document_title: List of Super Bowl champions

question_text: who won the football super bowl last year

text: List of Super Bowl champions

text: Super Bowl Championship (1966–present)

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:

text:
Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams' Super Bowl record to date.
Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl.
City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl.

text:
National Football League (NFL, 1967–1970)
American Football League (AFL, 1967–1970)

NFL champion‡
(4, 2–2)
AFL champion^
(4, 2–2)

National Football Conference (NFC, 1971–present)
American Football Conference (AFC, 1971–present)

NFC champion*
(47, 24–23)
AFC champion†
(47, 23–24)

text:
Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref

01 !I
000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967
Green Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡
(1, 1–0)
3510 !35–10
Kansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(1, 0–1)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Pasadena, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]
061946 !61,946
[10]

02 !II
000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968
Green Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡
(2, 2–0)
3314 !33–14
Oakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]
075546 !75,546
[11]

03 !III
000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969
New York Jets 01 !New York Jets^
(1, 1–0)
1607 !16–7
Indianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)
Miami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]
075389 !75,389
[12]

04 !IV
000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970
Kansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(2, 1–1)
2307 !23–7
Minnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡
(1, 0–1)
Tulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana
080562 !80,562
[13]

05 !V
000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971
Indianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†
(2, 1–1)
1613 !16–13
Dallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)
Miami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]
079204 !79,204
[14]

06 !VI
000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972
Dallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*
(2, 1–1)
2403 !24–3
Miami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†
(1, 0–1)
Tulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)
081023 !81,023
[15]

07 !VII
000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973
Miami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†
(2, 1–1)
1407 !14–7
Washington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*
(1, 0–1)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)
Pasadena, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]
090182 !90,182
[16]

08 !VIII
000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974
Miami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†
(3, 2–1)
2407 !24–7
Minnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*
(2, 0–2)
Rice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium
Houston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas
071882 !71,882
[17]

09 !IX
000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975
Pittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(1, 1–0)
1606 !16–6
Minnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*
(3, 0–3)
Tulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)
080997 !80,997
[18]

10 !X
000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976
Pittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(2, 2–0)
2117 !21–17
Dallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*
(3, 1–2)
Miami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)
Miami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]
080187 !80,187
[19]

11 !XI
000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977
Oakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†
(2, 1–1)
3214 !32–14
Minnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*
(4, 0–4)
Rose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]
103438 !103,438
[20]

12 !XII
000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978
Dallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*
(4, 2–2)
2710 !27–10
Denver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)
076400 !76,400
[21]

13 !XIII
000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979
Pittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(3, 3–0)
3531 !35–31
Dallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*
(5, 2–3)
Miami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)
Miami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]
079484 !79,484
[22]

14 !XIV
000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980
Pittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(4, 4–0)
3119 !31–19
Los Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*
(1, 0–1)
Rose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)
Pasadena, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]
103985 !103,985
[23]

15 !XV
000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981
Oakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†
(3, 2–1)
2710 !27–10
Philadelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)
076135 !76,135
[24]

16 !XVI
000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982
San Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*
(1, 1–0)
2621 !26–21
Cincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(1, 0–1)
Pontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome
Detroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]
081270 !81,270
[25]

17 !XVII
000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983
Washington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*
(2, 1–1)
2717 !27–17
Miami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†
(4, 2–2)
Rose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)
Pasadena, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]
103667 !103,667
[26]

18 !XVIII
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Oakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†
(4, 3–1)
3809 !38–9
Washington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*
(3, 1–2)
Tampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium
Tampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida
072920 !72,920
[27]

19 !XIX
000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
San Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*
(2, 2–0)
3816 !38–16
Miami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†
(5, 2–3)
Stanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium
Santa Clara, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]
084059 !84,059
[28]

20 !XX
000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986
Chicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*
(1, 1–0)
4610 !46–10
New England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)
073818 !73,818
[29]

21 !XXI
000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987
New York Giants 01 !New York Giants*
(1, 1–0)
3920 !39–20
Denver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†
(2, 0–2)
Rose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)
Pasadena, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]
101063 !101,063
[30]

22 !XXII
000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988
Washington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*
(4, 2–2)
4210 !42–10
Denver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†
(3, 0–3)
Qualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]
San Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California
073302 !73,302
[31]

23 !XXIII
000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989
San Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*
(3, 3–0)
2016 !20–16
Cincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(2, 0–2)
Hard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]
Miami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]
075129 !75,129
[32]

24 !XXIV
000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990
San Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*
(4, 4–0)
5510 !55–10
Denver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†
(4, 0–4)
Louisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)
New Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)
072919 !72,919
[33]

25 !XXV
000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991
New York Giants 02 !New York Giants*
(2, 2–0)
2019 !20–19
Buffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†
(1, 0–1)
Tampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)
Tampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)
073813 !73,813
[34]

26 !XXVI
000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992
Washington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*
(5, 3–2)
3724 !37–24
Buffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†
(2, 0–2)
Metrodome 01 !Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota
063130 !63,130
[35]

27 !XXVII
000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993
Dallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*
(6, 3–3)
5217 !52–17
Buffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†
(3, 0–3)
Rose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)
Pasadena, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]
098374 !98,374
[36]

28 !XXVIII
000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994
Dallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*
(7, 4–3)
3013 !30–13
Buffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†
(4, 0–4)
Georgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia
072817 !72,817
[37]

29 !XXIX
000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995
San Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*
(5, 5–0)
4926 !49–26
San Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†
(1, 0–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]
074107 !74,107
[38]

30 !XXX
000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996
Dallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*
(8, 5–3)
2717 !27–17
Pittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(5, 4–1)
Sun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium
Glendale, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]
076347 !76,347
[39]

31 !XXXI
000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997
Green Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*
(3, 3–0)
3521 !35–21
New England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†
(2, 0–2)
Louisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)
New Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)
072301 !72,301
[40]

32 !XXXII
000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998
Denver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†
(5, 1–4)
3124 !31–24
Green Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*
(4, 3–1)
Qualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]
San Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)
068912 !68,912
[41]

33 !XXXIII
000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999
Denver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†
(6, 2–4)
3419 !34–19
Atlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*
(1, 0–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]
074803 !74,803
[42]

34 !XXXIV
000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000
Los Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*
(2, 1–1)
2316 !23–16
Tennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†
(1, 0–1)
Georgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)
Atlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)
072625 !72,625
[43]

35 !XXXV
000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001
Baltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†
(1, 1–0)
3407 !34–7
New York Giants 03 !New York Giants*
(3, 2–1)
Raymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium
Tampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)
071921 !71,921
[44]

36 !XXXVI
000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002
New England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†
(3, 1–2)
2017 !20–17
Los Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*
(3, 1–2)
Louisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)
New Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)
072922 !72,922
[45]

37 !XXXVII
000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*
(1, 1–0)
4821 !48–21
Oakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†
(5, 3–2)
Qualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]
San Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)
067603 !67,603
[46]

38 !XXXVIII
000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004
New England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†
(4, 2–2)
3229 !32–29
Carolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*
(1, 0–1)
NRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]
Houston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)
071525 !71,525
[47]

39 !XXXIX
000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005
New England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†
(5, 3–2)
2421 !24–21
Philadelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(2, 0–2)
ALLTEL Stadium 01 !ALLTEL Stadium
Jacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida
078125 !78,125
[48]

40 !XL
000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006
Pittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(6, 5–1)
2110 !21–10
Seattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*
(1, 0–1)
Ford Field 01 !Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]
068206 !68,206
[49]

41 !XLI
000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007
Indianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†
(3, 2–1)
2917 !29–17
Chicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*
(2, 1–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]
074512 !74,512
[50]

42 !XLII
000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008
New York Giants 04 !New York Giants*
(4, 3–1)
1714 !17–14
New England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†
(6, 3–3)
University of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]
071101 !71,101
[51]

43 !XLIII
000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009
Pittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(7, 6–1)
2723 !27–23
Arizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*
(1, 0–1)
Raymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)
Tampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)
070774 !70,774
[52]

44 !XLIV
000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010
New Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*
(1, 1–0)
3117 !31–17
Indianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†
(4, 2–2)
Hard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]
074059 !74,059
[53]

45 !XLV
000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011
Green Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*
(5, 4–1)
3125 !31–25
Pittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(8, 6–2)
Cowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium
Arlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas
103219 !103,219
[54]

46 !XLVI
000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012
New York Giants 05 !New York Giants*
(5, 4–1)
2117 !21–17
New England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†
(7, 3–4)
Lucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana
068658 !68,658
[55][56]

47 !XLVII
000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013
Baltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†
(2, 2–0)
3431 !34–31
San Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*
(6, 5–1)
Louisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)
New Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)
071024 !71,024
[55][57]

48 !XLVIII
000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014
Seattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*
(2, 1–1)
4308 !43–8
Denver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†
(7, 2–5)
MetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey
082529 !82,529
[58]

49 !XLIX
000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015
New England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†
(8, 4–4)
2824 !28–24
Seattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*
(3, 1–2)
University of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)
Glendale, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]
070288 !70,288
[59][60]

50 !50
000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†
(8, 3–5)
2410 !24–10
Carolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*
(2, 0–2)
Levi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]
071088 !71,088
[60][61][62]

51 !LI
000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017
New England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†
(9, 5–4)
3428 !34–28 (OT)
Atlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*
(2, 0–2)
NRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]
Houston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)
070807 !70,807
[60][61][62]

52 !LII
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018 [note 4]
X 2018 !2017–18 NFC champion* at 2017–18 AFC champion†
0018 !—
X 2018 !To be determined (TBD)
U.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium
Minneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)
000018 !TBD
[63][64]

53 !LIII
000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 4]
X 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*
0019 !—
X 2019 !To be determined (TBD)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Atlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)
TBD
[65][66]

54 !LIV
000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 4]
X 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†
0020 !—
X 2020 !To be determined (TBD)
Hard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]
TBD
[65][66]

55 !LV
000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 4]
X 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*
0021 !—
X 2021 !To be determined (TBD)
Raymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)
Tampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)
TBD
[65][66]

56 !LVI
000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 4]
X 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*
0022 !—
X 2022 !To be determined (TBD)
City of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
Inglewood, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]
TBD
[65][66]

Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref

text: Consecutive winners

text: Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which has accomplished it twice:

text:
Green Bay Packers (Super Bowls I and II)
Miami Dolphins (VII and VIII)
Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X as well as XIII and XIV)
San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
Dallas Cowboys (XXVII and XXVIII)
Denver Broncos (XXXII and XXXIII)
New England Patriots (XXXVIII and XXXIX)

text: No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although several have come close:

text:
The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.
The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.
The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders.
The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.
The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.

text: Super Bowl appearances by team

text:
NFL‡/NFC* teams (26 wins)
AFL^/AFC† teams (25 wins)

NFL‡/AFC† team[note 5]

text: In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by season of first appearance. In the "Season(s)" column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.

text:
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Winning
percentage
Season(s)

09G-04W !9
New England Patriots†
5
4
.556
1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016†

08G-06W !8
Pittsburgh Steelers†[note 5]
6
2
.750
1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†

08G-05W !8
Dallas Cowboys*
5
3
.625
1970 !1970,* 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995*

08G-03W !8
Denver Broncos†
3
5
.375
1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†

06G-05W !6
San Francisco 49ers*
5
1
.833
1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994*, 2012*

05G-04W !5
Green Bay Packers‡*
4
1
.800
1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996,* 1997,* 2010*

05G-04W !5
New York Giants*
4
1
.800
1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011*

05G-03W !5
Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders^†
3
2
.600
1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†

05G-03W !5
Washington Redskins*
3
2
.600
1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991*

05G-02W !5
Miami Dolphins†
2
3
.400
1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†

04G-02W !4
Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 5]
2
2
.500
1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†

04G-00W !4
Minnesota Vikings‡*
0
4
.000
1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976*

04G-00W !4
Buffalo Bills†
0
4
.000
1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†

03G-01W !3
St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams*
1
2
.333
1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001*

03G-01W !3
Seattle Seahawks
1
2
.333
2005 !2005,* 2013,* 2014*

02G-02W !2
Baltimore Ravens†
2
0
1.000
2000 !2000,† 2012†

02G-01W !2
Kansas City Chiefs^
1
1
.500
1966 !1966,^ 1969^

02G-01W !2
Chicago Bears*
1
1
.500
1985 !1985,* 2006*

02G-00W !2
Philadelphia Eagles*
0
2
.000
1980 !1980,* 2004*

02G-00W !2
Cincinnati Bengals†
0
2
.000
1981 !1981,† 1988†

02G-00W !2
Atlanta Falcons*
0
2
.000
1998 !1998,* 2016*

02G-00W !2
Carolina Panthers*
0
2
.000
2003 !2003,* 2015*

01G-01W !1
New York Jets^
1
0
1.000
1968 !1968^

01G-01W !1
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1
0
1.000
2002 !2002*

01G-01W !1
New Orleans Saints*
1
0
1.000
2009 !2009*

01G-00W !1
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers†
0
1
.000
1994 !1994†

01G-00W !1
Tennessee Titans†
0
1
.000
1999 !1999†

01G-00W !1
Arizona Cardinals*
0
1
.000
2008 !2008*

00G-00W !0
Cleveland Browns†[note 5]
0
0
—
none

00G-00W !0
Detroit Lions*
0
0
—
none

00G-00W !0
Jacksonville Jaguars†
0
0
—
none

00G-00W !0
Houston Texans†
0
0
—
none

text: Teams with no Super Bowl appearances

text: Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl. Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season:

text:
Detroit Lions, NFL champions four times in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991[67]
Cleveland Browns, NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986, 1987, and 1989.[68] The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations from 1996–1998, and resumed play in 1999.[69] The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players.[70]
Jacksonville Jaguars, 1995 expansion team; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999[71]
Houston Texans, 2002 expansion team; Divisional Round appearances in 2011, 2012, and 2016 seasons.

text: In addition, Detroit, Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted, nor had its team play in, a Super Bowl.

text: Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories

text: Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning. In descending order of number of appearances, they are:

text:
Buffalo Bills (4), appeared in Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII. Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965, the season before the first Super Bowl.
Minnesota Vikings (4), appeared in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI. They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969, the last year before the AFL–NFL merger, but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl. An NFL expansion team in 1961, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Cincinnati Bengals (2), appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII. An AFL expansion team in 1968, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Philadelphia Eagles (2), appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX. Their last championship was in 1960.
Atlanta Falcons (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Carolina Panthers (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50. A post-merger expansion team, their first season was in 1995.
Arizona Cardinals (1), appeared in Super Bowl XLIII. Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals.
Los Angeles Chargers (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers. Their only AFL championship was in 1963.
Tennessee Titans (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers.

text: Teams with long Super Bowl droughts

text: While Jacksonville (joined 1995) has never appeared in a Super Bowl, the following eight teams are currently (as of Super Bowl LI) experiencing longer droughts since their last appearance.

text: Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL–NFL merger in 1970:[72]

text:
New York Jets (most recently appeared in Super Bowl III, 1968 season)
Kansas City Chiefs (Super Bowl IV in 1969 season)

text: The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL–NFL merger, but prior to the 1995 regular season:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowl XI, 1976 season)
Miami Dolphins (Super Bowl XIX, 1984 season)
Cincinnati Bengals (Super Bowl XXIII, 1988 season)
Washington Redskins (Super Bowl XXVI, 1991 season)
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXVIII, 1993 season)
San Diego Chargers (Super Bowl XXIX, 1994 season)

text: Super Bowl rematches

text: The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl:

text:
Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers (3) – Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh, and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas. See also Cowboys–Steelers rivalry.
Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins (2) – Super Bowl VII was won by Miami, and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington.
Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers (2) – Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco.
Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys (2) – Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, the only rematch in consecutive seasons, were both won by Dallas.
New England Patriots and New York Giants (2) – Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York.


document_title: Great Wall of China

question_text: what did they use to build the great wall of china

root

text: Great Wall of China

text: Names

text: The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English.

tag: p

text: In Chinese histories, the term "Long Wall(s)" (長城, changcheng) appears in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor.[7] The Chinese character 城 is a phono-semantic compound of the "place" or "earth" radical 土 and 成, whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *deŋ.[8] It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states; today, however, it is much more often the Chinese word for "city".[9]

text: The longer Chinese name "Ten-Thousand Mile Long Wall" (萬里長城, Wanli Changcheng) came from Sima Qian's description of it in the Records, though he did not name the walls as such. The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to "the long wall of 10,000 miles", closer to the modern name, but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise.[10] The traditional Chinese mile (里, lǐ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile (540 m).[11] Since China's metrication in 1930, it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet,[12] which would make the wall's name describe a distance of 5,000 km (3,100 mi). However, this use of "ten-thousand" (wàn) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means "innumerable" or "immeasurable".[13]

text: Because of the wall's association with the First Emperor's supposed tyranny, the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name "Long Wall".[14] Instead, various terms were used in medieval records, including "frontier(s)" (塞, sāi),[15] "rampart(s)" (垣, yuán),[15] "barrier(s)" (障, zhàng),[15] "the outer fortresses" (外堡, wàibǎo),[16] and "the border wall(s)" (t 邊牆, s 边墙, biānqiáng).[14] Poetic and informal names for the wall included "the Purple Frontier" (紫塞, Zǐsāi)[17] and "the Earth Dragon" (t 土龍, s 土龙, Tǔlóng).[18] Only during the Qing period did "Long Wall" become the catch-all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin, equivalent to the English "Great Wall".[19]

text: The current English name evolved from accounts of "the Chinese wall" from early modern European travelers.[19] By the 19th century,[19] "The Great Wall of China" had become standard in English, French, and German, although other European languages continued to refer to it as "the Chinese wall."[13]

text: History

text: Early walls

text: The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.[20] During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan, and Zhongshan[21][22] all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames.

text: King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ("Qin Shi Huang") in 221 BC. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states. To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north, however, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands,[23] if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall.[24][25] Later, the Han,[26] the Sui, and the Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.[27] The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region.[27] The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself.[28]

text: Ming era

text: The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century,[29] and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River.

text: Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.[30] As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.[31] Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders.[32] During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[33]

text: Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels. Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest. The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general, Wu Sangui, who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.[34] The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and eventually defeated both the rebel-founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China.[35]

text: Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued. On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria. Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control.

text: Foreign accounts

text: None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia, such as Marco Polo, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Giovanni de' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone, mentioned the Great Wall.[37][38]

text: The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca. 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China.[39] He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern Quanzhou) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an,[40] which Dhul-Qarnayn (commonly associated with Alexander the Great) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they weren't significant.[41]

text: Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the "Tartars" (i.e. Mongols), may be the one contained in João de Barros's 1563 Asia.[42] Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goes, Matteo Ricci, and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza.[43] In 1559, in his work "A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions," Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall.[43] Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India.[44] Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall,[45] although later they slid into hyperbole,[46] including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC.[46]

text: When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars, the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists. The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall,[47] such that in the 20th century, a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars.[48]

text: Course

text: Although a formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety,[49] the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted.

text: The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass (t 偏頭關, s 偏头关, Piāntóuguān) in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" (t 外長城, s 外长城, Wài Chǎngchéng) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province, and the "inner Great Wall" (t 內長城, s 內长城, Nèi Chǎngchéng) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km (250 mi), passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye (四海冶, Sìhǎiyě), in Beijing's Yanqing County.

text: The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous: they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today. The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall, for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People's Republic of China, as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries.[50] South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass; when used by the Chinese to protect their land, this section of the wall had many guards to defend China's capital Beijing. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) high and 5 m (16 ft 5 in) wide.

text: One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling. There it runs 11 km (7 mi) long, ranges from 5 to 8 m (16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in) in height, and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) across the bottom, narrowing up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in) across the top. Wangjinglou (t 望京樓, s 望京楼, Wàngjīng Lóu) is one of Jinshanling's 67 watchtowers, 980 m (3,220 ft) above sea level. Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty, cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km (1.40 mi). It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east. This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.[51]

text: At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the "First Pass Under Heaven". The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the "Old Dragon Head". 3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (焦山長城), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall.[52] 15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou (t 九門口, s 九门口, Jiǔménkǒu), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge. Beyond Jiumenkou, an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall, in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border.[53]

text: In 2009, 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills, trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices.[54] In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km (6 mi), believed to be part of the Great Wall, were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province.[55]

text: Characteristics

text: Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, lime, and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened. Additionally, bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth. Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick, but is more difficult to use. Consequently, stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation, inner and outer brims, and gateways of the wall. Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide. From the parapets, guards could survey the surrounding land.[56] Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall, including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements, was of high importance. Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility. Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through. Barracks, stables, and armories were built near the wall's inner surface.[56]

text: Condition

text: While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair. Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.[57] Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism, while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi.[58] Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.[59] A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22% of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared, while 1,961 km (1,219 mi) of wall have vanished.[58] More than 60 km (37 mi) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms. In some places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m (16 ft 5 in) to less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared. Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.[60] In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete. The work has been much criticized.[61]

text: Visibility from space

text: From the Moon

text: One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley. Stukeley wrote that, "This mighty wall of four score miles [130 km] in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall, which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe, and may be discerned at the Moon."[62] The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states "besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon."[63] The issue of "canals" on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long, thin objects were visible from space. The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932's Ripley's Believe It or Not! strip[64] and in Richard Halliburton's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels.

text: The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times,[65] but is still ingrained in popular culture.[66] The wall is a maximum 9.1 m (29 ft 10 in) wide, and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it. Based on the optics of resolving power (distance versus the width of the iris: a few millimeters for the human eye, meters for large telescopes) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km (70 mi) or more in diameter (1 arc-minute) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon, whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km (238,851 mi). The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km (2 mi) away. To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal (20/20) vision.[67] Unsurprisingly, no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon.

text: From low Earth orbit

text: A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit (an altitude of as little as 160 km (100 mi)). NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects.[68] Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require visual acuity of 20/3 (7.7 times better than normal).[67]

text: Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing. He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that "it wasn't visible to the unaided eye." U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts. Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated: "At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles [160 to 320 km] high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye." Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, "it's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look."

text: In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: "I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit. ... I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it."[69]

text: In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China. In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km (100 and 200 mi), the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye. In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the "Great Wall" photographed from low orbit. However, in a press release a week later, they acknowledged that the "Great Wall" in the picture was actually a river.[67]

text: Leroy Chiao, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall. It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it. Based on the photograph, the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from 'space' with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.[70] However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye.[67]

text: Gallery

text:
"The First Mound" – at Jiayuguan, the western terminus

The Great Wall of China at Badaling

A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai, overlooking the gorge

Mutianyu Great Wall, China. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored

The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan

Great Wall at Dandong

tag: ul


document_title: Home Alone

question_text: where did the family go in home alone

question_tokens: where did the family go in home alone

text: Home Alone

text: Plot[edit]

text: The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Paris, gathering at Peter and Kate's home outside of Chicago on the night before their departure. Peter and Kate's youngest son, eight-year-old Kevin, is being ridiculed by his siblings and cousins. A fight with his older brother, Buzz, results in Kevin getting sent to the third floor of the house for punishment, where he wishes that his family would disappear. During the night, heavy winds cause damage to power lines, which causes a temporary power outage and resets the alarm clocks, causing the entire family to oversleep. In the confusion and rush to get to the airport, Kevin is accidentally left behind.

text: Kevin wakes up to find the house empty and, thinking his wish has come true, is overjoyed with his new-found freedom. However, Kevin soon becomes frightened by his next door neighbor, "Old Man" Marley, who is rumored to have murdered his family with a snow shovel in 1958; as well as the "Wet Bandits", Harry and Marv, a pair of burglars who have been breaking into other vacant houses in the neighborhood and have targeted the McCallisters' house. Kevin tricks the pair into thinking his entire family is home, forcing them to put their plans on hold.

text: Kate discovers mid-flight that Kevin is missing and, upon arrival in Paris, the family discovers that all flights for the next two days are booked. Peter and the rest of the family go to his brother Rob's apartment in the city while Kate manages to get a flight back to the United States only to get as far as Scranton, Pennsylvania. She attempts to book a flight to Chicago but again, everything is booked. Unable to accept this, Kate is overheard by Gus Polinski, the lead member of a traveling polka band, who offers to let her travel with them to Chicago on their way to Milwaukee in a moving van, which she graciously accepts.

text: Meanwhile, Harry and Marv realize that Kevin is home alone, and on Christmas Eve, Kevin overhears them discussing plans to break into his house that night. Kevin goes to church and watches a choir perform. He meets Old Man Marley, who sits with Kevin and they briefly speak; he learns that Marley is actually a nice man and that the rumors about him are false. He tells Kevin he is watching the choir because his granddaughter is singing, but he never gets to see her because he and his son are estranged and have not been on speaking terms for some time; Kevin suggests that he try to reconcile with his son.

text: Kevin returns home and rigs the house with numerous booby traps. Harry and Marv break in, springing the traps and suffering various injuries. While the duo pursues Kevin around the house, he calls the police and flees the house, luring the duo into a neighboring vacant home. Harry and Marv manage to catch him and discuss how they will get their revenge, but Marley sneaks in and knocks them unconscious with his snow shovel before they can do anything to Kevin. The police arrive and arrest Harry and Marv, having identified all the houses they burgled due to the latter's habit of flooding them.

text: On Christmas Day, Kevin is disappointed to find that his family is still gone. He then hears Kate enter the house and call for him; they reconcile and are soon joined by the rest of the McCallisters, who waited in Paris until they could get a direct flight to Chicago. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv, although Peter finds Harry's missing gold tooth. Kevin then observes Marley reuniting with his son and his family. Marley notices Kevin and the pair wave to each other before Marley and his family go inside his house. Buzz suddenly calls out, "Kevin, what did you do to my room?!" at which point Kevin runs off.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister
Joe Pesci as Harry Lime
Daniel Stern as Marv Merchants
Catherine O'Hara as Kate
John Heard as Peter
Terrie Snell as Aunt Leslie
Gerry Bamman as Uncle Frank
Devin Ratray as Buzz
Mike Maronna as Jeff
Hillary Wolf as Megan
Angela Goethals as Linnie
Jedidiah Cohen as Rod
Senta Moses as Tracy
Daiana Campeanu as Sondra
Kieran Culkin as Fuller
Anna Slotky as Brooke
Kristin Minter as Heather
Roberts Blossom as Old Man Marley
John Candy as Gus Polinski, "the Polka King of the Midwest"

text: Production[edit]

text: Home Alone was initially a Warner Bros. production; when 20th Century Fox took over the project, the budget grew from $14 to $17 million.[5] Columbus' work with Home Alone began several years earlier when Hughes helped him secure the directing job for National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. That project ended poorly when a personality clash between Columbus and Chevy Chase led to Columbus leaving the movie. Hughes then gave him the script to Home Alone, which he accepted.[6]

text: Hughes suggested to Columbus that they cast Macaulay Culkin in the main role because of his experience with the child actor while shooting Uncle Buck. Columbus met with other actors for the part, by his count "hundreds and hundreds", as he felt it was his "directorial responsibility".[7] Columbus finally met with Culkin and agreed he was the right choice for the role. Due to Culkin's age, he could only work until 10 PM which created shooting problems for the crew because of the movie's many night-time scenes.[7] The film's stunts also created tension for the crew during shooting. Columbus said, "Every time the stunt guys did one of those stunts it wasn’t funny. We’d watch it, and I would just pray that the guys were alive." [7] Stunts were originally prepared with safety harnesses, but because of their visibility on camera, the film's final stunts were performed without them.[7]

text: Some scenes were shot in a three-story single-family house located at 671 Lincoln Avenue[8] in the village of Winnetka.[9] The kitchen in the film was shot in the house, along with the main staircase, basement, attic and most of the first floor landing. The house's dining room, and all the downstairs rooms (excluding the kitchen) were duplicated on a sound stage to allow more room for equipment and crew.[10] The house was built in 1920 and features five bedrooms, a fully converted attic, a detached double garage and a greenhouse.[11] The tree house in the back yard was built specifically for the film and dismantled after filming ended.[12]

text: The scenes inside of the church were shot at Grace Episcopal Church, Oak Park, Illinois.[13]

text: For the film within a film, Angels with Filthy Souls, shooting took only one day. To create the illusion that the film was a 1940s gangster film, the scene was filmed with black-and-white negative film and Johnny's office used authentic items from that era.[14]

text: In May 2011, the house was listed for sale at $2.4 million;[15] it sold in March 2012 for $1.585 million.[8] The house is promoted as a tourist attraction and cited as an example of "How to Get Your Home in the Movies."[16]

text: Music[edit]

text: Initially Columbus hoped to have Bruce Broughton score the films, and early posters listed him as the composer. However, Broughton was busy with The Rescuers Down Under and he had to cancel at the last minute.[7] From there Columbus was able to get in touch with Steven Spielberg who helped him contact John Williams to produce the final score.[7] Christmas songs, such as "O Holy Night" and "Carol of the Bells", are featured prominently in the film, as well as the film's theme song "Somewhere in My Memory". The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical in cassette on December 4, 1990[17] and in CD on May 27, 2015.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Home Alone grossed $285.8 million in the United States and Canada and $190.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $476.7 million, against a production budget of $18 million.[2]

text: In its opening weekend, Home Alone grossed $17 million from 1,202 theaters, averaging $14,211 per site and just 6% of the final total and added screens over the next six weeks, with a peak screen count of 2,174 during its eighth weekend at the start of January 1991. Home Alone proved so popular that it stayed in theaters well past the Christmas season. It was the No. 1 film at the box office for 12 straight weeks, from its release weekend of November 16–18, 1990 through the weekend of February 1–3, 1991.[19][20] It was finally dethroned from the top spot when Sleeping with the Enemy opened with $13 million.[20] It nevertheless remained a top ten draw at the box office until the weekend of April 26 that year, which was well past Easter weekend. It made two more appearances in the top ten (the weekend of May 31–June 2 and the weekend of June 14–16) before finally falling out of the top ten.[21] After over nine months into its run, the film had earned 16x its debut weekend and ended up making a final gross of $285,761,243, the top-grossing film of its year in North America.[22] The film is listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest-grossing live-action comedy ever.[23]

text: By the time it had run its course in theaters, Home Alone was the third-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide, as well as in the United States and Canada behind only Star Wars ($322 million at the time) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ($399 million at that time), according to the home video box. In total, its cinema run grossed $477,561,243 worldwide.[20][24] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 67.7 million tickets in the US.[25]

text: According to William Goldman, the film's success prompted the creation of a Hollywood verb: "to be Home Aloned", meaning to have a film's box office reduced by the impact of Home Alone.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, Home Alone holds an approval rating of 56% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Home Alone is frequently funny and led by a terrific starring turn from Macaulay Culkin, but an uneven script and a premise stretched unreasonably thin make it hard to wholeheartedly recommend."[27] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, it has a score of 63 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[28] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[29]

text: Variety magazine praised the film for its cast.[30] Jeanne Cooper of The Washington Post praised the film for its comedic approach.[31] Hal Hinson, also of The Washington Post, praised Chris Columbus's direction and Culkin's acting.[32] Although Caryn James of The New York Times complained that the film's first half is "flat and unsurprising as its cute little premise suggests", she praised the second half for its slapstick humor. She also praised the conversation between Kevin and Marley, as well as the film's final scenes.[33]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a  2 1⁄2 out of 4-star rating. He compared the elaborate booby-traps in the film to Rube Goldberg machines, writing "they're the kinds of traps that any 8-year-old could devise, if he had a budget of tens of thousands of dollars and the assistance of a crew of movie special effects people" and criticized the plot as "so implausible that it makes it hard for [him] to really care about the plight of the kid [Kevin]". However, he praised Culkin's performance.[34] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly magazine gave the film a "D" grade, criticizing the film for its "sadistic festival of adult-bashing". Gleiberman said that "[John] Hughes is pulling our strings as though he'd never learn to do anything else".[35]

text: Home Alone has become a holiday classic among audiences and is often ranked as one of the best Christmas films of all time.[36][37][38][39]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, one for Best Original Score, which was written by John Williams, and the other for Best Original Song for "Somewhere in My Memory", music by Williams and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse.[40]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated[41]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Harry Lime & Marv Merchants – Nominated Villains[42]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The film was followed by a commercially successful sequel in 1992, Lost in New York, which brings back the first film's cast. The film within a film, Angels with Filthy Souls, had a sequel in Home Alone 2, Angels with Even Filthier Souls. Both Angels meta-films featured character actor Ralph Foody as stereotypical 1930s mobster Johnny.[43]

text: Home Alone 3, released in 1997, has completely different actors, and a different storyline with Hughes writing the screenplay.

text: A fourth made-for-TV film followed in 2002, Home Alone 4. This entry features some of the same characters who were in the first two films, but with a new cast and a storyline that does not fall into the same continuity. Hughes did not write the screenplay for the TV film.

text: On November 25, 2012, a fifth film, The Holiday Heist premiered during ABC Family's 25 Days of Christmas programming event.[44]

text: In December 2015, Culkin reprised his role as an adult Kevin McCallister in the inaugural episode of the Jack Dishel web series, "DRYVRS", where a visibly disturbed Kevin recounts his experience of being left home alone by his family.[45] In response to Culkin's video, Daniel Stern appeared in a short video reprising his role as Marv, released in conjunction with Stern's Reddit AMA, where he pleads for Harry to return to help protect him against Kevin's cunning traps.[46]

text: Novelization[edit]

text: Home Alone (ISBN 0-590-55066-7) was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1990 to coincide with the film.

text: Among the differences from the film the McCallisters live in Oak Park, Illinois, the Wet Bandits are named as Harry Lyme and Marv Murchens and Buzz's tarantula is named as Axl.

text: On October 6, 2015, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the movie, an illustrated book by Kim Smith and Quirk Books was released.[47][48]


document_title: Boyz n the Hood

question_text: who played ricky in boyz in the hood

question_tokens: who played ricky in boyz in the hood

text: Boyz n the Hood

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten-year old Tre Styles lives with his single mother, Reva in Inglewood, California. After Tre gets into a fight at school, his teacher informs Reva that Tre is highly intelligent but has a volatile temper and lacks respect. Worried about Tre's future, Reva sends him to live in the Crenshaw neighborhood of Hyde Park which is located in South Central Los Angeles with his father, Jason "Furious" Styles, from whom she hopes Tre will learn valuable life lessons and to be able to mature, but assures him he will be permitted to return to her one day.

text: In Hyde Park, Tre reunites with his friends, Darrin "Doughboy" Baker, Doughboy's maternal half-brother Ricky, and Chris, their mutual friend. After chatting for a bit, Furious immediately has Tre rake the leaves off the front lawn. That night, Furious tells Tre that he has him work to teach him how to be responsible. That night, Tre hears his father shooting at a burglar who tries to rob the house. Two policemen arrive an hour later, and while the white officer is civil and courteous, the black one is disrespectful towards Furious. The next day, Tre and his friends go out with Chris to the railroad tracks behind Hyde Park Blvd. where he shows them a dead body. While there, a group of older boys in a Rollin 60's Neighborhood Crips gang steal Ricky's football and Doughboy tries to retrieve it, but is defeated. While the older boys walk away, one of them gives Ricky his ball back. Later in the day, Furious spends father/son bonding time with Tre, taking him fishing by the seaside and tells the boy more about his life prior to having him, including his military experience in the Vietnam War, in hopes of making his son proud of him. He concludes his story by advising Tre to never join the army, stating that a black man has no place in the army. When returning home, they see Doughboy and Chris being arrested in Hyde Park for shoplifting (Doughboy had said earlier on that they were going to the store, but had no money), while Ricky and Tre look on.

text: At a barbecue, Doughboy is now a Crip gang member and is celebrating his recent release from jail, along with most of his friends, including Chris, who is now paralysed and uses a wheelchair as a result of a gun wound, and new friends Dooky and Monster, also Crip members. Ricky, now a star running back for Crenshaw High School, lives with his single mother Brenda, girlfriend Shanice, and their infant son. Tre has grown into a mature and responsible teenager, works at a clothes shop at the Fox Hills Mall, and aspires to attend college with his girlfriend, Brandi, but their relationship is somehow deteriorating over Tre's desire to have sex, while Brandi, a devout Catholic, wishes to wait until after marriage.

text: Ricky hopes to win a scholarship from USC. After a visit from a recruiter, a mildly embarrassing experience for Ricky due to his unkempt home and his brother's rudeness, he is informed that he must score a 700 or higher on the SATs test in order to qualify. Ricky and Tre take the test on the same day. Afterwards, they go to see Furious at his office to unwind. Furious takes Tre and Ricky to Compton, California to talk about the dangers of decreasing property values in the black community. That night, during a local street racing gathering, Ricky is provoked by Ferris, a member of the Crenshaw Mafia Gangsters. In response, Doughboy brandishes his handgun, leading to a brief argument between the two gangs. When the two gangs are finished arguing, Ferris fires his own gun in the air causing everyone to leave. While Tre talks about leaving Los Angeles, he and Ricky are pulled over by the police. The cop is exactly the same one who was disrespectful towards his father seven years earlier; he intimidates and threatens Tre with his gun, knowing he can't do anything. Distraught, Tre goes to Brandi's house, where he finally breaks down. After she consoles him, they have sex for the first time.

text: The following day, Ricky has a fight with Doughboy. While Ricky and Tre walk to a nearby store, they see Ferris and his gang driving around the neighborhood and in an attempt to avoid them, the pair cut through back alleyways and split up. As Tre turns back to Ricky, Ferris' car pulls up. Ricky turns to run but one of Ferris' men shoots Ricky in the leg with a shotgun. A second shot hits Ricky in the back through the chest, killing him. Doughboy and his gang, who had sensed that Tre and Ricky were in trouble, catch up with them, but are too late. Devastated and helpless, the boys carry Ricky's lifeless body back home. When Brenda and Shanice see Ricky's corpse, they break down in tears and blame Doughboy, who unsuccessfully tries to comfort them and explain the truth. That night, a distraught Brenda reads Ricky's SAT results, discovering he scored a 710, enough to qualify for the scholarship he wanted.

text: The remaining boys vow vengeance on Ferris and his crew. Furious finds Tre preparing to take his .357 Magnum, but convinces Tre to abandon his plans for revenge. However, Brandi and Furious catch Tre sneaking out of his bedroom window to join Doughboy. That night, as the gang drives across the city, Tre asks to be let out of the car and returns home, realizing that his father was right to keep him from falling into an endless cycle of violence. When Tre gets home, Furious is waiting for him. They both look at each other without saying a word, and Furious retreats into his bedroom. Meanwhile, Doughboy finds Ferris' gang at a local fast-food outlet, and Monster opens fire on them with an AK-47, killing one and wounding the other two. Doughboy gets out and kills the other wounded gang member and executes Ferris.

text: The next day, Doughboy visits Tre, now understanding Tre's reasons for leaving the gang. Doughboy knows that he will soon face retaliation for Ferris' death, and accepts the consequences of his crime-ridden lifestyle. He plaintively questions why America doesn't care about the life in the ghetto. He sorrowfully says that he has no family left now after Ricky's death and Brenda's disownment of him, but is embraced by Tre, who says to Doughboy that he has a brother in him.

text: The epilogue reveals that Doughboy saw Ricky buried the next day and was murdered himself two weeks later. Tre and Brandi resume their relationship, and go on to attend Morehouse and Spelman Colleges in Atlanta, respectively.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Tre Styles
Desi Arnez Hines II as Tre age 10
Ice Cube as Darrin "Doughboy" Baker
Baha Jackson as Doughboy age 10
Morris Chestnut as Ricky Baker
Donovan McCrary as Ricky age 10
Laurence Fishburne (credited as Larry Fishburne) as Jason "Furious" Styles Jr.
Nia Long as Brandi
Nicole Brown as Brandi age 10
Angela Bassett as Reva Styles
Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker
Redge Green as Chris
Kenneth A. Brown as Chris age 10
Dedrick D. Gobert as Dooky
Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster
Tracey Lewis-Sinclair as Shaniqua
Alysia Rogers as Shanice
Regina King as Shalika
Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog
Raymond Turner as Ferris
Lloyd Avery II as Ferris' Triggerman (Knucklehead #2)

text: Production[edit]

text: Singleton wrote the film based around his life growing up and events that either happened to him, or people he knew.[4] When applying for film school, one of the questions on the application form was to describe "three ideas for films". One of the ideas Singleton wrote was a movie to be titled Summer of 84, which would later evolve into Boyz n the Hood.[4]  Singleton was protective of his script, insisting that he be the one to direct the project, later explaining at a retrospective screening of the film, "I wasn’t going to have somebody from Idaho or Encino direct this movie."[5]

text: The role of Doughboy was specifically written for Ice Cube whom Singleton met while working as an intern at The Arsenio Hall Show.[4] Singleton claims that the other two leads, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Morris Chestnut, were cast simply because they were the first ones who showed up to the casting auditions.[4] Despite having a member of one of the best-selling rap groups, N.W.A, this, at least according to Singleton, was not a selling point to the studio who were not aware of them.[4] Rather, Singleton opined, the studio greenlit the film in the interest of making a film similar to the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing. The film was shot in sequence, with Singleton later noting that, as the film goes on, the camera work gets better as Singleton was finding his foothold as a director.[5]

text: Influences[edit]

text: Among the influences on the film was the 1986 Rob Reiner film Stand by Me which inspired both an early scene where four young boys take a trip to see a dead body, and the closing fade-out of main character Doughboy. [4]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 96% based on 69 reviews and an average score of 8.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted and thematically rich, Boyz N the Hood observes urban America with far more depth and compassion than many of the like-minded films its success inspired."[6] At Metacritic, the film received an average score of 73 out of 100 based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[7]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The film has been referenced many times in other works, including works by Lupe Fiasco, Game, and Ice Cube himself. In 1994, British jungle DJ duo Remarc and Lewi produced a song titled "Ricky". The song itself is built up of various sound bites from the movie, particularly the scene where Ricky is murdered. Ice Cube's song, "Check Yo Self", also references the film.

text: On the July 12, 2011 episode of her self-titled talk show, Mo'Nique celebrated the 20th anniversary of the release of Boyz n the Hood with director John Singleton, Cuba Gooding Jr., Yo-Yo, and Regina King.

text: In Vince Staple's hit song 'Norf Norf' (2016), Staples references the scene where Ricky gets shot in the back, letting the listener know how much of an impact the movie had on his upbringing.

text: In the 2015 American comedy film Get Hard, Kevin Hart's character is asked to talk about the reason for his fabricated incarceration years earlier. Fumbling for a story, he describes the final scene of Boyz n the Hood, passing it off as his own experience to Will Ferrell's character.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1992

text:
Nominee, Best Director, John Singleton
Nominee, Best Original Screenplay, John Singleton

text: BMI Film Music Award: 1992

text: Winner, Stanley Clarke

text: Image Award: 1993

text: Winner, Outstanding Motion Picture, Boyz n the Hood

text: MTV Movie Award: 1992

text:
Nominee, Best Movie, Boyz n the Hood
Winner, Best New Filmmaker, John Singleton

text: National Film Preservation Board, USA: 2002

text: National Film Registry, Boyz n the Hood

text: New York Film Critics Circle Award: 1991

text: Winner, Best New Director, John Singleton

text: Political Film Society, USA: 1992

text:
Winner, PFS Award, Peace
Nominee, PFS Award, Exposé
Nominee, PFS Award, Human Rights

text: Writers Guild of America, USA: 1992

text: Nominee, WGA Award (Screen), Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen, John Singleton

text: Young Artist Awards: 1992[8]

text: Winner, Young Artist Award, Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture

text: In 2007, Boyz n the Hood was selected as one of the 50 Films To See in your lifetime by Channel 4.

text: American Film Institute Lists

text: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Year

Album

Peak chart positions

Certifications

U.S.

U.S. R&B

1991

Boyz n the Hood
Released: July 9, 1991
Label: Qwest/Warner Bros. Records

12

1

US: Gold

tag: table


document_title: You Got Served

question_text: who is lil saint in you got served

question_tokens: who is lil saint in you got served

text: You Got Served

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: David and Elgin lead a promising dance crew in Los Angeles, California who participate in street dancing battles at a warehouse owned by a local club owner, Mr. Rad. The film opens up with their crew battling another crew led by Vick. Their crew defeats Vick's crew.

text: After the battle, David and Elgin go to another club to deliver drugs for a drug lord named Emerald in order to get money for the battles. Later on, David and Elgin are challenged by Wade, a rich kid from Orange County, for $5,000, they think it's easy money. After winning another battle, Wade and his best friend, Max meet Elgin at a park. Elgin tells them that his crew will battle their crew next Saturday night, but Wade and Max think that Elgin's crew are not good enough to battle them tonight. Furious, Elgin accepts their offer. He borrows money from his grandmother for the battle.

text: Due to the amount of money on the line, Mr. Rad announced that there will be no fighting during the battle and hires a bodyguard for insurance. Nonetheless a fight does breakout after David and Elgin realize that their opponent has their moves set, due their crew member Sonny betraying the team to join Wade's. The crowd applauds Wade's crew but David and Elgin are furious that they have lost for the first time. Wade, crowing over his success, delivers the titular line, "You're just mad... 'cause tonight you suckaz got served!" Wade's crew takes over Mr. Rad's club and David and Elgin's crew leave furiously.

text: Meanwhile, David and Liyah, Elgin's sister, are falling in love. David picks her up from work and they go to a restaurant. While playing basketball with Vick, who decides to join David and Elgin after his crew leaves him, Elgin gets a cell phone call from Emerald telling him that he wants them to come earlier to do their job. Elgin tries to call David immediately, but before David can take Elgin's call, Liyah turns off his phone, leaving Elgin to do the job himself. Elgin is beat down by some local thugs that take Emerald's money landing him in the hospital, in trouble with Emerald, and furious at David for not being there when he needed him.

text: The friends split up and form their own crews, but neither is as good as on their own as they are together. Elgin forbids Liyah to see David, ignoring the fact that she and David want to help him. Rico tells David and Elgin about the "Big Bounce," a $50,000 dance competition purportedly sponsored by MTV which will provide the winning crew the opportunity to perform in a Lil' Kim video. Elgin sees this as a way to pay back Emerald and his grandmother. Attempts to bring Elgin and David together, particularly by Liyah, are fruitless, as both nearly come to blows when encountering each other.

text: Elgin receives a visit from Emerald, who tells him he has a couple of weeks to pay him back. He warns Elgin not to cross him or he "will never walk, let alone dance again."

text: During the qualifying rounds of the Big Bounce, many crews perform and impress the judges with their skills including Wade's crew. During this time Liyah talks with Mr. Rad about David and Elgin's problems. He reveals that he knows the situation with Emerald and took care of it stating that Emerald had a 'change of heart'. When it is time for David's crew to dance, two slip-ups costs his crew a chance to make it to the finals. Elgin's crew, however, impresses the judges and gets to the finals.

text: While lamenting his loss in the semis, David and Liyah learn that Lil Saint, a young boy who has been accepted into the crew through Rico, was killed in a drive-by. The next day, Rico goes over to Elgin's house and tells him that they should reunite the crew in honor of Lil' Saint. David arrives minutes later, after Liyah asked him to come over in an attempt for him and Elgin to end their feud. David states, however, that in the competition rules they can only complete with the crews they started with. Regardless, both of them still don't forgive each other.

text: Later, Elgin's crew, going by the name "The Lil' Saints", show up to the finals of the "Big Bounce" competition. Wade Robson and Lil' Kim host the competition. The finals begin, but when they announce the winner, they discover there is a tie between "The Lil' Saints" and "Wade's Crew". Both crews refuse a tie. Lil' Kim gets advice from Mr. Rad, who declares a battle competition, "straight hood," with no rules, even allowing other people to join the battling crews. David also comes and asks to join Elgin's crew. With backup from their friends, Elgin forgives David and allows him to join.

text: They battle Wade's crew, dedicating the battle to Lil' Saint. "The Lil' Saints" win after they get the loud approval from the crowd. As they celebrate their victory, Elgin gives his blessings for David and Liyah to be together. Wade and Max, however, walk up to them, angry over their loss. David replies with, "Y'all just mad, 'cause today, you suckas got served." Their friends and the rest of the crowd begin to chant 'served' causing both Wade and Max to leave in shame. David and Elgin continue to celebrate with their friends and family.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Marques Houston - Elgin Eugene Barrett Smith III, leader of the Lil Saints
Omari "Omarion" Grandberry - David, co-leader of the Lil Saints and Elgin's best friend who falls for Liyah
Jarell "J-Boog" Houston - Rico
De'Mario "Raz-B" Thornton - Vick, leader of a rival crew then later on joins Elgin & David's crew
Dreux "Lil' Fizz" Frederic - Rashann
Jennifer Freeman - Liyah Smith, Elgin's sister who has a crush on David and starts dating him
Meagan Good - Beautifull
Steve Harvey - Mr. Rad, Elgin and David longtime friend who owns & runs the warehouse club that they perform in
Christopher Jones - Wade, a spoiled rich kid
Jerome "Young Rome" Jones - Sonny, betrays David and Elgin's crew after a dispute about splitting the money they make
Robert Hoffman - Max, Wade's best friend and lackey
Malcolm David Kelley - TeShawn 'Lil' Saint' Miller, a young boy who joins David's crew but is later killed
Jackée Harry - Mama Smith
Babbal Kumar - dark dancer
Wade Robson - Himself
Lil' Kim - Herself
Alani Vasquez - Herself
Michael Taliferro - Emerald, a crime boss whom Elgin and David work for
Kevin Federline - Dancer
Clifford McGhee - Dancer
Dyneisha Rollins - Dancer
Columbus Short - Dancer
Harry Shum Jr. - Dancer
Mike Bodden - Dancer
Aaron Davis - Dancer

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: You Got Served Soundtrack features mainly music by B2K, but also Marques Houston, and many others. There were some profanities in the soundtrack such as "Streets Is Callin'" but did not receive a PA label. The soundtrack was released on December 23, 2003. Also, there was a release of a music video for B2K's single "Badaboom" featuring Fabolous and Marques Houston was the guest appearance.

text: Reception[edit]

text: You Got Served opened at the #1 spot in the United States and grossed $40.3 million; the total worldwide gross was $48.6 million.[1] It has a 17% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[2]

text: Parodies[edit]

text:
You Got Served was parodied in the eighth-season episode of the animated series South Park entitled "You Got F'd in the A".
The film Meet the Spartans parodies this movie in a scene where the Spartans face off the Immortals.
2009's Dance Flick also parodies this film.
The 2004 video game The Bard's Tale had a parody scene with a dance off between zombies and skeletons.
The show Robot Chicken parodies this film using characters from the anime Voltron. A second skit named "Young Black People on a Rhythm Team" also parodies the film, as well as the dance film genre in general.
In the online game Guild Wars Nightfall, if the dance command is entered at the correct place before the final battle the boss will dance and instantly kill you. The words "You Got Served" appear afterwards.


document_title: Triple Entente

question_text: germany joined the triple alliance to protect itself against whom

text: Triple Entente

text: Background[edit]

text: Russia had previously been a member of the League of the Three Emperors, an alliance in 1873 with Austria-Hungary and Germany. The alliance was part of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck′s plan to isolate France diplomatically; he feared that France's revanchist aspirations might make it to regain its losses in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War.[2] The alliance also served to fight against progressive sentiments, which the conservative rulers found unsettling, such as the First International.[3]

text: However, the League faced great difficulty with the growing tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary, mainly over the Balkans, where the rise of nationalism and the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire made many former Ottoman provinces struggle for independence.[4]

text: The situation in the Balkans, especially in the wake of the Serbo-Bulgarian War and the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, which made Russia feel cheated of its gains made in the Russo-Turkish War, prevented the League from being renewed in 1887.[5]

text: In an attempt to stop Russia from allying with France, Bismarck signed the secret Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887. The treaty assured that both parties would remain neutral if war broke out.[6]

text: The alliance between Russia and France and Bismarck′s exclusion of Russia from the German financial market in 1887 prevented the treaty from being renewed in 1890. That ended the alliance between Germany and Russia.[7]

text: Franco-Russian Alliance[edit]

text: After the Reinsurance Treaty was not renewed in 1890,[8] Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894.[7] Irish historian Ciaran Geraghty, a revisionist, claims that the lapse of the Reinsurance Treaty is the leading long-term cause for the First World War.

text: Entente cordiale[edit]

text: In 1904, Britain and France signed a series of agreements, the Entente cordiale, mostly in solving colonial disputes.

text: That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism, as expressed in the expansion of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy.

text: The Entente, unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco-Russian Alliance, was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was free to make its own foreign policy decisions in 1914. As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted, "The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance. For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all. For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind, a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries, but which may be, or become, so vague as to lose all content".[9]

text: Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907[edit]

text: In 1907, Britain and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to end their rivalry in Central Asia, nicknamed The Great Game.

text: Britain[edit]

text: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Britain continued its policy of "splendid isolation", with its primary focus on defending its massive overseas empire. However, by the early 1900s, the German threat had increased dramatically, and in Britain thought it was in need of allies. For most of the 19th century, Britain had regarded France and Russia as its two most dangerous rivals, but with the growing threat of Germany, policy began to change for several reasons:

text:
France and Britain had signed five separate agreements regarding spheres of influence in North Africa in 1904, the Entente cordiale. The Tangier Crisis later encouraged co-operation between the two countries from their mutual fear of apparent German expansionism.
Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, which resulted in less concern over Russian imperialism and encouraged Russia to secure its position elsewhere. France was already allied to Russia in the Dual Alliance.
Britain was frightened about the rising threat of German imperialism. Kaiser Wilhelm II had announced to the world his intentions to create a global German empire and to develop a strong navy.  Britain, traditionally having control of the seas, saw that a serious threat to its own empire and navy.
In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Entente was agreed, which attempted to resolve a series of long-running disputes over Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet and helped to address British fears about the Baghdad Railway, which would help German expansion in the Near East.

tag: ol

text: France[edit]

text: During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Prussia defeated the Second French Empire, resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic. In the Treaty of Frankfurt, Prussia forced France to cede Alsace-Lorraine to the new German Empire. Ever since, relations had been poor.

text: France, worried about the escalating military development of Germany, began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression. Also, France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance. France′s main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace-Lorraine.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the six European powers, but it was also the most backward economically. Russia shared France′s worries about Germany. After the Germans started to reorganise the Ottoman army, Russia feared that they would come to control the Dardanelles, a vital trade artery that carried two fifths of Russia's exports.[10]

text: There was also Russia's long history of rivalry with Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary had recently annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, greatly angering Russia, which had considered itself the leader of the Slavic world (Pan-Slavism). Russia viewed the invasion as another step towards annexing Serbia and Montenegro.

text: Russia had also recently lost the humiliating Russo-Japanese War, a cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the apparent transformation into a constitutional monarchy. To counter its enemies militarily and politically, Russia sought to revive the Franco-Russian Alliance.

text: Although it was perceived as useless during the war with Japan, the alliance was valuable in the European theatre. Russia also signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 with Britain to counteract the threat of the Triple Alliance.

text: The alignment of the autocratic Russian Empire with Europe's two largest democracies was controversial on both sides. Many Russian conservatives mistrusted the secular France and recalled British past diplomatic maneuvers to block Russian influence in the Near East. In turn, prominent French and British journalists, academics and parliamentarians found the reactionary tsarist regime distasteful. Mistrust persisted even during wartime, with British and French politicians expressing relief when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917. An offer of political asylum for the Romanovs was even withdrawn by the British king for fear popular reaction.[11] Also, France never brought up the subject of asylum with the deposed tsar.


document_title: Participants in World War I

question_text: who were the first two countries involved in world war 1

text: Participants in World War I

text: Allies[edit]

text: The "Entente Powers" are also known as the Allies of World War I or the Allies

text:
Arab Rebels
 Andorra
 Belgium
 Brazil
 China
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
 Czechoslovak
 Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
 France
 Greece
 Guatemala
 Haiti
 Honduras
 Italy (Italian Empire)
 Japan
 Liberia
 Montenegro
 Nepal
  New Hebrides
 Nicaragua
 Panama
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 Russian Republic
 Russian SFSR
 Serbia
 Thailand
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 India
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Malta
 South Africa
 Rhodesia
 Sri Lanka
 British crown colonies
 United States
 Alaska
 Guam
 Hawaii
 Northern Mariana Islands
 Philippine Islands
 Puerto Rico
 United States Virgin Islands
 Other
Non Independent ethnic groups: Armenians, Assyrians, Poles, Pontic Greeks

text: The Central Powers[edit]

text:
Austria-Hungary
 Bulgaria
 Dervish State
 German Empire
 German colonial empire
 Jabal Shammar
 Ottoman Empire
*  Senussi
 Sultanate of Darfur
 Belarusian People's Republic
 Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
 Kingdom of Poland (1917-1918)
 United Baltic Duchy
 Ukrainian State

text: Neutral countries[edit]

text:
Afghanistan – received a German diplomatic mission trying to convince it to act against the British in India
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Bhutan
 Chile
 Colombia
 Denmark
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Ethiopia – Supported Central Powers and was on the verge of entering the war before Iyasu V's dethronement
 Iran – Civil dispute and Allied Campaign against Ottomans
 Liechtenstein – Had a customs and monetary union with Austria-Hungary
 Luxembourg – Never declared war on the Central Powers despite being invaded and occupied by Germany
 Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia
/ Mexico – Declined an alliance with Germany (see Zimmermann Telegram)
 Monaco
 The Netherlands (Dutch Empire) Traded with both sides.
 Norway – Gave naval assistance to the United Kingdom.
 Paraguay
 Peru
 San Marino - 20 volunteers joined on the Italian (Allied) side. Cut diplomatic ties with Austria–Hungary, but it never entered the war
 Spain (Spanish Territories in Africa)
Spitsbergen – Danish-Norwegian co-dominium
 Sweden – Non-belligerent
  Switzerland – Switzerland did declare a "state of siege"
 Uruguay
 Venezuela

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text:
The following table shows the timeline of the several declarations of war among the belligerent powers.
Entries on a yellow background show severed diplomatic relations only, not actual declarations of war.

text:
Date

Declarer

On

1914

July 28

 Austria-Hungary

 Serbia

August 1

 Germany

 Russia

August 3

 Germany

 France

August 4

 Germany

 Belgium

 United Kingdom

 Germany

August 5

 Montenegro

 Austria-Hungary

August 6

 Austria-Hungary

 Russia

 Serbia

 Germany

August 9

 Montenegro

 Germany

August 11

 France

 Austria-Hungary

August 12

 United Kingdom

 Austria-Hungary

August 22

 Austria-Hungary

 Belgium

August 23

 Japan

 Germany

August 25

 Japan

 Austria-Hungary

November 1

 Russia

 Ottoman Empire

November 2

 Serbia

 Ottoman Empire

November 3

 Montenegro

 Ottoman Empire

November 5

 United Kingdom France

 Ottoman Empire

1915

May 23

 Italy

 Austria-Hungary

August 21

 Italy

 Ottoman Empire

October 14

 Bulgaria

 Serbia

October 15

 United Kingdom Montenegro

 Bulgaria

October 16

 France

 Bulgaria

October 19

 Italy Russia

 Bulgaria

1916

March 9

 Germany

 Portugal

March 15

 Austria-Hungary

 Portugal

August 27

 Romania

 Austria-Hungary

 Italy

 Germany

August 28

 Germany

 Romania

August 30

 Ottoman Empire

 Romania

November 1

 Bulgaria

 Romania

1917

April 6

 United States

 Germany

April 7

 Cuba Panama

 Germany

April 10

 Bulgaria

 United States

April 13

 Bolivia

 Germany

April 20

 Ottoman Empire

 United States

July 2

 Greece

 Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

July 22

 Siam

 Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

August 4

 Liberia

 Germany

August 14

 China

 Germany Austria-Hungary

October 6

 Peru

 Germany

October 7

 Uruguay

 Germany

October 26

 Brazil

 Germany

December 7

 United States

 Austria-Hungary

December 7

 Ecuador

 Germany

December 10

 Panama

 Austria-Hungary

December 16

 Cuba

 Austria-Hungary

1918

April 23

 Guatemala

 Germany

May 8

 Nicaragua

 Germany Austria-Hungary

May 23

 Costa Rica

 Germany

July 12

 Haiti

 Germany

July 19

 Honduras

 Germany

November 10

 Romania

 Germany