document_title: List of living actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood

question_text: who is the oldest living actor and actress in hollywood

text: List[edit]

text: Total of 319 actors listed

text: 22 actors

text:
Actor
Birth
Debut
Films

Julie Gibson[1]
(1913-09-06) September 6, 1913 (age 104)
1942
Lucky Cowboy (1944), Chick Carter, Detective (1946), Bowery Buckaroos (1947), and Are You with It? (1948)

Mary Carlisle[2]
(1914-02-03) February 3, 1914 (age 104)
1932
College Humor (1933), Girl o' My Dreams (1934), One Frightened Night (1935), Dance, Girl, Dance (1940) and Dead Men Walk (1943)

Norman Lloyd
(1914-11-08) November 8, 1914 (age 103)
1939
Saboteur (1942), Spellbound (1945) and Limelight (1952)

Patricia Morison[3]
(1915-03-19) March 19, 1915 (age 103)
1935
Rangers of Fortune (1940) and The Song of Bernadette (1943)

Olivia de Havilland[4]
(1916-07-01) July 1, 1916 (age 101)
1935
Captain Blood (1935), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Gone with the Wind (1939), Dodge City (1939), To Each His Own (1946), The Snake Pit (1948) and The Heiress (1949)

Kirk Douglas[5]
(1916-12-09) December 9, 1916 (age 101)
1946
The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946), Champion (1949), Young Man with a Horn (1950), Ace in the Hole (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), The Indian Fighter (1955), Lust for Life (1956), Paths of Glory (1957), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Vikings (1958) and Spartacus (1960)

Ambrose Schindler
(1917-04-10) April 10, 1917 (age 100)
1939
The Wizard of Oz (1939, uncredited)

Marsha Hunt
(1917-10-17) October 17, 1917 (age 100)
1935
Born to the West (1937), These Glamour Girls (1939), Pride and Prejudice (1940), Thousands Cheer (1943), The Human Comedy (1943) and None Shall Escape (1944)

Fay McKenzie[6]
(1918-02-19) February 19, 1918 (age 100)
1934
Assassin of Youth (1937), Gunga Din (1939, uncredited) and Cowboy Serenade (1942)

Elisabeth Waldo
(1918-06-18) June 18, 1918 (age 99)
1945
Song of Mexico (1945)

Jeanne Manet
(1918-06-29) June 29, 1918 (age 99)
1949
Slightly French (1949)

Diana Serra Cary
(1918-10-29) October 29, 1918 (age 99)
1921
Eight Girls in a Boat (1934)

Dusty Anderson
(1918-12-17) December 17, 1918 (age 99)
1944
Tonight and Every Night (1945) and The Phantom Thief (1946)

Dorothy Morrison[7]
(1919-01-03) January 3, 1919 (age 99)
1923
Hearts in Dixie (1929)

Caren Marsh Doll[8]
(1919-04-06) April 6, 1919 (age 98)
1937
The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Navajo Kid (1945)

Doris Merrick[9]
(1919-06-06) June 6, 1919 (age 98)
1942
Time to Kill (1942), The Big Noise (1944), Child of Divorce (1946) and Untamed Women (1952)

Nehemiah Persoff[10]
(1919-08-02) August 2, 1919 (age 98)
1948
The Wrong Man (1956) and Some Like It Hot (1959)

Sono Osato[11]
(1919-08-29) August 29, 1919 (age 98)
1948
The Kissing Bandit (1948)

Marge Champion[12]
(1919-09-02) September 2, 1919 (age 98)
1939
Show Boat (1951), Lovely to Look At (1952) and Give a Girl a Break (1953)

Louise Watson
(1919-11-22) November 22, 1919 (age 98)
1928
Life Begins at 40 (1935)

Betty Brodel (IMDb)
(1919-11-25) November 25, 1919 (age 98)
1936
Swing Hostess (1944)

Norma Miller[13]
(1919-12-02) December 2, 1919 (age 98)
1937
A Day at the Races (1937, uncredited)

text: 84 actors

text:
Actor
Birth
Debut
Films

Jerry Maren
(1920-01-24) January 24, 1920 (age 98)
1938
At the Circus (1939) and The Wizard of Oz (1939)

Susan Miller (IMDb)
(1920-03-13) March 13, 1920 (age 98)
1939
Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941), Hellzapoppin' (1941), An Innocent Affair (1948)

Anita Ellis
(1920-04-12) April 12, 1920 (age 97)
1939
Gilda (1946, voice) and The Joe Louis Story (1953, voice)

Betty Jaynes
(1921-02-12) February 12, 1921 (age 97)
1937
Babes in Arms (1939) and Meet the People (1944)

Betty White
(1922-01-17) January 17, 1922 (age 96)
1945
Time to Kill (1945)

William Phipps[14]
(1922-02-04) February 4, 1922 (age 96)
1947
Crossfire (1947), The Man on the Eiffel Tower (1949), Cinderella (1950, voice), Five (1951) and The War of the Worlds (1953)

Carl Reiner
(1922-03-20) March 20, 1922 (age 96)
1948
The Gazebo (1959)

Doris Day
(1922-04-03) April 3, 1922 (age 95)[15]
1948[16]
Romance on the High Seas (1948), It's a Great Feeling (1949), Young Man with a Horn (1950), Calamity Jane (1953), Young at Heart (1954), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), Pillow Talk (1959) and Midnight Lace (1960)

Margia Dean[17]
(1922-04-07) April 7, 1922 (age 95)
1944
Ringside (1949)

Annette Warren
(1922-07-11) July 11, 1922 (age 95)
1947
Show Boat (1951)

Lois Wheeler (IMDb)
(1922-07-12) July 12, 1922 (age 95)
1949
My Foolish Heart (1949)

Janis Paige[18]
(1922-09-16) September 16, 1922 (age 95)
1944
Hollywood Canteen (1944), Of Human Bondage (1946), Her Kind of Man (1946), Romance on the High Seas (1948), Silk Stockings (1957) and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960)

Martha Stewart
(1922-10-07) October 7, 1922 (age 95)
1945
Johnny Comes Flying Home (1946), Are You with It? (1948) and In a Lonely Place (1950)

Valentina Cortese
(1923-01-01) January 1, 1923 (age 95)
1949
Malaya (1949), The House on Telegraph Hill (1951) and The Barefoot Contessa (1954)

Gloria Henry
(1923-04-02) April 2, 1923 (age 94)
1947
Keeper of the Bees (1947), The Strawberry Roan (1948) and Rancho Notorious (1952)

Gene Reynolds
(1923-04-04) April 4, 1923 (age 94)
1934
Boys Town (1938), Gallant Sons (1940) and The Country Girl (1954)

Jimmy Lydon
(1923-05-30) May 30, 1923 (age 94)
1939
Tom Brown's School Days (1940), Aerial Gunner (1943), Strange Illusion (1945), Life with Father (1947) and When Willie Comes Marching Home (1950)

Peggy Stewart
(1923-06-05) June 5, 1923 (age 94)
1937
Cheyenne Wildcat (1944) and The Vampire's Ghost (1945)

Barbara Perry[19]
(1923-06-22) June 22, 1923 (age 94)
1933
Counsellor at Law (1933) and The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935)

Rhonda Fleming
(1923-08-10) August 10, 1923 (age 94)
1943
The Spiral Staircase (1946), Out of the Past (1947), Adventure Island (1947), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949), Serpent of the Nile (1953), While the City Sleeps (1956), and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)

Glynis Johns
(1923-10-05) October 5, 1923 (age 94)
1945
Vacation from Marriage (1945), Miranda (1947), The Court Jester (1956) and Around the World in 80 Days (1956)

Dewey Martin[20]
(1923-12-08) December 8, 1923 (age 94)
1949
The Golden Gloves Story (1950), The Big Sky (1952) and The Desperate Hours (1955)

Jo-Carroll Dennison
(1923-12-16) December 16, 1923 (age 94)
1943
The Jolson Story (1946)

Kathleen O'Malley
(1924-03-31) March 31, 1924 (age 93)
1926

Noreen Nash
(1924-04-04) April 4, 1924 (age 93)
1943
The Southerner (1945) and The Devil on Wheels (1947)

Sonia Darrin
(1924-06-16) June 16, 1924 (age 93)
1941
The Big Sleep (1946)

Joyce Reynolds
(1924-10-07) October 7, 1924 (age 93)
1942
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), George Washington Slept Here (1942) and Janie (1944)

Jacqueline White[21]
(1924-11-26) November 26, 1924 (age 93)
1943
Crossfire (1947) and The Narrow Margin (1952)

Maria Riva
(1924-12-13) December 13, 1924 (age 93)
1934
The Scarlet Empress (1934)

Anne Triola
1924
1939
Without Reservations (1946) and Lullaby of Broadway (1951)

Richard Erdman[22]
(1925-06-01) June 1, 1925 (age 92)
1944
Mr. Skeffington (1944), Objective, Burma! (1945) and Cry Danger (1951)

Virginia Patton
(1925-06-25) June 25, 1925 (age 92)
1943
Janie (1944), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Black Eagle (1948)

June Lockhart
(1925-06-25) June 25, 1925 (age 92)
1938
A Christmas Carol (1938), Sergeant York (1941), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) and Son of Lassie (1945)

Cara Williams
(1925-06-29) June 29, 1925 (age 92)
1941
Boomerang (1947) and Never Steal Anything Small (1959)

Mildred Kornman
(1925-07-10) July 10, 1925 (age 92)
1926

Nancy Saunders[23]
(1925-06-29) June 29, 1925 (age 92)
1946
The Millerson Case (1947)

Arlene Dahl
(1925-08-11) August 11, 1925 (age 92)
1947
My Wild Irish Rose (1947), A Southern Yankee (1948), Scene of the Crime (1949) and Three Little Words (1950)

Peggy Webber
(1925-09-15) September 15, 1925 (age 92)
1946
Macbeth (1948), Submarine Command (1951) and The Wrong Man (1956)

Martin Spellman
(1925-10-08) October 8, 1925 (age 92)
1938
Test Pilot (1938) and Beau Geste (1939)

Angela Lansbury[24]
(1925-10-16) October 16, 1925 (age 92)
1944
Gaslight (1944), The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945), State of the Union (1948), The Three Musketeers (1948), Samson and Delilah (1949) and The Long, Hot Summer (1958)

Carla Balenda[25]
(1925-11-22) November 22, 1925 (age 92)
1944
Swing in the Saddle (1944), Hunt the Man Down (1950), Sealed Cargo (1951) and The Whip Hand (1951)

Nancy Gates
(1926-02-01) February 1, 1926 (age 92)
1942

Marcy McGuire[26]
(1926-02-22) February 22, 1926 (age 92)
1942
Higher and Higher (1944)

Sue Casey[27]
(1926-04-08) April 8, 1926 (age 91)
1936
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947, uncredited), Neptune's Daughter (1949, uncredited) and An American in Paris (1951, uncredited)

Jane Withers
(1926-04-12) April 12, 1926 (age 91)
1932
Imitation of Life (1934), Pack Up Your Troubles (1939), The North Star (1943) and Giant (1956)

Gloria Jean
(1926-04-14) April 14, 1926 (age 91)
1939
The Under-Pup (1939), If I Had My Way (1940) and Copacabana (1947)

Marilyn Knowlden[28]
(1926-05-12) May 12, 1926 (age 91)
1931
Imitation of Life (1934), David Copperfield (1935), Les Misérables (1935), Anthony Adverse (1936), Marie Antoinette (1938) and Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)

Carleton Carpenter
(1926-07-10) July 10, 1926 (age 91)
1949
Summer Stock (1950), Two Weeks with Love (1950) and Fearless Fagan (1952)

Nita Bieber[29]
(1926-07-18) July 18, 1926 (age 91)
1946
Rhythm and Weep (1946) and Summer Stock (1950)

Meg Randall
(1926-08-01) August 1, 1926 (age 91)
1947
Criss Cross (1948)

Betty Lynn
(1926-08-29) August 29, 1926 (age 91)
1948
Sitting Pretty (1948), June Bride (1948) and Cheaper by the Dozen (1950)

Julie Adams
(1926-10-17) October 17, 1926 (age 91)
1949
Bright Victory (1951) and Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954)

Faye Marlowe[30]
(1926-10-26) October 26, 1926 (age 91)
1945
Hangover Square (1945) and Rendezvous with Annie (1946)

Terry Kilburn
(1926-11-25) November 25, 1926 (age 91)
1938
A Christmas Carol (1938), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) and National Velvet (1944)

Allyn Ann McLerie
(1926-12-01) December 1, 1926 (age 91)
1948
The Desert Song (1953) and Calamity Jane (1953)

Phyllis Coates
(1927-01-15) January 15, 1927 (age 91)
1944

Sidney Poitier[31]
(1927-02-20) February 20, 1927 (age 91)
1949
No Way Out (1950), Blackboard Jungle (1955), Virgin Island (1958), The Defiant Ones (1958) and Porgy and Bess (1959)

Joan Howard Maurer
(1927-04-02) April 2, 1927 (age 90)
1934

Cora Sue Collins
(1927-04-19) April 19, 1927 (age 90)
1932
Anna Karenina (1935) and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938)

Joe Turkel
(1927-07-15) July 15, 1927 (age 90)
1948
Johnny Stool Pigeon (1949) and Paths of Glory (1957)

Betty Brewer
(1927-11-14) November 14, 1927 (age 90)
1941
The Round Up (1941)

Donna Martell
(1927-12-24) December 24, 1927 (age 90)
1947
Kim (1950) and Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (1955)

Patricia Marshall ([1])
(1928-01-13) January 13, 1928 (age 90)
1947
Good News (1947)

Conrad Janis[32]
(1928-02-11) February 11, 1928 (age 90)
1945
Margie (1946) and The Brasher Doubloon (1947)

Louise Erickson
(1928-02-28) February 28, 1928 (age 90)
1944
Rosie the Riveter (1944) and Three Husbands (1951)

Peggy Dow
(1928-03-18) March 18, 1928 (age 90)
1949
Harvey (1950) and I Want You (1951)

Sara Shane[33]
(1928-05-18) May 18, 1928 (age 89)
1948
Easter Parade (1948), Julia Misbehaves (1948) and Neptune's Daughter (1949)

Sidney Kibrick
(1928-07-02) July 2, 1928 (age 89)
1933

Nancy Olson
(1928-07-14) July 14, 1928 (age 89)
1949
Sunset Boulevard (1950)

Ann Blyth[34]
(1928-08-16) August 16, 1928 (age 89)
1944
Mildred Pierce (1945) and The Great Caruso (1951) and Kismet (1955)

Allene Roberts[35]
(1928-09-01) September 1, 1928 (age 89)
1947
The Red House (1947) and Knock on Any Door (1949)

Garry Watson
(1928-09-27) September 27, 1928 (age 89)
1929
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)

Kathleen Hughes
(1928-11-14) November 14, 1928 (age 89)
1949
Mother Is a Freshman (1949), Mr. Belvedere Goes to College (1949) and It Came From Outer Space (1953)

Colleen Townsend
(1928-12-21) December 21, 1928 (age 89)
1944
Hollywood Canteen (1944), Chicken Every Sunday (1949) and When Willie Comes Marching Home (1950)

June Preston
(1928-12-29) December 29, 1928 (age 89)
1934
Anne of Green Gables (1934) and Christmas in July (1940)

Terry Moore
(1929-01-07) January 7, 1929 (age 89)
1940
Gaslight (1944), Mighty Joe Young (1949), Come Back, Little Sheba (1952) and Peyton Place (1957)

Jane Powell[36]
(1929-04-01) April 1, 1929 (age 88)
1944
A Date with Judy (1948), Three Daring Daughters (1948) and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)

Margaret Kerry
(1929-05-11) May 11, 1929 (age 88)
1948
If You Knew Susie (1948)

Mary Hatcher
(1929-06-06) June 6, 1929 (age 88)
1946
Our Hearts Were Growing Up (1946)

Marion Marshall
(1929-06-08) June 8, 1929 (age 88)
1947
I Was a Male War Bride (1949) and That's My Boy (1951)

Joyce MacKenzie
(1929-10-13) October 13, 1929 (age 88)
1946
Wait till the Sun Shines, Nellie (1952)

Claudia Barrett
(1929-11-03) November 3, 1929 (age 88)
1949
White Heat (1949) and A Life at Stake (1954)

Betta St. John
(1929-11-26) November 26, 1929 (age 88)
1939
The Robe (1953)

Tommy Rall
(1929-12-27) December 27, 1929 (age 88)
1942
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)

text: 41 actors

text:
Actor
Birth
Debut
Films

Tommy Cook
(1930-07-05) July 5, 1930 (age 87)
1940
Panic in the Streets (1950)

Annie Ross
(1930-07-25) July 25, 1930 (age 87)
1937
Presenting Lily Mars (1943)

Nita Talbot
(1930-08-08) August 8, 1930 (age 87)
1949

Sylvia Lewis
(1931-03-22) March 22, 1931 (age 87)
1947
Living in a Big Way (1947)

Darryl Hickman[37]
(1931-07-28) July 28, 1931 (age 86)
1938
The Grapes of Wrath (1940), The Human Comedy (1943), Leave Her to Heaven (1945), The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) and Tea and Sympathy (1956)

Ann E. Todd
(1931-08-26) August 26, 1931 (age 86)
1939
Intermezzo (1939), Destry Rides Again (1939), All This, and Heaven Too (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), The Jolson Story (1946) and Three Daring Daughters (1948)

Edna May Wonacott[38]
(1932-02-06) February 6, 1932 (age 86)
1943
Shadow of a Doubt (1943)

Mickey Kuhn
(1932-09-21) September 21, 1932 (age 85)
1934
Gone with the Wind (1939), Juarez (1939), The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946), Red River (1948) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)

William Smith[39]
(1933-03-24) March 24, 1933 (age 85)
1942
The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942), The Song of Bernardette (1944) and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945)

Debra Paget
(1933-08-19) August 19, 1933 (age 84)
1948
House of Strangers (1949), Prince Valiant (1954) and The Ten Commandments (1956)

Ted Donaldson
(1933-08-20) August 20, 1933 (age 84)
1944
Once Upon a Time (1944) and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945)

Robert Blake
(1933-09-18) September 18, 1933 (age 84)
1939
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)

Dwayne Hickman
(1934-05-18) May 18, 1934 (age 83)
1945
Heaven Only Knows (1947), The Boy with Green Hair (1948) and Mighty Joe Young (1949)

Joan Evans[40]
(1934-07-18) July 18, 1934 (age 83)
1949
Roseanna McCoy (1949) and Skirts Ahoy! (1952)

Donnie Dunagan
(1934-08-16) August 16, 1934 (age 83)
1938
Son of Frankenstein (1939) and Bambi (1942, voice)

George Chakiris
(1934-09-16) September 16, 1934 (age 83)
1947
White Christmas (1954, uncredited) and Brigadoon (1954, uncredited)

Claude Jarman, Jr.
(1934-09-27) September 27, 1934 (age 83)
1946
The Yearling (1946)

Peter Behn[41] (IMDb)
(1934-10-24) October 24, 1934 (age 83)
1942
Bambi (1942, voice)

Russ Tamblyn
(1934-12-30) December 30, 1934 (age 83)
1948
Samson and Delilah (1949), Gun Crazy (1950), Father of the Bride (1950), Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), Peyton Place (1957) and Tom Thumb (1958)

Charles Bates
(1935-01-15) January 15, 1935 (age 83)
1941
Shadow of a Doubt (1943)

Dawn Bender
(1935-02-21) February 21, 1935 (age 83)
1945

Diane Jergens
(1935-03-31) March 31, 1935 (age 82)
1946

Clyde Willson
(1935-05-07) May 7, 1935 (age 82)

Andy Hardy Meets Debutante (1940)

Carol Coombs[42]
(1935-10-15) October 15, 1935 (age 82)
1941
It's a Wonderful Life (1946)

Dean Stockwell[43]
(1936-03-05) March 5, 1936 (age 82)
1945
Anchors Aweigh (1945), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), The Boy With Green Hair (1948), The Secret Garden (1949), Kim (1950) and Compulsion (1959)

Tommy Ivo[44]
(1936-04-18) April 18, 1936 (age 81)
1944
Song of Arizona (1946), Carnival in Costa Rica (1947) and Outcasts of the Trail (1949)

Lisa Davis
(1936-04-20) April 20, 1936 (age 81)
1949
The Man from Yesterday (1949)

Mason Alan Dinehart
(1936-04-30) April 30, 1936 (age 81)
1948
The Happy Years (1950)

Michael Chapin[45]
(1936-07-25) July 25, 1936 (age 81)
1944
Under California Stars (1948)

Sharyn Moffett
(1936-09-12) September 12, 1936 (age 81)
1944
The Body Snatcher (1945), The Locket (1946) and Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948)

Margaret O'Brien[46]
(1937-01-15) January 15, 1937 (age 81)
1942
Madame Curie (1943), The Canterville Ghost (1944), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) and The Secret Garden (1949)

Elinor Donahue
(1937-04-19) April 19, 1937 (age 80)
1942
Three Daring Daughters (1948) and Love Is Better Than Ever (1952)

Don Reynolds[47]
(1937-05-29) May 29, 1937 (age 80)
1944
The Red Pony (1949)

Carol Nugent
(1937-07-07) July 7, 1937 (age 80)
1944
It Had to Be You (1947) and Cheaper by the Dozen (1950)

Nino Tempo[48]
(1938-01-06) January 6, 1938 (age 80)
1945
The Red Pony (1949)

Billy Gray[49]
(1938-01-13) January 13, 1938 (age 80)
1943
Specter of the Rose (1946) and Fighting Father Dunne (1948)

Eilene Janssen
(1938-05-25) May 25, 1938 (age 79)
1940
Since You Went Away (1944, uncredited), The Green Years (1946) and Song of Love (1947)

Kathryn Beaumont
(1938-06-27) June 27, 1938 (age 79)
1948
The Secret Garden (1949) and Alice in Wonderland (1951, voice)

Dolores Hart
(1938-10-20) October 20, 1938 (age 79)
1947
King Creole (1958) and Where the Boys Are (1960)

Orley Lindgren ([2])
(1939-07-18) July 18, 1939 (age 78)
1943
The Great Lover (1949)

Jimmy Hunt
(1939-12-09) December 9, 1939 (age 78)
1947
Song of Love (1947) and Sorry, Wrong Number (1948)

text: 9 actors

text:
Actor
Birth
Debut
Films

Karolyn Grimes
(1940-07-04) July 4, 1940 (age 77)
1945
It's a Wonderful Life (1946)

Judy Nugent
(1940-08-22) August 22, 1940 (age 77)
1947
It Had to Be You (1947)

David Stollery
(1941-01-18) January 18, 1941 (age 77)
1949
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949, uncredited)

Gigi Perreau
(1941-02-06) February 6, 1941 (age 77)
1943
Mr Skeffington (1944)

Gordon Gebert[50]
(1941-10-17) October 17, 1941 (age 76)
1949
Holiday Affair (1949)

Jimmy Hawkins
(1941-11-13) November 13, 1941 (age 76)
1944
The Seventh Cross (1944), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Mister Scoutmaster (1953)

Beau Bridges
(1941-12-09) December 9, 1941 (age 76)
1948
No Minor Vices (1948)

Sherry Jackson
(1942-02-15) February 15, 1942 (age 76)
1949
Trouble Along the Way (1953)

Liza Minnelli
(1946-03-12) March 12, 1946 (age 72)
1949
In the Good Old Summertime (1949)

text: Actors who debuted during 1950–1960[edit]

text: 163 actors

text:
Actor
Birth
Debut
Films

Earl Cameron
(1917-08-08) August 8, 1917 (age 100)
1957
The Mark of the Hawk (1957)

Murray Westgate
(1918-04-16) April 16, 1918 (age 99)
1952

Noah Keen
(1920-10-10) October 10, 1920 (age 97)
1960
Girl of the Night (1960)

Carol Channing
(1921-01-31) January 31, 1921 (age 97)
1952
The First Traveling Saleslady (1956)

Micheline Presle
(1922-08-22) August 22, 1922 (age 95)
1950
American Guerrilla in the Philippines (1950) and Adventures of Captain Fabian (1951)

Larry Storch
(1923-01-05) January 5, 1923 (age 95)
1958
Gun Fever (1958) and Who Was That Lady? (1960)

Wright King[51]
(1923-01-11) January 11, 1923 (age 95)
1951
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951, uncredited)

Lydia Clarke
(1923-04-14) April 14, 1923 (age 94)
1952
The Atomic City (1952)

Elizabeth Sellars
(1923-05-06) May 6, 1923 (age 94)
1953
The Barefoot Contessa (1953)

Machiko Kyo
(1924-03-25) March 25, 1924 (age 94)
1956
The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956)

Leslie Phillips
(1924-04-20) April 20, 1924 (age 93)
1956
Les Girls (1957)

Eva Marie Saint
(1924-07-04) July 4, 1924 (age 93)
1954
On the Waterfront (1954) and North by Northwest (1959)

Cicely Tyson
(1924-12-19) December 19, 1924 (age 93)
1956

Katherine MacGregor
(1925-01-12) January 12, 1925 (age 93)
1954
On the Waterfront (1954)

Lise Bourdin
(1925-11-20) November 20, 1925 (age 92)
1957
Love in the Afternoon (1957)

Robert Clary
(1926-03-01) March 1, 1926 (age 92)
1951
Ten Tall Men (1951)

Marilyn Erskine
(1926-04-24) April 24, 1926 (age 91)
1951

Cloris Leachman
(1926-04-30) April 30, 1926 (age 91)
1957
Kiss Me Deadly (1957)

Rae Allen
(1926-07-03) July 3, 1926 (age 91)
1958
Damn Yankees (1958)

Helen Gallagher
(1926-07-19) July 19, 1926 (age 91)
1960

Irene Papas
(1926-09-03) September 3, 1926 (age 91)
1956
Tribute to a Bad Man (1956)

John Ericson
(1926-09-25) September 25, 1926 (age 91)
1951
Teresa (1951) and Bad Day at Black Rock (1955)

Barbara Rush
(1927-01-04) January 4, 1927 (age 91)
1950
When Worlds Collide (1951) and It Came from Outer Space (1953)

Juliette Greco
(1927-02-07) February 7, 1927 (age 91)
1957
The Sun Also Rises (1957) and The Roots of Heaven (1959)

Harry Belafonte
(1927-03-01) March 1, 1927 (age 91)
1953
Carmen Jones (1954)

Mort Sahl
(1927-05-11) May 11, 1927 (age 90)
1958
In Love and War (1958)

David Hedison
(1927-05-20) May 20, 1927 (age 90)
1957
The Enemy Below (1957) and The Fly (1958)

Michael Constantine
(1927-05-22) May 22, 1927 (age 90)
1953
The Last Mile (1959)

Gina Lollobrigida
(1927-07-04) July 4, 1927 (age 90)
1953[52]
Beat the Devil (1953), Trapeze (1956) and Solomon and Sheba (1959)

L.Q. Jones
(1927-08-19) August 19, 1927 (age 90)
1954
Battle Cry (1955)

Rosemary Harris
(1927-09-19) September 19, 1927 (age 90)
1954
Beau Brummell (1954)

May Wynn
(1928-01-08) January 8, 1928 (age 90)
1952
The Caine Mutiny (1954)

Stuart Whitman
(1928-02-01) February 1, 1928 (age 90)
1951
Rhapsody (1954)

Brigitte Auber
(1928-04-27) April 27, 1928 (age 89)
1955
To Catch a Thief (1955)

Yvonne Furneaux
(1928-05-11) May 11, 1928 (age 89)
1952
The Master of Ballantrae (1953)

Ed Fury
(1928-06-06) June 6, 1928 (age 89)
1956

Pat Hitchcock
(1928-07-07) July 7, 1928 (age 89)
1950
Strangers on a Train (1951) and Psycho (1960)

Earl Holliman
(1928-09-11) September 11, 1928 (age 89)
1953
Forbidden Planet (1956), Giant (1956), The Rainmaker (1956) and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)

Henry Silva
(1928-09-15) September 15, 1928 (age 89)
1952
Ocean's Eleven (1960)

Marion Ross
(1928-10-25) October 25, 1928 (age 89)
1953
The Glenn Miller Story (1954) and Operation Petticoat (1959)

Dianne Foster
(1928-10-31) October 31, 1928 (age 89)
1954
Drive a Crooked Road (1954) and The Kentuckian (1955)

Lee Grant
October 31, 1925 – 1928
1951
Detective Story (1951)

Sue Carlton (IMDb)
(1929-02-15) February 15, 1929 (age 89)
1950

James Hong
(1929-02-22) February 22, 1929 (age 89)
1955
China Gate (1957)

Ann Robinson
(1929-05-25) May 25, 1929 (age 88)
1950
The War of the Worlds (1953)

Don Murray
(1929-07-31) July 31, 1929 (age 88)
1956
Bus Stop (1956) and A Hatful of Rain (1957)

Vera Miles
(1929-08-23) August 23, 1929 (age 88)
1950
The Wrong Man (1956), The Searchers (1956), Psycho (1960)

Rachel Ames
(1929-11-02) November 2, 1929 (age 88)
1951
When Worlds Collide (1951)

Christopher Plummer
(1929-12-13) December 13, 1929 (age 88)
1958
Wind Across the Everglades (1958)

Mara Corday
(1930-01-03) January 3, 1930 (age 88)
1951

Tippi Hedren
(1930-01-19) January 19, 1930 (age 88)
1950

Robert Wagner
(1930-02-10) February 10, 1930 (age 88)
1950
Halls of Montezuma (1951) and Titanic (1953)

Joanne Woodward
(1930-02-27) February 27, 1930 (age 88)
1955
A Kiss Before Dying (1956)

John Astin
(1930-03-30) March 30, 1930 (age 88)
1957
The Pusher (1960)

Mary Costa
(1930-04-05) April 5, 1930 (age 87)
1953
Marry Me Again (1953) and Sleeping Beauty (1959, voice)

Clint Eastwood[53]
(1930-05-31) May 31, 1930 (age 87)
1955
Revenge of the Creature (1955), Francis in the Navy (1955), Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955), Lafayette Escadrille (1958) and Ambush at Cimarron Pass (1958)

Sean Connery
(1930-08-25) August 25, 1930 (age 87)
1957
Action of the Tiger (1957) and Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959)

Lois Smith
(1930-11-03) November 3, 1930 (age 87)
1955
East of Eden (1955)

Nancy Kilgas (IMDb)
(1930-11-07) November 7, 1930 (age 87)
1954
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)

Ricou Browning
(1930-11-23) November 23, 1930 (age 87)
1953
Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Revenge of the Creature (1955) and The Creature Walks Among Us (1956)

Jack Grinnage
(1931-01-20) January 20, 1931 (age 87)
1955
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)

Mamie Van Doren
(1931-02-06) February 6, 1931 (age 87)
1951

Rip Torn
(1931-02-06) February 6, 1931 (age 87)
1956
Baby Doll (1956, uncredited), A Face in the Crowd (1957, uncredited) and Pork Chop Hill (1959)

Claire Bloom[54]
(1931-02-15) February 15, 1931 (age 87)
1952
Limelight (1952) and Richard III (1955)

Gavin Macleod
(1931-02-28) February 28, 1931 (age 87)
1955
Compulsion (1959) and Pork Chop Hill (1959)

William Shatner
(1931-03-22) March 22, 1931 (age 87)
1951
The Brothers Karamazov (1958)

Carroll Baker
(1931-05-28) May 28, 1931 (age 86)
1953
Giant (1956), Baby Doll (1956) and The Big Country (1958)

Tab Hunter
(1931-07-01) July 1, 1931 (age 86)
1951
Battle Cry (1955), Lafayette Escadrille (1958) and Damn Yankees (1958)

Leslie Caron
(1931-07-01) July 1, 1931 (age 86)
1951
An American in Paris (1951) and Gigi (1958)

Barbara Eden
(1931-08-23) August 23, 1931 (age 86)
1956
The Wayward Girl (1957)

Mitzi Gaynor
(1931-09-04) September 4, 1931 (age 86)
1950
South Pacific (1958)

Haya Harareet
(1931-09-20) September 20, 1931 (age 86)
1959
Ben-Hur (1959)

Peter Palmer
(1931-09-20) September 20, 1931 (age 86)
1959
Li'l Abner (1959)

Angie Dickinson
(1931-09-30) September 30, 1931 (age 86)
1954
Rio Bravo (1959) and Ocean's 11 (1960)

Barbara Darrow
(1931-11-18) November 18, 1931 (age 86)
1950
Susan Slept Here (1954)

William Reynolds
(1931-12-09) December 9, 1931 (age 86)
1951
All That Heaven Allows (1955)

Rita Moreno
(1931-12-11) December 11, 1931 (age 86)
1950
Singin' in the Rain (1952) and The King and I (1956)

Piper Laurie
(1932-01-22) January 22, 1932 (age 86)
1950

Joel Grey
(1932-04-11) April 11, 1932 (age 85)
1952
About Face (1952)

Christiane Kubrick
(1932-05-10) May 10, 1932 (age 85)
1957
Paths of Glory (1957)

Marisa Pavan
(1932-06-19) June 19, 1932 (age 85)
1952
The Rose Tattoo (1955) and Solomon and Sheba (1959)

Rosemarie Bowe
(1932-09-17) September 17, 1932 (age 85)
1952

Felicia Farr
(1932-10-04) October 4, 1932 (age 85)
1955
Onionhead (1958)

Virginia Leith
(1932-10-15) October 15, 1932 (age 85)
1953
A Kiss Before Dying (1956)

Colleen Miller
(1932-10-10) October 10, 1932 (age 85)
1952

Nichelle Nichols
(1932-12-28) December 28, 1932 (age 85)
1959
Porgy and Bess (1959, uncredited)

Kim Novak
(1933-02-13) February 13, 1933 (age 85)
1954[55]
Picnic (1955), The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), Pal Joey (1957) and Vertigo (1958)

Constance Towers
(1933-05-20) May 20, 1933 (age 84)
1955
Bring Your Smile Along (1955) and The Horse Soldiers (1959)

Joan Collins[56]
(1933-05-23) May 23, 1933 (age 84)
1955

Edd Byrnes
(1933-07-30) July 30, 1933 (age 84)
1957
Johnny Trouble (1957) and Up Periscope (1959)

Lori Nelson
(1933-08-15) August 15, 1933 (age 84)
1952
Bend of the River (1952), Revenge of the Creature (1955) and Hot Rod Girl (1956)

Julie Newmar
(1933-08-16) August 16, 1933 (age 84)
1952
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) and Li'l Abner (1959)

Geoffrey Horne
(1933-08-22) August 22, 1933 (age 84)
1957
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)

Pat Crowley
(1933-09-17) September 17, 1933 (age 84)
1953
Red Garters (1954)

Ben Cooper
(1933-09-30) September 30, 1933 (age 84)
1950
Side Street (1950) and The Rose Tattoo (1955)

Kathryn Crosby
(1933-11-25) November 25, 1933 (age 84)
1953
Rear Window (1954)

Erin O'Brien
(1934-01-17) January 17, 1934 (age 84)
1958
Onionhead (1958)

Audrey Dalton
(1934-01-21) January 21, 1934 (age 84)
1952
My Cousin Rachel (1952) and Titanic (1953)

Anna Maria Ferrero
(1934-02-18) February 18, 1934 (age 84)
1950
War and Peace (1956)

Linda Cristal
(1934-02-23) February 23, 1934 (age 84)
1956
Comanche (1956)

May Britt
(1934-03-22) March 22, 1934 (age 84)
1952
War and Peace (1956)

Alan Arkin
(1934-03-26) March 26, 1934 (age 84)
1957
Calypso Heat Wave (1957)

Shirley Jones
(1934-03-31) March 31, 1934 (age 83)
1955
Oklahoma! (1955), Carousel, (1956) and Elmer Gantry (1960)

James Drury
(1934-04-18) April 18, 1934 (age 83)
1955

Shirley MacLaine
(1934-04-24) April 24, 1934 (age 83)
1955
The Trouble with Harry (1955), Around the World in Eighty Days (1956), Some Came Running (1958), Ask Any Girl (1958), Ocean's 11 (1960) and The Apartment (1960)

Pat Boone[57]
(1934-06-01) June 1, 1934 (age 83)
1957
April Love (1957), Mardi Gras (1958) and Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959)

Jamie Farr
(1934-07-01) July 1, 1934 (age 83)
1955
Blackboard Jungle (1955)

Jean Marsh
(1934-07-01) July 1, 1934 (age 83)
1953

Louise Fletcher
(1934-07-22) July 22, 1934 (age 83)
1958

Jacques d'Amboise
(1934-07-28) July 28, 1934 (age 83)
1954
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)

Myrna Hansen
(1934-08-05) August 5, 1934 (age 83)
1953

Sophia Loren
(1934-09-20) September 20, 1934 (age 83)
1950
Quo Vadis (1951), The Pride and the Passion (1957), Desire Under the Elms (1958) and Houseboat (1958)

Brigitte Bardot
(1934-09-28) September 28, 1934 (age 83)
1952
Act of Love (1953)

Suzanne Lloyd
(1934-11-11) November 11, 1934 (age 83)
1960

Joanna Barnes
(1934-11-15) November 15, 1934 (age 83)
1958
Auntie Mame (1958) and Spartacus (1960)

Barry Coe
(1934-11-26) November 26, 1934 (age 83)
1955

Jeanette Sterke
1934 (age 83–84)
1955
Lust for Life (1956)

Nancy Kovack
(1935-03-11) March 11, 1935 (age 83)
1960

Leslie Parrish
(1935-03-18) March 18, 1935 (age 83)
1955

Charles Grodin
(1935-04-21) April 21, 1935 (age 82)
1954
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954, uncredited)

Ruta Lee
(1935-05-30) May 30, 1935 (age 82)
1954
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), Funny Face (1957) and Witness for the Prosecution (1957)

Diahann Carroll
(1935-07-17) July 17, 1935 (age 82)
1954
Carmen Jones (1954) and Porgy and Bess (1959)

John Saxon
(1935-08-05) August 5, 1935 (age 82)
1953

Rosenda Monteros
(1935-08-31) August 31, 1935 (age 82)
1956
The Magnificent Seven (1960)

Bruce Dern
(1936-06-04) June 4, 1936 (age 81)
1960
Wild River (1960, uncredited)

James Darren
(1936-06-08) June 8, 1936 (age 81)
1956
Operation Mad Ball (1957) and Gidget (1959)

Shirley Knight
(1936-07-05) July 5, 1936 (age 81)
1959
Five Gates to Hell (1959) and The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (1960)

Robert Redford
(1936-08-18) August 18, 1936 (age 81)
1960
Tall Story (1960, uncredited)

Susan Kohner
(1936-11-11) November 11, 1936 (age 81)
1955
To Hell and Back (1955) and Imitation of Life (1959)

Billy Dee Williams
(1937-04-06) April 6, 1937 (age 80)
1959
The Last Angry Man (1959)

George Takei
(1937-04-20) April 20, 1937 (age 80)
1955
Hell to Eternity (1960)

Jack Nicholson
(1937-04-22) April 22, 1937 (age 80)
1957
Too Soon to Love (1960) and Studs Lonigan (1960)

Paul Collins
(1937-07-25) July 25, 1937 (age 80)
1953
Peter Pan (1953, voice) and Midnight Lace (1960)

Jane Fonda
(1937-12-21) December 21, 1937 (age 80)
1960
Tall Story (1960)

Richard Beymer
(1938-02-20) February 20, 1938 (age 80)
1951
Johnny Tremain (1957) and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)

Diane Baker
(1938-02-25) February 25, 1938 (age 80)
1959
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959) and The Best of Everything (1959)

Venetia Stevenson
(1938-03-10) March 10, 1938 (age 80)
1958

Susan Harrison
(1938-08-26) August 26, 1938 (age 79)
1957
Sweet Smell of Success (1957)

Stella Stevens
(1938-10-01) October 1, 1938 (age 79)
1959
Say One for Me (1959)

Dolres Hart
(1938-10-20) October 20, 1938 (age 79)
1957
Where the Boys Are (1960)

Patrick Wayne
(1939-07-15) July 15, 1939 (age 78)
1950
The Searchers (1956)

France Nuyen
(1939-07-31) July 31, 1939 (age 78)
1958
South Pacific (1958)

George Hamilton
(1939-08-12) August 12, 1939 (age 78)
1952
Crime and Punishment U.S.A. (1959), Home from the Hill (1960) and Where the Boys Are (1960)

Jo Morrow
(1939-11-01) November 1, 1939 (age 78)
1958
Gidget (1959) and The Three Worlds of Gulliver (1960)

Lisa Mitchell
(1940-03-31) March 31, 1940 (age 77)
1956
The Ten Commandments (1956)

Tim Considine
(1940-12-31) December 31, 1940 (age 77)
1953
The Shaggy Dog (1959)

Leticia Roman
(1941-08-12) August 12, 1941 (age 76)
1960
G I Blues (1960)

Tommy Kirk
(1941-12-10) December 10, 1941 (age 76)
1956
The Shaggy Dog (1959) and Swiss Family Robinson (1960)

Yvette Mimieux
(1942-01-08) January 8, 1942 (age 76)
1956
Where the Boys Are (1960) and The Time Machine (1960)

Carol Lynley
(1942-02-13) February 13, 1942 (age 76)
1958

Donna Corcoran
(1942-09-29) September 29, 1942 (age 75)
1951
Million Dollar Mermaid (1952)

Fabian Forte
(1943-02-06) February 6, 1943 (age 75)
1959

Tuesday Weld
(1943-08-27) August 27, 1943 (age 74)
1955

Beverly Washburn
(1943-11-25) November 25, 1943 (age 74)
1950

Harry Shearer
(1943-12-23) December 23, 1943 (age 74)
1953
Abbott and Costello Go to Mars (1953) and The Robe (1953)

Geraldine Chaplin
(1944-07-31) July 31, 1944 (age 73)
1952
Limelight (1952, uncredited)

Richard Eyer
(1945-05-06) May 6, 1945 (age 72)
1952
Friendly Persuasion (1956)

Patty McCormack
(1945-08-21) August 21, 1945 (age 72)
1951
The Bad Seed (1956)

Sandy Descher
(1945-11-30) November 30, 1945 (age 72)
1952
The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)

Lana Wood
(1946-03-01) March 1, 1946 (age 72)
1955
The Searchers (1956)

Michael Chaplin
(1946-03-07) March 7, 1946 (age 72)
1952
Limelight (1952, uncredited)

Hayley Mills
(1946-04-18) April 18, 1946 (age 71)
1959
Pollyanna (1960)

Ron Howard
(1954-03-01) March 1, 1954 (age 64)
1956
The Journey (1959)


document_title: List of Big Ten Conference football champions

question_text: when was the last time michigan won a big ten championship

root

text: Champions by year[edit]

text:
Record
Ranking

Year
Champions
Conference
Overall
AP
Coaches
Bowl result
Head coach

1896

Wisconsin
2–0–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1897

Wisconsin
3–0
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1898

Michigan
3–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Gustave Ferbert

1899

Chicago
4–0
16–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1900

Iowa
2–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Alden Knipe

Minnesota
3–0–1
10–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1901

Michigan*
4–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. Stanford
Fielding H. Yost

Wisconsin
2–0
9–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Philip King

1902

Michigan*
5–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1903

Michigan*
3–0–1
11–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
3–0–1
14–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Northwestern
1–0–2
10–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Walter McCornack

1904

Michigan*
2–0
10–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota*
3–0
13–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1905

Chicago*
7–0
11–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1906

Michigan
1–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Minnesota
2–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

Wisconsin
3–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Charles P. Hutchins

1907

Chicago
4–0
4–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1908

Chicago
5–0
5–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1909

Minnesota
3–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1910

Illinois
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Arthur Hall

Minnesota
2–0
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1911

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1912

Wisconsin
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
William Juneau

1913

Chicago
7–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1914

Illinois*
6–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1915

Illinois
3–0–2
5–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Henry L. Williams

1916

Ohio State
4–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1917

Ohio State
4–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
John Wilce

1918

Illinois
4–0
5–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan
2–0
5–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Purdue
1–0
3–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
A. G. Scanlon

1919

Illinois*
6–1
6–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1920

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
L Rose Bowl 0–28 vs. California
John Wilce

1921

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

1922

Chicago
4–0–1
5–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

Iowa
5–0
7–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Howard Jones

Michigan
4–0
6–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1923

Illinois*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Michigan*
4–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1924

Chicago
3–0–3
4–1–3
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Amos Alonzo Stagg

1925

Michigan
5–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

1926

Michigan
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Fielding H. Yost

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Glenn Thistlethwaite

1927

Illinois*
5–0
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

Minnesota
3–0–1
6–0–2
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Clarence Spears

1928

Illinois
4–1
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Robert Zuppke

1929

Purdue
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
James Phelan

1930

Michigan
5–0
8–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

1931

Michigan
5–1
8–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Northwestern
5–1
7–1–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Dick Hanley

Purdue
5–1
9–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1932

Michigan*
6–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Purdue
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Noble Kizer

1933

Michigan*
5–0–1
7–0–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Harry Kipke

Minnesota
2–0–4
4–0–4
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1934

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1935

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

Ohio State
5–0
7–1
Started in 1936
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1936

Northwestern
6–0
7–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Pappy Waldorf

1937

Minnesota
5–0
6–2
#5
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1938

Minnesota
4–1
6–2
#10
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1939

Ohio State
5–1
6–2
#15
Started in 1950
–
Francis Schmidt

1940

Minnesota*
6–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1941

Minnesota*
5–0
8–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bernie Bierman

1942

Ohio State*
5–1
9–1
#1
Started in 1950
–
Paul Brown

1943

Michigan
6–0
8–1
#3
Started in 1950
–
Fritz Crisler

Purdue
6–0
9–0
#5
Started in 1950
–
Elmer Burnham

1944

Ohio State
6–0
9–0
#2
Started in 1950
–
Carroll Widdoes

1945

Indiana
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
Started in 1950
–
Bo McMillin

1946

Illinois
6–1
8–2
#5
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 45–14 vs. UCLA
Ray Eliot

1947

Michigan*
6–0
10–0
#2
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 49–0 vs. USC
Fritz Crisler

1948

Michigan*
5–0
9–0
#1
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

1949

Michigan
4–1–1
6–2–1
#7
Started in 1950
–
Bennie Oosterbaan

Ohio State
4–1–1
7–1–2
#4
Started in 1950
W Rose Bowl 17-14 vs. California
Wes Fesler

1950

Michigan
4–1–1
6–3–1
#9
#6
W Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. California
Bennie Oosterbaan

1951

Illinois
5–0–1
9–0–1
#4
#3
W Rose Bowl 40–7 vs. Stanford
Ray Eliot

1952

Purdue
4–1–1
4–3–2
#18
#12
–
Stu Holcomb

Wisconsin
4–1–1
6–3–1
#11
#10
L Rose Bowl 7–0 vs. USC
Ivy Williamson

1953

Illinois
5–1
7–1–1
#7
#7
–
Ray Eliot

Michigan State
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 28–20 vs. UCLA
Clarence Munn

1954

Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–7 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1955

Ohio State
6–0
7–2
#5
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1956

Iowa
5–1
9–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 35–19 vs. Oregon State
Forest Evashevski

1957

Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#2
#1
W Rose Bowl 10–7 vs. Oregon
Woody Hayes

1958

Iowa*
5–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 38–12 vs. California
Forest Evashevski

1959

Wisconsin
5–2
7–3
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 44–8 vs. Washington
Milt Bruhn

1960

Iowa
5–1
8–1
#3
#2
–
Forest Evashevski

Minnesota*
6–1
8–2
#1
#1
L Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Murray Warmath

1961

Ohio State*
6–0
8–0–1
#2
#2
–
Woody Hayes

1962

Wisconsin
6–1
8–2
#2
#2
L Rose Bowl 42–37 vs. USC
Milt Bruhn

1963

Illinois
5–1–1
8–1–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 17–7 vs. Washington
Pete Elliott

1964

Michigan
6–1
9–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 34–7 vs. Oregon State
Bump Elliott

1965

Michigan State*
7–0
10–1
#2
#1
L Rose Bowl 14–12 vs. UCLA
Duffy Daugherty

1966

Michigan State*
7–0
9–0–1
#2
#2
–
Duffy Daugherty

1967

Indiana
6–1
9–2
#4
#6
L Rose Bowl 14–3 vs. USC
John Pont

Minnesota
6–1
8–2
–
#14
–
Murray Warmath

Purdue
6–1
8–2
#9
#9
–
Jack Mollenkopf

1968

Ohio State*
7–0
10–0
#1
#1
W Rose Bowl 27–16 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1969

Michigan
6–1
8–3
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 10–3 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
6–1
8–1
#4
#5
–
Woody Hayes

1970

Ohio State*
7–0
9–1
#5
#2
L Rose Bowl 27–17 vs. Stanford
Woody Hayes

1971

Michigan
8–0
11–1
#6
#4
L Rose Bowl 13–12 vs. Stanford
Bo Schembechler

1972

Michigan
7–1
10–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2
#9
#3
L Rose Bowl 42–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1973

Michigan
7–0–1
10–0–1
#6
#6
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–0–1
10–0–1
#2
#3
W Rose Bowl 42–21 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1974

Michigan
7–1
10–1
#3
#5
–
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#3
L Rose Bowl 18–17 vs. USC
Woody Hayes

1975

Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 23–10 vs. UCLA
Woody Hayes

1976

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#3
#3
L Rose Bowl 14–6 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–2–1
#6
#5
W Orange Bowl 27–10 vs. Colorado
Woody Hayes

1977

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#9
#8
L Rose Bowl 27–20 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
9–3
#11
#12
L Sugar Bowl 35–6 vs. Alabama
Woody Hayes

1978

Michigan
7–1
10–2
#5
#5
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

Michigan State
7–1
8–3
#12
–
–
Darryl Rogers

1979

Ohio State
8–0
11–1
#4
#4
L Rose Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1980

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 23–6 vs. Washington
Bo Schembechler

1981

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#15
L Rose Bowl 28–0 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Ohio State
6–2
9–3
#15
#12
W Liberty Bowl 31–28 vs. Navy
Earle Bruce

1982

Michigan
8–1
8–4
–
#15
L Rose Bowl 24–14 vs. UCLA
Bo Schembechler

1983

Illinois
9–0
10–2
#10
#10
L Rose Bowl 45–9 vs. UCLA
Mike White

1984

Ohio State
7–2
9–3
#13
#12
L Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
Earle Bruce

1985

Iowa
7–1
10–2
#10
#9
L Rose Bowl 45–28 vs. UCLA
Hayden Fry

1986

Michigan
7–1
11–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl 22–15 vs. Arizona State
Bo Schembechler

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#7
#6
W Cotton Bowl Classic 28–12 vs. Texas A&M
Earle Bruce

1987

Michigan State
7–0–1
9–2–1
#8
#8
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. USC
George Perles

1988

Michigan
7–0–1
9–2–1
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 22–14 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1989

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 17–10 vs. USC
Bo Schembechler

1990

Illinois
6–2
8–4
#25
#24
L Hall of Fame Bowl 30–0 vs. Clemson
John Mackovic

Iowa
6–2
8–4
#18
#16
L Rose Bowl 46–34 vs. Washington
Hayden Fry

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#7
#8
W Gator Bowl 35–3 vs. Ole Miss
Gary Moeller

Michigan State
6–2
8–3–1
#16
#14
W John Hancock Bowl 17–16 vs. USC
George Perles

1991

Michigan
8–0
10–2
#6
#6
L Rose Bowl 34–14 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1992

Michigan
6–0–2
9–0–3
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. Washington
Gary Moeller

1993

Ohio State
6–1–1
10–1–1
#11
#10
W Holiday Bowl 28–21 vs. BYU
John Cooper

Wisconsin
6–1–1
10–1–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl  21–16 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1994

Penn State
8–0
12–0
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl  38–20 vs. Oregon
Joe Paterno

1995

Northwestern
8–0
10–2
#8
#7
L Rose Bowl  41–32 vs. USC
Gary Barnett

1996

Northwestern
7–1
9–3
#15
#16
L Florida Citrus Bowl 48–28 vs. Tennessee
Gary Barnett

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Rose Bowl 20–17 vs. Arizona State
John Cooper

1997

Michigan*
8–0
12–0
#1
#2
W Rose Bowl 21–16 vs. Washington State
Lloyd Carr

1998

Michigan
7–1
10–3
#12
#12
W Florida Citrus Bowl 45–31 vs. Arkansas
Lloyd Carr

Ohio State
7–1
11–1
#2
#2
W Sugar Bowl 24–14 vs. Texas A&M
John Cooper

Wisconsin
7–1
11–1
#6
#5
W Rose Bowl 38–31 vs. UCLA
Barry Alvarez

1999

Wisconsin
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Rose Bowl 17–9 vs. Stanford
Barry Alvarez

2000

Michigan
6–2
9–3
#11
#10
W Florida Citrus Bowl 31–28 vs. Auburn
Lloyd Carr

Northwestern
6–2
8–4
–
–
L Alamo Bowl 66–17 vs. Nebraska
Randy Walker

Purdue
6–2
8–4
#13
#13
L Rose Bowl 34–24 vs. Washington
Joe Tiller

2001

Illinois
7–1
10–2
#12
#12
L Sugar Bowl 47–34 vs. LSU
Ron Turner

2002

Iowa
8–0
11–2
#8
#8
L Orange Bowl 38–17 vs. USC
Kirk Ferentz

Ohio State*
8–0
14–0
#1
#1
W Fiesta Bowl 31–24 vs. Miami
Jim Tressel

2003

Michigan
7–1
10–3
#6
#7
L Rose Bowl 28–14 vs. USC
Lloyd Carr

2004

Iowa
7–1
10–2
#8
#8
W Capital One Bowl 30–25 vs. LSU
Kirk Ferentz

Michigan
7–1
9–3
#14
#12
L Rose Bowl 38–37 vs. Texas
Lloyd Carr

2005

Ohio State
7–1
10–2
#4
#4
W Fiesta Bowl 34–20 vs. Notre Dame
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–1
#3
#3
W Orange Bowl 26–23 3OT vs. Florida State
Joe Paterno

2006

Ohio State
8–0
12–1
#2
#2
L BCS Championship Game 41–14 vs. Florida
Jim Tressel

2007

Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#4
L BCS Championship Game 38–24 vs. LSU
Jim Tressel

2008

Ohio State
7–1
10–3
#9
#11
L Fiesta Bowl 24–21 vs. Texas
Jim Tressel

Penn State
7–1
11–2
#8
#8
L Rose Bowl 24-38 vs. USC
Joe Paterno

2009

Ohio State
7–1
11–2
#5
#5
W Rose Bowl 26–17 vs. Oregon
Jim Tressel

2010^

Michigan State
7–1
11–2
#14
#14
L Capital One Bowl 49–7 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

Wisconsin
7–1
11–2
#7
#8
L Rose Bowl 21–19 vs. TCU
Bret Bielema

2011

Wisconsin
6–2
11–3
#10
#11
L Rose Bowl 45–38 vs. Oregon
Bret Bielema

2012

Wisconsin
4–4
8–6
–
–
L Rose Bowl 20–14 vs. Stanford
Bret Bielema

2013

Michigan State
8–0
13–1
#3
#3
W Rose Bowl 24–20 vs.  Stanford
Mark Dantonio

2014

Ohio State*
8–0
14–1
#1
#1
W CFP Semifinal at Sugar Bowl 42–35 vs. AlabamaW College Football Playoff National Championship 42–20 vs. Oregon
Urban Meyer

2015

Michigan State
7–1
12–2
#6
#6
L CFP Semifinal at Cotton Bowl 38–0 vs. Alabama
Mark Dantonio

2016

Penn State
8–1
11–3
#7
#7
L Rose Bowl 52–49 vs. USC
James Franklin

2017

Ohio State
8–1
12–2
#5
#5
W Cotton Bowl 24–7 vs. USC

Urban Meyer

tag: table

text: Note: an asterisk (*) denotes a national championship for that season recognized by the College Football Data Warehouse.

tag: p

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the championship due to NCAA violations.

text: Championships by team[edit]

text:
Team
Big TenChampionships
Years

Michigan

42
1898, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1918, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004

Ohio State

36^
1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2017

Minnesota

18
1900, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1927, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1960, 1967

Illinois

15
1910, 1914, 1915, 1918, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1946, 1951, 1953, 1963, 1983, 1990, 2001

Wisconsin

14
1896, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1912, 1952, 1959, 1962, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2010, 2011, 2012

Iowa

11
1900, 1921, 1922, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1981, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2004

Michigan State

9
1953, 1965, 1966, 1978, 1987, 1990, 2010, 2013, 2015

Northwestern

8
1903, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1995, 1996, 2000

Purdue

8
1918, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1943, 1952, 1967, 2000

Chicago

7
1899, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1913, 1922, 1924

Penn State

4
1994, 2005, 2008, 2016

Indiana

2
1945, 1967

Nebraska

0

Maryland

0

Rutgers

0

text: Italics indicate a school no longer competing in the Big Ten.

text: Bold indicates an outright conference championship.

text: ^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the title.

text: Championships by head coach[edit]

text:
Head Coach
School
Big TenChampionships

Bo Schembechler

Michigan
13

Woody Hayes

Ohio State
13

Fielding H. Yost

Michigan
10

Henry L. Williams

Minnesota
8

Bernie Bierman

Minnesota
7

Amos Alonzo Stagg

Chicago
7

Robert Zuppke

Illinois
7

Jim Tressel

Ohio State
6^

Lloyd Carr

Michigan
5

Earle Bruce

Ohio State
4

Harry Kipke

Michigan
4

Barry Alvarez

Wisconsin
3

Bret Bielema

Wisconsin
3

John Cooper

Ohio State
3

Mark Dantonio*

Michigan State
3

Ray Eliot

Illinois
3

Forest Evashevski

Iowa
3

Hayden Fry

Iowa
3

Philip King

Wisconsin
3

Gary Moeller

Michigan
3

Bennie Oosterbaan

Michigan
3

Joe Paterno

Penn State
3

John Wilce

Ohio State
3

Gary Barnett

Northwestern
2

Milt Bruhn

Wisconsin
2

Fritz Crisler

Michigan
2

Duffy Daugherty

Michigan State
2

Kirk Ferentz*

Iowa
2

Dick Hanley

Northwestern
2

Howard Jones

Iowa
2

Noble Kizer

Purdue
2

Urban Meyer*

Ohio State
2

George Perles

Michigan State
2

Francis Schmidt

Ohio State
2

Murray Warmath

Minnesota
2

Paul Brown

Ohio State
1

Elmer Burnham

Purdue
1

Bump Elliott

Michigan
1

Pete Elliott

Illinois
1

Gustave Ferbert

Michigan
1

Wes Fesler

Ohio State
1

James Franklin*

Penn State
1

Arthur Hall

Illinois
1

Stu Holcomb

Purdue
1

Charles P. Hutchins

Wisconsin
1

William Juneau

Wisconsin
1

Alden Knipe

Iowa
1

John Mackovic

Illinois
1

Walter McCornack

Northwestern
1

Bo McMillin

Indiana
1

Jack Mollenkopf

Purdue
1

Clarence Munn

Michigan State
1

James Phelan

Purdue
1

John Pont

Indiana
1

Darryl Rogers

Michigan State
1

A. G. Scanlon

Purdue
1

Clarence Spears

Minnesota
1

Glenn Thistlethwaite

Northwestern
1

Joe Tiller

Purdue
1

Ron Turner

Illinois
1

Pappy Waldorf

Northwestern
1

Randy Walker

Northwestern
1

Mike White

Illinois
1

Carroll Widdoes

Ohio State
1

Ivy Williamson

Wisconsin
1

text:
^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and their share of the championship
* Active Big Ten coach

text: College football portal

tag: ul


document_title: Epic of Gilgamesh

question_text: who helps gilgamesh interpret his dreams of a new companion

text: Epic of Gilgamesh

text: History[edit]

text: Distinct sources exist from over a 2000-year timeframe. The earliest Sumerian poems are now generally considered to be distinct stories, rather than parts of a single epic.[5]:45 They date from as early as the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100 BC).[5]:41–42 The Old Babylonian tablets (c. 1800 BC),[5]:45 are the earliest surviving tablets for a single Epic of Gilgamesh narrative.[6] The older Old Babylonian tablets and later Akkadian version are important sources for modern translations, with the earlier texts mainly used to fill in gaps (lacunae) in the later texts. Although several revised versions based on new discoveries have been published, the epic remains incomplete.[7] Analysis of the Old Babylonian text has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the Epic of Gilgamesh.[8] The most recent Akkadian version (c. 1200 BC), also referred to as the standard version, consisting of twelve tablets, was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni and was found in the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh.

text:
...this discovery is evidently destined to excite a lively controversy. For the present the orthodox people are in great delight, and are very much prepossessed by the corroboration which it affords to Biblical history. It is possible, however, as has been pointed out, that the Chaldean inscription, if genuine, may be regarded as a confirmation of the statement that there are various traditions of the deluge apart from the Biblical one, which is perhaps legendary like the rest

The New York Times, front page, 1872[9]

tag: div

text: The Epic of Gilgamesh was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in 1853. The central character of Gilgamesh was initially reintroduced to the world as "Izdubar", before the cuneiform logographs in his name could be pronounced accurately. The first modern translation was published in the early 1870s by George Smith.[10] Smith then made further discoveries of texts on his later expeditions, which culminated in his final translation which is given in his book The Chaldaean Account of Genesis (1880).

text: The most definitive modern translation is a two-volume critical work by Andrew George, published by Oxford University Press in 2003. A book review by the Cambridge scholar, Eleanor Robson, claims that George's is the most significant critical work on Gilgamesh in the last 70 years.[11] George discusses the state of the surviving material, and provides a tablet-by-tablet exegesis, with a dual language side-by-side translation.  In 2004, Stephen Mitchell supplied a controversial version that takes many liberties with the text and includes modernized allusions and commentary relating to the Iraq War of 2003.[12][13]

text: The first direct Arabic translation from the original tablets was made in the 1960s by the Iraqi archaeologist Taha Baqir.[citation needed]

text: The discovery of artifacts (c. 2600 BC) associated with Enmebaragesi of Kish, mentioned in the legends as the father of one of Gilgamesh's adversaries, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh.[5]:40–41

text: Versions[edit]

text: From the diverse sources found, two main versions of the epic have been partially reconstructed: the standard Akkadian version, or He who saw the deep, and the Old Babylonian version, or Surpassing all other kings. Five earlier Sumerian poems about Gilgamesh have been partially recovered, some with primitive versions of specific episodes in the Akkadian version, others with unrelated stories.

text: Standard Akkadian version[edit]

text: The standard version was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh in 1853. It was written in a dialect of Akkadian that was used for literary purposes. This version was compiled by Sin-liqe-unninni sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC from earlier texts.

text: The standard Akkadian version has different opening words, or incipit, from the older version. The older version begins with the words "Surpassing all other kings", while the standard version has "He who saw the deep" (ša nagba īmuru), "deep" referring to the mysteries of the information brought back by Gilgamesh from his meeting with Uta-Napishti (Utnapishtim) about Ea, the fountain of wisdom.[7] Gilgamesh was given knowledge of how to worship the gods, why death was ordained for human beings, what makes a good king, and how to live a good life. The story of Utnapishtim, the hero of the flood myth, can also be found in the Babylonian Epic of Atrahasis.

text: The 12th tablet is a sequel to the original 11, and was probably added at a later date. It bears little relation to the well-crafted 11-tablet epic; the lines at the beginning of the first tablet are quoted at the end of the 11th tablet, giving it circularity and finality. Tablet 12 is a near copy of an earlier Sumerian tale, a prequel, in which Gilgamesh sends Enkidu to retrieve some objects of his from the Underworld, and he returns in the form of a spirit to relate the nature of the Underworld to Gilgamesh.

text: Content of the standard version tablets[edit]

text: This summary is based on Andrew George's translation.[7]

text: Tablet one[edit]

text: The story introduces Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Gilgamesh, two-thirds god and one-third man, is oppressing his people, who cry out to the gods for help. For the young women of Uruk this oppression takes the form of a droit du seigneur, or "lord's right", to sleep with brides on their wedding night. For the young men (the tablet is damaged at this point) it is conjectured that Gilgamesh exhausts them through games, tests of strength, or perhaps forced labour on building projects. The gods respond to the people's pleas by creating an equal to Gilgamesh who will be able to stop his oppression. This is the primitive man, Enkidu, who is covered in hair and lives in the wild with the animals. He is spotted by a trapper, whose livelihood is being ruined because Enkidu is uprooting his traps. The trapper tells the sun-god Shamash about the man, and it is arranged for Enkidu to be seduced by Shamhat, a temple prostitute, his first step towards being tamed. After six days and seven nights of lovemaking and teaching Enkidu about the ways of civilization, she takes Enkidu to a shepherd's camp to learn how to be civilized. Gilgamesh, meanwhile, has been having dreams about the imminent arrival of a beloved new companion and asks his mother, Ninsun help to interpret these dreams.

text: Tablet two[edit]

text: Shamhat brings Enkidu to the shepherds' camp, where he is introduced to a human diet and becomes the night watchman. Learning from a passing stranger about Gilgamesh's treatment of new brides, Enkidu is incensed and travels to Uruk to intervene at a wedding. When Gilgamesh attempts to visit the wedding chamber, Enkidu blocks his way, and they fight. After a fierce battle, Enkidu acknowledges Gilgamesh's superior strength and they become friends. Gilgamesh proposes a journey to the Cedar Forest to slay the monstrous demi-god Humbaba in order to gain fame and renown. Despite warnings from Enkidu and the council of elders, Gilgamesh is not deterred.

text: Tablet three[edit]

text: The elders give Gilgamesh advice for his journey. Gilgamesh visits his mother, the goddess Ninsun, who seeks the support and protection of the sun-god Shamash for their adventure. Ninsun adopts Enkidu as her son, and Gilgamesh leaves instructions for the governance of Uruk in his absence.

text: Tablet four[edit]

text: Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey to the Cedar Forest. Every few days they camp on a mountain, and perform a dream ritual. Gilgamesh has five terrifying dreams about falling mountains, thunderstorms, wild bulls, and a thunderbird that breathes fire. Despite similarities between his dream figures and earlier descriptions of Humbaba, Enkidu interprets these dreams as good omens, and denies that the frightening images represent the forest guardian. As they approach the cedar mountain, they hear Humbaba bellowing, and have to encourage each other not to be afraid.

text: Tablet five[edit]

text: The heroes enter the cedar forest. Humbaba, the guardian of the Cedar Forest, insults and threatens them. He accuses Enkidu of betrayal, and vows to disembowel Gilgamesh and feed his flesh to the birds. Gilgamesh is afraid, but with some encouraging words from Enkidu the battle commences. The mountains quake with the tumult and the sky turns black. The god Shamash sends 13 winds to bind Humbaba, and he is captured. Humbaba pleads for his life, and Gilgamesh pities him. He offers Gilgamesh to be king of the forest, he will cut the trees for him, and be his slave. Enkidu, however, argues that Gilgamesh should kill Humbaba to establish his reputation forever. Humbaba curses them both and Gilgamesh dispatches him with a blow to the neck. The two heroes cut down many cedars, including a gigantic tree that Enkidu plans to fashion into a gate for the temple of Enlil. They build a raft and return home along the Euphrates with the giant tree and (possibly) the head of Humbaba.

text: Tablet six[edit]

text: Gilgamesh rejects the advances of the goddess Ishtar because of her mistreatment of previous lovers like Dumuzi. Ishtar asks her father Anu to send Gugalanna, the Bull of Heaven, to avenge her. When Anu rejects her complaints, Ishtar threatens to raise the dead who will "outnumber the living" and "devour them". Anu becomes frightened, and gives in to her. Ishtar leads Gugalanna to Uruk, and it causes widespread devastation. It lowers the level of the Euphrates river, and dries up the marshes. It opens up huge pits that swallow 300 men. Without any divine assistance, Enkidu and Gilgamesh attack and slay it, and offer up its heart to Shamash. When Ishtar cries out, Enkidu hurls one of the hindquarters of the bull at her. The city of Uruk celebrates, but Enkidu has an ominous dream about his future failure.

text: Tablet seven[edit]

text: In Enkidu's dream, the gods decide that one of the heroes must die because they killed Humbaba and Gugalanna. Despite the protestations of Shamash, Enkidu is marked for death. Enkidu curses the great door he has fashioned for Enlil's temple. He also curses the trapper and Shamhat for removing him from the wild. Shamash reminds Enkidu of how Shamhat fed and clothed him, and introduced him to Gilgamesh. Shamash tells him that Gilgamesh will bestow great honors upon him at his funeral, and will wander into the wild consumed with grief. Enkidu regrets his curses and blesses Shamhat instead. In a second dream, however, he sees himself being taken captive to the Netherworld by a terrifying Angel of Death. The underworld is a "house of dust" and darkness whose inhabitants eat clay, and are clothed in bird feathers, supervised by terrifying beings. For 12 days, Enkidu's condition worsens. Finally, after a lament that he could not meet a heroic death in battle, he dies. In a famous line from the epic Gilgamesh clings to Enkidu's body and denies that he has died until a maggot drops from the corpse's nose.

text: Tablet eight[edit]

text: Gilgamesh delivers a lamentation for Enkidu, in which he calls upon mountains, forests, fields, rivers, wild animals, and all of Uruk to mourn for his friend. Recalling their adventures together, Gilgamesh tears at his hair and clothes in grief. He commissions a funerary statue, and provides grave gifts from his treasury to ensure that Enkidu has a favourable reception in the realm of the dead. A great banquet is held where the treasures are offered to the gods of the Netherworld. Just before a break in the text there is a suggestion that a river is being dammed, indicating a burial in a river bed, as in the corresponding Sumerian poem, The Death of Gilgamesh.

text: Tablet nine[edit]

text: Tablet nine opens with Gilgamesh roaming the wild wearing animal skins, grieving for Enkidu. Having now become fearful of his own death, he decides to seek Utnapishtim ("the Faraway"), and learn the secret of eternal life. Among the few survivors of the Great Flood, Utnapishtim and his wife are the only humans to have been granted immortality by the gods. Gilgamesh crosses a mountain pass at night and encounters a pride of lions. Before sleeping he prays for protection to the moon god Sin. Then, waking from an encouraging dream, he kills the lions and uses their skins for clothing. After a long and perilous journey, Gilgamesh arrives at the twin peaks of Mount Mashu at the end of the earth. He comes across a tunnel, which no man has ever entered, guarded by two scorpion monsters, who appear to be a married couple. The husband tries to dissuade Gilgamesh from passing, but the wife intervenes, expresses sympathy for Gilgamesh, and (according to the poem's editor Benjamin Foster) allows his passage. He passes under the mountains along the Road of the Sun. In complete darkness he follows the road for 12 "double hours", managing to complete the trip before the Sun catches up with him. He arrives at the Garden of the gods, a paradise full of jewel-laden trees.

text: Tablet ten[edit]

text: Gilgamesh meets alewife Siduri, who assumes that he is a murderer or thief because of his disheveled appearance. Gilgamesh tells her about the purpose of his journey. She attempts to dissuade him from his quest, but sends him to Urshanabi the ferryman, who will help him cross the sea to Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh, out of spontaneous rage, destroys the stone charms that Urshanabi keeps with him. He tells him his story, but when he asks for his help, Urshanabi informs him that he has just destroyed the objects that can help them cross the Waters of Death, which are deadly to the touch. Urshanabi instructs Gilgamesh to cut down 120 trees and fashion them into punting poles. When they reach the island where Utnapishtim lives, Gilgamesh recounts his story, asking him for his help. Utnapishtim reprimands him, declaring that fighting the common fate of humans is futile and diminishes life's joys.

text: Tablet eleven[edit]

text: Gilgamesh observes that Utnapishtim seems no different from himself, and asks him how he obtained his immortality. Utnapishtim explains that the gods decided to send a great flood. To save Utnapishtim the god Ea told him to build a boat. He gave him precise dimensions, and it was sealed with pitch and bitumen. His entire family went aboard together with his craftsmen and "all the animals of the field". A violent storm then arose which caused the terrified gods to retreat to the heavens. Ishtar lamented the wholesale destruction of humanity, and the other gods wept beside her. The storm lasted six days and nights, after which "all the human beings turned to clay". Utnapishtim weeps when he sees the destruction. His boat lodges on a mountain, and he releases a dove, a swallow, and a raven. When the raven fails to return, he opens the ark and frees its inhabitants. Utnapishtim offers a sacrifice to the gods, who smell the sweet savor and gather around. Ishtar vows that just as she will never forget the brilliant necklace that hangs around her neck, she will always remember this time. When Enlil arrives, angry that there are survivors, she condemns him for instigating the flood. Ea also castigates him for sending a disproportionate punishment. Enlil blesses Utnapishtim and his wife, and rewards them with eternal life. This account matches the flood story that concludes the Epic of Atra-Hasis (see also Gilgamesh flood myth).

text: The main point seems to be that when Enlil granted eternal life it was a unique gift. As if to demonstrate this point, Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights. Gilgamesh falls asleep, and Utnapishtim instructs his wife to bake a loaf of bread on each of the days he is asleep, so that he cannot deny his failure to keep awake. Gilgamesh, who is seeking to overcome death, cannot even conquer sleep. After instructing Urshanabi the ferryman to wash Gilgamesh, and clothe him in royal robes, they depart for Uruk.

text: As they are leaving, Utnapishtim's wife asks her husband to offer a parting gift. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that at the bottom of the sea there lives a boxthorn-like plant that will make him young again. Gilgamesh, by binding stones to his feet so he can walk on the bottom, manages to obtain the plant. Gilgamesh proposes to investigate if the plant has the hypothesized rejuvenation ability by testing it on an old man once he returns to Uruk.

text: There is a plant that looks like a box-thorn, it has prickles like a dogrose, and will prick one who plucks it. But if you can possess this plant, you'll be again as you were in your youth

text: This plant, Ur-shanabi, is the "Plant of Heartbeat", with it a man can regain his vigour. To Uruk-the-sheepfold I will take it, to an ancient I will feed some and put the plant to the test![7]:98

text: Unfortunately, when Gilgamesh stops to bathe, it is stolen by a serpent, who sheds its skin as it departs. Gilgamesh weeps at the futility of his efforts, because he has now lost all chance of immortality. He returns to Uruk, where the sight of its massive walls prompts him to praise this enduring work to Urshanabi.

text: Tablet twelve[edit]

text: This tablet is mainly an Akkadian translation of an earlier Sumerian poem, Gilgamesh and the Netherworld (also known as "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld" and variants), although it has been suggested that it is derived from an unknown version of that story.[5]:42 The contents of this last tablet are inconsistent with previous ones: Enkidu is still alive, despite having died earlier in the epic. Because of this, its lack of integration with the other tablets, and the fact that it is almost a copy of an earlier version, it has been referred to as an 'inorganic appendage' to the epic.[14] Alternatively, it has been suggested that "its purpose, though crudely handled, is to explain to Gilgamesh (and the reader) the various fates of the dead in the Afterlife" and in "an awkward attempt to bring closure",[15] it both connects the Gilgamesh of the epic with the Gilgamesh who is the King of the Netherworld,[16] and is "a dramatic capstone whereby the twelve-tablet epic ends on one and the same theme, that of "seeing" (= understanding, discovery, etc.), with which it began."[17]

text: Gilgamesh complains to Enkidu that various of his possessions (the tablet is unclear exactly what — different translations include a drum and a ball) have fallen into the underworld. Enkidu offers to bring them back. Delighted, Gilgamesh tells Enkidu what he must and must not do in the underworld if he is to return. Enkidu does everything which he was told not to do. The underworld keeps him. Gilgamesh prays to the gods to give him back his friend. Enlil and Suen don't reply, but Ea and Shamash decide to help. Shamash makes a crack in the earth, and Enkidu's ghost jumps out of it. The tablet ends with Gilgamesh questioning Enkidu about what he has seen in the underworld.

text: Old-Babylonian versions[edit]

text: This version of the epic, called in some fragments Surpassing all other kings, is composed of tablets and fragments from diverse origins and states of conservation.[7]:101–26 It remains incomplete in its majority, with several tablets missing and big lacunae in those found. They are named after their current location or the place where they were found.

text: Pennsylvania tablet[edit]

text:
Surpassing all other kings Tablet II, greatly correlates with tablets I-II of the standard version.
Gilgamesh tells his mother Ninsun about two dreams he had. His mother explains that they mean that a new companion will soon arrive at Uruk. In the meanwhile the wild Enkidu and the priestess (here called Shamkatum) are making love. She tames him in company of the shepherds by offering him bread and beer. Enkidu helps the shepherds by guarding the sheep. They travel to Uruk to confront Gilgamesh and stop his abuses. Enkidu and Gilgamesh battle but Gilgamesh breaks off the fight. Enkidu praises Gilgamesh.

text: Yale tablet[edit]

text:
Surpassing all other kings Tablet III, partially matches tablets II-III of the standard version.
For reasons unknown (the tablet is partially broken) Enkidu is in a sad mood. In order to cheer him up Gilgamesh suggests going to the Pine Forest to cut down trees and kill Humbaba (known here as Huwawa). Enkidu protests, as he knows Huwawa and is aware of his power. Gilgamesh talks Enkidu into it with some words of encouragement, but Enkidu remains reluctant. They prepare, and call for the elders. The elders also protest, but after Gilgamesh talks to them, they agree to let him go. After Gilgamesh asks his god (Shamash) for protection and both equip, they leave with the elder's blessing and counsel.

text: Philadelphia fragment[edit]

text: Possibly another version of the contents of the Yale Tablet, practically irrecoverable.

text: Nippur School Tablet[edit]

text: In the journey to the cedar forest and Huwawa, Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh's dreams.

text: Tell Harmal tablets[edit]

text: Fragments from two different versions/tablets tell how Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh's dreams on the way to the Forest of Cedar, and their conversation when entering the forest.

text: Ishchali tablet[edit]

text: After defeating Huwawa, Gilgamesh refrains from slaying him, and urges Enkidu to hunt Huwawa's "seven auras". Enkidu convinces him to smite their enemy. After killing Huwawa and the auras, they chop down part of the forest and discover the gods' secret abode. The rest of the tablet is broken.

text: The auras are not referred to in the standard version, but are in one of the Sumerian poems.

text: Partial fragment in Baghdad[edit]

text: Partially overlapping the felling of the trees from the Ishchali tablet.

text: Sippar tablet[edit]

text:
Partially overlapping the standard version tablets IX–X.
Gilgamesh mourns the death of Enkidu wandering in his quest for immortality. Gilgamesh argues with Shamash about the futility of his quest. After a lacuna, Gilgamesh talks to Siduri about his quest and his journey to meet Utnapishtim (here called Uta-na'ishtim). Siduri attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh in his quest for immortality, urging him to be content with the simple pleasures of life.[3] After one more lacuna, Gilgamesh smashes the "stone ones" and talks to the ferryman Urshanabi (here called Sur-sunabu). After a short discussion, Sur-sunabu asks him to carve 300 oars so that they may cross the waters of death without needing the "stone ones". The rest of the tablet is missing.

text: The text on the Old Babylonian Meissner fragment (the larger surviving fragment of the Sippar tablet) has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the Epic of Gilgamesh, and it has been suggested that a "prior form of the story – earlier even than that preserved on the Old Babylonian fragment – may well have ended with Siduri sending Gilgamesh back to Uruk..." and "Utnapistim was not originally part of the tale."[18]

text: Sumerian poems[edit]

text: There are five extant Gilgamesh stories in the form of older poems in Sumerian.[7]:141–208 These probably circulated independently, rather than being in the form of a unified epic. Some of the names of the main characters in these poems differ slightly from later Akkadian names; for example, "Bilgamesh" is written instead of "Gilgamesh", and there are some differences in the underlying stories such as the fact that Enkidu is Gilgamesh's servant in the Sumerian version:

text:
The lord to the Living One's Mountain and Ho, hurrah! correspond to the Cedar Forest episode (standard version tablets II–V). Gilgamesh and Enkidu travel with other men to the Forest of Cedar. There, trapped by Huwawa, Gilgamesh tricks him (with Enkidu's assistance in one of the versions) into giving up his auras, thus losing his power.
Hero in battle corresponds to the Bull of Heaven episode standard version tablet VI) in the Akkadian version. The Bull's voracious appetite causes drought and hardship in the land while Gilgamesh feasts. Lugalbanda convinces him to face the beast and fights it alongside Enkidu.
The envoys of Akka has no corresponding episode in the epic, but the themes of whether to show mercy to captives, and counsel from the city elders, also occur in the standard version of the Humbaba story. In the poem, Uruk faces a siege from a Kish army led by King Akka, whom Gilgamesh defeats and forgives.
In those days, in those far-off days, otherwise known as Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld, is the source for the Akkadian translation included as tablet XII in the standard version, telling of Enkidu's journey to the Netherworld. It is also the main source of information for the Sumerian creation myth and the story of "Inanna and the Huluppu Tree".[19]
The great wild bull is lying down, a poem about Gilgamesh's death, burial and consecration as a semigod, reigning and giving judgement over the dead. After dreaming of how the gods decide his fate after death, Gilgamesh takes counsel, prepares his funeral and offers gifts to the gods. Once deceased, he is buried under the Euphrates, taken off its course and later returned to it.

tag: ol

text: Later influence[edit]

text: Relationship to the Bible[edit]

text: Various themes, plot elements, and characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh have counterparts in the Hebrew Bible—notably, the accounts of the Garden of Eden, the advice from Ecclesiastes, and the Genesis flood narrative.

text: Garden of Eden[edit]

text: The parallels between the stories of Enkidu/Shamhat and Adam/Eve have been long recognized by scholars.[20][21] In both, a man is created from the soil by a god, and lives in a natural setting amongst the animals. He is introduced to a woman who tempts him. In both stories the man accepts food from the woman, covers his nakedness, and must leave his former realm, unable to return. The presence of a snake that steals a plant of immortality from the hero later in the epic is another point of similarity.

text: Advice from Ecclesiastes[edit]

text: Several scholars suggest direct borrowing of Siduri's advice by the author of Ecclesiastes.[22]

text: A rare proverb about the strength of a triple-stranded rope, "a triple-stranded rope is not easily broken", is common to both books.

text: Noah's Flood[edit]

text: Andrew George submits that the Genesis flood narrative matches that in Gilgamesh so closely that "few doubt" that it derives from a Mesopotamian account.[23] What is particularly noticeable is the way the Genesis flood story follows the Gilgamesh flood tale "point by point and in the same order", even when the story permits other alternatives.[24] In a 2001 Torah commentary released on behalf of the Conservative Movement of Judaism, rabbinic scholar Robert Wexler stated: "The most likely assumption we can make is that both Genesis and Gilgamesh drew their material from a common tradition about the flood that existed in Mesopotamia. These stories then diverged in the retelling."[25] Ziusudra, Utnapishtim and Noah are the respective heroes of the Sumerian, Akkadian and biblical flood legends of the ancient Near East.

text: Other biblical parallels[edit]

text: Matthias Henze suggests that Nebuchadnezzar's madness in the biblical Book of Daniel draws on the Epic of Gilgamesh. He claims that the author uses elements from the description of Enkidu to paint a sarcastic and mocking portrait of the king of Babylon.[26]

text:
While not directly discussed in the Epic itself, many of the characters in the Epic also have myths associated with them with close biblical parallels, notably Ninti, the Sumerian goddess of life, was created from Enki's rib to heal him after he had eaten forbidden flowers. Some scholars suggest that this served as the basis for the story of Eve created from Adam's rib in the Book of Genesis.[27]
Esther J. Hamori, in Echoes of Gilgamesh in  Jacob Story, also claims that the myth of Jacob and Esau is paralleled with the wrestling match between Gilgamesh and Enkidu.

text: Influence on Homer[edit]

text: Numerous scholars have drawn attention to various themes, episodes, and verses, indicating that the Epic of Gilgamesh had a substantial influence on both of the epic poems ascribed to Homer. These influences are detailed by Martin Litchfield West in The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth.[28] According to Tzvi Abusch of Brandeis University, the poem "combines the power and tragedy of the Iliad with the wanderings and marvels of the Odyssey. It is a work of adventure, but is no less a meditation on some fundamental issues of human existence."[29]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The Epic of Gilgamesh has inspired many works of literature, art, and music, as Theodore Ziolkowski points out in his book Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic (2011).[30][31] It was only after the First World War that the Gilgamesh epic reached a wide audience, and only after the Second World War that it began to feature in a variety of genres.[31]


document_title: First university in the United States

question_text: when was the first school in pennsylvania begun

text: First university in the United States

text: Claimants and potential claimants[edit]

text: Several universities claim to be the first university in the United States:

text:
Harvard University, founded in 1636, claims itself to be (v.i.) "the oldest institution of higher education in the United States". The claim of being "the first university" has been made on its behalf by others.[3] An early official mention of Harvard as "the University" is found in the Massachusetts Constitution, first submitted on October 28, 1779 by James Bowdoin, Samuel Adams, and John Adams.[4]
The University of Pennsylvania considers itself to be America's first university, a title it claims on its website and in other published materials.[5] The university has published a book about being the first university in America,[6] and its website contains numerous instances of the phrase "America's First University".[7]
The College of William and Mary's website states, "The College of William and Mary was the first college to become a university (1779)."[8]

text: Additionally, Johns Hopkins University opened in 1876 and claims to be "America's first research university" (emphasis added).[9]

text: Facts that have been used to support claims of being "the first university in the United States"[edit]

text: Institutional age[edit]

text: Harvard University calls itself "the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States" and this claim is rarely challenged. It is possible to disagree what year should be taken as Harvard's "real" founding date (Harvard uses the earliest possible one, 1636, when the institution was chartered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony). However, Harvard has operated since 1650 under the same corporation, the "President and Fellows of Harvard College"; it thus has an unbroken institutional history dating back to the mid seventeenth century (an official Harvard web page for the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences [10] claims, "Founded in 1636, Harvard is America's oldest university").

text: William & Mary calls itself "America's second-oldest college", acknowledging Harvard's claim but adding that William & Mary itself is the nation's oldest college in its "antecedents," the College of Henricopolis or University of Henrico established by the Virginia Company near Richmond, Virginia. This institution received a royal charter in 1618 and operated a school for several years before being destroyed with the town during the Indian Massacre of 1622, but it never offered college-level instruction. The following year, King James I dissolved the Virginia Company, converting the Colony of Virginia to a crown colony. William and Mary was founded under a new charter in 1693.

text: Official designation as a "university"[edit]

text: University of Pennsylvania[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The founding date of the University of Pennsylvania is associated with more subjectivity and institutional debate than the more straightforward dates used by the eight other colonial era colleges. Harvard University uses as its founding date 1636, the year in which the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally voted to budget funds for the creation of a college in Newtowne, later called Cambridge. The seven remaining colonial era colleges consider their founding dates to be the year in which they were first granted charters and thus became legal corporations.

text: Penn's claim as the first university in the United States is three-fold: the 1765 founding of the first medical school in America made Penn the first institution to offer both "undergraduate" and professional education; the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of "University"; and existing colleges were established as seminaries (although, as detailed in its own article, Penn adopted a traditional seminary curriculum as well).[11] Harvard and Yale were officially affiliated with the Congregational Church. Although officially nonsectarian, Princeton was founded by Presbyterians. Similarly, though Penn was officially nonsectarian, it was established by a board composed of Church of England and Methodist members, with a curriculum consistent with those religions.

text: The first charter for an institution of higher learning in Philadelphia was granted in 1755 to the College of Philadelphia, a new undertaking of the Academy of Philadelphia, which had previously taught only secondary students. In 1779, a charter was granted to a separate institution called the "University of the State of Pennsylvania"[12] which in 1791 was merged with the College of Philadelphia and issued a new charter as the "University of Pennsylvania".

text: Despite the three charter dates of 1755, 1779 and 1791, the University used for more than a century the founding date of 1749, the year in which founder Benjamin Franklin first convened a board of trustees to organize the new institution. In 1899, the University's board of trustees voted to change the founding date by nine years to 1740, the year in which a group of Philadelphia citizens established a trust for a charity school requested by traveling evangelist George Whitefield. A frame of a building was erected, but the citizens discovered that they lacked the funds to furnish the interior chapel or open the charity school.

text: The unfinished edifice lay vacant for roughly a decade until Franklin's nascent Academy of Philadelphia was looking for space to begin operations and purchased the still unused building in 1750. The Academy of Philadelphia operated a charity school for a few years and this brief period was the basis for the trustees' claims of institutional continuity to the earlier date, as the Academy had assumed the trust of the charity school for local orphans planned but not begun by the original fundraisers of the building.

text: Parenthetically, the University of Pennsylvania calls itself the fourth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, comparing the legal charter dates of Princeton University (1746) and Columbia University (1754) with the 1740 date in which the trust had been established and fundraising had begun for the building it would ultimately purchase in 1750.

text: Perhaps not surprisingly, Princeton University and Columbia University do not follow the same train of thought in their own institutional histories. Princeton and Columbia consider themselves the fourth and fifth oldest institutions of higher learning in the country, respectively, comparing the three collegiate charter dates of 1746, 1754 and 1755.

text: This seemingly minor difference of opinion assumes greater importance in the world of academia. Formal academic processions such as those at graduation ceremonies place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates, explaining why universities have sometimes used strained rationales to claim and defend dates as early as possible. The University of Pennsylvania changed its founding date in 1899, four years after elite universities in the United States agreed that academic processions would follow this age-based hierarchy. The revision in founding date was the result of a three-year campaign initiated by the University's "Alumni Register" magazine to make it older than Princeton for these processions.

text: The argument used is that it is the common legal practice to date the founding of an institution from the date of founding for the oldest trust it administers. In this case, the oldest trust that the University of Pennsylvania administers was established in 1740. Historian Edward Potts Cheyney states that, "it might be considered a lawyer's date; it is a familiar legal practice in considering the date of any institution to seek out the oldest trust it administers." (The University still administers this trust in the funding of the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School.) He also points out that Harvard's founding date is merely the year in which the Massachusetts General Court resolved to establish a fund in a year's time for a "School or College". As well, Princeton claims its founding date as 1746—the date of its first charter. However, the exact words of the charter are unknown, the number and names of the trustees in the charter are unknown, and no known copy is extant. Though it is a common practice to use the dates of charter as the official date, the majority of the American Colonial Colleges do not have clear-cut dates of foundation.[13]

text: In brief, in 1779 the College of Philadelphia was directed by provost William Smith. One might have expected it to evolve into the "University of the State of Pennsylvania" but this did not occur. "Since the Revolutionary state legislature felt that the board of trustees led by Provost Smith contained too many suspected loyalist sympathizers, they created a new board of trustees." Thus, the University of the State of Pennsylvania was created de novo. A schism occurred, with an attenuated College of Philadelphia continuing under Dr. Smith's direction. In 1791 Pennsylvania adopted a new state constitution which merged the College of Philadelphia and the University of the State of Pennsylvania into the "University of Pennsylvania," with a board of trustees made up of twelve men from each of the two parent institutions. "It is this institution and this board of trustees that has continued to this day."

text: William and Mary[edit]

text: On December 4, 1779, just seven days after the founding of the "University of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania", an event occurred which William and Mary describes thus:[14]

text: Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia and a member of the Board of Visitors, William and Mary became a university. The grammar and divinity schools were discontinued, and a professorship of anatomy and medicine, and the first American chairs of law and police and modern languages were established. The elective system of studies was introduced at this time, the first such program in the United States.

text: (For historical reasons, The College of William and Mary, like Dartmouth College and Boston College, has continued to use "college" rather than "university" in its official name.)

text: William and Mary has a published list of its first graduates (by Swem) available through its library.

text: Harvard[edit]

text: The Constitution of Massachusetts, submitted by James Bowdoin, Samuel Adams, and John Adams to the full Convention on October 28, 1779[15] and ratified on June 15, 1780, contains this language:[16]

text: The word "university" is used a total of five times in reference to Harvard in the Massachusetts Constitution.

text: (It is not clear from context, either above or in the paragraphs that follow, that the constitution meant to draw any semantic distinction between "college" and "university." )

text: In George Washington's honorary Doctor of Laws degree, conferred by Harvard on April 30, 1776, the text of the degree refers to Harvard twice as "our University".[17]

text: Establishment of quaternary-education schools, issuance of any kind of "doctoral" degree[edit]

text: If a university is defined as an institution that awards doctoral degrees, then there are a number of contenders for the title of oldest United States university based on that criteria, as well. Among the conflicting interpretations is whether the date the first doctoral degree is awarded should be the determining factor, or the date a doctoral program was first attempted is the determinant.

text: Harvard University[edit]

text: Harvard has awarded honorary "doctorates" since the 17th century, such as the Doctor of Sacred Theology degree to Increase Mather in 1692[18] (the first honorary degree in the New World).[19]

text: Columbia University[edit]

text: King's College (now Columbia University) organized a medical faculty in 1767, and in 1769 became the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine, according to the College of Physicians and Surgeons.[20]

text: University of Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Penn founded the first medical school in America in 1765, according to Penn's archivist.[21]

text: Yale University[edit]

text: Yale's website refers to the establishment of "the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" in 1847.[22]

text: Georgetown University[edit]

text: Georgetown's website references 1820 as the year it first established its graduate school, issuing its first advanced degree in 1820.[23]

text: Issuance of Ph. D. degree[edit]

text: Yale University[edit]

text: Yale's website states that in 1861, Yale "awarded the first Ph.D. in the United States".[22]