document_title: List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes

question_text: when is the last episode of the have and the have nots

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)11"The Big Surprise"May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)1.77[7]
The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim, but as he arrives, he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress, Candace, has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities.
22"Playing in the Deep End"May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)1.81[7]
Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family's home, but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda.
33"Beautifully Dysfunctional"June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04)1.47[8]
Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim's career in jeopardy.
44"Entering the Race"June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)1.31[9]
After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor, Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media. Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door.
55"A Woman's Pride"June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)1.32[10]
After her eviction, Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home.
66"Angry Sex"June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)1.82[11]
Jim falls into Candace's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself.
77"A True Friend"July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)1.54[12]
Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny.
88"The Criminal"July 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)1.56[13]
Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car, but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone's malicious intent. Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade.
99"The Set Up"July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)1.61[14]
Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues.
1010"Number Nine"July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)1.80[15]
Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair.
1111"Not My Daughter"July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)1.87[16]
Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation, but that turns out to be false.
1212"In Recovery"August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)2.02[17]
Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation.
1313"What Are You Doing Here?"August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)2.14[18]
Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony. Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny's case.
1414"My Name Is Veronica"August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)2.05[19]
Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public.
1515"The Truth Will Set You Free"August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)2.32[20]
After her secret is revealed, Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim's secret activities. Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt.
1616"No More Hiding"September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)2.61[21]
Jeffery comes out to his parents; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father; Amanda learns about her inheritance; and Wyatt relapses and has a life-changing accident.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots, "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" was not only a series high episode in ratings, but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night.[22] The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers.[23] Among all OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February-4-2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[22] On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots—following a hiatus within the season—set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers.[24] Additionally, the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[23]

text:
Season 2 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)171"The Black Sedan"January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)2.77[25]
Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance. Inside, Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny.
182"Wyatt's Nightmare"January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)2.55[26]
Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit-and-run, and Benny ends up on life support. Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart. Amanda has an emotional breakdown.
193"Family Issues"January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)2.84[27]
Hanna disagrees with Tony's suggestion to take Benny off life support. Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former's shabby treatment of Hanna.
204"Unanswered Calls"January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)2.78[28]
Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who's at fault for Benny's condition and Lizzie's death.
215"Why Didn't You Tell Me?"February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)3.50[29]
Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital.
226"Protecting Wyatt"February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)3.01[30]
Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail. Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers.
237"Amanda's Revenge"February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)3.21[31]
Amanda breaks into her professor's home while his family is asleep. Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court.
248"Maggie's Plan"February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)2.88[32]
As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor, Wyatt's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle.
259"March for Justice"March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)3.04[33]
The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony. Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support.
2610"Starting the Race"March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)3.59[34]
Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event. Wyatt finally gets arrested.
2711"You'll Be Sorry"May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)3.11[35]
Wyatt is arrested. Candace is kidnapped by the Malones. Benny shows signs of brain activity.
2812"The Confession"June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)2.62[36]
Jim conspires to save his son. Amanda gets a gun. Benny improves.
2913"Donald"June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)2.42[37]
Jim proclaims his son's innocence. Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace.
3014"The Awakening"June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)2.81[38]
Benny wakes up from his coma.
3115"The Vulnerable"June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24)2.92[39]
Benny prepares for his release from the hospital. Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt. Maggie tries to seduce David.
3216"The Sarandon Hotel"July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)3.47[40]
After escaping her kidnappers, Candace asks Warlock for help. Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa.
3317"Again and Again"July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)3.32[41]
David is compromised. Jim is plotting. Candace is panicking.
3418"Something's Wrong With Amanda"July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)3.26[42]
Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy. Candace hides out at Jeffrey's apartment. Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation. Benny has conversation with Tony and later tries to restore peace between Hanna and Candace.
3519"Norman Hewens"July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22)2.86[43]
A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit-and-run saves Wyatt from jail. Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds. Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy, but he won't have it and orders her off his property; however, Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend, and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in. Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else.
3620"Checkmate"July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)3.49[44]
Jim is confronted by Carlos, his illegitimate son with Celine. Katheryn's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy, Candace's ex, shows up as Amanda's date. David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay. Candace seeks her revenge on Jim. Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)371"The Power Dance"January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)3.22[45]
Hanna hosts a party for Benny upon his homecoming from the hospital. Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace's orders.
382"The War Room"January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)2.91[46]
Hanna seeks information about Quincy's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson. Maggie continues her pursuit of David.
393"A Southern Brawl"January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)2.60[47]
Veronica and Maggie have an outraged fight after Veronica catches David in Maggie's hotel room. Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos.
404"Amanda's Room"January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)2.98[48]
Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace's demands.
415"The Press Conference"February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)2.89[49]
Everyone prepares for Jim's announcement for Governor but he is nowhere to be found other than still being held against his will by Candace. Katheryn gets some devastating news.
426"A Tragic Day"February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)3.42[50]
Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion during a family tragedy.
437"April 7, 1979"February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)3.22[51]
Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim.
448"In Crisis"February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)3.28[52]
Emotions and rage get the best of Jim and Wyatt. Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery.
459"A Talk with Jim"March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)2.90[53]
Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways. Hanna comforts Katheryn.
4610"Oscar"March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)3.02[54]
Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda's death. Candace meets a new guy.
4711"Unglued"March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)3.02[55]
David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey and Veronica spirals out of control, especially since she thinks that Maggie is trying to steal David away form her.
4812"Enough is Enough"March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)3.50[56]
Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna's home.
4913"Two Funerals"June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)3.29[57]
Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David's life.
5014"In Memoriam"July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)2.79[58]
The Cryer family prepares for Amanda's funeral. Wyatt's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy.
5115"Nine Lives"July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)3.17[59]
Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage.
5216"The Cougar"July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)2.85[60]
Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica.
5317"Candace Young, Esq."July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)3.01[61]
Candace shows Benny where she works.
5418"Benny Does Battle"August 4, 2015 (2015-08-04)3.17[62]
Quincy is hurt from the accident involving Benny.
5519"Quincy Jr."August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)3.12[63]
Hanna is reunited with Q.
5620"A Home For Q"August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)3.06[65]
Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt's taped confession is a misunderstanding.[64]
5721"Candace's Closing"August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25)3.19[66]
Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim; and Jim is interviewed on TV.
5822"Dianna Winchill"September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)3.23[67]
While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill, a surprise guest arrives. Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt's attack in prison, leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her, Professor Cannon, and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a "bloodbath."
5923"Vetted"September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)3.28[68]
Hanna grows suspicious of Benny's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house; Quincy drives a car through Hanna's home in spite of revenge; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar.
6024"Sheep's Clothing"September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)3.13[69]
Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down.
6125"When The Chickens Come Home"September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)3.71[70]
Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything. Oscar reveals his true colors to Candace.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)621"The Waters Run Deep"January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)3.11[71]
Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy's body when interrupted by a knock on the door. The Cryer and Harrington clan face repercussions.

Note: Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season, although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere.
632"Paid In Full"January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)2.73[72]
Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica. Candace and Jeffery get a visit from the police because of a nosy neighbor.
643"The Right Medicine"January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)2.94[73]
Hanna discovers about her grandson's medical troubles. Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man. Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace's help.
654"An Evil Soul"January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)3.02[74]
Katheryn is unshaken by the DA's attempt to push. Candace's lies catch up with her when she receives a visit form Warlock.
665"Immunity"February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)2.90[75]
Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy's murder.
676"Making Millions"February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)2.81[76]
Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is rushed to the hospital and placed in ICU. Candace finally learns that Wyatt hit Benny and goes up to Benny to talk to him about suing the Cryers.
687"A Front Row Seat"February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)2.95[77]
Maggie's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever; Katheryn gets out of jail but she can't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica; Candace enlists Erica's help to plot for revenge.
698"Unexpected Visitors"February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)3.07[78]
Candace interrogates the social worker; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer's mansion waiting for their return; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance.
709"I Choose My Son"March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)2.80[79]
Quita and Daylon break into Candace's house but are caught by Pearl, who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them; Justin continues to harass Jeffery; Upon Wyatt's confession on hitting her son, Hanna confronts Katheryn.
7110"Beg For What You Need"March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)2.64[80]
Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War's rage. Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship. Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner.
7211"48 Hours"March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)2.85[81]
Warlock has pushed up Candace's due date, so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny's tow yard.
7312"My Friend Maggie"June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)2.85[82]
Maggie visit's Veronica's home and gets the surprise of her life.
7413"Criminology 101"June 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)2.63[83]
Veronica treats David with much malice.
7514"Giving Candy To A Baby"July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)2.70[84]
After talking with Pearl, Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr.
7615"The Apple Tree"July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)2.64[85]
Katheryn tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members.
7716"The Heart of A Man"July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)2.70[86]
Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit.
7817"An Accident"July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)3.05[87]
Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help.
7918"A Tragic Assumption"August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)3.02[88]
Jennifer arrives at Katheryn's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive.
8019"I Am Wolf"August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)2.89[89]
Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace.
8120"Back In Business"August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)2.93[90]
Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny; David gets some shocking information about Mitch.
8221"The Fugitive"August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)2.95[91]
The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny.
8322"The Silk Handkerchief"August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)2.95[92]
Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property. Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money, and what Mitch did but he doesn't believe her.
8423"Promises Kept"September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)3.24[93]
Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit. Candace searches for Oscar. Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch, who also reveals to Benny who he really is.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)851"A Cup of Tea"January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)2.99[94]
Veronica tries to escape the Cryer mansion after the murder of D.A. Jennifer Sallison. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace, who is out on the search for Oscar. Benny is still upset because of how Candace mortgaged his house and the tow yard.
862"Waiting for Candace"January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)2.16[95]
Veronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.
873"It's Ok to Love"January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)2.68[96]
Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's house. Erica calls Candace to give her an update on things with David.
884"A Mother's Wisdom"January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)2.36[97]
Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim returns home to help Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.
895"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking"January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)2.70[98]
Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.
906"A Hurricane Offshore"February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)2.75[99]
Veronica pays Erica a visit. Candace encounters Oscar again. Quita finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.
917"Pieces of The Puzzle"February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)2.58[100]
Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.
928"Praying for Light"February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)2.76[101]
Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.
939"We All Need Forgiveness"February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)2.33[102]
Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.
9410"Forget The Bubble"March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)2.41[103]
Veronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.
9511"In Pursuit of Prey"March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)3.20[104]
Veronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace and Erica reveals her true colors. Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim. Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.
9612"The Fallout From War"June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)2.68[105]
In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead. Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed.
9713"My Grandson's War"June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)2.44[106]
Veronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim.
9814"Mad Day"July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)2.33[107]
Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny. Jim taunts Veronica. Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.
9915"A Woman Under the Stairs"July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)2.43[108]
Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.
10016"Railroad"July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)2.43[109]
Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.
10117"Elevator Seven"August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)2.30[110]
Veronica confronts Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.
10218"A Broken Mirror"August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)2.33[111]
Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.
10319"Haunted By The Surname"August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)2.40[112]
Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news about her son, Quincy Jr.
10420"The Enemy Called Trust"August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)2.52[113]
Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.
10521"Kate"August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)2.64[114]
Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion and Jim begs her for retribution.
10622"For The Team"September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)2.61[115]
Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.
10723"The Veronica Show"September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)2.58[116]
The Young family are all at odds with each other during a visit to the funeral home. Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts her at The Artesian Hotel.

text: Season 6 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)1081"Afraid of Flames"January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)2.30[117]
In the Season 6 premiere, Hanna is in mourning after the deadly shooting of her grandson; Candace rejects Benny's pleas to help her; and Veronica and Melissa find themselves in a dangerous situation.
1092"Searching For A Mother's Love"January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)2.34[118]
Benny and Mitch risk their lives to save victims of a horrific auto accident; and Justin professes his love and lust for Jeffery.
1103"Undercover Vice"January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)2.25[119]
David learns of Jeffrey's whereabouts; Hanna and Benny confront Candace.
1114"The Lion"January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)2.20[120]
Hanna reveals a deep, dark secret; David calls upon Katheryn for help with Jeffrey.
1125"Errand Boy"February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)2.17[121]
Justin continues his pursuit of Jeffery; Candace and Benny fight to keep their strong sibling relationship.
1136"Hanna's Tea"February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)2.24[122]
Veronica returns home after her stay in the hospital; Candace and Jeffrey's murder of Quincy catches up with them and are faced with some serious consequences; Katheryn shows her new home to Hanna, where she meets a new man.
1147"Every Six Months"February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)2.24[123]
Candace gets released from jail while David fights to get Jeffrey out.
1158"Wicked"February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)2.02[124]
Sarah and George make progress in prosecuting the Cryers; Veronica hatches up a scheme against David.
1169"An Eye For An Eye"March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)2.03[125]
David confronts Hanna about Benny and Jeffery; Charles is determined to see Candace; Veronica learns that Melissa has been drinking while pregnant; Hanna learns of Benny's recent encounter with Veronica; Katheryn confronts Jim about Jennifer Sallison; Wyatt learns about Jeffery being in jail.
11710"A Lover's Passions"March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)2.08[126]
Candace works on a new plan to recoup her money from the Cryers; Veronica is preoccupied by an all-consuming desire for revenge; Hanna gets ready for her date with Derrick.
11811"Veronica's House"May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)1.55[127]
Veronica finds out that David moved Erica into her dream home and also lets David know that she is the only queen in the world to reclaim her kingdom; Candace reverts to her old ways by drugging Oscar's drink in order to get her money back; Veronica and Justin have another confrontation; Hanna goes out on her date with Derrick; Melissa seduces Benny again; and Wyatt has a major relapse that spirals out of control.
11912"In His Eyes"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)1.74[128]
After Veronica catches Benny with Melissa in her house the two get into a fight, forcing Veronica to throw Melissa out, leaving her with no place to go. This prompts Benny to let Melissa stay with him; Hanna encounters singer Stephanie Mills on her date; Wyatt is forced to make a life-threatening decision; Candace enacts her new money scheme like a boss; Jim and Katheryn come to a revelation about their bad parenting skills; Justin tries to make Jeffery jealous; and Candace panics when Oscar won't wake up after finding him totally unconscious.
12013"The Right Cocktail"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)1.72[129]
After Candace revives Oscar, she reminds him of her getting her money back; Veronica makes Jeffery an unexpected offer; Wyatt's situation lands him in hot water; Candace decided to drop Gia after learning her money deposit is processing; Hanna gives Melissa advice regarding her and the baby; Veronica schemes to get back at Benny; and Hanna returns to work.
12114"The Rabbit and the Water Moccasin"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)1.79[130]
Wyatt learns the advantage and disadvantage of drug use.
12215"The Third Quarter"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)1.90[131]
Benny wants to return the money to the Malones but discovers it's not that simple.
12316"No Honor In This Game"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)1.81[132]
Katheryn learns that Wyatt's anger for her comes from deep childhood scars.
12417"The Broken Washer"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)1.80[133]
Veronica and Candace scheme up a plan to hurt David.
12518"Sugar Mamma"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)1.92[134]
Officer Justin shows Jeffery just how serious he is about being with him.
12619"Team of Rivals"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)1.95[135]
David is pushed to a point by Veronica that he didn't know he had.
12720"Smitten"July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)1.65[136]
Charles learns that Landon may have ulterior motives.
12821"Moles"July 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)1.95[137]
Benny's arrest forces Candace to return to her old tricks to make some quick cash to leave town.
12922"Til Death Do Us Part"July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)2.21[138]
Candace and Jim are up to their old tricks; people are caught in the crossfire of Veronica's wicked plots and intimidations.
13023"The Road to Hell"August 14, 2018 (2018-08-14)1.92[139]
After being pushed to the limit Veronica finally gets her revenge.
13124"The Black Dress"August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)1.90[140]
David learns Erica's fate while being rushed to the hospital; the truth about Mitch's uncle comes out, and the Malones now have a new target.
13225"A Father's Regret"August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)TBD
An explosion in this small town sets more on fire than just a car.
13326"The Damned Defibrillator"September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)TBD
While David remains in the hospital, Veronica gets a surprising shock of her own.
13427"Laugh Not To Cry"September 11, 2018 (2018-09-11)TBD
Veronica convinces RK to do some of her dirty work.


document_title: Western Roman Empire

question_text: who was the first ruler of the western roman empire

root

text: Western Roman Empire

text: Background[edit]

text: As the Roman Republic expanded, it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces. Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire. News of invasion, revolt, natural disasters, or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship or mounted postal service, often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome's orders to be realized in the province of origin. For this reason, provincial governors had de facto rule in the name of the Roman Republic.

tag: p

text: Prior to the establishment of the Empire, the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the Second Triumvirate: Mark Antony, Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Antony received the provinces in the East: Achaea, Macedonia and Epirus (roughly modern Greece, Albania and the coast of Croatia), Bithynia, Pontus and Asia (roughly modern Turkey), Syria, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica. These lands had previously been conquered by Alexander the Great; thus, much of the aristocracy was of Greek origin. The whole region, especially the major cities, had been largely assimilated into Greek culture, Greek often serving as the lingua franca.

text: Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West: Italia (modern Italy), Gaul (modern France), Gallia Belgica (parts of modern Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg), and Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal). These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas, though Celtic tribes such as Gauls and Celtiberians were culturally dominant. Lepidus received the minor province of Africa (roughly modern Tunisia). Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus, while adding Sicilia (modern Sicily) to his holdings.

text: Upon the defeat of Mark Antony, a victorious Octavian controlled a united Roman Empire. While the Roman Empire featured many distinct cultures, all were often said to experience gradual Romanization. While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole, political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines.

text: Rebellions, uprisings, and political developments[edit]

text: Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire. Conquered tribes or cities would revolt, and the legions would be detached to crush the rebellion. While this process was simple in peacetime, it could be considerably more complicated in wartime, as for example in the Great Jewish Revolt.

text: In a full-blown military campaign, the legions, under generals such as Vespasian, were far more numerous. To ensure a commander's loyalty, a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general's family hostage. To this end, Nero effectively held Domitian and Quintus Petillius Cerialis, governor of Ostia, who were respectively the younger son and brother-in-law of Vespasian. The rule of Nero ended only with the revolt of the Praetorian Guard, who had been bribed in the name of Galba. The Praetorian Guard, a figurative "sword of Damocles", were often perceived as being of dubious loyalty. Following their example, the legions at the borders increased participation in the civil wars.

text: The main enemy in the West was arguably the Germanic tribes behind the rivers Rhine and Danube. Augustus had tried to conquer them but ultimately pulled back after the Teutoburg reversal.

text: The Parthian Empire, in the East, on the other hand, was too remote and powerful to be conquered. Any Parthian invasion was confronted and usually defeated; similarly, Parthians repelled some attempts of Roman invasion, however, even after successful wars of conquest, such as those implemented by Trajan and Septimius Severus. Those distant territories were forsaken to prevent unrest and also to ensure a more healthy and lasting peace with the Persians. The Parthians were followed by the Sasanian Empire, which continued hostilities with the Roman Empire.

text: Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close and also because of the disunity between the Germanic foes, however, controlling both frontiers altogether during wartime was difficult. If the emperor was near the border in the East, chances were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa. This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors.

text: Economic stagnation in the West[edit]

text: Rome and the Italian peninsula began to experience an economic slowdown as industries and money began to move outward. By the beginning of the 2nd century AD, the economic stagnation of Italia was seen in the provincial-born Emperors, such as Trajan and Hadrian. Economic problems increased in strength and frequency.[citation needed]

text: Crisis of the 3rd century[edit]

text: Starting on 18 March 235, with the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus, the Roman Empire sank into a 50-year civil war, now known as the Crisis of the Third Century. The rise of the bellicose Sassanid dynasty in Parthia posed a major threat to Rome in the east. Demonstrating the increased danger, Emperor Valerian was captured by Shapur I in 259. His eldest son and heir-apparent, Gallienus, succeeded and took up the fight on the eastern frontier. Gallienus' son, Saloninus, and the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus were residing in Colonia Agrippina (modern Cologne) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions. Nevertheless, Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus - the local governor of the German provinces — rebelled; his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect. In the confusion that followed, an independent state known as the Gallic Empire emerged.

text: Its capital was Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces and over all of Hispania and Britannia. It had its own senate, and a partial list of its consuls still survives. It maintained Roman religion, language, and culture, and was far more concerned with fighting the Germanic tribes than other Romans. However, in the reign of Claudius Gothicus (268 to 270), large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule. At roughly the same time, several eastern provinces seceded under the Palmyrene Empire, under the rule of Queen Zenobia.

text: In 272, Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire. With the East secure, his attention was turned to the West, taking the Gallic Empire a year later. Because of a secret deal between Aurelian and Gallic Emperor Tetricus I and his son Tetricus II, the Gallic army was swiftly defeated. In exchange, Aurelian spared their lives and gave the two former rebels important positions in Italy.

text: Tetrarchy[edit]

text: The external borders were mostly stable for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century, although, between the death of Aurelian in 275 and the accession of Diocletian ten years later, at least eight emperors or would-be emperors were killed, many assassinated by their own troops.

text: Under Diocletian, the political division of the Roman Empire began. In 285, he promoted Maximian to the rank of Augustus (Emperor) and gave him control of the Western regions of the Empire. In 293, Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were appointed as their subordinates (Caesars), creating the First Tetrarchy. This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions and created separate capitals besides Rome as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century. In the West, the capitals were Maximian's Mediolanum (now Milan) and Constantius' Trier. In the East, the capitals were Sirmium and Nicomedia. On 1 May 305, the two senior Augusti stepped down, and their respective Caesars were promoted to Augusti and appointed two new Caesars, thus creating the Second Tetrarchy.

text: Constantine the Great[edit]

text: The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground when the Western Roman Empire's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain. A crisis followed as several claimants attempted to rule the Western half. In 308, the Augustus of the East, Galerius, arranged a conference at Carnuntum which revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the West between Constantine and a newcomer named Licinius. Constantine was far more interested in conquering the whole empire. Through a series of battles in the East and the West, Licinius and Constantine stabilized their respective parts of the Roman Empire by 314, and began to compete for sole control of a reunified state. Constantine emerged victorious in 324 after the surrender and murder of Licinius following the Battle of Chrysopolis.

text: The Tetrarchy ended, but the idea of dividing the Roman Empire between two emperors had been validated. Very strong emperors would reunite it under their single rule, but with their death the Roman Empire would be divided again and again between the East and the West.

text: Second division[edit]

text: Constantius was born in 317 at Sirmium, Pannonia. He was the third son of Constantine the Great, and second by his second wife Fausta, the daughter of Maximian. Constantius was made Caesar by his father on 13 November 324.[2] The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single Emperor, but, with the death of Constantine in 337, civil war erupted among his three sons, dividing the Empire into three parts. The West was unified in 340 under Constans, who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the usurper Magnentius; after Magnentius lost the Battle of Mursa Major and committed suicide, a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred in 353, with Constantius II.

text: Constantius II focused most of his power in the East and is regarded as the first emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Under his rule, the city of Byzantium - only recently re-founded as Constantinople - was fully developed as a capital. In 361, Constantius II became ill and died, and Constantius Chlorus' grandson Julian, who had served as Constantius II's Caesar, assumed power. Julian was killed in 363 in the Battle of Samarra against the Persian Empire and was succeeded by Jovian, who ruled only until 364.

text: Final division[edit]

text: Following the death of Jovian, Valentinian I emerged as Emperor in 364. He immediately divided the Empire once again, giving the eastern half to his brother Valens. Stability was not achieved for long in either half, as the conflicts with outside forces (tribes) intensified. In 376, the Visigoths, fleeing before the Ostrogoths, who in turn were fleeing before the Huns, were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle into the Balkans by the Eastern government. Mistreatment caused a full-scale rebellion, and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the Battle of Adrianople, in which Valens also died. The campaigns to subdue them were only partly successful, and they officially became semi-independent foederati under their own leaders.

text: More than in the East, there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the Emperors in the western half of the Empire. In 379, Valentinian I's son and successor Gratian declined to wear the mantle of Pontifex Maximus, and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the Altar of Victory from the Roman Curia, a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome. Theodosius I later decreed a ban on all religions except orthodox Christianity.

text: The political situation was unstable. In 383, a powerful and popular general named Magnus Maximus seized power in the West and forced Gratian's half-brother Valentinian II to flee to the East for aid; in a destructive civil war, the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I restored him to power. In 392, the Frankish and pagan magister militum Arbogast assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named Eugenius as Emperor. In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again clashed with great loss of life. Again Theodosius I won, and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395. He was the last Emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire; his older son Arcadius inherited the eastern half while the younger Honorius got the western half. Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively. Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half-Roman/half-barbarian magister militum Flavius Stilicho while Rufinus became the power behind the throne in the east. Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals, and their disagreements were exploited by the Gothic leader Alaric I who again rebelled following the death of Theodosius I. Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric's men, and both tried to use Alaric against the other half. Alaric himself tried to establish a long-term territorial and official base, but was never able to do so.

text: Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading Goths under control, but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi invaded Gaul in large numbers. Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408. While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation, the West began to collapse entirely. Alaric's men sacked Rome in 410.

text: Economic factors[edit]

text: The West, less urbanized with a spread-out populace, may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces. Southern Italy, northern Gaul (except for large towns and cities) to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered. The East was not so destitute, especially as Emperors like Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy. As a result, the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and augment them with mercenaries, while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent. Even in major defeats, the East could, certainly not without difficulties, buy off its enemies with a ransom.

text: The political, economic and military control of the Eastern Empire's resources remained safe in Constantinople, which was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes. In contrast, the Western Empire was more fragmented. Its capital was transferred to Ravenna in 402 largely for defensive reasons, and it had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but was isolated in other aspects as it was surrounded by swamps and marshes. The economic power remained focused on Rome and its hyper-rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular. After Gallienus banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century, the senatorial elite lost all experience of—and interest in—military life. In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service, but it also refused to approve sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire. The West's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century, when Trier frequently served as the capital of the Empire and many leading Western generals were Barbarians. After the civil war in 394 between Theodosius I and Eugenius, the new Western government installed by Theodosius I increasingly had to divert military resources from Britain and the Rhine to protect Italy. This, in turn, led to further rebellions and civil wars because the Western imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed against the barbarians.

text: The Western Empire's resources were much limited, and the lack of available manpower forced the government to rely ever more on confederate barbarian troops operating under their own commanders, where the Western Empire would often have difficulties paying. In certain cases deals were struck with the leaders of barbaric mercenaries rewarding them with land, which led to the Empire's decline as less land meant there would be less tax revenue to support the military.

text: As the central power weakened, the State gradually lost control of its borders and provinces, as well as control over the Mediterranean Sea. Roman Emperors tried to maintain control of the sea, but, once the Vandals conquered North Africa, imperial authorities had to cover too much ground with too few resources. The loss of the African provinces might have been the worse reversal on the West's fortunes, since they were among its wealthiest territories and supplied the essential grain imports to Italy. In many places, the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability. In some regions, such as Gaul and Italy, the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption.

text: Sack of Rome and Fall of the Western Roman Empire[edit]

text: Remaining as emperor after the death of Stilicho in 408, Honorius reigned until his own death in 423. His reign was filled with usurpations and invasions. In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric's forces. This event made a great impression on contemporaries, as this was the first time since the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC that the city had fallen to a foreign enemy. Under Alaric's successors, the Goths then settled in Gaul (412–418), from where they operated as Roman allies against the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi in Spain, and against the usurper Jovinus (413). Meanwhile, another usurper, Constantine (406–411), had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407, leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions, first by the Picts and then by the Saxons, Angli, and the Jutes who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards.

text: Honorius' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government with the force of arms installed Valentinian III as Western Emperor in Ravenna, with Galla Placidia acting as regent during her son's minority. After a violent struggle with several rivals, and against Placidia's wish, Aetius rose to the rank of magister militum. Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire's military situation somewhat, relying heavily on his Hunnic allies. With their help, he defeated the Burgundians, who had occupied part of southern Gaul after 407, and settled them in Savoy as Roman allies (433). Later that century, as Roman power faded away, the Burgundians extended their rule to the Rhone valley.

text: Meanwhile, pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by Bonifacius, the governor of Africa, induced the Vandals under their king Gaiseric to cross over from Spain in 429. They temporarily halted in Numidia (435) before moving eastward and capturing Carthage, from where they established an independent state with a powerful navy (439). The Vandal fleet became a constant danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean.

text: In 444, the Huns, who had been employed as Roman allies by Aetius, were united under their ambitious king Attila. Turning against their former ally, the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire. Attila then received a plea for help and the ring of Honoria, the Emperor's sister. Threatening war, he claimed half of the Western Empire's territory as his dowry.

text: Faced with refusal, he invaded Gaul and was only stopped in the battle of the Catalaunian Plains by a combined Roman-Germanic army led by Aetius. The next year, Attila invaded Italy and proceeded to march upon Rome, but an outbreak of disease in his army, Pope Leo's plea for peace, and reports of a campaign of Marcianus directed at his headquarters in Pannonia induced him to halt this campaign. Attila unexpectedly died a year later (453).

text: Aetius was slain in 454 by Valentinian, who was then himself murdered by the dead general's supporters a year later. With the end of the Theodosian dynasty, a new period of dynastic struggle ensued. The Vandals took advantage of the unrest and sailed up to Rome, which they plundered in 455.

text: The instability caused by usurpers throughout the Western Empire helped these tribes in their conquests, and by the 450s the Germanic tribes had become usurpers themselves. During the next twenty years, several Western Emperors were installed by Constantinople, but their authority relied upon barbarian commanders (Ricimer (456–472), Gundobad (473–475)). Majorian was the last emperor to campaign in Gaul and Spain in 458-460 before being deposed and murdered by Ricimer. From the 460s onwards, imperial control was effectively restricted to Italy and southern Gaul as the remaining Western provinces refused to accept Ricimer's appointment of Libius Severus in 461.

text: In 475, Orestes, a former secretary of Attila, drove Emperor Julius Nepos out of Ravenna and proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus as emperor. In 476, Orestes refused to grant Odoacer and the Heruli federated status, prompting an invasion. Orestes was killed and Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus, installed himself as ruler over Italy and sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople. Although isolated pockets of Roman rule continued even after 476, the city of Rome itself was under the rule of the barbarians, and the control of Rome over the West had effectively ended.

text: Three rump states continued under Roman rule in some form or another after 476: Julius Nepos controlled Dalmatia until his murder in 480. Syagrius ruled the Domain of Soissons until his murder in 487. Lastly, a Roman-Moor realm survived in north Africa, resisting Vandal incursions, and becoming a part of the Eastern Roman Empire c.533 when Belisarius defeated the Vandals.

text: Last Emperor[edit]

text: By convention, the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476, when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus, but the historical record calls this determination into question.

text: Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West, and ruled a rump state in Dalmatia. He was recognized as such by Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno and by Syagrius, who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an exclave in northern Gaul, known today as the Domain of Soissons.

text: Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with Zeno. Zeno eventually granted Odoacer patrician status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his own viceroy of Italy. Zeno, however, insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire. Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy. This, however, was mainly an empty political gesture, as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Julius Nepos. The murder of Julius Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia, annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy.

text: Political change after the empire's fall[edit]

text: Theodoric[edit]

text: The last hope for a reunited Empire came in 493, as Odoacer was replaced by Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Theodoric had been forced to appear subservient to Zeno in order to deal with a dangerous Odoacer. While in principle Theodoric was a subordinate, a viceroy of the Emperor of the East, in fact he was his equal.

text: Following Theodoric's death in 526, the Western half of the Empire was now fully controlled by Germanic tribes (though many of them continued to recognize Roman law and made claims to continuity), while the Eastern half had established itself under the Justinian dynasty. While the East would make some attempts to recapture the West, the Roman Empire was never reunited.

text: East Roman reconquest[edit]

text: Throughout Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire, or the Byzantine Empire, laid claims on areas of the West which had been occupied by several tribes. In the 6th century, the Eastern Roman Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the former Western Roman Empire. The most successful were the campaigns of the generals Belisarius and Narses on behalf of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554. The Vandal-occupied former Roman territory in North Africa was regained, particularly the territory centered around the city of Carthage. Less than a year later, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Dalmatia, and the Balearic Islands were easily captured by the invading Roman legions. The campaign eventually moved into Italy and the Byzantines reconquered it completely. Minor territories were taken as far west as the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Only three years after Justinian had died, the Lombards had invaded Italy, but the wealthiest parts of the province remained securely in Roman hands throughout the seventh century.[3]

text: Although some eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West, none were as successful as Justinian. After 600, events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople's control, with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of war with Sasanian Iran and then the rise of Arab power. For a while, the West remained important, with the Emperor Constans II ruling from Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s, but thereafter imperial attention declined rapidly, with Constantinople itself being besieged in the 670s, renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s, and then a period of chaos between 695 and 717, during which time Africa was finally lost to the Romans once and for all. The Emperor Leo III restored order, but his doctrinal reforms, known as the Iconoclastic Controversy, proved extremely unpopular in the West, and led to the final breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself.

text: Byzantine rule continued in Sicily throughout the eighth century, with the island slowly being overrun by the Arabs over the course of the ninth century. In Italy, a few strongholds in Calabria ultimately provided a base for modest imperial expansion, which reached its peak in the early eleventh century, with most of southern Italy under "Roman" rule of a sort. This, however, was undone by further Byzantine civil war, and the slow conquest of the region by the Byzantines' former mercenaries, the Normans, who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the new Germanic rulers who conquered the provinces upheld many Roman laws and traditions. Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized, although most were followers of Arianism. They quickly converted to official imperial Christianity, gaining more loyalty from the local Roman populations, as well as the recognition and support of the powerful Bishop of Rome. Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws, they were more influenced by Roman Law and gradually incorporated it as well.

text: Roman Law, particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis collected by order of Justinian I, is the ancient basis on which the modern Civil law stands. In contrast, Common law is based on the Germanic Anglo-Saxon law.

text: Latin as a language never really disappeared. It combined with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages, giving rise to many modern Romance languages such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian and a large number of minor languages and dialects. Today, more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide.

text: Latin also influenced Germanic languages such as English, German, and Dutch; all surviving Celtic languages, Albanian, and such Slavic languages as Polish and Czech, and even the non-Indo-European Hungarian. It survives in its "purer" form as the language of the Catholic Church (the Mass was spoken exclusively in Latin until 1969), and was used as a lingua franca between many nations. It remained the language of medicine, law, diplomacy (most treaties were written in Latin), of intellectuals and scholarship.

text: The Latin alphabet was expanded due to the splits of I into I and J and of U into U, V, and in places (especially Germanic languages and Polish) W; it is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. Roman numerals continue to be used, but were mostly replaced by Arabic numerals.

text: The ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler continued to appeal to many powerful rulers. Under the principle of translatio imperii, the Holy Roman Empire explicitly proclaimed itself as the continuation of the Western Roman Empire. The title of the Western Roman Emperor was revived when Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Lombards, was crowned as Emperor of the Romans of the West by Pope Leo III in 800. The status of the Holy Roman Emperor as the rightful Western Roman Emperor in the medieval era was further legitimated by the recognition as "co-emperor" from the Eastern Roman Emperor, who was in direct succession to the ancient Roman Emperors. The Holy Roman Empire continued to regard itself as the successor state of the Western Roman Empire until its downfall in 1806. The French King Louis XIV, as well as French Emperor Napoleon I, and the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, among others, also tried to resurrect the Empire, albeit unsuccessfully.

text: A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the Roman Catholic Church. The Church slowly began to replace Roman institutions in the West, even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century. In many cases the only source of law and civil administration was the local bishop, often himself a former governor like St. Ambrose of Milan and St. Germanus of Auxerre. As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes, many assimilated, and by the middle of the medieval period (c. 9th and 10th centuries) the central, western, and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the Vicar of Christ.

text: List of Western Roman Emperors[edit]

text: Gallic Emperors (259 to 273)[edit]

text:
Postumus: 259 to 268
Laelianus: 268 Usurper
Marcus Aurelius Marius: 268
Victorinus: 268 to 271
Domitianus: 271 Usurper
Tetricus I: 271 to 273

Tetricus II: 271 to 273 Son and co-emperor of Tetricus I

tag: ul

text: Tetrarchy (293 to 313)[edit]

text: Augusti are shown with their Caesares and regents further indented

text:
Maximian: 293 to 305

Constantius Chlorus: 293 to 305

Constantius Chlorus: 305 to 306

Flavius Valerius Severus: 305 to 306

Flavius Valerius Severus: 306 to 307

Constantine I: 306 to 313

Maxentius/Maximian: 307 to 308
Licinius: 308 to 313
Maxentius: 308 to 312 Usurper
Domitius Alexander: 308 to 309 African usurper

text: Constantinian dynasty (313 to 363)[edit]

text:
Constantine the Great: 306 to 337 Sole emperor of the empire from 324 to 337
Constantine II: 337 to 340 Emperor of Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania
Constantius II: 337 to 361 Emperor of the east from 337 to 353, Sole emperor of the empire from 353 to 360
Constans I: 337 to 350 Emperor of Italy and Africa 337-340, emperor of the west from 340 to 350
Magnentius: 350 to 353 Usurper
Julian: 355 to 363 Emperor of the west from 355 to 361, Sole emperor of the empire from 361 to 363

text: Non-dynastic (363 to 364)[edit]

text: Jovian: 363 to 364

text: Valentinian dynasty (364 to 392)[edit]

text:
Valentinian I: 364 to 375

Gratian: 367 to 375

Gratian: 375 to 383

Valentinian II: 375 to 383

Magnus Maximus: 383 to 388 Usurper
Valentinian II: 383 to 392

text: Non-dynastic (392 to 394)[edit]

text: Eugenius: 392 to 394

text: Theodosian dynasty (394 to 455)[edit]

text:
Theodosius I: 394 to 395 Sole emperor
Honorius: 395 to 423

Flavius Stilicho: 395 to 408 Power behind the throne
Constantius III: 421

Constantine III: 407 to 411 Usurper
Priscus Attalus: 409 to 410/414 to 415 Usurper
Jovinus: 411 to 412 Usurper
Valentinian III: 423 to 455

Galla Placidia: 423 to 433 Regent
Aëtius: 433 to 454 Regent

Joannes: 423 to 425 Usurper

text: Non-dynastic (455 to 480)[edit]

text:
Petronius Maximus: 455 not recognized in Constantinople
Avitus: 455 to 456 not recognized in Constantinople

Ricimer: 456 to 472 Power behind the throne

Majorian: 457 to 461
Libius Severus: 461 to 465 not recognized in Constantinople
Anthemius: 467 to 472
Olybrius: 472 not recognized in Constantinople
Glycerius: 473 to 474 not recognized in Constantinople
Julius Nepos: 474 to 480 In exile 475 to 480
Romulus Augustus: 475 to 476 not recognized in Constantinople

Flavius Orestes: 475 to 476 Power behind the throne

text: Flavius Orestes was killed by revolting Germanic mercenaries. Their chieftain, Odoacer, assumed control of Italy as a de jure representative of Julius Nepos and Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno.


document_title: Wonder (film)

question_text: who played jack will in the movie wonder

text: Wonder (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: August "Auggie" Pullman is a young boy living in North River Heights in upper Manhattan, New York. He has a rare medical facial deformity, which he refers to as "mandibulofacial dysostosis." Due to numerous surgeries, Auggie had been home-schooled by his parents Isabel and Nate, but as Auggie is approaching middle school age, Isabel and Nate decide to enroll him in Beecher Prep, a mainstream private school, for the start of middle school. At first, Auggie is ostracized by nearly all the student body, but he is soon befriended by a boy named Jack.

text: During Halloween, Auggie wears an old "Ghostface" mask and costume because his dog, Daisy, threw up on his "Boba Fett" costume. Unrecognized, he walks around school knowing he would not get tormented while incognito. As he walks through the door to his homeroom he overhears Jack telling Julian Albans that he was "only pretending to be friends with Auggie." Feeling betrayed, Auggie wants to stay home during trick-or-treating, but his older sister Olivia, nicknamed "Via," talks him out of it. Auggie later confides the incident to another friend, a girl named Summer, but swears her to secrecy. When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why, but she only says "Ghost Face" to give him a clue. Jack is shocked when it dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the Ghost Face costume, and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian. When Julian calls Auggie a "freak," Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two, which is soon broken up by their homeroom teacher Mr. Browne and another teacher. Jack is suspended for two days for his actions, apologizes to Auggie, and the two reconcile.

text: During the middle of the school year, Auggie is constantly bullied by Julian and his friends Amos, Miles, and Henry; they leave hurtful and threatening notes on his desk and tape their class picture on his locker with Auggie photoshopped out. Mr. Tushman, confronts Julian and his parents using all the evidence; Julian's mother proclaims that she had Auggie edited out because she didn't want people to only care about Auggie and his family and care more about Julian. She also threatens to pull their funding from the school but Tushman still suspends Julian for two days, along with making him stay home from a nature retreat his class is going on. As he and his parents leave, a remorseful Julian, who stands to lose all his friends, apologizes to Tushman for his actions towards Auggie, which he proudly accepts.

text: Meanwhile, Via signs up for Drama Club at her high school after her best friend, Miranda, ignores her; in the process, she meets Justin, with whom she develops a close friendship which later turns into a relationship. Later, Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school's production of "Our Town," but when Miranda, the lead actress, realizing what she's done to Via, pretends to fall ill, Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation.

text: During the nature retreat, Auggie and Jack are harassed by a group of seventh graders from another school. Amos, Miles, and Henry come to their defense. After their return to school, Auggie is generally more accepted by his classmates, including Amos, Miles, Henry, and the reformed Julian. At the school year's end during the graduation ceremony, Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for standing out; Auggie receives a standing ovation, and the movie ends with everyone applauding Auggie, and Isabel calling him a "wonder," followed by a brief photo of a moving astronaut, Auggie's "wonder."

text: Cast[edit]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman, Via and Auggie’s mother.
Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman, Via and Auggie’s father, Isabel’s husband
Jacob Tremblay as August "Auggie" Pullman, Via’s brother and Isabel and Nate’s son
Izabela Vidovic as Olivia "Via" Pullman, Auggie’s sister and Isabel and Nate’s daughter

Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia

Noah Jupe as Jack Will, Auggie’s best friend
Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans
Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody
Millie Davis as Summer Dawson
Ty Consiglio as Amos Continu
Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury
James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin
Sônia Braga as Lisa "Grans" Minel, Isabel's mother and Via and Auggie’s grandmother
Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman
Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne
Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa
Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas, Via’s best friend
Nadji Jeter as Justin Hollander, Via's boyfriend
Gidget as Darth-Daisy "Daisy", Auggie and Via's dog

text: Other cast[edit]

text:
Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will, Jack’s mother
Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas, Miranda’s mother
Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Sarah Albans, Julian’s mother
Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans, Julian’s father
Erika McKitrick as Ella
Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg
Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz
Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley
Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca
William Dickinson as Eddie
Emma Tremblay as Michelle
Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan
Armen Bagdasrov as Danny
Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela
Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge
Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport
J. Douglas Stewart as Darth Sidious
Michael Alan Healy as Chewbacca

text: Production[edit]

text: On November 27, 2012, it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R. J. Palacio's debut novel Wonder, while in talks with John August to write the screenplay.[5] Mandeville Films' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film.[5] On May 8, 2013, Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel, while August, who was previously reported as writer, had departed from the project.[6] In October 2014, John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film,[7] but in April 2015, Paul King was hired to take the directing duties. Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time.[8]

text: On April 14, 2016, Jacob Tremblay was cast in to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman, while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie's mother.[9] On May 5, 2016, Roberts was confirmed to play the mother, with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct.[10] On June 27, 2016, Owen Wilson had joined to play Auggie's father.[11] On July 11, 2016, newcomer Noah Jupe joined the cast as Auggie's best friend at school.[12] On July 15, 2016, Daveed Diggs was cast as Mr. Browne, an English teacher at the school.[13] On August 19, 2016, Sônia Braga joined the cast, portraying the role of Roberts's mother.[14]

text: Jacob's prosthetic makeup, designed and created by Arjen Tuiten, took an hour and half to apply. It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached, a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob's face, and a wig to tie it all together.[citation needed]

text: Marcelo Zarvos composed the film's score.[15]

text: Music[edit]

text: Bea Miller composed a song entitled "Brand New Eyes." It was released on August 3, 2017.

text: Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant's song “Wonder” from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best-selling book and at Merchant's invitation, the song will be featured in the soundtrack.[16]

text: Release[edit]

text: Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7, 2017 by Lionsgate.[17][18] On February 13, 2017, it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17, 2017.[19] Wonder had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on November 14, 2017.[20]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Wonder grossed $132.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $167.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $299.8 million, against a production budget of $20 million.[4] Deadline Hollywood calculated the film made a net profit of $55.3 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[21]

text: In the United States and Canada, Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend.[22] However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales, weekend projections were upped to $15 million.[23] Weekend projections were again increased, this time to $28 million, after the film made $9.4 million on its first day. The film went on to debut to $27.1 million, finishing second at the box office behind Justice League.[24] In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7%, grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office.[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 156 reviews and an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Wonder doesn't shy away from its bestselling source material's sentiment, but this well-acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings."[26] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score.[24]

text: Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able-bodied actor as Auggie, and have branded the plot an example of inspiration porn.[28][29][30]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018
Best Intergenerational Film
Wonder
Nominated
[31]

Readers' Choice Poll
Wonder
Nominated

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Makeup and Hairstyling
Arjen Tuiten
Nominated
[32]

British Academy Film Awards
February 18, 2018
Best Makeup and Hair
Naomi Bakstad, Robert Pandini and Arjen Tuiten
Nominated
[33]

Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018
Big Budget – Comedy
Deborah Aquila, Kara Eide, Tricia Wood and Kris Woz
Nominated
[34]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Young Actor/Actress
Jacob Tremblay
Nominated
[35]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Jack Thorne, Steve Conrad and Stephen Chbosky
Nominated

Best Hair & Makeup
Wonder
Nominated

Heartland Film Festival
December 31, 2017
Truly Moving Picture Award
Stephen Chbosky
Won
[36]

London Film Critics Circle
January 28, 2018
Young British/Irish Performer of the Year
Noah Jupe
Nominated
[37]

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
February 24, 2018
Feature Motion Picture: Best Contemporary Makeup
Naomi Bakstad, Jean Black and Megan Harkness
Nominated
[38]

Feature Motion Picture: Best Contemporary Hair Styling
Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian
Nominated

Feature Motion Picture: Best Special Makeup Effects
Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten
Nominated

Feature Motion Picture: Best Contemporary Hair Styling
Robert Pandini and Alisa Macmillian
Nominated

Feature Motion Picture: Best Special Makeup Effects
Michael Nickiforek and Arjen Tuiten
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Jacob Tremblay
Pending
[39]

Best Make-up
Arjen Tuiten
Pending

Best Independent Film
Wonder
Pending

Seattle Film Critics Society
December 18, 2017
Best Youth Performance
Jacob Tremblay
Nominated
[40]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 8, 2017
Best Youth Performance
Jacob Tremblay
Nominated
[41]

Women Film Critics Circle
December 17, 2017
Best Family Film
Wonder
Nominated
[42]
[43]

tag: table