document_title: Monsoon

question_text: the north eastern winter monsoon winds cause rainfall along

text: Monsoon

text: Etymology

text: The English monsoon came from Portuguese monção, ultimately from Arabic mawsim (موسم "season") and/or Hindi "mausam", "perhaps partly via early modern Dutch monsun".[9]

text: History

text: Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the Indian sub-continent and Asia around 50 million years ago.[10] Because of studies of records from the Arabian Sea and that of the wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China, many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago. More recently, studies of plant fossils in China and new long-duration sediment records from the South China Sea led to a timing of the monsoon beginning 15–20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift.[11] Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.[12] The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global climate change, especially the cycle of the Pleistocene ice ages.[13] A study of marine plankton suggested that the Indian Monsoon strengthened around 5 million years ago. Then, during ice periods, the sea level fell and the Indonesian Seaway closed. When this happened, cold waters in the Pacific were impeded from flowing into the Indian Ocean. It is believed that the resulting increase in sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean increased the intensity of monsoons.[14]

text: Five episodes during the Quaternary at 2.22 Ma (PL-1), 1.83 Ma (PL-2), 0.68 Ma (PL-3), 0.45 Ma (PL-4) and 0.04 Ma (PL-5) were identified which showed a weakening of Leeuwin Current (LC). The weakening of the LC would have an effect on the sea surface temperature (SST) field in the Indian Ocean, as the Indonesian through flow generally warms the Indian Ocean. Thus these five intervals could probably be those of considerable lowering of SST in the Indian Ocean and would have influenced Indian monsoon intensity. During the weak LC, there is the possibility of reduced intensity of the Indian winter monsoon and strong summer monsoon, because of change in the Indian Ocean dipole due to reduction in net heat input to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian through flow. Thus a better understanding of the possible links between El Niño, Western Pacific Warm Pool, Indonesian Throughflow, wind pattern off western Australia, and ice volume expansion and contraction can be obtained by studying the behaviour of the LC during Quaternary at close stratigraphic intervals.[15]

text: Strength of impact

text: The impact of monsoon on the local weather is different from place to place. In some places there is just a likelihood of having a little more or less rain. In other places, quasi semi-deserts are turned into vivid green grasslands where all sorts of plants and crops can flourish.

text: The Indian Monsoon turns large parts of India from a kind of semi-desert into green lands. See photos only taken 3 months apart in the Western Ghats. In places like this it is crucial for farmers to have the right timing for putting the seeds on the fields, as it is essential to use all the rain that is available for growing crops.

text: Process

text: Monsoons are large-scale sea breezes [16] which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the temperature of the ocean. These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways. Over oceans, the air temperature remains relatively stable for two reasons: water has a relatively high heat capacity (3.9 to 4.2 J g−1 K−1),[17] and because both conduction and convection will equilibrate a hot or cold surface with deeper water (up to 50 metres). In contrast, dirt, sand, and rocks have lower heat capacities (0.19 to 0.35 J g−1 K−1),[18] and they can only transmit heat into the earth by conduction and not by convection. Therefore, bodies of water stay at a more even temperature, while land temperature are more variable.

text: During warmer months sunlight heats the surfaces of both land and oceans, but land temperatures rise more quickly. As the land's surface becomes warmer, the air above it expands and an area of low pressure develops. Meanwhile, the ocean remains at a lower temperature than the land, and the air above it retains a higher pressure. This difference in pressure causes sea breezes to blow from the ocean to the land, bringing moist air inland. This moist air rises to a higher altitude over land and then it flows back toward the ocean (thus completing the cycle). However, when the air rises, and while it is still over the land, the air cools. This decreases the air's ability to hold water, and this causes precipitation over the land. This is why summer monsoons cause so much rain over land.

text: In the colder months, the cycle is reversed. Then the land cools faster than the oceans and the air over the land has higher pressure than air over the ocean. This causes the air over the land to flow to the ocean. When humid air rises over the ocean, it cools, and this causes precipitation over the oceans. (The cool air then flows towards the land to complete the cycle.)

text: Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside and cause drought.[19]

text: Similar rainfall is caused when moist ocean air is lifted upwards by mountains,[20] surface heating,[21] convergence at the surface,[22] divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface.[23] However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, and this produces condensation.

text: Global monsoon

text: Summary table

text:
Location
Monsoon/sub-system
Average date of arrival
Average date of withdrawal
Notes

Northern Mexico
North American/Gulf of California-Southwest USA
late May[24]
September
incomplete wind reversal, waves

Tucson, Arizona
North American/Gulf of California-Southwest USA
early July[25]
September
incomplete wind reversal, waves

Central America
Central/South American Monsoon
April[26]
October[26]
true monsoon

Amazon Brazil
South American monsoon
September[26]
May[26]

Southeast Brazil
South American monsoon
November[26]
March[26]

West Africa
West African
June 22[27]
Sept[28] /October[27]
waves

Southeast Africa
Southeast Africa monsoon w/ Harmattan
Jan[28]
March[28]

Kelantan, Malaysia
Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian
October
March

Phuket, Thailand
Indo-Australian
February/March
December

Bangkok, Thailand
Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina
April–May
October/November
persistent

Yangon, Myanmar
Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina
May 25[29]
Nov 1[29]

Colombo, Sri Lanka
Indo-Australian
May 25[29]
Dec 15[29]
persistent

Kerala, India
Indian monsoon
Jun 1[29]
Dec 1[29]
persistent

Jakarta, Indonesia
Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian
November
March
abrupt

Lahore, Pakistan
Indian monsoon
late July[29]
Sep 1[29]

Dhaka, Bangladesh
Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina
mid-June
October
abrupt

Cebu, Philippines
Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian
October
March
abrupt

Kaohsiung, Taiwan
East Asian monsoon
May 10[29]

Taipei, Taiwan
East Asian monsoon
May 20[29]

Kagoshima, Japan
East Asian monsoon
Jun 10[29]

Seoul, Korea
East Asian monsoon
July 10[29]

Hanoi, Vietnam
East Asian monsoon
May 20[29]

Beijing, China
East Asian monsoon
July 20[29]

Karachi, Pakistan
Indian monsoon
July 15[29]
August[29]

Mumbai, India
Indian monsoon
July 10[29]
Oct 1[29]

Darwin, Australia
Australian monsoon
Oct[28]
April[28]

text: Africa (West African and Southeast African)

text: The monsoon of western Sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature and humidity differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.[30] It migrates northward from the equatorial Atlantic in February, reaches western Africa on or near June 22, then moves back to the south by October.[31] The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern shift in the ITCZ and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation.

text: North America

text: The North American monsoon (NAM) occurs from late June or early July into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid-July. It affects Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental as well as Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, West Texas and California. It pushes as far west as the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of Southern California, but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the Summer, Southwest, Mexican or Arizona monsoon.[32][33] It is also sometimes called the Desert monsoon as a large part of the affected area are the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. However, it is debatable whether the North and South American weather patterns with incomplete wind reversal should be counted as true monsoons.[6]

text: Asia

text: The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the Indian Subcontinental Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions including Nepal, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, Taiwan, Korea and parts of Japan.

text: South Asian monsoon

text: Southwest monsoon

text: The southwestern summer monsoons occur from July through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heat up considerably during the hot summers. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, and forcing them to rise. As the clouds rise their temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain annually.

text: The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.

text: The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India, thus making this area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats (Konkan and Goa) with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats.

text: The Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards North-East India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain. Mawsynram, situated on the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, India, is one of the wettest places on Earth. After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards the west, travelling over the Indo-Gangetic Plain at a rate of roughly 1–2 weeks per state,[citation needed] pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala.

text: The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India.[citation needed] Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs 70% of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, for growing crops especially like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s.

text: The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June.[34] However, the roads take a battering every year. Often houses and streets are waterlogged and slums are flooded despite drainage systems. A lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economic loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the 2005 flooding in Mumbai that brought the city to a standstill. Bangladesh and certain regions of India like Assam and West Bengal, also frequently experience heavy floods during this season. Recently, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season.

text: The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's Xinjiang. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the Tian Shan Mountains falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of "cyclonic" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to "local convection").[35]

text: Northeast monsoon

text: Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.

text: While travelling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular Indi] and parts of Sri Lanka. Cities like Chennai, which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receive rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the Northeast Monsoon.[36] In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface high-pressure system is strongest.[37] The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough.

text: East Asian Monsoon

text: The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indo-China, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east-west except in East China where it is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as Meiyu in China, Jangma in Korea, and Bai-u in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain.

text: The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over Indochina and the South China Sea (May), to the Yangtze River Basin and Japan (June) and finally to North China and Korea (July). When the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to South China.

text: Australia

text: Also known as the Indo-Australian Monsoon. The rainy season occurs from September to February and it is a major source of energy for the Hadley circulation during boreal winter. The Maritime Continent Monsoon and the Australian Monsoon may be considered to be the same system, the Indo-Australian Monsoon.

text: It is associated with the development of the Siberian High and the movement of the heating maxima from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere. North-easterly winds flow down Southeast Asia, are turned north-westerly/westerly by Borneo topography towards Australia. This forms a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo, which together with descending cold surges of winter air from higher latitudes, cause significant weather phenomena in the region. Examples are the formation of a rare low-latitude tropical storm in 2001, Tropical Storm Vamei, and the devastating flood of Jakarta in 2007.

text: The onset of the monsoon over the Maritime Continent tends to follow the heating maxima down Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula (September), to Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines (October), to Java, Sulawesi (November), Irian Jaya and Northern Australia (December, January). However, the monsoon is not a simple response to heating but a more complex interaction of topography, wind and sea, as demonstrated by its abrupt rather than gradual withdrawal from the region. The Australian monsoon (the "Wet") occurs in the southern summer when the monsoon trough develops over Northern Australia. Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.

text: Europe

text: The European Monsoon (more commonly known as the return of the westerlies) is the result of a resurgence of westerly winds from the Atlantic, where they become loaded with wind and rain.[38] These westerly winds are a common phenomenon during the European winter, but they ease as spring approaches in late March and through April and May. The winds pick up again in June, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to as "the return of the westerlies".[39]

text: The rain usually arrives in two waves, at the beginning of June and again in mid- to late June. The European monsoon is not a monsoon in the traditional sense in that it doesn't meet all the requirements to be classified as such. Instead the return of the westerlies is more regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low pressure centres to Western Europe where they create unsettled weather. These storms generally feature significantly lower than average temperatures, fierce rain or hail, thunder and strong winds.[40]

text: The return of the westerlies affects Europe's Northern Atlantic coastline, more precisely Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Western Germany, Northern France and parts of Scandinavia.


document_title: List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1981

question_text: what was the number one album in 1981

question_tokens: what was the number one album in 1981

root

text: The Billboard 200, published in Billboard magazine, is a weekly chart that ranks the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States. Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991, Billboard estimated the sales for the album charts from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide, which was gathered by telephone, fax or messenger service.[1] The data was based on reports from record stores, who ranked the popularity of the best-selling records but did not provide an actual sales figures.[2][3]

tag: p

text: Chart history[edit]

text:
Key

Indicates best performing album of 1981

tag: table

text:
Issue Date
Album
Artist
Reference

January 3
Double Fantasy
John Lennon and Yoko Ono
[4]

January 10
[5]

January 17
[6]

January 24
[7]

January 31
[8]

February 7
[9]

February 14
[10]

February 21
Hi Infidelity
REO Speedwagon
[11]

February 28
[12]

March 7
[13]

March 14
[14]

March 21
[15]

March 28
[16]

April 4
Paradise Theater
Styx
[17]

April 11
[18]

April 18
Hi Infidelity
REO Speedwagon
[19]

April 25
[20]

May 2
[21]

May 9
Paradise Theater
Styx
[22]

May 16
Hi Infidelity
REO Speedwagon
[23]

May 23
[24]

May 30
[25]

June 6
[26]

June 13
[27]

June 20
[28]

June 27
Mistaken Identity
Kim Carnes
[29]

July 4
[30]

July 11
[31]

July 18
[32]

July 25
Long Distance Voyager
The Moody Blues
[33]

August 1
[34]

August 8
[35]

August 15
Precious Time
Pat Benatar
[36]

August 22
4
Foreigner
[37]

August 29
[38]

September 5
Bella Donna
Stevie Nicks
[39]

September 12
Escape
Journey
[40]

September 19
Tattoo You
The Rolling Stones
[41]

September 26
[42]

October 3
[43]

October 10
[44]

October 17
[45]

October 24
[46]

October 31
[47]

November 7
[48]

November 14
[49]

November 21
4
Foreigner
[50]

November 28
[51]

December 5
[52]

December 12
[53]

December 19
[54]

December 26
For Those About to Rock We Salute You
AC/DC
[55]


document_title: United States men's national soccer team

question_text: when is the last time the us didn't make the world cup

question_tokens: when is the last time the us did n 't make the world cup

text: United States men's national soccer team

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The first U.S. national soccer team was constituted in 1885, when it played Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom.[9] Canada defeated the U.S. 1–0 in Newark, New Jersey. The U.S. had its revenge the following year when it beat Canada 1–0, also in Newark, although neither match was officially recognized. The U.S. earned both silver and bronze medals in men's soccer at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Olympics through Christian Brothers College and St. Rose Parish, though the tournament is declared official only by the IOC (FIFA doesn't endorse tournaments held before 1908). The U.S. played its first official international match under the auspices of U.S. Soccer on August 20, 1916, against Sweden in Stockholm, where the U.S. won 3–2.

text: The U.S. fielded a team in the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay, the first ever World Cup to be played. The U.S. began group play by beating Belgium 3–0. The U.S. then earned a 3–0 victory over Paraguay, with FIFA crediting Bert Patenaude with two of the goals.[10][11][12][13] In November 2006, FIFA announced that it had accepted evidence that Patenaude scored all three goals against Paraguay, and was thus the first person to score a hat trick in a World Cup.[14] In the semifinals, the U.S. lost to Argentina 6–1. There was no third place game. However, using the overall tournament records in 1986, FIFA credited the U.S. with a third-place finish ahead of fellow semi-finalist Yugoslavia.[15] This remains the U.S. team's best World Cup result, and is the highest finish of any team from outside of South America and Europe.

text: The U.S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4–2 in Italy a few days before the finals started. In a straight knock-out format, the team first played host Italy and lost 7–1, eliminating the U.S. from the tournament. At the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, the U.S. again lost to Italy in the first round and were eliminated, although this time with a score of 1-0.

text: The 1950 World Cup in Brazil was the next World Cup appearance for the U.S. as it withdrew in 1938 and the tournament wasn't held again until 1950. The U.S. lost its first match 3–1 against Spain, but then won 1–0 against England at Independência Stadium in Belo Horizonte. Striker Joe Gaetjens was the goal scorer. Called "The Miracle on Grass", the result is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the World Cup.[16][17] Months before the World Cup, England had beaten an all-star "rest of Europe" side 6–1 in an exhibition match. In their third game of the tournament, a 5-2 defeat by Chile saw the U.S. eliminated from the tournament. It would be four decades before the U.S. would make another appearance in the World Cup finals.

text: Drought (1960s–1980s)[edit]

text: The national team spent the mid-to-late 20th century in near complete irrelevance in both the international game and the domestic sporting scene. There was only one World Cup berth for CONCACAF during this period until 1982.[18] The emergence of the North American Soccer League in the 1960s and 1970s raised hopes that the U.S. national team would soon improve and become a global force. However such hopes were not realized and by the 1980s the U.S. Soccer Federation found itself in serious financial struggles, with the national team playing only two matches from 1981 to 1983. U.S. Soccer targeted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and the 1986 World Cup as means of rebuilding the national team and its fan base. The International Olympic Committee declared that teams from outside Europe and South America could field full senior teams, including professionals (until then, the amateur-only rule had heavily favored socialist countries from Eastern Europe whose players were professionals in all but name). The U.S. had a very strong showing at the tournament, beating Costa Rica, tying Egypt, losing only to favorite Italy and finishing 1–1–1 but didn't make the second round, losing to Egypt on a tiebreaker (both had three points).

text: To provide a more stable national team program and renew interest in the NASL, U.S. Soccer entered the national team into the NASL league schedule for the 1983 season as Team America. This team lacked the continuity and regularity of training that conventional clubs enjoy, and many players were unwilling to play for the national team instead of their own clubs when conflicts arose. Team America finished the season at the bottom of the league, with U.S. Soccer canceling the experiment and withdrawing the national team from the NASL after one season. By the end of 1984, the NASL had folded, leaving the U.S. without a single professional-level outdoor soccer league.[19]

text: The U.S. bid to host the 1986 World Cup after Colombia withdrew from contention due to economic concerns, but FIFA selected Mexico to host the tournament. In the last game of CONCACAF qualifying for the 1986 World Cup, the U.S. needed only a tie against Costa Rica to reach the final qualification group against Honduras and Canada. U.S. Soccer scheduled the game to be played in Torrance, California, an area with many Costa Rican expatriates, and marketed the game almost exclusively to the Costa Rican community.[20] Costa Rica won the match 1–0, and kept the U.S. from reaching its fourth World Cup finals.[21]

text: In 1988, U.S. Soccer attempted to re-implement its national-team-as-club concept, offering contracts to players to train with the national program full-time while occasionally loaning them to club teams as a revenue source for the federation. This brought many key veterans back into the program and allowed the team to begin playing more matches which, combined with an influx of talent from new youth clubs and leagues established across the nation in the wake of the NASL's popularity, allowed the national team to end the 1980s with optimism and higher hopes of qualifying for the 1990 World Cup than had existed for previous tournaments.

text: Rise in the U.S. (1990s)[edit]

text: In 1988, FIFA named the U.S. as the host of the 1994 World Cup (success of the 1984 Summer Olympics played the major role), but it did so under significant international criticism because of the perceived weakness of the national team and the lack of a professional outdoor league. This criticism diminished somewhat when a 1–0 win against Trinidad and Tobago, the U.S.'s first road win in nearly two years, in the last match of the 1989 CONCACAF Championship, earned the U.S. its first World Cup appearance in 40 years.

text: The team was managed by Bob Gansler in preparation for the 1990 World Cup in Italy, with two of the team's more experienced players, Rick Davis and Hugo Perez, recovering from serious injuries and unavailable for selection. Rather than fill out his team with veteran professionals from American indoor soccer leagues as suggested by some, Gansler and his assistant Stejem Mark chose to select many younger players with better conditioning for the outdoor game, including some amateurs playing for college teams. The U.S. entered the tournament as massive underdogs and suffered defeats in all three of its group games to Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Austria.

text: In a historic match, in 1993 U.S. Cup, U.S. beat England by 2–0.[22]

text: After qualifying automatically as the host of the 1994 World Cup under Bora Milutinović, the U.S. opened its tournament schedule with a 1–1 tie against Switzerland in the Pontiac Silverdome in the suburbs of Detroit, the first World Cup game played indoors. In its second game, the U.S. faced Colombia, then ranked fourth in the world, at the Rose Bowl. Aided by an own goal from Andrés Escobar, the U.S. won 2–1.[23] Escobar was later murdered in his home country, possibly in retaliation for this mistake.[24] Despite a 1–0 loss to Romania in its final group game, the U.S. made it past the initial round for the first time since 1930. In the round of 16, the U.S. lost 1–0 to the eventual champion Brazil.[25] Despite this success, the team fired Bora in 1995, reportedly because he was not interested in administrative duties.[26]

text: In a 1995 friendly, the U.S. came back from 3–0 to win 4–3 against Saudi Arabia, the biggest comeback in the team's history.

text: In the 1998 World Cup in France, the team lost all three group matches, 2–0 to Germany, 2–1 to Iran, and 1–0 to Yugoslavia, finishing dead last in the field of 32. Head coach Steve Sampson received much of the blame for the performance as a result of abruptly cutting team captain John Harkes, whom Sampson had named "Captain for Life" shortly before, as well as several other players who were instrumental to the qualifying effort, from the squad. Thomas Dooley became the Captain at that point.[27] It emerged in February 2010 that Sampson removed Harkes from the team due to Harkes allegedly having an affair with teammate Eric Wynalda's wife.[28]

text: Success in the 2000s[edit]

text: In the 2002 World Cup under Bruce Arena, the U.S. reached the quarterfinals, its best finish in a World Cup since 1930. The team advanced in the group stage with a 1–1–1 record. The team started with a 3–2 upset win over Portugal, followed by a 1–1 tie with co-host and eventual semi-finalist, South Korea. The third and final match was lost 1–3 to Poland, but the team still got to the round of 16 when South Korea defeated Portugal. This set the stage for a face-off with continental rivals Mexico, the first time they met in a World Cup. The U.S. won the game 2–0. Brian McBride opened the scoring, and Landon Donovan scored the second goal. That victory advanced the team to the quarterfinals, where it met Germany. The team lost 1–0 after being denied a penalty when Torsten Frings handled the ball to prevent a Gregg Berhalter goal. All of the U.S. games in the 2002 World Cup were played in South Korea and all their victories came wearing the white kit while their only defeats came while wearing the blue kit.

text: In the 2006 World Cup, after finishing top of the CONCACAF qualification tournament, the U.S. was drawn into Group E along with the Czech Republic, Italy, and Ghana. The United States opened its tournament with a 3–0 loss to the Czech Republic. The team then tied 1–1 against Italy, who went on to win the World Cup.[29] The U.S. was then knocked out of the tournament when beaten 2–1 by Ghana in its final group match, with Clint Dempsey scoring the U.S.'s only goal in the tournament – the goal against Italy had been an own goal by Italian defender Cristian Zaccardo.[30] Following the tournament, Arena's contract was not renewed. After the national team remained dormant for the rest of 2006 while negotiating with various coaches, the federation hired former Chicago Fire, MetroStars and Chivas USA manager Bob Bradley in early 2007.

text: Bradley began his competitive career with the national team with the 2007 Gold Cup. In the final, the United States beat Mexico 2–1, which qualified it for the 2009 Confederations Cup.[31]

text: The U.S. had a notable performance at the 2009 Confederations Cup.[32] In the semifinals, the U.S. defeated Spain 2–0.[33] At the time, Spain was atop the FIFA World Rankings and was on a run of 35 games undefeated. With the win, the United States advanced to its first-ever final in a men's FIFA tournament. The team lost 3–2 to Brazil after leading 2–0 at half time.[34]

text: The United States then hosted the 2009 Gold Cup.[35] In the final, the United States was beaten by Mexico 5–0. This defeat broke the U.S. team's 58-match home unbeaten streak against CONCACAF opponents, and was the first home loss to Mexico since 1999.

text: In the Fourth round of the 2010 World Cup qualification, the U.S. began by beating Mexico 2–0. The February 2009 loss extended Mexico's losing streak against America on U.S. soil to 11 matches.[36] Jozy Altidore became the youngest U.S. player to score a hat-trick, in a 3–0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago.[37] Near the end of the summer of 2009, the United States lost 2–1 to Mexico at Estadio Azteca. On October 10, the U.S. secured qualification to the 2010 World Cup with a 3–2 win over Honduras. Four days later, the U.S. finished in first place in the group with a 2–2 tie against Costa Rica.

text: In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the U.S. team were drawn in Group C against England, Slovenia and Algeria. After drawing against England (1–1) and Slovenia (2–2), the U.S. defeated Algeria 1–0 with a stoppage time goal from Landon Donovan, taking first place in a World Cup Finals group for the first time since 1930. In the round of 16, the U.S. was eliminated by Ghana, 2–1.[38] On FIFA's ranking of World Cup teams the U.S. finished in 12th place out of the 32-team field.

text: The U.S. again hosted the Gold Cup in 2011. The U.S. advanced past the group stage, then defeated Jamaica 2–0 in the quarterfinals and Panama 1–0 in the semifinals before losing to Mexico 4–2 in the final. Later in the summer, Bob Bradley was relieved of his duties and former German national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann was hired as head coach.

text: The U.S. had some success in friendlies in 2012 and 2013. The U.S. team won 1–0 in Italy on February 29, 2012, the team's first ever win over Italy. On June 2, 2013, the U.S. played a friendly against Germany at a sold out RFK Stadium in Washington D.C., with the U.S. winning 4–3. In July 2013, the U.S. hosted the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup where it went undefeated in the group stage and won with a 1–0 victory over Panama in the final, with Landon Donovan winning the tournament's golden ball award.

text: A 4–3 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina in an international friendly match in Sarajevo represented the 12th straight win for the USMNT, the longest winning streak for any team in the world at that time.[39][40][41][42] The 12 game winning streak ended September 6, 2013, when the U.S. lost to Costa Rica 3–1 in San José.[43] In 2013 the national team played the final round of qualification,[44][45] and by defeating Mexico in September, the U.S. clinched a spot in the 2014 World Cup.[46]

text: For the 2014 World Cup, the U.S. was drawn into Group G, along with Ghana, Germany, and Portugal.[47] The U.S. took revenge on the Ghanaians, winning 2–1.[48] They tied their second group game against Portugal 2–2. In the final game of the group stage, the U.S. fell to Germany 1–0, but moved on to the knockout stage on goal difference.[49] This was the first time that the team made two consecutive trips to the knockout stage of the FIFA World Cup.[50] In the round of 16, the U.S. lost 2–1 to Belgium in extra time, despite goalkeeper Tim Howard making a World Cup record 15 saves[51][Note 1] during the match.[52]

text: The national team's next tournament under Klinsmann was the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup. The U.S. were eliminated by Jamaica 2–1 in the semifinals, before losing to Panama on penalties in the third place match. The fourth-place finish was the worst Gold Cup performance by the national team since 2000, and the first time the team failed to make the tournament final since 2003. In the 2015 CONCACAF Cup playoff to determine the region's entry to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the U.S. were defeated 3–2 by Mexico at the Rose Bowl. In June 2016, the U.S. played as hosts of Copa América Centenario. The U.S. topped Group A on goal difference against Colombia. The U.S. beat Ecuador 2–1 in the quarter-finals, but then fell to Argentina 4–0 and lost to Colombia again 1–0 in the third place match. They finished fourth at the Copa América, tying their best finish ever in 1995.

text: Following consecutive losses to Mexico and Costa Rica in the opening games of the final round of qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Klinsmann was removed as national team coach and technical director and replaced by previous U.S. manager Bruce Arena. World Cup qualification resumed on March 24, 2017, where Arena and his team had a record 6–0 win over Honduras.[53] Four days later, the team traveled to Panama City, drawing Panama 1–1. After beating Trinidad and Tobago 2–0, the U.S. got their third ever result in World Cup Qualification at the Estadio Azteca when they drew 1–1 against Mexico. In July 2017, the U.S. won their sixth CONCACAF Gold Cup with a 2–1 win over Jamaica in the final. Following an agonizing 2–1 defeat to Trinidad and Tobago on October 10, 2017, the U.S. failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup, missing the tournament for the first time since 1986.[54] On October 13, 2017, Arena resigned.[55] Many pundits and analysts called this the worst result and worst performance in the history of the national team.[56]

text: In June 2018 Earnest Stewart was named General Manager of the U.S. Soccer Federation.

text: Team image[edit]

text: Uniforms and crest[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States national association football team kits.

text: Since their first unofficial game against Canada, the most common U.S. uniform has been white tops with blue shorts. In 1950, the U.S. adopted a Peru-styled diagonal stripe or "sash" across the shirt. The stripe has been on third uniforms for 2003, 2004, and 2006, as well as the 2010 home, road and third uniforms. An additional color scheme based on the U.S. flag has been occasionally used (most prominently in the 1994 World Cup and 2012–13 qualifiers as well the 1983 Team America franchise of the North American Soccer League) comprising a shirt with red and white stripes with blue shorts.

text: Adidas provided the uniforms for the United States from 1984 until 1994. Since 1995, Nike has been the uniform supplier.[57]

text: Kit suppliers[edit]

text:
Kit supplier

Period

Notes

Adidas[58]

1984–1994

Nike

1995–present

Nike which will run until at least late 2022.[59]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text:
The teams of Mexico and the United States are widely considered as the two major powers of CONCACAF. Matches between the two nations often attract much media attention, public interest and comment in both countries. Although the first match was played in 1934, their rivalry was not considered major until the 1980s, when the teams began to frequently compete in CONCACAF cups. On August 15, 2012, the United States defeated Mexico at Estadio Azteca in the first victory for the U.S. against Mexico on Mexican soil in 75 years.[60]
Ever since their first meeting in 1934, the two teams have met 65 times, with Mexico leading the overall series 34–18–15 (W–L–T), outscoring the U.S. 138–79. However, since the 1990s, the tide began to change due to a rapid growth of soccer in the United States. During the 21st century, the series has favored the U.S. 13–7–6 (W–L–T). The United States and Mexico have won every edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup except one (the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup was won by Canada).

text: In recent years the United States has also begun to develop a rivalry with Costa Rica.[61][62][63][64][65]

text: Supporters[edit]

text: There have been two main supporter groups backing the United States men's national soccer team, Sam's Army and The American Outlaws. Sam's Army started shortly after the 1994 World Cup in the United States[66] and were active through 2014. Sam's Army members wore red to matches and sung or chanted throughout the match. They often brought huge U.S. flags and other banners to the game.

text: The American Outlaws was started in Lincoln, Nebraska in 2007 as a local supporters' group.[67] The group's membership attempted to address a lack of consistency from game to game in supporter organization and social events on match days.[68] To achieve this goal the American Outlaws became a nationwide, non-profit, supporters' group. Some American Outlaws members wear American flag bandanas over their faces and commonly wear soccer supporter scarves.[69] Some branches of the American Outlaws have their own scarves specific to their branch.[70]

text: Home stadium[edit]

text: The United States does not have a dedicated national stadium like other national teams; instead, the team has played their home matches at 107 venues in 27 states and the District of Columbia.[citation needed] Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, located in the national capital of Washington, D.C., has hosted 24 matches, the most of any stadium.[71] The State of California has hosted 109 matches, the most of any state, and the Los Angeles metropolitan area has hosted 73 matches at several venues in and around the city of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted 20 matches from 1965 to 2000, but fell out of use due to its age.[citation needed] The Rose Bowl, a 92,000-seat venue in Pasadena, has hosted 17 national team matches, as well as the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, and the 1984 Olympics Gold Medal Match.[72]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: ESPN and Fox Sports 1 evenly split the English language rights for U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022. Univision Deportes has the Spanish language rights to all U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022.[73] These agreements do not apply to FIFA World Cup away qualifiers, whose rights are distributed by the host country.[74] Therefore, these matches can often be found on other networks such as beIN Sports and Telemundo.[75]

text: Coaching staff[edit]

text:
Position

Name

Head coach

 Dave Sarachan

Assistant coach

 Pat Noonan

Assistant coach

 Richie Williams

Goalkeeping coach

 Matt Reis

Conditioning coach

 Daniel Guzman

Chief scout

 Thomas Rongen

General manager

 Earnie Stewart

text: Players[edit]

text: For all past and present players who have appeared for the national team, see United States men's national team players.

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
The following 20 players were named to the squad for the friendly against France, on June 9, 2018.[76][77][78]
Caps and goals are updated as of June 9, 2018, after the match against France.

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Goals

Club

1

1GK

Bill Hamid

 (1990-11-25) November 25, 1990 (age 27)

6

0

 D.C. United

18

1GK

Zack Steffen

 (1995-04-02) April 2, 1995 (age 23)

3

0

 Columbus Crew

2

2DF

DeAndre Yedlin

 (1993-07-09) July 9, 1993 (age 25)

52

0

 Newcastle United

3

2DF

Matt Miazga

 (1995-07-19) July 19, 1995 (age 23)

7

1

 Nantes

5

2DF

Cameron Carter-Vickers

 (1997-12-31) December 31, 1997 (age 20)

5

0

 Swansea City

12

2DF

Matthew Olosunde

 (1998-03-07) March 7, 1998 (age 20)

1

0

 Manchester United

14

2DF

Erik Palmer-Brown

 (1997-04-24) April 24, 1997 (age 21)

2

0

 NAC

15

2DF

Eric Lichaj

 (1988-11-17) November 17, 1988 (age 29)

15

1

 Hull City

17

2DF

Antonee Robinson

 (1997-08-08) August 8, 1997 (age 21)

2

0

 Wigan Athletic

19

2DF

Jorge Villafaña

 (1989-09-16) September 16, 1989 (age 28)

19

0

 Portland Timbers

21

2DF

Tim Parker

 (1993-02-23) February 23, 1993 (age 25)

2

0

 New York Red Bulls

25

2DF

John Brooks

 (1993-01-28) January 28, 1993 (age 25)

33

3

 VfL Wolfsburg

26

2DF

Shaquell Moore

 (1996-11-02) November 2, 1996 (age 21)

2

0

 Reus

4

3MF

Tyler Adams

 (1999-02-14) February 14, 1999 (age 19)

6

0

 New York Red Bulls

6

3MF

Weston McKennie

 (1998-08-28) August 28, 1998 (age 20)

4

1

 Schalke 04

8

3MF

Joe Corona

 (1990-07-09) July 9, 1990 (age 28)

23

3

 América

11

3MF

Timothy Weah

 (2000-02-22) February 22, 2000 (age 18)

3

1

 Paris Saint-Germain

16

3MF

Julian Green

 (1995-06-06) June 6, 1995 (age 23)

10

4

 Greuther Fürth

20

3MF

Wil Trapp (Captain)

 (1993-01-15) January 15, 1993 (age 25)

6

0

 Columbus Crew

23

3MF

Rubio Rubin

 (1996-03-01) March 1, 1996 (age 22)

7

0

 Tijuana

7

4FW

Bobby Wood

 (1992-11-15) November 15, 1992 (age 25)

39

12

 Hannover 96

13

4FW

Josh Sargent

 (2000-02-20) February 20, 2000 (age 18)

3

1

 Werder Bremen

text: Recent call-ups[edit]

text: The following players have also been called up to the United States squad within the last twelve months.

text:
Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Goals

Club

Latest call-up

GK

William Yarbrough

 (1989-03-20) March 20, 1989 (age 29)

3

0

 León

v.  France; June 9, 2018 PRE

GK

Alex Bono

 (1994-04-25) April 25, 1994 (age 24)

1

0

 Toronto FC

v.  Bolivia; May 28, 2018

GK

Ethan Horvath

 (1995-06-09) June 9, 1995 (age 23)

2

0

 Club Brugge

v.  Bolivia; May 28, 2018 PRE

GK

Cody Cropper

 (1993-02-16) February 16, 1993 (age 25)

0

0

 New England Revolution

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

GK

Jesse González

 (1995-05-25) May 25, 1995 (age 23)

0

0

 FC Dallas

v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

GK

Brad Guzan

 (1984-09-09) September 9, 1984 (age 33)

58

0

 Atlanta United

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

GK

Tim Howard

 (1979-03-06) March 6, 1979 (age 39)

121

0

 Colorado Rapids

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

GK

Nick Rimando

 (1979-06-17) June 17, 1979 (age 39)

22

0

 Real Salt Lake

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF

Walker Zimmerman

 (1993-05-19) May 19, 1993 (age 25)

3

1

 Los Angeles FC

v.  Bolivia; May 28, 2018

DF

Nick Lima

 (1994-11-17) November 17, 1994 (age 23)

0

0

 San Jose Earthquakes

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

DF

Justin Morrow

 (1987-10-04) October 4, 1987 (age 30)

4

0

 Toronto FC

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

DF

Ike Opara

 (1989-02-21) February 21, 1989 (age 29)

1

0

 Sporting Kansas City

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

DF

Matt Polster

 (1993-06-08) June 8, 1993 (age 25)

1

0

 Chicago Fire

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

DF

Danilo Acosta

 (1997-11-07) November 7, 1997 (age 20)

0

0

 Real Salt Lake

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

DF

Justen Glad

 (1997-02-28) February 28, 1997 (age 21)

0

0

 Real Salt Lake

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

DF

Brandon Vincent

 (1994-05-01) May 1, 1994 (age 24)

1

0

 Chicago Fire

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

DF

Tim Ream

 (1987-10-05) October 5, 1987 (age 30)

26

1

 Fulham

v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

DF

DaMarcus Beasley

 (1982-05-24) May 24, 1982 (age 36)

126

17

 Houston Dynamo

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF

Matt Besler

 (1987-02-11) February 11, 1987 (age 31)

47

1

 Sporting Kansas City

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF

Geoff Cameron

 (1985-07-11) July 11, 1985 (age 33)

55

4

 Stoke City

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF

Omar Gonzalez

 (1988-10-11) October 11, 1988 (age 29)

48

3

 Atlas

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF

Graham Zusi

 (1986-08-18) August 18, 1986 (age 32)

55

5

 Sporting Kansas City

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

DF

Michael Orozco

 (1986-02-07) February 7, 1986 (age 32)

29

4

 BUAP

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017 PRE

DF

Matt Hedges

 (1990-04-01) April 1, 1990 (age 28)

5

0

 FC Dallas

v.  Honduras; September 5, 2017 PRE

MF

Luca de la Torre

 (1998-05-23) May 23, 1998 (age 20)

1

0

 Fulham

v.  France; June 9, 2018 PRE

MF

Keaton Parks

 (1997-08-06) August 6, 1997 (age 21)

1

0

 Benfica

v.  France; June 9, 2018 PRE

MF

Kenny Saief

 (1993-12-17) December 17, 1993 (age 24)

2

0

 Anderlecht

v.  Republic of Ireland; June 2, 2018 PRE

MF

Lynden Gooch

 (1995-12-24) December 24, 1995 (age 22)

4

0

 Sunderland

v.  Bolivia; May 28, 2018

MF

Christian Pulisic

 (1998-09-18) September 18, 1998 (age 19)

21

9

 Borussia Dortmund

v.  Bolivia; May 28, 2018

MF

Alejandro Guido

 (1994-03-22) March 22, 1994 (age 24)

0

0

 Tijuana

v.  Bolivia; May 28, 2018 PRE

MF

Marky Delgado

 (1995-05-16) May 16, 1995 (age 23)

1

0

 Toronto FC

v.  Paraguay; March 27, 2018

MF

Darlington Nagbe

 (1990-07-19) July 19, 1990 (age 28)

25

1

 Atlanta United

v.  Paraguay; March 27, 2018

MF

Cristian Roldan

 (1995-06-03) June 3, 1995 (age 23)

3

0

 Seattle Sounders

v.  Paraguay; March 27, 2018

MF

Kekuta Manneh

 (1994-12-30) December 30, 1994 (age 23)

0

0

 St. Gallen

v.  Paraguay; March 27, 2018 PRE

MF

Paul Arriola

 (1995-02-05) February 5, 1995 (age 23)

16

2

 D.C. United

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

MF

Russell Canouse

 (1995-06-11) June 11, 1995 (age 23)

0

0

 D.C. United

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

MF

Kelyn Rowe

 (1991-12-02) December 2, 1991 (age 26)

4

1

 New England Revolution

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

MF

Gyasi Zardes

 (1991-09-02) September 2, 1991 (age 26)

38

6

 Columbus Crew

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

MF

Marlon Hairston

 (1994-03-23) March 23, 1994 (age 24)

0

0

 Colorado Rapids

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

MF

Ian Harkes

 (1995-03-30) March 30, 1995 (age 23)

0

0

 D.C. United

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

MF

Brooks Lennon

 (1997-09-22) September 22, 1997 (age 20)

0

0

 Real Salt Lake

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

MF

Kellyn Acosta

 (1995-07-24) July 24, 1995 (age 23)

17

1

 Colorado Rapids

v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF

Alejandro Bedoya

 (1987-04-29) April 29, 1987 (age 31)

66

2

 Philadelphia Union

v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF

Danny Williams

 (1989-03-08) March 8, 1989 (age 29)

23

2

 Huddersfield Town

v.  Portugal; November 14, 2017

MF

Michael Bradley

 (1987-07-31) July 31, 1987 (age 31)

140

17

 Toronto FC

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF

Benny Feilhaber

 (1985-01-19) January 19, 1985 (age 33)

44

2

 Los Angeles FC

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF

Dax McCarty

 (1987-04-20) April 20, 1987 (age 31)

13

0

 Chicago Fire

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

MF

Fabian Johnson

 (1987-12-11) December 11, 1987 (age 30)

57

2

 Borussia Mönchengladbach

v.  Honduras; September 5, 2017

FW

Andrija Novakovich

 (1996-09-21) September 21, 1996 (age 21)

2

0

 Fortuna Sittard

v.  France; June 9, 2018 PRE

FW

Juan Agudelo

 (1992-11-23) November 23, 1992 (age 25)

28

3

 New England Revolution

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

FW

Jordan Morris

 (1994-10-26) October 26, 1994 (age 23)

25

5

 Seattle Sounders

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

FW

C. J. Sapong

 (1988-12-27) December 27, 1988 (age 29)

4

0

 Philadelphia Union

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018

FW

Dom Dwyer

 (1990-07-30) July 30, 1990 (age 28)

4

2

 Orlando City

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

FW

Christian Ramirez

 (1991-04-04) April 4, 1991 (age 27)

0

0

 Los Angeles FC

v.  Bosnia and Herzegovina; January 28, 2018 PRE

FW

Jozy Altidore

 (1989-11-06) November 6, 1989 (age 28)

110

41

 Toronto FC

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

FW

Clint DempseyRET

 (1983-03-09) March 9, 1983 (age 35)

141

57

 Seattle Sounders

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

FW

Chris Wondolowski

 (1983-01-28) January 28, 1983 (age 35)

35

11

 San Jose Earthquakes

v.  Trinidad and Tobago; October 10, 2017

text: Notes:

text:
GS = Group stage squad
PRE = Preliminary squad
RET = Retired

tag: ul

text: Results and schedule[edit]

text: The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

text: For all past match results of the national team, see single-season articles and the team's results page.

text:
September 1, 2017 (2017-09-01) WCQ R5

United States

0–2

 Costa Rica

showHarrison, New Jersey

18:55 ET

Report

Ureña  30', 82'

Stadium: Red Bull Arena Attendance: 26,500Referee: John Pitti (Panama)

text:
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) WCQ R5

Honduras

1–1

 United States

showSan Pedro Sula, Honduras

17:30 ET

Quioto  27'

Report

Wood  85'

Stadium: Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano Attendance: 37,325Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) WCQ R5

United States

4–0

 Panama

showOrlando, Florida

19:00 ET

Pulisic  8'Altidore  19', 43' (pen.)Wood  63'

Report

Stadium: Orlando City Stadium Attendance: 25,303Referee: Roberto García Orozco (Mexico)

text:
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) WCQ R5

Trinidad and Tobago

2–1

 United States

showCouva, Trinidad and Tobago

20:00 ET

Gonzalez  17' (o.g.)A. Jones  37'

Report

Pulisic  47'

Stadium: Ato Boldon Stadium Attendance: 1,500Referee: Juan Carlos Guerra (Guatemala)

text:
November 14, 2017 Friendly

Portugal

1–1

 United States

showLeiria, Portugal

15:45 ET

Antunes  31'

Report

McKennie  21'

Stadium: Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa[79] Attendance: 19,107Referee: Anthony Taylor (England)

text:
January 28, 2018 Friendly

United States

0–0

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

showCarson, California

21:30 ET

Report

Stadium: StubHub Center Attendance: 11,161Referee: Hector Martinez (Honduras)

text:
March 27, 2018 Friendly

United States

1–0

 Paraguay

showCary, North Carolina

19:30 ET

Wood  45' (pen.)

Report

Stadium: WakeMed Soccer Park Attendance: 9,825Referee: Kimbell Ward (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

text:
May 28, 2018 Friendly

United States

3–0

 Bolivia

showChester, Pennsylvania

18:30 ET

Zimmerman  37'
Sargent  52'
Weah  59'

Report

Stadium: Talen Energy Stadium Attendance: 11,882Referee: Oshane Nation (Jamaica)

text:
June 2, 2018 Friendly

Republic of Ireland

2–1

 United States

showDublin, Republic of Ireland

15:00 ET

Burke  57'
Judge  90'

Report

Wood  45+1'

Stadium: Aviva Stadium Attendance: 32,300Referee: Andrew Dallas (Scotland)

text:
June 9, 2018 Friendly

France

1–1

 United States

showLyon, France

15:00 ET

Mbappé  78'

Report

Green  44'

Stadium: Groupama Stadium Attendance: 58,241Referee: William Collum (Scotland)

text:
September 7, 2018 Friendly

United States

v

 Brazil

showEast Rutherford, New Jersey

19:30 ET

Stadium: MetLife Stadium

text:
September 11, 2018 Friendly

United States

v

 Mexico

showNashville, Tennessee

20:30 ET

Stadium: Nissan Stadium

text:
October 11, 2018 Friendly

United States

v

 Colombia

showTampa, Florida

19:30 ET

Stadium: Raymond James Stadium

text:
October 16, 2018 Friendly

United States

v

 Peru

showTBD

Report

text:
November 15, 2018 Friendly

England

v

 United States

showLondon, England

15:00 ET

Stadium: Wembley Stadium

text:
November 20, 2018 Friendly

Italy

v

 United States

showTBD

15:00 ET

Stadium: TBD

text: Player records[edit]

text:
Most capped players

#

Player

Caps

Goals

Career

1
Cobi Jones
164
15
1992–2004

2
Landon Donovan
157
57
2000–2014

3
Clint Dempsey
141
57
2004–2017

4
Michael Bradley
140
17
2006–0000

5
Jeff Agoos
134
4
1988–2003

6
Marcelo Balboa
127
13
1988–2000

7
DaMarcus Beasley
126
17
2001–0000

8
Tim Howard
121
0
2002–0000

9
Claudio Reyna
112
8
1994–2006

10
Jozy Altidore
110
41
2007–0000

Carlos Bocanegra
110
14
2001–2012

Paul Caligiuri
110
5
1984–1997

Top goalscorers

#

Player

Goals

Caps

Career

1
Clint Dempsey
57
141
2004–2017

Landon Donovan
57
157
2000–2014

3
Jozy Altidore
41
110
2007–0000

4
Eric Wynalda
34
106
1990–2000

5
Brian McBride
30
95
1993–2006

6
Joe-Max Moore
24
100
1992–2002

7
Bruce Murray
21
85
1985–1993

8
Eddie Johnson
19
63
2004–2014

9
Earnie Stewart
17
101
1990–2004

DaMarcus Beasley
17
126
2001–0000

Michael Bradley
17
140
2006–0000

text: Competitive record[edit]

text: The U.S. regularly competes at the FIFA World Cup, the CONCACAF Gold Cup, and the Summer Olympics. The U.S. has also played in the FIFA Confederations Cup, Copa América by invitation, as well as several minor tournaments.

text: The best result for the United States in a World Cup came in 1930 when they reached the semifinals.[80] The best result in the modern era is the 2002 World Cup, when the U.S. reached the quarterfinals. The worst result in the modern era was a first round elimination in 1990, 1998, and 2006.

text: In the Confederations Cup, the United States finished in third place in both 1992 and 1999, and were runner-up in 2009. The United States appeared in their first intercontinental tournament final at the 2009 Confederations Cup.[81] In the semifinals, the United States upset top ranked Spain 2–0, to advance to the final. In the final, the United States lost 3–2 to Brazil.

text: The U.S. men's soccer team have played in the Summer Olympics since 1924. From that tournament to 1976, only amateur players were allowed on Olympic teams per Olympic rules. The Olympics became a full international tournament in 1984 after the IOC allowed full national teams from outside FIFA CONMEBOL & UEFA confederations. Since then the U.S. national team results have dramatically improved. Ever since 1992 the men's Olympic event has been age-restricted, under 23 plus three overage players, and participation has been by the United States men's national under-23 soccer team.

text: In regional competitions, the United States has won the CONCACAF Gold Cup six times, with their most recent title in 2017.[82] Their best ever finish at the Copa América was fourth-place at the 1995 and 2016 editions.[83][84]

text: FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

FIFA World Cup qualification record

Year

Round

Position

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930

Third Place[85][a]

3rd

3

2

0

1

7

6

–

 1934

Round of 16

16th

1

0

0

1

1

7

1

1

0

0

4

2

 1938

Did not qualify

Withdrew

 1950

Group stage

10th

3

1

0

2

4

8

4

1

1

2

8

15

 1954

Did not qualify

4

2

0

2

7

9

 1958

4

0

0

4

5

21

 1962

2

0

1

1

3

6

 1966

4

1

2

1

4

5

 1970

6

3

0

3

11

9

 1974

4

0

1

3

6

10

 1978

5

1

2

2

3

7

 1982

4

1

1

2

4

8

 1986

6

3

2

1

8

3

 1990

Group stage

23rd

3

0

0

3

2

8

10

5

4

1

11

4

 1994

Round of 16

14th

4

1

1

2

3

4

Qualified as hosts

 1998

Group stage

32nd

3

0

0

3

1

5

16

8

6

2

27

14

  2002

Quarterfinals

8th

5

2

1

2

7

7

16

8

4

4

25

11

 2006

Group stage

25th

3

0

1

2

2

6

18

12

4

2

35

11

 2010

Round of 16

12th

4

1

2

1

5

5

18

13

2

3

42

16

 2014

Round of 16

15th

4

1

1

2

5

6

16

11

2

3

26

14

 2018

Did not qualify

16

7

4

5

37

16

 2022

TBD-not yet qualified

TBD

   2026

Total

10/21

Third place

33

8

6

19

37

62

154

77

36

41

266

181

text:
World Cup highlights

First match

 United States 3–0 Belgium (July 13, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest win

 United States 3–0 Belgium (July 13, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay) United States 3–0 Paraguay (July 17, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest defeat

 Italy 7–1 United States (May 27, 1934; Rome, Italy)

Best result

Third place at the 1930 FIFA World Cup

Second-best result

8th place at the 2002 FIFA World Cup

Second-worst result

25th place at the 2006 FIFA World Cup

Worst result

32nd place at the 1998 FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA Confederations Cup[edit]

text:
Confederations Cup record

Year

Result

Position

Pld

W

T

L

GF

GA

 1992
Third Place
3rd
2
1
0
1
5
5

 1995
Did not qualify

 1997

 1999
Third Place
3rd
5
3
0
2
5
3

  2001
Did not qualify

 2003
Group Stage
7th
3
0
1
2
1
3

 2005
Did not qualify

 2009
Runners-up
2nd
5
2
0
3
8
9

 2013
Did not qualify

 2017

Total
4/10
Runners-up
15
6
1
8
19
20

text: Summer Olympics[edit]

text:
Summer Olympics record

Type

Year

Result

Position

Pld

W

T

L

GF

GA

Amateur

 1908

Did not enter

1912–1920

Did not qualify

 1924

Round 2

14th

2

1

0

1

1

3

 1928

Round 1

16th

1

0

0

1

2

11

 1936

Round 1

16th

1

0

0

1

0

1

 1948

Round 1

16th

1

0

0

1

0

9

 1952

Round 1

26th

1

0

0

1

0

8

 1956

Round 1

8th

1

0

0

1

1

9

1960–1968

Did not qualify

 1972

Group Stage

14th

3

0

1

2

0

10

 1976

Did not qualify

 1980

Withdrew

NationalTeam

 1984

Group Stage

11th

3

1

1

1

5

2

 1988

Group Stage

12th

2

0

2

1

3

5

Total
9/16
8th
15
2
4
10
12
58

Under-23

1992 – present

See United States national under-23 team

text: CONCACAF Gold Cup[edit]

text: CONCACAF Championship 1963–1989, CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991–present

text:
CONCACAF Gold Cup record

Year

Result

Position

Pld

W

T

L

GF

GA

 1963
Did Not Enter

 1965

 1967

 1969
Did Not Qualify

 1971
Did Not Enter

 1973
Did Not Qualify

 1977

 1981

1985
Group Stage
6th
4
2
1
1
4
3

1989
Runners-up
2nd
8
4
3
1
6
3

 1991
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
10
3

  1993
Runners-up
2nd
5
4
0
1
5
5

 1996
Third Place
3rd
4
3
0
1
8
3

 1998
Runners-up
2nd
4
3
0
1
6
2

 2000
Quarter-Finals
5th
3
2
1
0
6
2

 2002
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
9
1

  2003
Third Place
3rd
5
4
0
1
13
4

 2005
Champions
1st
6
4
2
0
11
3

 2007
Champions
1st
6
6
0
0
13
3

 2009
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
1
1
12
8

 2011
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
0
2
9
6

 2013
Champions
1st
6
6
0
0
20
4

  2015
Fourth Place
4th
6
3
2
1
12
5

 2017
Champions
1st
6
5
1
0
13
4

 2019
TBD

Total
16/20
6 titles
85
62
13
10
157
59

text: Copa América[edit]

text: South American Championship 1916–1967, Copa América 1975–present

text:
Copa América record

Year

Result

Position

Pld

W

T

L

GF

GA

1916–1991
Did Not Enter

 1993

Group Stage

12th

3

0

1

2

3

6

 1995

Fourth Place

4th

6

2

1

3

6

7

1997–2004
Did Not Enter

 2007

Group Stage

12th

3

0

0

3

2

8

2011–2015
Did Not Enter

 2016

Fourth Place

4th

6

3

0

3

7

8

Total

Invitation

0 titles

18

5

2

11

18

29

text: Honors[edit]

text: Major competitions

text: FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA Confederations Cup

text: CONCACAF Championship / CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Copa América

text: Minor competitions

text: U.S. Cup

text: Marlboro Cup

text: NAFC Championship


document_title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

question_text: what was the poster on the wall in shawshank redemption

text: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1948, in Maine, Andy Dufresne, a banker, is tried and convicted for the double murder of his wife and her lover, despite his claims of innocence. He is sent to Shawshank State Penitentiary to serve a double life sentence. There, he meets Red, a prisoner who smuggles items from the outside world. Andy, who had been an amateur geologist before being imprisoned, asks Red to get him a rock hammer for shaping rocks he collects from the exercise yard into small sculptures. One of the next items he orders from Red, is a large poster of Rita Hayworth. Over the ensuing years, Andy regularly requests more posters from Red, including pin-ups of Marilyn Monroe and Raquel Welch. When asked, Andy tells Red that he likes to imagine he can step through the pictures and be with the actresses.

text: One day, Andy and other prisoners are tarring a roof when Andy overhears a guard complaining about the amount of tax he will have to pay on a sum of money bequeathed to him. Andy approaches the guard, and tells him a way that he can legally shelter the money from taxation. Later, a gang of prison rapists called "The Sisters", led by Bogs Diamond, attack Andy. However, when Andy makes himself useful to the guards, they protect him from "The Sisters". One night, Bogs is found in his cell unconscious and severely beaten. Andy is also allowed to stay alone in his cell instead of having a cellmate, like most other prisoners.

text: Andy's work assignment is later shifted from the laundry to the prison's library. The new assignment also allows Andy to spend more time doing financial paperwork for the staff. Andy applies to the Maine State Senate for funding to expand the library. For years, he gets no response to his weekly letters until the Senate finally sends him $200, thinking Andy will stop requesting funds. Instead of ceasing his letter writing, he starts writing twice as often. His diligent work results in a major expansion of the library's collection, and he also helps a number of prisoners earn equivalency diplomas.

text: The corrupt warden of Shawshank, Norton, realizes that a man of Andy's skills is useful. He has started a program called "Inside-Out" where convicts do work outside the prison for slave wages. Normal companies outside cannot compete with the cost of Inside-Out workers, so they offer Norton bribes not to bid for contracts. Andy helps Norton launder the money.

text: One day, Andy hears from another prisoner, Tommy Williams, whose former cellmate had bragged about killing a rich golfer and a lawyer's wife (Andy latches onto the idea that the word "lawyer" could easily have been mixed up with "banker", the professions being similarly viewed by the uneducated public), and framing the lawyer for the crime. Upon hearing Tommy's story, Andy realizes that this evidence could possibly result in a new trial and a chance at freedom. Norton scoffs at the story, however, and as soon as possible, he makes sure Tommy is moved to another prison. Andy is too useful to Norton, and he knows details about Norton's shady dealings. Andy eventually resigns himself to the fact that his legal vindication has become nonexistent.

text: Before he was sentenced to life, Andy managed to sell off his assets and invest the proceeds under a pseudonym. This alias, Peter Stevens, has a driver's license, Social Security card, and other credentials. The documents required to claim Stevens' assets and assume his identity are in a safety deposit box in a Portland bank; the key to the box is hidden under a rock along a wall lining a hay field in the small town of Buxton, not far from Shawshank. After eighteen years in prison, Andy shares the information with Red, describing exactly how to find the place and how one day "Peter Stevens" will own a small seaside resort hotel in Zihuatanejo, Mexico. Red, confused about why Andy has confided this information in him, reflects on Andy's continued ability to surprise.

text: One morning, after he has been incarcerated for nearly 27 years, Andy disappears from his locked cell. After searching the prison grounds and surrounding area without finding any sign of him, the warden looks in Andy's cell and discovers that the current poster pasted to his wall (Linda Ronstadt) covers a man-sized hole. Andy had used his rock hammer not just to shape rocks, but also to slowly chip away at the wall. Once through the wall, he broke into a sewage pipe, crawled through it, emerged into a field beyond the prison's outer perimeter, and vanished. His prison uniform is found two miles away from the outfall and it is assumed that he drowned.

text: A few weeks later, Red gets a blank postcard from a small Texas town near the Mexican border, and surmises that Andy crossed the border there. Shortly afterwards, Red is paroled. After nearly forty years' imprisonment, he finds the transition to life "outside" a difficult process. On the weekends, he hitchhikes to Buxton, searching for suitable hay fields from Andy's "directions". After several months of wandering the rural town roads, he finds a field with a rock wall on the correct side, with a black rock in it. Under this rock, he finds a letter addressed to him from "Peter Stevens" inviting him to join Peter in Mexico. With the letter is $1,000 in cash. The story ends with Red violating his parole to follow Andy to Mexico.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The novella has been adapted into a film, The Shawshank Redemption, and a play of the same name. Actor Morgan Freeman, who portrayed Red in the film, stated in an interview that this novella is his favorite book.[4]


document_title: Kentucky Derby

question_text: how many roses are in the kentucky derby blanket

text: Kentucky Derby

text: History[edit]

text: In 1872, Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr., grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, traveled to England, visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780.[5] From there, Clark went on to Paris, France, where in 1863, a group of racing enthusiasts had formed the French Jockey Club and had organized the Grand Prix de Paris at Longchamp, which at the time was the greatest race in France.

text: Returning home to Kentucky, Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city. The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs, named for John and Henry Churchill, who provided the land for the racetrack.[6] Officially, the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937.[7]

text: The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1⁄2 miles (2.4 kilometres), the same distance as the Epsom Derby. The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1⁄4 miles (2.0 kilometres). On May 17, 1875, in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people, a field of 15 three-year-old horses contested the first Derby. Under jockey Oliver Lewis, a colt named Aristides, who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson, won the inaugural Derby. Later that year, Lewis rode Aristides to a second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes.

text: Although the first race meeting proved a success, the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities. Despite this, the business foundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility. Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America.

text: Derby participants are limited to three-year-old horses. Apollo (1882) is the only horse to have won the Derby without having raced at age two.[8]

text: Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete a few weeks later in the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course, in Baltimore, Maryland, followed by the Belmont Stakes in Elmont, New York. The three races offered the largest purse and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races. However, the term Triple Crown didn't come into use for another eleven years. In 1930, when Gallant Fox became the second horse to win all three races, sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage. Fueled by the media, public interest in the possibility of a "superhorse" that could win the Triple Crown began in the weeks leading up to the derby. Two years after the term was coined, the race, which had been run in mid-May since inception, was changed to the first Saturday in May to allow for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes. Prior to 1931, eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby. On May 12, 1917 and again on May 13, 1922, the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day. On eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes.

text: On May 16, 1925, the first live radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby was originated by WHAS and was also carried by WGN in Chicago.[9] On May 7, 1949, the first television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, produced by WAVE-TV, the NBC affiliate in Louisville. This coverage was aired live in the Louisville market and sent to NBC as a kinescope newsreel recording for national broadcast. This broadcast was the first time Zoomar lenses were used on a broadcast TV sports show. On May 3, 1952, the first national television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place, aired from then-CBS affiliate WHAS-TV.[10] In 1954, the purse exceeded $100,000 for the first time. In 1968 Dancer's Image became the first (and to this day the only) horse to win the race and then be disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone, an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, were found in the horse's urinalysis; Forward Pass won after a protracted legal battle by the owners of Dancer's Image (which they lost). Forward Pass thus became the Eighth winner for Calumet Farm. Unexpectedly, the regulations at Kentucky thoroughbred race tracks were changed some years later, allowing horses to run on phenylbutazone. In 1970, Diane Crump became the first female jockey to ride in the Derby, finishing 15th aboard Fathom.

text: The fastest time ever run in the Derby was set in 1973 at 1:59.4 minutes when Secretariat broke the record set by Northern Dancer in 1964. Not only has Secretariat's record time yet to be topped, in the race itself, he did something unique in Triple Crown races: each successive quarter, his times were faster. Though times for non-winners were not recorded, in 1973 Sham finished second, two and a half lengths behind Secretariat in the same race. Using the thoroughbred racing convention of one length equaling one-fifth of a second to calculate Sham's time, he also finished in under two minutes. Another sub-two-minute finish, only the third, was set in 2001 by Monarchos at 1:59.97.[11]

text: The 2004 Derby marked the first time that jockeys, as a result of a court order, were allowed to wear corporate advertising logos on their clothing.

text: In 2005, the purse distribution for the Derby was changed, so that horses finishing fifth would henceforth receive a share of the purse; previously only the first four finishers did so.

text: Norman Adams has been the designer of the Kentucky Derby Logo since 2002. On February 1, 2006, the Louisville-based fast-food company Yum! Brands, Inc. announced a corporate sponsorship deal to call the race "The Kentucky Derby presented by Yum! Brands."[12]

text: In 2007, HM Queen Elizabeth II, on a visit to the United States, joined the racegoers at Churchill Downs.

text: In 2010 Calvin Borel set a new record, being the first jockey to win 3 out of 4 consecutive Kentucky Derbys.[13]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: In addition to the race itself, a number of traditions play a large role in the Derby atmosphere. The mint julep, an iced drink consisting of bourbon, mint, and a sugar syrup, is the traditional beverage of the race. The historic drink can be served in an ice-frosted silver julep cup, but most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses (first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since) printed with all previous Derby winners.[14] Also, burgoo, a thick stew of beef, chicken, pork, and vegetables, is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby.

text: The infield, a spectator area inside the track, offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race. Instead, revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon. By contrast, "Millionaire's Row" refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich, the famous and the well-connected. Women appear in fine outfits lavishly accessorized with large, elaborate hats. As the horses are paraded before the grandstands, the University of Louisville Marching Band plays Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home," a tradition which began in 1921.[15] The event attracts spectators from a large area, flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport.[16]

text: The Derby is frequently referred to as "The Run for the Roses," because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year. The tradition originated in 1883 when New York socialite E. Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party that was attended by Churchill Downs founder and president, Col. M. Lewis Clark. This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race's official flower. However, it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to roses being draped on the Derby winner. The Governor of Kentucky awards the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy. Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song "Run for the Roses" which was released in time for the 1980 running of the race.[17]

text: Records[edit]

text: Most wins by a jockey

text:
5 – Eddie Arcaro (1938, 1941, 1945, 1948, 1952)
5 – Bill Hartack (1957, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1969)

text: Most wins by a trainer

text: 6 – Ben A. Jones (1938, 1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1952)

text: Most wins by an owner

text: 8 – Calumet Farm (1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1958, 1968)

text: Stakes record

text:
Mile and a Quarter: 1:59.40 – Secretariat (1973)
Mile and a Half: 2:34 1/2 - Spokane (1889)

text: Record victory margin

text:
8 lengths – Old Rosebud (1914)
8 lengths – Johnstown (1939)
8 lengths – Whirlaway (1941)
8 lengths – Assault (1946)

text: Longest shot to win the Derby

text: 91 to 1 – Donerail (1913)

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Kentucky Derby winners[18]

Year
Winner
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Distance (miles)
Track Condition
Time

2017
Always Dreaming
John Velazquez
Todd Pletcher
MeB Racing, Brooklyn Boyz, Teresa Viola, St. Elias, Siena Farm and West Point
1 ¼
Wet Fast (sealed)
2:03.59

2016
Nyquist
Mario Gutierrez
Doug O'Neill
J. Paul Reddam
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.31

2015
American Pharoah
Victor Espinoza
Bob Baffert
Zayat Stables, LLC
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.02

2014
California Chrome
Victor Espinoza
Art Sherman
Steve Coburn & Perry Martin
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.66

2013
Orb
Joel Rosario
Claude McGaughey III
Stuart S. Janney III & Phipps Stable
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:02.89

2012
I'll Have Another
Mario Gutierrez
Doug O'Neill
J. Paul Reddam
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.83

2011
Animal Kingdom
John Velazquez
H. Graham Motion
Team Valor International
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.04

2010
Super Saver
Calvin Borel
Todd Pletcher
WinStar Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:04.45

2009
Mine That Bird
Calvin Borel
Bennie L. Woolley, Jr.
Double Eagle Ranch et al.
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:02.66

2008
Big Brown
Kent Desormeaux
Richard E. Dutrow, Jr.
IEAH Stables / P. Pompa
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.82

2007
Street Sense
Calvin Borel
Carl Nafzger
James B. Tafel
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.17

2006
Barbaro
Edgar Prado
Michael R. Matz
Lael Stables
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.36

2005
Giacomo
Mike E. Smith
John Shirreffs
Jerry & Ann Moss
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.75

2004
Smarty Jones
Stewart Elliott
John Servis
Someday Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:04.06

2003
Funny Cide
José A. Santos
Barclay Tagg
Sackatoga Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.19

2002
War Emblem
Victor Espinoza
Bob Baffert
Thoroughbred Corp.
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.13

2001
Monarchos
Jorge F. Chavez
John T. Ward, Jr.
John C. Oxley
1 ¼
Fast
1:59.97

2000
Fusaichi Pegasus
Kent Desormeaux
Neil Drysdale
Fusao Sekiguchi
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.00

1999
Charismatic
Chris Antley
D. Wayne Lukas
Bob & Beverly Lewis
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.20

1998
Real Quiet
Kent Desormeaux
Bob Baffert
Michael E. Pegram
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1997
Silver Charm
Gary Stevens
Bob Baffert
Bob & Beverly Lewis
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1996
Grindstone
Jerry Bailey
D. Wayne Lukas
Overbrook Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.00

1995
Thunder Gulch
Gary Stevens
D. Wayne Lukas
Michael Tabor
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.20

1994
Go for Gin
Chris McCarron
Nick Zito
William J. Condren & Joseph M. Cornacchia
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:03.60

1993
Sea Hero
Jerry Bailey
MacKenzie Miller
Rokeby Stables
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1992
Lil E. Tee
Pat Day
Lynn S. Whiting
W. Cal Partee
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.00

1991
Strike the Gold
Chris Antley
Nick Zito
BCC Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.00

1990
Unbridled
Craig Perret
Carl Nafzger
Frances A. Genter
1 ¼
Good
2:02.00

1989
Sunday Silence
Pat Valenzuela
Charlie Whittingham
H-G-W Partners
1 ¼
Muddy
2:05.00

1988
Winning Colors
Gary Stevens
D. Wayne Lukas
Eugene V. Klein
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1987
Alysheba
Chris McCarron
Jack Van Berg
D. & P. Scharbauer
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1986
Ferdinand
Bill Shoemaker
Charlie Whittingham
Elizabeth A. Keck
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.80

1985
Spend A Buck
Angel Cordero, Jr.
Cam Gambolati
Dennis Diaz
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.20

1984
Swale
Laffit Pincay, Jr.
Woody Stephens
Claiborne Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1983
Sunny's Halo
Eddie Delahoussaye
David C. Cross, Jr.
D. J. Foster Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1982
Gato Del Sol
Eddie Delahoussaye
Edwin J. Gregson
Hancock & Peters
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1981
Pleasant Colony
Jorge Velasquez
John P. Campo
Buckland Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1980
Genuine Risk
Jacinto Vasquez
LeRoy Jolley
Diana M. Firestone
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1979
Spectacular Bid
Ronnie Franklin
Bud Delp
Hawksworth Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.40

1978
Affirmed
Steve Cauthen
Laz Barrera
Harbor View Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.20

1977
Seattle Slew
Jean Cruguet
William H. Turner, Jr.
Karen L. Taylor
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1976
Bold Forbes
Angel Cordero, Jr.
Laz Barrera
E. Rodriguez Tizol
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.60

1975
Foolish Pleasure
Jacinto Vasquez
LeRoy Jolley
John L. Greer
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1974
Cannonade
Angel Cordero, Jr.
Woody Stephens
John M. Olin
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1973
Secretariat
Ron Turcotte
Lucien Laurin
Meadow Stable
1 ¼
Fast
1:59.40

1972
Riva Ridge
Ron Turcotte
Lucien Laurin
Meadow Stud
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1971
Canonero II
Gustavo Avila
Juan Arias
Edgar Caibett
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.20

1970
Dust Commander
Mike Manganello
Don Combs
Robert E. Lehmann
1 ¼
Good
2:03.40

1969
Majestic Prince
Bill Hartack
Johnny Longden
Frank M. McMahon
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1968
Forward Pass
Ismael Valenzuela
Henry Forrest
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1967
Proud Clarion
Bobby Ussery
Loyd Gentry, Jr.
Darby Dan Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.60

1966
Kauai King
Don Brumfield
Henry Forrest
Ford Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1965
Lucky Debonair
Bill Shoemaker
Frank Catrone
Ada L. Rice
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.20

1964
Northern Dancer
Bill Hartack
Horatio Luro
Windfields Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.00

1963
Chateaugay
Braulio Baeza
James P. Conway
Darby Dan Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1962
Decidedly
Bill Hartack
Horatio Luro
El Peco Ranch
1 ¼
Fast
2:00.40

1961
Carry Back
Johnny Sellers
Jack A. Price
Katherine Price
1 ¼
Good
2:04.00

1960
Venetian Way
Bill Hartack
Victor J. Sovinski
Sunny Blue Farm
1 ¼
Good
2:02.40

1959
Tomy Lee
Bill Shoemaker
Frank E. Childs
Fred & Juliette Turner
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1958
Tim Tam
Ismael Valenzuela
Jimmy Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Muddy
2:05.00

1957
Iron Liege
Bill Hartack
Jimmy Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.20

1956
Needles
David Erb
Hugh L. Fontaine
D & H Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1955
Swaps
Bill Shoemaker
Mesh Tenney
Rex C. Ellsworth
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1954
Determine
Raymond York
William Molter
Andrew J. Crevolin
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.00

1953
Dark Star
Henry E. Moreno
Eddie Hayward
Cain Hoy Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.00

1952
Hill Gail
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.60

1951
Count Turf
Conn McCreary
Sol Rutchick
Jack J. Amiel
1 ¼
Fast
2:02.60

1950
Middleground
William Boland
Max Hirsch
King Ranch
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.60

1949
Ponder
Steve Brooks
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.20

1948
Citation
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:05.40

1947
Jet Pilot
Eric Guerin
Tom Smith
Maine Chance Farm
1 ¼
Slow
2:06.80

1946
Assault
Warren Mehrtens
Max Hirsch
King Ranch
1 ¼
Slow
2:06.60

1945
Hoop Jr.
Eddie Arcaro
Ivan H. Parke
Fred W. Hooper
1 ¼
Muddy
2:07.00

1944
Pensive
Conn McCreary
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Good
2:04.20

1943
Count Fleet
Johnny Longden
Don Cameron
Fannie Hertz
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1942
Shut Out
Wayne D. Wright
John M. Gaver, Sr.
Greentree Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.40

1941
Whirlaway
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Calumet Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.40

1940
Gallahadion
Carroll Bierman
Roy Waldron
Milky Way Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.00

1939
Johnstown
James Stout
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1938
Lawrin
Eddie Arcaro
Ben A. Jones
Herbert M. Woolf
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.80

1937
War Admiral
Charley Kurtsinger
George Conway
Glen Riddle Farm
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.20

1936
Bold Venture
Ira Hanford
Max Hirsch
Morton L. Schwartz
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.60

1935
Omaha
Willie Saunders
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
1 ¼
Good
2:05.00

1934
Cavalcade
Mack Garner
Bob Smith
Brookmeade Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1933
Brokers Tip
Don Meade
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Good
2:06.80

1932
Burgoo King
Eugene James
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.20

1931
Twenty Grand
Charley Kurtsinger
James G. Rowe, Jr.
Greentree Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:01.80

1930
Gallant Fox
Earl Sande
Jim Fitzsimmons
Belair Stud
1 ¼
Good
2:07.60

1929
Clyde Van Dusen
Linus McAtee
Clyde Van Dusen
Herbert P. Gardner
1 ¼
Muddy
2:10.80

1928
Reigh Count
Chick Lang
Bert S. Michell
Fannie Hertz
1 ¼
Heavy
2:10.40

1927
Whiskery
Linus McAtee
Fred Hopkins
Harry P. Whitney
1 ¼
Slow
2:06.00

1926
Bubbling Over
Albert Johnson
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.80

1925
Flying Ebony
Earl Sande
William B. Duke
Gifford A. Cochran
1 ¼
Sloppy
2:07.60

1924
Black Gold
J. D. Mooney
Hanley Webb
Rosa M. Hoots
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.20

1923
Zev
Earl Sande
David J. Leary
Rancocas Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.40

1922
Morvich
Albert Johnson
Fred Burlew
Benjamin Block
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.60

1921
Behave Yourself
Charles Thompson
Herbert J. Thompson
Edward R. Bradley
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.20

1920
Paul Jones
Ted Rice
Billy Garth
Ral Parr
1 ¼
Slow
2:09.00

1919
Sir Barton
Johnny Loftus
H. Guy Bedwell
J. K. L. Ross
1 ¼
Heavy
2:09.80

1918
Exterminator
Willie Knapp
Henry McDaniel
Willis Sharpe Kilmer
1 ¼
Muddy
2:10.80

1917
Omar Khayyam
Charles Borel
Charles T. Patterson
Billings & Johnson
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.60

1916
George Smith
Johnny Loftus
Hollie Hughes
John Sanford
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.00

1915
Regret
Joe Notter
James G. Rowe, Sr.
Harry P. Whitney
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.40

1914
Old Rosebud
John McCabe
Frank D. Weir
Hamilton C. Applegate
1 ¼
Fast
2:03.40

1913
Donerail
Roscoe Goose
Thomas P. Hayes
Thomas P. Hayes
1 ¼
Fast
2:04.80

1912
Worth
Carroll H. Shilling
Frank M. Taylor
Henry C. Hallenbeck
1 ¼
Muddy
2:09.40

1911
Meridian
George Archibald
Albert Ewing
Richard F. Carman
1 ¼
Fast
2:05.00

1910
Donau
Frederick Herbert
George Ham
William Gerst
1 ¼
Fast
2:06.40

1909
Wintergreen
Vincent Powers
Charles Mack
Jerome B. Respess
1 ¼
Slow
2:08.20

1908
Stone Street
Arthur Pickens
J. W. Hall
C. E. & J. W. Hamilton
1 ¼
Heavy
2:15.20

1907
Pink Star
Andy Minder
W. H. Fizer
J. Hal Woodford
1 ¼
Heavy
2:12.60

1906
Sir Huon
Roscoe Troxler
Pete Coyne
Bashford Manor Stable
1 ¼
Fast
2:08.80

1905
Agile
Jack Martin
Robert Tucker
Samuel S. Brown
1 ¼
Heavy
2:10.75

1904
Elwood
Shorty Prior
Charles E. Durnell
Mrs. C. E. Durnell
1 ¼
Fast
2:08.50

1903
Judge Himes
Hal Booker
John P. Mayberry
Charles R. Ellison
1 ¼
Fast
2:09.00

1902
Alan-a-Dale
Jimmy Winkfield
Thomas C. McDowell
Thomas C. McDowell
1 ¼
Fast
2:08.75

1901
His Eminence
Jimmy Winkfield
Frank B. Van Meter
Frank B. Van Meter
1 ¼
Fast
2:07.75

1900
Lieut. Gibson
Jimmy Boland
Charles Hughes
Charles H. Smith
1 ¼
Fast
2:06.25

1899
Manuel
Fred Taral
Robert J. Walden
A. H. & D. H. Morris
1 ¼
Fast
2:12.00

1898
Plaudit
Willie Simms
John E. Madden
John E. Madden
1 ¼
Good
2:09.00

1897
Typhoon II
Buttons Garner
J. C. Cahn
J. C. Cahn
1 ¼
Heavy
2:12.50

1896
Ben Brush
Willie Simms
Hardy Campbell, Jr.
Mike F. Dwyer
1 ¼
Dusty
2:07.75

1895
Halma
Soup Perkins
Byron McClelland
Byron McClelland
1 ½
Fast
2:37.50

1894
Chant
Frank Goodale
H. Eugene Leigh
Leigh & Rose
1 ½
Fast
2:41.00

1893
Lookout
Eddie Kunze
William McDaniel
Cushing & Orth
1 ½
Fast
2:39.25

1892
Azra
Alonzo Clayton
John H. Morris
Bashford Manor Stable
1 ½
Heavy
2:41.50

1891
Kingman
Isaac Murphy
Dud Allen
Jacobin Stable
1 ½
Fast
2:52.25

1890
Riley
Isaac Murphy
Edward Corrigan
Edward Corrigan
1 ½
Muddy
2:45.00

1889
Spokane
Thomas Kiley
John Rodegap
Noah Armstrong
1 ½
Fast
2:34.50

1888
Macbeth II
George Covington
John Campbell
Chicago Stable
1 ½
Fast
2:38.00

1887
Montrose
Isaac Lewis
John McGinty
Labold Brothers
1 ½
Fast
2:39.25

1886
Ben Ali
Paul Duffy
Jim Murphy
J. B. A. Haggin
1 ½
Fast
2:36.50

1885
Joe Cotton
Erskine Henderson
Abe Perry
James T. Williams
1 ½
Good
2:37.25

1884
Buchanan
Isaac Murphy
William Bird
William Cottrill
1 ½
Good
2:40.25

1883
Leonatus
Billy Donohue
Raleigh Colston
Chinn & Morgan
1 ½
Heavy
2:43.00

1882
Apollo
Babe Hurd
Green B. Morris
Morris & Patton
1 ½
Fast
2:40.00

1881
Hindoo
Jim McLaughlin
James G. Rowe, Sr.
Dwyer Bros. Stable
1 ½
Fast
2:40.00

1880
Fonso
George Lewis
John Henry "Dutch" Rolfes
J. Snell Shawhan
1 ½
Dusty
2:37.50

1879
Lord Murphy
Charlie Shauer
George Rice
Darden & Co
1 ½
Fast
2:37.00

1878
Day Star
Jimmy Carter
Lee Paul
T. J. Nichols
1 ½
Dusty
2:37.25

1877
Baden-Baden
Billy Walker
Edward D. Brown
Daniel Swigert
1 ½
Fast
2:38.00

1876
Vagrant
Bobby Swim
James Williams
William Astor, Jr.
1 ½
Fast
2:38.25

1875
Aristides
Oliver Lewis
Ansel Williamson
Hal P. McGrath
1 ½
Fast
2:37.75

text:
The race was timed to 1/4 second from 1875 to 1905, to 1/5 second from 1906 to 2000 and to 1/100 second since 2001.
 designates a Triple Crown Winner.
 designates a filly.
In 1968, Dancer's Image, ridden by Bobby Ussery, trained by Lou Cavalaris, Jr., and owned by Peter Fuller, finished first, but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse. The drug in question - phenylbutazone - is now legal for use on racehorses in many states, including Kentucky.


document_title: Kill a Word

question_text: what is the song kill a word about

question_tokens: what is the song kill a word about

text: Kill a Word

text: Content[edit]

text: The song is about the power and importance of words, and wanting to "kill" words with negative meanings, such as "hate."[1][2] The album version features Andrea Davidson and Rhiannon Giddens, the latter a member of the Carolina Chocolate Drops, on backing vocals. For the single edit, Giddens sings some lines of the song by herself.

text: Church told Rolling Stone that the 2016 presidential election was influential in picking "Kill a Word" as a single: "I would have regretted not putting out 'Kill a Word,' and let this season pass, not knowing if I would get a chance again where it was this relevant, this timely."[3]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on CMT, GAC, and Vevo in 2016.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Billy Dukes of Taste of Country wrote that "Soulful production and the addition of Rhiannon Giddens gives [sic] a more casual listener something to enjoy if he or she chooses not to dive into Church’s statement."[2] Giving it an "A", Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe wrote that "Songs that aim for utopia usually stumble along the way because they are either too preachy or too woefully naive. Church avoids this trap by zeroing in on the obstacles rather than the goal, and personalizes the proceedings by tackling what gets in the way of individual pursuit of happiness."[4]

text: Church and Giddens were nominated for Musical Event of the Year at the 51st Annual Country Music Association Awards in 2017.

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: The song debuted on the Country Airplay chart at No. 58 for the chart dated September 10, 2016, and entered the Hot Country Songs chart three weeks later at No. 41.[5][6] The song has sold 194,000 copies in the United States as of March 2017.[7]

text: Covers[edit]

text: The band No Idea released a new version of the song as the B-side to their single, "Reduced to Flames". The song featured the entire lyrics from the original song, but with heavy metal music.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2016–17)

Peakposition

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[8]

71

Canada Country (Billboard)[9]

5

US Billboard Hot 100[10]

71

US Country Airplay (Billboard)[11]

6

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[12]

9

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)

Position

Canada Country (Billboard)[13]

17

US Country Airplay (Billboard)[14]

36

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[15]

48