Bay of Whales to the polar plateau via the Axel Heiberg Glacier.[51][52][53]

text: Scott and his four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole, through a combination of starvation and cold.[54] The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was later named after these two men.

text: Further expeditions[edit]

text: The Australasian Antarctic Expedition took place between 1911-1914 and was led by Sir Douglas Mawson. It concentrated on the stretch of Antarctic coastline between Cape Adare and Mount Gauss, carrying out mapping and survey work on coastal and inland territories.

text: Discoveries included Commonwealth Bay, Ninnis Glacier, Mertz Glacier, and Queen Mary Land. Major accomplishments were made in geology, glaciology and terrestrial biology.[55]

text: The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914-1917 was led by Ernest Shackleton and set out to cross the continent via the South pole. However, their ship, the Endurance, was trapped and crushed by pack ice in the Weddell Sea before they were able to land. The expedition members survived after a journey on sledges over pack ice, a prolonged drift on an ice-floe, and a voyage in three small boats to Elephant Island. Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean in an open boat called James Caird and made the first crossing of South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken.[56]

text: A related component of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition was the Ross Sea party, led by Aeneas Mackintosh. Its objective was to lay depots across the Great Ice Barrier, in order to supply Shackleton's party crossing from the Weddell Sea. All the required depots were laid, but in the process three men, including the leader Mackintosh, lost their lives.[57]

text: Shackleton's last expedition and the one that brought the 'Heroic Age' to a close, was the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition from 1921-1922 on board the ship Quest. Its vaguely defined objectives included coastal mapping, a possible continental circumnavigation, the investigation of sub-Antarctic islands, and oceanographic work. After Shackleton's death on 5 January 1922, Quest completed a shortened programme before returning home.| [58]

text: Further exploration[edit]

text: By air[edit]

text: After Shackleton's last expedition, there was a hiatus in Antarctic exploration for about seven years. From 1929, aircraft and mechanized transportation were increasingly used, earning this period the sobriquet of the 'Mechanical Age'. Hubert Wilkins first visited Antarctica in 1921-1922 as an ornithologist attached to the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition. From 1927, Wilkins and pilot Carl Ben Eielson began exploring the Arctic by aircraft.[59]

text: On 15 April 1928, only a year after Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic, Wilkins and Eielson made a trans-Arctic crossing from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Spitsbergen, arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April, touching along the way at Grant Land on Ellesmere Island.[60] For this feat and his prior work, Wilkins was knighted.

text: With financial backing from William Randolph Hearst, Wilkins returned to the South Pole and flew over Antarctica in the San Francisco. He named the island of Hearst Land after his sponsor.

text: US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd led five expeditions to Antarctica during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on November 28 and 29, 1929, to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926. Byrd's explorations had science as a major objective and extensively used the aircraft to explore the continent.

text: Captain Finn Ronne, Byrd's executive officer, returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947–1948, with Navy support, three planes, and dogs. Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent, i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected.[61] The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline, and identified the Ronne Ice Shelf, named by Ronne after his wife Edith Ronne.[62] Ronne covered 3,600 miles by ski and dog sled—more than any other explorer in history.[63]

text: Overland crossing[edit]

text: The 1955–58 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica, via the South Pole. Although supported by the British and other Commonwealth governments, most of the funding came from corporate and individual donations.

text: It was headed by British explorer Dr Vivian Fuchs, with New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary leading the New Zealand Ross Sea Support team. After spending the winter of 1957 at Shackleton Base, Fuchs finally set out on the transcontinental journey in November 1957, with a twelve-man team travelling in six vehicles; three Sno-Cats, two Weasels and one specially adapted Muskeg tractor. On route, the team were also tasked with carrying out scientific research including seismic soundings and gravimetric readings.

text: In parallel Hillary's team had set up Scott Base – which was to be Fuchs' final destination – on the opposite side of the continent at McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea. Using three converted Massey Ferguson TE20 tractors[64] and one Weasel (abandoned part-way), Hillary and his three men (Ron Balham, Peter Mulgrew and Murray Ellis), were responsible for route-finding and laying a line of supply depots up the Skelton Glacier and across the Polar Plateau on towards the South Pole, for the use of Fuchs on the final leg of his journey. Other members of Hillary's team carried out geological surveys around the Ross Sea and Victoria Land areas.

text: Hillary's party reached the South Pole on January 3, 1958, and was just the third (preceded by Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912) to reach the Pole overland. Fuchs' team reached the Pole from the opposite direction on 19 January 1958, where they met up with Hillary. Fuchs then continued overland, following the route that Hillary had laid and on 2 March succeeded in reaching Scott Base, completing the first overland crossing of the continent by land via the South Pole.[13]

text: Political history[edit]

text: British claims[edit]

text: The United Kingdom reasserted sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the far South Atlantic in 1833 and maintained a continuous presence there. In 1908, the British government extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over "South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, and the Sandwich Islands, and Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude".[65] All these territories were administered as Falkland Islands Dependencies from Stanley by the Governor of the Falkland Islands. The motivation for this declaration lay in the need for regulating and taxing the whaling industry effectively. Commercial operators would hunt whales in areas outside of the official boundaries of the Falkland Islands and its dependencies and there was a need to close this loophole.

text: In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole (thus encompassing all of the present-day British Antarctic Territory). The new claim covered "all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude".[65]

text: Under the ambition of Leopold Amery, the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Britain attempted to incorporate the entire continent into the Empire. In a memorandum to the governor-generals for Australia and New Zealand, he wrote that 'with the exception of Chile and Argentina and some barren islands belonging to France... it is desirable that the whole of the Antarctic should ultimately be included in the British Empire.'

text: The first step was taken on 30 July 1923, when the British government passed an Order in Council under the British Settlements Act 1887, defining the new borders for the Ross Dependency - "that part of His Majesty's Dominions in the Antarctic Seas, which comprises all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency."

text: The Order in Council then went on to appoint the Governor-General and Commander-in Chief of New Zealand as the Governor of the territory.[66]

text: In 1930, the United Kingdom claimed Enderby Land. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160° E and 45° E to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory.[67][68]

text: Following the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the government of the United Kingdom relinquished all control over the government of New Zealand and Australia. This however had no bearing on the obligations of the Governor-General of both countries in their capacity as Governor of the Antarctic territories.

text: Other European claims[edit]

text: Meanwhile, alarmed by these unilateral declarations, the French government laid claim to a strip of the continent in 1924. The basis for their claim to Adélie Land lay on the discovery of the coastline in 1840 by the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville, who named it after his wife, Adèle.[69] The British eventually decided to recognize this claim and the border between Adélie Land and Australian Antarctic Territory was fixed definitively in 1938.[70]

text: These developments also concerned Norwegian whaling interests, who wished to avoid the British taxation of whaling stations in the Antarctic and were concerned that they would be commercially excluded from the continent. The whale-ship owner Lars Christensen financed several expeditions to the Antarctic with the view to claim land for Norway and establish stations on Norwegian territory to gain better privileges.[71] The first expedition, led by Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad, landed on Peter I Island in 1929 and claimed the island for Norway. On 6 March 1931, a Norwegian royal proclamation declared the island under Norwegian sovereignty[71] and on 23 March 1933 the island was declared a dependency.[72]

text: The 1929 expedition led by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen and Finn Lützow-Holm named the continental land mass near the island as Queen Maud Land, named after the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales.[73] The territory was explored further during the Norvegia expedition of 1930–31.[74] Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20°W.[74]

text: Norway's claim was disputed by Nazi Germany,[75] which in 1938 dispatched the German Antarctic Expedition, led by Alfred Ritscher, to fly over as much of it as possible.[74] The ship Schwabenland reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939.[76] During the expedition, an area of about 350,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi) was photographed from the air by Ritscher,[77] who dropped darts inscribed with swastikas every 26 kilometres (16 mi). Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name New Swabia, but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the Second World War.[75]

text: On 14 January 1939, five days prior to the German arrival, Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway,[73] after a royal decree announced that the land bordering the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the west and the Australian Antarctic Dependency in the east was to be brought under Norwegian sovereignty.[74] The primary basis for the annexation was to secure the Norwegian whaling industry's access to the region.[73][78] In 1948, Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to from 20°W to 45°E, and that the Bruce Coast and Coats Land were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory.[74]

text: South American involvement[edit]

text: This encroachment of foreign powers was a matter of immense disquiet to the nearby South American countries, Argentina and Chile. Taking advantage of a European continent plunged into turmoil with the onset of the Second World War, Chile's president, Pedro Aguirre Cerda declared the establishment of a Chilean Antarctic Territory in areas already claimed by Britain.

text: Argentina had an even longer history of involvement in the Continent. Already in 1904 the Argentine government began a permanent occupation in the area with the purchase of a meteorological station on Laurie Island established in 1903 by Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Bruce offered to transfer the station and instruments for the sum of 5.000 pesos, on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.[79] British officer William Haggard also sent a note to the Argentine Foreign Minister, Jose Terry, ratifying the terms of Bruce proposition.[79]

text: In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on South Orkney Islands. However, Haggard responded by reminding Argentina that the South Orkneys were British. The British position was that Argentine personnel was granted permission only for the period of one year. The Argentine government entered into negotiations with the British in 1913 over the possible transfer of the island. Although these talks were unsuccessful, Argentina attempted to unilaterally establish their sovereignty with the erection of markers, national flags and other symbols. [80] Finally, with British attention elsewhere, Argentina declared the establishment of Argentine Antarctica in 1943, claiming territory that overlapped with British ( 20°W to 80°W) and the earlier Chilean (53°W to 90°W) claims.

text: In response to this and earlier German explorations, the British Admiralty and Colonial Office launched Operation Tabarin in 1943 to reassert British territorial claims against Argentine and Chilean incursion and establish a permanent British presence in the Antarctic.[81] The move was also motivated by concerns within the Foreign Office about the direction of United States post-war activity in the region.

text: A suitable cover story was the need to deny use of the area to the enemy. The Kriegsmarine was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points and as shelters for commerce raiders, U-boats and supply ships. Also, in 1941, there existed a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the Falkland Islands, either as a base or to hand them over to Argentina, thus gaining political advantage for the Axis and denying their use to Britain.

text: In 1943, British personnel from HMS Carnarvon Castle[82] removed Argentine flags from Deception Island. The expedition was led by Lieutenant James Marr and left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and Fitzroy, on Saturday January 29, 1944.

text: Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. Symbols of British sovereignty, including post offices, signposts and plaques were also constructed and postage stamps were issued.

text: Operation Tabarin provoked Chile to organize its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947-48, where the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla personally inaugurated one of its bases.[83]

text: Following the end of the war in 1945, the British bases were handed over to civilian members of the newly created Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (subsequently the British Antarctic Survey) the first such national scientific body to be established in Antarctica.

text: Post war developments[edit]

text: Friction between Britain and the Latin American states continued into the post war period. Royal Navy warships were despatched in 1948 to prevent naval incursions and in 1952, an Argentine shore party at Hope Bay (the British Base "D", established there in 1945, came up against the Argentine Esperanza Base, est. 1952) fired a machine gun over the heads of a British Antarctic Survey team unloading supplies from the John Biscoe. The Argentines later extended a diplomatic apology, saying that there had been a misunderstanding and that the Argentine military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority.

text: The United States became politically interested in the Antarctic continent before and during WWII. The United States Antarctic Service Expedition, from 1939-1941, was sponsored by the government with additional support came from donations and gifts by private citizens, corporations and institutions. The objectives of the Expedition, outlined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was to establish two bases: East Base, in the vicinity of Charcot Island, and West Base, in the vicinity of King Edward VII Land. After operating successfully for two years, but with international tensions on the rise, it was considered wise to evacuate the two bases.[84] However,

text: Immediately after the war, American interest was rekindled with an explicitly geopolitical motive. Operation Highjump, from 1946-1947 was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd Jr. and included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and multiple aircraft. The primary mission of Operation Highjump was to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV,[85] for the purpose of training personnel and testing equipment in frigid conditions and amplifying existing stores of knowledge of hydrographic, geographic, geological, meteorological and electromagnetic propagation conditions in the area. The mission was also aimed at consolidating and extending United States sovereignty over the largest practicable area of the Antarctic continent, although this was publicly denied as a goal even before the expedition ended.

text: Towards an international treaty[edit]

text: Meanwhile, in an attempt at ending the impasse, Britain submitted an application to the International Court of Justice in 1955 to adjudicate between the territorial claims of Britain, Argentina and Chile. This proposal failed, as both Latin American countries rejected submitting to an international arbitration procedure.[86]

text: Negotiations towards the establishment of an international condominium over the continent first began in 1948, involving the 7 claimant powers (Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway, Chile and Argentina) and the US. This attempt was aimed at excluding the Soviet Union from the affairs of the continent and rapidly fell apart when the USSR declared an interest in the region, refused to recognize any claims of sovereignty and reserved the right to make its own claims in 1950.[86]

text: An important impetus toward the formation of the Antarctic Treaty System in 1959, was the International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. This year of international scientific cooperation triggered an 18-month period of intense Antarctic science. More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort. The British established Halley Research Station in 1956 by an expedition from the Royal Society. Sir Vivian Fuchs headed the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, which completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica in 1958. In Japan, the Japan Maritime Safety Agency offered ice breaker Sōya as the South Pole observation ship and Showa Station was built as the first Japanese observation base on Antarctica.

text: France contributed with Dumont d'Urville Station and Charcot Station in Adélie Land. The ship Commandant Charcot of the French Navy spent nine months of 1949/50 at the coast of Adelie Land, performing ionospheric soundings.[87] The US erected the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station as the first permanent structure directly over the South Pole in January 1957.[88]

text: Finally, to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region, the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.[89]

text: Recent history[edit]

text: A baby, named Emilio Marcos de Palma, was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born farther south than anyone in history.[90]

text: On 28 November 1979, an Air New Zealand DC-10 on a sightseeing trip crashed into Mount Erebus on Ross Island, killing all 257 people on board.

text: In 1991 a convention among member nations of the Antarctic Treaty on how to regulate mining and drilling was proposed. Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke and French Prime Minister Michel Rocard led a response to this convention that resulted in the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, now known as the Madrid Protocol. All mineral extraction was banned for 50 years and the Antarctic was set aside as a "natural reserve, devoted to peace and science".[91]

text: Børge Ousland, a Norwegian explorer, finished the first unassisted Antarctic solo crossing on January 18, 1997.

text: On 23 November 2007, the MS Explorer struck an iceberg and sank, but all on board were rescued by nearby ships, including a passing Norwegian cruise ship, the MS Nordnorge.

text: Women in Antarctica[edit]

text: Women were originally kept from exploring Antarctica until well into the 1950s. A few pioneering women visited the Antarctic land and waters prior to the 1950s and many women requested to go on early expeditions, but were turned away.[92] Early pioneers such as Louise Séguin[93] and Ingrid Christensen were some of the first women to see Antarctic waters.[94] Christensen was the first woman to set foot on the mainland of Antarctica.[94] The first women to have any fanfare about their Antarctic journeys were Caroline Mikkelsen who set foot on an island of Antarctica in 1935,[95] and Jackie Ronne and Jennie Darlington who were the first women to over-winter in Antarctica in 1947.[96] The first woman scientist to work in Antarctica was Maria Klenova in 1956.[97] Silvia Morella de Palma was the first woman to give birth in Antarctica, delivering 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz) Emilio Palma at the Argentine Esperanza base 7 January 1978.

text: Women faced legal barriers and sexism that prevented most from visiting Antarctica and doing research until the late 1960s. The United States Congress banned American women from traveling to Antarctica until 1969.[98] Women were often excluded because it was thought that they could not handle the extreme temperatures or crisis situations.[99] The first woman from the British Antarctic Survey to go to Antarctica was Janet Thomson in 1983 who described the ban on women as a "rather improper segregation."[100][101]

text: Once women were allowed in Antarctica, they still had to fight against sexism and sexual harassment.[102][103] However, a tipping point was reached in the mid 1990s when it became the new normal that women were part of Antarctic life.[104] Women began to see a change as more and more women began working and researching in Antarctica.[105]


document_title: Ross Martin

question_text: what happened to ross martin on the wild wild west

text: Ross Martin

text: Early life[edit]

text: Martin was born to a Polish Jewish family in Gródek, Poland. He and his parents emigrated to New York City when he was an infant.[1] Recorded as Izak and Sara Rosenblat and infant son Marcus, they boarded the steamship New Rochelle at Danzig, which was then a Free City under the League of Nations; the ship sailed on 29 August 1920 and arrived at the Port of New York on 18 September. As they were steerage passengers they were obliged to go to Ellis Island to undergo U.S. Immigrant Inspection. They settled in The Bronx. Martin spoke Polish, Yiddish and some Russian before learning English and later added French, Spanish and Italian to his repertoire.

text: Martin attended City College of New York where he graduated magna cum laude. He later earned a law degree from George Washington University.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Despite academic training in business, instruction, and law, Martin chose a career in acting. He was partners in a comedy team with Bernie West for several years, then appeared on many radio and live TV broadcasts before making his Broadway debut in Hazel Flagg in 1953.

text: Martin's first film was the George Pal 1955 production Conquest of Space, followed by a brief but memorable appearance in The Colossus of New York (1958), as the scientist father of Charles Herbert. In 1959, Martin appeared in the episode "Echo" on Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond. He appeared in two 1959 episodes of David Janssen's crime drama series, Richard Diamond, Private Detective. Soon after, he caught the eye of Blake Edwards, who cast him in a number of widely varied roles; as Sal in the 1959 Peter Gunn episode "The Fuse", his breakout role as the comic sidekick Andamo in the 1959 CBS drama series Mr. Lucky, the asthmatic kidnapper Red Lynch in the 1962 thriller Experiment in Terror, culminating with a role in The Great Race, as the smoothly villainous Baron Rolfe Von Stuppe. He was also a regular on Stump the Stars from 1962-1963.

text: The Wild Wild West[edit]

text: After his performance in The Great Race, CBS cast Martin in what was to become his most famous part, Secret Service agent Artemus Gordon in The Wild Wild West, opposite Robert Conrad. The Artemus Gordon character was a master gadgeteer and disguise artist, and these attributes fitted Martin perfectly. Martin himself created most of his disguises for the show, and most of the cast had no idea what he would look like until seeing him during the shooting of the episode. The recent DVD release of the first season of the series includes a recently discovered pre-production sketch Martin had made of his very first make-up design for the pilot episode. Another episode revealed another of Martin's talents: he was a concert-trained violinist.

text: In 1968, Martin broke his leg and then suffered a near-fatal heart attack, forcing The Wild Wild West to replace him with other actors, including Charles Aidman, William Schallert and Alan Hale, Jr for nine episodes. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, for the fourth and final season of The Wild Wild West. The series was cancelled in 1969 in the midst of a national controversy over violence on television.[2]

text: Later career[edit]

text: After The Wild, Wild West ended, Martin continued his career in various guest roles on television and in roles in television films. In 1970, Martin portrayed Alexander Hamilton in the NBC television special Swing Out, Sweet Land, hosted by John Wayne. He also appeared in a 1970 episode of The Immortal ("White Elephants Don't Grow on Trees"). The following year, Martin tried his hand at directing. He guest starred in the 1971 episode of Columbo entitled "Suitable For Framing", as a murderous art critic and also a 1971 episode of Love, American Style, which he also directed. Martin directed another episode of the series in 1973. Later that same year, he appeared as the famed Asian detective Charlie Chan in The Return of Charlie Chan. He made a guest appearance on Barnaby Jones in 1974, and also lent his voice to an episode of Wait Till Your Father Gets Home later that year.

text: In 1976, Martin returned to the stage as John Adams in a touring production of the musical 1776.[3] In 1978, he did more voice work for the animated series Jana of the Jungle. He reprised the role of Artemus Gordon in two Wild, Wild West television movies: The Wild Wild West Revisited in 1979 and More Wild Wild West in 1980. He had a five-episode recurring role as kumu mobster Tony Alika on Hawaii Five-O from 1978-79. In 1980 Martin appeared in the third season of The Love Boat as Tom Thorton.[4] Martin's final role was in the 1983 television movie I Married Wyatt Earp. The film aired two years after his death.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Martin married his first wife, Muriel Weiss, in 1941. They had one child together, a daughter, Phyllis Rosenblatt (a New York artist). Weiss died from cancer in 1965. (Martin and Weiss were separated at the time of her death.)

text: In 1967, Martin married Olavee Lucile Parsons (a successful model and documentary director) and adopted her two children, Rebecca (Martin) Schacht and George Martin. Martin and Parsons remained married until Martin's death in 1981. She died in 2002.

text: Death[edit]

text: On July 3, 1981, Martin suffered a fatal heart attack after a game of tennis at a club in Ramona, California.[1] It was not unexpected; Martin had known that he had a serious heart condition since he first suffered a heart attack at the age of 48 in 1968.

text: He is interred in Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.

text: TV and filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1949
Lights Out

Episode: "I Dreamt I Died"

1950
Lights Out

Episode: "A Toast to Sergeant Farnsworth"

1950
Lights Out

Episode: "The Gloves of Gino"

1951
Lights Out

Episode: "The Man with the Astrakhan Hat"

1950
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "The Case of Lupo the Wolf"

1950
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "The Case of the Uncovered Convict"

1950
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "Episode #1.13"

1952
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "The Case of the Violent Artist"

1952
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "The Case of the Undercut Lace"

1953
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "The Case of the Deadly Secret"

1954
Treasury Men in Action
Agent
Episode: "The Case of the Hush Money"

1951
Somerset Maugham TV Theatre

Episode: "Appearances and Reality"

1952
Goodyear Television Playhouse

Episode: "The Cipher"

1953
Suspense

Episode: "Needle in a Haystack"

1953
Suspense

Episode: "The Riddle of Mayerling"

1954
The Web

Episode: "The Hunted"

1954-56
The Big Story
William Fernandez
3 episodes

1955-57
Modern Romances'

6 episodes

1955
Conquest of Space
Andre Fodor

1956
Sheriff of Cochise

Episode: "The Check Artist"

1957
The Alcoa Hour
Tony
Episode: "A Double Life"

1958
Underwater Warrior
Sgt. Joe O'Brien
Movie, early frogman

1958
The Colossus of New York
Dr. Jeremy 'Jerry' Spensser
Movie, brilliant scientist

1958
The Court of Last Resort
Phillip Huston
Episode: "The Phillip Huston Case"

1958
Gunsmoke
Dan Clell
Episode: "Bottleman"

1958
The Walter Winchell File
Buckner
Episode: "Portrait of a Cop: File #27"

1959
Naked City
Carlo
Episode: "Ten Cent Dreams"

1959
Sea Hunt
Finch
Episode: "The Dam"

1959
Sea Hunt
USCG Captain Stevens
Episode: "The Briefcase"

1959
Steve Canyon
Aly Brahma
Episode: "Room 313"

1959
One Step Beyond
Paul Marlin
Episode: "Echo"

1959-60
Mr. Lucky
Andamo
34 episodes

1960
Laramie
Angel
Episode: "A Sound of Bells"

1960
The Twilight Zone
Johnny
Episode: "The Four of Us Are Dying"

1961
The Law and Mr. Jones
Frank Brody
Episode: "The Enemy"

1961
87th Precinct
Joe Czepreghi
Episode: "Occupation: Citizen"

1961
Zorro (1957 TV series)
Marcos Estrada
Episode: "Auld Acquaintance"

1962
Experiment in Terror
Garland Humphrey 'Red' Lynch

1962
Geronimo
Mangus

1963
Wagon Train
Sam Pulaski
Episode: "The Sam Pulaski Story"

1963
The Twilight Zone
Lt. Ted Mason
Episode: "Death Ship Episode #108"

1963
Bonanza
Nick Biancci
Episode: "Little Man... Ten Feet Tall"

1963
The Ceremony
Le Caq

1964
Vacation Playhouse
Claudie Hughes
Episode: "I and Claudie"

1965
The Man from Button Willow
Andy Svenson
Voice

1965
The Great Race
Baron Rolfe von Stuppe

1965-69
The Wild Wild West
Artemus Gordon
95 episodes

1970
The Immortal
Eddie Yoman
Episode: " White Elephants Don't Grow on Trees"

1970
Swing Out, Sweet Land
Alexander Hamilton
Television special

1971
The Sheriff
Larry Walters
Television movie

1971
Columbo
Dale Kingston
Episode: "Suitable for Framing"

1971
Night Gallery
Mr. Gingold
Episode: "Camera Obscura"

1972
The F.B.I.
George Barrows
Episode: "The Wizard"

1972
ABC Afterschool Special
Stan
Episode: "The Last of the Curlews"

1972
The Crooked Hearts
Sgt. Daniel Shane
Television movie

1973
Tenafly
Grady Hall
Episode: "Joyride to Nowhere"

1973
Ironside
Arthur Damien
Episode: "Mind for Murder"

1973
Night Gallery
Bradley Meredith
Episode: "The Other Way Out"

1974
Skyway to Death
Martin Leonard
Television movie

1974
Barnaby Jones
Maxwell Imry
Episode: "Friends Till Death"

1975
The Invisible Man
Amb Diego Devega
Episode: "The Fine Art of Diplomacy"

1975
Ellery Queen
Dr. Otis Tremaine
Episode: " The Adventure of the Pharaoh's Curse"

1976
Gemini Man
Carl Victor
Episode: "Minotaur"

1976
Sanford and Son
Aram
Episode: "California Crude"

1977
Blansky's Beauties
Sheik Ben-Ali
Episode: "Nancy Goes Sheik"

1977
Charlie's Angels
Dr. Perine
Episode: "Unidentified Flying Angels"

1978
Quark
Zorgon the Malevolent
2 episodes "All the Emperor's Quasi-Norms, Parts 1 & 2"

1978
Vega$
Werner Worthmeyer
Episode: "Mother Mishkin"

1978-79
Hawaii Five-O
Tony Alika
5 episodes

1978
Wild and Wooly
Otis Bergen
TV movie

1979
The Return of Mod Squad
Buck Prescott
Television movie

1979
The Seekers
Supply Pleasant
Television movie

1979
The Wild Wild West Revisited
Artemus Gordon
Television movie

1980
The Love Boat
Tom Thornton
Episode: "April's Love/Happy Ending/We Three"

1980
Fantasy Island
Ace Scanlon
Episode: "The Devil and Mandy Breem/The Millionaire"

1980
More Wild Wild West
Artemus Gordon
Television movie

1981
Mork & Mindy
Godfrey
Episode: "Mork and the Bum Rap"

1983
I Married Wyatt Earp
Jacob Spiegler
Television movie
Released posthumously, (final film role)

text: He also played "Sal Matzi" on "The Fuse", the January 5, 1959 episode of "Peter Gunn".


document_title: Grown Ups (film)

question_text: who plays rob schneider wife in grown ups

text: Grown Ups (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, whom they nickname "Buzzer" (Blake Clark), encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three children—daughter Becky (Alexys Nicole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, but is disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke "Maize!" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.

text: The friends each find out that Buzzer has died, and reunite at their hometown with their families, a first in the three decades. Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral, Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan, forcing Lenny to retreat. While at the lake house, he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors, and pushes them to play outside along with his friend's children. At a local restaurant, Lenny talks to his old nemesis, Dickie (Colin Quinn), who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match, where his shot shouldn't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line. With this, Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch, but he declines when commenting on Dickie's health. The next day, Buzzer's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed, lamenting his failed marriages, and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages. After having to deal with Jasmine, he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing. After joking on Rob, the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time, but the arrow pierces his foot when it flies back down. Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize-covered poultice. That night, Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup-phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the "Tooth Fairy" when Becky listens in. Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had, Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup-phone network in the house.

text: Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. Rob kicks a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters. Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue, and chaos results when the urine is revealed. The spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman, but he is laughed off when revealed to have a high-pitched voice. Later, Lenny and the group go to the zip line and meet Dickie again, this time with his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley (Steve Buscemi), who overshoots the swimming pool sliding down the zip line by his feet, and slams into a shopping kiosk. He is hospitalized as a result. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game-deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and Wiley (who is still paralyzed) gets his foot impaled by the arrow.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder

Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny

Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff

Andrew Bayard as Young Eric

Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie

Jameel McGill as Young Kurt

David Spade as Marcus "Higgy" Higgins

Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus

Rob Schneider as Rob "Carrot" Hilliard

Joshua Matz as Young Rob

text: The Feder family[edit]

text:
Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder
Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder
Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder
Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder

text: The Lamonsoff family[edit]

text:
Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff
Ada-Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff
Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff

text: The McKenzie family[edit]

text:
Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie
Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie
China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie

text: The Hilliard family[edit]

text:
Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard
Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard
Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan
Blake Clark as Coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando
Victoria Cyr, Niece of Coach Buzzer[3]
Di Quon as Rita
Steve Buscemi as Wiley
Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey

Hunter Silva as Young Dickie

Lisa M. (Seitz) Francis as Bailey's wife
Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo
Ebony Jo-Ann as Mama Ronzoni
Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy
Tim Herlihy as Pastor
Norm Macdonald as Geezer
Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux

Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux

Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million.[1] Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars.[5][6] The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9]

text: Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity."[10] Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank." Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it.[11] Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage."[12] On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable."[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost the trophy to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up.[14] Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews[15] but was still a box office hit.[16]


document_title: Beyond the Sea (song)

question_text: who sings beyond the sea in finding nemo

text: Beyond the Sea (song)

text: Versions[edit]

text:
"Beyond the Sea"

Single by Bobby Darin

from the album That's All

B-side
"That's the Way Love Is"

Released
October 1959

Recorded
August 24, 1958

Genre
Big band

Length
2:48

Label
Atco 6158

Songwriter(s)
Jack Lawrence/Charles Trenet

Bobby Darin singles chronology

"Mack the Knife"
(1959)
"Beyond the Sea"
(1959)
"Clementine"
(1960)

"Mack the Knife"
(1959)
"Beyond the Sea"
(1959)
"Clementine"
(1960)

text: It has been recorded by many artists, but Bobby Darin's version released in late 1959 is the best known by many, reaching No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 15 on the US R&B Chart, and No. 8 in the UK Singles Chart.[2] in early 1960.

text: Before Bobby Darin's, two recordings reached the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. Benny Goodman's version charted in 1948, and was featured in the Cary Grant/Betsy Drake romantic comedy Every Girl Should Be Married. Roger Williams' recording reached No. 37 in 1955.[3]

text: Deana Martin recorded Beyond the Sea in 2013. The song was released on her album, Destination Moon, in 2013 by Big Fish Records.

text: American R&B singer George Benson recorded an R&B version of the song under the title "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)." It was released on Warner Bros. This version entered the UK Singles Chart on 20 April 1985. It reached a peak position of no. 60 and remained on the chart for three weeks.[4]

text: The first recording of Beyond the Sea was by Harry James and His Orchestra on December 22, 1947 and the first recording of La Mer was by French jazz musician Roland Gerbeau in December 1945.

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Django Reinhardt
Gisele MacKenzie
James Melton (1952)
Kevin Spacey recorded this for the 2004 biopic of Bobby Darin, Beyond the Sea, in which he played the lead role.
Mantovani
Ray Conniff (1962)
Helen Shapiro on her album A Teenager in Love (1963)
The Sandpipers (on the album Guantanamera as "La Mer (Beyond the Sea)", 1965)
Frank Sinatra (1966)
George Benson (1984)[5]
We Five released a version in 1965 as the B-side of the no. 1 hit "You Were on My Mind".
Royal Crown Revue recorded it in 1998 on the Mugsy's Move album.
Robbie Williams released a version of the song on his album Swing When You're Winning in 2001, which was used in the ending credits for the 2003 Disney·Pixar animated film Finding Nemo.
Will Young winner of Pop Idol performed the song in the semi-final in 2002. Young also recorded the song for the Pop Idol: The Big Band Album featuring The Big Blue.
Westlife released a version of the song as a digital download release in the UK in 2004.
Barry Manilow released a version on his 2006 album, The Greatest Songs of the Fifties.
Beegie Adair released a version on her 2009 album, Parisian Cafe with David Davidson, violin.
Rod Stewart released a version on his 2010 album, Fly Me to the Moon... The Great American Songbook Volume V.
Celtic Woman released a version on two of their albums, A New Journey and The Greatest Journey: Essential Collection.
Kathryn Williams sang it as the title song for the BBC television series The Café, first screened on Sky 1 in 2011.
Damian McGinty sang his version on the final episode of The Glee Project in August 2011, thus winning a 17 episode arc on the television show Glee.
Jeff Lynne recorded a version for his solo album Long Wave in 2012.
Bobby Caldwell
Pablo Bubar[6] reintroduced "Beyond the Sea" in one of the musical romance sketches of "Pablo the Romantic" from Boom Town, broadcast by BBC Three (UK, 2013). This version included the piano music of Ross Leadbeater.[7]
Deana Martin recorded "Beyond the Sea" on her 2013 album Destination Moon.
Matt Belsante released a version on his 2008 album Blame It on My Youth.
Harry James – Columbia 38134 (1948)

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Bobby Darin's recording has been used in films, TV shows, and video games, including:

text:
A Life Less Ordinary,
Apollo 13,
Austin Powers in Goldmember,
The X-Files,
BioShock,
Black Rain,
Diner,
Finding Nemo,
Finding Dory,
Goodfellas,
Lost,
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane,
White Collar,
The Blacklist.

text: Kevin Spacey sang the song in the movie Beyond the Sea, a biopic about Bobby Darin, in a "fantasy" sequence leading up to his marriage to Sandra Dee.

text: Robbie Williams sang a version in the closing credits of Finding Nemo.

text: Beyond the Sea is the third episode of Generator Rex, the tile character meets a pretty E.V.O. girl called Circe and the two soon forge a connection.