document_title: Menin Gate

question_text: who plays the last post at the menin gate

text: Menin Gate

text: Background[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In medieval times, the original narrow gateway on the eastern side of the city of Ypres was called the Hangoartpoort, "poort" being the Dutch word for gate. In order to prosper and maintain its wealth, the city of Ypres had to be fortified, to keep out potential invaders. During the 17th and 18th centuries, while under the occupation of the Habsburgs and the French, the city was increasingly fortified. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the eastern exit simply cut through the remains of the ramparts and crossed a moat. The gateway was by this time known as the Menenpoort, or Menin Gate in English, because the road leading through the gateway led to the small town of Menen.

text: Ypres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium, as had been called for in the Schlieffen Plan. By October 1914, the much battered Belgian Army broke the dykes on the Yser River to the north of the City to keep the western tip of Belgium out of German hands. Ypres, being the centre of a road network, anchored one end of this defensive feature and was also essential for the Germans if they wanted to take the Channel Ports through which British support was flooding into France. For the Allies, Ypres was also important because it eventually became the last major Belgian town that was not under German control.

text: The importance of the town is reflected in the five major battles that occurred around it during the war. During the First Battle of Ypres the Allies halted the German Army's advance to the east of the city. The German army eventually surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. The Second Battle of Ypres marked a second German attempt to take the city in April 1915. The third battle is more commonly referred to as Passchendaele, but this 1917 battle was a complex five-month engagement. The fourth and fifth battles occurred during 1918.

text: British and Commonwealth soldiers often passed through the Menenpoort on their way to the front lines with some 300,000 of them being killed in the Ypres Salient. 90,000 of these soldiers have no known graves.

text: From September to November 1915, the British 177th Tunnelling Company built tunnelled dugouts in the city ramparts near the Menin Gate. These were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient.[2]

text: The carved limestone lions adorning the original gate were damaged by shellfire, and were donated to the Australian War Memorial by the Mayor of Ypres in 1936. They were restored in 1987, and currently reside at the entrance to that Memorial, so that all visitors to the Memorial pass between them.[3]

text: Memorial[edit]

text: Reginald Blomfield's triumphal arch, designed in 1921, is the entry to the barrel-vaulted passage for traffic through the mausoleum that honours the Missing, who have no known graves. The patient lion on the top is the lion of Britain but also the lion of Flanders. It was chosen to be a memorial as it was the closest gate of the town to the fighting, and so Allied Troops would have marched past it on their way to fight. Actually, most troops passed out of the other gates of Ypres, as the Menin Gate was too dangerous due to shellfire.

text: Its large Hall of Memory contains names on stone panels of 54,395 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the Salient but whose bodies have never been identified or found. On completion of the memorial, it was discovered to be too small to contain all the names as originally planned. An arbitrary cut-off point of 15 August 1917 was chosen and the names of 34,984 UK missing after this date were inscribed on the Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing instead. The Menin Gate Memorial does not list the names of the missing of New Zealand and Newfoundland soldiers, who are instead honoured on separate memorials.

text: The inscription inside the archway is similar to the one at Tyne Cot, with the addition of a prefatory Latin phrase: "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam – Here are recorded names of officers and men who fell in Ypres Salient, but to whom the fortune of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death". The Latin phrase means 'To the greater glory of God'. Both this inscription, and the main overhead inscription on both the east- and west-facing façades of the arch, were composed by Rudyard Kipling.[4] On the opposite side of the archway to that inscription is the shorter dedication: "They shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away". There are also Latin inscriptions set in circular panels either side of the archway, on both the east and west sides: "Pro Patria" and "Pro Rege" ('For Country' and 'For King'). A French inscription mentions the citizens of Ypres: "Erigé par les nations de l'Empire Britannique en l'honneur de leurs morts ce monument est offert aux citoyens d'Ypres pour l'ornement de leur cité et en commémoration des jours où l'Armée Britannique l'a défendue contre l'envahisseur", which translated into English means: "Erected by the nations of the British Empire in honour of their dead this monument is offered to the citizens of Ypres for the ornament of their city and in commemoration of the days where the British Army defended it against the invader."[5][6]

text: Reaction to the Menin Gate, the first of the Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission's Memorials to the Missing, ranged from its condemnation by the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, to praise by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig. Sassoon described the Menin Gate in his poem 'On Passing the New Menin Gate', saying that the dead of the Ypres Salient would "deride this sepulchre of crime". Zweig, in contrast, praised the simplicity of the memorial, and lack of overt triumphalism, and said that it was "more impressive than any triumphal arch or monument to victory that I have ever seen". Blomfield himself said that this work of his was one of three that he wanted to be remembered by.[7]

text: To this day, the remains of missing soldiers are still found in the countryside around the town of Ypres. Typically, such finds are made during building work or road-mending activities. Any human remains discovered receive a proper burial in one of the war cemeteries in the region. If the remains can be identified, the relevant name is removed from the Menin Gate.[citation needed]

text: Notable commemoratees[edit]

text: Eight recipients of the Victoria Cross are commemorated on this memorial, listed under their respective regiments:[8]

text:
Lance Corporal Frederick Fisher VC (Canadian)
Brigadier-General Charles FitzClarence VC (highest ranking commemorated)
Company Sergeant Major Frederick William Hall VC (Canadian)
Second Lieutenant Denis George Wyldbore Hewitt VC
Lieutenant Hugh McKenzie VC (Canadian)
Captain John Vallentin VC
Private Edward Warner VC
Second Lieutenant Sidney Woodroffe VC

text: Others listed include:

text:
Lieutenant George Archer-Shee, original for the title character in Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy[9]
Second Lieutenant Harold Bache, English first-class cricketer[10][11]
Sergeant Harry Band, reputed victim of the alleged "Crucified Canadian" atrocity[12]
Captain Percy Banks, English first-class cricketer[13]
Captain Frank Bingham, English first-class cricketer[14]
Second Lieutenant William (Billy) Geen, Wales rugby international[15]
Lieutenant Walter Lyon, poet[16]
Captain Basil Maclear, Ireland rugby international[17]
Lieutenant Colonel Edgar Mobbs, England rugby international[18]
Captain The Hon. Arthur O'Neill, first British Member of Parliament killed in World War I[19]
Second Lieutenant Clyde Bowman Pearce,[20] first Australian born winner of the Australian Golf Open (1908)
Lance-Sergeant Leonard Sutton, English first-class cricketer (serving with Canadians)[21]

text: "Last Post" ceremony[edit]

text: Following the Menin Gate Memorial opening in 1927, the citizens of Ypres wanted to express their gratitude towards those who had given their lives for Belgium's freedom. Hence every evening at 20:00, buglers from the local fire brigade close the road which passes under the memorial and sound the "Last Post".[23] Except for the occupation by the Germans in World War II when the daily ceremony was conducted at Brookwood Military Cemetery, in Surrey, England, this ceremony has been carried on uninterrupted since 2 July 1928.[24] On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres in the Second World War, the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate despite the fact that heavy fighting was still taking place in other parts of the town.

text: During an extended version of the ceremony, individuals or groups may lay a wreath to commemorate the fallen.[25] Bands and choirs from around the world may also apply to participate in the ceremonies.[25] This extended version of the ceremony also starts at 20:00, but lasts longer than the normal ceremony, when only the Last Post is played.[25] Schedules are available on the Last Post website.[25]

text: In art[edit]

text: '"Menin Gate at Midnight" (also known as '"Ghosts of Menin Gate'") is a 1927 painting by Australian artist Will Longstaff. The painting depicts a host of ghostly soldiers marching across a field in front of the Menin Gate war memorial.[26] The painting is part of the collection of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.[27]

text: Other memorials[edit]

text: On the city walls near the Menin Gate are further memorials to Allied soldiers who fought and died at Ypres, the most notable being those to the Gurkhas and Indian soldiers.

text:
Monument to Indian soldiers

Gurkha memorial

Town ramparts near Menin Gate

Tactile model of Menin Gate


document_title: A Good Day to Die Hard

question_text: who plays john mcclane daughter in a good day to die hard

root

text: A Good Day to Die Hard

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Moscow, Viktor Chagarin, a high-ranking, but corrupt, Russian official plans to incriminate former billionaire and government whistleblower Yuri Komarov in an imminent rigged trial unless Komarov hands over a secret file believed to contain evidence incriminating Chagarin. Separately, Jack McClane, who has been arrested after an assassination attempt, negotiates for a shorter sentence by offering to testify against Komarov. Meanwhile, Jack's father, NYPD Detective John McClane, who has not been in touch with his son for several years, has learned his son is in trouble and travels to Russia to help. As John arrives and approaches the courthouse where Komarov is on trial, a bomb explosion, orchestrated by Chagarin's henchman Alik, occurs in the courthouse and Jack breaks free with Komarov. Seeing his son, John confronts him, but their dispute is cut short as Alik and his men chase them in a US Cougar MRAP through the streets of Moscow. John, Jack, and Komarov manage to escape.

tag: p

text: Hiding in a safe house, John finds out that his son is a CIA officer and has been on an undercover operation for the past three years. Jack's partner, Collins, demands the file's location from Komarov so that the CIA can bring Chagarin down. Komarov eventually agrees on condition that he and his daughter are given safe passage out of Russia. Collins is eventually shot and killed while the McClanes and Komarov come under heavy gunfire from Chagarin's men, but they escape. They make their way to a hotel in the city to fetch the key to the vault containing the file. There they meet up with Komarov's daughter, Irina, as earlier planned. John grows suspicious of her shifty behavior, and is proven correct when Alik and his men burst in and tie John and Jack up, while Komarov is taken as a hostage, and Irina confesses to informing on them for the "millions of dollars" to be gained. Jack breaks free of his ties and kills the nearest guards using a Russian gun-knife, allowing the two to kill most of the men. Alik and Irina, with Komarov still their hostage, return in a Mil Mi-24 helicopter and try to kill them, but the two escape a second time.

text: That night, the two steal a car full of firearms and drive to Pripyat, Ukraine, where the vault with the file is located. However, Komarov, Irina, and Alik have preceded them. In a twist, the file is revealed never to have existed: the drawer with the file supposedly inside is in fact a secret passage to a Chernobyl vault containing €1 billion worth of weapons-grade uranium. Once inside the vault, Komarov kills Alik and calls Chagarin to gloat and to listen as Chagarin is killed by a henchman of Komarov's.

text: At this point, John and Jack enter the vault, discover Komarov's true plot, and capture him. Irina, with another henchman, comes to her father's aid. As they attempt to escape, Jack follows Komarov, while John goes after Irina, who is escaping on a Mil Mi-26 helicopter. Irina tries to protect her father by firing the helicopter's guns at Jack. John is able to bring the helicopter out of balance by driving a truck out of the hangar section, still shackled by a chain, via the open rear ramp; he is later thrown off into the building. Komarov remarks that Jack will get to watch his father die, prompting Jack to hurl him off the rooftop into the path of the spinning helicopter rotors, killing him. As Jack and John reunite inside the building, Irina tries to avenge her father by ramming the helicopter, now out of ammunition, into the building in a suicide attack. Father and son survive by leaping off the building into a large pool of water, as the helicopter crashes and explodes, killing Irina. In the end, the McClanes return home and reunite with Lucy McClane on the tarmac.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as John McClane, an NYPD detective in Russia to find his son, John McClane, Jr.
Jai Courtney as John "Jack" McClane, Jr., the son of the senior McClane and a CIA operative on a mission in Russia.
Sebastian Koch as Yuri Komarov, a powerful Russian terrorist who's a political prisoner and Irina's father.
Yuliya Snigir as Irina Komarova, Yuri's daughter
Sergei Kolesnikov as Viktor Chagarin, a corrupt, high-ranking Russian official.
Radivoje Bukvić as Alik, Chagarin's main enforcer.
Cole Hauser as Mike Collins, a CIA operative and Jack's partner.
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Lucy McClane, McClane's oldest child and Jack's elder sister.
Amaury Nolasco as Murphy, an NYPD detective and McClane's friend.
Roman Luknár as Anton
Ganxsta Zolee as MRAP Driver

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Production was formally announced in 2010, with X-Men Origins: Wolverine and The A-Team writer Skip Woods confirmed as the film's screenwriter. Noam Murro was originally attached to direct the film but left production to direct the 300 prequel, 300: Rise of an Empire. John Moore was subsequently drafted in to replace him.[6]

text: The film was originally titled "Die Hard 24/7". The media speculated that the film would be a crossover between the Die Hard and 24 series, with Kiefer Sutherland to reprise his role as Jack Bauer alongside John McClane.[7] This was never confirmed by the studio, and the film's title was later revealed to be A Good Day to Die Hard—with no further mention of any involvement from the 24 series—with a release date of February 14, 2013.[8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Bruce Willis returned as John McClane, and has expressed a desire to shoot A Good Day to Die Hard and a sixth installment in the series before retiring the character.[9]

text: When casting the role of Jack McClane, the studios considered several actors, including Liam Hemsworth and James Badge Dale,[10] before ultimately settling on Australian actor Jai Courtney.[11] Mary Elizabeth Winstead also appeared in the film, reprising her role as McClane's daughter Lucy.[12] However all her scenes were cut from the Extended release.[13]

text: Sebastian Koch played the film's primary antagonist, Yuri Komarov,[14] while Yuliya Snigir and Cole Hauser featured as secondary characters Irina and Collins.[14][15] The cast was completed by actors Amaury Nolasco as a friend of McClane,[16] Pasha D. Lychnikoff as a taxi driver,[16] and Megalyn Echikunwoke, Anne Vyalitsyna, and Ivan Kamaras in smaller roles.[16][17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production began in Hungary in April 2012, with the capital Budapest standing in for Moscow.[18] A military shooting range near Hajmáskér was used for shooting live ammunition,[19][20] while vehicular stunts were shot at the Hungaroring, a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród.[21]

text: In July 2012, a fire broke out on the set while shooting an aerial stunt, though no one was injured and shooting resumed after a short delay.[22]

text: In creating the film's visual style, Moore wanted the camera work to be almost entirely handheld, using three 4 Perforation 35mm Arri[23] cameras equipped with long lenses to capture tight close-ups, for Moore explained, "McClane is in a strange world, with little or no initial control over his environment. He's unable to anticipate things as he normally might. He's caught off guard, and we want the camera to mimic that surprise and confusion."[24] Moore also chose to create as many of the film's effects on camera as possible, only using visual effects to enhance elements or paint in backgrounds.[24]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: A specially censored version was prepared for theatrical release in the United Kingdom, which was cut for language and violence in order to attain a 12A at the request of the distributors.[25] The U.S. version is rated R and is uncut. The film's audio was mixed in Dolby Atmos surround sound.[26] In February 2013, director Moore began work on a director's cut, which was later released on Blu-ray.[27]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A Good Day to Die Hard: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Marco Beltrami

Released
February 19, 2013 (2013-02-19)

Genre
Film score

Label
Sony Classical

Producer
Marco Beltrami

tag: table

text: Marco Beltrami, who had composed the soundtrack for the previous film, Live Free or Die Hard, returned to score A Good Day to Die Hard. Beltrami again incorporates Michael Kamen's material from the first three films into his score. Beltrami only had six weeks in which to write the music, and new scenes were still being shot as the music was being recorded. In the end, he wrote around 120 minutes of music, with 80 of those minutes making it into the final film.[28] The soundtrack album was released on February 14, 2013 digitally and in retailers by Sony Classical.[29] Five orchestrators were involved: Pete Anthony, Jon Kull, Dana Niu, Rossana Galante, Andrew Kinny. The orchestra was conducted by Pete Anthony.

text: The score was programmed by Buck Sanders, with additional music composed by Marcus Trumpp and Brandon Roberts.[30]

text: All music composed by Marco Beltrami.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Yuri Says, “привет”"
2:19

2.
"Getting Yuri to the Van"
2:14

3.
"Jack Makes the Call"
2:53

4.
"Everyone to the Courthouse"
3:09

5.
"Court Adjourned"
2:19

6.
"Truckzilla (Act 1)"
3:38

7.
"Yippie Kay Yay, Mother Russia!"
1:54

8.
"Truckzilla (Act 2)"
2:00

9.
"Father & Son"
1:24

10.
"To the Safe House"
1:51

11.
"Regroup"
2:30

12.
"Leaving the Safe House"
1:59

13.
"Getting to the Dance Floor"
1:34

14.
"Too Many Kolbasas on the Dance Floor"
3:53

15.
"What's So Funny?"
2:30

16.
"McClanes Get the Bird"
3:00

17.
"Scumbags"
2:05

18.
"Entering Chernobyl"
4:07

19.
"Into the Vault"
2:17

20.
"Rubbed Out at the Spa"
2:07

21.
"Sunshine Shootout"
1:37

22.
"Get to the Choppa!"
2:59

23.
"Chopper Takedown"
3:26

24.
"It's Hard to Kill a McClane"
2:59

25.
"Triple Vodka Rhapsody"
1:55

26.
"McClane's Brain"
2:00

text: Release[edit]

text: On January 31, 2013, 20th Century Fox held a special tribute to the 25th anniversary of the Die Hard series by unveiling a mural of a scene from Die Hard (1988) on Sound Stage 8 of the Fox Lot. Afterward, the premiere screening of A Good Day to Die Hard was shown.[2] Two additional premieres were held in Europe leading up to the film's commercial release: one in Berlin, Germany on February 4 and the second in London, England on February 7.[31][32] A Good Day to Die Hard was commercially released first in Indonesia on February 6, 2013, and then opened in certain East and Southeast Asian territories on February 7.

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was distributed to 2,328 theaters for night showings on February 13.[33] Select theaters also held a one-time special marathon of all Die Hard films to lead up to A Good Day to Die Hard's nationwide release,[34] with Bruce Willis making a personal appearance at one of these marathons in New York City to thank fans.[35] The film then expanded to a total of 3,553 theaters, including IMAX theaters, on February 14.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 14% based on 217 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Good Day to Die Hard is the weakest entry in a storied franchise, and not even Bruce Willis' smirking demeanor can enliven a cliched, uninspired script."[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[5] On both websites, the film ranked lowest among the Die Hard films. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the lowest score of the franchise.[36]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times described A Good Day to Die Hard as "a handful of extended set pieces—each more elaborate and therefore somehow less exciting than the last—linked by a simple-minded plot and a handful of half-clever lines." Though complimenting the special effects, he criticizes the direction of John Moore, the lack of style, and writes that "everything that made the first Die Hard memorable—the nuances of character, the political subtext, the cowboy wit—has been dumbed down or scrubbed away entirely."[37] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter expressed similar sentiments, particularly of the direction, for which he says that Moore "has directed these sequences in a way that makes the incidents look so far-fetched and essentially unsurvivable that you can only laugh".[38] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a 2/5 and remarked that it lacked "inspiration", and that the onscreen rivalry of Willis and Courtney was "more irritant than enticement."[39] Richard Roeper, standing in for Roger Ebert on Ebert's website, rated the film one and a half stars out of four, criticizing the implausibility of the action sequences, as well as the film's lack of sufficient characterization for McClane and the villains as compared to the other films in the series. He says that "McClane has been stripped of any real traces of an actual three-dimensional character," and that the film "never giv[es] us a chance to get the least bit involved with any of these characters."[40]

text: Among the rare positive reviews, Robbie Collin for The Telegraph remarked that "Yet even though the ride finally stalls, A Good Day To Die Hard has been thrustingly outrageous enough in its earlier moments to coast to the finish line on momentum.".[41] Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail tabloid paper described the film as "...as stupid in its way as The Expendables 1 and Taken 2, and nowhere near the quality of the first three Die Hards. But if you approach it as I did, in a mood for preposterous action and massive explosions, it does deliver escapist entertainment and it’s mercifully shorter than Die Hard 4. In a week as bad as this in the cinema, it is the only new movie I would have paid to see." Tookey then gave the final verdict as being "Entertaining, but dumb." along with a 3/5 star rating.[42] Daniel M. Kimmel, writing for the New England Movies Weekly, found the film to be better than Live Free or Die Hard and states that the car chase scene "is well worth the price of admission." With a 3.5/5 rating, Kimmel summed up his review saying, "it's probably a good day to end the series at last, but it's an action-packed and entertaining finale."[43] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized the action scenes as being "messy", but concluded his review saying that the film "continues the franchise without undue embarrassment."[44] Peter Howell of The Toronto Star remarked that Willis and Courtney made a strong estranged family duo and that the film had a nice drinking game routine going for it with how many times McClane exclaims "I'm on vacation!" during the running time.[45]

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $67,349,198 in North America and $237,304,984 in other territories for a worldwide total of $304,654,182, roughly three times its $92 million budget.

text: In North America, A Good Day to Die Hard grossed an estimated $840,000 from its night showings at 2,328 locations on Wednesday, February 13, 2013.[33] The next day, at an additional 1,225 locations, the film managed to accumulate $8,239,116, opening at #2 behind Safe Haven.[1] However, for the whole 4-day Presidents' Day weekend, A Good Day to Die Hard opened in first place with $28,640,657, bringing its total at that point to $36,879,773.[46]

text: Overseas, A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $10,860,000 in its first weekend. Opening in seven Asian markets at 1,182 locations a week before North America's release (February 6–7) to take advantage of the Chinese New Year holiday, the majority of the film's gross came from South Korea, with the film also setting a Fox record in Indonesia and a series record in Hong Kong.[47]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Good Day to Die Hard was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 4, 2013.[48] There is an extended cut that is only available on the Blu-ray version. It features a longer car chase through Moscow and some other slightly extended scenes. It also completely removes Lucy from the film.


document_title: The Princess and the Frog

question_text: what's the frog's name from princess and the frog

question_tokens: what 's the frog 's name from princess and the frog

text: The Princess and the Frog

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1912 New Orleans, a girl named Tiana and her friend Charlotte La Bouff listen to Tiana's mother read the story of The Frog Prince. Charlotte finds the story to be romantic, while Tiana proclaims she will never kiss a frog. Fourteen years later, Tiana has grown into an aspiring young chef who works as a waitress for two local diners, so she can save enough money to start her own restaurant, a dream she shared with her deceased father.

text: Prince Naveen of Maldonia arrives in New Orleans to better his financial situation. After being cut off by his parents, Naveen intends to marry a rich southern belle, and Charlotte is the perfect candidate. Eli "Big Daddy" La Bouff, a rich sugar baron and Charlotte's father, is hosting a masquerade ball in Naveen's honor. Charlotte hires Tiana to make beignets for the ball, giving her enough money to buy an old sugar mill to convert into her restaurant. Meanwhile, Naveen and his valet, Lawrence, meet the voodoo witch doctor  Doctor Facilier. Inviting them into his emporium, Facilier convinces them that he can make their dreams come true, but neither man gets what they are expecting; Naveen is transformed into a frog, while Lawrence is given a voodoo talisman that makes him resemble Naveen. Facilier intends for Lawrence to marry Charlotte, after which he will kill Big Daddy and claim his fortune.

text: At the ball, Tiana discovers she may lose the mill to a higher bidder. Tiana then meets Naveen, who, believing her to be a princess because of her costume, asks her to kiss him and break Facilier's spell. In exchange for the money needed, Tiana accepts, but when she kisses Naveen, she is turned into a frog herself. A chase ensues, and Tiana and Naveen escape to a bayou. In the bayou, Tiana and Naveen meet Louis, a trumpet-playing alligator, and Ray, a Cajun firefly. Louis and Ray offer to lead Tiana and Naveen to the hoodoo priestess Mama Odie, whom they believe can undo the curse. During the journey, Tiana and Naveen develop feelings for each other. Meanwhile, Facilier makes a deal with the voodoo spirits, offering them the souls of the people of New Orleans; in exchange, the spirits grant Facilier the services of a host of shadow demons, whom he orders to find and capture Naveen.

text: When the four find Mama Odie, she tells them that Naveen must kiss a true princess in order to break the spell. They return to New Orleans to find Charlotte, who is the princess of the Mardi Gras Parade, but only until midnight. Naveen tells Ray he loves Tiana and is willing to give up his dreams for her, but before he can tell Tiana, he is captured by the demons and brought to Facilier. After Ray tells Tiana that Naveen loves her, Tiana goes to parade to find a human "Naveen" marrying Charlotte; but Ray rescues the real Naveen and steals the charm that disguises Lawrence. Ray finds Tiana, gives her the charm and attempts to hold off the demons so she can escape, but Facilier manages to wound him. Facilier then offers to make Tiana's restaurant dream come true in exchange for the talisman. Realizing she would rather be with Naveen, and recognizing Facilier's true intentions, Tiana destroys the talisman. The angered voodoo spirits claim Facilier himself as payment for his debts to them and drag him into the spirit world.

text: As Lawrence is taken away by the police, Tiana and Naveen reveal their love to each other and explain the situation to Charlotte, who agrees to kiss Naveen. The clock strikes midnight before she can do so, but the couple decide they are content to live together as frogs. Tiana and Naveen are wed by Mama Odie; and because of Tiana's new status as princess, they are restored to human form after their kiss. Later, the couple returns to New Orleans to legally get married and celebrate, and together they open their new restaurant.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anika Noni Rose as Tiana/"Tia", a 19-year-old waitress and aspiring chef/restaurateur. She is a smart, hard-working, and independent young woman, but one who works so hard that she often forgets important things such as love, fun, and family.[4] Originally, Tiana was supposed to be known as "Maddy". Mark Henn served as the supervising animator for Tiana in both human and frog form, making her one of several Disney lead female characters he has animated.[5] Henn declared that he attempted to make a character that could stand on its own "without repeating what I've done on Belle, Ariel, and Jasmine", with Tiana having a more cynical and grounded personality. Rose's performance influenced much of the animation, with the actress even suggesting to Henn for Tiana to be left-handed like herself.[6]
Elizabeth Dampier voices Tiana as a child.
Bruno Campos as Prince Naveen, the prince of Maldonia. Naveen is a 24-year-old ne'er-do-well and playboy who has been cut off from his family's riches until he learns the value of responsibility. Randy Haycock served as the supervising animator of Naveen in both human and frog form.[7] The directors described the fictional kingdom of Maldonia as "located in an East of the Sun and West of the Moon location", however, the name Naveen (meaning "young man" in Sanskrit) is fairly common among men from the Indian Subcontinent. Campos combined a French accent with his own Brazilian accent to make up a Maldonian accent.[citation needed]
Michael-Leon Wooley as Louis, a friendly, neurotic, trumpet-playing alligator whose dream is to become human so he can join a jazz band. His name comes from the famous jazz artist and trumpeter, Louis Armstrong. Eric Goldberg, the supervising animator of Louis and other miscellaneous characters,[7] won the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production for his work on the film.[8]
Jim Cummings as Ray, a Cajun firefly. He and his vast family are close friends with Mama Odie, so he offers to help the frogs get to her. Ray has an unrequited love for the Evening Star, which he believes is another firefly named "Evangeline" (a reference to the 19th-century Longfellow poem).[9] Mike Surrey was the supervising animator for Ray. Ray's name comes from the blind pianist Ray Charles.[7]
Keith David as Doctor Facilier, also known as The Shadow Man, a voodoo bokor (witch doctor). He is depicted in the image of Baron Samedi and/or Ghede Nibo wearing a tailcoat and tophat. Bruce W. Smith, supervising animator of Doctor Facilier, referred to the character as the "lovechild" of his two favorite Disney Villains: Captain Hook from Peter Pan (1953), and Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961).[10] Smith was nominated for the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production for his work.[8]
Jennifer Cody as Charlotte "Lottie" La Bouff, a wealthy Southern débutante and Tiana's best friend since childhood who dreams of marrying a prince. Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator of Charlotte as an adult and child.[7] Jennifer Cody won the Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production for her performance.[8]
Breanna Brooks voices Charlotte as a child.
Jenifer Lewis as Mama Odie, a blind, 197-year-old voodoo priestess, who serves as the film's "Fairy Godmother figure". Andreas Deja was the supervising animator for both Mama Odie and her pet snake, Juju, and was nominated for the Annie Award for Character Animation in a Feature Production.[8][11]
Peter Bartlett as Lawrence, Prince Naveen's valet, whom Doctor Facilier recruits as a partner in his scheme by transforming him to look like Naveen using a blood charm. Anthony DeRosa was the supervising animator for the Lawrence character, whose design was influenced by the Mr. Smee character from Peter Pan.[9]
John Goodman as Eli "Big Daddy" La Bouff, a very wealthy Southern sugar mill owner and father of Charlotte La Bouff. While he spoils Charlotte with everything she asks for, he is a loving and generous man, and loves Tiana's cooking. Duncan Marjoribanks was the supervising animator for Eli "Big Daddy" La Bouff.[7]
Oprah Winfrey as Eudora, Tiana's mother who wants to see her happy and worries that Tiana focuses too much on her dream of owning a restaurant.[12] Ruben A. Aquino animated both Eudora and her husband, James.[7]
Terrence Howard as James, Tiana's father, who helped instil a strong work ethic in Tiana. He served in World War I as evidenced by a dresser-top portrait photo of him in a World War I uniform. The circumstances of his death were not stated in the film; however, his portrait is accompanied by the Distinguished Service Cross, a US medal awarded to soldiers who demonstrated great heroism or risk of life in battle.
Frank Welker as Stella (vocal effects), Charlotte's pet dog who talks to Tiana during the film, when she is chasing Tiana and Naveen as frogs on the table. She loves Tiana's beignets and begs at Tiana when she wants one.
Dee Bradley Baker as Juju, Mama Odie's green pet snake.
Corey Burton and Jerry Kernion as the Fenner Brothers, two real estate agents who eventually sell Tiana the sugar mill under duress after initially refusing because someone else was offering to pay for it in cash, and because they believed Tiana could not manage it because of her background.[13]
Ritchie Montgomery, Don Hall, and Paul Briggs as Reggie, Darnell, and Two-Fingers, three bumbling frog hunters who try to catch Tiana and Naveen as frogs. Their resemblance to The Three Stooges has been noted.
Kevin Michael Richardson and Emeril Lagasse as Ian and Marlon, the two alligators.

text: Production[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Disney had once announced that 2004's Home on the Range would be their last traditionally animated film. After the company's acquisition of Pixar in 2006, Ed Catmull and John Lasseter, the new president and chief creative officer of Disney Animation Studios, reversed this decision and reinstated hand-drawn animation at the studio.[14][15] Many animators who had either been laid off or had left the studio when the traditional animation units were dissolved in 2003 were located and re-hired for the project.[16] Lasseter also brought back directors Ron Clements and John Musker, whose earlier works include The Great Mouse Detective (1986), The Little Mermaid (1989), Aladdin (1992), Hercules (1997), and Treasure Planet (2002).[17][18] The duo had left the company in 2005, but Lasseter requested their return to Disney to direct and write the film and had let them choose the style of animation (traditional or CGI) they wanted to use.[9]

text: The story for the film began development by merging two projects in development at Disney and Pixar at the time, both based around "The Frog Prince" fairy tale.[9][16] One of the projects was based on E. D. Baker's The Frog Princess, in which the story's heroine (Princess Emma) kisses a prince turned frog (Prince Eadric), only to become a frog herself.[16] The Princess and the Frog returns to the musical film format used in many of the previously successful Disney animated films, with a style Musker and Clements declared, like with Aladdin and The Little Mermaid, had inspiration from Golden Age Disney features such as Cinderella.[6]

text: Musker and Clements thought that given all fairy tales were set in Europe, they could do an American fairy tale.[6] They stated that they chose New Orleans as a tribute to the history of the city, for its "magical" qualities, and because it was Lasseter's favorite city.[9][19] The directors spent ten days in Louisiana before starting to write the film.[6]

text: The Princess and the Frog was originally announced as The Frog Princess in July 2006,[14] and early concepts and songs were presented to the public at The Walt Disney Company's annual shareholders' meeting in March 2007.[20] These announcements drew criticism from African-American media outlets, due to elements of the Frog Princess story, characters, and settings considered distasteful.[21][22] African-American critics disapproved of the original name for the heroine, "Maddy", due to its similarity to the derogatory term "mammy".[21] Also protested were Maddy's original career as a chambermaid,[22] the choice to have the black heroine's love interest be a non-black prince, which upset opponents of on-screen interracial romance,[21] and the use of a black male voodoo witchdoctor as the film's villain.[21] The Frog Princess title was also thought by critics to be a slur on French people.[23] Also questioned was the film's setting of New Orleans, which had been heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, resulting in the expulsion of a large number of mostly black residents.[24] Critics claimed the choice of New Orleans as the setting for a Disney film with a black heroine was an affront to the Katrina victims' plight.[21][24]

text: In response to these early criticisms, the film's title was changed in May 2007 from The Frog Princess to The Princess and the Frog. The name "Maddy" was changed to "Tiana",[23][25] and the character's occupation was altered from chambermaid to waitress.[21] Talk show host Oprah Winfrey was hired as a technical consultant for the film, leading to her taking a voice-acting role in the film as Tiana's mother, Eudora.[9]

text: Writing and themes[edit]

text: The head of story, Don Hall, described the plot as a fairy tale "twisted enough that it seems new and fresh", with a kingdom that is a modern city, a handsome prince that is a "knuckleheaded playboy" and a variation on the fairy godmother with Mama Odie. Co-writer Rob Edwards also said The Princess and the Frog was "a princess movie for people who don't like princess movies". As the writers thought Tiana's character motivation of simply dreaming of having her own restaurant was not appealing enough, they expanded so it was her father's as well, with the extra philosophy of "food bringing people together from all walks of life". Musker and Clements stated that while Tiana already starts as a sympathetic character, the events of the plot make her "understand things in a deeper level" and change people around her. Both protagonists would learn from each other—Naveen to take responsibilities, Tiana to enjoy life—as well as figuring from Ray's passion for Evangeline that the perfect balance is brought by having someone you love to share the experience.[6] Tiana became the first African-American Disney Princess.[26][27]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: On December 1, 2006, a detailed casting call was announced for the film at the Manhattan Theatre Source forum.[28] The casting call states the film as being an American fairy tale musical set in New Orleans during the 1920s Jazz Age and provides a detailed list of the film's major characters.

text: In February 2007, it was reported that Dreamgirls actresses Jennifer Hudson and Anika Noni Rose were top contenders for the voice of Tiana, and that Alicia Keys directly contacted Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook about voicing the role.[29] It was later reported that Tyra Banks was considered for the role as well.[30] By April 2007, it was confirmed that Rose would be voicing Tiana.[31] Three months later, it was reported that Keith David would be doing the voice of Doctor Facilier, the villain of the film.[32]

text: Animation and design[edit]

text: Clements and Musker had agreed early on that the style they were aiming for was primarily that of Lady and the Tramp (1955), a film which they and John Lasseter feel represents "the pinnacle of Disney's style".[33] "After that, everything started becoming more stylized, like Sleeping Beauty, 101 Dalmatians—which are fantastic films as well, but there's a particular style (to Lady and the Tramp) that's so classically Disney."[34] Lady and the Tramp also heavily informed the style of the New Orleans scenes, while Disney's Bambi (1942) served as the template for the bayou scenes.[33] Bambi was described as a stylistic reference for the painted backgrounds, as according to art director Ian Gooding "Bambi painted what it feels like to be in the forest instead of the forest" so The Princess and the Frog would in turn try capturing the essence of roaming through New Orleans.[6]

text: The former trend in Disney's hand-drawn features where the characters and cinematography were influenced by a CGI-look has been abandoned. Andreas Deja, a veteran Disney animator who supervised the character of Mama Odie, says "I always thought that maybe we should distinguish ourselves to go back to what 2D is good at, which is focusing on what the line can do rather than volume, which is a CG kind of thing. So we are doing less extravagant Treasure Planet kind of treatments. You have to create a world but [we're doing it more simply]. What we're trying to do with Princess and the Frog is hook up with things that the old guys did earlier. It's not going to be graphic…".[35] Deja also mentions that Lasseter was aiming for the Disney sculptural and dimensional look of the 1950s: "All those things that were non-graphic, which means go easy on the straight lines and have one volume flow into the other—an organic feel to the drawing."[35] Lasseter also felt that traditional animation created more character believability.[36] For example, with Louis the alligator, created by Eric Goldberg, Lasseter said: "It's the believability of this large character being able to move around quite like that."[36] Choreographer Betsy Baytos was brought by the directors to lead a team of eccentric dancers that gave reference to make each character a different style of movement. The character design tried to create beautiful drawings through subtle shapes, particularly for most characters being human. For the frog versions of Tiana and Naveen, while the animators started with realistic designs, they eventually went for cutesy characters "removing all that is unappealing in frogs", similar to Pinocchio's Jiminy Cricket.[6]

text: Toon Boom Animation's Toon Boom Harmony software was used as the main software package for the production of the film, as the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) system that Disney developed with Pixar in the 1980s for use on their previous traditionally animated films had become outdated.[37] The Harmony software was augmented with a number of plug-ins to provide CAPS-like effects such as shading on cheeks and smoke effects.[11][35] The reinstated traditional unit's first production, a 2007 Goofy cartoon short entitled How to Hook Up Your Home Theater, was partly animated without paper by using Harmony and Wacom Cintiq pressure-sensitive tablets. The character animators found some difficulty with this approach, and decided to use traditional paper and pencil drawings, which were then scanned into the computer systems, for The Princess and the Frog.[11]

text: The one exception to the new Toon Boom Harmony pipeline was the "Almost There" dream sequence, which utilized an Art Deco graphic style based on the art of Harlem Renaissance painter Aaron Douglas.[38] Supervised by Eric Goldberg and designed by Sue Nichols,[39] the "Almost There" sequence's character animation was done on paper without going through the clean-up animation department,[9] and scanned directly into Photoshop. The artwork was then enhanced to affect the appearance of painted strokes and fills, and combined with backgrounds, using Adobe After Effects.[10][11]

text: The visual effects and backgrounds for the film were created digitally using Cintiq tablet displays.[11][40] Marlon West, one of Disney's veteran animation visual effects supervisors, says about the production; "Those guys had this bright idea to bring back hand-drawn animation, but everything had to be started again from the ground up. One of the first things we did was focus on producing shorts, to help us re-introduce the 2D pipeline. I worked as vfx supervisor on the Goofy short, How to Hook Up Your Home Theater. It was a real plus for the effects department, so we went paperless for The Princess and the Frog." The backgrounds were painted digitally using Adobe Photoshop, and many of the architectural elements were based upon 3D models built in Autodesk Maya.[11] Much of the clean-up animation, digital ink-and-paint, and compositing were outsourced to third-party companies in Orlando, Florida (Premise Entertainment), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Yowza Digital Animation), and Brooklin, São Paulo, Brazil (HGN Produções).[7]

text: Music[edit]

text: During Disney's 2007 shareholder meeting, Randy Newman and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band performed the film's opening number, "Down in New Orleans", with famous New Orleans singer Dr. John singing, while slides of pre-production art from the film played on a screen.[20] Other songs in the film include "Almost There" (a solo for Tiana), "Dig a Little Deeper" (a song for Mama Odie), "When We're Human" (a song for Louis, Tiana and Naveen [as frogs]), "Friends on the Other Side" (a solo for Doctor Facilier), and "Gonna Take You There" and "Ma Belle Evangeline" (two solos for Ray).[20] Newman composed, arranged, and conducted the music for the film, a mixture of jazz, zydeco, blues, and gospel styles performed by the voice cast members for the respective characters while R&B singer-songwriter Ne-Yo wrote and performed the end title song "Never Knew I Needed", an R&B love song referring to the romance between the film's two main characters, Tiana and Naveen. Supported by a music video by Melina, "Never Knew I Needed" was issued to radio outlets as a commercial single from the Princess and the Frog soundtrack.[41]

text: The film's soundtrack album, The Princess and the Frog: Original Songs and Score, contains the ten original songs from the film and seven instrumental pieces. The soundtrack was released on November 23, 2009, the day before the limited release of the film in New York and Los Angeles.[42]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in theaters with a limited run in New York and Los Angeles beginning on November 25, 2009, followed by wide release on December 11, 2009.[43] The film was originally set for release on Christmas Day 2009, but its release date was changed due to a competing family film, Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel, scheduled for release the same day.[44] The Princess and the Frog enjoyed a limited re-release in AMC Theatres, lasting from October 6–12, 2017 as part of the Dream Big, Princess campaign.[45][46]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The Princess and the Frog was supported by a wide array of merchandise leading up to and following the film's release. Although Disney's main marketing push was not set to begin until November 2009, positive word-of-mouth promotion created demand for merchandise well in advance of the film.[47] Princess Tiana costumes were selling out prior to Halloween 2009, and a gift set of Tiana-themed hair-care products from Carol's Daughter sold out in seven hours on the company's website.[47] Other planned merchandise includes a cookbook for children and even a wedding gown.[47] Princess Tiana was also featured a few months before the release in the Disney on Ice: Let's Celebrate! show.[48] The film itself was promoted through advertisements, including one from GEICO where Naveen, as a frog, converses with the company's gecko mascot.[49]

text: A live parade and show called Tiana's Showboat Jubilee! premiered on October 25, 2009, at the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida,[50] and on November 5 at Disneyland in California.[51] In Disneyland, actors in New Orleans Square paraded to the Rivers of America and boarded the park's steamboat.[51] From there, the cast, starring Princess Tiana, Prince Naveen, Louis the alligator, and Doctor Facilier, would sing songs from the movie, following a short storyline taking place after the events of the film. The Disneyland version's actors actually partook in singing, while the Walt Disney World rendition incorporated lip-syncing.[51]

text: Tiana's Showboat Jubilee! ran at both parks until January 3, 2010.[50][51] At Disneyland Park, the show was replaced by a land-based event called Princess Tiana's Mardi Gras Celebration, which features Princess Tiana along with five of the original presentation's "Mardi Gras dancers" and the park's "Jambalaya Jazz Band" as they perform songs from the movie.[52] "Tiana's Mardi Gras Celebration" officially ended on October 3, 2010. However, it returned to Disneyland from 2011–2013 as part of the "Limited Time Magic" family-fun weekends.[53][54][55]

text: Tiana also appears in Disneyland Paris' New Generation Festival.[56] Some of the characters appear frequently during World of Color, the nightly fountain and projection show presented at Disney California Adventure. Disney announced on June 4, 2009, that they would release a video game inspired by the film and it was released on November 2009 exclusively for Wii and Nintendo DS platforms. It has been officially described an "adventure through the exciting world of New Orleans in a family-oriented video game", featuring events from the film and challenges for Princess Tiana.[57]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Princess and the Frog was released in North America on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 16, 2010.[58]

text: The film is available on DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc combo pack editions; the combo pack includes DVD and digital copies of the film, along with the Blu-ray Disc version.[58] The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in Australia on June 2, 2010, and on June 21, 2010, in the United Kingdom. As of December 2010 the DVD has sold 4,475,227 copies and has made $71.3 million in DVD sales,[59] making it the ninth-best-selling DVD of 2010.[60]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The financial and critical success of The Princess and the Frog persuaded Disney to green-light at least one new hand-drawn animated film to be released every two years.[16] However, the blog /Film noted in July 2014 with the release of hand-drawn concept art for the 2013 computer animated film Frozen, that any future hand-drawn animated films have been "killed" for the time being due to The Princess and the Frog failing "to ignite the box office".[61] Two months later, however, many Disney artists announced they were working on a new independent hand-drawn animated film, Hullabaloo, as part of an attempt to bring back hand-drawn animation.[62] Despite such speculation, Walt Disney Animation Studios has continued to use both hand-drawn animation and computer animation in subsequent films.

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its limited day release, the film grossed $263,890 at two theaters and grossed $786,190 its opening weekend.[63][64] On its opening day in wide release, the film grossed $7 million at 3,434 theaters.[65] It went on to gross $24.2 million over the opening weekend averaging $7,050 per theater,[66] ranking at #1 for the weekend, and making it the highest-grossing start to date for an animated movie in December, a record previously held by Beavis and Butt-Head Do America.[67] The film went on to gross $104.4 million (in the United States and Canada) and $267 million (worldwide), making it a box office success, and became the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of 2009.[68] While the film did out-gross Disney's more recent hand-drawn films such as The Emperor's New Groove, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Treasure Planet, Brother Bear, and Home on the Range, it was less auspicious than the animated films from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 1990s heyday. Disney animator Tom Sito compared the film's box office performance to that of The Great Mouse Detective (1986), which was a step up from the theatrical run of the 1985 box office bomb The Black Cauldron.[69]

text: Looking back on the experience four years later, Catmull acknowledged that Disney had made a "serious mistake" in the process of marketing and releasing the film.[70] Walt Disney Studios' marketing department had warned Disney Animation that the word "princess" in the title "would lead moviegoers to think that the film was for girls only," but the animation studio's management insisted on keeping the "princess" title because they truly believed that the film's excellent quality and beautiful hand-drawn animation would bring in all quadrants anyway.[70] In Catmull's words, this belief "was our own version of a stupid pill."[70]  The marketing department turned out to be correct in their prediction that many moviegoers would and did avoid the film because they thought it was "for little girls only."[70] This error was further compounded by the fact that the film opened a week before Avatar.[70]

text: Looking back seven years later, Lasseter told Variety: "I was determined to bring back [hand-drawn animation] because I felt it was such a heritage of the Disney studio, and I love the art form … I was stunned that Princess didn't do better. We dug into it and did a lot of research and focus groups. It was viewed as old-fashioned by the audience."[71]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received largely positive reviews from critics, praising the animation, characters, music and themes. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 85% of 191 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.4/10.[72] The site's general consensus is that "The warmth of traditional Disney animation makes this occasionally lightweight fairy-tale update a lively and captivating confection for the holidays."[73] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 0–100 from film critics, has a rating score of 73 based on 29 reviews.[74]

text: Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" grade and applauded the film's creative team for "uphold[ing] the great tradition of classic Disney animation".[75] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised Walt Disney Animation for "rediscovering its traditional hand-drawn animation" and for "a thing called story".[76] David Germain of the Associated Press wrote that "The Princess and the Frog is not the second coming of Beauty and the Beast or The Lion King. It's just plain pleasant, an old-fashioned little charmer that's not straining to be the next glib animated compendium of pop-culture flotsam."[77] Justin Chang of Variety was less receptive, stating "this long-anticipated throwback to a venerable house style never comes within kissing distance of the studio's former glory".[78] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film 3/5 stars while saying "The Princess and the Frog breaks the color barrier for Disney princesses, but is a throwback to traditional animation and her story is a retread".[79] Village Voice's Scott Foundas found that "the movie as a whole never approache[d] the wit, cleverness, and storytelling brio of the studio's early-1990s animation renaissance (Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King) or pretty much anything by Pixar".[80] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review claiming that "the dialogue is fresh-prince clever, the themes are ageless, the rhythms are riotous and the return to a primal animation style is beautifully executed."[81] Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and admired Disney's step back to traditional animation, writing, "No 3-D! No glasses! No extra ticket charge! No frantic frenzies of meaningless action! And…good gravy! A story! Characters! A plot! This is what classic animation once was like!", but stated that the film "inspires memories of Disney's Golden Age it doesn't quite live up to, as I've said, but it's spritely and high-spirited, and will allow kids to enjoy it without visually assaulting them."[82]

text: S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film three out of five stars, writing, "First African-American Disney princess is a good role model".[83] Saint Bryan of the NBC-TV Seattle praised the film and called it "The Best Disney Movie Since The Lion King".[84]

text: Upon its release, the film created controversy among some Christians over its use of Louisiana Voodoo as a plot device.[85] Christianity Today's review of the film cited its sexual undertones and use of voodoo, arguing that the scenes with Dr. Facilier and his "friends on the other side" contain many horror elements and that young children might be frightened by the film.[86] The film's treatment of Louisiana voodoo as a type of magic instead of a religion also drew criticism from non-Christian factions.[87]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and twice for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to Up and Crazy Heart, respectively.[3][88] It was also nominated for eight Annie Awards and, at the 37th Annie Awards Ceremony on February 6, 2010, won three.[8]

text:
Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2009 Satellite Awards[89]

Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media

The Princess and the Frog

Nominated

Best Original Song

Randy Newman(Almost There)

Randy Newman(Down in New Orleans)

African-American Film Critics Association Awards 2009

Top 10 Films

The Princess and the Frog

Won

Best Screenplay

John Musker, Ron Clements and Rob Edwards — Tied with Geoffrey Fletcher for Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire

2009 Producers Guild of America Awards[90]

Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures

Peter Del Vecho

Nominated

2009 Online Film Critics Society Awards[91]

Best Animated Feature

The Princess and the Frog

67th Golden Globe Awards[92]

Best Animated Feature Film

2009 Chicago Film Critics Association[93]

Best Animated Feature

2009 Critics Choice Awards[94]

Best Animated Feature

Best Score

Randy Newman

Best Song(Almost There)

2009 Black Reel Awards[95]

Best Film

The Princess and the Frog

Best Song, Original or Adapted

Ne-Yo(Never Knew I Needed)

Anika Noni Rose(Almost There)

Won

Anika Noni Rose(Down in New Orleans)

Nominated

Best Voice Performance

Keith David

Anika Noni Rose

Won

Best Ensemble

The Princess and the Frog

Nominated

37th Annie Awards[8]

Best Animated Feature

Animated Effects

James DeValera Mansfield

Won

Production Design in a Feature Production

Ian Gooding

Nominated

Character Animation in a Feature Production

Andreas Deja

Eric Goldberg

Won

Bruce W. Smith

Nominated

Voice Acting in a Feature Production

Jennifer Cody ("Charlotte")

Won

Jenifer Lewis ("Mama Odie")

Nominated

82nd Academy Awards[3][88]

Best Animated Feature

John Musker and Ron Clements

Best Music, Original Song

Randy Newman(Almost There)

Randy Newman(Down in New Orleans)

41st NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Motion Picture

Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture

Anika Noni Rose

36th Saturn Awards[96]

Best Animated Film

The Princess and the Frog

2010 Teen Choice Awards[97][98]

Choice Movie: Animated

2011 Grammy Awards[99]

Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Randy Newman(Down in New Orleans)

Women Film Critics Circle

Best Animated Females

Anika Noni Rose (Tiana), Jennifer Cody (Charlotte La Bouff), Oprah Winfrey (Eudora), Jenifer Lewis (Mama Odie), and all other female characters in The Princess and the Frog.

Won

text: Television[edit]

text:
Tiana made a guest-appearance on Sofia the First in the season 2 episode titled "Winter's Gift".[100]
Tiana, Prince Naveen, Eudora, and Dr. Facilier appear on the seventh season of Once Upon a Time. Maldonia also appears as a realm in New Fairy Tale Land.[101][102][103][103][104]


document_title: List of massacres in Canada

question_text: when was the last time canada had a school shooting

text: List of massacres in Canada

text:
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text: This is a list of events in Canada for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word massacres. Massacre is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "the indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people or (less commonly) animals; carnage, butchery, slaughter in numbers". It also states that the term is used "in the names of certain massacres of history".Thomas W. Gallant definition of Massacres; deliberate slaughter of a large number of people in a violent way, especially when they cannot defend themselves.[1][2] The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Canada and its predecessors. Some events in which numerous individuals were wounded are also included.

text:
For single perpetrator events and shooting sprees, see Lists of rampage killers and Category:Spree shootings in Canada
For school shootings, see Category:School shootings in Canada/Category:School killings in Canada
For North American Indian massacres, see List of Indian massacres.
For terrorism, see Terrorism in Canada.
For serial killers, see List of serial killers in Canada.

text:
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Notes

Lachine massacre
August 5, 1689
Lachine, Quebec
72
part of King William's War

Port-la-Joye Massacre
July 11, 1746
Port-la-Joye, Ile St. Jean (Hillsborough River (Prince Edward Island))
34
part of King George's War

Grand Pre Massacre
February 10, 1747
Grand Pre, Nova Scotia
67
part of King George's War

Dartmouth Massacre
May 13, 1751
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
20
part of Father Le Loutre's War

Bloody Falls Massacre
July 17, 1771
The location now known as Kugluk/Bloody Falls Territorial Park near Kugluktuk, Nunavut
20

Chilcotin War
April 30, 1864
Bute Inlet, British Columbia
19

Cypress Hills massacre
June 1, 1873
Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan
23

Black Donnellys massacre
February 4, 1880
Lucan Biddulph, Ontario
5

Frog Lake Massacre
April 2, 1885
Frog Lake, Alberta
9
part of the North-West Rebellion

Shell Lake murders
August 15, 1967
Shell Lake, Saskatchewan
9

Buffalo Narrows axe slayings
30 January 1969[3]
Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan
7

Dale Nelson murders
September 4, 1970
Creston, British Columbia
8
participated in cannibalism, necrophilia, and pedophilia

William Lepine (AKA William McConnell) murders
August 28, 1972
Kettle Valley, British Columbia
6
After absconding from a secure psychiatric hospital, killed 6 people and injured 3 others using a .22-caliber rifle and a .30-caliber rifle. Attacks occurred at four difference locations in the Kettle Valley on a single day. Located and apprehended by police the next day. At trial, was found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity on six counts of murder. Psychiatric evidence indicated that he suffered from schizophrenia with nihilistic delusions and believed he was chosen to save the world from a nuclear holocaust by killing the victims.[4][5][6][7]

Blue Bird Café Fire
Sep 1, 1972
Montreal, Quebec
37
37 people murdered using arson. Fire intentionally started by Gilles Eccles, James O’Brien, Jean-Marc Boutin, using either gasoline or a Molotov Cocktail, after being refused entry to the café for being too drunk.

Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting
May 28, 1975
Brampton, Ontario
3
School Shooting

St. Pius X High School shooting
October 27, 1975
Ottawa, Ontario
2
School Shooting, 5 injured, 1 killed prior to school incident

Wells Gray Provincial Park Family Murders
August 2, 1982
Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia
6
Three generations of a family were murdered by David Shearing 18 km (11.2 mi) North of Clearwater, British Columbia

National Assembly shootings
May 8, 1984
Quebec City, Quebec
3
3 killed and 13 wounded in an attack on the Quebec National Assembly.

Lennoxville massacre
March 24, 1985
Lennoxville, Quebec
5
part of the Quebec Biker war

École Polytechnique massacre
December 6, 1989
Montreal, Quebec
15
Perpetrator killed 14 people and injured 14, before taking his own life. School Shooting.

Ontario Glove Factory murders
February 3, 1992
Waterloo, Ontario
3
Patrick Dombroskie shot and killed boss and co-workers.

Sydney River McDonald's murders
May 7, 1992
Sydney, Nova Scotia
3
1 disabled

Concordia University massacre
August 24, 1992
Montreal, Quebec
4
School Shooting, 4 killed, 1 injured

Giant Mine bombing
September 18, 1992
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
9
48-year-old striking gold miner set explosives inside the mine, which killed nine strikebreaking workers.

Mark Chahal massacre
April 6, 1996
Vernon, B.C.
9
Estranged husband murdered wedding party.

OC Transpo massacre
April 6, 1999
Ottawa, Ontario
5
A former OC Transpo employee shot six people, killing four, in a shooting spree at OC Transpo's St. Laurent Boulevard garage, before killing himself. An inquest into the shooting revealed that the shooter had been the subject of bullying.[8][9]

W. R. Myers High School
April 28, 1999
Taber, Alberta
1
School Shooting. 1 other injured.

Cruse family murders
14 June 2002
Grimsby, Ontario
5
Ex-boyfriend travelled from U.S. with handgun and killed ex-girlfriend, her parents, her 6-year-old child, and himself.[10]

Penticton Reserve Shooting
Oct 30, 2004
Penticton Indian Reservation
3
After drinking 35 beers and snorting cocaine, Dustin Paul shot five friends and relatives while they were all partying at a campsite, killing three of them before slitting his own throat. Claiming in court that he heard a voice telling him to do it, Paul lived to be convicted of three counts of second-degree murder and two counts of attempted murder, and was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 16 years.[11][12]

Mayerthorpe tragedy
March 3, 2005
near Mayerthorpe, Alberta
5
James Roszko shot and killed 4 RCMP officers during a property seizure of his farm, he later turned the gun on himself.

Shedden massacre
April 8, 2006
Shedden, Ontario
8
Gang related killing of own gang members.

Richardson family murders
April 22, 2006
Medicine Hat, Alberta
3
12-year-old girl and her 23-year-old boyfriend killed girl's parents and 8-year-old brother.

Dawson College shooting
September 13, 2006
Montreal, Quebec
2
School Shooting.

C.W. Jeffreys Collegiate Institute
May, 23, 2007
Toronto, Ontario
1
School Shooting.[13]

Claresholm highway massacre
December 15, 2011
Claresholm, Alberta
4
21-year-old man shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and two young men who were passengers in the same vehicle. The man also shot the female driver, before taking his own life.[14]

Scarborough Block Party
July 16, 2012
Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario
2
Shooting at a block party that left 2 dead and at least 19 injured.[15]

Les Racines de vie Montessori
April 5, 2013
Gatineau, Quebec
2
School Shooting. Daycare worker killed, shooter committed suicide.[16]

2014 Calgary stabbing
April 14, 2014
Calgary, Alberta
5
22-year old Matthew de Grood fatally stabbed five people at a party. He was subsequently found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder on 5 counts of First Degree Murder.[17]

2014 Moncton shootings
June 4, 2014
Moncton, New Brunswick
3
24-year-old from Moncton, shot five armed officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), killing three and severely injuring two.[18]

2014 Phu Lam
December 29, 2014
Edmonton, Alberta
8
53-year-old Phu Lam shot and killed 7 in one Edmonton residence, then went to a home in south Edmonton where he killed Cyndi Duong because he found he was raising child that was not his biologically own. Phu Lam was found the next day after committing suicide in Fort Saskatchewan.

La Loche shootings
January 22, 2016
La Loche, Saskatchewan
4
An unidentified 17-year-old student allegedly shot and killed two of his cousins at their home, then went to La Loche Community School and continued firing, killing a teacher and an assistant and wounding several others. School Shooting.

Scarborough crossbow attack
25 August 2016
Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario
3
35-year-old Brett Ryan[19] killed 3 people and wounded 2 others with a crossbow before being apprehended by police.

Quebec City mosque shooting
January 29, 2017
Quebec City, Quebec
6

Single gunman killed 6 people and wounded 18 others.[20]


document_title: Communist Party of India

question_text: where was the communist party of india established

text: Communist Party of India

text: History[edit]

text: Formation[edit]

text: The Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was formed on 26 December 1920 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur. But as per the version of CPI(M), the Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International. The founding members of the party were M.N. Roy, Evelyn Trent Roy (Roy's wife), Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof (Abani's wife), Mohammad Ali (Ahmed Hasan), Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Rafiq Ahmed of Bhopal and M.P.B.T. Aacharya, and Sultan Ahmed Khan Tarin of North-West Frontier Province.[4][5][6] The CPI says that there were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world and the Tashkent group was only one of. contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small communist groups were formed in Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed), Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani) and Punjab and Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain). However, only Usmani became a CPI party member.[7]

text: Involvement in independence struggle[edit]

text: During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.[8]

text: Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was in Germany and R.C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.[8] Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader

text: On 25 December 1925 a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.[9] Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a 'National communism' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan (LKPH) dissolved into the unified CPI.[10] The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

text: Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.[11]

text: The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'.[12] The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to utilize the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.[13] The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929 – 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.[14]

text: On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.[15][16]

text: As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan.[17]

text: The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934 the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.[18]

text: When Indian leftwing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist.[12]

text: The League Against Gandhism, initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in Calcutta, founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant anti-Imperialist activities. The group took the name ‘League Against Gandhism’ in 1934.[19]

text: In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward Popular Front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.[20]

text: In July 1937, the first Kerala unit of CPI was founded at a clandestine meeting in Calicut. Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai E.M.S. Namboodiripad, N.C. Sekhar, K. Damodaran and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.[21] Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with EMS and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha.[17]

text: In 1936–1937, the cooperation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism'.[22] At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.[23]

text: In Kerala communists won control over CSP, and for a brief period controlled Congress there.

text: Two communists, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and Z.A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.[20]

text: On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to utilise the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.[24]

text: In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Sov iet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.[25] Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.

text: CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 of its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats. It won in eight seats. In total the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somanth Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly.[26]

text: After independence[edit]

text: During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B. T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.[27] The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.[28]

text: In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala.[citation needed] The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.

text: In Manipur, the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by Jananeta Irawat Singh. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.[29] At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.[30]

text: Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, communist party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). Communist party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the communist party in the forefront of left movement in India. Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders Sahjanand Saraswati and Karyanand Sharma, intellectual giants like Jagannath Sarkar, Yogendra Sharma and Indradeep Sinha, mass leaders like Chandrashekhar Singh and Sunil Mukherjee, Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others. It was in Bihar that JP's total revolution was exposed and communist party under the leadership of Jagannath Sarkar fought Total Revolution and exposed its hollowness. "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches, Compiled by Gautam Sarkar, Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published : May 2010, Navakaranataka Publications Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore . In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.

text: In early 1950s young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganized sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like S A Dange, Chandra Rajeswara Rao and P K Vasudevan Nair were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like Homi F Dazi, Guru Radha Kishan, H L Parwana, Sarjoo Pandey, Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular. This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor. In Delhi, May Day (majdoor diwas or mai diwas) was organised at Chandni Chowk Ghantaghar in such a manner that demonstrates the unity between all the factions of working classes and ignite the passion for communist movement in the northern part of India.

text: In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power. (Note - At this time, there was no CPI(M) and both were united)

text: Communist movement or CPI in particular emerged as a front runner after Guru Radha Kishan undertook a fast unto death for 24 days to promote the cause of textile workers in Delhi. Till than it was a public misconception that communists are revolutionaries with arms in their hands and workers and their families were afraid to get associated with the communists but this act mobilised general public in the favour of communist movement as a whole. During this period people with their families used to visit 'dharna sthal' to encourage CPI cadre.

text: This model of selflessness for the society worked for the CPI far more than what was expected. This trend was followed by almost all other state units of the party in the Hindi heartland. Communist Party related trade union AITUC became a prominent force to unite the workers in textile, municipal and unorganised sectors, the first labour union in unorganised sector was also emerged in the leadership of Comrade Guru Radha Kishan during this period in Delhi's Sadar Bazaar area. This movement of mass polarisation of workers in the favour of CPI worked effectively in Delhi and paved the way for great success of CPI in the elections in working class dominated areas in Delhi. Comrade Gangadhar Adhikari and E.M.S. Namboodiripad applauded this brigade of dynamic comrades for their selfless approach and organisational capabilities. This brigade of firebrand communists gained more prominence when Telangana hero Chandra Rajeswara Rao rose to be General Secretary of the Communist Party of India.

text: In the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, 1952, Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.[31] In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Communist Party of China directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.[32]

text: Ideological differences lead to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). There is a common misconception that the rift during the Sino-Indian war, when Communist Party Of India proudly supported China in the war led to the 1962 split.[citation needed] In fact, the split was leftists vs rightists, rather than internationalists vs nationalists.[citation needed] The presence of nationalists in CPI, and internationalists P. Sundarayya, Jyoti Basu, and Harkishan Singh Surjeet in the Communist Party of India (Marxist) proves this fact.

text: During the period 1970–77, CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress, with the CPI-leader C. Achutha Menon as Chief Minister. After the fall of the regime of Indira Gandhi, CPI reoriented itself towards cooperation with CPI(M).

text: In 1986, the CPI's leader in the Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature Darshan Singh Canadian was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Then on 19 May 1987, Deepak Dhawan, General Secretary of Punjab CPI(M), was murdered. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.[citation needed]

text: Present situation[edit]

text: CPI was recognized by the Election Commission of India as a 'National Party'. To date, CPI happens to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same electoral symbol. Owing to a massive defeat in Indian general election, 2014 where the party saw its tally reduce to 1 MP, the Election Commission of India has sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.[33][34][35][36][37] If similar performance is repeated in the next election, the CPI will no longer be a national party.

text: On the national level they supported the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the Common Minimum Programme. The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue disinvestment, massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.

text: On 8 July 2008, Prakash Karat, General Secretary of CPI(M) announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.[38]

text: In West Bengal it participates in the Left Front. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala the party is part of Left Democratic Front. In Tripura the party is a partner of the Left Front, which governed the state till 2018. In Tamil Nadu it is part of the Progressive Democratic Alliance. It is involved in the Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra

text: The current general secretary of CPI is S. Sudhakar Reddy.

text: The principal mass organisations of the CPI are:

text:
All India Trade Union Congress
All India Youth Federation
All India Students Federation
National Federation of Indian Women
All India Kisan Sabha (peasants organisation)
Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union (agricultural workers)
All India State Government Employees Federation (State government employees)

text: Notable leaders[edit]

text:
N.E. Balaram - Founding leader of the communist movement in Kerala, India
Mohit Banerji (Mohit Bandopadhay) (1912–1961)
M. N. Govindan Nair – Kerala state general secretary during the first communist ministry and a freedom fighter
C. Achutha Menon – Finance minister in first Kerala ministry later chief minister
T. V. Thomas – Minister in first Kerala ministry
M. Kalyanasundaram – Tamil Nadu
P. K. Vasudevan Nair – Ex. Chief minister of Kerala
Indrajit Gupta – Parliamentarian, former general secretary and a former central minister
Bhupesh Gupta – Parliamentarian
Ajoy Ghosh – Last general secretary of unified CPI, freedom fighter
Chandra Rajeswara Rao – former general secretary, Telangana freedom fighter
Jagannath Sarkar – former National Secretary, freedom fighter, builder of communist movement in Bihar and Jharkhand
Geeta Mukherjee - Parliamentarian & Former President of National Federation of Indian Women
Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan – former general secretary
Chaturanan Mishra parliamentarian & former Central Minister of India
Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy – current general secretary of the party
D. Raja – parliamentarian & secretary of the party
Shripad Amrit Dange – Freedom fighter & former chairman of the party
Hijam Irabot – Founder leader of CPI in Manipur
P. S. Sreenivasan – Former minister of Kerala
C. K. Chandrappan – Parliamentarian & former Kerala state secretary of the party
Pannyan Raveendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
Kanam Rajendran – Current Kerala state secretary of the party
Nallakannu – Parliamentarian & former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
D. Pandian - Parliamentarian & former Tamil Nadu state secretary
Binoy Viswam – Former minister in the Government of Kerala
Thoppil Bhasi – Writer, film director & parliamentarian
Puran Chand Joshi – first general secretary of the Communist Party of India
Veliyam Bharghavan – Parliamentarian & Former Kerala state secretary of the party
E. Chandrasekharan Nair – Senior leader and Former Minister in the Government of Kerala
Ramendra Kumar – Former Parliamentarian, national executive member, national president AITUC
Meghraj Tawar – Udaipur district secretary
Govind Pansare – Prominent activist and lawyer
R.Sugathan - Prominent trade unionist, mass leader and member of Kerala Legislative assembly
DR.Bhalchandra Kango - Central Secretariat and National Executive and Former Maharashtra state secretary of the party

text: Lok Sabha election tally[edit]

text:
Performance of Communist Party of India in Lok Sabha elections

Lok Sabha
Year
Lok Sabha
constituencies
Seats
Contested
Won
Net Change
in seats
Votes
Votes %
Change in
vote %
Reference

First
1952
489
49
16
-
34,87,401
3.29%
-
[41]

Second
1957
494
109
27
 11
1,07,54,075
8.92%
 5.63%
[42]

Third
1962
494
137
29
 02
1,14,50,037
9.94%
 1.02%
[43]

Fourth
1967
520
109
23
 06
74,58,396
5.11%
 4.83%
[44]

Fifth
1971
518
87
23
 00
69,33,627
4.73%
 0.38%
[45]

Sixth
1977
542
91
7
 16
53,22,088
2.82%
 1.91%
[46]

Seventh
1980
529 ( 542* )
47
10
 03
49,27,342
2.49%
 0.33%
[47]

Eighth
1984
541
66
6
 04
67,33,117
2.70%
 0.21%
[48][49]

Ninth
1989
529
50
12
 06
77,34,697
2.57%
 0.13%
[50]

Tenth
1991
534
43
14
 02
68,98,340
2.48%
 0.09%
[51][52]

Eleventh
1996
543
43
12
 02
65,82,263
1.97%
 0.51%
[53]

Twelfth
1998
543
58
09
 03
64,29,569
1.75%
 0.22%
[54]

Thirteenth
1999
543
54
04
 05
53,95,119
1.48%
 0.27%
[55]

Fourteenth
2004
543
34
10
 06
54,84,111
1.41%
 0.07%
[56]

Fifteenth
2009
543
56
04
 06
59,51,888
1.43%
 0.02%
[57]

Sixteenth
2014
543
67
01
 03
43,27,298
0.78%
 0.65%
[58]

text: * : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.[59]

text:
State
No. of candidates 2014
No. of elected 2014
No. of candidates 2009
No. of elected 2009
Total no. of seats in the state

Andhra Pradesh
1
0
2
0
(25)(2014)/42(2009)

Arunachal Pradesh
0
0
0
0
2

Assam
1
0
3
0
14

Bihar
2
0
7
0
40

Chhattisgarh
2
0
1
0
11

Goa
2
0
2
0
2

Gujarat
1
0
1
0
26

Haryana
2
0
1
0
10

Himachal Pradesh
0
0
0
0
4

Jammu and Kashmir
0
0
1
0
6

Jharkhand
3
0
3
0
14

Karnataka
3
0
1
0
28

Kerala
4
1
4
0
20

Madhya Pradesh
5
0
3
0
29

Maharashtra
4
0
3
0
48

Manipur
1
0
1
0
2

Meghalaya
1
0
1
0
2

Mizoram
0
0
0
0
1

Nagaland
0
0
0
0
1

Odisha
4
0
1
1
21

Punjab
5
0
2
0
13

Rajasthan
3
0
2
0
25

Sikkim
0
0
0
0
1

Tamil Nadu
8
0
3
1
39

Tripura
0
0
0
0
2

Uttar Pradesh
8
0
9
0
80

Uttarakhand
1
0
1
0
5

West Bengal
3
0
3
2
42

Union Territories:

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
0
0
0
0
1

Chandigarh
0
0
0
0
1

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
0
0
0
0
1

Daman and Diu
0
0
0
0
1

Delhi
1
0
1
0
7

Lakshadweep
1
0
0
0
1

Puducherry
1
0
0
0
1

Total:
67
1
56
4
543

text: State election results[edit]

text:
State
No. of candidates
No. elected
Total no. of seats in Assembly
Year of Election

Andhra Pradesh
38
1
294
2014

Assam
15
0
126
2016

Bihar
98
0
243
2015

Chhattisgarh
13
0
90
2013

Delhi
5
0
70
2015

Goa
2
0
40
2017

Gujarat
3
0
182
2012

Haryana
14
0
90
2014

Himachal Pradesh
6
0
68
2012

Jammu and Kashmir
3
0
87
2014

Jharkhand
24
0
81
2014

Karnataka
8
0
224
2013

Kerala
25
19
140
2016

Madhya Pradesh
23
0
230
2013

Maharashtra
33
0
288
2014

Manipur
6
0
60
2017

Meghalaya
1
0
60
2013

Mizoram
0
0
40
2013

Odisha
32
0
147
2014

Puducherry
7
0
30
2016

Punjab
23
0
117
2017

Rajasthan
23
0
200
2013

Tamil Nadu
25
0
234
2016

Tripura
1
0
60
2018

Uttar Pradesh
68
0
403
2017

Uttarakhand
4
0
70
2017

West Bengal
11
1
294
2016

text: Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states (Bihar was bifurcated after the 2000 election, creating Jharkhand), defections and by-elections during the mandate period.

text: Party Congress[edit]

text:
Party Congress
Year
Place

1
1943 May 28 June 1
Bombay

2
1948 Feb 28 March 27
Culcutta

3
1953 December 27 January 4
Madhura

4
1956 April 19 to 29
Palakkad

5
1958 April 6 to 13
Amritsar

6
1961 April 7 to 16
Vijayawada

7
1964 Dec 13-23
Bombay

8
1968 February 7–15
Patna

9
1971 Oct
Kochin

10
1975 Jan 27 - Feb 2
Vijayawada

11
1978 March 31-April 7
Battinda

12
1982 March 22 to 28
Varanasi

13
1986 March 2 to 17
Patna

14
1989 March 6–12
Culcutta

15
1992 April 10 to 16
Hyderabad

16
1995 October
Delhi

17
1998 Sept 14-19
Chennai

18
2002 March 26 to 31
Thiruvananthapuram

19
2005 March 29 0 April 3
Chandigarh

20
2008 March 23–27
Hyderabad

21
2012 March 27–31
Patna

22
2015 March 25–29
Pondicherry

23
2018 April 25–29
Kollam