document_title: This Is Us (season 2)

question_text: when was season 2 of this is us filmed

question_tokens: when was season 2 of this is us filmed

text: This Is Us (season 2)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson[1]
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson[1]
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson[1]

Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson[2]
Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson[2]

Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson[1]

Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson[2]
Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson[2]

Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson[1]

Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson[2]
Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson[2]

Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson[1]
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon[1]
Ron Cephas Jones as William H. "Shakespeare" Hill[1][3]
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas[1]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie[1]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson[2]
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson[2]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. "Shakespeare" Hill[4][3]
Lyric Ross as Deja, Randall and Beth's foster child.[5]
Debra Jo Rupp as Linda, a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja.[6]
Caitlin Thompson as Madison, Kate's group's resident thin member, who Kate discovers is bulimic.[7]
Joy Brunson as Shauna, Deja's mother.[8]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Sylvester Stallone as himself, an actor in Kevin's movie.[9]
Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder, the judge in young adult William Hill's case.[4]
Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley, the judge in Randall's adoption case.[4]
Kate Burton as Barbara, a psychologist at Kevin's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family.[10]
Garrett Morris as Lloyd, a resident of William's old apartment building.[11]
Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson, a social worker.[12]
Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka Dr. K), Rebecca's former childbirth obstetrician.[13]
Susan Blakely as Anne, Dr. K's wife.[13]
Pam Grier as G. G., Shauna's grandmother and Deja's great-grandmother.[14]
Dan Lauria as Toby's father[15][16]
Wendie Malick as Toby's mother[16]
Melanie Liburd as Zoe, Beth's cousin[17]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"A Father's Advice"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZC01
12.94[18]

On the Big Three's 37th birthday, Randall wants to adopt a baby, but Beth convinces him they can honor William's legacy by adopting an older child. Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin, but she returns to go through with it. She is rejected because of her inexperience, not her weight; Kate is confident she can work her way up. Toby tells Kevin that he, not Kevin, needs to be Kate's "person." Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father's death, and being Kate's brother is the only thing he is really good at. In the past, Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack. Rebecca urges Jack to come home; Jack admits his drinking is out of control. Later, the family house has burned and Rebecca, in the car with Jack's possessions in a bag, screams and cries.

20
2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
John Fortenberry
Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZC02
11.06[19]

Kevin is invited back for the 100th "The Manny" episode. The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show, but Sophie helps him do it anyway. Randall, Beth, their girls, Rebecca, and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode. Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues. Also during the taping, Kate gets a call for her first gig; however, she does not want her mother to criticize her performance, so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her, but they do anyway. Later, Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her. Rebecca seeks support from Toby, but he clearly sides with Kate, which wins Rebecca's approval. After the episode taping, Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once: in asking her out. Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan. In flashbacks, Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem. Jack (when on the wagon before) vented his anger on a punching bag; this time, he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting.

21
3
"Déjà Vu"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZC03
11.02[20]

On Kevin's movie set, Kate—excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star—bonds with "Sly" and tells him what his films meant to her father, and about his death. After talking with Stallone, Kevin's memories of his dad surface, affecting his performance in a scene. Randall learns that a young girl, Deja, is being brought to his home. Later, when Deja yells at Beth for "stealing" her mom's cigarettes, Randall defends his wife, and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression. Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca, as well as William. Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming. In flashbacks, when the kids are teenagers, Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad, and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family's money.

22
4
"Still There"
Ken Olin
Vera Herbert
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZC04
10.65[21]

Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling, which does not go as expected. Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond. Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety; he invites her to come with him. Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication. Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound, revealing that she is pregnant. In flashbacks, Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him. Rebecca's mother pops in, intent on staying for a while, and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist, which Randall overhears. Rebecca's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall, recognizing for the first time how special he is.

23
5
"Brothers"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Tyler Bensinger
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2AZC05
10.60[22]

Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy. Kevin, set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large-scale charity event she is hosting, gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription; he misses the auction, embarrassing Sophie. Randall earns Deja's trust. In the past, when Jack takes 10-year-old Kevin and Randall camping, Rebecca learns that Jack's father is dying. She calls Jack, but his past issues with his father combined with his focus on making sure Kevin gets along with Randall keep Jack from returning. Rebecca reassures Jack's father (who sees his granddaughter, Kate) that Jack is a great father and husband. Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote reminders to himself on how to keep the peace between them, motivating him to be nice to Randall. Later, Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army. During Jack's childhood, he and his never-before-seen brother await their father's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar.

24
6
"The 20's"
Regina King
Don Roos
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2AZC06
8.43[23]

In flashbacks, with the 10-year-old Big Three, Rebecca takes Randall trick-or-treating while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house. Randall learns about Kyle's death from the neighbors; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption. In other flashbacks, with the Big Three being in their twenties, Kate finds out she is involved with a married man. Kevin, desperate for work as an actor, attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend. Meanwhile, Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter. Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca create a Facebook account. With no time to get to the hospital, Randall helps Beth through a home delivery. Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together. When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook, she gets a message from Miguel asking how she has been the last eight years. (Jack's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca.)

25
7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
Chris Koch
Kay Oyegun
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZC07
9.89[24]

Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall's adoption when Randall is a year old. Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation, but their judge is against interracial adoption. After Rebecca's letter about being Randall's mother, the judge recuses himself; the new judge grants the adoption. Concurrently, William pleads guilty to a drug charge. Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record, William claims to be more disappointed, due to the loss of his loved ones and son. The judge visits William in jail, offering to reduce the sentence and get him help, if he stays sober. William keeps this promise for at least 30 years, until hearing his cancer is terminal. As he is about to use, Randall introduces himself as William's biological son. In the present, Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison, but Shauna declines the visit. Randall later talks to Shauna, who intends to take Deja back after her release. He lets Shauna call Deja collect. Kevin's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol. Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin, plan to get married at city hall, but then consider a big wedding.

26
8
"Number One"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZC08
10.05[25]

In flashbacks, baby Kevin walks first. Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter, thinking Pitt inferior, so Jack scolds Kevin. As Jack speaks with his sponsor, and recites the serenity prayer, Kevin remains flippant, but Jack apologizes to Kevin. A game injury ends Kevin's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour. Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents, and will find his purpose. Kevin apologizes for his attitude. Jack gives him a pendant, symbolizing "purpose", given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point. Jack says Kevin is his purpose. Present-day Kevin, exhausted by substance abuse, is an honored alumnus at his high school. His football coach introduces him; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech. Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award. He pantomimes football on the field, giving play-by-play commentary on his failures. He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte, a doctor, and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter, having left the pendant in Charlotte's house, but she keeps him out. He collapses, begging for help. He visits Randall, who assumes Kevin's desire to talk concerns Kate's miscarriage.

27
9
"Number Two"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZC09
9.34[26]

In flashbacks, baby Kate walks second. Teenage Kate bonds with the dog, Louie. Kate seems unconcerned with college applications; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate's application for Berklee. At Kevin's game, Kate accepts Rebecca's praise just as Kevin is injured. At the hospital, Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance, but is ready to support Kate when needed. Kate watches her parents embrace. Present-day Kate talks to her unborn baby; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care, but she miscarries. Kate leaves a singing gig, overcome at seeing a family; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched. Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath. At home, Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby; she tells Toby that the miscarriage didn't happen to him, but he asserts that he shares their loss. Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support. Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks. Kate tells Toby how she feels, and they agree to try again soon; they reaffirm their love.

28
10
"Number Three"
Ken Olin
Shukree Hassan Tilghman
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZC10
10.94[27]

In flashbacks, baby Randall walks third. Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard, but lets Randall tour Howard. Jack takes the official tour; a friend shows Randall around. Randall tells Jack that others' reactions make him feel "off-balance" as the only black family member. Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial; Jack felt off-balance when he returned from the war. Jack believes Randall will find balance and be "spectacular". They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult. In the present, the charges against Deja's mother Shauna are dropped; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody. Randall recalls William's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit; he realized Randall had a full life without him, and left. Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja's homecoming, and realizes Deja's home is with Shauna; Beth agrees. They attend Deja's school presentation. Shauna takes Deja home; Randall offers help. Randall and Beth agree to foster again; a young boy meets with his social worker. Kevin arrives, but leaves quickly after drinking vodka. Kevin is speeding—Tess, hidden in his backseat because she "hates" home, admonishes him; Kevin is arrested for DUI; Tess is safe.

29
11
"The Fifth Wheel"
Chris Koch
Vera Herbert
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2AZC11
9.65[28]

When the kids are 10, Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation, getting Kevin after football camp. Randall's new glasses are missing. Rebecca notices Kate's food obsession; Jack has her exercise, but takes her for ice cream. During a thunderstorm, Kevin brings Randall's glasses to their parents' room—where Kate and Randall are sleeping. He sleeps on the floor. Present-day Toby finds junk-food trash. Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave. The family visits Kevin at rehab; Barbara, the facilitator, wants only immediate family at Kevin's first session. Kevin apologizes to the family, but Barbara has him discuss family issues. Kevin says they are a family of addicts. Kevin felt like an outcast ("fifth wheel"): Kate had Jack's support; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin. Randall scolds Kevin; Rebecca, crying, says why Randall was easier to love. Toby, Beth, and Miguel, at a bar, discuss being outsiders, Miguel the only one who knew Jack. After the session, the Big Three reconcile. Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying. Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him, but they had their moments. (In the flashback, Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor.)

30
12
"Clooney"
Zetna Fuentes
Bekah Brunstetter
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2AZC12
9.82[29]

Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack's job. Randall asks a redhead girl out. Though the teenagers are almost starting college, Jack again wants to start "Big Three Homes" (which he put aside to support his family). Presently, William's stray cat "Clooney" wanders. After rehab, Kevin stays with Rebecca—whom Miguel is protecting, since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab. Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple, not individuals; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive, but does now and is staying. Kate befriends Madison from support group; they go wedding dress shopping; Kate discovers Madison's bulimia. Madison later faints and calls Kate for help. Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy. Randall visits Beth at work; she says working again would help him. Randall gets William's box from storage, searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew, and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday. Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run-down building with her. In the flashback, they forget smoke detector batteries.

31
13
"That'll Be the Day"
Uta Briesewitz
Kay Oyegun & Don Roos
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
2AZC13
9.37[30]

Around 1980, an elderly couple look through their junk, including a jukebox which would play "That'll Be the Day". When their house gets a buyer, the man gives his neighbor, Jack, a slow cooker with a tricky switch. In 1998, Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied—Kevin is with Sophie, Randall is on a date, and Kate is making a music college audition tape (which Jack videotapes, to Kate's initial disapproval). In the present, Randall and Beth buy William's old building. Kevin helps Randall do repairs; they soon find themselves overwhelmed—and bugs, so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called. When Toby looks for a dog on the internet, Kate—with mixed feelings—adopts a dog. Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie, receives his missing pendant in the mail—and knows that he cannot make amends to his dad. In 1998, the old slow cooker's faulty switch causes a house fire.

32
14
"Super Bowl Sunday"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
February 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)
2AZC14
26.97[31]

In 1998, Jack evacuates the family (Kevin is away) from the burning house, then retrieves Kate's dog and family mementos. Jack, hospitalized for smoke inhalation, dies suddenly of cardiac arrest, to Rebecca’s shock. She tells Miguel, Randall, and Kate; Kate tells Kevin. On the 20th anniversary of Jack's death, Kate's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded—and saved from the fire—which she watches cathartically, blaming herself. Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized. Kate tells Toby he strengthens her, and Jack would have loved him. Kevin visits Jack's memorial tree, admitting he has not lived up to Jack's legacy, but pledging to make him proud. Rebecca makes Jack's favorite lasagna, and bonds with Kevin. Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack, but is emotional when the family's new pet lizard dies. Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling, fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a "new life". He reassures her he will always be devoted to her; she is happy the family participates in fostering. Deja unexpectedly arrives; Randall and Beth comfort her. The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple; the social worker is an adult Tess, whom an older Randall meets for dinner.

33
15
"The Car"
Ken Olin
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
2AZC15
10.13[32]

Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it. The Pearsons, going to see "Weird Al" Yankovic, slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears. Jack drives Rebecca, awaiting MRI results, to his "favorite tree” (nearest a pay phone); Rebecca is fine, as Jack anticipated. Jack predicts he will die first; he asks to be outside, not buried. The brothers fight during Randall's driving lesson; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother, who died in Vietnam. Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette's autograph session; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen. Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack's funeral, stalking the urn because she was not in Jack's room when he died. Dr. K and his second wife attend the funeral; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong. Kate decides to give away her dog; Rebecca affirms that Jack's death is not Kate's fault—Jack made his own decisions. The brothers bicker over manly duties; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers; they make peace. The Pearsons scatter Jack's ashes at the tree; Kate keeps some. Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night; Rebecca drives the family to the concert—crossing the bridge.

34
16
"Vegas, Baby"
Joanna Kerns
Laura Kenar
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)h
2AZC16
9.74[33]

Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries—she, with small thoughtful gifts; he, with grand romantic gestures. The children, age 10, plan a romantic anniversary celebration (despite Rebecca's desire not to celebrate), including an attempted dinner, and culminating in observing a meteor shower. Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary. In the present, Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas. Kevin, Randall, Beth, and others attend; Toby has no close male friends, and Kate and Beth are not close. Kevin maintains his sobriety, despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut. Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna's utility bill, Randall worries about Deja; Beth wants to move on; they argue. Kate tries to mediate, revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall's life; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts. Toby supports Kevin and Randall, saying his own brother never desired a close relationship. Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie. When returning home, Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja; they find her and Shauna living in a car.

35
17
"This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life"
Rebecca Asher
Kay Oyegun
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
2AZC17
8.90[34]

Flashbacks show other characters' experiences paralleling Deja's. 16-year-old Shauna gives birth to Deja; Shauna's grandmother "G. G." urges Shauna towards accountability. Three years later, G. G. financially supports Shauna. G. G. dies; Shauna depends on Deja. Adolescent Deja injures herself cooking Shauna's birthday dinner; Linda removes Deja from her home. Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system. Deja and her foster sister Raven, after shoplifting, are removed from a physically abusive foster father's home; Raven was willing to endure physical abuse for stability. Deja returns to Shauna; Shauna's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home; Deja's alopecia begins amid the adults' fighting. The gun is found in Shauna's car; Deja lives with the Pearsons, returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped. Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja's savings to bail him out of jail; Deja attempts to raise money, but decides not to pawn G. G.'s brooch; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent. Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja. Deja concludes that the human experience is universal. Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons.

36
18
"The Wedding"
Ken Olin
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
2AZC18
10.94[35]

As Kate's wedding approaches, her recurring dream of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary does not include Toby. After unsuccessfully seeking "something old" connected to Jack, Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack; she scatters the remainder of Jack's ashes near the Pearson cabin. Kate tells Rebecca she admires her. Toby's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage, fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave; they stay to celebrate. Kate and Toby marry; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself. Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack. Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights; Beth's cousin Zoe, the wedding photographer, consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth's family’s love after her own mother abandoned her. However, after Toby's mother says Deja resembles Randall, Deja vandalizes Randall's car. In the future, Kevin (contemplating Jack and Nicky’s Vietnam War picture) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby. Further in the future, Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unnamed female, though neither is ready to do so.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 36 additional episodes.[36] Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger served as the season's showrunners.[37]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones returned from the first season as Jack Pearson, Rebecca Pearson, Randall Pearson, Kate Pearson, Kevin Pearson, Beth Pearson, Toby Damon, and William H. Hill, respectively.[1] Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge, who recurred as Miguel and Sophie, respectively, throughout the first season, were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season.[1] Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate, Niles Fitch as teenage Randall, Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin, Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate, Parker Bates as young Kevin, Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson, and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson. Lonnie Chavis began the season continuing as young Randall in a recurring role, but was ultimately promoted to series regular.[2][not in citation given]

text: In August 2017, Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles.[9][6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season.[38] Production on the season began on July 11, 2017, in Los Angeles.[39]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot, to anchor a new Must See TV lineup, alongside Will & Grace, Great News and Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders, with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining, "While this is a bit risky, there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night. If there is one show we could move, it would be this one."[40] However, on May 30, 2017, NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST,[41] allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall.[42]

text: The season aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC in the United States,[43] and on CTV in Canada.[44] This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[45]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.09/10, and an average episode score of 95%, based on 20 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer."[46]

text:
This Is Us (season 2): Critical reception by episode

Season 2 (2017–18): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[46]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"A Father's Advice"
September 26, 2017
3.9/13
12.94[18]
2.6
6.93
6.5
19.87[47]

2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
October 3, 2017
3.1/11
11.06[19]
2.4
6.15
5.5
17.21[48]

3
"Déjà Vu"
October 10, 2017
2.8/10
11.02[20]
2.2
6.11
5.0
17.13[49]

4
"Still There"
October 17, 2017
2.9/10
10.65[21]
2.3
6.32
5.2
16.97[50]

5
"Brothers"
October 24, 2017
2.8/10
10.60[22]
2.2
6.09
5.0
16.69[51]

6
"The 20's"
October 31, 2017
2.0/7
8.43[23]
2.4
6.50
4.4
14.94[52]

7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
November 7, 2017
2.5/9
9.89[24]
2.3
6.28
4.8
16.17[53]

8
"Number One"
November 14, 2017
2.6/9
10.05[25]
2.2
6.10
4.8
16.15[54]

9
"Number Two"
November 21, 2017
2.5/9
9.34[26]
2.0
5.71
4.5
15.05[55]

10
"Number Three"
November 28, 2017
2.8/10
10.94[27]
2.0
5.65
4.8
16.60[56]

11
"The Fifth Wheel"
January 9, 2018
2.7/9
9.65[28]
2.3
6.34
5.0
15.99[57]

12
"Clooney"
January 16, 2018
2.5/9
9.82[29]
2.5
6.35
5.0
16.18[58]

13
"That'll Be the Day"
January 23, 2018
2.5/9
9.37[30]
2.6
7.10
5.2
16.58[59]

14
"Super Bowl Sunday"
February 4, 2018
9.3/32
26.97[31]
2.3
6.44
11.6
33.40[60]

15
"The Car"
February 6, 2018
2.7/10
10.13[32]
2.2
6.03
4.9
16.16[61]

16
"Vegas, Baby"
February 27, 2018
2.5/9
9.74[33]
2.0
5.65
4.5
15.39[62]

17
"This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life"
March 6, 2018
2.3/8
8.90[34]
2.3
6.57
4.6
15.67[63]

18
"The Wedding"
March 13, 2018
2.8/10
10.94[35]
2.1
6.13
4.9
17.07[64]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[65]

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Susan Kelechi Watson
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series
Vera Herbert for "Still There"
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth
Lonnie Chavis
Nominated


document_title: Tanya Riches

question_text: author of what a beautiful name it is

question_tokens: author of what a beautiful name it is

root

text: Tanya Riches

text:
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tag: table

text: Tanya Riches is a singer, songwriter, choir conductor, lecturer and pastor residing in Sydney, Australia.[1] Originally publishing her works through Hillsong Church, she authored popular title 'Jesus What a Beautiful Name'[2] at the age of 15, which reached the top 10 Christian congregational songs in Australia, charting also in the U.S., UK, Canada, and many other nations.[3] During her time at Hillsong she also wrote other songs such as 'Hear Our Prayer' recorded by the Hillsong United band on the album 'Everyday' and 'King of Love' recorded by the Hillsong Band on the album 'Hope'. Both albums reached gold status in Australia. She administrated Hillsong's United Live Youth Band along with Reuben Morgan and Marcus Beaumont until 2003 when Joel Houston became music director and lead singer of United.[4][5] Her songs have been sung in Australian congregations since 1996.[6]

tag: p

text: In 2003 Tanya became the lead singer of popular Christian Indie band 'Speaking of Sarah', she toured Australia's main Christian festivals, main staging at Blackstump and Easterfest (formally known as AGMF) before the band broke up citing "... it was time for a few of the guys to get serious about their work and family commitments, and it was just impossible to put the hours into the band that they had been up until that point.".[7] She attended North Shore Christian Centre as the creative pastor, releasing an EP 'King Above Us All' but returned to Hillsong in 2010 and is currently underway in production of a solo album. She is an occasional lecturer at Pentecostal Theological College Alphacrucis.[8] and has written academic articles on Hillsong Music.[9]


document_title: Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles

question_text: who has won the women's single title of badminton in commonwealth games 2018

question_tokens: who has won the women 's single title of badminton in commonwealth games 2018

text: Seeds[edit]

text: The seeds for the tournament were:[3]

text:
01.    P. V. Sindhu (IND) (Silver medal)
02.    Saina Nehwal (IND) (Gold medal)
03.    Michelle Li (CAN) (Fourth place)
04.    Kirsty Gilmour (SCO) (Bronze medal)

05.    Soniia Cheah (MAS) (Quarterfinals)
06.    Rachel Honderich (CAN) (Quarterfinals)
07.    Brittney Tam (CAN) (Quarterfinals)
08.    Gadde Ruthvika Shivani (IND) (Quarterfinals)

text: Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.

text: Results[edit]

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Semifinals
Final
          1
 P. V. Sindhu (IND)
21
21

3
 Michelle Li (CAN)
18
8

1
 P. V. Sindhu (IND)
18
21

2
 Saina Nehwal (IND)
21
23

4
 Kirsty Gilmour (SCO)
14
21
17
2
 Saina Nehwal (IND)
21
18
21
Bronze medal match
3
 Michelle Li (CAN)
11
16

4
 Kirsty Gilmour (SCO)
21
21

text: Top Half[edit]

text: Section 1[edit]

text:
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
1
 P. V. Sindhu (IND)
21
21

 Andra Whiteside (FIJ)
6
3

1
 P. V. Sindhu (IND)
21
21

 Wendy Chen Hsuan-yu (AUS)
15
9

 Zoe Morris (FAI)
3
2

 Eyram Migbodzi (GHA)
2
3

 Wendy Chen Hsuan-yu (AUS)
21
21

 Wendy Chen Hsuan-yu (AUS)
21
21

1
 P. V. Sindhu (IND)
21
21

7
 Brittney Tam (CAN)
14
17

7
 Brittney Tam (CAN)
21
21

 Palwasha Bashir (PAK)
18
12

 Nicki Chan-Lam (MRI)
14
13

 Nicki Chan-Lam (MRI)
21
21

7
 Brittney Tam (CAN)
21
16
21

 Kate Foo Kune (MRI)
16
21
16

 Kate Foo Kune (MRI)
21
21

 Hasini Ambalangodage (SRI)
21
21

 Hasini Ambalangodage (SRI)
12
12

 Emily Temple Redshaw (JER)
18
11

text: Section 2[edit]

text:
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
3
 Michelle Li (CAN)
21
21

 Everlyn Siamupangila (ZAM)
11
9

 Kimberley Clague (IOM)
7
7

 Kimberley Clague (IOM)
21
21

3
 Michelle Li (CAN)
21
21

 Katherine Wynter (JAM)
10
7

 Aisha Nakiyemba (UGA)
18
15

 Katherine Wynter (JAM)
21
21

 Katherine Wynter (JAM)
21
21

 Chloe le Tissier (GUE)
18
16

3
 Michelle Li (CAN)
21
21

5
 Soniia Cheah (MAS)
12
19

5
 Soniia Cheah (MAS)
21
21

 Rachael Darragh (NIR)
21
21

 Rachael Darragh (NIR)
5
12

 Stella Ngadjui (CMR)
6
3

5
 Soniia Cheah (MAS)
21
21

 Grace Chua Hui Zen (SGP)
11
12

 Michelle Butler-Emmett (RSA)
5
12

 Cheryl March (FAI)
1
0

 Grace Chua Hui Zen (SGP)
21
21

 Grace Chua Hui Zen (SGP)
21
21

text: Bottom Half[edit]

text: Section 3[edit]

text:
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals

 Karyn Gibson (FIJ)
6
6

 Yeo Jia Min (SGP)
21
21

 Yeo Jia Min (SGP)
w
/
o

 Shamim Bangi (UGA)

 Yeo Jia Min (SGP)
10
23
10

 Grace Atipaka (GHA)
21
21

8
 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani (IND)
21
21
21

 Juliette Ah-Wan (SEY)
17
19

 Grace Atipaka (GHA)
5
7

8
 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani (IND)
21
21

8
 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani (IND)
5r

 Chloe Birch (ENG)
21
21

4
 Kirsty Gilmour (SCO)
9

 Johanita Scholtz (RSA)
5
8

 Chloe Birch (ENG)
21
21

 Elise Dixon (JER)
2
5

 Chloe Birch (ENG)
20
12

 Aurelie Marie Elisa Allet (MRI)
21
21

4
 Kirsty Gilmour (SCO)
22
21

 Alana Bailey (JAM)
7
12

 Aurelie Marie Elisa Allet (MRI)
3
4

4
 Kirsty Gilmour (SCO)
21
21

text: Section 4[edit]

text:
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals

 Alissa Dean (FIJ)
12
3

 Mahoor Shahzad (PAK)
21
21

 Mahoor Shahzad (PAK)
21
21

 Cristen Marritt (IOM)
14
10

 Mahoor Shahzad (PAK)
17
10

 Mercy Joseph (KEN)

6
 Rachel Honderich (CAN)
21
21

 Allisen Camille (SEY)
w
/
o

 Allisen Camille (SEY)

6
 Rachel Honderich (CAN)
w
/
o
6
 Rachel Honderich (CAN)
8
13

 Ogar Siamupangila (ZAM)
21
21

2
 Saina Nehwal (IND)
21
21

 Stella Koteikai Amasah (GHA)
6
12

 Ogar Siamupangila (ZAM)
9
13

 Jessica Li (IOM)
21
21

 Jessica Li (IOM)
4
0r

2
 Saina Nehwal (IND)
21
2

 Elsie de Villiers (RSA)
3
1

2
 Saina Nehwal (IND)
21
21


document_title: List of National Football League career passing yards leaders

question_text: who has the most passing yards in a career

text: Players with at least 30,000 passing yards[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active in the NFL

text: Through Week 15 of 2017 season

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Yards

1
Manning, PeytonPeyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts (1998–2011)
Denver Broncos (2012–2015)
71,940

2
Favre, BrettBrett Favre^
Atlanta Falcons (1991)
Green Bay Packers (1992–2007)
New York Jets (2008)
Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010)
71,838

3
Brees, DrewDrew Brees*
San Diego Chargers (2001–2005)
New Orleans Saints (since 2006)
69,965

4
Brady, TomTom Brady*
New England Patriots (since 2000)
65,745

5
Marino, DanDan Marino^
Miami Dolphins (1983–1999)
61,361

6
Elway, JohnJohn Elway^
Denver Broncos (1983–1998)
51,475

7
Manning, EliEli Manning*
New York Giants (since 2004)
51,287

8
Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger*
Pittsburgh Steelers (since 2004)
50,839

9
Rivers, PhilipPhilip Rivers*
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers (since 2004)
49,671

10
Moon, WarrenWarren Moon^
Houston Oilers (1984–1993)
Minnesota Vikings (1994–1996)
Seattle Seahawks (1997–1998)
Kansas City Chiefs (1999–2000)
49,325

11
Tarkenton, FranFran Tarkenton^
Minnesota Vikings (1961–1966, 1972–1978)
New York Giants (1967–1971)
47,003

12
Palmer, CarsonCarson Palmer*
Cincinnati Bengals (2003–2010)
Oakland Raiders (2011–2012)
Arizona Cardinals (since 2013)
46,247

13
Testaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1987–1992)
Cleveland Browns (1993–1995)
Baltimore Ravens (1996–1997)
New York Jets (1998–2003, 2005)
Dallas Cowboys (2004)
New England Patriots (2006)
Carolina Panthers (2007)
46,233

14
Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe
New England Patriots (1993–2001)
Buffalo Bills (2002–2004)
Dallas Cowboys (2005–2006)
44,611

15
Fouts, DanDan Fouts^
San Diego Chargers (1973–1987)
43,040

16
Ryan, MattMatt Ryan*
Atlanta Falcons (since 2008)
41,191

17
Collins, KerryKerry Collins
Carolina Panthers (1995–1998)[a])
New Orleans Saints (1998)
New York Giants (1999–2003)
Oakland Raiders (2004–2005)
Tennessee Titans (2006–2010)
Indianapolis Colts (2011)
40,922

18
Montana, JoeJoe Montana^
San Francisco 49ers (1979–1992)
Kansas City Chiefs (1993–1994)
40,551

19
Unitas, JohnnyJohnny Unitas^
Baltimore Colts (1956–1972)
San Diego Chargers (1973)
40,239

20
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers*
Green Bay Packers (since 2005)
38,502

21
Krieg, DaveDave Krieg
Seattle Seahawks (1980–1991)
Kansas City Chiefs (1992–1993)
Detroit Lions (1994)
Arizona Cardinals (1995)
Chicago Bears (1996)
Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)
38,147

22
Esiason, BoomerBoomer Esiason
Cincinnati Bengals (1984–1992)
New York Jets (1993–1995)
Arizona Cardinals (1996)
Cincinnati Bengals (1997)
37,920

23
McNabb, DonovanDonovan McNabb
Philadelphia Eagles (1999–2009)
Washington Redskins (2010)
Minnesota Vikings (2011)
37,276

24
Hasselbeck, MattMatt Hasselbeck
Green Bay Packers (1998–2000)
Seattle Seahawks (2001–2010)
Tennessee Titans (2011–2012)
Indianapolis Colts (2013–2015)
36,638

25
Kelly, JimJim Kelly^
Buffalo Bills (1986–1996)
35,467

26
Flacco, JoeJoe Flacco*
Baltimore Ravens (since 2008)
35,340

27
Everett, JimJim Everett
Los Angeles Rams (1986–1993)
New Orleans Saints (1994–1996)
San Diego Chargers (1997)
34,837

28
Hart, JimJim Hart
St. Louis Cardinals (1966–1983)
Washington Redskins (1984)
34,665

29
Cutler, JayJay Cutler*
Denver Broncos (2006–2008)
Chicago Bears (2009–2016)
Miami Dolphins (since 2017)
34,626

30
DeBerg, SteveSteve DeBerg
San Francisco 49ers (1978–1980)
Denver Broncos (1981–1983)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1984–1987, 1992–1993[b])
Kansas City Chiefs (1988–1991)
Miami Dolphins (1993)
Atlanta Falcons (1998)
34,241

31
Stafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford*
Detroit Lions (since 2009)
34,223

32
Romo, TonyTony Romo
Dallas Cowboys (2003–2016)
34,183

33
Hadl, JohnJohn Hadl
San Diego Chargers (1962–1972)
Los Angeles Rams (1973–1974[c])
Green Bay Packers (1974–1975)
Houston Oilers (1976–1977)
33,503

34
Simms, PhilPhil Simms
New York Giants (1979–1993)
33,462

35
Young, SteveSteve Young^
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–1986
San Francisco 49ers (1987–1999)
33,124

36
Aikman, TroyTroy Aikman^
Dallas Cowboys (1989–2000)
32,942

37
Anderson, KenKen Anderson
Cincinnati Bengals (1971–1986)
32,838

38
Warner, KurtKurt Warner^
St. Louis Rams (1998–2003)
New York Giants (2004)
Arizona Cardinals (2005–2009)
32,344

39
Jurgensen, SonnySonny Jurgensen^
Philadelphia Eagles (1957–1963)
Washington Redskins (1964–1974)
32,224

40
Brunell, MarkMark Brunell
Green Bay Packers (1993–1994)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1995–2003)
Washington Redskins (2004–2006)
New Orleans Saints (2008–2009)
New York Jets (2010–2011)
32,072

41
Smith, AlexAlex Smith*
San Francisco 49ers (2005–2012)
Kansas City Chiefs (since 2013)
31,584

42
Brodie, JohnJohn Brodie
San Francisco 49ers (1957–1973)
31,548

43
McNair, SteveSteve McNair
Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans (1995–2005)
Baltimore Ravens (2006–2007)
31,304

44
Snead, NormNorm Snead
Washington Redskins (1961–1963)
Philadelphia Eagles (1964–1970)
Minnesota Vikings (1971)
New York Giants (1972–1974, 1976)
San Francisco 49ers (1974–1975)
30,797

text: Note: Y. A. Tittle passed for 33,070 yards in his professional career. However, 4,731 of those yards came in the All-American Football Conference (AAFC). The NFL does not recognize statistics and records accrued in the AAFC.[1][2] As such, his career passing yards total in the NFL stands at 28,339.[3]

text: Active players with 25,000–29,999 yards[edit]

text: Through Week 15 of 2017 season in progress; numbers in yards

text:
Ryan Fitzpatrick, 26,991
Andy Dalton, 25,074

text: Historical passing yards leaders[edit]

text: Nine players are recognized as having held the record as the NFL's career passing yardage leader.[4] The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 19 years.

text:
Reign
Player
Team(s) by season
Yards

1932–1943
(11 years)
Arnie Herber^
Green Bay Packers (1930–1940)
New York Giants (1944–1945)
8,041

1943–1959
(16 years)
Sammy Baugh^
Washington Redskins (1937-1952)
21,886

1959–1964
(5 years)
Bobby Layne^
Chicago Bears (1948)
New York Bulldogs (1949)
Detroit Lions (1950–1958)
Pittsburgh Steelers (1958–1962)
26,768

1964–1967
(3 years)
Y. A. Tittle^
Baltimore Colts (1948–1950)
San Francisco 49ers (1951–1960)
New York Giants (1961–1964)
28,339

1967–1976
(9 years)
Johnny Unitas^
Baltimore Colts (1956–1972)
San Diego Chargers (1973)
40,239

1976–1995
(19 years)
Fran Tarkenton^
Minnesota Vikings (1961–1966)
New York Giants (1967–1971)
Minnesota Vikings (1972–1978)
47,003

1995–2007
(12 years)
Dan Marino^
Miami Dolphins (1983–1999)
61,361

2007–2015
(8 years)
Brett Favre^
Atlanta Falcons (1991)
Green Bay Packers (1992–2007)
New York Jets (2008)
Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010)
71,838

Since 2015
(2 years)
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts (1998–2011)
Denver Broncos (2012–2015)
71,940


document_title: Apollo 11

question_text: who was president when the first man walked on the moon

question_tokens: who was president when the first man walked on the moon

text: Apollo 11

text: Framework

text: Crew

text:
Position
Astronaut

Commander
Neil A. Armstrong
Second spaceflight

Command Module Pilot
Michael Collins
Second spaceflight

Lunar Module Pilot
Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Jr.
Second spaceflight

text: The crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander, Jim Lovell as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) was officially announced on November 20, 1967.[7] Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew on an American mission,[8] the first being that of Apollo 10).[9] An all-veteran crew would not be flown again until STS-26 in 1988.[8] Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12. The crew was initially assigned as the backup for Apollo 9. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module (LM), Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.[10] There would be one change. Mike Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.[11] Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and, when he recovered, Collins joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.[12]

text: Backup crew

text:
Position
Astronaut

Commander
James A. Lovell, Jr.

Command Module Pilot
William A. Anders

Lunar Module Pilot
Fred W. Haise, Jr.

text: The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander), William Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.[8] In early 1969, he accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date. At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch, at which point Anders would be unavailable. Lovell, Haise, and Mattingly would ultimately be assigned as the prime crew of Apollo 13.[13]

text: Support crew

text:
Charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM)
Ronald Evans (CAPCOM)
Owen K. Garriott (CAPCOM)
Don L. Lind (CAPCOM)
Ken Mattingly (CAPCOM)
Bruce McCandless II (CAPCOM)
Harrison Schmitt (CAPCOM)
Bill Pogue
Jack Swigert
William Carpentier (SURGEON)

text: Flight directors

text:
Clifford E. Charlesworth (Green Team), launch and EVA
Gerald D. Griffin (Gold Team)
Gene Kranz (White Team), lunar landing
Glynn Lunney (Black Team), lunar ascent

text: Call signs

text: After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release.[14]

text: The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell "spacecraft" fired by a giant cannon (also from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon. It also referenced Columbia, a personification of the United States. The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States, the bald eagle, which was featured prominently on the mission insignia.[15]

text: Insignia

text: The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left. NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11";[16] they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing".[17] All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch.[citation needed]

text: When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.[18] The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.[19]

text: Mementos

text: Neil Armstrong's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from the Wright brothers' 1903 airplane's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,[20] along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin originally given to Deke Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on Apollo 1 and given to Slayton after the mission but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton and Armstrong took it on Apollo 11.[21]

text: Mission highlights

text: Launch and flight to lunar orbit

text: In addition to many people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site, millions watched the event on television, with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary. President Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House.[citation needed]

text: A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. EDT local time). It entered Earth orbit, at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes later. After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver was performed: this involved separating the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) from the spent rocket stage, turning around, and docking with the Lunar Module still attached to the stage. After the Lunar Module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into orbit around the Sun.[3]

text: On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. In the thirty orbits[22] that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N, 23.47297E). The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers along with the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extravehicular activity (EVA) challenges.[23]

text: Lunar descent

text: On July 20, 1969, the Lunar Module Eagle separated from the Command Module Columbia. Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged.

text: As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface four seconds early and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point.

text: Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the LM navigation and guidance computer distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected "1202" and "1201" program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, computer engineer Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them.[24]

text: Due to an error in the checklist manual, the rendezvous radar switch was placed in the wrong position. This caused it to send erroneous signals to the computer. The result was that the computer was being asked to perform all of its normal functions for landing while receiving an extra load of spurious data which used up 15% of its time. The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing. It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the astronaut, I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks; i.e., the ones needed for landing ... Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones ... If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was.[25][a]

text: Landing

text: When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300-meter (980 ft) diameter crater (later determined to be West crater, named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse). Armstrong took semi-automatic control[30] and, with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data, landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.[4]

text: Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.[4]

text: Throughout the descent, Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the LM. A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from Eagle's footpads had touched the surface, and he said: "Contact light!" Three seconds later, Eagle landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown." Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA – out of detent." Armstrong acknowledged "Out of detent. Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control – both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm – off. 413 is in."

text: Charles Duke, CAPCOM during the landing phase, acknowledged their landing by saying "We copy you down, Eagle."

text: Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to Duke with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed[31] change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful. Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan— Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[4][32]

text: Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:

text: This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.[33]

text: He then took communion privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff. Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of Guideposts magazine and in his book Return to Earth. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[34]

text: The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period as they had been awake since early morning. However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep.

text: Lunar surface operations

text: The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP)[35] and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle's twin triangular windows, which gave them a 60° field of view. Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled. Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System (PLSS). According to veteran Moon-walker John Young, a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack, so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[36][37]

text: Several books indicate early mission timelines had Buzz Aldrin rather than Neil Armstrong as the first man on the Moon.[38]

text: At 02:39 UTC on Monday July 21, 1969, Armstrong opened the hatch, and at 02:51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface. The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side and activate the TV camera, and at 02:56:15 UTC he set his left foot on the surface.[39][40] The first landing used slow-scan television incompatible with commercial TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[41] The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia.[42] Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[43] Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.

text: While still on the ladder, Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read:

text: Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.

text: After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder,"[40] six and a half hours after landing,[3] Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and declared, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."[b][44][45][46][47]

text: Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static.[48][49]

text:
That's one small step ...

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.[50]

text: Twelve minutes after the contingency sample was collected,[3] Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface, and described the view with the simple phrase, "Magnificent desolation."[40]

text: In addition to fulfilling President Kennedy's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s,[51] Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system; therefore, Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition. He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod 68 feet (21 m) from the LM. The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA.

text: Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."[40] Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[40]

text: The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Sometime later, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."[52] Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief, to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy.[53] Armstrong thanked the President, and gave a brief reflection on the significance of the moment:

text: Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you've done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.

text: Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.

text: The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment.

text: They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismograph and a Lunar Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR). Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes – the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes.

text: Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins.

text: During this period, Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. However, as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[54] In a 2010 interview, Armstrong, who had walked a maximum of 196 feet (60 m) from the LM, explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.[55]

text: Lunar ascent and return

text: Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve, and Aldrin tossed the bag down; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.[56]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
In Event of Moon Disaster

text: President Nixon's speech writer William Safire had prepared In Event of Moon Disaster for the President to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.[57] The contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon's White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.[58][59] According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to burial at sea. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke's First World War poem, "The Soldier".[59] The plan included presidential telephone calls to the astronauts' wives.

text: While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. Fortunately, a felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch.[56] Had this not worked, the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine.

text: After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54 UTC, they lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit.

text: After more than 21½ total hours on the lunar surface, they had left behind scientific instruments that included a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure moonquakes. They also left an Apollo 1 mission patch, and a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk. The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world. The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management.[60] (In his 1989 book, Men from Earth, Aldrin says that the items included Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin.) Also, according to Deke Slayton's book Moonshot, Armstrong carried with him a special diamond-studded astronaut pin from Slayton.

text: Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple:<[3] "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."[22] Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags at least 100 feet (30 m) from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust.

text: After rendezvous with Columbia, Eagle's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21, 1969, at 23:41 UTC. Just before the Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[61] The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time. NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon.

text: On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:

text: ... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of a people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, "Thank you very much."

text: Aldrin added:

text: This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. "When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?"

text: Armstrong concluded:

text: The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little EMU, the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.[22]

text: On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg later was thanked by Armstrong.[62]

text: Splashdown and quarantine

text: On July 24, the astronauts returned home aboard the Command Module Columbia just before dawn local time (16:51 UTC[3]) at 13°19′N 169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W / 13.317; -169.150 (Apollo 11 splashdown), in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of Wake Island, 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from the recovery ship, USS Hornet.[3] This is near the village of Vatia in American Samoa.[63] The American Samoa-flag which was brought to the moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago, the territorial capital of American Samoa.[64]

text: At 16:44 UTC the drogue parachutes had been deployed and seven minutes later the Command Module struck the water forcefully. During splashdown, the Command Module landed upside down but was righted within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts. "Everything's okay. Our checklist is complete. Awaiting swimmers", was Armstrong's last official transmission from Columbia. A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the Command Module to prevent it from drifting. Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction. Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote, it was considered a possibility and NASA took great precautions at the recovery site. Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments (BIGs) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the Hornet. Additionally, astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and the Command Module wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk.[65]

text: A second Sea King helicopter - "Helicopter 66" - hoisted the astronauts aboard one by one, where a NASA flight surgeon gave each a brief physical check during the 0.5 nautical miles (930 m) trip back to the Hornet.

text: After touchdown on the Hornet, the astronauts exited the helicopter, leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen. The helicopter was then lowered into hangar bay #2 where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) where they would begin the earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.[66] This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life and the quarantine process dropped.[65][67]

text: President Richard Nixon was aboard Hornet to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth. He told the astronauts, "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[68] After Nixon departed, the Hornet was brought alongside the five-ton Command Module where it was placed aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. The Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor where Columbia and the MQF were airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center.[65]

text: In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16[69] to codify its quarantine protocol, the astronauts continued in quarantine out of concern that the Moon might contain undiscovered pathogens and that the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon walks. However, after three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on the Hornet, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[70] On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki[71]), and on Columbia itself.[72] Loose equipment from the spacecraft would remain in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.[72]

text: Celebration

text: On August 13, they rode in parades in their honor in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.[73][74] On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel.[74] President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[74] This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Many nations honored the first manned Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.[75][76]

text: On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill. They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them.[77]

text: Moon race

text: The Soviet Union had been competing with the US in landing a man on the Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V.[78] Meanwhile, they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, they launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin their voyage home. The Jodrell Bank Observatory radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.[79]

text: Legacy

text: Spacecraft location

text: The Command Module Columbia was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM), Washington, D.C. It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Wright Flyer, the Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1, the North American X-15, Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7, and Gemini 4. Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits are displayed in the museum's Apollo to the Moon exhibit. The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar, and the righting spheres are displayed at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly, Virginia.

text: In 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.

text: In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos located the F-1 engines that launched Apollo 11 into space. The engines were found below the Atlantic Ocean's surface through the use of advanced sonar scanning.[80] His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from the Apollo 11 launch.[81][82]

text: Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA, to be readied for a four-city tour titled Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission. This will include Space Center Houston (October 14, 2017 to March 18, 2018), the Saint Louis Science Center (April 14 to September 3, 2018), the Senator John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh (September 29, 2018 to February 18, 2019), and the Seattle Museum of Flight (March 16 to September 2, 2019).[83][84]

text: 40th anniversary events

text: On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch.[85] From July 16–24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.[86] In addition, it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.[87] In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time.[88] The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.[89]

text: On July 20, 2009, the crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House.[90] "We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."[91] On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson.[92][93]

text: A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:

text: It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts – Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.[94]

text: Gallery

text:
Roll-out of Saturn V AS-505 from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad

The Earth as seen from Apollo 11 on the third day out

Play media

Neil Armstrong describes the Moon's surface before setting foot on it

The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969: "'The Eagle Has Landed'—Two Men Walk on the Moon"

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time, as stated in the letter.[1][26] However, software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first unmanned LM for Apollo 5. Having the rendezvous radar on (so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.[27] The Apollo onboard flight software for both the CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs. The sequence that occurred in the Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global error detection and recovery system. This included the restart capability to "kill and start over again" and recompute and the display interface routines ("priority displays") providing the ability, in the case of an emergency, to interrupt nominal displays with higher priority alarm displays. Steps previously taken to create solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment suggested solutions for multiprocessing. Although only one process is actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment, other processes in the same system―sleeping or waiting―exist in parallel with the executing process. With this as a backdrop, the priority display mechanisms were created, essentially changing the man-machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do so.[28]
Jump up ^ A NASA transcript explains that the "a" article was intended, whether or not it was said;[40] the intention was to contrast a man (an individual's action) and mankind (as a species).

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