document_title: List of Back to the Future characters

question_text: who plays marty's sister in back to the future

question_tokens: who plays marty 's sister in back to the future

text: List of Back to the Future characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Marty McFly[edit]

text: Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly. Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants. Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time.

text: Emmett "Doc" Brown[edit]

text: Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future: The Game, and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine. At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel.

text: In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at #76.[1]

text: Biff Tannen[edit]

text: Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future: The Game) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film. He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family. Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s.

text: McFly family[edit]

text: George McFly[edit]

text: George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X. Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly. Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying. The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself. In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school. He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection. In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious. As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight. In the new future, they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around. In the alternate timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973.

text: George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman.[2] Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future.[3] The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it.[3] Glover did not appreciate this, and sued. The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again.[3]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly[edit]

text: Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.

text: In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy. After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985. In Part II, she is still happily married to George in 2015, but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff.

text: Dave McFly[edit]

text: David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm. In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff.

text: Linda McFly[edit]

text: Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly. In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job. In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys.

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly[edit]

text: Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly. In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie. While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do. They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather). Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen.

text: Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her.

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly[edit]

text: Marty (Jr.) and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J. Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II.

text: Originally Marty (Jr.) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang. Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman's prison. Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening.

text: Brown family[edit]

text: Clara Clayton[edit]

text: Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown.

text: Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory. The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley. She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School.

text: Jules and Verne Brown[edit]

text: Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne.

text: The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series. Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted. Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage.

text: Copernicus[edit]

text: Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955. Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments. When Copernicus died, he was replaced by Einstein.

text: Einstein[edit]

text: Einstein (portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog. He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog.

text: In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future. In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future.

text: Tannen family[edit]

text: Irving "Kid" Tannen[edit]

text: Kid Tannen is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game. Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley. He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting. Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly. He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help.

text: Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen[edit]

text: Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III) is the main antagonist of the third film. He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley. He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises. Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable. He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does. He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies.

text: Griff[edit]

text: Griff (portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff. He is part of a gang that also consists of "Data", "Spike", and "Whitey" (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan, Darlene Vogel, and Jason Scott Lee).

text: In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family.

text: Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movies, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney. However, in the animated series, Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens.

text: Biff Tannen, Jr.[edit]

text: In the animated series, Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen. Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud. In addition, Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people's properties. Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship. He is voiced by Benji Gregory.

text: Strickland family[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[edit]

text: Gerald Strickland[4] (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the authoritarian discipline officer of Hill Valley High School. He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885.

text: There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal.[episode needed]

text: James Strickland[edit]

text: James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland. He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley), who will become Gerald Strickland's father.

text: Edna Strickland[edit]

text: Edna Strickland, in Back to the Future: The Game, is the sister of Gerald Strickland. She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness. After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Jennifer Parker[edit]

text: Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend (and, in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II, the wife) of Marty McFly.

text: The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future. However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character. Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future. In the spin-off Back to the Future: the Animated Series, Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini.

text: In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty. In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor. She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to the which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage. In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne.[5]

text: In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr. (both played by Michael J. Fox)

text: Douglas J. Needles[edit]

text: Douglas J. Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School. Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang (portrayed by Christopher Wynne, J.J. Cohen, and Ricky Dean Logan) and develops a rivalry with Marty. Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015.

text: Goldie Wilson[edit]

text: Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in part 1) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s. A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth. He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) in Part II, who works as a car salesman.

text: Match, Skinhead, and 3-D[edit]

text: Match (portrayed by Billy Zane), Skinhead (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and 3-D (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955. Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits. Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance.

text: In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards. Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait. Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s).


document_title: Insider trading

question_text: who is considered an insider in insider trading

question_tokens: who is considered an insider in insider trading

root

text: Insider trading

text: Illegal[edit]

text: Rules prohibiting or criminalizing insider trading on material non-public information exist in most jurisdictions around the world (Bhattacharya and Daouk, 2002), but the details and the efforts to enforce them vary considerably. In the United States, Sections 16(b) and 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 directly and indirectly address insider trading. The U.S. Congress enacted this law after the stock market crash of 1929.[2] While the United States is generally viewed as making the most serious efforts to enforce its insider trading laws,[3] the broader scope of the European model legislation provides a stricter framework against illegal insider trading.[4][5] In the European Union and the United Kingdom all trading on non-public information is, under the rubric of market abuse, subject at a minimum to civil penalties and to possible criminal penalties as well.[5] UK's Financial Conduct Authority has the responsibility to investigate and prosecute insider dealing, defined by The Criminal Justice Act 1993.

tag: p

text: Definition of "insider"[edit]

text: In the United States, Canada, Australia and Germany, for mandatory reporting purposes, corporate insiders are defined as a company's officers, directors and any beneficial owners of more than 10% of a class of the company's equity securities. Trades made by these types of insiders in the company's own stock, based on material non-public information, are considered fraudulent since the insiders are violating the fiduciary duty that they owe to the shareholders. The corporate insider, simply by accepting employment, has undertaken a legal obligation to the shareholders to put the shareholders' interests before their own, in matters related to the corporation. When insiders buy or sell based upon company-owned information, they are violating their obligation to the shareholders.

text: For example, illegal insider trading would occur if the chief executive officer of Company A learned (prior to a public announcement) that Company A will be taken over and then bought shares in Company A while knowing that the share price would likely rise.

text: In the United States and many other jurisdictions, however, "insiders" are not just limited to corporate officials and major shareholders where illegal insider trading is concerned but can include any individual who trades shares based on material non-public information in violation of some duty of trust. This duty may be imputed; for example, in many jurisdictions, in cases of where a corporate insider "tips" a friend about non-public information likely to have an effect on the company's share price, the duty the corporate insider owes the company is now imputed to the friend and the friend violates a duty to the company if he trades on the basis of this information.

text: Liability[edit]

text: Liability for inside trading violations generally cannot be avoided by passing on the information in an "I scratch your back; you scratch mine" or quid pro quo arrangement if the person receiving the information knew or should have known that the information was material non-public information. In the United States, at least one court has indicated that the insider who releases the non-public information must have done so for an improper purpose. In the case of a person who receives the insider information (called the "tippee"), the tippee must also have been aware that the insider released the information for an improper purpose.[6]

text: One commentator has argued that if Company A's CEO did not trade on the undisclosed takeover news, but instead passed the information on to his brother-in-law who traded on it, illegal insider trading would still have occurred (albeit by proxy by passing it on to a "non-insider" so Company A's CEO wouldn't get his hands dirty).[7]:589

text: Misappropriation theory[edit]

text: A newer view of insider trading, the misappropriation theory, is now accepted in U.S. law. It states that anyone who misappropriates information from his or her employer and trades on that information in any stock (either the employer's stock or the company's competitor stocks) may be guilty of insider trading.

text: Proof of responsibility[edit]

text: Proving that someone has been responsible for a trade can be difficult because traders may try to hide behind nominees, offshore companies, and other proxies. The Securities and Exchange Commission prosecutes over 50 cases each year, with many being settled administratively out of court. The SEC and several stock exchanges actively monitor trading, looking for suspicious activity.[8][9][10] The SEC does not have criminal enforcement authority, but can refer serious matters to the U.S. Attorney's Office for further investigation and prosecution.

text: Trading on information in general[edit]

text: In the United States and most non-European jurisdictions not all trading on non-public information is illegal insider trading.[5] For example, a person in a restaurant who hears the CEO of Company A at the next table tell the CFO that the company's profits will be higher than expected and then buys the stock is not guilty of insider trading—unless he or she had some closer connection to the company or company officers.[11] However, even where the tippee is not themselves an insider, where the tippee knows that the information is non-public and the information is paid for, or the tipper receives a benefit for giving it, then in the broader-scope jurisdictions the subsequent trading is illegal.[11][12]

text: Notwithstanding, information about a tender offer (usually regarding a merger or acquisition) is held to a higher standard. If this type of information is obtained (directly or indirectly) and there is reason to believe it is nonpublic, there is a duty to disclose it or abstain from trading.[13]

text: The punishment for insider trading depends on a few different factors. There are three main factors, which can be identified. Depending on jurisdictions, there may be either civil or criminal penalties, or both.

text:
Scope – How many people were affected by the wrongdoing?
Gain – How much did the insider make from the transaction, whether directly or as a tipster? Where there is a tipster and a tippee, how much did the tippee make from the transaction?
Evidence – Anyone charged is innocent until proven guilty. The burden of proof falls on the prosecution. If no one “flips,” or if there isn’t a smoking gun, the prosecution has a harder time proving guilt. This may result in prosecution moving away from criminal charges, and instead choosing to pursue civil charges.

tag: ul

text: In the United States in addition to civil penalties, the trader may also be subject to criminal prosecution for fraud or where SEC regulations have been broken, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) may be called to conduct an independent parallel investigation. If the DOJ finds criminal wrongdoing, the Department may file criminal charges.[14]

text: Tracking[edit]

text: Since insiders are required to report their trades, others often track these traders, and there is a school of investing which follows the lead of insiders. Following such leads subjects the follower to the risk that an insider is making a buy specifically to increase investor confidence, or is making a sale for reasons unrelated to the health of the company (such as a desire to diversify or pay a personal expense).

text: Legal[edit]

text: Legal trades by insiders are common,[2] as employees of publicly traded corporations often have stock or stock options. These trades are made public in the United States through Securities and Exchange Commission filings, mainly Form 4.

text: U.S. SEC Rule 10b5-1 clarified that the prohibition against insider trading does not require proof that an insider actually used material nonpublic information when conducting a trade; possession of such information alone is sufficient to violate the provision, and the SEC would infer that an insider in possession of material nonpublic information used this information when conducting a trade. However, SEC Rule 10b5-1 also created for insiders an affirmative defense if the insider can demonstrate that the trades conducted on behalf of the insider were conducted as part of a pre-existing contract or written binding plan for trading in the future.[15]

text: For example, if an insider expects to retire after a specific period of time and, as part of retirement planning, the insider has adopted a written binding plan to sell a specific amount of the company's stock every month for two years, and the insider later comes into possession of material nonpublic information about the company, trades based on the original plan might not constitute prohibited insider trading.

text: American law[edit]

text: Until the 21st Century and the European Union's market abuse laws, the United States was the leading country in prohibiting insider trading made on the basis of material non-public information.[5] Thomas Newkirk and Melissa Robertson of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) summarize the development of US insider trading laws.[2] Insider trading has a base offense level of 8, which puts it in Zone A under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. This means that first-time offenders are eligible to receive probation rather than incarceration.[16]

text: Statutory[edit]

text: U.S. insider trading prohibitions are based on English and American common law prohibitions against fraud. In 1909, well before the Securities Exchange Act was passed, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a corporate director who bought that company's stock when he knew the stock's price was about to increase committed fraud by buying but not disclosing his inside information.

text: Section 15 of the Securities Act of 1933[17] contained prohibitions of fraud in the sale of securities which were greatly strengthened by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.[18]

text: Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 prohibits short-swing profits (from any purchases and sales within any six-month period) made by corporate directors, officers, or stockholders owning more than 10% of a firm's shares. Under Section 10(b) of the 1934 Act, SEC Rule 10b-5, prohibits fraud related to securities trading.

text: The Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 and the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988 place penalties for illegal insider trading as high as three times the amount of profit gained or loss avoided from the illegal trading.[19]

text: SEC regulations[edit]

text: SEC regulation FD ("Fair Disclosure") requires that if a company intentionally discloses material non-public information to one person, it must simultaneously disclose that information to the public at large. In the case of an unintentional disclosure of material non-public information to one person, the company must make a public disclosure "promptly."[7]:586

text: Insider trading, or similar practices, are also regulated by the SEC under its rules on takeovers and tender offers under the Williams Act.

text: Court decisions[edit]

text: Much of the development of insider trading law has resulted from court decisions.

text: In 1909, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Strong v. Repide[20] that a director who expects to act in a way that affects the value of shares cannot use that knowledge to acquire shares from those who do not know of the expected action. Even though in general, ordinary relations between directors and shareholders in a business corporation are not of such a fiduciary nature as to make it the duty of a director to disclose to a shareholder the general knowledge which he may possess regarding the value of the shares of the company before he purchases any from a shareholder, yet there are cases where, by reason of the special facts, such duty exists.

text: In 1968, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals advanced a "level playing field" theory of insider trading in SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co.[21] The court stated that anyone in possession of inside information must either disclose the information or refrain from trading. Officers of the Texas Gulf Sulphur Corporation had used inside information about the discovery of the Kidd Mine to make profits by buying shares and call options on company stock.[22]

text: In 1984, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Dirks v. Securities and Exchange Commission[23] that tippees (receivers of second-hand information) are liable if they had reason to believe that the tipper had breached a fiduciary duty in disclosing confidential information. One such example would be if the tipper received any personal benefit from the disclosure, thereby breaching his or her duty of loyalty to the company. In Dirks, the "tippee" received confidential information from an insider, a former employee of a company. The reason the insider disclosed the information to the tippee, and the reason the tippee disclosed the information to third parties, was to blow the whistle on massive fraud at the company. As a result of the tippee's efforts the fraud was uncovered, and the company went into bankruptcy. But, while the tippee had given the "inside" information to clients who made profits from the information, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the tippee could not be held liable under the federal securities laws—for the simple reason that the insider from whom he received the information was not releasing the information for an improper purpose (a personal benefit), but rather for the purpose of exposing the fraud. The Supreme Court ruled that the tippee could not have been aiding and abetting a securities law violation committed by the insider—for the simple reason that no securities law violation had been committed by the insider.

text: In Dirks, the Supreme Court also defined the concept of "constructive insiders," who are lawyers, investment bankers and others who receive confidential information from a corporation while providing services to the corporation. Constructive insiders are also liable for insider trading violations if the corporation expects the information to remain confidential, since they acquire the fiduciary duties of the true insider.

text: The next expansion of insider trading liability came in SEC vs. Materia[24] 745 F.2d 197 (2d Cir. 1984), the case which first introduced the misappropriation theory of liability for insider trading. Materia, a financial printing firm proofreader, and clearly not an insider by any definition, was found to have determined the identity of takeover targets based on proofreading tender offer documents during his employment. After a two-week trial, the district court found him liable for insider trading, and the Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed holding that the theft of information from an employer, and the use of that information to purchase or sell securities in another entity, constituted a fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of a securities. The misappropriation theory of insider trading was born, and liability further expanded to encompass a larger group of outsiders.

text: In United States v. Carpenter[25] (1986) the U.S. Supreme Court cited an earlier ruling while unanimously upholding mail and wire fraud convictions for a defendant who received his information from a journalist rather than from the company itself. The journalist R. Foster Winans was also convicted, on the grounds that he had misappropriated information belonging to his employer, the Wall Street Journal. In that widely publicized case, Winans traded in advance of "Heard on the Street" columns appearing in the Journal.[26]

text: The Court stated in Carpenter: "It is well established, as a general proposition, that a person who acquires special knowledge or information by virtue of a confidential or fiduciary relationship with another is not free to exploit that knowledge or information for his own personal benefit but must account to his principal for any profits derived therefrom."

text: However, in upholding the securities fraud (insider trading) convictions, the justices were evenly split.

text: In 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court adopted the misappropriation theory of insider trading in United States v. O'Hagan,[27] 521 U.S. 642, 655 (1997). O'Hagan was a partner in a law firm representing Grand Metropolitan, while it was considering a tender offer for Pillsbury Company. O'Hagan used this inside information by buying call options on Pillsbury stock, resulting in profits of over $4.3 million. O'Hagan claimed that neither he nor his firm owed a fiduciary duty to Pillsbury, so he did not commit fraud by purchasing Pillsbury options.[28]

text: The Court rejected O'Hagan's arguments and upheld his conviction.

text: The "misappropriation theory" holds that a person commits fraud "in connection with" a securities transaction and thereby violates 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, when he misappropriates confidential information for securities trading purposes, in breach of a duty owed to the source of the information. Under this theory, a fiduciary's undisclosed, self-serving use of a principal's information to purchase or sell securities, in breach of a duty of loyalty and confidentiality, defrauds the principal of the exclusive use of the information. In lieu of premising liability on a fiduciary relationship between company insider and purchaser or seller of the company's stock, the misappropriation theory premises liability on a fiduciary-turned-trader's deception of those who entrusted him with access to confidential information.

text: The Court specifically recognized that a corporation's information is its property: "A company's confidential information ... qualifies as property to which the company has a right of exclusive use. The undisclosed misappropriation of such information in violation of a fiduciary duty ... constitutes fraud akin to embezzlement – the fraudulent appropriation to one's own use of the money or goods entrusted to one's care by another."

text: In 2000, the SEC enacted SEC Rule 10b5-1, which defined trading "on the basis of" inside information as any time a person trades while aware of material nonpublic information. It is no longer a defense for one to say that one would have made the trade anyway. The rule also created an affirmative defense for pre-planned trades.

text: In 2014, in the case of United States v. Newman, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cited the Supreme Court's decision in Dirks, and ruled that in order for a "tippee" (a person who has received insider information from an insider and has used that information) to be guilty of insider trading, the tippee must have been aware not only that the information was insider information, but must also have been aware that the insider released the information for an improper purpose (such as a personal benefit). The Court concluded that the insider's breach of a fiduciary duty not to release confidential information—in the absence of an improper purpose on the part of the insider—is not enough for criminal liability to be imposed on the either the insider or the tippee.[6]

text: In 2016, in the case of Salman v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the benefit a tipper has to receive as predicate for an insider-trader prosecution of a tippee need not be pecuniary, and that giving a 'gift' of a tip to a family member is presumptively an act for the personal though intangible benefit of the tipper.[12]

text: By members of Congress[edit]

text: Members of the US Congress are not exempt from the laws that ban insider trading. Because they generally do not have a confidential relationship with the source of the information they receive, however, they do not meet the usual definition of an "insider." [29] House of Representatives rules[30] may however consider congressional insider trading unethical. A 2004 study found that stock sales and purchases by Senators outperformed the market by 12.3% per year.[31] Peter Schweizer points out several examples of insider trading by members of Congress, including action taken by Spencer Bachus following a private, behind-the-doors meeting on the evening of September 18, 2008 when Hank Paulson and Ben Bernanke informed members of Congress about the imminent financial crisis, Bachus then shorted stocks the next morning and cashed in his profits within a week.[32] Also attending the same meeting were Senator Dick Durbin and John Boehner; the same day (trade effective the next day), Durbin sold mutual-fund shares worth $42,696, and reinvested it all with Warren Buffett. Also the same day (trade effective the next day), Congressman Boehner cashed out of an equity mutual fund.[33][34]

text: In May 2007, a bill entitled the "Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act, or STOCK Act" was introduced that would hold congressional and federal employees liable for stock trades they made using information they gained through their jobs and also regulate analysts or "Political Intelligence" firms that research government activities.[35] The 2012 STOCK Act was passed on April 4, 2012.

text: With congress-sourced information[edit]

text: In 2014, federal prosecutors issued a subpoena to the House Ways and Means committee and Brian Sutter, staff director of its health-care sub-committee, relative to a price move in stocks just prior to the passage of a law favorable to the companies involved. An e-mail was sent out by a "Washington-based policy-research firm that predicted the change [in the law] for its Wall Street clients. That alert, in turn, was based in part on information provided to the firm by a former congressional health-care aide turned lobbyist, according to emails reviewed by the [Wall Street] Journal in 2013.[36]

text: Security analysis[edit]

text: Security analysts gather and compile information, talk to corporate officers and other insiders, and issue recommendations to traders. Thus their activities may easily cross legal lines if they are not especially careful. The CFA Institute in its code of ethics states that analysts should make every effort to make all reports available to all the broker's clients on a timely basis. Analysts should never report material nonpublic information, except in an effort to make that information available to the general public. Nevertheless, analysts' reports may contain a variety of information that is "pieced together" without violating insider trading laws, under the Mosaic theory.[37] This information may include non-material nonpublic information as well as material public information, which may increase in value when properly compiled and documented.

text: Arguments for legalizing[edit]

text: Some economists and legal scholars (such as Henry Manne, Milton Friedman, Thomas Sowell, Daniel Fischel, and Frank H. Easterbrook) have argued that laws against insider trading should be repealed. They claim that insider trading based on material nonpublic information benefits investors, in general, by more quickly introducing new information into the market.[38]

text: Friedman, laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, said: "You want more insider trading, not less. You want to give the people most likely to have knowledge about deficiencies of the company an incentive to make the public aware of that." Friedman did not believe that the trader should be required to make his trade known to the public, because the buying or selling pressure itself is information for the market.[7]:591–7

text: Other critics argue that insider trading is a victimless act: a willing buyer and a willing seller agree to trade property which the seller rightfully owns, with no prior contract (according to this view) having been made between the parties to refrain from trading if there is asymmetric information. The Atlantic has described the process as "arguably the closest thing that modern finance has to a victimless crime".[39]

text: Legalization advocates also question why "trading" where one party has more information than the other is legal in other markets, such as real estate, but not in the stock market. For example, if a geologist knows there is a high likelihood of the discovery of petroleum under Farmer Smith's land, he may be entitled to make Smith an offer for the land, and buy it, without first telling Farmer Smith of the geological data.[citation needed] Nevertheless, circumstances can occur when the geologist would be committing fraud if, because he owes a duty to the farmer, he did not disclose the information (for example, where the geologist had been hired by Farmer Smith to assess the geology of the farm).

text: Advocates of legalization make free speech arguments. Punishment for communicating about a development pertinent to the next day's stock price might seem an act of censorship.[40] If the information being conveyed is proprietary information and the corporate insider has contracted to not expose it, he has no more right to communicate it than he would to tell others about the company's confidential new product designs, formulas, or bank account passwords.

text: Some authors have used these arguments to propose legalizing insider trading on negative information (but not on positive information). Since negative information is often withheld from the market, trading on such information has a higher value for the market than trading on positive information.[41][42]

text: There are very limited laws against "insider trading" in the commodities markets if, for no other reason than that the concept of an "insider" is not immediately analogous to commodities themselves (corn, wheat, steel, etc.). However, analogous activities such as front running are illegal under US commodity and futures trading laws. For example, a commodity broker can be charged with fraud by receiving a large purchase order from a client (one likely to affect the price of that commodity) and then purchasing that commodity before executing the client's order to benefit from the anticipated price increase.

text: Commercialisation[edit]

text: The advent of the Internet has provided a forum for the commercialisation of trading on insider information. In 2016 a number of dark web sites were identified as marketplaces where such non-public information was bought and sold. At least one such site used bitcoins to avoid currency restrictions and to impede tracking. Such sites also provide a place for soliciting for corporate informants, where non-public information may be used for purposes[43] other than stock trading.[44]

text: Legal differences among jurisdictions[edit]

text: The US and the UK vary in the way the law is interpreted and applied with regard to insider trading. In the UK, the relevant laws are the Criminal Justice Act 1993, Part V, Schedule 1; the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which defines an offence of "Market Abuse";[45] and the European Union Regulation No 596/2014.[46][47] The principle is that it is illegal to trade on the basis of market-sensitive information that is not generally known. The is a much broader scope that under U.S. law. The key differences from U.S. law are that no relationship to either the issuer of the security or the tipster is required; all that is required is that the guilty party traded (or caused trading) whilst having inside information, and there is no scienter requirement under UK law.[4][48][49]

text: Japan enacted its first law against insider trading in 1988. Roderick Seeman said, "Even today many Japanese do not understand why this is illegal. Indeed, previously it was regarded as common sense to make a profit from your knowledge."[50]

text: In Malta the law follows the European broader scope model. The relevant statute is the Prevention of Financial Markets Abuse Act of 2005, as amended.[51][52] Earlier acts included the Financial Markets Abuse Act in 2002, and the Insider Dealing and Market Abuse Act of 1994.[53]

text: The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) paper on the "Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation" (updated to 2003)[54] states that the three objectives of good securities market regulation are:

text:
Investor protection,
Insuring that markets are fair, efficient and transparent, and
Reducing systemic risk.

tag: ol

text: The discussion of these "Core Principles" state that "investor protection" in this context means "Investors should be protected from misleading, manipulative or fraudulent practices, including insider trading, front running or trading ahead of customers and the misuse of client assets." More than 85 percent of the world's securities and commodities market regulators are members of IOSCO and have signed on to these Core Principles.

text: The World Bank and International Monetary Fund now use the IOSCO Core Principles in reviewing the financial health of different country's regulatory systems as part of these organization's financial sector assessment program, so laws against insider trading based on non-public information are now expected by the international community. Enforcement of insider trading laws varies widely from country to country, but the vast majority of jurisdictions now outlaw the practice, at least in principle.

text: Larry Harris claims that differences in the effectiveness with which countries restrict insider trading help to explain the differences in executive compensation among those countries. The US, for example, has much higher CEO salaries than do Japan or Germany, where insider trading is less effectively restrained.[7]:593

text: By nation[edit]

text: European Union[edit]

text: In 2014, the European Union (EU) adopted legislation (Criminal Sanctions for Market Abuse Directive) that harmonises criminal sanctions for insider dealing. All EU Member States agreed to introduce maximum prison sentences of at least four years for serious cases of market manipulation and insider dealing, and at least two years for improper disclosure of insider information.[55]

text: Norway[edit]

text: In 2009, a journalist in Nettavisen (Thomas Gulbrandsen) was sentenced to 4 months in prison for insider trading.[56]

text: The longest prison sentence in a Norwegian trial where the main charge was insider trading, was for 8 years (2 of which suspended) when Alain Angelil was convicted in a district court on December 9, 2011.[57][58]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Although insider trading in the UK has been illegal since 1980, it proved difficult to successfully prosecute individuals accused of insider trading. There were a number of notorious cases where individuals were able to escape prosecution. Instead the UK regulators relied on a series of fines to punish market abuses.

text: These fines were widely perceived as an ineffective deterrent (Cole, 2007),[60] and there was a statement of intent by the UK regulator (the Financial Services Authority) to use its powers to enforce the legislation (specifically the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000). Between 2009–2012 the FSA secured 14 convictions in relation to insider dealing.

text: United States[edit]

text: Rajat Gupta, who had been managing partner of McKinsey & Co. and a director at Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Procter & Gamble Co., was convicted by a federal jury in 2012 of leaking inside information to hedge fund manager Raj Rajaratnam. The case was prosecuted by the office of United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York Preet Bharara.[61]

text: With the guilty plea by Perkins Hixon in 2014 for insider trading from 2010-2013 while at Evercore Partners, Bharara said in a press release that 250 defendants whom his office had charged since August 2009 had now been convicted.[62]

text: On December 10, 2014, a federal appeals court overturned the insider trading convictions of two former hedge fund traders, Todd Newman and Anthony Chiasson, based on the "erroneous" instructions given to jurors by the trial judge.[63] The decision was expected to affect the appeal of the separate insider-trading conviction of former SAC Capital portfolio manager Michael Steinberg[64] and the U.S. Attorney[65] and the SEC[66] in 2015 did drop their cases against Steinberg and others.

text: In 2016, Sean Stewart, a former managing director at Perella Weinberg Partners LP and vice president at JPMorgan Chase, was convicted on allegations he tipped his father on pending health-care deals. The father, Robert Stewart, previously had pleaded guilty but didn’t testify during his son’s trial. It was argued that by way of compensation for the tip, the father had paid more than $10,000 for Sean's wedding photographer.[67]

text: In 2017, William T. Walters, Las Vegas sports bettor, was convicted of making $40 million on private information of Dallas-based dairy processing company Dean Foods. Walters's source, company director Thomas C. Davis employing a prepaid cell phone and sometimes the code words "Dallas Cowboys" for Dean Foods, helped him from 2008 to 2014 realize profits and avoid losses in the stock, the Federal jury found. In the trial, investor Carl C. Icahn was mentioned in relation to Walters's trading but was not charged with wrongdoing. Golfer Phil Mickelson "was also mentioned during the trial as someone who had traded in Dean Foods shares and once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to" Walter. Mickelson "made roughly $1 million trading Dean Foods shares; he agreed to forfeit those profits in a related civil case brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission". Walters's lawyer said he would appeal the verdict.[68]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In 2008, police uncovered an insider trading conspiracy involving Bay Street and Wall Street lawyer Gil Cornblum and another lawyer, Stan Grmovsek, who were found to have gained over $10 million in illegal profits over a 14-year span. Cornblum committed suicide before criminal charges were laid. Grmovsek pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 39 months in prison. This was the longest term ever imposed for insider trading in Canada. These crimes were explored in Mark Coakley's 2011 non-fiction book, Tip and Trade.

text: China[edit]

text: On October 1, 2015, Chinese fund manager Xu Xiang was arrested due to insider trading.[69]

text: India[edit]

text: Insider Trading in India is an offense according to Section 195 of the Companies Act, 2013 and Sections 12A, 15G of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. Insider trading is when one with access to non public, price sensitive information about the securities of the company subscribes, buys, sells or deals, or agrees to do so or counsels another to do as principal or agent. Price sensitive information is information that will materially affect the value of the securities. Penalty for insider trading is imprisonment which may extend to five years, minimum of five lakh rupees (five hundred thousand) to twenty five crore rupees (two hundred and fifty million) or three times the profit made; whichever is higher.[70]

text: Standards for Legal Insider Trading[edit]

text: Insider trading is legal as long as disclosure of the holdings and trading in securities of the company is done by the insiders. Any other connected person or group of connected persons shall also disclose their holdings under this regulation.

text: The gist of these rules is that an insider cannot trade on non-public information until that information is disclosed, and cannot tip people off using non-public information.

text: SEBI Guidelines For Disclosures of Trading by Insiders[edit]

text: 1. Promoters, key managerial personnel and director of every company whose securities are listed on any recognized exchange shall disclose his holding of securities within 30 days of these regulations taking effect to the company.

text: 2. Every person on appointment as key managerial personnel, director of the company or upon becoming a promoter shall disclose his holding of securities of company within 7 days of such appointment to the company.

text: 3. Every promoter, director or employee of the company shall disclose to the company, the number of securities acquired or disposed of within two days of such transaction, if the value of securities traded through one transaction or series of transaction in a calendar quarter exceeds 10 lakh rupees or any other value as may be prescribed.

text: 4. Company needs to inform within two days of receipt of such disclosure to the stock exchange.

text: 5 Disclosure by the connected person shall be made as required by the company.[71]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: Under Republic Act 8799 or the Securities Regulation Code, insider trading in the Philippines is illegal.[72]


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: who has most assists in premier league history

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3, Manchester United twice (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01 and 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]
Biggest title-winning margin: 18 points, 1999–2000; Manchester United (91 points) over Arsenal (73 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in a season (38 games): 30, Chelsea (2016–17)[4]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[5]
Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[5]

Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)

Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[6]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[7]

Most away wins in a season (19 games): 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[8]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[5][9][10]

Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)

Most consecutive wins: 14, Arsenal (between 10 February 2002 and 24 August 2002)[5][11][12]
Most consecutive wins in a season (38 games): 13, joint record:[13]

Arsenal (2001–02)
Chelsea (2016–17)

Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[5]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[14]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[15]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)[16]

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Fewest losses in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[17]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[18]
Most losses in total: 336, Everton[19]
Fewest home losses in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:

Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[20][21][22]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08) [23][24][25]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[25][26][27][28][29]
Liverpool (2008–09)[30]
Manchester City (2011–12)[7]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)

Most consecutive losses over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[31]
Fewest away losses in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[24][32]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 26 October 2008)[33]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[34]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:

Manchester City (1993–94)[35]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[35]
Southampton (1994–95)[35]

Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:

Newcastle United (2003–04)[35]
Aston Villa (2006–07 & 2011–12)[35]
Sunderland (2014–15)[35]

Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:

Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[35]
Leicester City (1997–98 & 2003–04)[35]
Manchester United (2016–17)[35]

Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[35]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98 & 2016–17)[35]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:

Manchester City (2008–09)[35]
Manchester United (2012–13)[35]
Chelsea (2016–17)[35]

Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:

Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[35]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96 & 2014–15)[35]
Barnsley (1997–98)[35]
Chelsea (1997–98)[35]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[35]
Everton (2000–01)[35]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[35]
Portsmouth (2005–06 & 2007–08)[35]
Burnley (2009–10)[35]
Liverpool (2011–12)[35]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[35]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[35]

Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:

Norwich City (1993–94)[35]
Southampton (1994–95)[35]
Manchester City (2009–10)[35]

Most draws in total: 277, Everton[19]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 76,069 Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers (at Old Trafford, 31 March 2007)[36]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon v. Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[36][37]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 103, Chelsea (2009–10)[38]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[39]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[40]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[41]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[42]
Best goal difference in a season: 71, Chelsea (2009–10)[42]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[43]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[42]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[44]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[45]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43

Derby County (2007–08)[45]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[45]

Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[45]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[45]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8

Middlesbrough (1995–96)[45]
Southampton (1998–99)[45]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[45]
Derby County (2007–08)[45]

Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[45]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[46]
Most goals scored in total: 1,856, Manchester United[19]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,231, Tottenham Hotspur[19]
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3

Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[47]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[48]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[50]

Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[51]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 95, Chelsea (2004–05)[52]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[53]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[54]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[55]
Most points in a season while being relegated:

42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[56]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[56]

Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[57]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 633, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 25 September 2017)[58]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[59]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[60]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[61]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[62]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[63]
Most Premier League goals: Alan Shearer (260)[64]

text:
Most goals scored away from home: Wayne Rooney (91)[citation needed]
Most Premier League goals at one club: Wayne Rooney (183, for Manchester United)[65]
Oldest goalscorer: Teddy Sheringham, 40 years and 268 days (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[66]
Youngest goalscorer: James Vaughan, 16 years and 271 days (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[67]

text:
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[68]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[69]

text:
Rank
Name
Goals
Games
Goals per game
Playing position
First goal
Last goal

1
 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2
 Wayne Rooney
200
463
0.43
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3
 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4
 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5
 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6
 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7
 Jermain Defoe
159
474
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8
 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9
 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10
 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

tag: table

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[71]

Andrew Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 31, joint record:[72]

Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United, 2007–08)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)

Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 36, Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995)[73]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:

20-team league: [74]

Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)

22-team league:

Andrew Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[75]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[76]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[77]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[78]

Andrew Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[79]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[80]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[81]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 Goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers) [83]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 Goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[84]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 Goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[84]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 Goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[85]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 Goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[69]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: Sadio Mané, 2 minutes 56 seconds (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[86]
Highest number of different clubs to score for: 7:

Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[87]

Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[88]
Most own goals in a season: 4, Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[89]
Most Hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[90]
Most Goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (for Liverpool)[91]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Assists

Most assists (career)

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
107

3
 Frank Lampard
102

4
 Wayne Rooney
101

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 Teddy Sheringham
76

9
 James Milner
75

10
 Thierry Henry
74

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[93]
Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[94]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[95]

Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[96]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Clean
sheets

Most clean sheets (career)

1
 Petr Čech
192

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
152

4
 David Seaman
142

5
 Nigel Martyn
138

6
 Pepe Reina
134

 Edwin van der Sar

8
 Tim Howard
132

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
129

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 21, joint record:

Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[97]
Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[98]

Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[99]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):

Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[100]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[101]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[102]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[103]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[104]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[58]

Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne

Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[70]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[105]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[106]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City, 23 May 2012[107]

text: Youngest players to score[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[108]

text:
Player
Date
Team
Age
Opposition

1
James Vaughan
10-Apr-2005
Everton
16 years 274 days
Crystal Palace

2
James Milner
26-Dec-2002
Leeds United
16 years 360 days
Sunderland

3
Wayne Rooney
19-Oct-2002
Everton
16 years 364 days
Arsenal

4
Cesc Fabregas
25-Aug-2004
Arsenal
17 years 113 days
Blackburn Rovers

5
Michael Owen
06-May-1997
Liverpool
17 years 148 days
Wimbledon

6
Andy Turner
05-Sep-1992
Tottenham
17 years 166 days
Everton

7
Federico Macheda
05-Apr-2009
Manchester United
17 years 226 days
Aston Villa

8
Raheem Sterling
20-Oct-2012
Liverpool
17 years 312 days
Reading

9
Mikael Forssell
20-Feb-1999
Chelsea
17 years 335 days
Nottingham Forest

10
Danny Cadamarteri
20-Sep-1997
Everton
17 years 338 days
Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[109]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[109]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)

Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[110]

Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United had won the 2010–11 competition
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City had won the 2015–16 competition

Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[111]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[112]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 — final score; 3–4)[113]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 — final score; 4–4)[114]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 — final score; 3–4)[115]

Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:

Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[116]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[117]

Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:

Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[118]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[119]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[120]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2017–18 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[121]

text:
Pos.
Club
Seasons
Pld
Win
Draw
Loss
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Relegated
Avg
Pts
Best
Pos.

1
Manchester United
25
962
604
209
149
1856
847
1009
2021
13
5
3
1

80.84
1

2
Arsenal
25
962
525
247
190
1698
911
787
1822
3
6
5
7

72.88
1

3
Chelsea
25
962
516
241
205
1645
925
720
1789
5
4
4
2

71.56
1

4
Liverpool
25
962
478
243
241
1601
986
615
1677

3
5
6

67.08
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur
25
962
400
247
315
1406
1231
175
1447

1
1
2

57.88
2

6
Everton
25
962
349
277
336
1259
1207
52
1324

1

52.96
4

7
Aston Villa
24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

8
Newcastle United
22
844
322
217
305
1168
1140
28
1183

2
2
1
2
53.77
2

9
Manchester City
20
772
327
190
255
1173
925
248
1171
2
2
2
1
2
58.55
1

10
West Ham United
21
806
265
209
332
964
1146
−182
1004

2
47.81
5

11
Blackburn Rovers
18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton
18
696
222
187
287
855
966
−111
853

1
47.39
6

13
Leeds United
12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough
15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[122]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland
16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham
13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers
13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City
11
422
130
118
174
516
610
−94
508
1

3
46.18
1

19
West Bromwich Albion
11
418
106
115
197
444
640
−196
433

3
39.36
8

20
Stoke City
9
342
109
97
136
363
457
−94
424

47.11
9

21
Coventry City
9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday
8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon
8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Charlton Athletic
8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

25
Norwich City
8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

26
Crystal Palace
8
312
86
78
148
329
456
−127
336

4
42.00
10

27
Wigan Athletic
8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Queens Park Rangers
7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

29
Birmingham City
7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

30
Portsmouth
7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[123]

1
41.90
8

31
Swansea City
6
228
74
57
97
278
327
−49
279

46.50
8

32
Derby County
7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.10
8

33
Nottingham Forest
5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town
5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Hull City
5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

36
Watford
4
152
34
35
83
144
254
−110
137

2
34.25
13

37
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

38
Sheffield United
3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

39
Reading
3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

40
Burnley
3
114
26
25
63
109
190
−81
103

2
34.33
16

41
Oldham Athletic
2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

42
Bournemouth
2
76
23
19
34
100
134
−34
88

44.00
9

43
Bradford City
2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Blackpool
1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

45
Barnsley
1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

46
Cardiff City
1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

47
Swindon Town
1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

48
Brighton & Hove Albion
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00.00

49
Huddersfield Town
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

00.00

text: League or status at 2017–18:

text:
2017–18 Premier League

2017–18 EFL Championship

2017–18 Football League One

2017–18 Football League Two

Defunct: by a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[124][125]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League winner's medals: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards: 3, Antonio Conte[126]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)[127]
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[128]
Longest-serving manager: Sir Alex Ferguson, 21 years (Manchester United, 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2013)[129]
Shortest-serving manager (excluding caretakers): Les Reed, 41 days (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006)[130]


document_title: Over the Hedge (film)

question_text: who voices the skunk in over the hedge

question_tokens: who voices the skunk in over the hedge

text: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: While scavenging for food, RJ the raccoon enters the cave of Vincent the bear, who has a wagon full of human food taken from a nearby rest stop. RJ accidentally wakes Vincent from his hibernation, and in a race to escape, causes the stash to roll out onto the nearby highway and get run over by a large truck. To avoid being eaten himself, RJ promises Vincent that he will completely replace the stash within the week.

text: RJ heads towards a recently built suburban housing development in Chesterton, Indiana, separated from a forest glade by a large hedge. There he discovers a pack of animals recently awoken from their hibernation, led by Verne the turtle; the others include squirrel Hammy, skunk Stella, porcupines Penny and Lou, along with their triplet sons, Spike, Bucky and Quillo; and opossum Ozzie and his daughter Heather. The animals are scared, as the development had been built during their hibernation and they fear they will be unable to forage for food in the small glade. RJ shows them the amount of food humans consume and waste and suggests they forage from the humans. Verne is hesitant but the other animals acquiesce. They make bold attempts to steal food directly from the humans, with RJ secretly guiding them to help collect the food he needs to replace Vincent's stash.

text: When the animals raid the trash cans of the homeowners-association chairwoman Gladys Sharp, she calls an animal exterminator named Dwayne LaFontant, who offers to install in her backyard an illegal, lethal trap called the "Depelter Turbo". Verne sees this and tries to warn the others, but RJ insists they will be okay. Fearing for the safety of the pack, Verne attempts to return what they stole; he and RJ argue, causing a small rampage through the development and destroying the stash RJ had collected for Vincent. After a brief argument, RJ and Verne make up and RJ rallies the others to raid Gladys' home directly on the night before a large party. With Stella disguised as a cat to distract Gladys' own cat, Tiger, the others enter Gladys' home and collect all the food. RJ inadvertently reveals his duplicity to the animals, just as they are discovered by Gladys who calls Dwayne. RJ escapes with the food for Vincent but leaves the other animals to be captured by Dwayne.

text: As RJ returns the food to Vincent, he sees Dwayne's truck drive by and, consumed by remorse, uses the food to knock the truck off the road, enraging Vincent. Dwayne is knocked out while the animals get free, and Spike, Bucky and Quillo use skills they learned from a videogame to drive the truck back to the development. RJ pleads to be let in the truck as Vincent tries to catch him, but the others, angry at his treachery, refuse. Verne convinces the group to forgive RJ since he came back to save them. They return the truck to the development, crashing through Gladys' home, and the animals flee into the hedge. Gladys and Dwayne converge on the animals from one side with a String trimmer and a Cattle prod respectively, while Vincent tries to swipe at them from the other. To escape, RJ gives Hammy a caffeinated beverage, allowing the hyperactive squirrel to move incredibly fast. Hammy is able to manipulate Dwayne into capturing Vincent, causing Vincent, Gladys, and Dwayne to be trapped by the Depelter Turbo while the animals escape. The police and animal control arrive, and Vincent is sent to the Rocky Mountains while Gladys is arrested for using the Turbo. Dwayne escapes when Gladys gets arrested only to get bitten by Nugent.

text: RJ and Verne apologize to each other, and RJ is brought into the group, as is Tiger, who became infatuated with Stella even after learning she was a skunk. Verne realizes they have not had a chance to forage for food until Hammy reveals that while sped up, he had been able to collect enough nuts for them all to last the year.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as RJ, a raccoon who is duplicitous, selfish, and extremely intelligent. Despite his hard outer shell, he is revealed to have a sensitive personality, developing feelings of guilt over using his new-found companions to his own ends.
Garry Shandling as Verne, a naturally cynical ornate box turtle, the leader of the foragers. He has his own ways of doing the daily tasks, but his world is turned upside-down when RJ introduces his free-spirited lifestyle into the mix. Though Verne genuinely cares for his family, he tends to condescend to them. A couple of running gags throughout the film are everyone calling him an amphibian and him correcting them with reptile (though Dwayne already knew he was a reptile, but first mistook him as an amphibian), as well as his shell constantly falling off.
Steve Carell as Hammy, a hyperactive American red squirrel, whose mouth moves as fast as his feet and loves cookies. He is naive and childish in nature, with an extremely short attention span. The double entendre of Hammy's constantly trying to find his nuts is a third running gag in the film.
Wanda Sykes as Stella, a short-tempered, sassy striped skunk who is constantly being told by the other foragers that she needs a man in her life.
Eugene Levy as Lou, a North American porcupine father and family patriarch with an overly friendly and optimistic attitude.
Catherine O'Hara as Penny, the porcupine family mother and matriarch; she serves as a ground between their family and the other animals.
Shane Baumel, Sami Kirkpatrick, and Madison Davenport as Spike, Bucky and Quillo, Lou and Penny′s three identical children. They're big on video games and are the most enthusiastic about exploring the world beyond the hedge.

text:
William Shatner and Avril Lavigne as Ozzie and Heather, a Virginia opossum father and daughter who see the world from different points of view; Ozzie often embarrasses Heather when he feigns death to get away from danger.
Omid Djalili as Tiger, a Persian cat whose sense of smell has faded to nothing after years of his "beautiful" evolution, and his full Persian name is "Prince Tigerius Mahmoud Shabazz."[6] He falls in love with Stella, who's disguised as a cat for distracting him while the group steals food from Gladys' house, and comes to live with her at the end of the film.
Nick Nolte as Vincent, an American black bear whom RJ owes food and whose barbaric behavior intimidates him. He used to be friends with RJ until he had tried to steal his food and then losing it in traffic. He makes a cameo in Bee Movie.[7]
Allison Janney as Gladys Sharp, a human and president of the Camelot Estates Home Owners Association. She is disgusted by animals and is strict on H.O.A. rules. At the end, Gladys is arrested for using an illegal animal trap called a Depelter Turbo.
Thomas Haden Church as Dwayne LaFontant,[8][9] an over-zealous human pest exterminator hired by Gladys. He is often fooled by plastic garden flamingos, but has an innate sense of the animals surrounding him by sniffing and then killing them. Through this, he can detect the species of any animal that has recently been in the area. He spoofs the Terminator.
Brian Stepanek as Nugent, a playful Rottweiler whose only intelligible word is "Play!", other than barking.

text: Two minor human characters, appearing during the dog chase scene, were voiced by Lee Bienstock and Sean Yazbeck, two participants on The Apprentice 5 as part of a reward for winning a task.[10]

text: In July 2002, Jim Carrey announced he would co-star with Shandling in Over the Hedge.[11] In October 2004, however, he left the project and was replaced with Willis.[12]

text: Reception [edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On opening weekend, the film was in second place to The DaVinci Code,[13] but its gross of $38,457,003 did not quite live up to DreamWorks Animation's other titles released over the past few years.[14] The film had a per-theater average of $9,474 from 4,059 theaters.[14] In its second weekend, the film dropped 30% to $27,063,774 for a $6,612 average from an expanded 4,093 theaters and finishing third,[14] behind X-Men: The Last Stand and The DaVinci Code.[15] Since it was Memorial Day Weekend, the film grossed a total of $35,322,115 over the four-day weekend, resulting in only an 8% slide.[16] In its third weekend, the film held well with a 24% drop to $20,647,284 and once again placing in third behind The Break-Up and X-Men: The Last Stand, for a $5,170 average from 3,993 theaters.[17] The film closed on September 4, 2006 after 112 days of release, grossing $155,019,340 in the United States and Canada, along with $180,983,656 overseas for a worldwide total of $336,002,996.[4] Produced on an $80 million budget,[3] the film was a commercial success.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the film-critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received 75% positive reviews, based on 168 reviews with an average of 6.8/10. The site's consensus states: "Even if it's not an animation classic, Over the Hedge is clever and fun, and the jokes cater to family members of all ages."[18] On another aggregator, Metacritic, the film has a rating of 67/100, indicating "generally favorable."[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[20]

text: Critic Frank Lovece of Film Journal International found that, "DreamWorks' slapstick animated adaptation of the philosophically satiric comic strip ... is a lot of laughs and boasts a much tighter story than most animated features." Ken Fox of TVGuide.com called it "a sly satire of American 'enough is never enough' consumerism and blind progress at the expense of the environment. It's also very funny, and the little woodland critters that make up the cast are a kiddie-pleasing bunch".[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

Annie Awards
Best Animated Feature[22]

Nominated

Character Animation in a Feature Production
Kristof Serrand
Nominated

Character Design in a Feature Production
Nicolas Marlet
Won

Directing in a Feature Production
Tim Johnson & Karey Kirkpatrick
Won

Production Design in a Feature Production
Paul Shardlow
Nominated

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Thom Enriquez
Nominated

Gary Graham
Won

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Wanda Sykes
Nominated

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Animated Feature[23]

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Animated Movie

Nominated

Voice From an Animated Movie[24]
Bruce Willis
Nominated

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Animated FIlm[25]

Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie[26]

Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Animated Film[27]

Nominated

Toronto Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Film[28]

Nominated

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was screened as a "work-in-progress" on April 29, 2006, at the Indianapolis International Film Festival,[29] and it premiered on April 30, 2006, in Los Angeles.[2] Nick Nolte, Bruce Willis, Avril Lavigne, Garry Shandling, Wanda Sykes, Catherine O'Hara and Steve Carell attended the premiere.[2] The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 19, 2006.[30] In select New York and Los Angeles theatres, it was accompanied by a DreamWorks Animation's animated short film First Flight.[30] The film was also screened out of competition on May 21, 2006, at the Cannes Film Festival.[31][32]

text: Home media [edit]

text: Over the Hedge was released on DVD by DreamWorks Animation's newly formed Home Entertainment division on October 17, 2006.[33] A short film based on Over the Hedge, titled Hammy's Boomerang Adventure, was released with the DVD.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on May 16, 2006 by Epic Records. Rupert Gregson-Williams composed an original score, while Ben Folds contributed three original songs, along with a rewrite of his song "Rockin' the Suburbs" and a cover of The Clash's "Lost in the Supermarket."[34]

text:
Over the Hedge: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
May 16, 2006

Length
48:45

Label
Epic Records / Sony Music Soundtrax

Producer
Hans Zimmer[34]

text: Track list:

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Family of Me"
Ben Folds
1:28

2.
"RJ Enters the Cave"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
4:37

3.
"The Family Awakes"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
2:33

4.
"Heist"
Ben Folds
3:02

5.
"Lost in the Supermarket"
Ben Folds (Originally by The Clash)
3:30

6.
"Let's Call It Steve"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
3:40

7.
"Hammy Time"
Michael Whitlock
2:28

8.
"Still"
Ben Folds
2:38

9.
"Play?"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
1:49

10.
"Rockin' the Suburbs"
Ben Folds (Featuring a speaking part by William Shatner)
4:57

11.
"The Inside Heist"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
7:38

12.
"RJ Rescues His Family"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
4:18

13.
"Still (Reprise)"
Ben Folds
6:07

Total length:
48:45

text: Video games[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on May 9, 2006. Developed by Edge of Reality, Beenox and Vicarious Visions it was published by Activision for PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows, Xbox, GameCube, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance.[35] Three different versions of Over the Hedge: Hammy Goes Nuts! were released by Activision in the fall of 2006: a miniature golf game for Game Boy Advance, an action adventure game for Nintendo DS, and a platform game for PlayStation Portable.[36]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[37]


document_title: 1930 FIFA World Cup Final

question_text: who scored the first ever world cup final goal in 1930

text: 1930 FIFA World Cup Final

text: Route to the final[edit]

text:
Uruguay

Round

Argentina

Opponent

Result

First round

Opponent

Result

 Peru

1–0

Match 1

 France

1–0

 Romania

4–0

Match 2

 Mexico

6–3

Match 3

 Chile

3–1

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Uruguay

2
2
0
0
5
0
+5
4

 Romania

2
1
0
1
3
5
−2
2

 Peru

2
0
0
2
1
4
−3
0

Final standing

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

 Argentina

3
3
0
0
10
4
+6
6

 Chile

3
2
0
1
5
3
+2
4

 France

3
1
0
2
4
3
+1
2

 Mexico

3
0
0
3
4
13
−9
0

Opponent

Result

Knockout stage

Opponent

Result

 Yugoslavia

6–1

Semi-finals

 United States

6–1

text: Match[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: After 12 minutes, Pablo Dorado put the hosts into the lead, before Argentine winger Carlos Peucelle equalised 8 minutes later, beating goalkeeper Enrique Ballestrero with a powerful shot. In the 37th minute, tournament top scorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2–1 lead going into the break. Uruguay leveled the score 12 minutes into the second half via a goal from Pedro Cea, before Santos Iriarte restored the lead for the hosts in the 68th minute. With a minute left, Héctor Castro put Uruguay up 4–2, sealing the victory for Uruguay in the inaugural World Cup.[6]

text: Details[edit]

text:
Uruguay

4–2

 Argentina

Dorado  12'Cea  57'[7]Iriarte  68'Castro  89'

Report

Peucelle  20'Stábile  37'[7]

text:
Uruguay

Argentina

text:
GK
Enrique Ballestrero

RB
José Nasazzi (c)

LB
Ernesto Mascheroni

RH
José Andrade

CH
Lorenzo Fernández

LH
Álvaro Gestido

OR
Pablo Dorado

IR
Héctor Scarone

CF
Héctor Castro

IL
Pedro Cea

OL
Santos Iriarte

Manager:

Alberto Suppici

GK
Juan Botasso

RB
José Della Torre

LB
Fernando Paternoster

RH
Juan Evaristo

CH
Luis Monti

LH
Pedro Suárez

OR
Carlos Peucelle

IR
Francisco Varallo

CF
Guillermo Stábile

IL
Manuel Ferreira (c)

OL
Mario Evaristo

Managers:

Francisco Olazar Juan José Tramutola

text:
Assistant referees:
Ulises Saucedo (Bolivia)
Henri Christophe (Belgium)

Match rules

90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
Replay if scores still level.
No substitutions permitted.