document_title: List of Dad's Army characters

question_text: who played captain square in dad's army

question_tokens: who played captain square in dad 's army

text: List of Dad's Army characters

text: Main platoon members[edit]

text: Captain Mainwaring[edit]

text: Mainwaring (/ˈmænərɪŋ/ MAN-ər-ing) was played by Arthur Lowe. He was the pompous - if essentially brave and unerringly patriotic - local bank manager. Mainwaring appointed himself leader of his town's contingent of Local Defence Volunteers. Of the platoon, he and Private Walker were the only adult members with no prior combat experience, and therefore had no medals, which was a source of embarrassment for Mainwaring and sometimes caused tension with the other members. He did, however, serve in France, "during the whole of 1919—somebody had to clear up the mess". Although an ensemble piece, the series focused particularly upon Mainwaring, who has invested all his efforts into the platoon as a way of escaping from an unhappy marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of a Bishop, and a stalled career at the bank.

text: Sergeant Wilson[edit]

text: Wilson, played by John Le Mesurier, was a diffident, upper-class bank clerk and Mainwaring's inferior in the bank and on parade. Nevertheless, his suave, understated social superiority, public school education and handsome looks led to a certain amount of jealousy on Mainwaring's part, which Wilson was never particularly bothered by. He would also subtly question Mainwaring's judgement by asking "do you think that's wise, Sir?" after Mainwaring had given an instruction. Their rivalry came to the fore in "A. Wilson (Manager)?", in which Wilson is appointed manager of another bank, and "The Honourable Man", when Wilson inherits a title. Wilson lodged with Mrs Pike and her son Frank and it is implied, though never explicitly stated, that he is Frank's father. During the First World War Wilson had been a Captain and fought in the Royal Artillery at Mons, Gallipoli and the Somme.

text: Lance Corporal Jones[edit]

text: Jones was the oldest member of the platoon (born 1870), but was played by Clive Dunn, who was in his 40s when he took the role. Jones was an old campaigner who had joined the British Army as a boy soldier and served under Kitchener of Khartoum in the Sudan between 1896 and 1898, the Boer War, and the First World War. By 1940 he worked as the town butcher, which enabled him to occasionally supplement his superiors' meat ration. Jones was leader of the platoon's first section. He has a story for every occasion, and will never hesitate in telling it, regardless of how long-winded or irrelevant it is. Despite his age Jones demonstrates an almost boyish enthusiasm for combat, in particular the use of the bayonet, accompanied by his catchphrase "they don't like it up 'em!" He was easily excitable and would repeatedly yell "don't panic!" during moments of crisis. He was also keen to volunteer for any task, no matter how ill-advised it might be. In "Battle of the Giants!" Jones suffered a malaria relapse.

text: Private Frazer[edit]

text: Frazer was played by John Laurie. The character, who was born in 1872, was a dour Scottish coffin maker and a retired Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy who fought at the Battle of Jutland (although as a cook). Frazer was blunt, tight with money, and had a gloomy outlook on life; he would proclaim "We're doomed!" during bleak moments faced by the platoon. In the early episodes Frazer was the keeper of a philately shop, but by series four the writers had decided that he should become the local undertaker, in keeping with his gloomy nature. Openly eager for more power within the platoon, he sometimes led rebellions against Mainwaring; in response Mainwaring temporarily let Frazer take over as captain in "If the Cap Fits...". Frazer was the only member of the platoon to be portrayed as a villain in episodes such as "A Soldier's Farewell" and "The Two and a Half Feathers", though for the most part he was loyal and well-intentioned. Despite his age, he is one of the more competent members of the platoon.

text: Private Walker[edit]

text: Walker was played by James Beck in the television series and seven episodes of the radio series, Graham Stark for five radio episodes with Larry Martyn for the remainder of the radio series. A black market "spiv" (he called himself a "wholesale supplier"), Walker was the only fit, able-bodied man of military age in Walmington-on-Sea's home guard. His absence from the regular armed forces was due to a corned beef allergy, although it was implied that Walker had probably found a way to play the system. Mainwaring often turned a blind eye to his profiteering as he could supply the platoon (and Mainwaring) with useful items. On more than one occasion, Walker's willingness to use underhand tactics allowed Mainwaring's platoon to triumph over rivals in the Home Guard, Army and ARP. He irritated Mainwaring with his penchant for making wisecracks at inappropriate times. Following Beck's death in 1973, Walker was written out of the series. The platoon found a note from Walker, explaining that he had gone to "The Smoke" to conduct some business and he was not heard from again.

text: Private Godfrey[edit]

text: Played by Arnold Ridley, Godfrey was the most frail member of the platoon, and was the platoon's medical orderly. He had served in the First World War as a conscientious-objecting stretcher bearer in the Royal Army Medical Corps, winning the Military Medal before becoming a tailor at the Army & Navy Stores. Godfrey was an amiable, vague, lifelong bachelor who lived with his sisters in an idyllic cottage, and was a martyr to his weak bladder, leading to many requests to be "excused". He was very loyal to Captain Mainwaring, except on one occasion when he took part in a plot to make Mainwaring's feet hurt.

text: Private Pike[edit]

text: The youngest platoon member (born 1922) - played by Ian Lavender - Pike, a cosseted mother's boy and often the target of Mainwaring's derision ("You stupid boy"), was a junior bank clerk. He called Wilson "Uncle Arthur", and although never explicitly stated, it was often evident that Wilson and Pike's mother were having a relationship, which they unsuccessfully tried to hide, and Walmington is rife with gossip about the two of them. Wilson is often seen having meals at Mrs Pike's house with Frank, and Pike mentions several times that Wilson spends the night (although he believes he sleeps on the sofa, whilst Wilson accidentally lets slip that he was in fact in bed with Mrs Pike.) It was also occasionally suggested that Wilson was Pike's father (although the writers only acknowledged this in interviews after the programme ended). In an early episode when asked by Captain Mainwaring why Frank calls him "Uncle Arthur" when he is not a blood relation Wilson states that it was Mrs Pike who had insisted from an early age Frank call him "Uncle Arthur" and that this dates from a point in Frank's childhood when Frank had started to "accidentally" call Arthur Wilson "something else ...Daddy". He frequently threatens to set his mother on Mainwaring whenever he is shouted at or forced to do anything he doesn't want to do. He has the lowest position at Swallow bank, subordinate to both Wilson and Mainwaring.

text: Non-platoon characters[edit]

text: Chief ARP Warden Hodges[edit]

text: Hodges (Bill Pertwee) is Mainwaring's main rival in Walmington-on-Sea. A greengrocer by trade, following the outbreak of war he has been given power as Chief Air Raid Warden, and that power has gone to his head. He can be as pompous and officious as Mainwaring, but is more uncouth and coarse. Even the usually calm Godfrey tells Hodges he is a "rude, common and nasty fellow".[1] He delights in antagonising the platoon, in particular Mainwaring, whom he calls "Napoleon".[2] This rivalry increased after he was forced to share the church hall with Mainwaring after his headquarters was bombed.[3] Unlike Mainwaring, Hodges did fight in the First World War, and developed a profound dislike of "bloomin' Yanks" in the process.[4]

text: Hodges tries to take charge of important situations as an 'ARP matter' - however, as he also displays a cowardly streak, in any danger he is quick to transfer command back to Mainwaring and withdraw.[5] In several episodes, Hodges refers to having "funny turns", which hints that his mental faculties are less than perfect.[6] In many episodes, Hodges, and his co-conspirator, the verger, try to sabotage the platoon's efforts, usually at the command of Captain Square.[7] but these efforts typically backfire - a running gag being that Hodges would be thrown into a lake or river - often with the catchphrase "you hooligans!!".

text: In the episode "High Finance", Mrs Pike (Janet Davies) reveals that Hodges is her Landlord, and raised the rent on her house from one pound a month to two pounds a month, which she couldn't afford. He told her she could owe it, only to later say that she owed him fifty pounds in back rent, which he would forget if she was 'nice' to him. He claims to have 'admired Mrs Pike for years', although she is 'besotted' with Sergeant Arthur Wilson.

text: Despite his hostility toward the platoon, Hodges has sided with the platoon in times of need; in the episode "Wake Up Walmington", due to there never being an invasion from the Germans, the townspeople had grown indifferent and contemptuous toward the platoon and the wardens. To shock them out of their apathy, the platoon and Hodges joined forces and disguised themselves as foreign invaders to scare the town into taking the war - and them - seriously again.

text: Hodges has a Scottish nephew, Hamish, who insulted both the Home Guard and the ARP in "The Recruit", and a niece named Sylvia who briefly dates Private Pike, much to both Hodges' and Mrs. Pike's chagrin in "The Making of Private Pike".

text: His feelings towards both Mainwaring and his wartime responsibilities were summed up in the episode "Time On My Hands". While Mainwaring is stuck up the town hall clock tower, Hodges shouts:

text:
“
I hope you stay up there to let me enjoy this war in peace! Because I do enjoy this war. I've never enjoyed anything as much in all my life... And you! You always spoil it!
”

text: Mrs. Mavis Pike[edit]

text: Mrs. Mavis Pike (Janet Davies) was Pike's mother, who appeared in many episodes. She is fiercely protective of Pike and Wilson, to the point that she is accused of "mollycoddling" by Captain Mainwaring. Pike often claims his mother will be 'furious' whenever he gets wet or muddy whilst with the Home Guard. Pike often threatens to "tell mum" when Wilson will not let him get his own way, and tries to frighten Mainwaring by setting Mrs. Pike on him. She can be quite formidable when she wants to; in the episode "The Making of Private Pike", Mainwaring threatened to arrest Pike and his mother vowed to Wilson that she would make the rest of his life a misery if he let Mainwaring take him away. Mrs. Pike's occupation - if she has one - is unknown, although she often volunteers her services to the Home Guard. Warden Hodges is her landlord, and he is enamored with her but she does not reciprocate his feelings.

text: It is also implied very heavily that Mrs. Pike is Sergeant Wilson's lover, and there are many rumours of Pike being Wilson's son, a fact often pointed out to Wilson by Mainwaring. Both arrived from Weston-super-Mare around the same time, and Wilson unofficially lives with them (although Pike naively believes Wilson sleeps on the sofa, despite it never looking as though it's been slept in.) It is not clear if Mrs Pike is an actual widow, as her late husband has never been clearly mentioned, although Wilson admits as a child, Pike called him "daddy", meaning that any husband she had must have died when Pike was a baby. Wilson claims that "She's a widow and she has my ration book and I go round to her house sometimes for meals... and that sort of thing" and she often asks him if he will be around to her house for his "usual", much to his embarrassment. There are instances in which people remark on the similarity of Sgt Wilson and Private Pike (in particular their mannerisms in the episode "Boots, Boots, Boots"). In the episode "Sgt. Wilson's Little Secret" Wilson agrees to marry Mrs Pike when the impending arrival of an evacuee child at the Pike household is miscommunicated to him in such a way that he believes Mrs. Pike to be pregnant. When the misunderstanding is resolved Sgt. Wilson jilts her at the altar - as is explained in the opening dialog of the next episode "A Stripe for Frazer". In the 1971 film, Mrs. Pike was played by Liz Fraser. In the 2016 movie, Mrs. Pike is portrayed by former Coronation Street star Sarah Lancashire.

text: The Reverend Timothy Farthing MA (Oxon)[edit]

text: Farthing (Frank Williams) is the petulant, ineffectual, but kind and well-meaning vicar of St Aldhelm's Church, Walmington-on-Sea. Neither on the side of the Home Guard, nor the ARP Wardens, he attempts to care for "The spiritual needs of (his) parishioners", despite the many setbacks presented during the war, such as having to share his church hall and office with both the pompous Captain Mainwaring and the uncouth Warden Hodges. He is portrayed as a spiritual and learned man, and is shown to be a Master of Arts of the University of Oxford by his academic hood, worn in the episodes "All is Safely Gathered In" and "The Royal Train".

text: In many episodes he ends up embroiled in the escapades of the platoon, often by accident, and he joins the Home Guard briefly in "The Recruit". In the episode "Time on My Hands" it is revealed that his hobby is archery, when he uses his skills and equipment to rescue the platoon. This episode also includes one of many insinuations from Chief Warden Hodges that the slightly effeminate Vicar may have homosexual tendencies: "I've heard you're an expert in fairies".

text: Despite his unmilitary appearance, in the episode Battle of the Giants it is revealed that the Vicar served in the Great War. He was awarded the Mons Star, the World War I General Service Medal and the Victory Medal commonly known as Pip Squeak and Wilfred. The medals are lovingly polished by Mr Yeatman. In this episode Mainwaring is acutely sensitive about his own lack of medals. Typically he dismisses the Vicar's contribution as "two verses of Rock of Ages in a French field while they brought the rations up".

text: The Vicar's sexuality is left open to speculation but he is never seen to have a romantic attachment to anyone of either sex; however in the episode "The Captain's Car", the Vicar expected a kiss from a visiting French general and was annoyed when he did not receive one. Farthing is also fond of whisky and there is a recurring gag (in pub situations) where Captain Mainwaring will offer to buy the Vicar a drink and the Vicar will respond "a double whisky (or scotch) please" at a time when whisky was in short supply and expensive. Just as Captain Mainwaring is resigning himself to pay for this expensive beverage the Verger will usually insist that Captain Mainwaring change "his Reverence's" order to a single rather than a double as "he's a martyr to it". When Mainwaring orders a single rather than a double the Vicar will then inform him that he has "noticed" this and insinuate that Captain Mainwaring is mean.

text: In the 2016 movie, Williams reprised his role as Revd Farthing, beeing the only actor to play to play the same role in the TV series, and both films.

text: Maurice Yeatman[edit]

text: Mr Yeatman (Edward Sinclair) is the local verger and captain of the local Sea Scouts unit. Although his name is Maurice, in the episode 'War Dance,' Jones announces both him and his battleaxe wife as "Mr and Mrs Henry Yeatman". He was often hostile to the platoon. Labelled a "troublemaker" by Jones, he is ridiculously loyal to the vicar, and to his good friend and accomplice; Warden Hodges, when it comes to causing problems for the platoon. He is constantly asserting the Vicar's opinions on subjects often only to have the Vicar tell him to "be quiet, Mr Yeatman" and override him or simply to restate what Mr Yeatman has already said in his own words. Often when the Verger puts forward a morally judgemental opinion the Vicar will respond that "I've really no idea".

text: Apart from the menial task of cleaning the hall (Mr Yeatman is referred to in early episodes simply as "the caretaker" and almost always seen to be carrying a yellow duster) he occupies a position of complete political impotence and when the need for his presence at an event is questioned he will respond "I'm here in my capacity". Often when Captain Mainwaring and the Reverend Timothy Farthing or other members of the cast hand each other a physical MacGuffin important to the plot (for example the money in "High Finance") the Verger will interject snatching the object off the person it has been given to only to hand it back to them in order to make clear his "important" but superfluous role in the administrative processes of the parish.

text: Mr Yeatman is also in charge of counting the church collections after services which he often does in the Red Lion public house. Throughout the series, there are numerous insinuations from Lance-Corporal Jones and Chief Warden Hodges that Mr Yeatman is engaged in the systematic embezzlement of church funds, but the Vicar seems to be either in denial of this reality, too trusting and naive to believe it or he simply turns a blind eye.

text: Like the vicar and Warden Hodges, the verger is a veteran of the First World War and is noted (in "Battle of the Giants!") as having been the recipient of several medals. In the episode "Big Guns", he is shown to be familiar with the components of a large naval artillery piece, suggesting (along with his captaincy of the town's Sea Scouts) that he served in the Royal Navy.

text: Mrs Fox[edit]

text:
Mrs Fox

Pamela Cundell as Mrs Fox (right), with Janet Davies (left) as Mavis Pike from Never Too Old

First appearance
The Lion Has Phones

Last appearance
Never Too Old

Portrayed by
Pamela Cundell (television)
Mollie Sugden (radio)

Information

Occupation
Housewife

Relatives
Mr Fox (deceased husband)
Jack Jones (second husband)
Unnamed Brother

text: Mrs Marcia Mildred Fox is played by the actress[8] Pamela Cundell.[9] In the first episode in which she appears[10] she is seen queueing for meat at Jones the Butchers'.

text: The amorous, larger than life Mrs Fox (Pamela Cundell) gives her matronly attentions freely to the platoon's men and she eventually marries the elderly but eligible Corporal Jones. (Lance Pettit, Museum of Broadcast Communications)

text: Described by Captain Mainwaring as a "flashy woman", like many of Jones's customers, on producing her ration book she receives an extra sausage, much to the chagrin of another shopper, the actress Olive Mercer (herself later to join the cast as the wife of Mr Yeatman, the verger). In return, Jones receives an enormous wink that sets the tone for much of what was to follow as the role develops. Mildred (originally Marcia) Fox is an ebullient woman, who has an off-screen husband in this first episode.[11]

text: By "The Big Parade", transmitted exactly a year later[12] she is referred to as a widow, so presumably she lost her husband between these episodes. What followed was a long running saga in which Corporal Jones wooed Mrs Fox, often with hilarious consequences, with at one point Jones describing the relationship as merely teutonic (sic)[13] Whenever he seems to be making progress a setback occurs: for example the arrival of American servicemen turns the heads of the Walmington-on-Sea women.[14]

text: Victoria Wood pointed out in 2000[15] that part of the success of Dad's Army came from its juxtaposition of comedic situations such as the rivalry between various ladies of the town to play Lady Godiva[16] and the exploration of far deeper, more complex emotions[17] between older people. As the series drew to an end co- creators David Croft and Jimmy Perry debated whether to marry off Jones and his "Merry Widow".[18] This finally happened in the last episode of the series.[19] She asks Captain Mainwaring to give her away; her brother had also died during hostilities and she no longer has any living male relatives. Right at the end, she refers to herself as "Mrs. Jones".

text: The actress Mollie Sugden played the role in the radio series.

text: Other platoon members[edit]

text: In addition to the seven featured players, 1st Platoon 'B' Company also included a "Second Section" and a "Third Section" who filled the platoon up to size while on parade or display. The men of the platoon wear the cap badges of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment. The back rows rarely spoke, although according to Jimmy Perry instead of "extras", they were normally retired actors, playwrights or singers.[20] A handful of platoon members had a secondary but significant role in particular episodes:-

text:
Private Sponge (Colin Bean) - a sheep farmer, and de facto leader of the platoon's Section Two (the extras),[21] although he never actually achieved the corporal's stripe(s) normally associated with a Section leader. Appearing throughout the series, he made more frequent appearances as the show went on, particularly after the death of James Beck, and had a part in 76 episodes.
Private Thomas Bracewell (John Ringham) was an upper-class buffoon who was set to be a major character in the series. Due to the large number of major characters that were introduced (and also because he was too similar in character to Godfrey), it was decided that he was to be dropped. He only appears in the first episode of the programme, and was mentioned in the second episode. Ringham also appeared in two episodes as Captain Bailey.
Private Cheeseman (Talfryn Thomas) - a Welsh journalist who originally appeared in one episode in series six; after the death of James Beck he joined the platoon for series seven. Although there was nothing wrong with Thomas' ability as an actor, David Croft wrote that the character was "irritating without being funny", and as an exotic Celt he was too similar to Private Frazer (John Laurie was strongly against the character). The writers decided that Cheeseman should not return for series eight and nine, but they would make more use of the existing minor characters.[22] A character called Charlie Cheeseman (played by Jimmy Perry) appeared in the sixth episode, but he was unrelated. Cheeseman mentions a wife in Turkey Dinner, but Mrs. Cheeseman is not mentioned again.
Private George 'Nobby' Clarke (John Cater) - joined the platoon briefly when he tried to dig up dirt about Jones' history in the Sudan. He was revealed to have had an affair with his commanding officer's wife, and when this was revealed in Jones' retelling of events, he fled Walmington never to return.
Private Desmond (Desmond Cullum-Jones) - features in the episode "Sons of the Sea", where he joins the First Section on a river patrol. He does not speak. He reappears in subsequent episodes with other non-speaking roles.

text: Other members of the platoon were named as:

text:
Private Hancock - played by actor George Hancock
Private Elgood
Private Woods
Private Meadows
Private Agnew
Private Bailey
Private Day - Peter Honri
Private Hardcastle
Private Hastings - Hugh Hastings
Private Hope
Private Locke
Private Lovekin
Private Macey
Private Wiper
Private Woods
Private Dowding
Private Eccles
Private Forkus
Private Taylor

text: These were played by Leslie Noyes, Vic Taylor, Freddie White, Freddie Wiles, Hugh Cecil, Richard Jacques, Peter Whitaker, Alec Coleman, Frank Godfrey, Michael Moore, Evan Ross, William Gossling, Vernon Drake, Graham Hamilton, David Seaforth and Jimmy Mac, among others.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Mrs. Yeatman (Olive Mercer) (series 3-9) - Yeatman's forbidding wife. In "War Dance" Mrs Yeatman is referred to as Anthea, while in "Knights of Madness", her name is Tracy, and in "Everybody's Trucking" her name is Beryl. She appeared from time to time, mostly in situations when she was able to express impatience: for example, as a member of an over-large committee planning a social function or in a queue in the butcher's shop of Lance Corporal Jack Jones. She led the Walmington on Sea ladies netball team. It emerged, after Mrs Yeatman had caught her husband taking an afternoon's ride on a motor-cycle with the flirtatious Mrs Fox, that, somewhat improbably, she herself was involved in an extramarital relationship with the elderly Sidney Blewett (Harold Bennett)
Sidney Blewitt (Harold Bennett) (series 3-9) - Mr. Blewitt was an elderly gentleman who, despite being retired, held a variety of part-time jobs. During the series, he was seen as a photographer and the vicar's gardener, but often as a passer-by who became involved in the platoon's escapades. Sidney is referred to as Norman by Mrs. Yeatman in "Everybody's Trucking". He also had a brother called Horace, and mentions a wife in "When Did You Last See Your Money?"
Mr Claude Gordon (Eric Longworth) (series 5-9) - the efficient but pompous town clerk, described by Wilson as a "silly bald-headed old duffer".[23] Involved in administrative issues in the town, he has a penchant for saying things are "very nice".
The Mayor of Walmington (Fred McNaughton) - Walmington's highest public official. His appearances usually involve playing the straight man to his excitable Town Clerk. Once when watching a keep-fit display, he responds to Mr Gordon's remark of "that's very nice" with a straight-laced "Yes, if you like that sort of thing". He also takes part, in full ceremonial dress, in a thrilling train-chase in the episode "The Royal Train". There are allusions to a habit of making long-winded speeches, but it's Captain Mainwaring who makes those allusions. In reality, the Mayor cuts it short, while Mainwaring is the one who tends to long winded speeches.
Edith Parish, or Shirley, (Wendy Richard) (series 4-6) - Walker's recurring girlfriend appeared in 4 episodes. Edith (although she is referred to as Shirley in "The King was in his Counting House" and "My British Buddy") is a cinema usherette and was played up to be a bit of a 'tart'. In particular, she annoys Mainwaring by suggesting that he fancies her.[24]
Janet King (Caroline Dowdeswell) (series 1) - a young blonde female employee at Mainwaring's bank. According to the series' creator David Croft, she was introduced at a fairly late stage in the scripting because the BBC's head of comedy Michael Mills believed that the programme needed a "soupçon of sex".[25]
Elizabeth Mainwaring (Unseen character) - Captain Mainwaring's wife, never seen or heard directly; she "hasn't left the house since Munich". Her presence is mainly felt by her telephone calls to her husband. The nearest we get to seeing her is in one episode where we hear her footsteps, and another where we see her very large posterior hanging down above Mainwaring when they are in bunks in an air raid shelter, giving a clue to her figure. Wilson is the only one who has ever met her, but when asked to describe her, he cannot, although he admits she looks "a bit odd". Through dialogue it is clear that Mrs Mainwaring is cold, reclusive, withholding of affection and that she is blatantly the dominant figure in the marriage. It is often implied she may be an alcoholic, as Mainwaring is repeatedly revealed to be buying bootleg whisky and gin from Walker for his wife, but insists she takes it only for "medicinal purposes". Mainwaring often uses the Platoon as a means of avoiding her and prefers not to introduce her to other people, lest she upset them. Sometimes Captain Mainwaring appears sporting minor physical injuries such as black eye in the episode "War Dance" for which he offers comically unconvincing explanations such as "walking into the linen cupboard door". It is strongly insinuated that these injuries are actually the result of incidents of domestic violence and they often seem to occur prior to a function or event where other women may be present to which Elizabeth is invited but cannot attend as it would involve going out. It is possible that she is an agoraphobic but she does venture out of the house (off-camera) in "The Godiva Affair", and is away, visiting her sister, in various episodes. We discover in "Never Too Old" that Mrs Mainwaring was the daughter of the Suffragan Bishop of Clegthorpe (a fictional see) and her parents look down on Captain Mainwaring for "marrying beneath her". In "A Soldier's Farewell" Mainwaring claims she is vegetarian.
Dolly Godfrey (Amy Dalby and Joan Cooper) Private Godfrey's younger sister. Renowned for the quality of her upside-down cakes and cucumber sandwiches. Although she appears rarely, she is constantly referred to by her brother. Amy Dolby played her in one episode of series 2, "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage", and then Joan Cooper played in one episode of series 8, "Is There Honey Still for Tea?", a Christmas special, "The Love of Three Oranges", and the final episode, "Never Too Old". Cooper (who was actually married to Arthur Lowe who played Captain Mainwaring) also appeared in No Spring for Frazer as Miss Baker, an undertaker's secretary and in Time on My Hands, as Miss Fortescue, a tea shop owner.
Cissy Godfrey, (Nan Braunton and Kathleen Saintsbury) Private Godfrey's other sister, appeared in one episode of series 2 and 3 episodes of series 3 (1969), played by Nan Braunton. Braunton reprised the role in two episodes of the radio series, in which Cissy was Private Godfrey's only sister. The role of Cissy was later taken over by Kathleen Saintsbury in an episode of the eighth television series, and by Joan Cooper (who had previously played Dolly Godfrey in the television series) in an episode of the third radio series. Braunton played Cissy in one episode of series 2, "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage" and three episodes of series 3, "The Day the Balloon Went Up", "War Dance" and "Branded". Saintsbury played Cissy in one episode of series 8, "Is There Honey Still for Tea?".
Colonel Pritchard (Robert Raglan) (series 4-9) - The superior officer from whom Captain Mainwaring most frequently received his orders. A stern, serious man, he unexpectedly appeared to admire Mainwaring, frequently commenting on his successes and warning people not to underestimate him.[26] Raglan also played Captain Square's sergeant in Don't Forget the Diver and Inspector Hardcastle in the feature film, Dad's Army (1971).
Captain Square (Geoffrey Lumsden) (all series) - commander of the Eastgate platoon of the Home Guard and rival of Captain Mainwaring. A stereotypical military buffoon, with a handlebar moustache, in early episodes he was portrayed as a corporal in the Home Guard and was referred to as "Corporal-Colonel Square" to acknowledge his previous commissioned officer rank in the regular army. He was later promoted to captain and placed in command of the Eastgate platoon, which is first revealed in "Don't Forget the Diver". Square had a serious military record, fighting in the desert with Lawrence of Arabia and winning several medals, including the DSO. In "A Brush with the Law", it is revealed that his profession is a magistrate. Square was even more pompous than Mainwaring, and acted condescendingly towards his inexperienced rival, such as by deliberately mispronouncing Mainwaring's name phonetically. Despite his contempt of Mainwaring, Square was on excellent terms with Wilson, possibly because they had in common an upper class background. In the episode A. Wilson (Manager)?, he commissioned Wilson as the lieutenant of his Eastgate platoon. Square could be overconfident at times, and Mainwaring and the Walmington platoon did sometimes get the better of him and his platoon.
Gerald (Don Estelle) - a diminutive Lancastrian ARP Warden, seen in various episodes. He usually appears as a friendly, but slightly frustrating sidekick to Hodges. He played cricket for the Wardens XI during "The Test".
Reg Adamson (Stuart Sherwin) - Easygoing warden who is sometimes overpowered by Hodges' zeal and unscrupulous methods - particularly his vendetta with Mainwaring's platoon. He gave evidence against Mainwaring during "A Brush with the Law".
Raymond (Dick Haydon/John Ash) - The 'young lad' who helps Jones at his butcher's shop in the High Street. He is mentioned in multiple episodes, but only appears in two. Whereas most people age over time, Raymond did the opposite; he first appeared as a young man in his twenties, and later as a lad in his early teens. In "Big Guns", Jones refers to his assistant as 'the boy Ronald' instead of Raymond. As well as Raymond, Jones employs an unseen woman named Miss Doris Mortimer to handle the money and ration coupons.
General Kitchener (unseen and dead character) - Although long dead by the time of the Second World War General Kitchener and his military tactics are often referenced by Corporal Jones in almost any situation - the starting point for Jones's advice often being what General Kitchener would have done in a similar situation. As a result very many episodes contain an apocryphal General Kitchener anecdote to the point that he is, debatably, a character in his own right. When speaking as or quoting "General Kitchener" Corporal Jones will very often put his hand on his hip. This is unexplained until the final episode when Private Pike asks Jones why he does this and Jones seems to insinuate that it is a reference to the rumours of homosexuality that surrounded the General. In their interviews on the complete DVD box set David Croft and Jimmy Perry reveal that a specific stage direction was indeed given to Clive Dunn and that it is indeed a reference to Kitchener's rumoured homosexuality.

text: Guest characters[edit]

text:
Barry Mainwaring (Arthur Lowe) - The long-lost brother of Captain George Mainwaring, he appeared once in the entire series, in "My Brother and I". He and his brother apparently always clash due to their differing personalities, with Barry repeatedly referring to his brother as "po-face". He worked as a travelling salesman for a joke shop, and was an alcoholic.
Colonel Schultz (Alan Tilvern) - Commander of an American advance party detachment posted in Walmington-on-Sea. After a fight between US troops and the Home Guard, Mainwaring is ordered to make a public apology.
Captain Stewart (Michael Knowles) - A smarmy officer from the War Office who informs Mainwaring that his platoon have been picked for 'special duties' (which in fact means digging latrines and peeling potatoes). One of several similar characters portrayed in the series by Michael Knowles.
Captain Ramsey (Fulton Mackay) - A tough but fair Scottish officer who runs a training course to test Home Guard units and assess whether they are 12-star material. His attempts to make the weekend a serious test of the men are frustrated (largely by the idiocy of Corporal Jones and a stray consignment of onions) and he quickly becomes exasperated. Ramsey's favourite catchphrase appears to be "you haven't done very well", which is quickly amended when Mainwaring and his men pull off "the best bit of initiative I've seen in this whole war" for which he awards them the coveted 12 stars. Fulton MacKay's character seems to have come straight out of his Mr Mackay persona in Porridge. (Fulton MacKay also appeared as a doctor in the episode "The Miser's Hoard".)
U-Boat Captain (Philip Madoc) - Commander of the crew of a captured U-Boat that brings Mainwaring and the platoon face-to-face with the Nazi enemy in "The Deadly Attachment". He is a supercilious brute who keeps a list of Britons who offend him so that they will be brought to account "when we win the war", which unsurprisingly gets Mainwaring's dander up. He is also cunning, as when he tricks his captors by feigning illness. He presents Mainwaring with one of the platoon's most dangerous situations in the entire series when he takes them prisoner and plans to take them back to France, only to be foiled in the nick of time.
General Monteverdi (Edward Evans) - The senior Italian officer in a POW camp who tries to defend the scruffiness and general laziness of the Italian detainees. He was captured serving in North Africa, apparently because he refused to fight against the English. Mainwaring clearly does not think much of him. It is revealed that Monteverdi is complicit in Walker’s scheme to smuggle prisoners out at nights to work for him.
Mrs Prentice (Brenda Cowling) - An old friend of Godfrey, now in possession of her late husband's farm which needs harvesting. Mainwaring volunteers the platoon's services. In gratitude, she organises supper and potato wine for the platoon which leads to some high spirits. A widow, having spurned him to marry a farmer, Godfrey hints at a more intimate moment when he tells her he hasn't touched potato wine "since that night".
Captain Rodrigues (Alan Tilvern) - A Spanish Civil War veteran who is only interested in 'killing Nazis'. He dislikes the platoon of 'amateurs' and thinks Mainwaring should go back to running a bank. He is portrayed as a vicious, unpleasant character. He appears closer to a bandit than a Captain in the British army.
Mr West (Robert Dorning) - Bank Inspector from Head Office. Shocked at the irregular running of the Walmington-on-Sea branch. A pompous and highly-strung character.
Violet Gibbons (Jenny Thomas) - An ATS girl to whom Pike is briefly engaged, much to Mainwaring's disapproval. She had previously worked at Woolworths, a Fish and Chip Shop and for a while dated Private Walker. She appears at the platoon dance, where Pike announces their engagement. Looking bored and chewing gum she does not entirely appear to return Pike's unquestioning adoration and, much to everyone's relief, the engagement is quickly broken off.
E.C. Egan (Fred Trueman) - A professional fast-bowler recruited by Hodges as an ARP Warden in an underhand attempt to win the friendly cricket match between the Wardens and the Home Guard. Egan reckons he can skittle Mainwaring's men out in about four overs. However he badly injures his shoulder after his first delivery and has to leave the field. In his absence, the Home Guard go on to win the match due to Hodges declaring early. In reality, Trueman played many matches for England.
Lady Maltby (Mavis Pugh) - A local aristocrat who lends the platoon her Rolls Royce for the duration of the war. She is socially acquainted with Sergeant Wilson, much to the irritation of Captain Mainwaring. Her late husband was a greengrocer.
Mrs Fiona Gray (Carmen Silvera) - A charming lady, recently arrived from London, who joins the platoon after it begins recruiting women in the episode "Mum's Army". She shares a Brief Encounter-style relationship with Captain Mainwaring before leaving unexpectedly.
Patrick Regan (J. G. Devlin) - A suspected member of the Irish Republican Army, the platoon are ordered to arrest him, but only a few are available. Trouble comes when his 'associates' come looking for him, leading to a brawl. Fortunately Wilson proves to be handy with his fists.
Police Constable (Arthur English) - a Walmington police constable deputed to arrest Regan. He came alone, as the rest of his station were busy playing a darts match with the Free French. He warns that Regan may be an "ugly customer", but Mainwaring ignores his advice.
General Menzies (Campbell Singer) - Local commander. Visiting the platoon while Fraser is in temporary command in the episode "If the Cap Fits..." he mistakes him for Mainwaring. He invites his fellow Scot to a dress dinner to pipe in the haggis. Fraser hopes this will embarrass the English Mainwaring, but to everyone's shock Mainwaring had learned the bagpipes on his honeymoon, foiling Fraser's scheme.
Mr Palethorpe (Jack Haig) - Landlord of the Six Bells just outside Walmington. When the platoon, dressed as Nazis for the production of a film, enter the bar and demand to be served he is convinced the balloon has gone up and triggers an invasion alert. Haig had previously been considered for the role of Lance-Corporal Jones and also appeared briefly as a gardener in the episode "The Day the Balloon Went Up".
Sir Charles McAllister (Campbell Singer) - A distinguished Scottish politician. He appears in "Is There Honey Still for Tea?" where he is blackmailed by Fraser (who threatens to expose his unsavoury past) into re-siting the proposed aerodrome that threatens Godfrey's cottage.
Mr Bugden (Peter Butterworth) - A harassed Walmington printer, whose firm's error leads to Corporal Jones being interned as a dangerous Prisoner of War.
Mr Rees (Edward Evans) - The Welsh town clerk of Walmington as seen in "Big Guns". His administration appears to have preceded that of Mr Gordon, as he only appeared once early in the series. Mainwaring's strained dealings with him appears to be typical of his relationship with small-town officialdom.
Mr Sedgewick (Erik Chitty) - Mild-mannered Walmington shoe-shop proprietor.
Sylvia Hodges (Jean Gilpin) - Hodges' niece, a member of the ATS, appears in Walmington during the episode "The Making of Private Pike". She attracts the interest of both Wilson and Pike. She and Pike go on a date together to Eastgate cinema, during which they ‘borrow’ Mainwaring’s new staff car. Relations between them begin to disintegrate when the car breaks down on the way back - forcing them to spend the night together. This leads to some widespread assumptions, causing Wilson to now regard Pike as a ‘kindred spirit’.


document_title: Vegetable oil

question_text: what is a good solvent for vegetable oil

root

text: Vegetable oil

text: Uses of triglyceride vegetable oil[edit]

text: Oils extracted from plants have been used since ancient times and in many cultures. As an example, in a 4,000-year-old kitchen unearthed in Indiana's Charlestown State Park, archaeologist Bob McCullough of Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne found evidence that large slabs of rock were used to crush hickory nuts and the oil was then extracted with boiling water.[4] Archaeological evidence shows that olives were turned into olive oil by 6000 BC[5] and 4500 BC in present-day Israel and Palestine.[6]

tag: p

text: Culinary uses[edit]

text: Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some animal fats, including butter, ghee, lard, and schmaltz. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role:

text:
Shortening – to give pastry a crumbly texture.
Texture – oils can serve to make other ingredients stick together less.
Flavor – while less flavorful oils command premium prices, some oils, such as olive, sesame, or almond oil, may be chosen specifically for the flavor they impart.
Flavor base – oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, since many flavors are due to chemicals that are soluble in oil.

tag: ul

text: Secondly, oils can be heated and used to cook other foods. Oils suitable for this objective must have a high flash point. Such oils include the major cooking oils – soybean, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, safflower, peanut, cottonseed, etc. Tropical oils, such as coconut, palm, and rice bran oils, are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points.

text: Hydrogenated oils[edit]

text: Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete "hydrogenation" into oils of higher melting point. The hydrogenation process involves "sparging" the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound. As each carbon–carbon double-bond is chemically reduced to a single bond, two hydrogen atoms each form single bonds with the two carbon atoms. The elimination of double bonds by adding hydrogen atoms is called saturation; as the degree of saturation increases, the oil progresses toward being fully hydrogenated. An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity (oxidation) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation increases, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.

text: The use of hydrogenated oils in foods has never been completely satisfactory. Because the center arm of the triglyceride is shielded somewhat by the end fatty acids, most of the hydrogenation occurs on the end fatty acids, thus making the resulting fat more brittle[citation needed]. A margarine made from naturally more saturated oils will be more plastic (more "spreadable") than a margarine made from hydrogenated soy oil[citation needed]. While full hydrogenation produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to unsaturated trans fatty acids in the oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease,[7] among other increased health risks.

text: In the US, the Standard of Identity for a product labeled as "vegetable oil margarine" specifies only canola, safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, or peanut oil may be used.[8] Products not labeled "vegetable oil margarine" do not have that restriction.

text: Industrial uses[edit]

text: Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.

text: Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and dammar resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Synthetic tetraesters, which are similar to vegetable oils but with four fatty acid chains compared to the normal three found in a natural ester, are manufactured by Fischer esterification. Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants. Vegetable oil is being used to produce biodegradable hydraulic fluid[9] and lubricant.[10]

text: One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming rancid. Oils that are more stable, such as ben oil or mineral oil, are thus preferred for industrial uses. Castor oil has numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of hydroxyl group on the fatty acid. Castor oil is a precursor to Nylon 11.

text: Pet food additive[edit]

text: Vegetable oil is used in production of some pet foods. AAFCO[11]  defines vegetable oil, in this context, as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes.

text: Fuel[edit]

text: Vegetable oils are also used to make biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles but straight vegetable oil, also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity. The use of vegetable oils as alternative energy is growing and the availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing.

text: The NNFCC estimate that the total net greenhouse gas savings when using vegetable oils in place of fossil fuel-based alternatives for fuel production, range from 18 to 100%.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text: The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an oil mill or chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically altered.

text: Mechanical extraction[edit]

text: Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or "pressing." This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers in the United States and in Europe.[citation needed] There are several different types of mechanical extraction.[13] Expeller-pressing extraction is common, though the screw press, ram press, and ghani (powered mortar and pestle) are also used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the ghani is primarily used in India.[14] The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting mowrah butter in India:[15]

text:
Method
Percentage extracted

Ghani[16]
20–30%

Expellers
34–37%

Solvent
40–43%

tag: table

text: Solvent extraction[edit]

text: The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils.

text: Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used as a non-toxic alternative to other solvents.[17]

text: Hydrogenation[edit]

text: Oils may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly hydrogenated oils have very similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil, but are more resistant to becoming rancid. Margarine oils need to be mostly solid at 32 °C (90 °F) so that the margarine does not melt in warm rooms, yet it needs to be completely liquid at 37 °C (98 °F), so that it doesn't leave a "lardy" taste in the mouth.

text: Hardening vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a catalyst in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons, each carbon forming a new single-bond with a hydrogen atom. Adding these hydrogen atoms to the oil makes it more solid, raises the smoke point, and makes the oil more stable.

text: Hydrogenated vegetable oils differ in two major ways from other oils which are equally saturated. During hydrogenation, it is easier for hydrogen to come into contact with the fatty acids on the end of the triglyceride, and less easy for them to come into contact with the center fatty acid. This makes the resulting fat more brittle than a tropical oil; soy margarines are less "spreadable"[compared to?]. The other difference is that trans fatty acids (often called trans fat) are formed in the hydrogenation reactor, and may amount to as much as 40 percent by weight of a partially hydrogenated oil. Hydrogenated oils, especially partially hydrogenated oils with their higher amounts of trans fatty acids are increasingly thought to be unhealthy.

text: Deodorization[edit]

text: In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the smoke point, and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean, corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through a deodorization stage that removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil.

text: Occupational exposure[edit]

text: People can breathe in vegetable oil mist in the workplace. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for vegetable oil mist exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.[18]

text: Yield[edit]

text:
Some typical yields

Crop

Yield (MT/ha)

Palm oil [19]

4.0

Coconut oil [20]

1.4

Canola oil [21]

1.4

Soybean oil [21]

0.6

Sunflower oil [20]

0.6

text: Particular oils[edit]

text: The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as SVO or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:[22]

text:
Oil source

World consumption(million metric tons)

Notes

Palm
41.31
The most widely produced tropical oil, also used to make biofuel

Soybean
41.28
One of the most widely consumed cooking oils

Rapeseed
18.24
One of the most widely used cooking oils, canola is a variety (cultivar) of rapeseed

Sunflower seed
9.91
A common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel

Peanut
4.82
Mild-flavored cooking oil

Cottonseed
4.99
A major food oil, often used in industrial food processing

Palm kernel
4.85
From the seed of the African palm tree

Coconut
3.48
Used in cooking, cosmetics and soaps

Olive
2.84
Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps

text: Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as Rudolf Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil.

text: Other significant triglyceride oils include:

text: Corn oil, one of the most common cooking oils. As of 2006 the US produced about 1.09 million metric tons [23] of corn oil, which is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.

text:
Grape seed oil, used in cooking and cosmetics
Hazelnut oil and other nut oils
Linseed oil, from flax seeds
Rice bran oil, from rice grains
Safflower oil, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil
Sesame oil, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
Açaí palm oil, used in culinary and cosmetics
Jambú oil, is extracted from the flowers, leaves and stem from jambu (Acmella oleracea), contains spilanthol
Graviola oil, derived from Annona muricata
Tucumã oil, from Astrocaryum aculeatum is used to manufacture soap.
Brazil nut oil, culinary and cosmetics use
Carapa oil, pharmaceutical use and anti-mosquito candle
Buriti oil, from Mauritia flexuosa, used in cosmetics (skin and hair care)
Passion fruit oil, derived from Passiflora edulis, has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.
Pracaxi oil, obtained from Pentaclethra macroloba, cosmetics use

text: Composition of fats[edit]

text:
Vegetable oils[24][25]

Type
ProcessingTreatment
Saturatedfatty acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Smoke point

Total mono[24]
Oleic acid(ω-9)
Total poly[24]
linolenic acid (ω-3)
Linoleic acid(ω-6)

Avocado[26]

11.6
70.6

13.5
1
12.5
249 °C (480 °F)[27]

Canola[28]

7.4
63.3
61.8
28.1
9.1
18.6
238 °C (460 °F)[29]

Coconut[30]

82.5
6.3
6
1.7

175 °C (347 °F)[29]

Corn[31]

12.9
27.6
27.3
54.7
1
58

232 °C (450 °F)[32]

Cottonseed[33]

25.9
17.8
19
51.9
1
54
216 °C (420 °F)[32]

Flaxseed/Linseed[34]

9.0
18.4
18
67.8
53
13

107 °C (225 °F)

Hempseed[35]

7.0
9.0
9.0
82.0
22.0
54.0

166 °C (330 °F)[36]

Olive[37]

13.8
73.0
71.3
10.5
0.7
9.8
193 °C (380 °F)[29]

Palm[38]

49.3
37.0
40
9.3
0.2
9.1
235 °C (455 °F)

Peanut[39]

20.3
48.1
46.5
31.5

31.4
232 °C (450 °F)[32]

Safflower[40]

7.5
75.2
75.2
12.8
0
12.8
212 °C (414 °F)[29]

Soybean[41]

15.6
22.8
22.6
57.7
7
51
238 °C (460 °F)[32]

Sunflower (< 60% linoleic)[42]

10.1
45.4
45.3
40.1
0.2
39.8

227 °C (440 °F)[32]

Sunflower (> 70% oleic)[43]

9.9
83.7
82.6
3.8
0.2
3.6

227 °C (440 °F)[32]

Cottonseed[44]
Hydrogenated
93.6
1.5

0.6

0.3

Palm[45]
Hydrogenated
88.2
5.7

0

Soybean[46]
Partially hydrogenated
14.9
43.0
42.5
37.6
2.6
34.9

 Values as percent (%) by weight of total fat.

text: History[edit]

text: Such oils have been part of human culture for millennia.  Poppy seed, rapeseed, linseed, almond oil, sesame seed, safflower, and cotton seed were used since at least the bronze age throughout the Middle East and Central Asia.[1]  In 1780,  Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated that fats were derived from glycerol.  Thirty years later Michel Eugène Chevreul deduced that these fats were esters of fatty acids and glycerol.

text: In modern times, cottonseed oil was marketed by Procter & Gamble as a creamed shortening in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially hydrogenated to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and can it under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning rancid.

text: Soybeans were an exciting new crop from China in the 1930s. Soy was protein-rich, and the medium viscosity oil was high in polyunsaturates. Henry Ford established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car "almost entirely" out of soybeans.[47] Roger Drackett had a successful new product with Windex, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment.[48] By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had become the most popular vegetable oil in the US.

text: In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic-acid rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil low acid"). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved use of the canola name in January 1985,[49] and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in monounsaturates and is a better source of omega-3 fats than other popular oils. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil), so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.

text: Used oil[edit]

text: A large quantity of used vegetable oil is produced and recycled, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and fast food restaurants.

text: Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as a direct fuel, as well as in the production of biodiesel, soap, animal feed, pet food, detergent, and cosmetics. It is traded as the commodity, yellow grease.

text: Since 2002, an increasing number of European Union countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Used cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continue to be used in animal feed.[50]

text: Shelf life[edit]

text: Due to their susceptibility to oxidation from the exposure to oxygen, heat and light, resulting in the formation of oxidation products, such as peroxides and hydroperoxides, plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a limited shelf-life.[51][52]

text: Product labeling[edit]

text: In Canada, palm oil is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil and cocoa butter, which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product.[53] Also, oils in Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain the word "modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient.[54] A mix of oils other than the aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing "vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable.[53]

text: From December 2014, all food products produced in the European Union were legally required to indicate the specific vegetable oil used in their manufacture, following the introduction of the Food Information to Consumers Regulation.[55]


document_title: That '70s Show (season 3)

question_text: season 3 episode 19 of that 70s show

text: That '70s Show (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Topher Grace as Eric Forman
Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart
Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso
Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde
Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti
Wilmer Valderrama as Fez
Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman
Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman
Tanya Roberts as Midge Pinciotti
Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti
Lisa Robin Kelly as Laurie Forman[a]

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Tommy Chong as Leo
Shirley Jones as Herself
Valerie Harper as Paula
John Ratzenberger as Glen

text: Special guest appearance[edit]

text: Howard Hesseman as Max

text: Special appearance[edit]

text:
Charo as Herself
Robert Hays as Bud
Alice Cooper as Himself

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Allison Munn as Caroline

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Jim Beaver as Tony
Curtis Armstrong as Barry Donavan
Danny Bonaduce as Ricky
Kevin McDonald as Pastor Dave
Nick Bakay as Donna's Journal
Joe Flaherty as Bryan
Dave Thomas as Chris
Ted Nugent as Himself
Monty Hall as Himself

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code

52
1
"Reefer Madness"
David Trainer
Joshua Sternin & Jeffrey Ventimilia
October 3, 2000 (2000-10-03)
301

When Red learns what Hyde is in jail for, he thinks about kicking Hyde out. To keep that from happening, Eric wonders if he should tell Red about his marijuana use. Jackie becomes infatuated with Hyde, even if he doesn't love her back. Reefer Madness is also the title of a 1936 marijuana propaganda film.

53
2
"Red Sees Red"
David Trainer
Linda Wallem
October 10, 2000 (2000-10-10)
302

Red puts the Forman house under a strict curfew after Eric reveals his marijuana use, booby-trapping the house. Laurie is happy about Eric's situation until she discovers she's under the curfew as well, and Kitty does everything to make Red change his mind. Eventually, Red goes too far, and Kitty snaps at him, wanting to forgive and forget the entire situation; Eric can't help but laugh at his father, quoting him "I guess playtime IS over."

54
3
"Hyde's Father"
David Trainer
John Schwab
October 17, 2000 (2000-10-17)
304

Hyde's father, Bud (Robert Hays), returns to Point Place, but Hyde is reluctant to make amends, while Kitty tries to get them to reconcile. However, Red doesn't think it's a good idea for Hyde to move back in with Bud. Meanwhile, Donna is angry at Eric for keeping a stash of Playpen (a parody of Playboy) magazines under his bed.

55
4
"Too Old to Trick or Treat, Too Young to Die"
David Trainer
Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo
October 31, 2000 (2000-10-31)
303

The gang share a strange Halloween, complete with comic spoofs of several Alfred Hitchcock movies, including Psycho, The Birds, Rear Window, Vertigo, and North by Northwest. Eric has vertigo after falling off the garage roof, Fez and Hyde spy on the Pinciottis, thinking Bob killed Midge, while Donna wants to prove to Eric that she's not boring. Meanwhile, Kitty and Laurie have a hard time feeding a neighbor's birds and a paperboy whom Red forgot to pay mistakes Kelso for someone in the Forman family and stalks him.
Note: This episode is banned from Nick at Nite airings, though it did air at least 3 times in October 2011.

56
5
"Roller Disco"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
November 14, 2000 (2000-11-14)
305

Jackie and Fez compete together in a roller disco, which could prove useful for Fez towards winning her heart. Red gets sued by a former Price Mart employee for wrongful termination.

57
6
"Eric's Panties"
David Trainer
Dean Batali & Rob Deshotel
November 21, 2000 (2000-11-21)
307

Donna suspects Eric is cheating on her after finding a pair of panties in his car, but its owner turns out to be someone she knows. Kitty is concerned with Red's high blood pressure and puts him on a less than satisfactory diet.

58
7
"Baby Fever"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
November 28, 2000 (2000-11-28)
306

Kitty wants to have another child after taking care of a neighbor's baby. Donna is not pleased with Eric's vision of their future with her as a housewife and Kelso demands payment from Jackie after she crashes his van. However, when Hyde attempts to "help" it turns out that Kelso owes Jackie more than she does him; she doesn't even have to pay him back for the damages.

59
8
"Jackie Bags Hyde"
David Trainer
Dave Schiff
December 12, 2000 (2000-12-12)
308

It's Veterans Day and Bob throws a Veterans Day barbecue party, which Red usually does every year, fueling a rivalry between the neighbors. Hyde finally realizes he likes Jackie enough to ask her out on a date.

60
9
"Hyde's Christmas Rager"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
December 19, 2000 (2000-12-19)
311

Red and Kitty try to set Bud straight about parenting after Eric gets drunk during a Christmas party at Hyde's apartment. Jackie takes Donna out so they can meet older men, but she is in for a shock.

61
10
"Ice Shack"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
January 9, 2001 (2001-01-09)
309

Kelso takes Eric, Donna, Jackie and Fez to an ice shack where he intends to win Jackie back. Leo asks Hyde to get something for him, which could land Hyde in jail again, and Red confronts Laurie with what she plans to do with her life.

62
11
"Who Wants It More?"
David Trainer
Joshua Sternin & Jeffrey Ventimilia
January 10, 2001 (2001-01-10)
314

Eric and Donna stop having sex after arguing on a school assignment. Kelso convinces Hyde, Fez and Leo to go UFO hunting with him, while a near-death experience enlightens Red on the idea of friendship.

63
12
"Fez Gets the Girl"
David Trainer
Bryan Moore
January 16, 2001 (2001-01-16)
310

Fez becomes attracted to a new transfer student, Caroline (Allison Munn), while Donna scores two tickets to a Led Zeppelin concert, but doesn't know who to take, so she gives one ticket to Caroline and the other ticket to Fez much to their delight.. Red is concerned Eric will put off a college education and Kitty becomes Laurie's model for a cosmetic assignment at beauty school.

64
13
"Dine and Dash"
David Trainer
Jackie Filgo & Jeff Filgo
January 30, 2001 (2001-01-30)
312

Kelso takes the gang out to dinner, but reveals he has no intention of paying. Kitty thinks Red should offer an unemployed Bob a job at Price Mart.

65
14
"Radio Daze"
David Trainer
Dave Schiff
February 6, 2001 (2001-02-06)
315

Donna gets a job at a radio station and Eric feels like she's spending more time there than with him. Kelso wants to buy Leo's El Camino and Red feels guilty after a Fatso Burger employee he's familiar with is fired over a complaint he makes.

66
15
"Donna's Panties"
David Trainer
Dean Batali & Rob Deshotel
February 13, 2001 (2001-02-13)
313

Eric pulls down Donna's pants during a game of basketball, exposing her "Granny Panties" and Eric must deal with the repercussions. Valentine's Day occurs and Kelso makes a shocking discovery about Laurie.

67
16
"Romantic Weekend"
David Trainer
Jackie Filgo & Jeff Filgo
February 20, 2001 (2001-02-20)
316

Eric and Donna go away for a romantic weekend at a hotel, but find someone else at the same place, putting their plans off. When Kelso underperforms during a makeout session with another girl, he fears for his waning libido.

68
17
"Kitty's Birthday (Is That Today?!)"
David Trainer
Bryan Moore & Chris Peterson
February 27, 2001 (2001-02-27)
317

Eric and Red forget Kitty's birthday and the two must make up by doing something she's wanted to do for a long time. Kelso decides to be Jackie's "boy-friend" and Hyde finds Caroline's obsession with Fez a little disturbing.

69
18
"The Trials of Michael Kelso"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
March 13, 2001 (2001-03-13)
318

Jackie tests Kelso to see if they should get back together and Eric and Hyde help Fez take revenge on a rival school for bullying him. Red and Kitty are curious as to why Bob and Midge didn't invite them to a party.

70
19
"Eric's Naughty No-No"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
March 27, 2001 (2001-03-27)
319

Eric tries a move he sees in a dirty movie on Donna. After being honest with Jackie concerning his whereabouts, Kelso decides to tell Jackie all the lies and secrets he has kept from her, with Hyde's assistance. Kitty's younger sister, Paula (Valerie Harper), comes for a visit, under false pretenses.

71
20
"Holy Craps!"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
April 17, 2001 (2001-04-17)
320

Kitty makes everyone help her at a church fundraiser, but not according to the way she wants. A churchgoer warns Eric about a future with Donna, and Fez must decide whether he should stay with an obsessed Caroline.

72
21
"Fez Dates Donna"
David Trainer
Dean Batali & Rob Deshotel
May 1, 2001 (2001-05-01)
321

Fez pretends to date Donna as a ruse to avoid Caroline, while Eric and Hyde start a money pool to see when Kelso and Jackie will argue and bicker again. After looking at his property deed, Bob believes he owns part of Red's property, which frustrates Red.

73
22
"Eric's Drunken Tattoo"
David Trainer
Jeffrey Ventimilia & Joshua Sternin
May 1, 2001 (2001-05-01)
322

Eric reads Donna's diary and decides to get a tattoo, believing he's not dangerous enough for her. Kelso talks in his sleep, fueling Jackie's curiosity, and Red spends a day with Pastor Dave when Red's band-aid accidentally gets on Pastor Dave's food. Note: First episode of the series where the license plate says the year is 1978.

74
23
"Canadian Road Trip"
David Trainer
Dave Schiff
May 8, 2001 (2001-05-08)
324

The guys and Leo go to Canada for beer, but are forced to smuggle Fez when he doesn't have his green card. Donna believes Jackie is being set up by a false modeling agency and Red tests out a recently bought Betamax recorder.
Goof: The map of Canada seen in the background shows Nunavut Territory. Nunavut was not created until 1999.

75
24
"Backstage Pass"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
May 15, 2001 (2001-05-15)
323

Donna ditches Eric backstage at a Ted Nugent concert and Kelso delivers a romantic, love-filled day for Jackie, while Red and Kitty can't recall their first meeting with one another.

76
25
"The Promise Ring"
David Trainer
Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo
May 22, 2001 (2001-05-22)
325

Eric gives Donna a promise ring, as a sign they will be together forever. However, Donna is unsure if she's ready for such a commitment and questions their future together.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Kelly was credited from "Reefer Madness" to "Ice Shack". She left the series following her final appearance as a series regular in "Fez Gets the Girl".

tag: ol


document_title: Billie Hayes

question_text: who played the witch in hr puff n stuff

question_tokens: who played the witch in hr puff n stuff

text: Billie Hayes

text:
Billie Hayes
Billie Hayes in c. 1969Born
 (1932-08-05) August 5, 1932 (age 86)Du Quoin, Illinois, USOccupation
ActressYears active
1956–presentWebsite
www.billiehayes.com

text: This  biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification, as it includes attribution to IMDb. IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Billie Hayes (born August 5, 1932) is an American actress best known for her comic portrayal of Witchiepoo on NBC's Sid and Marty Krofft television series H.R. Pufnstuf. Her characteristic cackle and animated physicality were notable during the show's 17-episode run in 1969–70. She reprised this role in The Paul Lynde Halloween Special and as well as the second and final season of The Banana Splits Adventure Hour (September 6 1969-December 13 1969) on NBC.

text: Hayes portrayed a similar character in other roles, including a 1971 episode of Bewitched ("Hansel and Gretel in Samantha-Land"),[1] Weenie the Genie in the Sid and Marty Krofft program Lidsville, and Maw Weskitt in Episode 39 of the second season of The Monkees ("Hillbilly Honeymoon").

text: Hayes played Mammy Yokum in the 1956 Broadway musical Li'l Abner,[2] the 1959 film version,[3] and a 1971 TV special.[3][4] She appeared on the soap opera General Hospital as Robert Scorpio's mentor, "O'Reilly", in 1981 and 1985, and did the voiceover for the character Mother Mae-Eye on the animated series Teen Titans and the character Granny Applecheeks in The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy. Hayes also had a short role in The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald as One-Eyed Sally.

text: Her first voice role was as a character named Orgoch on the Disney feature film The Black Cauldron in 1985. Other voice work has included roles on cartoons such as The Further Adventures of SuperTed, The Nightmare Before Christmas, Johnny Bravo, W.I.T.C.H., The Batman, TaleSpin, The Brothers Flub, Bubble Guppies, Rugrats, Transformers: Rescue Bots, Duckman, Shrek Forever After, Bonkers, Problem Child, Siegfried and Roy: Masters of the Impossible and Darkwing Duck.

text: Hayes is the president of the animal rescue organization Pet Hope, which she founded in 1984 to care for and find homes for abandoned animals. On her personal website, Hayes offers autographed photos for donations to Pet Hope as charity.