document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: who does jeremy irons play in justice league

text: Justice League (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Thousands of years ago, Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons attempt to conquer Earth through the combined energies of three Mother Boxes. They are foiled by a unified army that included the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, mankind, and the Green Lantern Corps. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes are separated and hidden in locations around the planet. In the present, the world is in mourning over Superman, whose death triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf's return to Earth in an effort to regain favor with his master, Darkseid. Steppenwolf aims to gather the artifacts to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld.

text: Steppenwolf manages to retrieve the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf's return by lighting the invasion fire. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause, with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone. Wayne fails to persuade Curry, but manages to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team. Although Diana fails to convince Stone to join, he agrees to help them locate the threat if he discovers their location. Stone later joins the team after his father Silas, along with several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees, are kidnapped by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from mankind.

text: Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf's army, based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box, which he had hidden, for the group to analyze. Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life. Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's army, but also to restore hope to mankind. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as a nemesis.

text: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the incubation waters of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box, which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman. However, Superman's memories have not returned, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville, where he reflects and tries to recover his memories. With the final Mother Box unguarded, Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease. Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother boxes once again and remake Earth. The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes. Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The team defeats Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away.

text: In the aftermath of the battle, Bruce and Diana agree to setup a base of operations for the team, with room for more members. Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Victor continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Arthur returns to Atlantis; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor escapes from Arkham Asylum and recruits Slade Wilson to form their own league.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
A wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises. He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons.
Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman:
A member of, and inspiration for, the Justice League, a Kryptonian survivor, and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis.
Amy Adams as Lois Lane:
An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent.[8]
Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer, acquaintance of Wayne, and an immortal Amazonian warrior, who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.
Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / Flash:
A Central City University student, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.
Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis.[9] His metahuman aquatic abilities and physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.
Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, is turned into a techno-organic being enhanced by reactive, adaptive biomimetic alien technology. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body.[10]
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[11]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother.[8]
Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta: Diana's mother and Queen of the Amazons.[8]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, and close ally of Batman.[8]
Ciarán Hinds as the voice of Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid.[12] Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[13]

text: The Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively.[14][15] All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with David Thewlis's face, and Thewlis received credit as Ares.[14] Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence.[16] Julian Lewis Jones appears as King Atlan, the ancient king of Atlantis, while Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean Mera.[17][8] Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone, Victor Stone's father and a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs, while Billy Crudup appears as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father.[16] Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively.[18] Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, respectively, although their roles were cut from the final film. Both actors are signed for multiple films and will appear in future installments of the franchise, Aquaman and Flashpoint, respectively.[19][20] Michael McElhatton appears as a bank robber who clashes with Wonder Woman early in the film,[21] while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar.[22] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a cameo as a police officer.[23] An unidentified Green Lantern appears at the beginning of the film, created by use of CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor.[24] Early in production, a deleted scene, which was filmed as another post-credits easter egg, depicts Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Bruce Wayne / Batman, further teasing Green Lantern Corps; but the scene was scrapped.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[26] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film was cancelled,[27] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[28] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[29] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[30] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[31] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with its box office. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[32] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[33] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[34] Shortly after filming The Dark Knight,[35] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[33] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[36] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[31] with Barrie Osbourne producing[37] on a projected $220 million budget.[38]

text: The following month, roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles, among them Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller had intended to cast younger actors, as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[35] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[34] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[39] Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations.[40] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[41] Ultimately, Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[42] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[43] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[44] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[45] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[46] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[47] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Aquaman had yet to be cast.[35][38] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[48] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[49]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[50] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[51] but production was pushed back three months.[34] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[38] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[37] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[29] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[38][52] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[53] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release.[54][55]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[56] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment, stated, "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[57] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[58] Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development, while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[59] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[60] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[61] and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[62] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character, unconnected to the 2011 film.[63]

text: With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[64] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team-up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman, Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Ezra Miller as The Flash, Jason Momoa as Aquaman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[65] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's Justice League script.[66] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[67] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder was set to direct both films.[68] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[69] Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[70] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film, with the second part set for release two years after the first, Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[71][72]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg. He first cameod in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, followed by a larger role in Justice League.[73][74] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams also reprised their roles from Batman v Superman.[68][75] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[76][77] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be released first, and that is what they were preparing for. He thought the solo Aquaman film may be Aquaman's origin story.[78] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[79] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[80] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons had been cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[81] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[82] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[83][84] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe had been cast in an undisclosed role,[85] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko,[86] while Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[87] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he would appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[11] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, confirmed his return in an interview with Shortlist magazine.[88][89] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role, later revealed to be Atlan, the king of Atlantis.[17] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in the film due to scheduling conflicts.[90] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he had a role in Justice League, which was later revealed to be a bank robber who faces off against Wonder Woman.[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords[91] of Iceland.[85][92][93] The old herring factory in Djúpavík was one Iceland filming location (Ben Affleck appeared to be standing near the herring oil tanks in the "Heroes" trailer). Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[93] Affleck also served as executive producer.[94] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[95] The same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple, compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[96] Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016 that the title of the film is Justice League,[97] and later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to previous DCEU films.[98] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[99][100][101]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[102] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[103] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for Mission: Impossible 6, for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team used special effects to digitally remove the moustache in post-production.[104] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio.[105]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business".[106] Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film.[107] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[108] Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series. Elfman confirmed that he would use the Batman theme music from the 1989 film for Batman in the film, and would also briefly use John Williams' Superman theme during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film.[109][110] The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Everybody Knows" performed by Sigrid, "Icky Thump" performed by the White Stripes, and a cover of the Beatles' "Come Together" performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL.[111]

text: Release[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)

text: Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017,[112] and was theatrically released in North America in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017. The film is scheduled to be released on Digital HD on February 13, 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[113]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of January 17, 2018[update], Justice League has grossed $227.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $427.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $655.2 million, against a production budget of $300 million.[3] It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million, the 24th biggest of all-time.[114][115] The estimated gross worldwide for the film to break even is around $750 million.[116]

text: In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens).[117] It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June.[118] However, after making $38.8 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million. It ended up debuting to $93.8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million, and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million. Deadline.com attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception, and partly Warner-owned[not in citation given] film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers.[119] In its second weekend, the film dropped 56% to $41.1 million, finishing second at the box office, behind newcomer Coco.[120] It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU, behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross.[121] In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16.7 million.[122]

text: Internationally, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million.[123] It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France and Brazil.[118] It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57.1 million from China, $9.8 million from the United Kingdom, $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea. The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12M (PHP 57.3M), making it the biggest industry opening day for a film there in 2017.[124] In Brazil, the film opened to $14.2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history.[114]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Justice League received mixed reviews, with critics praising the action sequences and solid performances (primarily Gadot and Miller) while criticizing the writing, pacing, and CGI, as well as the plot as thin, and the villain as underdeveloped.[125] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40%, based on 298 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."[126] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[127] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale,[119] whereas PostTrak surveyed audiences scored the film 4 out of 5.[128]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy."[129] Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Justice League... has been conceived, in each and every frame, to correct the sins of Batman v Superman. It's not just a sequel—it's an act of franchise penance. The movie... is never messy or bombastic. It's light and clean and simple (at times almost too simple), with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long."[130]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience. Without it, the film would crumble."[131] Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here."[132]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film's poster was nominated for "Best Action Poster" by the Golden Trailer Awards in June 2017.[133] In December 2017, Ezra Miller was nominated for "Best Comedic Performance" for his role as Barry Allen by the San Diego Film Critics Society.[134]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[68] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[135] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[136] In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel script, alongside The Batman.[137] Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill stated that he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film.[138]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that there were 'no immediate plans' for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel, or any other DC films, with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position. This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's lackluster performance.[139]


document_title: Corinthos family

question_text: who plays sonny's son on general hospital

question_tokens: who plays sonny 's son on general hospital

root

text: Corinthos family

text: Family members[edit]

text: First generation[edit]

text:
Michael "Mike" Corbin (Ron Hale)
Born Michael Corinthos, Mike was the patriarch of the Corinthos family, until his portrayer, Ron Hale, made the decision to retire in 2010. Mike struggled with a gambling addiction and forming relationships with his children, whom he reconnected with later in life. Mike fathered two children, Sonny with his ex-wife Adela and Courtney through an extramarital affair with Janine Matthews. The character was written off the series in 2010 when Mike went to a Gambling Rehab Center.[1]

Adela Corinthos (Iris Almario)
Adela escaped from Cuba with her family. She settled in Bensonhurst, New York and soon married Michael Corinthos despite her family's disapproval. Less than a year after marrying Mike, Adela gave birth to their son, Sonny. Mike and Adela divorced and she became involved with Trevor Lansing, later giving birth to their son, Ric. Trevor made Adela choose between Sonny and Ric and Adela was not able to part with Sonny, so Trevor left with Ric. Adela then married Deke Woods, who began physically abusing her. Deke's beatings contributed to an early in life death for Adela.[2]

tag: ul

text: Second generation[edit]

text:
Michael "Sonny" Corinthos Jr. (Maurice Benard)
Mike and Adela's only son, Sonny was raised as an only child by Adela and step-father Deke, who was abusive to Adela and Sonny. Sonny became involved in organized crime, and is now the boss of his own mob organization. The character has struggled with his family and extended family for a long time, and also struggles with his bipolar disorder. Sonny is the father of Dante Falconeri, Kristina Davis, Morgan Corinthos, Lila McCall, and Avery Corinthos. He's also the adoptive father of Michael Corinthos.
Ric Lansing (Rick Hearst)
Adela's son with Trevor Lansing. Adela abandoned him shortly after his birth when Trevor forced her to choose between Ric and Sonny. Ric grew up resenting Sonny for his mother's abandonment and spent much of his adult life trying to destroy him. In 2014, Ric returned to Port Charles a changed man and buried the hatchet with Sonny. Ric has one daughter, Molly Lansing.
Courtney Matthews (Alicia Leigh Willis)
Mike's only daughter with Janine Matthews. Courtney had a strained relationship with her mother, due to Janine lying about her father's death. Her kindness toward Mike strained her relationship with her brother, Sonny, who blamed Mike for abandoning him. She was the founder of the Courtney Matthews Foundation for under-privileged kids. Courtney has one son, Spencer Cassadine. She died during the encephalitis outbreak at General Hospital after giving birth to her son.

text: Third generation[edit]

text:
Dante Angelo Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna)
Sonny's son with Olivia Falconeri. He was raised by Olivia in Bensonhurst, unaware that Sonny was his father. Dante came to town as an undercover cop to take down the Corinthos organization. His paternity was revealed when he was shot by his own father. He had a tumultuous relationship with his father that eventually became better over time. Dante works as a detective at the Port Charles Police Department and married girlfriend Lulu Spencer in 2011. They have one child, a son named Rocco.[3]
Michael Corinthos III (Chad Duell)
Sonny's adopted son with Carly Benson. He is the biological son of Carly and A.J. Quartermaine, and was adopted after Carly and Sonny married. A.J. fought with Carly and Sonny to be a part of Michael's life; the two eventually built a relationship when Michael was an adult, but Michael is closer to Sonny than any of his biological children. Michael has been kidnapped, shot and left in a coma, and was sent to prison because of the exposure to Sonny's business.[4]
Kristina Adela Corinthos-Davis (Lexi Ainsworth)
Sonny's daughter with Alexis Davis. Kristina was raised primarily by her mother, as Alexis didn't want Sonny's mob business to hurt Kristina. Due to this, Kristina felt abandoned by her dad, and became rebellious as a teenager. After Kristina was in an abusive relationship, Alexis let Kristina build a relationship with Sonny. Kristina admitted to her parents that she might be gay, which her parents eventually accepted.[5]
Morgan Stone Corinthos (Bryan Craig)
Sonny's son with Carly Benson. Morgan was primarily raised by Carly and Jasper Jacks — as Carly felt after her other son, Michael, suffered the consequences of Sonny's business — and Morgan had minimum contact with Sonny growing up. Believing his parents favored Michael, Morgan had a tumultuous relationship with them. He suffered from bipolar disorder, just like his father. He was tragically killed in a car bombing targeting Julian Jerome, Sonny's rival.[6]
Lila McCall
Sonny's daughter with Sam McCall. The baby was stillborn after Sam collapsed while arguing with Alexis Davis. Her stem cells were donated to save Kristina Davis. Sam wanted to name the baby Lila, but she was buried as "Baby Girl McCall".
Avery Jerome Corinthos
Sonny's daughter with Ava Jerome. During Ava's pregnancy, it was uncertain if Sonny or his son Morgan was the father. Right after birth, she was kidnapped by Nina Clay and Franco, but later rescued. After her father was pardoned from prison, her older brother, Michael, sued for custody of Avery as a way to hurt Sonny. Michael later returned Avery back, but Sonny and Ava have both constantly battled for custody of Avery.
Molly Lansing-Davis (Haley Pullos)
Ric's daughter with Alexis Davis. The Corinthos child raised with the least amount of drama. Her parents briefly fought over custody during their divorce before her dad abruptly left town. Molly is a smart, well-adjusted young woman. She had very little contact with her father after he left town but they have reconnected and grown close since his return.
Spencer Stefan Nikolosovich Cassadine (Nicolas Bechtel)
Courtney's son with Nikolas Cassadine. He was originally thought to be the son of Jasper Jacks. Courtney dies shortly after giving birth to Spencer. Jax raised him as his own son, until Robin Scorpio learns the truth of Spencer's real paternity, and he was returned to Nikolas. After Nikolas' presumed death, Spencer went away to a boarding school in France.

text: Fourth generation[edit]

text:
Rocco Falconeri
Dante's son with Lulu Spencer. The child is carried by Dr. Britt Westbourne. Britt implants herself with Dante and Lulu's embryos, and passes the baby off as her son with Patrick Drake. The truth comes out, and Rocco is returned to Dante and Lulu.

text: In-Laws[edit]

text:
Lily Rivera (Lilly Melgar) - Sonny's wife (1995–96)[7]
Carly Benson (Laura Wright) - Matriarch, Sonny's wife (2000–01, 2002–05, 2007, 2015—)[8]
Claudia Zacchara (Sarah Joy Brown) - Sonny's wife (2008–09)[9]
Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil) - Sonny's wife (2011)[10]
A. J. Quartermaine (Sean Kanan) - Courtney's husband (2002–03, 2004–06)[11]
Jason Morgan (Steve Burton) - Courtney's husband (2003–04)[12]
Jasper Jacks (Ingo Rademacher) - Courtney's husband (2005–06)[13]
Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst) - Ric's wife (2003, 2003–04)[14]
Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn) - Ric's wife (2004–06)[15]
Nina Clay (Michelle Stafford) - Ric's wife (2015)
Lulu Spencer (Emme Rylan) - Dante's wife (2011–16, 2016—)[16]
Trey Mitchell (Erik Valdez) - Kristina's husband (2012)[17]
Lauren "Kiki" Jerome (Kristen Alderson) - Morgan's wife (2013)[18]

text: Corinthos Coffee[edit]

text: Corinthos Coffee is a legitimate coffee import business owned by Sonny Corinthos. The business also doubles as a front for Sonny's dirty dealings, as some of his coffee shipments also carry illegal contraband. From 2006 to 2008, Corinthos Coffee operated out of a local coffee shop in town where many Port Charles residents went to get coffee. The coffee shop was burned down by rival mobster Andrei Karpov in 2008. Corinthos Coffee is now headquartered at the Metro Court Hotel. In addition to the coffee business, Sonny also owns an Italian restaurant named, Pozzulo's. From 2009 to 2013, Pozzulo's served as a front for his mob operation, until Sonny moved his illegal business dealings to his new Corinthos Coffee location at the Metro Court. Sonny turned over management of Pozzulo's to his son Michael, who made plans to turn the restaurant into a legitimate and thriving eatery.

tag: p

text:
Sonny Corinthos (Owner 60%)
Jason Morgan (Partner 40%)
Max Giambetti
Milo Giambetti (Former)

text: Shawn Butler (Former)

text: Greystone Manor[edit]

text: Greystone is described as a large walled and gated farm estate located in the Forest Heights section of Port Charles.[19][20] It has lots of grassy land area and multiple gardens and it is very secure and secluded.[19] It also has a pool, a tree house, a view of the city harbor and a backyard the size of a park.[21][19][22][23] The original selling price was $5 million but it was said that Sonny paid much more to beat out potential buyers, including his brother Ric Lansing.[21] Its address is 120 Shoreline Road.[24]

text: During the Christmas holiday in 2004, Sonny considers leaving his penthouse and buying a home for his three young children, Michael, Morgan and Kristina feeling as if they need more space. His attorney finds Greystone in the newspaper but Sonny is hesitant feeling as if it isn't secure enough.[25] Meanwhile, Michael sees the picture and writes a letter to Santa Clause about getting a new house with a big yard.[26] The house also fits the description of Sonny and his soon to ex-wife Carly's dream home for their family. Sonny gives up on the idea until he learns that Ric is interested in the house.[19] Sonny surprises Michael and Kristina with the house on January 24, 2005.[21]

text: Current Residents

text:
Sonny Corinthos
Carly Benson Corinthos
Avery Jerome Corinthos
Josslyn Jacks

text: Former Residents

text:
TJ Ashford
Brenda Barrett
Michael Corinthos
Kristina Corinthos-Davis
Molly Lansing-Davis
Ava Jerome
Kiki Jerome
Leticia Juarez
Duke Lavery
Reese Marshall
Jason Morgan
Sam McCall Morgan
Emily Quartermaine
Olivia Falconeri Quartermaine
Alec Scott
Claudia Zacchara

text: Family Tree[edit]

text: Legend

text:
Lines
Boxes

Dashed = Romance/Marriage
Solid = Children

Character is currently on the Show

Character not on the Show

Character is deceased or presumed dead

tag: table

text:
Janine Matthews

Mike Corbin

Adela Corinthos

Trevor Lansing

Nikolas Cassadine

Courtney Matthews

Olivia Falconeri

Sonny Corinthos

Carly Benson

Alexis Davis

Ric Lansing

Sam McCall

Ava Jerome

Spencer Cassadine

Lulu Spencer

Dante Falconeri

Michael Corinthos (adopted)

Kristina Davis

Morgan Corinthos

Molly Lansing

Lila McCall

Avery Corinthos

Rocco Falconeri

text: Descendants[edit]

text:
Mike Corbin (born Michael Corinthos) (1940–); married Adela (1964–69, div)

Sonny Corinthos (1969–); Mike & Adela's son; married Lily Rivera (1996, wid), Carly Benson (born 1973); (2000–01, 2002–05, 2007, 2015–), Claudia Zacchara (2008–09, wid), Brenda Barrett (2011, div)

Dante Falconeri (1985–); Sonny's son with Olivia Falconeri; married Lulu Spencer (2011–16, 2016–)

Rocco Falconeri (2013–); Dante and Lulu's son

Michael Corinthos (1992–); Sonny's adopted son with Carly
Kristina Davis (1993–); Sonny's daughter with Alexis Davis; married Trey Mitchell (2012, ann)
Morgan Corinthos (1994–2016); Sonny and Carly's son; married Kiki Jerome (2013, ann)
Lila McCall (2004); Sonny's daughter with Sam McCall
Avery Corinthos (2014–); Sonny's daughter with Ava Jerome

Courtney Matthews (1982–2006); Mike's daughter with Janine Matthews; married A. J. Quartermaine (2002–05, div), Jason Morgan (2003–04, inv), Jasper Jacks (2005–06, div)

Spencer Cassadine (2005–); Courtney's son with Nikolas Cassadine

text:
Adela Corinthos (deceased); married Mike Corbin (1964–69, div), Deke Woods (widowed)

Ric Lansing (1972–); Adela's son with Trevor Lansing; married Elizabeth Webber (2003–04, div), Alexis Davis (2004–06, div), Nina Clay (2015, ann)

Molly Lansing (1997–); Ric and Alexis' daughter


document_title: The Adventures of Champion (TV series)

question_text: who sang the theme tune to champion the wonder horse

text: The Adventures of Champion (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The series starred Barry Curtis as 12-year-old Ricky North, who lived on his uncle's ranch in the American Southwest. Ricky's uncle, Sandy North, was played by Jim Bannon. Ricky's companions were a wild Mustang stallion, Champion, and a German Shepherd, Rebel, played by Blaze.[1] (Ken Beck and Jim Clark, in their book, The Encyclopedia of TV Pets: A Complete History of Television's Greatest Animal Stars, quote animal trainer Bob Blair as identifying the dog as J.R., the canine that had the title role in The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin TV program. "Rebel was played by J.R. and was owned by Frank Barnes. He was the best-trained dog in the business," Blair said.)[2]

text: Related shows[edit]

text: The television program used characters similar to those in the 1949-50 radio serial, The Adventures of Champion. The radio serial told of young Ricky West (rather than Ricky North), who was raised on a ranch by his adoptive Uncle Sandy. Ricky was often accompanied by his German Shepherd, Rebel.

text: Beginning in 1950, The Gene Autry Show, a western/cowboy television series, aired for 91 episodes on CBS.[3] The Adventures of Champion was a prime time spinoff for the 1955-1956 season.

text: TV Champ[edit]

text: In real life, the Wonder Horse, Champion, was owned by Gene Autry who over many years owned a succession of celebrity horses bearing the same name. The horse starring in The Adventures of Champion was known as Television Champion, or TV Champ, for short. He was distinguished by his chestnut coat, blond mane and tail, four white stockings and broad white facial blaze. TV Champ made frequent appearances with Autry in films and television during the 1950s. Unlike his fictional namesake, TV Champ was a gelding.

text: The horse that played champ was bred in the United Kingdom. The mare rejected the foal then called Dawn that was hand reared by Mr Walter Ellams and his Daughter Patricia. Due to the foal being hand reared it was extremely tame and was then later sold to play Champion.

text: Filming[edit]

text: The series was shot on location within California. Vasquez Rocks. 34°28′48″N 118°19′00″W / 34.479887°N 118.31657°W / 34.479887; -118.31657 was used for the introduction and episodes . The Andy Jauregui Ranch at Placerita Canyon, Newhall 34°22′37″N 118°28′30″W / 34.377°N 118.475°W / 34.377; -118.475 was also used for several exteriors.

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
"The Die-Hards"
"Brand of the Lawless"
"Calhoun Rides Again"
"Bad Men of the Valley"
"Johnny Hands Up"
"Black Kachina"
"Mystery Mountain"
"The Deer Hunters"
"Salted Ground"
"Rails West"
"A Bugle for Ricky"
"Andrew and the Deadly Double"
"Canyon of Wanted Men"
"Hangman's Noose"
"Lost River"
"Challenge of the West"
"The Saddle Tramp"
"Renegade Stallion"
"The Outlaw's Secret"
"The Return of Red Cloud"
"The Stone Heart"
"The Medicine Man Mystery"
"The Golden Hoax"
"King of the Rodeo"
"Crossroad Trail"
"Real Unfriendly Ghost"

text: Title song[edit]

text: Although uncredited, the title song was sung by Mike Stewart, and later recorded by Frankie Laine:

text: Champion the Wonder Horse! Champion the Wonder Horse! Like a streak of lightnin' flashin' cross the sky, Like the swiftest arrow whistlin' from a bow, Like a mighty cannonball he seems to fly. You'll hear about him everywhere you go. The time'll come when everyone will know The name of Champion the Wonder Horse!

text: In 1991, the song was re-issued on Frankie Laine's album On the Trail Again.

text: Print media[edit]

text: During the years 1953 to 1960, comic annuals were published by World Distributors, Daily Mirror and Purnell. Second-hand copies of these may be obtained, from time to time, from sources such as Amazon Books. 'Ricky North' became 'Ricky West' in these, as with the radio serial.

text: Champion also had his own comic book, Gene Autry's Champion, published by Dell Comics from 1951 to 1955, which continued as Gene Autry and Champion from 1955 to 1959.

text: Starting from the issue dated 4 June 1966, Champion the Wonder Horse ran as a comic strip in the UK comic Buster. Minor characters in the strip included Sheriff Sean Kelly, Gentleman Tom, the bare-knuckle boxing champion, Dick Crabtree, the town's ambulance-chasing lawyer, and Nicky Brandwood, queen of the saloon.

text: DVD release[edit]

text: In 2005, a set of six DVDs was released in the UK, by Pickwick Group Limited, under license from Encore Home Video. The set is entitled The Adventures of Champion the Wonder Horse and sub-titled "the complete television series on 6 DVDs".

text: The set includes 23 of the original 26 episodes. The missing episodes are Mystery Mountain, The Golden Hoax and Real Unfriendly Ghost. DVD 6 includes a bonus film entitled Horses and Guns, starring Gene Autry and one of his several horse-stars named Champion.


document_title: Dead Man's Folly

question_text: where was agatha christies dead mans folly filmed

text: Dead Man's Folly

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Poirot is summoned to Nasse House in Devon by Ariadne Oliver, who is staging a Murder Hunt as part of a summer fête the next day. At Nasse House, Mrs Oliver explains that small aspects of her plans for the Murder Hunt have been changed by requests from people in the house rather deviously, until a real murder would not surprise her.

text: The wealthy Sir George Stubbs owns Nasse House. His much younger wife is the beautiful Hattie, Lady Stubbs. She shows interest in fine clothes and jewellery only, appearing simple to all but her husband's secretary, Miss Brewis, who sees through Hattie's outward appearance but is herself conflicted because of her own feelings for her employer, Sir George. Hattie and George were introduced by Amy Folliat, the last of the family who had owned the estate for centuries. Widowed, Mrs Folliat lost her two sons during the War. With the death duties very high in the post-war period, she had to sell the ancestral home and grounds to keep it intact.[3] She took on the orphaned Hattie, introducing her in society. Mrs Folliat rents the lodge on the estate. Michael Weyman, an architect, is on site to design a tennis court; he criticises the inappropriate location of a recently built folly. Sir George shouts at three young tourists who cross his private property; they are a Dutch woman, an Italian woman, and a man wearing a shirt decorated with turtles.

text: On the day of the fête, Hattie receives a letter from her cousin, Etienne de Sousa, who will visit that day; she appears very upset by his abrupt visit. A local Girl Guide, Marlene Tucker, waits in the boathouse to pose as the dead victim when a player finds the key to enter. Her first visitor is Miss Brewis with a tray of refreshments at tea time, at Hattie's request. With Mrs Oliver, Poirot discovers Marlene dead in the boathouse. Hattie cannot be found. Mrs Oliver produces an abundance of theories to explain the murder and the disappearance, while the police and Poirot narrow the field from all attending the fête, to those familiar with the Murder Hunt. The investigation focuses first on Etienne de Sousa and briefly on Amanda Brewis. Further confusion is added by the behaviour of the Legges, staying in a cottage on the estate and whose marriage is in trouble. After weeks of no progress, Poirot visits Devon again, learning that Hattie is still missing. Merdell, the old boatman, who drowned, was Marlene's grandfather. Poirot puts together several stray clues: Marlene's grandfather had seen a woman's body in the woods; Marlene received small sums of money used to make small purchases, now in her younger sister's possession. Merdell had told Poirot mischievously that there would "always be Folliats at Nasse House".

text: In the dénouement, Poirot explains that Sir George Stubbs is really Amy Folliat's younger son, James, a war deserter. Mrs Folliat paired him with the wealthy but naive Hattie, hoping that the marriage would be beneficial to both. But James fleeced Hattie of her money to establish his new identity and to purchase the old family home. Unknown to Mrs Folliat, James had married a young Italian woman after deserting the war. He killed the original Hattie shortly after entering into the bigamous marriage, and his Italian wife played the role of Hattie thereafter. Marlene Tucker had learned the true identity of George Stubbs from her grandfather. Both were murdered separately, although the old man's death has been presumed accidental. The day before the fête, the fake Hattie poses as an Italian tourist staying in the nearby hostel. She switches between the two roles frequently over a 24-hour period. The fake Hattie sends Miss Brewis to bring refreshments to Marlene shortly before the girl is murdered. She kills Marlene then changes to the tourist guise, tossing the large hat she wore as Hattie in the river. She then leaves the area as the Italian tourist carrying a rucksack.

text: The date of Marlene's murder had been selected to cast suspicion upon Etienne, who had written weeks earlier of his visit, as he told Inspector Bland. Having grown up with the real Hattie, Etienne would not have been fooled. Neither the arrests of the culprits nor legal charges against the despairing Mrs Folliat are mentioned. The novel concludes with the sounds of the police smashing up the folly to locate and exhume Hattie's body.

text: List of Characters[edit]

text:
Hercule Poirot, the Belgian private detective
Ariadne Oliver, the celebrated author
Inspector Bland, the investigating officer
Sergeant Frank Cottrell, a policeman in the case
Sir George Stubbs, owner of Nasse House
Hattie, Lady Stubbs, George's wife
Etienne de Sousa, Lady Stubbs's cousin
Amanda Brewis, George's secretary
Amy Folliat, whose family previously owned Nasse House
Mr Masterton, member of Parliament
Mrs Masterton, his wife
Captain Jim Warburton, agent for Mr Masterton
Michael Weyman, an architect
Alec Legge, an atomic physicist
Sally Legge, his wife
Marlene Tucker, a Girl Guide
Marilyn Tucker, Marlene's younger sister
Mr and Mrs Tucker, Marlene and Marilyn's parents
Merdell, the 92-year-old boatman, father of Mrs Tucker
Henden, the butler
A young Italian woman on holiday, a hiker with rucksack
A young Dutch woman on holiday, a hiker with rucksack
A young man in a shirt with turtles on it

text: Literary significance and reception[edit]

text: Anthony Quinton began his review column in the Times Literary Supplement of 21 December 1956, writing, "Miss Agatha Christie's new Poirot story comes first in this review because of this author's reputation and not on its own merits, which are disappointingly slight. They consist almost wholly in the appearance yet once more of certain profoundly familiar persons, scenes and devices. Poirot is on hand with his superb English, based, one supposes, on the middle line in the French lessons in the Children's Encyclopaedia, but the little grey cells are rather subdued." He set up the basics of the plot and then continued, "The solution is of the colossal ingenuity we have been conditioned to expect but a number of the necessary red herrings are either unexplained or a little too grossly ad hoc. People are never candid about their vices so there is no need to take seriously the protestations of detective addicts about their concern with the sheer logic of their favourite reading. What should be the real appeal of Dead Man's Folly, however, is not much better than its logic. The scene is really excessively commonplace, there are too many characters and they are very, very flat."[4]

text: The anonymous review in The Times of 15 November 1956, was also somewhat damning; "Dead Man's Folly is not Miss Agatha Christie at her best. The murder and the solution of it are ingenious, but then, with Miss Christie, they always are, and it is pleasant to watch M. Hercule Poirot at work again. The character drawing is flat and facile, however, and the dialogue, always Miss Christie's weak point, disastrous."[5]

text: Maurice Richardson of The Observer (18 November 1956) pointed out the similarity between the house portrayed in the book and Christie's own and summed up, "Stunning but not unguessable solution. Nowhere near a vintage Christie but quite a pleasing table-read."[6]

text: Robert Barnard: "Highly traditional recipe, but not done with the same conviction as in the thirties. Nobody much is what they seem, and old sins cast long shadows. Mrs Oliver looms large here, as she was frequently to do from now on, both in Poirot books and in others."[7]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: 1986 Film[edit]

text: The novel was made as a film with Peter Ustinov and Jean Stapleton starring as Poirot and Oliver in a 1986 adaptation set in the present day. It was shot largely on location at West Wycombe Park in Buckinghamshire.

text: Radio[edit]

text: John Moffatt starred as Poirot in the BBC Radio 4 dramatisation broadcast in 2007, with Julia McKenzie as Ariadne Oliver.

text: Television[edit]

text: The novel was adapted with David Suchet as Poirot, as part of the series of Agatha Christie's Poirot.[8] It guest-starred Sean Pertwee (Sir George Stubbs), Stephanie Leonidas (Hattie Stubbs), Sinéad Cusack (Amy Folliat), Rebecca Front (Amanda Brewis), Tom Ellis (D.I. Bland), Martin Jarvis (Captain Warburton), Rosalind Ayres (Mrs Warburton), Daniel Weyman (Alec Legge) and Zoë Wanamaker in her sixth and final appearance as Ariadne Oliver. This was the last episode of the series to be filmed (although not the last to air), with production completed in June 2013.[9][10] The telefilm was shot mainly at Agatha Christie's home, Greenway Estate, the setting she used, along with its old boathouse on the River Dart, for the novel.

text: The adaptation has some differences from the novel as written by Christie. The setting is moved from the early 1950s to the late 1930s; accordingly, James Folliat – a war deserter in the novel – is here a wayward womaniser whom Mrs Folliat sends to South Africa, where he fakes his death in an aviation accident and returns to Nasse in the identity of Sir George Stubbs. Mrs Masterton becomes Mrs Warburton, Captain Warburton's wife; Marlene's sister, Marilyn, becomes an older sister named Gertie, but serves the same function as Marilyn in the novel; the characters of George the valet, Miss Lemon, the man in the turtle-printed shirt, and Marlene's parents are deleted. The adaptation slightly changes the end of the story to reveal the fate of the Folliats which was untold in the novel: as the police are digging up the folly foundations, Poirot is laying out the truth before Mrs Folliat; it ends with Mrs Folliat admonishing her son with two gunshots heard off-screen before the police can stop them. Poirot both acknowledges and approves of this murder-suicide with the final word of the episode: "Bon".

text: Computer game[edit]

text: On 15 October 2009, I-play released a downloadable hidden object game based on Dead Man's Folly (see the external links). This is the 3rd game in a series of Oberon Games' hidden object games based on Agatha Christie's novels, the first two are based on Death on the Nile, and Peril at End House. The 4th game in the series is based on 4:50 from Paddington.

text: Publication history[edit]

text:
1956, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), October 1956, Hardback, 216 pp
1956, Collins Crime Club (London), 5 November 1956, Hardback, 256 pp
1957, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 178 pp
1960, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 192 pp
1966, Pan Books, Paperback, 189 pp
1967, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 205 pp

text: The novel was first serialised in the US in Collier's Weekly in three abridged instalments from 20 July (Volume 138, Number 2) to 17 August 1956 (Volume 138, Number 4) with illustrations by Robert Fawcett.

text: In the UK the novel was first serialised in the weekly magazine John Bull in six abridged instalments from 11 August (Volume 100, Number 2615) to 15 September 1956 (Volume 100, Number 2620) with illustrations by "Fancett".[11]


document_title: Mian Mir

question_text: who laid the foundation of the golden temple

text: Mian Mir

text: Mian Mir and Emperor Jahangir[edit]

text: Mian Mir was a friend of God-loving people and he would shun worldly, selfish men, greedy Emirs and ambitious Nawabs who ran after faqirs to get their blessings. To stop such people from coming to see him, Mian Mir posted his mureeds (disciples) at the gate of his house.[5]

text: Once, Jahangir, the Mughal emperor, with all his retinue came to pay homage to the great faqir. He came with all the pomp and show that befitted an emperor. Mian Mir's sentinels however, stopped the emperor at the gate and requested him to wait until their master had given permission to enter. Jahangir felt slighted. No one had ever dared delay or question his entry to any place in his kingdom. Yet he controlled his temper and composed himself. He waited for permission. After a while, he was ushered into Mian Mir's presence. Unable to hide his wounded vanity, Jahangir, as soon as he entered, told Mian Mir in Persian: Ba dar-e-darvis darbane naa-bayd ("On the doorstep of a faqir, there should be no sentry").[citation needed]

text: Pir Mian Mir, whose mind and soul were one with god, caring little for the emperor's irritation, replied in Persian: Babayd keh sag-e-dunia na ayad ("They are there so that the dogs of the world/selfish men may not enter").[citation needed]

text: The emperor was embarrassed and asked for forgiveness. Then, with folded hands, Jahangir requested Mian Mir to pray for the success of the campaign which he intended to launch for the conquest of the Deccan. Meanwhile, a poor man entered and, bowing his head to Mian Mir, made an offering of a rupee before him. The Sufi asked the devotee to pick up the rupee and give it to the poorest, neediest person in the audience. The devotee went from one dervish to another but none accepted the rupee. The devotee returned to Mian Mir with the rupee saying: "Master, none of the dervishes will accept the rupee. None is in need, it seems."[citation needed]

text: "Go and give this rupee to him," said the faqir, pointing to Jahangir. "He is the poorest and most needy of the lot. Not content with a big kingdom, he covets the kingdom of the Deccan. For that, he has come all the way from Delhi to beg. His hunger is like a fire that burns all the more furiously with more wood. It has made him needy, greedy and grim. Go and give the rupee to him."

text: Mian Mir and Sikhism[edit]

text: Sai Mian Mir, holds a pivotal legendary place in Sikhism and in Sikh history. Sikh people around the world learn about him, his spiritual contribution and his place in Sikh history. A major Pakistani newspaper reporter described his recent visit to the shrine, "I met many Sikh Yatris who had come to pay homage to this great saint. Many of them were from Pakistan, while some had come from India. Mostly Sikh Yatris come here during the birthday celebration of Guru Nanak."[5] The reporter asked the Sikh Yatris as to why they like to visit Mian Mir's shrine, "To us, Mian Mir Sahab is as divine as the saints of Sikhism. Sufis and Gurus, and their message, transcends geographical and cultural boundaries. They are the beacons of light."[5]

text: Relationship to Guru Arjan Dev[edit]

text: Guru Arjan Dev Ji, (1563 – 1606) the fifth Sikh Guru, often visited Lahore, the birthplace of his father (the fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das) to meet his relatives. On the occasion of one of such visits, he called on Mian Mir. Both men eventually became close friends.[6] Mian Mir was a well-known saint. "Being a man of God, no barriers of caste or creed marked his thought. He loved those who loved God."[6]

text: Laying of foundation-stone at the Golden Temple[edit]

text: Guru Arjan Dev was responsible for the construction of many public water tanks and buildings. In 1588, he planned to build a temple in the centre of the holy water tank called Amritsar or the pool of the nectar of immortality. As the temple was to be thrown open to people of all religions, castes, creeds and climes, he invited Mian Mir to lay the foundation stone of the Harmandir Sahib of Amritsar, the most sacred temple of Sikhs (now known worldwide as the Golden Temple).[6] Mian Mir came to the city of Amritsar wearing a religious mendicant's long cloak made up of patches of coarse wool and a cone-shaped cap, with a rose flower on top.

text: Mian Mir was given one of the warm welcomes for which Guru Arjan Dev was famous. The two holy men embraced each other in sincere love and regard. The purpose of the temple was disclosed to the Sufi saint. Mian Mir was delighted at the fine objectives the Guru had in mind. The foundation-stone was laid in January 1588.[7] "Never before and, for that matter, never after has the foundation stone of the highest religious seat of a religion ever been laid by the head of another religion. This remains the unique privilege of the Sikh temple."[6][8]

text: Guru Arjan Dev's death[edit]

text: In 1606, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was implicated in the affair of Prince Khusraw, who had rebelled against his father, Emperor Jahangir. He was imprisoned in the Lahore Fort and tortured. When Sai Mian Mir heard about it, he came to see the Guru. He found Guru Arjan Dev Ji calm and serene, having completely resigned himself to the will of God. Mian Mir suggested to Guru Ji whether he should intercede with Emperor Jahangir on his behalf. Guru Ji forbade him saying that God's will must have its course unchecked, as it was not proper to interfere with its working.[citation needed] Another intervention by Sai Mian Mir has been described according to the Sakhi (account of events) of Guru Arjan Dev Ji's arrest and torture. After he was tortured for several days, Mian Mir visited Guru Arjan Dev Ji, and when he saw the ghastly scene, he cried out and said, "O Master! I cannot bear to see these horrors inflicted on thee. If you permit me, I would demolish this tyrant rule" (Mian Mir is said to have possessed supernatural powers). The Guru smiled and asked Sai Mian Mir to look towards the skies. It is said that Mian Mir saw an immense number of Angels & Supernatural Beings begging the Guru's permission to destroy the wicked. The Guru addressed Mian Mir, ".. This is the Will of my Master (God), and I cheerfully submit and surrender to His Sweet Will."

text: Guru Har Gobind[edit]

text: A couple of years after the death of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, his son and successor Guru Har Gobind, who was thirteen years of age was called on Mian Mir at Lahore.[citation needed]

text: Guru Tegh Bahadur[edit]

text: Guru Tegh Bahadur, the son of Guru Har Gobind Ji and the ninth Guru, as a child met Sai Mian Mir Ji who blessed him.[citation needed]

text: Death and legacy[edit]

text: After having lived a long life of piety and virtuosity, Hazrat Mian Mir died on 22 August 1635 (7 Rabi' al-awwal, 1045 according to the Islamic Calendar). He was eighty-eight years old.

text: His funeral oration was read by Mughal prince Dara Shikoh, who was a highly devoted disciple of the Saint. There is a hospital named after him in his hometown Lahore, called Mian Mir Hospital.[9]

text: Tomb[edit]

text: He was buried at a place which was about a mile from Lahore near Alamganj, that is at the south-east of the city. Hazrat Mian Mir's spiritual successor was Hazrat Mullah Shah Badakhshi. Hazrat Mian Mir's Mazar (Mausoleum) still attracts hundreds of devotees each day and he is revered by many Sikhs as well as Muslims. The tomb's architecture still remains quite intact to this day. His death anniversary ('Urs' in Urdu language) is observed there by his devotees every year.[10]


document_title: Wave power in India

question_text: where is the first ocean wave energy pilot power plant installed in india

text: Wave power in India

text: Resources[edit]

text: Wave power depends upon the height of the wave and its period. Primary estimates of wave energy potential along Indian coast is around 5-15 MW/m, so the theoretical estimated potential comes out to be around 40-60 GW.[2] A study by IIT Madras and Credit Rating Information Services of Indian Ltd (CRISIL) have shown that western coast has higher wind power potential compared to eastern coast.[3] They have identified potential locations for wave power development along the west coast of India in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. Kanyakumari located at the southern tip of Indian peninsula has the highest power owing to the effects of refraction and strong winds.[3] With currently available technologies, amount of power that can be generated using wave energy is much less than the theoretical estimated potential.

text: Capacity Utilization factor for wave energy in India is in the range of 15-20%.[3]

text: Vizhinjam wave energy plant[edit]

text: Wave energy research in India was initiated in 1983 when the Department of Ocean Development of Government of India provided funds to Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, for carrying out the research.[4] This led to the establishment of a 150 kW Pilot wave energy plant in 1991 at Vizhinjam in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

text: Vizhinjam wave energy plant was the world’s first wave power plant working on Oscillating Water Column (OWC) technology.[3] This technology utilizes the change in levels of water inside caisson as waves approach. As the water level increases in the caisson, the air inside is compressed, which is then used to drive an air turbine.[3] The power generated from this plant, however, varied a lot throughout the year and maximum power was generated only during the monsoon months.[3] After a long duration of being out of use, it was planned to be utilized for powering a Reverse Osmosis Desalination plant in 2004.[3][5] This project also was not successful and the wave energy plant was finally decommissioned in 2011.[3][5]

text: Economics[edit]

text: Wave energy is amongst the most capital intensive form of renewable energy. Current cost of wave energy varies between 34 and 63 c€/kWh.[3]According to a study by IIT Madras and CRISIL, wave energy technologies would require about 10 GW of cumulative capacity to become cost competitive.[3]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: Wave energy is a clean and renewable source of energy. Since waves are present always, wave power is more consistent in electricity generation when compared to renewable energy sources like wind and solar. They can be a good source of energy generation for off grid coastal areas and islands. Wave energy often used to power the desalination plants. Wave energy turbines when combined with offshore breakwaters can help achieve the protection of sea shores.[3]

text: Challenges[edit]

text: There are several challenges that need to be addressed to make electricity generation from wave energy commercially viable.Technological challenges include low turbine efficiencies, high turbine costs, unavailability of grid connections at potential sites, lack of experience and unpredictable environmental conditions.[3] Owing to inadequate data, it is challenging to estimate the impact of wave power generation on marine ecosystem.[3] Moreover, investment in wave power is perceived as risky investment by financial institutions because of high capital cost and lack of operational experience.[3]

text: Administration and policy[edit]

text: The Ministry of Earth Sciences in Government of India oversees the development of wave energy in India with National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai being a participating institution.[7] The ministry envisions development of wave energy to power Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) plants and to meet the lighting requirements of small islands.[8]

text: India government has set a target of achieving 40% cumulative electrical power capacity from non fossil fuel resources by 2030. It plans to enhance the renewable power installed capacity to 175 GW by the end of 2022 which includes 60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power and 5 GW from small hydro power.[9] There is however no specific target for wave power capacity enhancement.


document_title: Jesus Christ Superstar (film)

question_text: where was the 1973 movie jesus christ superstar filmed

text: Jesus Christ Superstar (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is framed as a group of performers who travel to the desert to re-enact the Passion of Christ. The film begins with them arriving on a bus, assembling their props and getting into costume. One of the group is surrounded by the others, puts on a white robe and emerges as Jesus ("Overture").

text: This story begins with Judas (Anderson), who is worried about Jesus' popularity; he is being hailed as the Son of God, but Judas feels he is just a man who is beginning to believe his own propaganda and fears the consequences of their growing movement ("Heaven on Their Minds"). The other disciples badger Jesus for information about his plans for the future, but Jesus will not give them any ("What's the Buzz?"). Judas' arrival and subsequent declaration that Jesus should not associate with Mary dampens the mood ("Strange Thing Mystifying"). Angrily, Jesus tells Judas that he should leave Mary alone, because his slate is not clean. He then accuses all the apostles of not caring about him. That night at the Temple, Caiaphas is worried that the people will crown Jesus as king, which the Romans will take for an uprising. Annas tries to allay his fears, but he finally sees Caiaphas' point and suggests that he convene the council and explain his fears to them; Caiaphas agrees ("Then We Are Decided"). As Jesus and his apostles settle for the night, Mary soothes him with some expensive ointment, but Judas says that the money spent should have been given to the poor. Jesus rebukes him again, telling him that the poor will be there always but Jesus will not ("Everything's Alright").

text: The next day at the Temple of Jerusalem, the council of the priests discuss their fears about Jesus. Caiaphas tells them that there is only one solution: like John the Baptist, Jesus must be executed for the sake of the nation ("This Jesus Must Die"). As Jesus and his followers joyfully arrive in Jerusalem, Caiaphas orders Jesus to disband the crowd for fear of a riot. Jesus refuses and speaks to the crowd instead ("Hosanna"). Later, the apostle Simon Zealotes (Marshall) and a crowd of followers voice their admiration for Jesus ("Simon Zealotes"). Jesus appreciates this, but becomes worried when Simon suggests directing the crowd towards an uprising against their Roman occupiers. Jesus sadly dismisses this suggestion, saying that they do not understand his true purpose ("Poor Jerusalem").

text: Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, reveals that he has dreamed about a Galilean man (Jesus) and that he will be blamed for this man's death ("Pilate's Dream"). Jesus and his followers arrive at the temple, which has been taken over by money changers and prostitutes ("The Temple"). To Judas' horror and as the priests watch in the background, a furious Jesus destroys the stalls and forces them to leave. Jesus wanders alone outside the city, but is surrounded by a crowd of lepers, all wanting to be healed. Jesus tries to heal as many of them as possible, but is overwhelmed by the sheer numbers and eventually gives up, screaming at them to leave him alone. Mary comforts Jesus and Jesus goes to sleep. Mary loves Jesus, but is confused because he is so unlike any other man she has met ("I Don't Know How to Love Him"). Judas goes to the priests and expresses his concerns, but he is worried about the consequences of betraying Jesus ("Damned for All Time"). The priests take advantage of his doubts and offer him money if he will lead them to Jesus. Judas initially refuses, but Caiaphas and Annas win him over by reminding him that he could use the money to help the poor. Judas reveals that Jesus will be at the Garden of Gethsemene on Thursday night ("Blood Money").

text: At the Last Supper (set outdoors in a garden setting during the day), Jesus reveals that he knows Peter (Toubus) will deny him and Judas will betray him. A bitter argument between Jesus and Judas ensues, in which Judas berates Jesus for destroying their hopes and ideals and threatens to ruin Jesus' ambition by staying there without helping him to reach the Glory; Jesus tells Judas to leave and Judas finally runs off ("The Last Supper"). As the apostles fall asleep, Jesus goes to Gethsemane to pray about his imminent death and reluctantly agrees to go forward with God's plan ("Gethsemane [I Only Want to Say]"). Jesus waits for Judas, who arrives, accompanied by guards, and betrays him with a kiss. The disciples offer to fight the guards, but Jesus will not allow it. Jesus is taken to Caiaphas' house, found guilty of blasphemy and sent to Pilate ("The Arrest"). Peter, meanwhile, fearfully denies Jesus three times after being accused of being one of Jesus' followers ("Peter's Denial"). Jesus is taken to Pilate's house, where the governor, unaware that Jesus is the man from his dream, mocks him. Since he does not deal with Jews, Pilate sends him to Herod ("Pilate and Christ"). The flamboyant King Herod is excited to finally meet Jesus, for he has heard the hype. He tries to persuade Jesus to perform various miracles. When Jesus refuses to answer, Herod orders the guards to take him back to Pilate ("Herod's Song [Try It and See]").

text: The apostles and Mary Magdalene remember how things began and wish that they had not gotten so out of hand ("Could We Start Again Please?"). Jesus is flung into a cell, where he is seen by Judas, who runs to tell the priests that he regrets his part in the arrest. He hurls his money to the ground and curses at the priests before running into the desert. Filled with regret for betraying Jesus, he blames God for his woes by giving him the role of the betrayor and hangs himself ("Judas' Death"). Jesus is taken back to Pilate, who questions him; Herod is also present. Although he thinks Jesus is deluded, Pilate realizes that he has committed no actual crime and has Jesus scourged; Herod is gleeful at first but eventually sickened. Pilate's bemused indifference turns to a frenzy of confusion and anger, both at the crowd's irrational bloodthirstiness and Jesus' inexplicable resignation and refusal to defend himself. Pilate realizes he has no option but to have Jesus executed or the masses will grow violent ("Trial Before Pilate [Including the Thirty-Nine Lashes]"). After Pilate washes his hands of Jesus' fate, Jesus' appearance transforms, the heavens open, and a white-jumpsuit clad Judas descends on a silver cross. Judas laments that if Jesus had returned as the Messiah today, he would have been more popular and his message easier to spread. Judas also wonders what Jesus thinks of other religions' prophets. He ultimately wants to know if Jesus thinks he is who they say he is ("Superstar"). Judas' questions go unanswered, and Jesus is sent to die ("The Crucifixion"), with ominous, atonal music, with Jesus saying some of his final words before dying.

text: As the film ends, the performers, now out of costume, board their bus. Only the performers who had played Pilate, Mary Magdalene and Judas notice the actor who had played Jesus is missing. A shepherd and his flock cross the hillside beneath the empty cross ("John Nineteen Forty-One").

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ted Neeley as Jesus Christ
Carl Anderson as Judas Iscariot
Yvonne Elliman as Mary Magdalene
Barry Dennen as Pontius Pilate
Bob Bingham as Caiaphas
Kurt Yaghjian as Annas
Josh Mostel as King Herod
Philip Toubus as Peter
Larry Marshall as Simon Zealotes
Richard Orbach as John
Robert LuPone as James

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture"
"Heaven on Their Minds"
"What's the Buzz?"
"Strange Thing Mystifying"
"Then We Are Decided"
"Everything's Alright"
"This Jesus Must Die"
"Hosanna"
"Simon Zealotes"
"Poor Jerusalem"
"Pilate's Dream"
"The Temple"
"Everything's Alright (Reprise)"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"Damned for All Time"
"Blood Money"
"The Last Supper"
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)"
"The Arrest"
"Peter's Denial"
"Pilate and Christ"
"Hosanna (Reprise)"
"King Herod's Song (Try It and See)"
"Could We Start Again Please?"
"Judas' Death"
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)"
"Superstar"
"The Crucifixion"
"John 19: 41"

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: During filming of Fiddler on the Roof, Barry Dennen, who played Pilate on the concept album, suggested to Norman Jewison that he should direct Jesus Christ Superstar as a film. After hearing the album, Jewison agreed.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The cast consisted mostly of actors from the Broadway show, with Ted Neeley and Carl Anderson starring as Jesus and Judas respectively. Neeley had played a reporter and a leper in the Broadway version, and understudied the role of Jesus. Likewise, Anderson understudied Judas, but took over the role on Broadway and Los Angeles when Ben Vereen fell ill. Along with Dennen, Yvonne Elliman (Mary Magdalene), and Bob Bingham (Caiaphas) reprised their Broadway roles in the film (Elliman, like Dennen, had also appeared on the original concept album). Originally, Jewison wanted Ian Gillan, who played Jesus on the concept album, to reprise the role for the film, but Gillan turned down the offer, deciding that he would please fans more by touring with Deep Purple. The producers also considered Micky Dolenz (from The Monkees) and David Cassidy to play Jesus before deciding to go with Neeley.[7] "With the exception of Barry Dennen who played Pontius Pilate and Josh Mostel who played King Herod — for everybody else, it was their first time on camera and first major motion picture. It was a learning process throughout."[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in Israel (primarily at the ruins of Avdat, Beit Guvrin National Park, and Beit She'an) and other Middle Eastern locations in 1972.[9]

text: Alterations[edit]

text: Like the stage show, the film gave rise to controversy even with changes made to the script. Some of the lyrics were changed for the film. The reprise of "Everything's Alright", sung before the song "I Don't Know How to Love Him" by Mary to Jesus, was abridged, leaving only the closing lyric "Close your eyes, close your eyes and relax, think of nothing tonight" intact, while the previous lyrics were omitted, including Jesus's "And I think I shall sleep well tonight.". In a scene where a group of beggars/lepers overwhelms Jesus, "Heal yourselves!" was changed to "Leave me alone!", and in "Judas' Death", Caiaphas' line "What you have done will be the saving of Israel" was changed to "What you have done will be the saving of everyone."

text: The lyrics of "Trial Before Pilate" contain some notable alterations and additions. Jesus's line "There may be a kingdom for me somewhere else, if I only knew" is changed to "if you only knew." The film version also gives Pilate more lines (first used in the original Broadway production) in which he addresses the mob with contempt when they invoke the name of Caesar: "Well, this is new!/Respect for Caesar?/'Till now this has been noticeably lacking!/Who is this Jesus? Why is he different?/You Jews produce messiahs by the sackful!" and "Behold the man/Behold your shattered king/You hypocrites!/You hate us more than him!" These lines for Pilate have since been in every production of the show.

text: The soundtrack contains two songs that are not on the original concept album. "Then We Are Decided", in which the troubles and fears of Annas and Caiaphas regarding Jesus are better developed, is original to the film. The soundtrack also retains the song "Could We Start Again Please?" which had been added to the Broadway show. Most of these changes have not been espoused by later productions and recordings, although most productions tend to retain the expanded version of "Trial Before Pilate".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jesus Christ Superstar grossed $24.5 million at the box office[3] and earned North American rentals of $10.8 million in 1973,[10] against an estimated production budget of $3.5 million.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10.[11]

text: Years later the film was still popular, winning a 2012 Huffington Post competition for "Best Jesus Movie."[12]

text: Jewison was able to show the film to Pope Paul VI, "who openly loved what he saw. He said, 'Mr. Jewison, not only do I appreciate your beautiful rock opera film, I believe it will bring more people around the world to Christianity, than anything ever has before.'"[2] For the Pope, Mary Magdalene's song "I Do not Know How to Love Him" [sic] "had an inspired beauty."[13] Nevertheless, the film as well as the musical were criticized by some religious groups.[5] A New York Times review said, "When the stage production opened in October, 1971, it was criticized not only by some Jews as anti-Semitic, but also by some Catholics and Protestants as blasphemous in its portrayal of Jesus as a young man who might even be interested in sex."[14]

text: Tim Rice said Jesus was seen through Judas' eyes as a mere human being. Some Christians[who?] found this remark, as well as the fact that the musical did not show the resurrection, to be blasphemous. While the actual resurrection was not shown, the closing scene of the movie subtly alludes to the resurrection (though, according to Jewison's commentary on the DVD release, the scene was not planned this way).[15] Some found Judas too sympathetic; in the film, it states that he wants to give the thirty pieces of silver to the poor, which, although Biblical, leaves out his ulterior motives (see also "Everything's Alright").[16] Biblical purists pointed out a small number of deviations from biblical text as additional concerns; for example, Pilate himself having the dream instead of his wife, and Catholics argue the line "for all you care, this bread could be my body" is too Protestant in theology, although Jesus does say in the next lines, "This is my blood you drink/This is my body you eat".

text: In the 1980 book The Golden Turkey Awards by Michael Medved and Harry Medved, Neeley was given an award for "The Worst Performance by an Actor as Jesus Christ",[17] yet Neeley and Anderson received Golden Globe nominations for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas in the film version and had subsequently gone on to recreate the roles in numerous national stage tours from 1993-2014 (2004 for Anderson, as he died of leukemia).

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – Nominated[18]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on vinyl by MCA Records in 1973.[20][21] It was re-released on CD in 1993[22] and reissued in 1998 for its 25th Anniversary.[23][24]

text:
Side one

"Overture" – 5:26
"Heaven on Their Minds" – 4:22
"What's the Buzz/Strange Thing Mystifying" – 4:26
"Then We Are Decided" – 2:32
"Everything's Alright" – 3:36
"This Jesus Must Die" – 3:45

Side two

"Hosanna" – 2:32
"Simon Zealotes/Poor Jerusalem" – 6:28
"Pilate's Dream" – 1:45
"The Temple" – 5:26
"Everything's Alright (reprise)"/"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – 3:55
"Damned for All Time/Blood Money" – 4:37

Side three

"The Last Supper" – 7:12
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)" – 5:39
"The Arrest" – 3:15
"Peter's Denial" – 1:26
"Pilate and Christ"/"Hosanna (reprise)" – 2:57
"King Herod's Song (Try it and See)" – 3:13

Side four

"Could We Start Again Please?" – 2:44
"Judas' Death" – 4:38
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)" – 6:47
"Superstar" – 3:56
"The Crucifixion" – 2:40
"John 19:41" – 2:20

text: The soundtrack for the film was released in the USA on vinyl by MCA Records (MCA 2-11000) in 1973, as: JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR / The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album.

text: Remakes and related productions[edit]

text: Another film version was made for video in 2000, starring Glenn Carter as Jesus, Jérôme Pradon as Judas, and Reneé Castle as Mary Magdalene. It was shot entirely on indoor sets including graffiti on the wall. Composer Webber has stated in the making-of documentary that this was the version closest to what he had originally envisioned for the project. He chose Gale Edwards to direct after seeing her interpretation of the musical in Dublin, which featured a more modernistic and sinister approach than the original stage productions.

text: In a 2008 interview with Variety magazine, film producer Marc Platt stated that he was in discussions with several filmmakers for a remake of Jesus Christ Superstar.[25]

text: In 2013, a Blu-ray "40th Anniversary" edition of the film was released, featuring commentary from the director and Ted Neeley, an interview with Tim Rice, a photo gallery and a clip of the original trailer.[26]

text: In 2015, Neeley announced the upcoming release a documentary entitled "SUPERSTARS: The Making of and Reunion of the film 'Jesus Christ Superstar'" about the production of the film.[27]


document_title: A Century Is Not Enough

question_text: who is the writer of a century is not enough

text: A Century Is Not Enough

text:
A Century is Not Enough
Author
Sourav GangulyCountry
IndiaLanguage
EnglishGenre
Experience-basedPublisher
JuggernautPages
296ISBN
978-93-86228-56-7

text: A Century is Not Enough: My Roller-coaster Ride to Success (2018) is an English experience-based (not an autobiography) book written by former Indian cricketer and captain Sourav Ganguly. The book was first published by Juggernaut on 24 February 2018.[1][2][3]

text: Plot[edit]

text: In this book Ganguly discussed his cricketing career in details. He has discussed different phases of his cricketing career including several foreign tours, World Cups, and IPL.


document_title: ATP hydrolysis

question_text: what is the delta g for atp hydrolysis

question_tokens: what is the delta g for atp hydrolysis

text: ATP hydrolysis

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released by splitting these bonds, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. The product is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi). ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give energy, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and another orthophosphate (Pi).[1] ATP hydrolysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction, the establishment of electrochemical gradients across membranes, and biosynthetic processes necessary to maintain life.

text: The description and typical textbook labeling anhydridic bonds as "high energy . . bonds" can be very misleading to students. These bonds are in fact relatively weak. They do involve high energy electrons but the bonds themselves are quite easy to break. As noted below, energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP when these weak bonds are broken – requiring a small input of energy, followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable.[1]

text: Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic, because the resulting orthophosphate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures, making the products (ADP and Pi) much lower in energy than the reactant (ATP). The high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule, making it higher in energy. Hydrolysis relieves some of these electrostatic repulsions, liberating useful energy in the process by causing conformational changes in enzyme structure.

text: In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.[2] Due to the acid-base properties of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium. Under certain conditions, high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute to lactic acidosis.

text: How much energy ATP hydrolysis produces[edit]

text: Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process. The amount of released energy depends on the conditions in a particular cell. Specifically, the energy released is dependent on concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi. As the concentrations of these molecules deviate from values at equilibrium, the value of Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) will be increasingly different. In standard conditions ( ATP, ADP and Pi concentrations are equal to 1M, water concentration is equal to 55M) the value of ΔG is between -28 to -34 kJ/mol.[3][4]

text: The range of the ΔG value exists because this reaction is dependent on the concentration of Mg2+ cations, which stabilize the ATP molecule. The cellular environment also contributes to differences in the ΔG value since ATP hydrolysis is dependent not only on the studied cell, but also on the surrounding tissue and even the compartment within the cell. Variability in the ΔG values is therefore to be expected.[4]

text: The relationship between Gibbs free energy and chemical equilibrium is revealing. This relationship is defined by the equation ΔG=-RTln(Keq). The standard value of ΔG for this reaction is, as mentioned, between -28 and -34 kJ/mol; however, experimentally determined concentrations of the involved molecules reveal that the reaction is not at equilibrium.[4] Given this fact, a comparison between the equilibrium constant, K, and the reaction quotient, Q, provides insight. K takes into consideration reactions taking place in standard conditions, but in the cellular environment the concentrations of the involved molecules (namely, ATP, ADP, and Pi) are far from the standard 1M. In fact, the concentrations are more appropriately measured in mM, which is smaller than M by three orders of magnitude.[4] Using these nonstandard concentrations, the calculated value of Q is much less than one. By relating Q to ΔG using the equation ΔG=ΔG0+RTln(Q), where ΔG0 is the standard change in Gibbs free energy for the hydrolysis of ATP, the magnitude of ΔG is much greater than the standard. The nonstandard conditions of the cell actually result in a more favorable reaction.[5]

text: In one particular study, to determine the ΔG in vivo in humans, the concentration of ATP, ADP, and Pi was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance.[4] In human muscle cells at rest, the concentration of ATP was found to be around 4 mM and the concentration of ADP was around 9 μM. Inputing these values into the above equations yields the -64 kJ/mol ΔG. After ischemia, when the muscle is recovering from exercise, the concentration of ATP is as low as 1 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 7 μmol/l. Therefore, the absolute ΔG would be as high as -69 kJ/mol.[6]

text: By comparing the standard value of ΔG and the experimental value of ΔG, one can see that the energy released from from the hydrolysis of ATP, as measured in humans, is almost twice as much as the energy produced in standard conditions.[4][5]


document_title: Mia Sable

question_text: who sings the theme song for southern charm

text: Mia Sable

text: Early life[edit]

text: Mia was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. She is of Korean, German, and Native American (Choctaw) ancestry.[5]

text: In 2002, she was admitted to UCLA's School of Theater, Film and Television for musical theater.[6] During her time at UCLA, Sable wrote for the music section of the college newspaper, The Daily Bruin, before graduating in 2007.[7]

text: Career[edit]

text: While in college Sable interned at 4th Street Recording Studios in Santa Monica, CA (known for recording (Incubus, and No Doubt)[8] where she began recording her first demos with producers Jim Wirt (Fiona Apple, Hoobastank) and Craig Bartock (Heart).[9]

text: In 2006, Sable founded her own record label, Moduristic Records, and self-released her debut album Propeller[10] which won the Los Angeles Music Award for “Indie Female Vocalist” that year for the song "My Mistake".[11] She began performing with her band in Los Angeles at venues such as Hotel Café,[12] The Roxy, The Knitting Factory,[13] and on campus at UCLA and USC. In 2007 Sable won again in the category of "Alternative Female Vocalist" for her song “Secret Code”,[14] the same year she began recording her next release, The Scenic Route EP.

text: Upon graduation from UCLA, Sable toured and performed at venues in London, Nashville, New York, Los Angeles, including SXSW in Austin,[15] NXNE in Toronto, Folk Alliance Conference in Memphis,[16] and Sundance Film Festival in Park City, with an appearance on Park City TV.[17] At the end of 2008 Sable released X-Mas, a small collection of Christmas songs, and began work on a second full-length album with Roger Greenawalt (Ben Kweller, The Pierces) in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. She finished the album back in LA at 4th Street Recording with Wirt and Bartock, and LIGHT was released in August 2009. Her song “You Should Know”[18] won the 2009 Malibu Music Award for “Adult Contemporary Artist”,[19] and the music video was subsequently programmed by FUSE TV On Demand.

text: Following the release of LIGHT[20] Sable performed in-stores at Best Buy, Whole Foods, and the Apple Store in Los Angeles. She also played at the 2010 & 2011 NAMM shows for Martin guitars.[21][22][23] Sable has also been recognized for her classic and glamorous personal style, being featured in the Sikara Jewelry blog Real Women, Real Style[24] as well as for the original art direction of her websites. Noteworthy mentions include the unique “tarot card navigation” concept on MiaSable.com in 2009, designed by Jeff Toll,[25] and published in Taschen's Web Design: Navigation, and her MySpace layout designed by Dana Bissett, and mentioned on Mashable.com's 50 Hot MySpace Music Layouts.[26]

text: In fall of 2009, Sable was admitted on full scholarship via the Consortium for Graduate Study in Management[27] to USC’s top 20 ranked MBA program at the Marshall School of Business[28][29] to study digital media and entertainment. In the summer of 2010 Sable began recording new material and working on a new concept live production show, "The Mia Sable Supper Club Revue", which debuted October 21, at First & Hope Supper Club's Fedora Music Lounge in downtown Los Angeles. The show held a monthly residence through May 2011, and featured a "playlist" style performance of medleys including Sable's original material interwoven with classic jazz standards as well as versions of several contemporary soul-pop songs.[30][31] On August 5, 2011 the show was featured at the Levitt Pavilion summer concert series in Pasadena[32]

text: In 2012, Sable released a 3 song album called The Portrait Collection EP.[33] The leading track "It's Easy" was chosen as the opening theme song to the 2014 Bravo TV Series Southern Charm. Other notable TV song placements include Lifetime's "Dance Moms" and TLC's "Toddlers and Tiaras".[34]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
2006: Propeller
2008: The Scenic Route EP
2008: X-Mas
2009: LIGHT
2012: The Portrait Collection EP