document_title: Fortnite Battle Royale

question_text: when was fortnite battle royale season 2 released

text: Fortnite Battle Royale

text: Gameplay

text: The main gameplay for Fortnite Battle Royale follows the battle royale genre's standard format. The game nominally is played either with each player on their own, or in a squad of two to four players, with up to 100 players participating each round. The round starts with players, weaponless, skydiving from floating buses ("Battle Bus") then deploying a glider onto a region of land. The island's fixed layout includes several landmarks and locations (named in an alliterative fashion, such as "Loot Lake", "Tilted Towers", and "Retail Row") that are mostly ghost towns, while a random distribution of weapons, shields, and other combat support features can be found by searching buildings and other sites. The goal is to be the last player or team alive by eliminating or avoiding other players. Over time, the game's safe zone (representing the eye of a storm that is ravaging the world), decreases in size, and players caught outside the zone will take damage, potentially dying. This directs the surviving players into tighter spaces, forcing player encounters. Players can loot defeated enemies for equipment. Random supply drops will occur during a match, providing random weapons and items. Like in the original Fortnite game, Fortnite Battle Royale is primarily played in a third-person perspective, and there is no current way to change it.

text: Fortnite Battle Royale's primary distinction from other battle royale games is the building system, which originated from the original Fortnite survival game. Nearly all objects in the environment can be destroyed and harvested for materials (wood, stone, and metal), which can then be used to build fortifications of limited durabilities, such as walls, ramps, floors, and roofs, which can be used to help traverse the map, protect the player from gunfire, or slow down progression of other players.  Weaker pieces can be destroyed in a few hits, but can be built quickly, while stronger pieces can withstand more punishment, but take longer to build.

text: The game is free-to-play, supported by microtransactions that allow players to buy "Vinderbucks", "V-Bucks" for short, the game's internal currency. V-Bucks are also shared with the main Fortnite "Save the World" game, which offers players the opportunity to earn V-Bucks by completing missions or daily quests.[1] V-Bucks can then be used to buy cosmetic improvements to the player (character, pickaxe and glider skins, back-wear, and emotes). The game is run as seasons, lasting about 12 weeks each. Each season introduces a new set of cosmetic items that can be obtained, which otherwise are not available outside that season. These are offered through a dual-track battle pass, which present a number of tiers that a players climbs through by earning experience through completing in-game objectives and their general performance during matches, while acquiring cosmetic rewards or other items in the process. Each player has access to the "free" track of the Battle Pass, which offers fewer prizes that must be earned by clearing multiple tiers, while players can also purchase the Pass' "premium" track with V-Bucks (roughly costing US$10),[2] which offers more diverse challenges and grants prizes for every tier the player clears. Players can use V-Bucks to complete tiers as well once they have a Battle Pass.[3]

text: Since release, Epic Games has added more features, such as new weapons, vending machines, and small, makeshift vehicles, such as shopping carts and golf carts. Epic is also able to deploy hot-fixes to the game to adjust aspects like weapon attributes and distribution, pushing these out in minutes if necessary should they or players discover critical issues or glitches.[4][5]

text: Limited time and competitive modes

text: Epic has the ability to include limited time modes (LTM) within the game, which provides Epic with experimental capabilities and gain feedback from players to improve upon.[6] One of its earliest additions was a 50-v-50 mode, placing players randomly on one of two teams and dropping them on opposite sides of the map, giving the two teams time to gather resources, create fortifications, and hunt the other team before the storm moved in.[7] Shortly after the launch of the film Avengers: Infinity War, Epic ran a Marvel-sponsored event that featured the Infinity Gauntlet that randomly spawned on the map; any player that equipped it became Thanos with added abilities.[8] A sandbox Playground LTM was introduced in June 2018, which allows up to four players to explore and build anything anywhere on the battle map, while being able to fight each other and respawn upon defeat until the storm covered the map after an hour and eliminated them all; Epic later made this a permanent mode in the game.[9]

text: Epic has stated that they intend to add ranked competitive play in the future.[10] A preliminary competitive mode, Solo Showdown, ran for a limited time starting in May 2018, ranking players by their final placement in matches and rewarding the top-placing competitors with V-Bucks.[11]

text: Seasonal changes

text: Fortnite Battle Royale has created a larger loose narrative that is exhibited through changes in the game map, which generally correlated to the start and end of the in-game season. For example, in the lead up to the fourth season which started in May 2018, players saw a number of shooting stars cross the skies, followed by a giant comet that neared the ground; upon the start of season four, the comet had hit one of the locations on the map, leaving a giant crater, among other changes. This tied into several new cosmetic skins related to superheroes and super-villains that were available that month.[12] Epic has the ability to create custom events that occur across all game servers simultaneously as well; the first example of such was a countdown leading to a giant rocket's launch in June 2018 which, in the aftermath, left cracks in the skies that have grown since that event.[13]

text: The game initially launched without any seasonable schedule, but starting with the release of Season 2 in December 2017, Epic has provided new content, which includes new cosmetics, new gameplay elements, and changes to the game's map, on a roughly 10-week basis. This also introduced the use of the battle pass for players to obtain some of this new content by completing challenges and gaining experience.

text:
Season

Period

Description

Season 1

September 2017 – December 2017

Retroactively considered the first season upon the start of second.

Season 2

December 2017 – February 2018

Introduction of the battle pass. Medieval themed.

Season 3

February 2018 – April 2018

Space-themed.

Season 4

May 2018 – July 2018

Superhero/Movies-themed season. Leading up to the start of Season 4, players had observed shooting stars crossing the game's map during Season 3, which later became small meteorites that hit the ground and caused some damage. Across all games a large meteor also started to appear, on track to hit the game map to coincide with the start of Season 4, completely destroying one of the major landmarks.[14][15]

Season 5

July 2018 – September 2018

Time travel-themed season. Prior to this season, Epic established a one-time event across all games on June 30, 2018 that fired a rocket from a villainous lair which created interdimensional rifts on the map.[16] The rifts grew over the next few days, with some in-game objects disappearing and new objects from other time periods appearing.[17] As part of its marketing, Epic planted a real-world version of the "Durrr-Burger" restaurant sign in the California desert, with clues pointing to locations of real-world version of the game's loot llamas located around the world.[18] The season started with changes of the map due to these rifts, while the rifts remained as a gameplay element within the season, teleporting the player to a high elevation and to re-land elsewhere in the map.[19]

Season 6

September 2018 – present[20]

Darkness and corruption themed. Near the end of the fifth season, another one-time event occurred in which the rifts created by the rocket launch closed up, leaving a large purple cube with glyphs on its surface in the game world, which players nicknamed "Kevin". Kevin slowly moved on its own across the map, in certain spots leaving behind glyphs that created low-gravity playing areas. Kevin ended its journey by falling into Loot Lake, turning its water purple and making it a bouncy surface.[21][22][23] At the start of the sixth season, the skies above the map darkened and Kevin re-emerged from the lake, lifting Loot Lake's island and mansion high into the air and occasionally moving it to different places above the map.  The lake is then renamed "Leaky Lake", becoming a whirlpool that levitates anyone who approaches it.  Several other places on the map became "corrupted" where players could find Shadow Stones which makes them temporarily invisible, able to move faster, and pass through objects, but unable to use weapons.[24] Through the course of the season, the floating island moved across the map to the spots where Kevin had left the glyphs, pulling up a small part of the land as a miniature floating island in its wake.[25]  Eventually, the glyphs of seven floating islands were activated, destroying the mansion and the island that Kevin was levitating and scattering the remains across the map, which then became portals that heralded the arrival of transdimensional alien creatures named "Cube Monsters". The Monsters become a new side threat to all players, similar to the Zombies in Call of Duty: Black Ops 4's Blackout mode, and can easily be slain with special weapons for loot.[26]

text: Development

text: Fortnite had first been revealed by Epic Games in 2011, considered to be a combination of Minecraft and Left 4 Dead as four players would work together to scavenge resources to built fortifications, traps, weapons, and other objects to survive monster attacks.[27][28] The game ended up with a protracted development period, in part due to both external pressures, with the industry transitioning to a games as a service model, and internal shifts of focus within Epic (including focusing attention on their first free-to-play title Paragon) to meet the external challenges. During this period, Epic made a deal with Tencent, giving them about 40% of the company in exchange for their support for the games as a service approach as well as ready access to the Chinese video game market.[29] Fortnite was confirmed to have a planned 2018 release in June 2017, with a paid early access period starting a month later; the game is planned otherwise as a free-to-play title supported by microtransactions. With release in early access, the game featured its primary gameplay mode, "Save the World", where players in teams up to four would work cooperatively to survive and complete objectives on randomly generated maps.[30][31]

text: During the latter part of Fortnite's development, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds was released in March 2017 on personal computers in early access, and quickly became a popular and successful game, becoming the defining example of the battle royale genre. According to Mustard, the Epic team "loved Battle Royale games like [Battlegrounds]", and explored how they could make a similar mode within Fortnite's engine. They kept this mode in a separate development team from the main player versus environment modes for experimentation and as to not throw off the balance in the main game.[32] The Battle Royale mode development was led by Eric Williamson with Zack Estep as production lead. Their goal was to develop the Battle Royale mode quickly from the core "Save the World" mode, putting off any complex features that weren't already in place as to launch the new mode as soon as possible; while they explored such potential ideas, they held off inclusion until after the main mode was launched.[6] The development of the Battle Royale mode took about two months starting in July 2017 after the "Save the World" mode had shipped, and was aided by the Unreal Tournament team.[4][33] Key differences for Battle Royale that differed from "Save the World" included a more limited progression for weapons, a small subset of traps, and a smoother, more natural terrain for the maps.[6] They also wanted to aim for games not taking longer than 25 minutes, which led to some decisions of which elements from "Save the World" would not carry over.[6] They had including Fortnite's building mechanic for fortifications, not sure how players would use that since the safe zone would continue shrinking, but found quickly that the mechanic helped to distinguish the game from Battlegrounds and was used by expert players frequently to win matches, and had since implemented more features to help players with rapidly constructing temporary bases.[6]

text: In those two months of development, Epic's plan was to include Battle Royale within the paid Fortnite game, and originally announced this approach publicly in early September 2017. Only two weeks before it was released did Epic decide to make it a separate free-to-play title, fearing that having it as part of the paid package would slow down the growth of the title.[33] Epic announced this change formally about a week after first announcing Battle Royale, allowing those that had purchased early access to Fortnite in anticipation of this mode to request refunds.[34] This release, which beat out Battlegrounds to consoles, caused some concern with Battlegrounds developer Bluehole, as they had been working closely with Epic for Unreal engine support in Battlegrounds, and were worried that Fortnite might be able to include planned features to their Battle Royale mode before they could release those in Battlegrounds.[35][36][37]

text: With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale by the start of 2018, Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode.[38] Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations, leading them to reduce development efforts on these games, particularly Paragon.[39] By the end of January 2018, Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year, providing refunds to all players.[40] Players on a Fortnite-dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite, as externally, the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode's release.[41]

text: Localization

text: Tencent, who is a partial owner of Epic Games, will bring Fortnite Battle Royale to China; the company is already involved in bringing and supporting Battlegrounds in China as well. Tencent plans to spend up to US$15 million to help promote the game in China, set up eSports tournaments, and fight against copyright infringement and clones of Fortnite that have appeared in the country.[42] Epic is also working with Neowiz Games to bring a version of Fortnite to Korean PC bangs by the second quarter of 2018.[43]

text: Ports

text: A release of Fortnite for the Nintendo Switch video game console had been rumored in the week prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018. During the Nintendo Direct presentation, Nintendo and Epic Games announced the release of Fortnite Battle Royale for the Nintendo Switch, supporting cross-platform play with any other platform except the PlayStation 4; such users are able to carry over their inventory, Battle Pass status, and in-game currency between these platforms through their Epic user account. The game was released on June 12, 2018, the same day as the announcement. It is the first game to support direct voice chat through the Switch console.[44]

text: In March 2018, Epic announced it was making Fortnite Battle Royale for Android and iOS mobile devices.[45] The iOS version was released first, and was expected to be followed by the Android version by mid-2018.[46] The beta version for iOS devices launched on March 15, 2018,[47] and opened to all players on April 2, 2018.[48] Epic Games stated that it was not possible to release the Android version with the iOS version simultaneously, and declined to provide a concrete release date for it, because the developers wanted to spend a few months making sure that the game will be compatible with as many Android devices as possible, a task that is not easily accomplished due to the high variety of Android hardware.[49]

text: The Android beta version of Fortnite was released on August 9, 2018 with a time-exclusivity for selected Samsung mobile devices until August 12, 2018.[50][51] On August 13, 2018, Epic began sending invites for the Android version to registered users for non-Samsung devices,[52] and by October 11, 2018, the Android client was made available to all without an invite.[53] Epic distributed the Android Fortnite Battle Royale app directly from its website rather than through the Google Play Store, citing that they want to have a direct connection to the players of the game, and they believe that the 30% fee Google takes from all microtransactions from apps through the Play Store was disproportionate to the types of services the store provides.[54] Security experts expressed concern over this decision, since this requires users to modify security settings in default Android distributions to allow third-party sites to install Android application packages (APK). This setting can make users, particularly younger players, prone to potential malware, including clones of Fortnite that install malicious programming.[55] About a month after the Android release, there were at least 32 clones of the Fortnite installer on the Google Store, with half found to include malware.[56] Epic's installer for Android does include a warning message following the install that users should re-enable security controls and warns users of only downloading content from trusted sources.[57] The initial installer was found by Google to have a potential vector that would allow for malware to be installed, though this was patched within 48 hours of discovery and Epic did not believe anyone used the vector.[58]

text: The iOS version of Fortnite Battle Royale alone brought in an estimated US$1 million in microtransaction revenue within the first three days of in-app purchases being available, according to analysis firm Sensor Tower. Glixel considered these numbers impressive, compared to the early success rate of other popular mobile games, such as Pokémon Go and Clash Royale which earned US$4.9 million and US$4.6 million in their first four days, respectively.[59] Sensor Tower further estimated that after one month, the mobile title had earned more than US$25 million in revenue, surpassing revenues from any other mobile games and other several top-grossing apps during the same period.[60][61]

text: Cross-platform play

text: For the first five seasons, all ports of Fortnite Battle Royale support cross-platform play with other versions, but with limited interaction in regards to the PlayStation 4. That is, players on personal computer and mobile versions can cross-play with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch users, or alternatively they can cross-play with PlayStation 4 users.[45][62] While Epic Games has expressed interest in having full cross-platform play across all available platforms, Sony's continued refusal to allow cross-play between the PlayStation 4 and other consoles rendered this impossible during the game's first year of operation, according to Microsoft.[45] Further, while players can use a single Epic Games account to share progress in Fortnite: Battle Royale on all other platforms, those who used their PlayStation Network credentials to establish their Epic account cannot use that account on other platforms.[63][64] The account restriction was confirmed to be as a result of Sony's initial decision to prohibit cross-platform play between its PlayStation 4 and other consoles, rather than a choice Epic had made.[63][65]

text: By September 2018, Sony had made a decision to allow cross-platform play for the PlayStation 4 for "select third-party titles", starting with Fortnite. A beta version of the PlayStation 4 client supporting this was released for the game on September 26, 2018, the same day as Sony's announcement.[66] A means to merge multiple Epic accounts as well as unlinking console accounts from an Epic account to attach to another are planned for release in November 2018.[67]

text: Solo mobile players, or squads entirely consisting of mobile players will play solely with other mobile players by default for fairness; players however can use cross-platform play to join squads on other platforms, and matchmaking will consider all available matches.[68]

text: Promotion and marketing

text: In May 2018, Epic announced a partnership with sports apparel manufacturing company IMG to produce official Fortnite-themed clothing.[69] A Hasbro-licensed Fortnite Battle Royale-themed version of Monopoly was announced for release by late 2018; the Fortnite Monopoly game reflects some elements of the video game, such as the money being replaced with player's lives, and the ability to protect properties on the board with walls.[70] Further, with this deal, Hasbro will produce Fortnite-based Nerf blasters, which are expected to reach retail in 2019.[71] Funko will release a series of Fortnite themed Pop! figurines by late 2018.[72]

text: Fortnite Battle Royale has been packaged as special bundles with both the Xbox One and Nintendo Switch, each version providing redeemable codes for V-bucks and platform-unique customization options.[73][74] A retail release of Fortnite Battle Royale, called Fortnite: Deep Freeze Bundle, will be distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch by late 2018. The package will include redeemable codes for V-Bucks and unique in-game cosmetics.[75]

text: Professional competition

text: One of the first professional eSports competitions using Fortnite was the Fortnite Pro-Am event, held on June 12, 2018 during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018, with 3000 in attendance.[2] This tournament was announced after the success of the March 2018 stream by Tyler "Ninja" Blevins where he played alongside celebrities like Drake. The event featuring 50 celebrities paired with 50 top streaming players competing for prize pool of US$3 million to be given to winning teams' charities.[76] Ninja and his celebrity teammate Marshmello were the winners of this event.[77]

text: In May 2018, Epic announced it was setting aside US$100 million to fund various tournaments throughout the year to help grow Fornite Battle Royale into a eSport.[78] During the Fortnite Pro-Am at E3 2018, Epic announced it was setting up a 2019 Fortnite World Cup event, featuring separate series for solo players and two-player teams. All players, regardless of skill, would have an opportunity to try to gain placement in the World Cup event.[79]

text: During mid-2018, Epic started running a Summer Skirmish series over 8 weeks, each week having a different format, with US$8 million to be offered to winners throughout the series. The series had some initial problems; the first week event was cut short due to technical issues with game servers, while the second event ended with accusations of cheating towards the winner which Epic later verified were not true.[80] Epic launched its second competition play series, the Fall Skirmish, on September 21, 2018, with up to US$10 million in prizes for winners.[81]

text: Reception

text: ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreGameSpot8/10[82]IGN9.6/10[83]

text: Player count and revenue

text: Fortnite Battle Royale has become its own phenomenon, compared by analysts to the success in drawing in players that are not average video game players as both World of Warcraft and Minecraft had done previously.[84] Fortnite Battle Royale obtained over 10 million players two weeks after its release.[85] By March 2018, it was estimated to have more than 45 million players.[86] Three months later, in June 2018, Epic announced they had achieved over 125 million players in less than a year, with at least 40 million players playing the game once per month.[87] Within a day of becoming available, the Nintendo Switch version had been downloaded over 2 million times, according to Nintendo.[88] Epic said that Fortnite had been downloaded over 15 million times for Android within three weeks of its launch.[89] On the release of Season 5 in July 2018, Akamai Technologies reported that Fortnite traffic neared 37 terabytes per second, the largest recorded amount of traffic for any video game that they have observed.[90]

text: Analysis firm SuperData estimated that Fortnite Battle Royale made over US$126 million in February 2018, surpassing Battlegrounds's revenues for the same period of US$103 million.[91] SuperData estimated Fortnite's revenues over all platforms to exceed US$223 million for the month of March.[92] By April 2018, SuperData estimated that Fortnite Battle Royale had surpassed both sales and player count on all platforms over Battlegrounds.[93]  The game generated US$296 million in revenue in April, followed by US$318 million in May, according to SuperData.[94][95] By July 2018, Fortnite Battle Royale had been estimated to have brought in over US$1 billion in revenue.[96][2] Prior to the Season 5 start in July 2018, Sensor Tower estimated that the mobile version of Fortnite Battle Royale made over US$1.2 million daily; following the launch of Season 5, revenues jumped to US$2 million per day.[97]

text: At the time of Tencent's investment into Epic in 2012, Epic Games had a US$825 million valuation.[98] Because of Fortnite Battle Royale, Epic's valuation increased to US$4.5 billion as of May 2018.[99] Bloomberg raised the estimate to around US$8.5 billion by the end of 2018 should Fortnite Battle Royale reach US$2 billion during the year.[98] Partially due to the influx of revenue from Fortnite Battle Royale, Epic reduced its portion of sales it collected from the Unreal Engine Marketplace from 30% to 12% in July 2018, applying that retroactively to past sales.[100]

text: Impact

text: Journalists attributed Fortnite Battle Royale's success over PlayerUnknown Battlegrounds as a combination of several factors: besides being free-to-play and available on consoles, the game was released at a time when Battlegrounds was struggling with game cheaters and a toxic community, and that it features a less violent, cartoonish quality to it that, like Minecraft, was able to draw in a younger and mixed-gendered audiences to play.[101][102] Further, Epic has maintained frequent updates for the game, adding new weapons and in-game tools alongside limited-time events and longer-term narrative elements that help to further draw in players.[103] The high interest in the game within March 2018, which has been able to draw larger audiences compared to existing multiplayer games like Grand Theft Auto Online and Destiny 2, has had a financial impact on competing publishers Take-Two Interactive and Activision Blizzard, their stocks having fallen during this period, according to analysts from Morgan Stanley and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc.[86][99] Activision's CEO Bobby Kotick, on their quarterly results released May 2018, stated that "Fortnite is definitely a lot of competition right now...it’s been a really important catalyst in attracting new gamers to gaming",[104] and the company is looking to develop its own battle royale title.[105] Electronic Arts CEO Blake Jorgensen also considered both Fortnite Battle Royale and Battlegrounds as having a significant market impact. Jorgensen said " [Fortnite is] bringing younger people into the marketplace and younger people into first-person shooters, and I think that's good for the long run health of that category for all of us in the industry".[106]

text: Part of the game's success is also considered to be related to its impact on social media.[84] By March 2018, Fortnite: Battle Royale became the most-viewed game on Twitch, exceeding the average-concurrent viewership numbers of League of Legends and Battlegrounds.[107] One notable streamer was Tyler "Ninja" Blevins, who gained a large number of subscribers by March 2018, in part due to his skill and through promotions on Twitch that offered free Fortnite Battle Royale cosmetic items; by March 2018, he was estimated to be making US$500,000 a month from his streaming revenue.[108] YouTube streamer Rubén Doblas Gundersen held a Fortnite Battle Royale match with 99 other well-known YouTube streamers in late March, which drew over 1.1 million viewers, making it one of the most-watched gaming YouTube streams.[109] The Fortnite Pro-Am event held at E3 2018 was estimated to have drawn over 1.3 million views across Twitch and other streaming services, making it one of the highest-viewed live-streamed event to date.[110]

text: A number of celebrities and athletes have said they play Fortnite: Battle Royale, such as Chance the Rapper, Joe Jonas, Finn Wolfhard, Roseanne Barr, and Norm Macdonald.[111] For athletes, their appreciation for the game has taken on the form of recreating the various emotes in game as part of their on-field celebration dances.[112] Such Fortnite celebrations were frequently throughout the 2018 FIFA World Cup event in June and July 2018,[113] including by Antoine Griezmann after a scoring penalty kick during the final.[114] In March 2018, Tyler Blevins hosted a stream that included Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster all playing the game. The stream broke over 635,000 concurrent viewers, making it the highest-watched stream on Twitch outside of eSports tournaments.[115][116] Other notable people have expressed their fondness for the game; the Russo brothers, directors of Avengers: Infinity War, stated that they often played Fortnite Battle Royale during breaks on the film's development, leading them to propose the idea of the Thanos LTM for the game.[8] The awareness of the game from well-known celebrities has been considered a reason for further popularity and player growth of the game.[117]

text: Fortnite Battle Royale has been jokingly referred to as the honomyn "Fork Knife" on social media, believed to have originated with people, unfamiliar with the game, described their friends and family spending time playing the game.[118] Epic added a harvestable, non-playable "Fork Knife" food truck to the game map as the term gained popularity.[2] In September 2018, Fortnite was featured as a question on the game show Jeopardy!,[119] and was spoofed in a skit on the September 29, 2018, episode of Saturday Night Live.[120]

text: With the release of the mobile version, teachers, parents, and students have found that the game had become popular to younger players due to the free-to-play nature, its cartoonish art style, and its social nature.[121] This carries over into schools, which has been seen as a disruptive element within the classroom.[122][123][124] Epic has since added warnings on the game's loading screens to discourage students from playing it during classes.[125] The UK's Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, Matt Hancock, expressed concern at how much time children were playing Fortnite Battle Royale and similar video games without a balance of physical exercise and social interactions.[126] Other agencies, including the United States' Center on Media and Child Health and the United Kingdom's National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children have cautioned parents that children may be influenced by the violent behavior due to Fortnite Battle Royale.[127][128] At the same time, parents have expressed appreciation for Fortnite to have their children engage socially outside of their core groups of friends in a game that is otherwise not excessively violent,[129] or see offering Fortnite as a reward for encouraging children to do well in school, offering their children the purchase of V-bucks in exchange for good grades.[130] Some parents see potential in their children becoming skilled in Fortnite as to become professional players and compete for part of the large prize pools, creating a market for tutors to help children improve their skills in the game.[131]

text: Lawsuits

text: In January 2018, Bluehole's PUBG Corp., the South Korean company behind PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG), filed a lawsuit against Epic Games, claiming that Fortnite Battle Royale was a copyright infringement of Battlegrounds; they accused Epic Games of copying PUBG's user interface and game items.[132][133] According to Korea Times, market observers predicted that there would be little likelihood of Bluehole winning the case, as it would be difficult to establish the originality of PUBG in court due to the battle royale game genre, which includes both PUBG and Fortnite Battle Royale, being derived from the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale.[134] The case has since closed, with PUBG Corp. dropping the lawsuit in June 2018 under undisclosed reasons.[135]

text: In May 2018, Epic Games filed a lawsuit against quality assurance tester Thomas Hannah after he leaked information regarding Season 4. Hannah, who had joined Epic in December 2017, breached the non-disclosure agreement by sharing details of the Season with Adam DiMarco. DiMarco later shared information in a Reddit post, spoiling the theme of the Season.[136] Epic stated that Hannah "diminished the enjoyment of the people who play, or who watch others play, Fortnite by ruining the suspense that had been building in the Fortnite community in anticipation of upcoming season".[137]

text: Cheats and mods

text: In October 2017, Epic Games filed civil complaints against two associates of the website Addicted Cheats, which for a payment provided cheating services to players. The company argued that the two defendants made and used altered game breaking code that was against the End User License Agreement and the Copyright Act.[138]

text: In October 2018, Epic Games sued YouTuber Brandon Lucas, who posts videos on the channel, Golden Modz. The lawsuit details that Lucas, cheats at the game and "...promotes, advertises and sells software that enables those who use it to cheat."[139] The lawsuit also names Lucas's secondary website in which visitors are encouraged to purchase the hack and/or Fortnite user accounts preloaded with hacks.[140]


document_title: List of Olympic medalists in snowboarding

question_text: who won medals in the men's halfpipe

question_tokens: who won medals in the men 's halfpipe

root

text: Snowboarding is a sport that has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.[1] Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic programme between 1990 and 2002, and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event.[2] In 1998, four events, two for men and two for women, were held in two specialities: the giant slalom, a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing; and the half-pipe, in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other.[2] Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding.[3] Rebagliati was briefly stripped of his medal by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after testing positive for marijuana. However, the IOC's decision was reverted following an appeal from the Canadian Olympic Association.[4] For the 2002 Winter Olympics, the giant slalom was dropped in favour of the parallel giant slalom, an event that involves head-to-head racing.[5] In 2006, a third event, the snowboard cross, was held for the first time. In this event, competitors race against each other down a course with jumps, beams and other obstacles.[6]

tag: p

text: Five athletes have won two medals. Philipp Schoch of Switzerland, Shaun White of the United States and Seth Wescott of the United States are the only double gold medalists.[7][8] Karine Ruby of France and Americans Ross Powers and Danny Kass also won two medals.[9] In the men's half-pipe event, American snowboarders have collected six of nine possible medals, achieving a unique medal sweep in 2002.[10] Overall, the United States won a total of 14 medals, more than any other nation. The Americans and the Swiss collected five gold medals each. As of the 2010 Winter Olympics, 60 medals (20 of each colour) have been awarded since 1998, and have been won by athletes from 14 National Olympic Committees.

text:
Table of contents

Men

Big air • Halfpipe • Parallel giant slalom • Snowboard cross • Slopestyle

Women

Big air • Halfpipe • Parallel giant slalom • Snowboard cross • Slopestyle

Discontinued

Giant slalom (men • women) Parallel slalom (men • women)

Statistics

Athlete medal leaders • Medals per year • Medal sweep events

See also        References        External links

tag: table

text: Men[edit]

text: Big air[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Sébastien Toutant
 Canada
Kyle Mack
 United States
Billy Morgan
 Great Britain

text: Halfpipe[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
Gian Simmen
 Switzerland
Daniel Franck
 Norway
Ross Powers
 United States

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Ross Powers
 United States
Danny Kass
 United States
Jarret Thomas
 United States

2006 Turin
details
Shaun White
 United States
Danny Kass
 United States
Markku Koski
 Finland

2010 Vancouver
details
Shaun White
 United States
Peetu Piiroinen
 Finland
Scott Lago
 United States

2014 Sochi
details
Iouri Podladtchikov
 Switzerland
Ayumu Hirano
 Japan
Taku Hiraoka
 Japan

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Shaun White
 United States
Ayumu Hirano
 Japan
Scott James
 Australia

text: Medals:

tag: ul

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States
4
2
3
9

2
  Switzerland
2

2

3
 Japan

2
1
3

4
 Finland

1
1
2

5
 Norway

1

1

6
 Australia

1
1

text: Slalom[edit]

text: Giant slalom[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
Ross Rebagliati
 Canada
Thomas Prugger
 Italy
Ueli Kestenholz
 Switzerland

text: Parallel giant slalom[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Philipp Schoch
 Switzerland
Richard Richardsson
 Sweden
Chris Klug
 United States

2006 Turin
details
Philipp Schoch
 Switzerland
Simon Schoch
 Switzerland
Siegfried Grabner
 Austria

2010 Vancouver
details
Jasey-Jay Anderson
 Canada
Benjamin Karl
 Austria
Mathieu Bozzetto
 France

2014 Sochi
details
Vic Wild
 Russia
Nevin Galmarini
 Switzerland
Žan Košir
 Slovenia

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Nevin Galmarini
 Switzerland
Lee Sang-ho
 South Korea
Žan Košir
 Slovenia

text: Parallel slalom[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
Vic Wild
 Russia
Žan Košir
 Slovenia
Benjamin Karl
 Austria

text: Snowboard cross[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2006 Turin
details
Seth Wescott
 United States
Radoslav Židek
 Slovakia
Paul-Henri de Le Rue
 France

2010 Vancouver
details
Seth Wescott
 United States
Mike Robertson
 Canada
Tony Ramoin
 France

2014 Sochi
details
Pierre Vaultier
 France
Nikolay Olyunin
 Russia
Alex Deibold
 United States

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Pierre Vaultier
 France
Jarryd Hughes
 Australia
Regino Hernandez
 Spain

text: Slopestyle[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
Sage Kotsenburg
 United States
Ståle Sandbech
 Norway
Mark McMorris
 Canada

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Red Gerard
 United States
Max Parrot
 Canada
Mark McMorris
 Canada

text: Women[edit]

text: Big air[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Anna Gasser
 Austria
Jamie Anderson
 United States
Zoi Sadowski-Synnott
 New Zealand

text: Half-pipe[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
Nicola Thost
 Germany
Stine Brun Kjeldaas
 Norway
Shannon Dunn
 United States

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Kelly Clark
 United States
Doriane Vidal
 France
Fabienne Reuteler
 Switzerland

2006 Turin
details
Hannah Teter
 United States
Gretchen Bleiler
 United States
Kjersti Buaas
 Norway

2010 Vancouver
details
Torah Bright
 Australia
Hannah Teter
 United States
Kelly Clark
 United States

2014 Sochi
details
Kaitlyn Farrington
 United States
Torah Bright
 Australia
Kelly Clark
 United States

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Chloe Kim
 United States
Liu Jiayu
 China
Arielle Gold
 United States

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States
4
2
4
10

2
 Australia
1
1

2

3
 Germany
1

1

4
 Norway

1
1
2

6
 France. China

1

1

7
  Switzerland

1
1

text: Slalom[edit]

text: Giant slalom[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
Karine Ruby
 France
Heidi Maria Renoth
 Germany
Brigitte Köck
 Austria

text: Parallel giant slalom[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Isabelle Blanc
 France
Karine Ruby
 France
Lidia Trettel
 Italy

2006 Turin
details
Daniela Meuli
 Switzerland
Amelie Kober
 Germany
Rosey Fletcher
 United States

2010 Vancouver
details
Nicolien Sauerbreij
 Netherlands
Yekaterina Ilyukhina
 Russia
Marion Kreiner
 Austria

2014 Sochi
details
Patrizia Kummer
 Switzerland
Tomoka Takeuchi
 Japan
Alena Zavarzina
 Russia

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Ester Ledecká
 Czech Republic
Selina Jörg
 Germany
Ramona Theresia Hofmeister
 Germany

text: Parallel slalom[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
Julia Dujmovits
 Austria
Anke Karstens
 Germany
Amelie Kober
 Germany

text: Snowboard cross[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2006 Turin
details
Tanja Frieden
 Switzerland
Lindsey Jacobellis
 United States
Dominique Maltais
 Canada

2010 Vancouver
details
Maëlle Ricker
 Canada
Déborah Anthonioz
 France
Olivia Nobs
 Switzerland

2014 Sochi
details
Eva Samková
 Czech Republic
Dominique Maltais
 Canada
Chloé Trespeuch
 France

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Michela Moioli
 Italy
Julia Pereira de Sousa Mabileau
 France
Eva Samková
 Czech Republic

text: Slopestyle[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
Jamie Anderson
 United States
Enni Rukajärvi
 Finland
Jenny Jones
 Great Britain

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Jamie Anderson
 United States
Laurie Blouin
 Canada
Enni Rukajärvi
 Finland

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Athlete medal leaders[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

White, ShaunShaun White
 United States (USA)
2006–2018
3
0
0
3

Anderson, JamieJamie Anderson
 United States (USA)
2014–2018
2
1
0
3

Clark, KellyKelly Clark
 United States (USA)
2002–2018
1
0
2
3

Košir, ŽanŽan Košir
 Slovenia (SLO)
2010-2018
0
1
2
3

Schoch, PhilippPhilipp Schoch
 Switzerland (SUI)
2002–2006
2
0
0
2

Wescott, SethSeth Wescott
 United States (USA)
2006–2010
2
0
0
2

Wild, VicVic Wild
 Russia (RUS)
2014
2
0
0
2

Vaultier, PierrePierre Vaultier
 France (FRA)
2014–2018
2
0
0
2

Bright, TorahTorah Bright
 Australia (AUS)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Ruby, KarineKarine Ruby
 France (FRA)
1998–2002
1
1
0
2

Teter, HannahHannah Teter
 United States (USA)
2006–2014
1
1
0
2

Galmarini, NevinNevin Galmarini
 Switzerland (SUI)
2010-2018
1
1
0
2

Samková, EvaEva Samková
 Czech Republic (CZE)
2014–2018
1
0
1
2

Powers, RossRoss Powers
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
1
0
1
2

Kass, DannyDanny Kass
 United States (USA)
2002–2006
0
2
0
2

Hirano, AyumuAyumu Hirano
 Japan (JPN)
2014-2018
0
2
0
2

Maltais, DominiqueDominique Maltais
 Canada (CAN)
2006-2014
0
1
1
2

Kober, AmelieAmelie Kober
 Germany (GER)
2006–2014
0
1
1
2

Karl, BenjaminBenjamin Karl
 Austria (AUT)
2010-2018
0
1
1
2

Rukajärvi, EnniEnni Rukajärvi
 Finland (FIN)
2014–2018
0
1
1
2

McMorris, MarkMark McMorris
 Canada (CAN)
2014-2018
0
0
2
2

text: Medals per year[edit]

text: Numbers in bold indicate the highest medal count at that year's Olympic Games.

text:
Nation
24–94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Total

 Australia (AUS)

–
–
–
1
1
2
4

 Austria (AUT)

1
–
1
2
2
1
7

 Canada (CAN)

1
–
1
3
2
4
11

 China (CHN)

–
–
–
–
—
1
1

 Czech Republic (CZE)

–
–
–
–
1
2
3

 Finland (FIN)

–
–
1
1
1
1
4

 France (FRA)

1
3
1
3
2
2
12

 Germany (GER)

2
–
1
–
2
2
7

 Great Britain (GBR)

–
–
–
–
1
1
2

 Italy (ITA)

1
1
–
–
–
1
3

 Japan (JPN)

–
–
–
–
3
1
4

 Netherlands (NED)

–
–
–
1
–
—
1

 New Zealand (NZL)

–
–
–
–
—
1
1

 Norway (NOR)

2
–
1
–
1
—
4

 Russia (RUS)

–
–
–
1
4
—
5

 Slovakia (SVK)

–
–
1
–
–
—
1

 Slovenia (SLO)

–
–
–
–
2
1
3

 South Korea (KOR)

–
–
–
–
—
1
1

 Spain (ESP)

–
–
–
–
—
1
1

 Sweden (SWE)

–
1
–
–
–
—
1

 Switzerland (SUI)

2
2
4
1
3
1
13

 United States (USA)

2
5
7
5
5
7
31

Year
24–94
98
02
06
10
14
18
–

text: Medal sweep events[edit]

text: These are podium sweep events in which athletes from one NOC won all three medals.

text:
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2002 Salt Lake City
Men's Halfpipe
 United States (USA)
Ross Powers
Danny Kass
Jarret Thomas


document_title: NBA high school draftees

question_text: who was the last person to be drafted out of high school

text: NBA high school draftees

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft.[3] However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated.[4][5] Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons.[6] He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).[7]

text: In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional. This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]

text: In 1974, the NBA's rival, the ABA, drafted high school star Moses Malone. He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league.[9] He became an instant success, averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season. He played in the ABA until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams. He won the NBA championship, along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award, with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983. His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards, 12 consecutive All-Star Game selections, 8 All-NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles. He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[10]

text: A year later, two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft.[11] They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier.[8] Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.[12][13][14]

text: After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One notable player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics.[15] He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.[16]

text: In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves. Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All-Star during his time with the team. In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.

text: In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA. The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers. The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick. O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat). In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors. In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000, until the following year.

text: In 2001, Kwame Brown (selected by the Washington Wizards) became the first high-schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft; since then, LeBron James (2003) and Dwight Howard (2004) have also been selected with the first pick. Other notable high-schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry (2001); Amar'e Stoudemire (2002); Josh Smith, Sebastian Telfair, J. R. Smith, and Shaun Livingston (2004); Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis (2005).

text: Many prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA. Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James have all won the league's MVP Award; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt, and are widely regarded as future Hall-of-Famers. Dwight Howard, Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All-Stars in their prime. However, not all high-schoolers were successful. Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts, while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury. Korleone Young (drafted in 1998) and Leon Smith (drafted in 1999) only played a handful of games in the NBA, while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins, both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft, went undrafted and never played in the NBA.

text: Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]

text: The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players, starting in the 2006 Draft. A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection. However, they are not required to spend that year in college. In 2008, high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy. After a year, he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks.[19] In the 2010 draft, Latavious Williams, who did not qualify academically to go to college, spent a year playing in the NBA D-League before he was drafted in the second round.[20] Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later. In the 2015 draft, Satnam Singh Bhamara, who did not qualify academically to go to college, went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years. He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes. Most recently, in the 2016 draft, one of the Top–10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016, Thon Maker, decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015. Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school, as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate. He'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005, being drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school lottery pick since 2005.

text: Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good."[17] Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that."[21] Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished.[22]

text: List[edit]

text: There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.

text:
Pos.
G
F
C

Position
Guard
Forward
Center

text:
^
Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team

+
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game

#
Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs

text:
Draft[a]
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Nationality
Draft team
High school (city)
Ref.

1962
4
29
Harding, ReggieReggie Harding
C
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Detroit Eastern High School (Detroit)1[›]
[25]

1975
1
5
Dawkins, DarrylDarryl Dawkins
C
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida)
[26]

1975
2
19
Willoughby, BillBill Willoughby
F/C
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
Dwight Morrow High School (Englewood, New Jersey)
[27]

1995
1
5
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett*
F
 United States
Minnesota Timberwolves
Farragut Career Academy (Chicago)
[28]

1996
1
13
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant*
G
 United States
Charlotte Hornets
Lower Merion High School (Ardmore, Pennsylvania)
[29]

1996
1
17
O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal*
F/C
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Eau Claire High School (Columbia, South Carolina)
[30]

1997
1
9
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady^
F
 United States
Toronto Raptors
Mount Zion Christian Academy (Durham, North Carolina)
[31]

1998
1
25
Harrington, AlAl Harrington
F
 United States
Indiana Pacers
St. Patrick High School (Elizabeth, New Jersey)
[32]

1998
2
32
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis+
F
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
Alief Elsik High School (Houston, Texas)
[33]

1998
2
40
Young, KorleoneKorleone Young
F
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
[34]

1999
1
5
Bender, JonathanJonathan Bender
F
 United States
Toronto Raptors
Picayune Memorial High School (Picayune, Mississippi)
[35]

1999
1
25
Smith, LeonLeon Smith
C
 United States
Dallas Mavericks
Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)
[36]

2000
1
3
Miles, DariusDarius Miles
F
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
East St. Louis High School (East St. Louis, Illinois)
[37]

2000
1
23
Stevenson, DeShawnDeShawn Stevenson
G
 United States
Utah Jazz
Washington Union High School (Fresno, California)
[38]

2001
1
1
Brown, KwameKwame Brown
F
 United States
Washington Wizards
Glynn Academy (Brunswick, Georgia)
[39]

2001
1
2
Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler*
C
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
Dominguez High School (Compton, California)
[40]

2001
1
4
Curry, EddyEddy Curry
C
 United States
Chicago Bulls
Thornwood High School (South Holland, Illinois)
[41]

2001
1
8
Diop, DeSaganaDeSagana Diop
C
 Senegal
Cleveland Cavaliers
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
[42]

2001
2
46
Cisse, OusmaneOusmane Cisse#
F
 Mali
Denver Nuggets
St. Jude High School (Montgomery, Alabama)
[43]

2002
1
9
Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire*
F/C
 United States
Phoenix Suns
Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida)
[44]

2003
1
1
James, LeBronLeBron James*
F
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
St. Vincent – St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio)
[45]

2003
1
23
Outlaw, TravisTravis Outlaw
F
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Starkville High School (Starkville, Mississippi)
[46]

2003
1
26
Ebi, NdudiNdudi Ebi
F
 United Kingdom
 Nigeria2[›]
Minnesota Timberwolves
Westbury Christian School (Houston, Texas)
[47]

2003
1
27
Perkins, KendrickKendrick Perkins
C
 United States
Memphis Grizzlies
Clifton J. Ozen High School (Beaumont, Texas)
[48]

2003
2
48
Lang, JamesJames Lang
C
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
Central Park Christian High School (Birmingham, Alabama)
[49]

2004
1
1
Howard, DwightDwight Howard*
F/C
 United States
Orlando Magic
Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (Atlanta)
[50]

2004
1
4
Livingston, ShaunShaun Livingston
G
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
Peoria High School (Peoria, Illinois)
[51]

2004
1
12
Swift, RobertRobert Swift
C
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
Bakersfield High School (Bakersfield, California)
[52]

2004
1
13
Telfair, SebastianSebastian Telfair
G
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York)
[53]

2004
1
15
Jefferson, AlAl Jefferson
F
 United States
Boston Celtics
Prentiss High School (Prentiss, Mississippi)
[54]

2004
1
17
Smith, JoshJosh Smith
F
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
[55]

2004
1
18
Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith
G
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
Saint Benedict's Preparatory School (Newark, New Jersey)
[56]

2004
1
19
Wright, DorellDorell Wright
G/F
 United States
Miami Heat
South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)
[57][58]

2005
1
6
Webster, MartellMartell Webster
G/F
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Seattle Preparatory School (Seattle)
[59]

2005
1
10
Bynum, AndrewAndrew Bynum+
C
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers
St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)
[60]

2005
1
18
Green, GeraldGerald Green
F
 United States
Boston Celtics
Gulf Shores Academy (Houston, Texas)
[61]

2005
2
34
Miles, C. J.C. J. Miles
G
 United States
Utah Jazz
Skyline High School (Dallas)
[62]

2005
2
35
Sánchez, RickyRicky Sánchez#
F
 Puerto Rico
Portland Trail Blazers
IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)
[63]

2005
2
40
Ellis, MontaMonta Ellis
G
 United States
Golden State Warriors
Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi)
[64]

2005
2
45
Williams, LouisLouis Williams
G
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia)
[65]

2005
2
49
Blatche, AndrayAndray Blatche
F
 United States
 Philippines3[›]
Washington Wizards
South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)
[66]

2005
2
56
Johnson, AmirAmir Johnson
F
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Westchester High School (Los Angeles)
[67]

2015
2
52
Singh, SatnamSatnam Singh#
C
 India4[›]
Dallas Mavericks
IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)
[68]

2016
1
10
Maker, ThonThon Maker
F/C
 Sudan
 South Sudan
 Australia5[›]
Milwaukee Bucks
Orangeville District Secondary School (Orangeville, Ontario, Canada)6[›]
[69]

text:
^ 1: Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the draft.[70][71]
^ 2: While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London, England, he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there.
^ 3: Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse, New York and holds American nationality, but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since.
^ 4: Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA. He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft, albeit as a postgraduate senior.
^ 5: Thon Maker was born in Wau, Sudan at the time, but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war. Even then, though, he would be raised as an Australian representative.
^ 6: Thon Maker would become the first high schooler (and second overall high school postgraduate student) to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America. Also, while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep, he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono, Ontario as well.

text: Other players[edit]

text: The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball; however, these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation.

text:
Year[b]
Debut[c]
Player
Pos.
Nationality
High school (city)
Notes
Ref.

—[d]
1946
Kappen, TonyTony Kappen
G
 United States
—[d]

Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut
The first player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 27

[72][73][74]

—[d]
1946
Simmons, ConnieConnie Simmons
F/C
 United States
Flushing High School (Flushing, New York)5[›]

The second player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 21

[75][76]

—[d]
1948
Graboski, JoeJoe Graboski
F/C
 United States
Tuley High School (Chicago)

The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA
Made his BAA debut at the age of 18

[77][78]

1960
1969
Hawkins, ConnieConnie Hawkins^
F/C
 United States
Boys High School (Brooklyn, New York)

Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college, but was later reinstated in 1969
Attended University of Iowa
Played in the ABL and the ABA before making his NBA debut

[79][80][81]

1974
1976
Malone, MosesMoses Malone^
F/C
 United States
Petersburg High School (Petersburg, Virginia)

Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft
Played in the ABA before the ABA–NBA merger

[82]

1988
1989
Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp*
F/C
 United States
Concord High School (Elkhart, Indiana)

Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College
Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft (1st round, 17th pick)

[83][84]

1986
1992
Daniels, LloydLloyd Daniels
G
 United States
Andrew Jackson High School (Queens, New York)

Attended Mt. San Antonio College
Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut

[85][86][87]

1993
1996
Hamilton, ThomasThomas Hamilton
C
 United States
Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

Attended University of Pittsburgh
Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted

[88][89]

1996
2000
Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson
F
 United States
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Attended Butler Community College
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[90][91]

2001
2015
Huertas, MarceloMarcelo Huertas
G
 Brazil
 Italy
Coppell High School (Coppell, Texas)

Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000.
Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career.
Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft.
Played in Brazil, Spain, and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015.

[92]

2004
2005
Butler, JackieJackie Butler
F/C
 United States
Coastal Christian Academy (Virginia Beach, Virginia)

Initially committed to Mississippi State University and, later on, the University of Tennessee
Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted
Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut

[93][94][95]

2008
2009
Jennings, BrandonBrandon Jennings
G
 United States
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Initially committed to the University of Southern California and, later on, the University of Arizona
Played in the Italian league in the 2008–09 season
Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft (1st round, 10th pick)

[96][97]

2009

Williams, LataviousLatavious Williams#
F
 United States
Christian Life Center Academy (Humble, Texas)

Initially committed to the University of Memphis
Played in the NBA D-League in the 2009–10 season
Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[98][99]

2010
2011
Kanter, EnesEnes Kanter
F/C
 Turkey
Stoneridge Preparatory School (Simi Valley, California)

Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey
Moved to the U.S.A. in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school
Attended the University of Kentucky, but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey
Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft (1st round, 3rd pick)

2010
2011
Tyler, JeremyJeremy Tyler
C
 United States
San Diego High School (San Diego)

Initially committed to the University of Louisville
Left high school after his junior year in 2009
Played in the Israeli league in the 2009–10 season
Played in the Japanese league in the 2010–11 season
Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft (2nd round, 39th pick)

[100][101]

2012
2013
Ledo, RickyRicky Ledo
G
 United States
South Kent High School (South Kent, Connecticut)

Attended Providence College
Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

2013
2015
Felício, CristianoCristiano Felício
C
 Brazil
CCSE Prep Academy (Sacramento)

Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year.
Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon, but was deemed ineligible.
Returned to playing professionally in Brazil.

2014
2015
Mudiay, EmmanuelEmmanuel Mudiay
PG
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 United States
Prime Prep Academy (Dallas)

Initially committed to Southern Methodist University
Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014–15 season
Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft (1st round, 7th pick)

2014
2016
Papagiannis, GeorgiosGeorgios Papagiannis
C
 Greece
Westtown School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)

Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year
Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece
Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens, Greece
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft (1st round, 13th pick)

text: ^ 5: Secondary source mentions that Connie Simmons attended Forest Hills High School (Queens, New York).[76]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play. Thus, they are more likely to fail.[14][102] Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school.[102][103]

text: On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player".[104] Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.[102]


document_title: Protestantism in the United Kingdom

question_text: who changed the church in england from catholic to protestant

text: Protestantism in the United Kingdom

text: United Kingdom before the Reformation[edit]

text: Before Protestantism reached England, the Roman Catholic Church was the established state church. Wales and Ireland were also closely tied to Roman Catholicism, but Scotland had been dominated by many pagan religions that the Celts practiced.[2]

text: Early Reformation[edit]

text: In Catholic England, the only Bible available was written in Latin Vulgate, a translation of proper Latin considered holy by the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, only clergy had access to copies of the Bible. Countrymen were dependent on their local priests for the reading of scripture because they could not read the text for themselves. Some believe the Pope arranged this to hide truth from the common people.[3] Early in the Reformation, one of the fundamental disagreements between the Roman Church and Protestant leaders was over the distribution of the Bible in the people's common language.

text: John Wycliffe helped make the Bible available to all people, regardless of their wealth or social standing. Wycliffe translated the whole Bible into the English language because he believed that Englishmen needed to be familiar with the scriptures on their own terms in order to know Jesus Christ.[4]

text: In 1526, William Tyndale published the first complete Bible in print. This facilitated distribution at a lower cost, and soon the Bible was not only readable to English citizens, but also affordable for most people.[5] Once the common people had access to the Bible, many more joined the Protestant Church. The revolutionary growth in biblical reading was a notable event of the Reformation, and England was one of the first countries where this occurred. Soon, England's foundational convictions were changing, and new Protestant doctrines were emerging that challenged the Roman Catholic Church.

text: Leading reformers and philosophers of the time, such as Wycliffe, helped establish these doctrines by preaching to large groups of people. Wycliffe, among others, opposed the Catholic belief of transubstantiation. Some Catholics believe that when they participate in the Eucharist, the bread and wine transform into the literal body and blood of Jesus Christ when the priest prays over it. All Protestant leaders rejected this belief as false.[6]

text: Many Protestant leaders also disapproved of Catholic monasticism because they believed it was unnecessary for salvation and harmful to those who practiced it. The practice of penance and the belief that good works could balance the punishment of sin or lead to salvation were particularly common among the monks living in monasteries. Protestants rejected this doctrine, believing that good works alone could not allow one to enter heaven. Rather, Protestants rely on the doctrines of sola scriptura and sola fide.

text: Protestant influence on politics[edit]

text: Monarchs[edit]

text: During the 16th and 17th centuries, nearly all the monarchs and resulting governments of Scotland, Ireland, and England were defined by either Catholicism or Protestantism.

text: Henry VIII was the first monarch to introduce a new state religion to the English. In 1532, he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. When Pope Clement VII refused to consent to the divorce, Henry VIII decided to separate the entire country of England from the Roman Catholic Church. The Pope had no more authority over the people of England. This parting of ways opened the door for Protestantism to enter the country.[7]

text: Henry VIII established the Church of England after his split with the Pope. However, England stayed much the same, even with the new state religion. Its doctrines and practices were, at first, very similar to those of the Catholic Church. The king did not establish the Church of England as a result of religious differences with Catholicism; his motives were mainly political, and he persecuted radical Protestants who threatened his church.[8]

text: Henry VIII's successor, Edward VI, supported the Reformation, but his belief in Protestantism was not only political. He was more devout in his faith, and persecution of Protestant subjects ceased.[2]

text: Under the next monarch, however, Protestants were persecuted once again. Queen Mary I was raised Catholic, and she saw it as her duty to purge the evil of Protestantism from her country.[8] During her reign, reformers of the church, such as Thomas Hawkes, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer, and George Wishart, were executed for their faith. These executions did not destroy the Protestant movement. In fact, many joined the church when they saw how committed these martyrs were to their religion.[9]

text: The next monarch, Elizabeth I, was a Protestant. Under her rule, the Protestant Church flourished. Protestants now filled many leadership positions in government. With this new power, however, came the persecution of many Catholics.[2] Similarities between the Catholic and Protestant churches steadily decreased during this time.

text: The reign of King James I established a definite victory for Protestantism in England. The King James Bible introduced a new Protestant form of the Bible to church members throughout the country. This translation was in a language and dialect specific to the English people and to their Protestant religion. James I fulfilled the efforts of Protestant reformers who had been supporting the distribution of Bibles in common language for decades.[2]

text: Political events[edit]

text: The English Civil War (1642–1651) was largely influenced by the Protestant Reformation. While England struggled between Catholicism and Protestantism, Scotland was experiencing a significant impact from the Reformation and its ideas. A strong Presbyterian following had developed, but the Church of Scotland did not agree with King Charles I's expectations of the Protestant religion. Charles I threatened to change the Church of Scotland by turning to Ireland, which was a strong Catholic state.[2]

text: Oliver Cromwell, an Englishman born in Huntingdon, emerged victorious at the end of the Civil War. Once he gained control of England, Cromwell established a radical religious government. He organized the Assembly of Saints, a firm and strict sect of Protestantism that was very similar to Puritanism. The Assembly remained strong in England until the reign of Charles II, who ended many of the strict practices of Puritanism.

text: When Parliament passed the Act of Toleration of 1689, dissenters received freedom of worship within England. Catholics were not included in this act of Parliament, but members of other religions, most notably Protestantism, were officially protected from persecution based on their faith.[2]

text: Protestantism in other countries of the United Kingdom[edit]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: Scotland experienced a much deeper movement of Protestant reformation than any other nation in the UK. John Knox is credited with introducing the Reformation to Scotland. Knox sparked the Scottish Reformation in 1560 when he began preaching about Protestantism to large groups of people throughout the country.[10] Later on, Scotland became involved in the English Civil War when Charles I threatened the country's Presbyterian Church.[2]

text: Wales[edit]

text: Wales became a part of England when the Tudor dynasty conquered the nation.[11] The religious and political histories of Wales and England were closely tied during the reign of the Tudor monarchs, and the impact of the Reformation in both nations was similar. In 1588, William Morgan published the Welsh Bible. Welsh is the only non-state language in which the entire Bible was published during the Protestant Reformation.[12] For the most part, faithful Catholics made it more difficult for radical Protestantism to advance in the country. However, Protestants and non-conformists still compose the largest religious group in Wales.[12]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: Although Northern Ireland is considered more Protestant than the Republic of Ireland, it has still retained more Catholicism than other nations in the United Kingdom. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland and the Church of Scotland have been closely tied in the past.[13]

text: Protestantism in the United Kingdom today[edit]

text: Statistics show a steady decline in church membership and attendance in the United Kingdom. According to the BBC, church attendance in the UK has dwindled in the past 50 years, not just in the Church of England or other Protestant churches, but in all religious establishments. The BBC reported in 2011 that 26% of people over the age of 65 attend church, as opposed to 11% of those between the ages of 16 and 44.[14] Britannica Online says that the Church of England has more members than other churches, but there is greater dedication among members of non-conformist congregations.[15] The Office for National Statistics confirmed in its 2001 census that 15% of people in England do not claim any religion.[16] Research in 2005 concluded that the number of citizens who belonged to a religion and attended services at any church had decreased by 41% in 41 years, while those who said they did not belong to any religion and did not attend services increased by 35% in the same amount of time.[17] These numbers point to the increasing secularization of the country.

text: Scotland has long been dominated by Presbyterianism. Today, the Church of Scotland is weakening as a state church, and church membership in the country is declining.[18] According to research in the city of Dundee, only 10% of church members attend services regularly.[19]

text: Although the majority of citizens in Wales are members of Protestant and non-conformist churches, the culture has become increasingly secular. Roman Catholics are a growing minority.[20]

text: Northern Ireland is now one of the most diverse regions in the UK. Catholicism is still the largest single church in Northern Ireland, but Presbyterians total one-fifth of the population. The Church of Ireland accounts for about one-sixth of the population.[13]


document_title: List of New Zealand national cricket captains

question_text: who is the captain of new zealand cricket team

text: Men's cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand cricket team for at least one Test match. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed for a minor proportion in a series.

text:
New Zealand Test match captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Tom Lowry
1929/30
England
New Zealand
4
0
1
3

1931
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
7
0
2
5

2
Curly Page
1931/2
South Africa
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

1932/3
England
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1937
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
7
0
3
4

3
Walter Hadlee
1945/6
Australia
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

1946/7
England
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1949
England
England
4
0
0
4

1950/1
England
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

Total
8
0
2
6

4
Bert Sutcliffe
1951/2
West Indies
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1953/4†
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
2
0

Total
4
0
3
1

5
Merv Wallace
1952/3
South Africa
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

6
Geoff Rabone
1953/4
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
2
1

1954/5
England
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

Total
5
0
4
1

7
Harry Cave
1955/6
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

1955/6
India
India
5
0
2
3

1955/6†
West Indies
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

Total
9
0
5
4

8
John Reid
1955/6
West Indies
New Zealand
3
1
2
0

1958
England
England
5
0
4
1

1958/9
England
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1961/2
South Africa
South Africa
5
2
2
1

1962/3
England
New Zealand
3
0
3
0

1963/4
South Africa
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

1964/5
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

1964/5
India
India
4
0
1
3

1964/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

1965
England
England
3
0
3
0

Total
34
3
18
13

9
Murray Chapple
1965/6†
England
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

10
Barry Sinclair
1965/6
England
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1967/8†
India
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

Total
3
0
1
2

11
Graham Dowling
1967/8
India
New Zealand
3
1
2
0

1968/9
West Indies
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1969
England
England
3
0
2
1

1969/70
India
India
3
1
1
1

1969/70
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1970/1
England
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1971/2†
West Indies
West Indies
2
0
0
2

Total
19
4
7
8

12
Bevan Congdon
1971/2
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
0
3

1972/3
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1973
England
England
3
0
2
1

1973/4
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

1973/4
Australia
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1974/5
England
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

Total
17
1
7
9

13
Glenn Turner
1975/6
India
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1976/7
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
2
0

1976/7
India
India
3
0
2
1

1976/7
Australia
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

Total
10
1
6
3

14
John Parker
1976/7†
Pakistan
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

15
Mark Burgess
1977/8
England
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1978
England
England
3
0
3
0

1978/9
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1980/1†
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
10
1
6
3

16
Geoff Howarth
1979/80
West Indies
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1980/1
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

1980/1
India
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1981/2
Australia
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1982/3
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

1983
England
England
4
1
3
0

1983/4
England
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1983/4
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
0
1

1984/5
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

1984/5
West Indies
West Indies
4
0
2
2

Total
30
11
7
12

17
Jeremy Coney
1984/5
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

1985/6
Australia
Australia
3
2
1
0

1985/6
Australia
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1986
England
England
3
1
0
2

1986/7
West Indies
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

Total
15
5
4
6

18
Jeff Crowe1
1986/7
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
0
1

1987/8
Australia
Australia
3
0
1
2

1987/8
England
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

Total
6
0
1
5

19
John Wright
1987/8†
England
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1988/9
India
India
3
1
2
0

1988/9
Pakistan
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1989/90
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

1989/90
India
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1989/90
Australia
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1990
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
14
3
3
8

20
Martin Crowe1
1990/1
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
3
0

1990/1
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1991/2
England
New Zealand
3
0
2
1

1992/3
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
1
0
1

1992/3
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
1
1

1992/3
Australia
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1993/4†
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

Total
16
2
7
7

21
Ian Smith
1990/1†
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

22
Ken Rutherford
1992/3
Pakistan
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

1993/4
Australia
Australia
2
0
2
0

1993/4
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
1
2
0

1993/4
India
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1994
England
England
3
0
1
2

1994/5
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

1994/5
West Indies
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

1994/5
South Africa
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

1994/5
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

Total
18
2
11
5

23
Lee Germon
1995/6
India
India
3
0
1
2

1995/6
Pakistan
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

1995/6
Zimbabwe
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1995/6
West Indies
West Indies
2
0
1
1

1996/7
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

1996/7
England
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

Total
12
1
5
6

24
Stephen Fleming
1996/7†
England
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

1996/7
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

1997/8
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
0
0
2

1997/8
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

1997/8
Zimbabwe
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

1998
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
2
0

1998/9
India
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

1999
England
England
4
2
1
1

1999/2000
India
India
3
0
1
2

1999/2000
West Indies
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

1999/2000
Australia
New Zealand
3
0
3
0

2000/1
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

2000/1
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
2
1

2000/1
Zimbabwe
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

2000/1
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

2001/2
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

2001/2
Bangladesh
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

2001/2
England
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

2002
Pakistan
Pakistan
1
0
1
0

2002
West Indies
West Indies
2
1
0
1

2002/3
India
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

2003
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

2003/4
India
India
2
0
0
2

2003/4
Pakistan
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

2003/4
South Africa
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

2004
England
England
3
0
3
0

2004/5
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2004/5
Australia
Australia
2
0
2
0

2004/5
Australia
New Zealand
3
0
2
1

2004/5
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2005
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

2005/6
West Indies
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

2005/6
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
2
1

2006/7
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
1
1
0

Total
80
28
27
25

25
Dion Nash
1998/9
South Africa
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

Total
3
0
1
2

26
Daniel Vettori
2007/8
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
2
0

2007/8
Bangladesh
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

2007/8
England
New Zealand
3
1
2
0

2008
England
England
3
0
2
1

2008/9
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
1
0
1

2008/9
Australia
Australia
2
0
2
0

2008/9
West Indies
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

2008/9
India
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

2009
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
2
0

2009/10
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

2009/10
Bangladesh
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

2009/10
Australia
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

2010/11
India
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

2010/11
Pakistan
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

Total
32
6
16
10

27
Ross Taylor
2011/12
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
1
0
0

2011/12
Australia
Australia
2
1
1
0

2011/12
Zimbabwe
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

2011/12
South Africa
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

2012
West Indies
West Indies
2
0
2
0

2012
India
India
2
0
2
0

2012/13
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
1
0

2016†
India
India
1
0
1
0

Total
14
4
8
2

28
Brendon McCullum
2012/13
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
2
0

2012/13
England
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

2013
England
England
2
0
2
0

2013/14
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
0
0
2

2013/14
West Indies
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

2013/14
India
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2014
West Indies
West Indies
3
2
1
0

2014
Pakistan
United Arab Emirates
3
1
1
1

2014/15
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

2014/15
England
England
2
1
1
0

2015
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

2015/16
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

2015/16
Australia
New Zealand
2
0
2
0

Total
31
11
11
9

29
Kane Williamson
2016
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

2016
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
1
1

2016/17
India
India
3
0
3
0

2016/17
Pakistan
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

Total
9
4
4
1

Grand Total
417
86
170
161

Note:

1 Jeff Crowe and Martin Crowe are brothers.

text: Men's One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand cricket team for at least one One Day International.

text:
New Zealand ODI captains

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result

1
Bevan Congdon
1973–1975
7
1
3
0
3

2
Glenn Turner
1975/76
7
5
2
0
0

3
Mark Burgess
1978–1980
8
2
6
0
0

4
Geoff Howarth
1980–1985
60
31
26
0
3

5
John Wright
1983–1990
31
16
15
0
0

6
Jeremy Coney
1984–1987
25
8
16
0
1

7
Jeff Crowe
1986–1988
16
4
12
0
0

8
Martin Crowe
1990–1993
44
21
22
0
1

9
Andrew Jones
1992
2
0
2
0
0

10
Ken Rutherford
1993–94
37
10
24
1
2

11
Gavin Larsen
1994
3
1
2
0
0

12
Lee Germon
1995–1997
36
15
19
2
0

13
Stephen Fleming
1997–2007
218
98
106
1
11

14
Dion Nash
1999
7
3
3
0
1

15
Craig McMillan
2001–02
8
2
6
0
0

16
Chris Cairns
2002–03
7
1
6
0
0

17
Daniel Vettori
2004–2011
82
41
33
1
7

18
Brendon McCullum
2009–2016
62
36
22
1
3

19
Ross Taylor
2010–2012
20
6
12
0
2

20
Kane Williamson
2012-Present
27
11
15
0
1

21
Kyle Mills
2013/14
4
1
2
0
1

Grand total
711
313
354
6
38

text: Twenty20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand cricket team for at least one Twenty20 International.

text:
New Zealand Twenty20 International captains

No.
Name
Span
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
NR

1
Stephen Fleming[1]
2005 – 2006
5
2
1
2
0

2
Daniel Vettori[2]
2007 – 2010
28
13
2
13
0

3
Brendon McCullum[3]
2008 – 2015
28
13
0
14
1

4
Ross Taylor
2010 – 2012
13
6
2
4
1

5
Kane Williamson
2012 – present
14
9
0
5
0

6
Kyle Mills
2013
2
1
0
1
0

Grand total
90
44
5
39
2

text: Youth cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match.Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player was captain for a minor proportion in a series.

text:
New Zealand Under-19 Test match captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
David Hartshorn
1985/6
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

2
John Murtagh
1986/7
Australia
New Zealand
3
0
2
1

3
Lee Germon
1987/8
India
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1988/9
Australia
Australia
3
0
2
1

Total
4
1
2
1

4
Chris Cairns
1989
England
England
3
1
0
2

5
Llorne Howell
1990/1
England
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

1991/2
India
India
2
0
1
1

Total
5
2
1
2

6
Stephen Fleming
1992/3
Australia
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

7
Richard Jones
1993/4
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

8
Stephen Lynch
1994/5
Pakistan
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

9
Craig McMillan
1995/6
Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

1996
England
England
3
1
0
2

Total
6
2
2
2

10
Jarrod Englefield
1998/9
England
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

11
Brendon McCullum
2000/1
South Africa
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

12
Andrew de Boorder
2007
India
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

13
George Worker
2008
England
England
1
0
1
0

14
Kane Williamson
2008
England
England
1
0
0
1

Grand total
43
11
10
22

text: Youth One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand Under-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International.

text:
New Zealand Under-19 ODI captains

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
No result

1
David Hartshorn
1985/6
3
0
0
3
0

2
John Murtagh
1986/7
3
0
0
3
0

3
Lee Germon
1987/8-1988/9
10
2
0
8
0

4
Chris Cairns
1988/9-1989
2
0
0
2
0

5
David Mills
1989
2
0
0
2
0

6
Llorne Howell
1990/1-1991/2
5
3
0
2
0

7
Stephen Fleming
1992/3
3
1
0
2
0

8
Richard Jones
1993/4
3
1
0
2
0

9
Stephen Lynch
1994/5
3
2
0
1
0

10
Craig McMillan
1995/6-1996
5
3
0
2
0

11
Jarrod Englefield
1997/8-1998/9
10
6
0
4
0

12
James Franklin
1999/2000
5
1
0
4
0

13
Brendon McCullum
2000/1
3
1
0
1
1

14
Ross Taylor
2001/2
6
3
0
2
1

15
Daniel Flynn
2003/4
6
2
0
4
0

16
Marc Ellison
2006
6
3
0
3
0

17
Andrew de Boorder
2007
3
1
0
2
0

18
Kane Williamson
2008
10
4
1
3
2

19
Craig Cachopa
2010
6
4
0
2
0

20
Will Young
2012
11
4
0
7
0

21
Tim Seifert
2013
3
1
0
2
0

22
Leo Carter
2013
4
1
0
3
0

23
Robert O'Donnell
2014
6
3
0
3
0

24
Josh Finnie
2016
9
4
0
5
0

25
Rachin Ravindra
2016
1
0
0
1
0

Grand total
129
50
1
74
2

text: Women's cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match.

text:
New Zealand women's Test match captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Ruth Symons
1934/5
England
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

2
Ina Lamason
1947/8
Australia
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

1948/9
England
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

Total
2
0
2
0

3
Rona McKenzie
1954
England
England
3
0
1
2

1956/7
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1957/8
England
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1960/1
Australia
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

Total
7
0
2
5

4
Trish McKelvey
1966
England
England
3
0
0
3

1968/9
England
New Zealand
3
0
2
1

1971/2
Australia
Australia
1
1
0
0

1971/2
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
0
2

1974/5
Australia
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1976/7
India
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1978/9
Australia
Australia
3
0
1
2

Total
15
2
3
10

5
Debbie Hockley
1984
England
England
3
0
0
3

1984/5
India
India
3
0
0
3

Total
6
0
0
6

6
Lesley Murdoch
1989/90
Australia
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

7
Karen Plummer
1991/2
England
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

8
Sarah Illingworth
1994/5
India
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1994/5
Australia
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1995/6
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

1996
England
England
3
0
0
3

Total
6
0
0
6

9
Maia Lewis
2003/4
India
India
1
0
0
1

2004
England
England
1
0
0
1

Total
2
0
0
2

Grand total
45
2
10
33

text: Women's One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. New Zealand's greatest ODI success was under Emily Drumm when they won the 2000/1 World Cup.

text:
New Zealand women's ODI captains

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
No result

1
Bev Brentnall
1973
5
3
0
2
0

2
Trish McKelvey
1977/8-1981/2
15
7
1
7
0

3
Debbie Hockley
1984-1998/9
27
12
0
15
0

4
Ingrid Jagersma
1984/5
1
1
0
0
0

5
Lesley Murdoch
1985/6-1989/90
15
8
0
6
1

6
Karen Plummer
1991/2
3
1
0
2
0

7
Sarah Illingworth
1992/3-1996
29
18
0
10
1

8
Maia Lewis
1996/7-2004/5
45
19
1
24
1

9
Emily Drumm
1999/2000-2002/3
41
28
0
12
1

10
Catherine Campbell
2000/1
2
2
0
0
0

11
Haidee Tiffen
2004–2007
28
15
0
13
0

12
Aimee Watkins
2008–2011
22
3
0
18
1

13
Amy Satterthwaite
2010
1
1
0
0
0

14
Suzie Bates
2011-present
23
9
0
13
1

Grand total
274
136
2
130
6

text: Women's Twenty20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the New Zealand women's cricket team for at least one Twenty20 International match.

text:
New Zealand women's Twenty20 International captains

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
No result

1
Maia Lewis
2004
1
1
0
0
0

2
Haidee Tiffen
2006–2009
8
3
1
4
0

3
Aimee Watkins
2009–2011
29
19
0
10
0

4
Suzie Bates
2011–present
29
14
0
15
0

5
Sophie Devine
2014
1
14
0
15
1

Grand total
68
37
1
39
1