document_title: Hart of Dixie

question_text: who plays dr hart in hart of dixie

question_tokens: who plays dr hart in hart of dixie

text: Hart of Dixie

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season mostly revolves around Zoe adjusting to life in Bluebell and struggling to bring in 30% of the patients to her practice; a clause she needs to adhere to if she wishes to keep half from Brick. She finds this difficult as she is at odds with most of the local residents due to her city persona. Zoe also struggles with her growing feelings towards George Tucker, feelings of which his fiancée Lemon is fully aware, leading her to make it her mission to ensure Zoe leaves Bluebell. Other storylines include Wade's feelings for Zoe which may or may not be returned, Zoe's friendship with the mayor, Lavon, and his past with Lemon, and Zoe's unresolved issues regarding her family.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The season begins with Zoe confused with her feelings for both George and Wade. She later decides that George isn't ready for another relationship and decides to see Wade. Lavon's former high school sweet-heart Ruby Jeffries played by Golden Brooks returns to Bluebell and reveals she is opposing for mayor. George begins dating again, first seeing newcomer Shelby Sinclair, however he later dumps her and Shelby begins dating Brick Breeland, and George later stars a relationship with Wade's ex wife Tansy Truitt. As the season progresses, Ruby leaves after Lemon's jealousy destroys her and Lavon. Wade and Zoe continue to date, however face set backs time and time again. Annabeth begins having feelings for Lavon and later the two sleep together, leaving Lemon devastated by her best friends betrayal.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The season begins with Zoe returning to Bluebell with her new boyfriend (Joel) played by Josh Cooke. George struggles to rebuild his life following his break up with Tansy but finds love with Lavon's younger cousin. Lemon finds herself in a scandalous relationship while Annabeth hopes her relationship with Lavon will grow into something more. Zoe begins to learn more about her family roots in Bluebell.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The final season deals with Zoe's pregnancy and her relationship with Wade. George, Lemon, Lavon and Annabeth enter a tumultuous love affair while Brick has to deal with his past in order to move forward.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast and characters[edit]

text:
Rachel Bilson as Zoe Hart, a medical doctor; Zoe aspired to become a heart surgeon like her father, however after four years of residency at a New York hospital she is refused a position at the hospital and told she needs more experience dealing with patients and their families. Zoe moves to Bluebell, Alabama after learning her biological father was really a respected physician in the small town. She inherits his half of a general medical practice, and constantly butts heads with the co-owner of the practice, Brick Breeland. However, she becomes a regular in helping the town through its never ending dilemmas. In Season 2, she begins dating Wade. However, he ends up cheating on her when he loses Battle of the Bands, and she ends their relationship. In the Season 2 finale, Zoe sleeps with Wade, and she decides to go back to New York to get over everything. In the Season 3 premiere six months have passed and Zoe returns to Bluebell with her new boyfriend Joel, who is a writer and moves with her to Bluebell. For the rest of season 3, she remains in a relationship with Joel until one of his books is made into a movie and he moves to Los Angeles, California to assist with the production of the film. In the season 3 finale, Zoe realizes she is still in love with Wade, and tells him that she is going to do everything she can to win him back. In the Season 4 premiere, Zoe is still trying to prove to Wade that they should be together, and she seduces him, resulting in her getting pregnant. They eventually get back together and get married in the series finale as Zoe is giving birth to their son.
Scott Porter as George Tucker; A local lawyer in Bluebell that starts out engaged to Lemon Breeland (season 1) but calls off their wedding after learning about Lemon's affair with Lavon, combined with his own romantic feelings for Zoe. Zoe turns him down, and George starts to date other women, and ends up with Wade's ex-wife Tansy in Season 2. In Season 3, he begins dating Lavon's cousin Lynly. George goes into partnership with his former fiance, Lemon, by helping her invest in Fancie's Restaurant, but eventually pulls out his part of the restaurant when it burns down. Although he is the town lawyer, George seems to have a lot of time to experience in other opportunities, such as touring for a summer, as a singer with Lily Ann, and becoming the Talent Manager for both The Truitt Brothers and Meatball. George lives on a house boat owned by AnnaBeth, who he finally starts dating during Season 4. George has parents that tend to meddle in his life when they come for the occasional visit.
Jaime King as Lemon Breeland, the daughter of town physician Brick Breeland. She was engaged to George Tucker, but had a relationship with Lavon while George was living in New York. Prideful, conservative and somewhat uptight, Lemon begins a deep rivalry with Zoe when they first meet, because she feels that Zoe is interfering in her "perfect" life, and they often clash, owing to their different ways of thinking. Over the course of seasons 2–4, although she wouldn't admit it to anyone, she does seem to come around to being civil with Zoe. During Season 2, she becomes co-owner of Rammer Jammer with Wade. She later becomes the owner of Fancie's, the town's "best" dinner restaurant. Lemon has a reputation of being persistent and somewhat scheming when it comes to getting what she wants. After her wedding to George is called off, she finds herself without a true profession and a place to live. At one point, in order to move out of her father's house, she accepts the opportunity to live on AnnaBeth's house boat, only to discover she suffers from seasickness. She eventually trades living arrangements with her former fiance, George, trading him living on the house boat, for living in what was once his apartment in town. Throughout the whole series, Lemon has had issues with her mother abandoning her and her sister Magnolia (her very much younger sister, whom she raised like a daughter, rather than a sister), however, in Season 4, she finally confronts her mother, with whom she remains hostile, but she does come around to accept that she has a little maternal half sister, Scarlett, and makes extra efforts to come to know her.
Cress Williams as Lavon Hayes; Mayor of Bluebell and a former linebacker for ten years in the NFL; he has a pet alligator named Burt Reynolds. It is revealed in season 1 that Lavon had an intimate relationship with Lemon, who was engaged to George. Lavon develops a close friendship with Zoe, and often gives her meaningful advice on the town's traits. During Seasons 2–3, he has relationships with his former high school sweetheart, Ruby, and with AnnaBeth, although during each of these, he still has true feelings for Lemon. He has close friendships with Wade and George, although at times his and George's relationship is strained due to his love for George's former fiance, Lemon. Lavon is a big fan of the television personality, Don Todd, and eventually gets to closely know him. The knowing of Don Todd helps him later on when it comes to negotiations with rival Fillmore Mayor, Todd Gainey, Sr.
Wilson Bethel as Wade Kinsella; A bartender and Zoe's neighbor. He has an eccentric personality. Initially, he appears to be an immature, unambitious, womanizing and sarcastic bartender who doesn’t care about anyone but himself. But slowly it is revealed that he cares deeply about the people around him (though he always puts his best efforts into hiding his feelings). He falls deeply in love with Zoe, and tries to change his lifestyle and ambitions for her. For the most of Season 2, he is in a monogamous relationship with Zoe until he is caught cheating on her. Wade has always dreamed of owning his own bar, and eventually gets that chance, by becoming co-owner of the local Rammer Jammer, with Lemon Breeland. During Season 3, he has a serious relationship with Vivian Wilkes, Zoe's cousin, who finally breaks his heart by reconciling and moving away with her estranged husband. At the beginning of Season 4, he sleeps with Zoe, which leads to her becoming pregnant, causing him to finally come around and do his best to mend his "flirtatious" ways and grow up, in preparation of his new role as family man with Zoe. In episode 10 Zoe goes into labor, and at the hospital she and Wade get married before their baby is born. Eventually Zoe gives birth to a baby boy in the series finale.
Tim Matheson as Dr. Bertram "Brick" Breeland (recurring, episodes 1–14; starring, episode 15–present); Magnolia and Lemon's father, who is also a doctor, and shares half of the local Bluebell practice with Zoe. He is often very critical of Zoe's medical diagnoses and inexperience of Southern hospitality. Also, he is portrayed as an antagonist when he attempts to buy out Zoe's share of the business. Brick eventually has a close on again, off again, on again, relationship, with local talent personality, Shelby, who at one time, actually dated his daughter's former fiance, George. One of Brick's main goals is to be voted as "Man of The Year (MOTY), an honor bestowed upon outstanding male town personalities, by the local Fraternal Order of The Owl. Brick is also well known as the repeated winner of the annual town Gumbo competition.
Kaitlyn Black as Annabeth Nass (Seasons 3-4; recurring, seasons 1–2); a member of the Belles and best friends with Lemon. She is occasionally nicknamed "A.B." as an abbreviation of her first name. In season 2, she develops feelings for Lavon, but decides not to pursue a relationship with him because of Lemon. Lemon gives her blessing, so Annabeth and Lavon start dating. She is also a good friend to Zoe. During Season 3, she dates the nephew, of the rival town's mayor, Davis, who proposes to her, but she declines, telling Lemon she did so, because she is still in love with Lavon. During Season 4, she realizes she no longer loves Lavon, and starts dating George Tucker. In Season 3 and the beginning of Season 4, she becomes the receptionist to Brick's and Zoe's medical practice, which eventually leads to her wish to go to nursing school.

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On February 1, 2011, it was announced that The CW had ordered a pilot for Hart of Dixie.[9][10] On May 17, 2011, the network officially picked up Hart of Dixie to series, set to air in fall 2011.[11] The series marks the second time executive producer, Josh Schwartz, and series star, Rachel Bilson, have worked together on television.[11] The first time the duo worked together was on the Fox teen drama The O.C., created by Schwartz.[12] The show's executive producer, Josh Schwartz, compared the show to The WB classics such as Felicity, Everwood, and Gilmore Girls.[13]

text: With the reveal of The CW's fall 2011 schedule, it was announced that Hart of Dixie would air on Monday at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central, following Gossip Girl.[14] It premiered on Monday, September 26, 2011.[15] On October 12, 2011 the series was picked up for a full season, which will consist of twenty-two episodes. Along with pick-up for all other CW dramas, Mark Pedowitz said "We believe in the creative strength of these dramas, and by giving them back nine orders we can give our audience the chance to enjoy complete seasons of all three of them."[16] On May 11, 2012, The CW renewed the show for a second season,[17] which premiered on October 2, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a third season on April 26, 2013.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 8, 2011, TVLine reported that Rachel Bilson was nearing a deal to star in the series.[19] Her role was later confirmed by The CW in a press release.[20] Soon after, Wilson Bethel joined the cast as Wade Kinsella, Zoe's "gorgeous bad-boy" neighbor.[21] Scott Porter was later cast as good-looking lawyer George Tucker, a potential love-interest for Bilson's character.[22]

text: On May 20, 2011, it was announced that Nancy Travis would not continue with the series due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox-produced ABC sitcom Last Man Standing.[23] Travis was written out after the first two episodes.[24] Meredith Monroe appeared in one episode as Lemon's estranged mother.[25] JoBeth Williams appeared in three episodes as Candice Hart, the mother of Bilson's character. On July 26, 2013, it was announced that Kaitlyn Black was upgraded to series regular status for season three.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Hart of Dixie's first season has received mixed reviews, scoring a 43 out of 100 on the review aggregator Metacritic.[27]

text: TVGuide.com described the show as "Southern Exposure"[12] and, in a later review, stated that the actors are better than the "cutesy" material, although Bilson is not convincing as a heart surgeon.[28] Both TVGuide.com and Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that the show is potentially offensive to the South.[28][29] Bianco also wrote that the show is shallow and far-fetched, with Bilson giving an unconvincing performance, such as acting surprised when calling herself a doctor.[29] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the series is predictable and superficial, but "surprisingly touching".[30] Goodman and Brian Lowry of Variety stated that Bilson does not look like a doctor, with Goodman writing that she looked too much "like a high-priced call girl"[30] and Lowry writing that she looked like she belonged in "Barbie's medical dream house."[31]

text: Writing for The New York Times, critic Neil Genzlinger wrote, "...the premiere, at least, doesn’t find a convincing way to balance the clashing strands: the city-mouse disorientation, the medical emergencies, the girlfights, the daddy issues, the young-pretty-and-available stuff."[32] Los Angeles Times reviewer Mary McNamara described the show as, "a stack of familiar scenarios stitched together to form a pretty if not terribly substantial quilt."[33] TVLine described the show as "Everwood-esque".[34] TVLine later said: "Beautifully filmed with warm, cozy tones, the Southern setting utterly envelops the glowing Bilson", adding that Porter's appearance "wins us over and makes you forget that clunky intro" and despite the "rom-coms clichés, the pilot is super-efficient at introducing us to those who will be the key players in Zoe’s story, laying the framework for storytelling places to go."[35] Tv Times magazine gave Hart of Dixie its lowest score of 2011–2012: 12 out of 100.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2011
E! Golden Tater Awards[36]
New Fall Show You're Most Excited For
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

2012
People's Choice Awards[37]
Favorite New TV Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

ASCAP Award[38]
Top Television Series (Composers and Songwriters)
Jeremy Adelman
Won

2013
ASTRA Awards[39]
Favourite Program – International Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

2014
ASTRA Awards[40]
Favourite Program – International Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[41]
Choice TV Show: Drama
Hart of Dixie
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama
Rachel Bilson
Nominated

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)

1
Monday 9pm
22
September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)
1.88[42]
May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)
1.60[43]
2011–2012
#182
1.77[44]

2
Tuesday 8pm
22
October 2, 2012 (2012-10-02)
1.53[45]
May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)[46]
1.19[45]
2012–2013
#142
1.70[47]

3
Monday 8pm (2013–14)
Friday 9pm (2014)
22
October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07)
1.03 [48]
May 16, 2014 (2014-05-16)[49]
0.88[50]
2013–2014
#166
1.37[51]

4
Monday 8pm (2014)
Friday 8pm (2015)
10
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
1.22 [52]
March 27, 2015 (2015-03-27)[53]
1.33[54]
2014–2015
#175
1.61[55]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Country
Network(s)
Series premiere
Timeslot
Source(s)

 Australia
Fox8
January 7, 2012
Mondays at 8:30 pm AEDT
[56]

 Canada
CHCH-DT
September 26, 2011
Mondays at 8 pm ET
[57]

 Ireland
TV3
May 13, 2012
Sundays at 6:30 pm
[58]

 New Zealand
TV2
August 5, 2012
Sundays at 5:30 pm
[59]

 Philippines
2nd Avenue
September 29, 2011
Thursdays at 8 pm
[60]

 Thailand
TrueSeries
July 13, 2012
Fridays at 9 pm
[61]

 United Kingdom
Really
April 30, 2012
Mondays at 8 pm
[62]


document_title: iZombie (TV series)

question_text: who is the girl that plays in izombie

question_tokens: who is the girl that plays in izombie

root

text: iZombie (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Seattle medical resident Olivia "Liv" Moore is turned into a zombie while attending a boat party. She abandons her career and breaks up with her fiancé, much to the disappointment and puzzlement of her family. She discovers that if she does not periodically satisfy her new appetite for brains, she starts turning into a stereotypical zombie, stupid and homicidal. Instead of feeding by killing innocent people, Liv decides to take a job at the King County morgue and eat the brains of the corpses she autopsies. Her secret is guessed by her boss, Dr. Ravi Chakrabarti. Ravi soon becomes Liv's friend and confidant, and as a scientist, he is intrigued by her condition.

tag: p

text: Liv finds out that whenever she eats a dead person's brain, she temporarily inherits some of their personality traits and skills, and she experiences flashbacks of that person's life. Those visions are generally triggered by sights (events or objects) or sounds (repeated sentences). In the case of murder victims, the flashbacks offer clues about the killer. Liv decides to use this new ability to help Police Detective Clive Babineaux solve crimes. Though she initially passes herself off as a psychic, Clive eventually learns the truth about her and zombies. Meanwhile, Ravi works to develop a cure for Liv's affliction, in the hope that one day she will be able to resume her former life.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
June 9, 2015 (2015-06-09)

2
19
October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)
April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)

3
13
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)

4
13
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)
May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28)

tag: table

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Rose McIver as Olivia "Liv" Moore:[10]

tag: ul

text: Malcolm Goodwin as Clive Babineaux:[11]

text: Rahul Kohli as Ravi Chakrabarti:[11]

text: Robert Buckley as Major Lilywhite:[10]

text: David Anders as Blaine "DeBeers" McDonough:[11]

text: Aly Michalka as Peyton Charles:[12]

text: Robert Knepper as Angus McDonough:[13]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Thomas was approached by Warner Brothers to develop the show while he was editing the film version of Veronica Mars. At first he refused, but Warner Brothers was insistent, and he eventually took the job.[15] Prior to iZombie, Thomas was attempting to pitch his own zombie television series; when AMC picked up The Walking Dead, it was "so similar to what we were doing, it just killed that project," according to Thomas.[15]

text: The opening credits for the series are drawn by Michael Allred, the main artist and co-creator of the original comic book.[16] The show's theme tune is "Stop, I'm Already Dead" by Deadboy & the Elephantmen.[17]

text: On October 5, 2015, The CW ordered five additional scripts for the second season,[18] and on November 23, 2015, the network ordered six additional episodes into production, bringing the season order to 19 episodes.[19]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Alexandra Krosney originally played the part of Peyton Charles.[20] After the show was ordered to series, she was replaced by Aly Michalka, and the role was changed from regular cast to recurring.[21] Michalka was later promoted to series regular for the show's third season.[22] Nora Dunn was initially attached to play Liv's mother; this was changed when it was realized that her character was going to play a smaller role than initially envisioned. She was replaced by Molly Hagan.[23] Thomas has stated that this move was a financial decision.[23]

text: On May 22, 2016, it was announced that Aly Michalka was promoted to series regular for season three.[24] On July 21, 2017, it was announced that Robert Knepper was promoted to series regular for season four.[13][25]

text: Inquiries into Robert Knepper[edit]

text: In the wake of sexual assault allegations against the then newly promoted Knepper, The CW conducted an internal inquiry to determine Knepper's future on the series. After finding no evidence of misconduct transpiring on the set, it was announced he would be remaining on the show.[26]

text: Show stars Rose McIver and Rahul Kohli released statements following the decision, with Kohli stating he supported and admired the bravery of women coming forward but was unable to give his full thoughts at the time.[27]

text: On January 12, 2018, it was announced that the studio had conducted a second investigation. CW president Mark Pedowitz stated "When the past allegations came up, we were about two thirds of the way on the shooting schedule. The studio did an investigation. They did one investigation. The studio did a second investigation. Again, the investigation related to the set and his behavior on the set. They found no wrongdoing on the set. I supported the decision to continue going forward. Robert finishes up shooting I think by next week."[28]

text: Pedowitz previously stated that Knepper had a short-term deal, and though he would remain on the production in the final weeks of the fourth season, he would not return for the fifth.[29][30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season received positive reviews.[31] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.7/10, based on 51 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "An amusing variation on the zombie trend, iZombie is refreshingly different, if perhaps too youth-oriented to resonate with adult audiences."[32] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33]

text: Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated the pilot episode 8.4/10, praising the show's "casual take on zombies" and Rose McIver's performance as Liv.[34] LaToya Ferguson of The Onion's The A.V. Club graded the series a A- and stated the show is better for diverging from its comic book origins. She praised the show for having same quick-witted banter as Veronica Mars and observed it measures up well against Pushing Daisies, noting: "Television can only be better for having the voices of Thomas and Ruggiero-Wright back on a weekly basis".[35] Inkoo Kang of the Dallas Observer called the show, "dazzlingly, tirelessly witty" with an "acute attention to human relationships", and praised it as "the summer's most underrated series".[31]

text: The second season has been met with positive reviews. It holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews with an average score of 8.3 out of 10. The website's consensus states: "iZombie smoothly shifts gears in its second season, moving between comedy and dramatic procedural while skillfully satirizing modern society along the way."[36]

text: The third season received further praise with a score of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 10 reviews.[37]

text: The fourth season has been met with further praise. It earned a score of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 8 reviews.[38]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 9:00 pm
13
March 17, 2015
2.29[39]
June 9, 2015
1.45[40]
2014–15
154
2.51
1.0[41]

2
19
October 6, 2015
1.53[42]
April 12, 2016
1.22[43]
2015–16
174
1.68
0.7[44]

3
13
April 4, 2017
0.95[45]
June 27, 2017
0.86[46]
2016–17
160
1.37[47]
TBD

4
Monday 9:00 pm
13
February 26, 2018
0.99[48]
May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28)
TBD
2017–18
191
1.24
0.5[49]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Ep. 17
Ep. 18
Ep. 19

1
2.29
1.99
1.81
1.77
1.85
1.80
1.69
1.62
1.70
1.50
1.56
1.80
1.45
N/A

2
1.53
1.22
1.29
1.47
1.43
1.40
1.17
1.55
1.37
1.17
1.43
1.43
1.25
1.45
1.21
1.25
1.07
1.36
1.22

3
0.95
0.87
0.75
0.97
0.93
0.97
0.86
0.98
0.92
0.71
0.78
0.77
0.86
N/A

4
0.99
0.77
0.76
0.73
0.72
0.80
0.81
0.68
0.68
0.78
0.72
0.64
TBD
N/A

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.

2015
SXSW Film Festival
Episodic
Diane Ruggiero and Rob Thomas
Nominated
[54]

MTV Fandom Awards
Best New Fandom of the Year
iZombie
Won
[55]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Breakout Show
iZombie
Nominated
[56]

IGN Summer Movie Awards
Best TV Comic Book Adaptation
iZombie
Nominated
[57]

2016
Leo Awards
Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series
Michael Wale for "Zombie Bro"
Nominated
[58]

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Amber Trudeau, Malin Sjostrom, Cory Roberts and Rebekah Bak for "Method Head"
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Sci-Fi/Fantasy
iZombie
Nominated
[59]

The Joey Awards, Vancouver
Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 11-16 Years
Sean Quan
Nominated
[57]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Actress/Comedy
Rose McIver
Nominated
[57]

Young Entertainer Awards
Best Guest Starring Young Actor 11 and Under - TV Series
Sean Quan
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Complete season
DVD/Blu-ray release dates
Additional info

Region 1/A
Region 2/B
Region 4/B

1
September 29, 2015[60]
TBA
TBA
Each season release contains additional features, which include deleted scenes and Comic-Con panels.

2
July 12, 2016[61]
TBA
TBA

3
October 3, 2017[62]
TBA
TBA


document_title: Anthem (company)

question_text: what type of insurance is anthem blue cross

text: Anthem (company)

text: History[edit]

text: Anthem Insurance Company[edit]

text: Anthem Insurance Company grew out of two Indianapolis, Indiana based mutual insurance companies, Mutual Hospital Insurance Inc. and Mutual Medical Insurance Inc. formed in 1944 and 1946.[4] The companies grew significantly, controlling 80% of the medical insurance market in Indiana by the 1970s. In 1972 they came together to create a joint operating agreement,[5] and merged in 1985 as parent company, Associated Insurance Companies, Inc, to form Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Indiana.[5][6][7]

text: In 1986 Associated Insurance Companies changed its name to The Associated Group (TAG) to reflect its expanded focus,[6] and began heavily expanding outside Indiana, acquiring numerous insurance companies and creating new subsidiaries throughout the late 1980s through the mid-1990s.

text: Formerly Anthem Inc. was an insurance company which began in the 1980s as a spin-off of the group insurance operations of American General Insurance.

text: Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield was created as part of the merger of The Associated Group with Community Mutual Insurance Co. of Cincinnati.[8]

text: From its move to a publicly traded company in 2001 until its final merger in 2004, it merged the Blue Cross Blue Shield organizations of several states to achieve economy of scale, converting them in the process from non-profit to for-profit status. In late 2004, Anthem and WellPoint merged, with the combined company taking the WellPoint name. That Anthem no longer exists as a company, but the Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield brand name is used by WellPoint in 11 states.

text: In October 2001, Anthem demutualized and conducted an initial public offering of common stock. WellPoint, Inc. (formerly Anthem, Inc.) was formed when WellPoint Health Networks Inc. and Anthem, Inc. merged in 2004 to become the nation's leading health benefits company.

text: WellPoint Health Network Inc.'s predecessor was Blue Cross of California, which was founded in 1982 with the consolidation of Blue Cross of Northern California (established in 1936) and Blue Cross of Southern California (established in 1937). WellPoint was formed in 1992 to operate Blue Cross of California's managed care business. In 1993, Blue Cross of California spun off its managed care business into a separate publicly traded entity, WellPoint Health Networks Inc. In 1996, Blue Cross of California completed the conversion of all its business to for-profit status, resulting in a restructuring that designated WellPoint Health Networks Inc. as the parent organization. Anthem and WellPoint achieved a portion of this growth through mergers and acquisitions.

text: Wellpoint, Inc. was formed in November 2004 following a merger of Anthem and WellPoint Health Networks Inc.[4] The merger was structured as Anthem acquiring WellPoint Health Networks and rebranding itself WellPoint, Inc. When the deal was originally announced in October 2003, the merger was set at $16.5 billion.[9] The fair market value of the merger when completed in December 2004 was approximately $20.8 billion.[9] At the time of the merger's completion, WellPoint was the largest American insurer.[9]

text: In December 2014: WellPoint changed its corporate name to Anthem Inc..

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Anthem/Associated Insurance[edit]

text:
1940s: Anthem began in Indianapolis, Indiana as Mutual Hospital Insurance Inc. and Mutual Medical Insurance Inc.[4] The companies grew significantly, controlling 80% of the medical insurance market in Indiana by the 1970s.[4]
1972: The two firms, now known as Blue Cross of Indiana and Blue Shield of Indiana, entered into a joint operating agreement.[5]
1980s: Anthem Inc. began as an insurance company as a spin-off of the group insurance operations of American General Insurance.[8]
1985: The two merged into Associated Insurance Companies, Inc, a holding company.[6][7] But usage of the name "Anthem" persisted.
1986: Associated Insurance Companies began expanding outside of Indiana, acquiring numerous insurance companies and creating new subsidiaries.[4][6] It changed its name to The Associated Group to coincide with its expanded focus.[6] Associated Insurance's acquisitions included Anthem Health, Inc., a national company offering group life and health insurance; Raffensperger, Hughes & Co., Inc., Indiana's largest investment bank; and the Shelby Insurance Co., a property and casualty insurance business.[4]

text: The Associated Group[edit]

text:
1989: The Associated Group founded Acordia, a brokerage that sold and serviced insurance and employee benefit programs.[4][10]
1992: The Associated Group absorbed Acordia.[5]
1993: Acordia acquired American Business Insurance for $130 million and the Federal Kemper Insurance Company for $100 million.[4] The Associated Group bought Southeastern Mutual Insurance Company, the operator of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kentucky.[4][11] The deal was the first cross-state merger of major Blues plans in America.[4] By the end of 1993, Associated Insurance posted annual profits of $65.4 million with $3.4 billion in revenue.[4]
1995: The Associated Group acquired Community Mutual Insurance (a provider of Blue Cross and Blue Shield insurance plans in Ohio with over 1.9 million policy holders), then set up Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield under which it offered its Blue Cross Blue Shield products to consumers.[4][7]
1996: The Associated Group changed its name to Anthem Insurance Company.[8]

text: Anthem Blue Cross[edit]

text: Anthem Blue Cross (in full 'Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield') is a subsidiary of insurance giant Anthem Inc.. Anthem has about 800,000 customers, and has more individual policyholders in California than any other insurer. It is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association based in Thousand Oaks, California.[12] Wellpoint had a net income of $2.49 billion in 2008, and $4.7 billion in 2009.[13] Leslie Margolin became Anthem Blue Cross's company president in January 2008, and also was chief executive officer of the firm’s Life and Health affiliate. Joseph Swedish is currently chief executive officer of the company.[14]

text: Anthem Insurance Company[edit]

text:
1996: Anthem began to focus exclusively on healthcare benefits.[4]
1997: Anthem acquired Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Connecticut.[4] It also sold Acordia to a group of private investors.[10]
1999: Anthem acquired Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Hampshire and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Colorado and Nevada. The acquisitions made since 1996 added 850,000 policy holders. Anthem Group's revenue had grown to $6.3 billion. Among its customer base were 2.4 million PPO and 964,000 HMO enrollees[4]
2000: Anthem acquired Blue Cross Blue Shield of Maine.
2001: In October, Anthem converted from a mutual insurance company to a publicly held stock company, which made it the 4th largest public managed health care company in the United States.[4]
2002: Anthem acquired Trigon Healthcare of Virginia, a Blue Cross and Blue Shield plan, the largest insurer in Virginia, for $4.04 billion. Associated Insurance reached 11.9 million members

text: Blue Cross of California[edit]

text: Blue Cross of California was WellPoint Health Network Inc.'s predecessor

text:
1982: Blue Cross of California was founded with the consolidation of Blue Cross of Northern California (established in 1936) and Blue Cross of Southern California (established in 1937).
1992: WellPoint was formed to operate Blue Cross of California's managed care business.
1993: In January, Blue Cross of California spun off its managed care business into a separate publicly traded entity, WellPoint Health Networks Inc.[15] Blue Cross of California retained 80% of the company stock and had "nearly all" of the company's voting shares.[16]
1996: Blue Cross of California completed the conversion of all its business to for-profit status, resulting in a restructuring that designated WellPoint Health Networks Inc. as the parent organization. After this, WellPoint Health Networks Inc. began heavy expansion.

text: WellPoint Health Networks[edit]

text:
1996: In April, WellPoint completed its acquisition of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company's group life and health insurance subsidiaries for approximately $380 million.[17] With the acquisition, WellPoint had nearly 4 million policy holders, which made it the second largest publicly held managed health company in the US.[4] WellPoint continued its expansion and acquired businesses in ten other states, including Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and offered life, disability, and dental insurance to all its rosters.[4]
1997: In March, WellPoint acquired the group health and life businesses of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. for $86.7 million.[18] With this acquisition, WellPoint expanded its presence into Michigan, Texas, and the mid-Atlantic, and gained a unit that concentrated on serving the needs of large employers.[4]
2000: Wellpoint's net income was $342.3 million with revenues of $9.23 billion.[4] WellPoint acquired PrecisionRx, a mail service pharmacy fulfillment center in Texas.
2001, WellPoint acquired Rush Prudential Health Plans, a Chicago provider, for $204 million.[19] In March, WellPoint acquired Cerulean Companies, the parent company of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia.[4]
2002: WellPoint acquired RightChoice Managed Care, a Missouri-based company, for $1.5 billion.[4] WellPoint also acquired MethodistCare in Houston, Texas[4] and HealthLink in the mid-West.
2003: WellPoint acquired Golden West Dental and Vision in Camarillo, California, and Cobalt Corp. and its family of companies, including Blue Cross and Blue Shield United of Wisconsin. In October, Anthem announced it would acquire WellPoint Health Networks for $16.5 billion.[9]

text: WellPoint, Inc.[edit]

text:
2004: Wellpoint, Inc. was formed in November by the merger of Anthem Insurance Company and WellPoint Health Networks Inc.[4] The merger was structured as Anthem acquiring WellPoint Health Networks and renaming itself WellPoint, Inc. When the deal was originally announced in October 2003, the merger was set at $16.5 billion.[9] WellPoint continued to use 'Anthem' as the brand name under which it operated. It sold its Blue Cross and Blue Shield products in 11 states.[20] The merger was completed in December.[9] The fair market value of the acquisition at time of its completion was approximately $20.8 billion.[9] The newly merged company was renamed WellPoint, Inc.[9]
2005: WellPoint acquired Alexandria, Va.-based Lumenos, a provider of consumer-driven health plans, for $185 million.[21] Lumenos was the pioneer and market leader in consumer-driven health plans. In December, WellPoint acquired WellChoice, a New York-based Blue Cross Blue Shield provider, for approximately $6.5 billion,[22] making New York the 14th state in which WellPoint is a Blue Cross Blue Shield licensee.
2007: WellPoint acquired Chicago-based American Imaging Management, the leading radiology benefit management company, that creates software to help physicians choose cost-effective locations for their patients to receive medical imaging tests.[23] WellPoint also acquired Chicago based American Imaging Management (AIM), the leading radiology benefit management company.
2008: WellPoint acquired Resolution Health, a firm that analyzes patient history for potential medical problems such as adverse drug interactions.[24]
2009: WellPoint acquired DeCare Dental, a dental insurance firm.[25]
2011: WellPoint acquired CareMore, a Cerritos, California-based company that provides insurance and care centers for elderly patients.[26]
2012: WellPoint acquired Amerigroup for $4.9 billion, anticipating significant revenue growth due to Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act.[4][27][28][29]
2014: On August 13, WellPoint announced it intended to change its name to Anthem, Inc.[2]

text: Anthem name revived[edit]

text:
2014: In December, WellPoint changed its corporate name to Anthem Inc. and its NYSE ticker symbol from WLP to ANTM.[2][3] In that same month, it announced that it would acquire Simply Healthcare Holdings, Inc., a leading Medicaid and Medicare managed care company in Florida.[30]
2015: In June, Anthem announced an offer to acquire Cigna, a global health insurance service company, for more than $47 billion in cash and stock.[31] In July, Anthem and Cigna announced they had entered into a definitive agreement, valuing the transaction at $54.2 billion on an enterprise basis.[32]
February 2017: A US District Court ruling blocked the Cigna merger on anticompetitive grounds.[33] On February 14, Cigna Corp. called off its $48 billion merger agreement with Anthem Inc., with Anthem stating it would "continue to enforce its rights under the merger agreement and remains committed to closing the transaction."[34]
October 2017: Anthem said it would not renew its pharmacy benefit management relationship with Express Scripts saying Express had overcharged it $3 billion and that it would eventually handle the PBM process itself through its new IngenioRx unit. The Express Scripts contract expires in 2019 and Anthem said it would enter a 5-year contract with CVS Health.[35] Ironically Cigna in March 2018 announced plans to acquire Express Scripts for $58 billion.[36]

text: Quality of care[edit]

text: In the category of "Meeting National Standards of Care" California's state patient advocacy office gave Anthem a rating of 2 out of 4 stars in its 2011 annual report card.[37] In 2014 it received 3 out of 4 stars in the same category.[38]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Giving for uninsured[edit]

text: In 2007, WellPoint pledged to spend $30 million over three years, through the company's charitable foundation, to help the uninsured. In March 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that WellPoint's tax records and website showed that the company gave only $6.2 million by 2009. The company disputed that, saying that the foundation did fulfill its $30-million commitment by mid-2009, but declined to provide any financial details to support its position.[39]

text: Policy cancellations[edit]

text: In 2007, the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC), a California state regulatory agency, investigated Anthem Blue Cross's policies for revoking (rescinding) health care insurance policies. The DMHC randomly selected 90 instances where Anthem Blue Cross canceled the insurance of policy holders who had been diagnosed with costly or life-threatening illnesses, to find how many of these cancellations were legal. The agency concluded that all these cancellations were illegal. "In all 90 files, there was no evidence [that Blue Cross], before rescinding coverage, investigated or established that the applicant's omission/misrepresentation was willful," the DMHC report said.[40][41]

text: In July 2008, Anthem Blue Cross agreed to a settlement with the California Department of Managed Health Care. To resolve allegations of improper policy rescissions (cancellations), WellPoint paid $10 million and reinstated 1,770 policy-holders whose plans they had cancelled. They also agreed to provide compensation for any medical debts incurred by these policy-holders in the meantime. However, WellPoint did not officially admit liability.

text: In April 2010, a report in Reuters alleged that Wellpoint "using a computer algorithm, identified women recently diagnosed with breast cancer and then singled them out for cancellation of their policies."[42][43] The story not only caused considerable public outrage, but led Secretary of Health and Human Services, Kathleen Sebelius, and President Barack Obama, to call on WellPoint to end the practice.[44]

text: In 2011 Anthem Blue Cross began cancelling policies of members who had been paying premiums with credit cards, sometimes without calling or emailing the member ahead of time.[45]

text: Opposition to health care reform[edit]

text: The former Vice President for Public Policy and External Affairs at WellPoint, Elizabeth Fowler, is the Senior Counsel to Max Baucus, the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and a leading opponent of the public option in health care reform.[46]

text: In August 2009, WellPoint’s Anthem Blue Cross unit, the largest for-profit insurer in California, contacted its employees and urged them to get involved to oppose Congress' plan for health care reform. Consumer Watchdog, a nonprofit watchdog organization in Santa Monica, asked California Atty. Gen. Jerry Brown to investigate its claim that WellPoint had illegally pushed workers to write to their elected officials, attend town hall meetings and enlist family and friends to ensure an overhaul that matches the firm’s interests. According to Consumer Watchdog, California's labor code directly prohibits coercive communications, including forbidding employers from controlling, coercing or influencing employees' political activities or affiliations. WellPoint had not been contacted by the California attorney general and had not seen any complaint.[47]

text: Through 2010 and into 2011, WellPoint senior executives met monthly with executives of other major health insurers to blunt the effect of the health care reform law.[48]

text: 2009 premium increase in Maine[edit]

text: In 2009, Anthem Health Plans of Maine, a WellPoint subsidiary, sued the state of Maine for the right to increase premiums further.[49] Since Maine licenses insurance companies through its Department of Insurance, Anthem would need the state's permission to raise rates.[50] The Court disagreed with Anthem and found that, unlike other forms of insurance, the Maine Insurance Code does not require the Superintendent to consider profits at all.[51]

text: 2010 premium increase in California[edit]

text: In February 2010, WellPoint announced that some Anthem Blue Cross individual policies in California would see a rate increase as high as 39%. This announcement resulted in an investigation by the US Federal and California government regulators.[12] Because of this, Anthem Blue Cross gained worldwide media attention and became a poster child for the problem of rising US health costs, when it announced that it was raising rates on some individual policy holders by as much as 39% as of March 2010.[12] The rate increase came one year after Anthem had raised rates 68% on individual policy holders.[52] This announcement resulted in an investigation by the US Federal and California government regulators.[12]

text: To explain the latest rate increases, some which were four times the rate of medical inflation, Anthem said the company has experienced a death spiral, as unemployment and declining wages led healthy customers to drop their insurance, the remaining risk pool becomes sicker and more expensive to insure, and, in turn, prices are forced up and push more people out of the market.[53]

text: In response to the outrage from politicians and consumers, Anthem postponed the rate increase until May 1, 2010.[54] Given Anthem’s rate increase plans, Senator Dianne Feinstein, Democratic Senator of California, has proposed giving the federal government authority to block insurance premium hikes considered to be "unjustified".[55]

text: Reclassifying expenses[edit]

text: On 17 March 2010, WellPoint announced it was reclassifying some of its administrative costs as medical care costs in order to meet new loss ratio requirements under the health care law, which requires insurers to spend at least 80% or 85% of customer premiums on health care services, depending on the type of plan.[56]

text: 2009-10 security breach[edit]

text: In June 2010, Anthem sent letters to 230,000 customers in California warning them that their personal data might have been accessed online. After a routine upgrade in October 2009, a third-party vendor stated that all security measures had been properly reinstated, when in fact they had not. As a result, personal information of thousands of coverage applicants who were under the age of 65 was exposed in the open. After a Los Angeles-area woman found that her application for coverage was publicly available, she filed a class-action lawsuit against Anthem. While gathering evidence for the proceeding, the woman's lawyers downloaded some confidential customer information from Anthem's website and alerted Anthem about the breach. According to the lawyers, confidential information had remained out in the open for five months.[57][58]

text: Denying benefits[edit]

text: In May 2014, Anthem Blue Cross refused to pay for the hospitalization of a Sonoma County, California man for stage four cancers, although he had paid Anthem over $100,000.00 in premiums.[59][60] Anthem ended up paying for coverage following public outcry.[61]

text: 2015 medical data breach[edit]

text: On February 4, 2015, Anthem, Inc. disclosed that criminal hackers had broken into its servers and potentially stolen over 37.5 million records that contain personally identifiable information from its servers. According to Anthem, Inc., the data breach extended into multiple brands Anthem, Inc. uses to market its healthcare plans, including, Anthem Blue Cross, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Georgia, Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Amerigroup, Caremore, and UniCare.[62] Healthlink says it was also a victim.[63] Anthem says the medical information and financial data was not compromised. Anthem has offered free credit monitoring in the wake of the breach.[64] According to Bloomberg News, China may be responsible for this data breach. Michael Daniel, chief adviser on cybersecurity for President Barack Obama, said he would be changing his own password.[65] According to The New York Times about 80 million company records were hacked, and there is fear that the stolen data will be used for identity theft.[66] On February 7, 2015 Elizabeth Weise wrote in USA Today that the compromised information contained names, birthdays, medical IDs, social security numbers, street addresses, e-mail addresses and employment information, including income data.[67]


document_title: Richard Benjamin Harrison

question_text: when did the old man died on the show pawn stars

text: Richard Benjamin Harrison

text: Early life[edit]

text: Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr.[8][9] was born in Danville, Virginia, on March 4, 1941,[10] and was of Irish descent.[11] Harrison's grandson, Corey, has mentioned his grandmother said they are related to Presidents  William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. Harrison indicated that he did not give much credence to this idea.[12][13]

text: When Harrison was one year old, his family moved to Lexington, North Carolina, where they lived at 115 Peacock Avenue, just off South Main Street.[1][10] Harrison attended Lexington High School, but left during his junior year.[14] Harrison's family was poor, and to make money, Harrison drove a school bus when he was 14, parking the bus at his house every night, and getting up early in the morning to pick up the schoolchildren, for which he was paid five or six dollars a week.[15]

text: Marriage and the Navy[edit]

text: When he was 17, Harrison attended a barn dance, where he met his future wife, Joanne Rhue, the daughter of Joseph Rhue,[16] a county judge, who later became one of the lead attorneys for Philip Morris in North Carolina.[15] They married in 1960.[16] Before they married, however, Harrison stole a car, and after he was arrested, was given a choice by the judge to go to prison or the military. Harrison chose the latter.[15] JoAnne became pregnant with their first child immediately after they married, and Sherry, their first child, was born with Down syndrome. They also had three sons, Joseph, Rick, and Chris. Harrison left the Navy in February 1962, but re-enlisted fourteen months later in order to obtain the health care benefits necessary to meet Sherry's medical expenses. She died when she was six years old.[15]

text: Harrison ultimately served in the U.S. Navy for 20 years,[1][15][17] including stints as a paymaster, and attaining the rank of petty officer first class. Harrison served on four ships, including his final five years on fleet tug ATF 100 USS Chowanoc,[18][19] from 1972 to 1976.[20]

text: In 1967 Harrison was transferred by the Navy to San Diego, California.[15] He continued to serve in the Navy, while JoAnne obtained her real estate license in 1970 and opened her own office in 1973. After Harrison was discharged from the Navy, he worked part-time in his wife's office. Declining real estate sales caused by interest rates as high as 18 percent cost Harrison $1,000,000 and the collapse of this business in 1981.[21]

text: Business career[edit]

text: In April 1981, Harrison and his wife, having only $5,000 left, moved with their three sons to Las Vegas, Nevada, where Harrison and his son Rick opened Gold & Silver Coin Shop in a 300 square foot shop at 1501 Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1986, he relocated the business to a larger building at 413 Fremont Street. In 1987, he obtained a license to buy and sell second-hand goods. The business's lease expired in 1988.[2]

text: In 1989, Rick opened what would become the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop at 713 Las Vegas Boulevard South, located less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip.[2][3] The most common item brought into the store is jewelry.[22] As of July 2011, the store had 12,000 items in its inventory,[23] 5,000 of which are typically held on pawn.[24] Even when absent from the show, according to an episode of Pawn Stars, Harrison usually was the first to arrive at the shop in the morning,[25] and by 2010, had not had a sick day since 1994.[26]

text: From July 19, 2009 until his death, Harrison and his son Rick, along with his grandson Richard Corey "Big Hoss" Harrison[27] and Corey's childhood friend and employee Austin "Chumlee" Russell, starred in the reality television program Pawn Stars on the History Channel. Harrison was depicted as saying little and easily angered. Chumlee has stated that he is "old and cranky",[28] while Harrison himself indicates: "My role on the show is to be an old grump."[29] Within ten weeks of its debut, Pawn Stars was the highest-rated program on the History Channel,[30] and second highest-rated reality show program behind Jersey Shore.[31] In that same period, the average number of customers in the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop increased from 70 to 700 per day.[30] By February 2012, between 3,000 and 5,000 people visited the store each day.[32]

text: In 2014 Harrison's net worth was estimated to be $5 million USD.[33][unreliable source?]

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text: In March 2010, Harrison, his son, grandson and Austin "Chumlee" Russell were awarded the key to the city of Las Vegas by Mayor Oscar Goodman.[34]

text: Harrison and the other stars of Pawn Stars served as grand marshals for the History 300 NASCAR race at the Charlotte Motor Speedway on May 26, 2012.[35]

text: On May 29, 2012, Harrison was awarded a key to the city of Lexington, his hometown, by Lexington Mayor Clark Newell, in the Lexington City Council Chamber, and the day was also officially "Richard Harrison's Day".[36][37][38]

text: On July 17, 2012, the Clark County Commission declared that day to be "Pawn Stars/Gold & Silver Pawn Day". At the Commission meeting, Harrison donated $1000 to the Clark County Museum, and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran (sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode "Take a Seat") to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran.[39]

text: Harrison and his son Rick were nominated for the 2012 Time 100 list.[40]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: On December 5, 2011, Harrison made a special appearance at the American Country Awards 2011, giving a speech onstage.[41]

text: On February 25, 2012, he was a guest star at a Celebrity Bingo Bow Wow charity event, which was held at the Silverton Casino Lodge.[42]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: Daniel Callahan[edit]

text: In May 2012, Daniel Callahan filed a lawsuit in the District Court in Las Vegas claiming that Harrison and his son Rick failed to provide "reasonable and necessary" security at their store, seeking around $20,000 for injuries he allegedly suffered from being "dragged out of the pawn shop and tossed onto the sidewalk" after an argument over a rifle he had brought. Harrison's grandson, Corey, defended them both, stating that they were never in direct contact with Callahan and "it was in our best interests to get him out of there."[43]

text: Interference with business practices[edit]

text: In October 2012, A&E Network and the History Channel, along with Harrison and the rest of the show's cast, were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne F. Jefferies,[44] a Las Vegas promoter[45] and the Harrisons' manager, who represented them and "Chumlee" Russell in their television business dealings.[46] Jefferies, who managed and operated the Las Vegas world cuisine restaurant Seven in 2001,[47] and who, as an event promoter, put up to $75,000 in support of the 2005 and 2006 Las Vegas Red, White and Boom Independence Day event,[48][49] was instrumental in helping to launch the series.[50][51] Jefferies stated that after the show premiered, his influence in the show was increasingly reduced, and that he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series, purportedly due to network executives after a January 2012 report on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast were taken aback by the History Channel's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars, of which the cast had been unaware.[45][52]

text: Personal life and death[edit]

text: Harrison was particularly passionate about automobiles, showing an interest in all types of cars.[53] Cars he owned or expressed an interest in on the television series include his 1966 Imperial Crown, which took him fifteen years to convince the previous owner to sell,[54][55] and was subsequently restored by his son and grandson for his 50th wedding anniversary;[56] a 1957 Chevy 150 sedan given to him by the stars of two other History shows, American Restoration and American Pickers;[55] and the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in Pawn Stars season 3 episode 14 ("Honest Abe"), which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart.[57]

text: Harrison died on June 25, 2018, after a battle with Parkinson's disease.[58][59] His funeral was held July 1, with his casket draped in an American flag on account of his service in the Navy. His son Rick eulogized him thus: "He was my hero and I was fortunate to get a very cool ‘Old Man’ as my dad. That I got to share him with so many others and they got to see what a great family man he was is something I am grateful to have experienced with him." Harrison was survived by wife JoAnne, three sons, 10 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.[60] Harrison placed his son Rick in charge of his estate. Christopher Keith Harrison, the youngest of Harrison's three sons, was intentionally omitted as a beneficiary in his father’s will.[61][62]  Following his death, Pawn Stars ran a commemorative episode, "A Treasure Remembered", featuring clips from the show and interviews about him. In the episode, a family photograph is briefly shown; Christopher's face is blurred out.[63]


document_title: The Night Begins to Shine

question_text: when was the night begins to shine released

text: The Night Begins to Shine

text: This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Atlantic306 (talk | contribs) at 15:08, 22 August 2017 (fixed ref). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

text:
"The Night Begins To Shine"

Single by B.E.R.

Released
October 30, 2015 (2015-10-30)

Format
Digital single

Recorded
2005 (2005)

Genre
Rock

Length
3:30

Label
Telepictures

Songwriter(s)
Carl Burnett, Frank Enea, William J. Regan

Producer(s)
Carl Burnett

B.E.R. singles chronology

"The Night Begins To Shine"
(2015)
"Forever Mine"
(2017)

text: "The Night Begins To Shine" is a song by American rock band B.E.R.[1] Originally written and produced for a music library by the members of the group, the song was later featured on the popular Cartoon Network television show, Teen Titans Go! where it achieved great commercial success.[2]

text: Commercial performance

text: Upon its official release, "The Night Begins To Shine" peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart and #7 on the Billboard Rock Digital Songs chart.[3] The song was covered by popular musical artists, Fall Out Boy, CeeLo Green, and Puffy Amiyumi for a four-part television series featuring the band itself.[4]

text: Weekly charts

text:
Chart (2017)
Position

US Billboard Hot Rock Songs[5]
23


document_title: History of longitude

question_text: how did the early explorers determine local time

text: History of longitude

text: Ancient history[edit]

text: Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC first proposed a system of latitude and longitude for a map of the world. By the 2nd century BC Hipparchus was the first to use such a system to uniquely specify places on the earth. He also proposed a system of determining longitude by comparing the local time of a place with an absolute time. This is the first recognition that longitude can be determined by accurate knowledge of time. In the 11th century Al-Biruni believed the earth rotated on its axis and this forms our modern notion of how time and longitude are related.[1]

text: Problem of longitude[edit]

text: Determining latitude was relatively easy in that it could be found from the altitude of the sun at noon (i.e. at its highest point) with the aid of a table giving the sun's declination for the day, or from many stars at night. For longitude, early ocean navigators had to rely on dead reckoning. This was inaccurate on long voyages out of sight of land and these voyages sometimes ended in tragedy as a result.

text: Determining longitude at sea was also much harder than on land. A stable surface to work from, a comfortable location to live in while performing the work, and the ability to repeat determinations over time made various astronomical techniques possible on land (such as the observation of eclipses) that were unfortunately impractical at sea. Whatever could be discovered from solving the problem at sea would only improve the determination of longitude on land.

text: In order to avoid problems with not knowing one's position accurately, navigators have, where possible, relied on taking advantage of their knowledge of latitude. They would sail to the latitude of their destination, turn toward their destination and follow a line of constant latitude. This was known as running down a westing (if westbound, easting otherwise).[2] This prevented a ship from taking the most direct route (a great circle) or a route with the most favourable winds and currents, extending the voyage by days or even weeks. This increased the likelihood of short rations,[3] which could lead to poor health or even death for members of the crew due to scurvy or starvation, with resultant risk to the ship.

text: Errors in navigation have also resulted in shipwrecks. Motivated by a number of maritime disasters attributable to serious errors in reckoning position at sea, particularly such spectacular disasters as the Scilly naval disaster of 1707, which took Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell and his fleet, the British government established the Board of Longitude in 1714:

text: "The Discovery of the Longitude is of such Consequence to Great Britain for the safety of the Navy and Merchant Ships as well as for the improvement of Trade that for want thereof many Ships have been retarded in their voyages, and many lost..." [and there will be a Longitude Prize] "for such person or persons as shall discover the Longitude."

text: The prizes were to be awarded for the discovery and demonstration of a practical method for determining the longitude of a ship at sea. Prizes were offered in graduated amounts for solutions of increasing accuracy. These prizes, worth the equivalent of millions of pounds in today's currency, motivated many to search for a solution.

text: Britain was not alone in the desire to solve the problem. France's King Louis XIV founded the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1666. It was charged with, among a range of other scientific activities, advancement of the science of navigation and the improvement of maps and sailing charts. From 1715, the Académie offered one of the two Prix Rouillés specifically for navigation.[4] Spain's Philip II offered a prize for the discovery of a solution to the problem of the longitude in 1567; Philip III increased the prize in 1598. Holland added to the effort with a prize offered in 1636.[1] Navigators and scientists in most European countries were aware of the problem and were involved in finding a solution. Due to the international effort in solving the problem and the scale of the enterprise, it represented one of the largest scientific endeavours in history.

text: Time equals longitude[edit]

text: Since the Earth rotates at a steady rate of 360° per day, or 15° per hour (in mean solar time), there is a direct relationship between time and longitude. If the navigator knew the time at a fixed reference point when some event occurred at the ship's location, the difference between the reference time and the apparent local time would give the ship's position relative to the fixed location. Finding apparent local time is relatively easy. The problem, ultimately, was how to determine the time at a distant reference point while on a ship.

text: Proposed methods of determining time[edit]

text: The first publication of a method of determining time by observing the position of the Earth's moon was by Johannes Werner in his In hoc opere haec continentur Nova translatio primi libri geographiae Cl. Ptolomaei, published at Nuremberg in 1514. The method was discussed in detail by Petrus Apianus in his Cosmographicus liber (Landshut 1524).

text: It appears that Johannes Werner inspired by Amerigo Vespucci's letter written in 1502 where he wrote: "...I maintain that I learned [my longitude] ... by the eclipses and conjunctions of the Moon with the planets; and I have lost many nights of sleep in reconciling my calculations with the precepts of those sages who have devised the manuals and written of the movements, conjunctions, aspects, and eclipses of the two luminaries and of the wandering stars, such as the wise King Don Alfonso in his Tables, Johannes Regiomontanus in his Almanac, and Blanchinus, and the Rabbi Zacuto in his almanac, which is perpetual; and these were composed in different meridians: King Don Alfonso's book in the meridian of Toledo, and Johannes Regiomontanus's in that of Ferrara, and the other two in that of Salamanca."2 The best "clock" to use for reference, is the stars. In the roughly 27.3 solar days of a lunar orbit, the Moon moves a full 360 degrees around the sky, returning to its old position among the stars. This is 13 degrees per day, or just over 0.5 degree per hour. So, while the rotation of the Earth causes the stars and the Moon to appear to move from east to west across the night sky, the Moon, because of its own orbit around the Earth, fights back against this apparent motion, and seems to move eastward (or retrograde) by about 0.5 degree per hour. In other words, the Moon "moves" west only 11.5 degrees per day."

text: Galileo's proposal — Jovian moons[edit]

text: In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's four brightest satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto), Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, which would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life.

text: To be successful, this method required the observation of the moons from the deck of a moving ship. To this end, Galileo proposed the celatone, a device in the form of a helmet with a telescope mounted so as to accommodate the motion of the observer on the ship.[5] This was later replaced with the idea of a pair of nested hemispheric shells separated by a bath of oil. This would provide a platform that would allow the observer to remain stationary as the ship rolled beneath him, in the manner of a gimballed platform. To provide for the determination of time from the observed moons' positions, a Jovilabe was offered — this was an analogue computer that calculated time from the positions and that got its name from its similarities to an astrolabe.[6] The practical problems were severe and the method was never used at sea. However, it was used for longitude determination on land.

text: Halley's proposals — lunar occultations and appulses, magnetic deviation[edit]

text: Around 1683, Edmund Halley proposed using a telescope to observe the time of occultations or appulses of a star by the moon as a means of determining time while at sea.[7] He had accumulated observations of the moon's position and of certain stars to this end, and had deduced the means of correcting errors in predictions of the moon's position.

text: Upon succeeding John Flamsteed in the post of Astronomer Royal, Halley had undertaken the task of observing both stellar positions and the path of the moon, with the intention of supplementing existing knowledge and advancing his proposal for determining longitude at sea.[7] By this time, he had abandoned the use of occultations in preference for appulses exclusively. No reason was given by Halley for abandoning occultations. However, there are few bright stars occulted by the moon, and the task of documenting the dim stars' positions and training navigators to recognize them would be daunting. Appulses with brighter stars would be more practical.

text: While he had tested the method at sea, it was never widely used or considered as a viable method. His observations did contribute to the lunar distance method.

text: Halley also hoped that careful observations of magnetic deviations could provide a determination of longitude. The magnetic field of the Earth was not well understood at the time. Mariners had observed that magnetic north deviated from geographic north in many locations. Halley and others hoped that the pattern of deviation, if consistent, could be used to determine longitude. If the measured deviation matched that recorded on a chart, the position would be known. Halley used his voyages on the pink Paramour to study the magnetic variance and was able to provide maps showing the halleyan or isogonic lines. This method was eventually to fail as the localized variations from general magnetic trends make the method unreliable.

text: Mayer's proposal — lunar distance method[edit]

text: A Frenchman, the Sieur de St. Pierre, brought Werner's technique to the attention of King Charles II of England in 1674.[8] Being enthusiastic for the proposed technique, the king contacted his royal commissioners, who included Robert Hooke. They in turn consulted the astronomer John Flamsteed. Flamsteed supported the feasibility of the method but lamented the lack of detailed knowledge of the stellar positions and the moon's movement. At the same time, Sir Jonas Moore had suggested to King Charles the establishment of an observatory and proposed Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. With the creation of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich and a program for measuring the positions of the stars with high precision, the process of gathering the data for a working method of lunar distances was under way.[9] To further the astronomers' ability to predict the moon's motion, Isaac Newton soon pubished his theory of gravitation, which could be applied to the motion of the moon.

text: In 1755, Tobias Mayer, the German astronomer and superintendent of the observatory at Göttingen, who had been working on a method to determine accurately positions on land based on lunar distances, sent a proposal to the Admiralty. He had corresponded with Leonhard Euler, who contributed information and equations to describe the motions of the moon.[10] Based on this work, Mayer had produced a set of tables predicting the position of the Moon more accurately than ever before. The Admiralty passed them on to the Board of Longitude for evaluation and consideration for the Longitude Prize. James Bradley, the Astronomer Royal at that time, evaluated the tables, and found their predictions to be accurate to within half a degree. The calculations themselves, however, were extremely laborious and time-consuming.

text: A decade later, Nevil Maskelyne, who as the newly appointed Astronomer Royal was on the Board of Longitude, armed with Mayer's tables and after his own experiments at sea trying out the lunar distance method, proposed annual publication of pre-calculated lunar distance predictions in an official nautical almanac for the purpose of finding longitude at sea.

text: Being very enthusiastic for the lunar distance method, Maskelyne and his team of computers worked feverishly through the year 1766, preparing tables for the new Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris. Published first with data for the year 1767, it included daily tables of the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets and other astronomical data, as well as tables of lunar distances giving the distance of the Moon from the Sun and nine stars suitable for lunar observations (ten stars for the first few years).[11] [12] This publication later became the standard almanac for mariners worldwide. Since it was based on the Royal Observatory, it helped lead to the international adoption a century later of the Greenwich Meridian as an international standard.

text: Harrison's proposal — marine chronometer[edit]

text: Another proposed solution was to use a mechanical timepiece, to be carried on a ship, that would maintain the correct time at a reference location. The concept of using a clock can be attributed to Gemma Frisius. Attempts had been made on land using pendulum clocks, with some success. In particular, Huygens had made accurate pendulum clocks that made it possible to determine longitude on land. He also proposed the use of a balance spring to regulate clocks. There is some dispute as to whether he or Robert Hooke first proposed this idea.[13] However, many, including Isaac Newton, were pessimistic that a clock of the required accuracy could ever be developed. At that time, there were no clocks that could maintain accurate time while being subjected to the conditions of a moving ship. The rolling, pitching and yawing, coupled with the pounding of wind and waves, would knock existing clocks out of the correct time.

text: In spite of this pessimism, a group felt that the answer lay in chronometry—developing an improved time piece that would work even on extended voyages at sea. A suitable timepiece was eventually built by John Harrison, a Yorkshire carpenter, with his marine chronometer; that timepiece was later known as H-4.

text: Harrison built five, two of which were tested at sea. His first, H-1, was not tested under the conditions that were required by the Board of Longitude. Instead, the Admiralty required that it travel to Lisbon and back. It performed excellently, but the perfectionist in Harrison prevented him from sending it on the required trial to the West Indies. He instead embarked on the construction of H-2. This chronometer never went to sea, and was immediately followed by H-3. Still not satisfied with his own work, Harrison produced H-4, which did get its sea trial and satisfied all the requirements for the Longitude Prize. However, he was not awarded the prize and was forced to fight for his reward.

text: Though the British Parliament rewarded John Harrison for his marine chronometer in 1773, his chronometers were not to become standard. Chronometers such as those by Thomas Earnshaw were suitable for general nautical use by the middle of the 19th century (1836).[14] However, they remained very expensive and the lunar distance method continued to be used for some decades.

text: Lunars or chronometers?[edit]

text: The lunar distance method was initially labour-intensive because of the time-consuming complexity of the calculations for the Moon's position. Early trials of the method could involve four hours of effort.[9] However, the publication of the Nautical Almanac starting in 1767 provided tables of pre-calculated distances of the Moon from various celestial objects at three-hour intervals for every day of the year, making the process practical by reducing the time for calculations to less than 30 minutes and as little as ten minutes with some efficient tabular methods.[15] Lunar distances were widely used at sea from 1767 to about 1905. With the new tables with Haversines from Josef de Mendoza y Ríos (1805), computation time was reduced to a few minutes.

text: Between 1800 and 1850 (earlier in British and French navigation practice, later in American, Russian, and other maritime countries), affordable, reliable marine chronometers became available, with a trend to replace the method of lunars as soon as they could reach the market in large numbers. It became possible to buy three or more chronometers, serving for checking on each other (redundancy), although according to Nathaniel Bowditch, their use was precluded because they were very expensive, [16] obviously much higher than a single sextant of sufficient quality for lunar distance navigation which continued in use until 1906.[17]

text: Two chronometers provided dual modular redundancy, allowing a backup if one should cease to work, but not allowing any error correction if the two displayed a different time, since in case of contradiction between the two chronometers, it would be impossible to know which one was wrong (the error detection obtained would be the same of having only one chronometer and checking it periodically: every day at noon against dead reckoning). Three chronometers provided triple modular redundancy, allowing error correction if one of the three was wrong, so the pilot would take the average of the two with closer readings (average precision vote). There is an old adage to this effect, stating: "Never go to sea with two chronometers; take one or three."[18] At one time this observation or rule was an expensive one as the cost of three sufficiently accurate chronometers was more than the cost of many types of smaller merchant vessels.[19] Some vessels carried more than three chronometers – for example, the HMS Beagle carried 22 chronometers.[20]

text: By 1850, the vast majority of ocean-going navigators worldwide had ceased using the method of lunar distances. Nonetheless, expert navigators continued to learn lunars as late as 1905, though for most this was a textbook exercise since they were a requirement for certain licenses. They also continued in use in land exploration and mapping where chronometers could not be kept secure in harsh conditions. The British Nautical Almanac published lunar distance tables until 1906 and the instructions until 1924.[21] Such tables last appeared in the 1912 USNO Nautical Almanac, though an appendix explaining how to generate single values of lunar distances was published as late as the early 1930s.[12] The presence of lunar distance tables in these publications until the early 20th century does not imply common usage until that time period but was simply a necessity due to a few remaining (soon to be obsolete) licensing requirements. The development of wireless telegraph time signals in the early 20th century, used in combination with marine chronometers, put a final end to the use of lunar distance tables.

text: Modern solutions[edit]

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text: Time signals were first broadcast by wireless telegraphy in 1904, by the US Navy from Navy Yard in Boston. Another regular broadcast began in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1907, and time signals that became more widely used were broadcast from the Eiffel Tower starting in 1910.[22] As ships adopted radio telegraph sets for communication, such time signals were used to correct chronometers. This method drastically reduced the importance of lunars as a means of verifying chronometers.

text: Modern sailors have a number of choices for determining accurate positional information, including radar and the Global Positioning System, commonly known as GPS, a satellite navigation system. With technical refinements that make position fixes accurate to within meters, the radio-based LORAN system was used in the late 20th Century but has been discontinued in North America. Combining independent methods is used as a way to improve the accuracy of position fixes. Even with the availability of multiple modern methods of determining longitude, a marine chronometer and sextant are routinely carried as a backup system.

text: Further refinements for longitude on land[edit]

text: For the determination of longitude on land, the preferred method became exchanges of chronometers between observatories to accurately determine the differences in local times in conjunction with observation of the transit of stars across the meridian.

text: An alternative method was the simultaneous observation of occultations of stars at different observatories. Since the event occurred at a known time, it provided an accurate means of determining longitude. In some cases, special expeditions were mounted to observe a special occultation or eclipse to determine the longitude of a location without a permanent observatory.

text: From the mid-19th century, telegraph signalling allowed more precisely synchronization of star observations. This significantly improved longitude measurement accuracy. The Royal Observatory in Greenwich and the U.S. Coast Survey coordinated European and North American longitude measurement campaigns in the 1850s and 1860s, resulting in improved map accuracy and navigation safety. Synchronization by radio followed in the early 20th century. In the 1970s, the use of satellites was developed to more precisely measure geographic coordinates (GPS).

text: Notable scientific contributions[edit]

text: In the process of searching for a solution to the problem of determining longitude, many scientists added to the knowledge of astronomy and physics.

text:
Galileo - detailed studies of Jupiter's moons, which proved Ptolemy's assertion that not all celestial objects orbit the Earth
Robert Hooke - determination of the relationship between forces and displacements in springs, laying the foundations for the theory of elasticity.
Christiaan Huygens - invention of pendulum clock and a spring balance for pocket watch.
Jacob Bernoulli, with refinements by Leonhard Euler - invention of the calculus of variations for Bernoulli's solution of the brachistochrone problem (finding the shape of the path of a pendulum with a period that does not vary with degree of lateral displacement). This refinement created greater accuracy in pendulum clocks.
John Flamsteed and many others - formalization of observational astronomy by means of astronomical observatory facilities, further advancing modern astronomy as a science.
John Harrison - invention of the gridiron pendulum and bimetallic strip along with further studies in the thermal behavior of materials. This contributed to the evolving science of Solid mechanics. Invention of caged roller bearings contributed to refinements in mechanical engineering designs.


document_title: Still of the Night (song)

question_text: who played guitar on in the still of the night

text: Still of the Night (song)

text: Background[edit]

text: In 2009, in an interview with Metal Hammer, Coverdale commented on the origins of the song:

text: "When my mother died I was going through the stuff at her house and found some early demo cassettes. One of them was a song that Ritchie Blackmore and I had been working on which was the basic premise of what would become "Still of the Night". It was totally unrecognizable, so Ritchie doesn't have anything to worry about... neither do I! Ha ha ha! I took it as far as I could then I gave it to Sykesy when we were in the south of France, and he put the big guitar hero stuff on there. John hated blues so I had to work within those parameters. I manipulated to be electric blues, but how he performed it was fabulous for his time and relatively unique because of the songs. There were a lot of people doing that widdly stuff but they didn't have the quality of those songs."

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video for the song, starring Coverdale's future wife Tawny Kitaen, was MTV's most requested in its first week of release.[citation needed] Kitaen's role had been promised to the pre-fame Claudia Schiffer.[4]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Whitesnake withheld licensing of "Still of the Night" for use in the video game Rock Revolution; a cover version of the song was subsequently featured in the game. The studio version later appeared as Rock Band DLC in 2012.

text: Moreover, the song is played in 2011 movie Bad Teacher.

text: The Finnish symphonic metal singer Tarja Turunen covered the song for her album What Lies Beneath. The American band, Halestorm, also covered the song for the album Reanimate 3.0; the song peaked at #20 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart in 2017.[5] Static-X covered the song as a bonus track for their album Cult of Static.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Still of the Night" – 6:38
"Here I Go Again" – 4:33
"You're Gonna Break My Heart Again" – 4:11

tag: ol

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
David Coverdale – vocals
John Sykes – guitar, bowed guitar
Neil Murray – bass guitar
Aynsley Dunbar – drums
Don Airey – keyboards