document_title: The Witcher

question_text: when did the first witcher book come out

text: The Witcher

text: Books[edit]

text: The Witcher short stories were first published in Fantastyka, a Polish science fiction and fantasy magazine, beginning in the mid-1980s. The first short story, "Wiedźmin" ("The Witcher") (1986), was written for a contest held by the magazine and won third place. The first four stories dealing with the witcher Geralt were originally featured in a 1990 short-story collection entitled Wiedźmin—now out of print—with "Droga, z której się nie wraca" ("The Road With No Return"), which is set in the world before the Witcher stories and features Geralt's mother to be.

text: The second published short-story collection was Miecz przeznaczenia (Sword of Destiny). Although Ostatnie życzenie (The Last Wish) was published after Sword of Destiny, it replaced The Witcher as the first book since it included all the stories in The Witcher except "The Road With No Return" (the only story without Geralt). Although new short stories were added to The Last Wish, they took place before those in Sword of Destiny.

text: Although "The Road With No Return" and "Coś się kończy, coś się zaczyna" ("Something Ends, Something Begins", an alternate ending of the Witcher saga about Geralt and Yennefer's wedding written as a wedding gift for Sapkowski's friends) were later published in Coś się kończy, coś się zaczyna, the other stories in that book are unconnected to the Witcher series. In some Polish editions, "Droga, z której się nie wraca" and "Coś się kończy, coś się zaczyna" are added to The Last Wish or Sword of Destiny.

text: The Witcher stories[edit]

text:
Miecz Przeznaczenia (Sword of Destiny) (1992, English edition: 2015)
Ostatnie życzenie (The Last Wish) (1993, English edition: 2007). Note that, while The Last Wish was published after The Sword of Destiny, the stories contained in The Last Wish take place first chronologically, and many of the individual stories were published before The Sword of Destiny.

text: Saga[edit]

text: The saga focuses on Geralt of Rivia and Ciri, a child of destiny. Ciri, princess of a recently conquered country and a pawn of international politics, becomes a witcher-in-training. Geralt is drawn into a whirlwind of events in his attempts to protect her.

text:
Krew elfów (Blood of Elves) (1994, English edition: 2008)
Czas pogardy (Time of Contempt) (1995, English edition: 2013)
Chrzest ognia (Baptism of Fire) (1996, English edition: 2014)
Wieża Jaskółki (The Tower of Swallows) (1997, English edition: 2016)
Pani Jeziora (Lady of the Lake) (1999, English edition: 2017)

text: Standalone novel[edit]

text: "Sezon burz" ("Season of Storms") (2013) – set between short stories in "The Last Wish", but containing a few hints on events which follow the original pentalogy.

text: Non-Witcher anthologies[edit]

text:
Coś się kończy, coś się zaczyna (Something Ends, Something Begins) (2000) – Stories by Sapkowski, including two Witcher stories
A Polish Book of Monsters (2010) – English anthology edited and translated by Michael Kandel, with a translation of "The Witcher" entitled "Spellmaker." The story also appears, with a different translation, in The Last Wish.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The stories are set on the Continent,[2] which was settled several thousand years earlier by elves from overseas. When they arrived, the elves encountered gnomes and dwarves. After a period of war between the elves and dwarves, the dwarves retreated into the mountains and the elves settled in the plains and forests. Human colonists arrived about five hundred years before the events in the stories, igniting a series of wars. The humans were victorious, and became dominant; the non-human races, now considered second-class citizens, often live in small ghettos within human settlements. Those not confined to the ghettos live in wilderness regions not yet claimed by humans. Other races on the Continent are halflings and dryads; werewolves and vampires appeared after a magical event, known as the Conjunction of the Spheres.

text: During the centuries preceding the stories, most of the Continent's southern regions have been taken over by the Nilfgaard Empire; the north belongs to the fragmented Northern Kingdoms. The Witcher saga takes place in the aftermath of the first major war between the Nilfgaard Empire and the Northern Kingdoms, with a second war beginning in the middle of the series.

text: Major characters[edit]

text: Geralt of Rivia (Polish: Geralt z Rivii), known also as Gwynnbleid (Elder Speech: "White Wolf") and the Butcher of Blaviken,[3] is the protagonist of the series and its adaptations. A witcher, he travels the Continent and makes a living hunting monsters that plague the land. He has been described as a character embodying "the neo-liberal anti-politics" spirit of the Polish popular culture of the 1990s.[4]

text: Yennefer of Vengerberg (Polish: Yennefer z Vengerbergu) first appeared in the collection of short stories, The Last Wish, featuring in both "The Last Wish" short story and "The Voice of Reason" frame story. She went on to appear in numerous other Witcher stories as the "soul mate" of Geralt and is one of the main characters of the Witcher saga.[citation needed]

text:
Cirilla Fiona Elen Riannon (known as Ciri, from the name Zireael in the Elder Speech (meaning "Swallow"; Jaskółka in Polish original), also known as the Lion Cub of Cintra, Child of the Elder Blood, and the Lady of Time and Space), is the princess of Cintra, daughter of Pavetta and Duny (also known as the Urcheon of Erlenwald) and granddaughter of Queen Calanthe. She is also Geralt's and Yennefer's adopted daughter, around whom much of the plot is centered. Ciri is a descendant of Lara Dorren and has the Elder blood which gives her access to powers that allow her to cross space and time. Ciri has ashen grey hair and green emerald eyes, a trait that runs in her family.[citation needed]
Triss Merigold of Maribor, a sorceress and a friend of Geralt and Yennefer. She took care of Ciri for some time. She was member of the Lodge of Sorceresses. Triss is in love with Geralt. The image of Triss Merigold from The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings appeared as cover girl in the Polish edition of Playboy in May 2011.[6] She also appeared in a live model calendar for the game in Russia.[7]
Dandelion (Polish: Jaskier) is a poet, minstrel, bard and Geralt's best friend. The Polish word jaskier actually refers to the Buttercup flower (Ranunculus). Some of his more famous ballads were about the relationship between Geralt and Yennefer. By the time of the saga he is already in his 40s though it is said that he appears to be in his 30s and is sometimes mistaken for an elf. He accompanies Geralt in many of the short stories and ends up joining his hansa while searching for Ciri.[citation needed]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Although no map of the universe created by Sapkowski has been released, several maps have been created by fans. According to Sapkowski, the existing maps are "mostly accurate" and he uses a version created by Czech translator Stanislav Komárek.[8] CD Projekt created a map for The Witcher video game in consultation with Sapkowski.[citation needed]

text:
Kovir & Poviss

Hengfors

Kaedwen

Redania

Mahakam

Aedirn

Cintra

Temeria

Lyria & Rivia

Nilfgaard

text: The Continent can be divided into four regions. The Northern Kingdoms (where most of the saga takes place) consists of Aedirn, Cidaris, Cintra, Hengfors League, Kaedwen, Kerack, Kovir and Poviss, Lyria and Rivia, Redania, Temeria and Verden and several minor duchies and principalities such as Bremervoord or Ellander. The Nilfgaard Empire occupies most of the area south of the Northern Kingdoms. The eastern part of the Continent, such as the Korath desert, Zerrikania, Hakland and the Fiery Mountains, is mostly unknown. The book series mentions overseas countries with whom the Northern Kingdoms trade, including Zangvebar, Ofir, Hannu and Barsa.

text: Language[edit]

text: Sapkowski created a language for the series known as Elder Speech,[9][10] based on English, French, Irish, Latin and other languages. Dialects are spoken on the Skellige Islands and in Nilfgaard. In an interview Sapkowski explained that he wanted the language be reasonably legible to a reader, to avoid footnotes. As he said: "In my book, I do not want for an orc telling to another orc 'Burbatuluk grabataluk!' to be supplied with a footnote: 'Shut the door, don't let the flies in!'"[11]

text: Translations[edit]

text: The stories and novels have been translated into Slovak, Czech, Danish, Portuguese, German, Russian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Finnish, French, Spanish, Italian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Swedish, Hungarian, Dutch, Chinese, Georgian and English and Farsi.[citation needed]

text: English translations[edit]

text:
Title
Publication date[12]
Publisher

The Last Wish
(Ostanie życzenie)
2007
Gollancz

2008
Orbit

Sword of Destiny
(Miecz przeznaczenia)
May 2015[13]
Gollancz

December 2015
Orbit

Blood of Elves
(Krew elfów)
2008
Gollancz

2009
Orbit

Time of Contempt
(Czas pogardy)
2013
Gollancz

Orbit

Baptism of Fire
(Chrzest ognia)
2014
Gollancz

Orbit

The Tower of Swallows
(Wieża jaskółki)
May 2016[13]
Gollancz

May 2016[14]
Orbit

Lady of the Lake
(Pani Jeziora)
2017[13]
Gollancz

Orbit

Season of Storms
(Sezon burz)
2018[15]
Gollancz

Orbit

text: The name "Witcher"[edit]

text: Although wiedźmin has been translated as "witcher", the translation preferred by Sapkowski[citation needed] was initially "hexer" (the title of the film adaptation). Hexe and Hexer are the German words for "witch" and "warlock" respectively; CD Projekt used "witcher" for the title of its video game,[16] and Danusia Stok used it in her translation of Ostanie życzenie. Sapkowski used the word "witcher" in his book Historia i Fantastyka, and Michael Kandel used "spellmaker" in his 2010 translation of "Wiedźmin".

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Comic books[edit]

text: From 1993 to 1995, Sapkowski's stories were adapted into six comic books by Maciej Parowski (story), Bogusław Polch (art) and Sapkowski:

text:
Droga bez powrotu (The Road with No Return) – Based on the short story "Droga, z której się nie wraca"
Geralt – Based on the short story "Wiedźmin"
Mniejsze zło (Lesser Evil)
Ostatnie życzenie (The Last Wish)
Granica możliwości (Border of Ability) – Based on short stories with the same titles
Zdrada (Betrayal) – Based on an "unused idea for a short story"[citation needed]

text: On October 11, 2013, Dark Horse Comics announced a comic book series called The Witcher, based on the video-game series and made in collaboration with CD Projekt RED.[17] The first volume, The Witcher: House of Glass with a cover by Mike Mignola, was published on September 24th 2014.[18] A second comic-book series, The Witcher: Fox Children, was published on December 16th 2015.[19] The third comic-book series The Witcher: Curse of Crows was released on June 21st 2017. [20]

text: Film and television[edit]

text: The Hexer is the title of a 2001 film and a 2002 TV series, both directed by Marek Brodzki. Michał Żebrowski played Geralt in both. In several interviews, Sapkowski criticized the screen adaptations: "I can answer only with a single word, an obscene, albeit a short one."[21]

text: In 2015, Platige Image planned an American film adaptation of the novel series to arrive in 2017.[22] In May 2017 they announced that they would be producing a series based on The Witcher in cooperation with Netflix and Sean Daniel Company, with Tomasz Bagiński as one of the directors and Sapkowski as a creative consultant.[23][24][25]

text: Games[edit]

text: Tabletop role-playing games[edit]

text: A tabletop role-playing game based on Sapkowski's books, Wiedźmin: Gra Wyobraźni (The Witcher: A Game of Imagination) was published by MAG in 2001. Another tabletop game based on the video games, produced by R. Talsorian Games, is planned for release in 2017.[26]

text: Video games[edit]

text: In 1996 and 1997 a Witcher video game was being developed by Metropolis Software in Poland, but it was cancelled. The game's director was Adrian Chmielarz, former People Can Fly co-owner and creative director, who coined the translation "The Witcher" during its development. According to Chmielarz, the game would have been a 3D action-adventure game with role-playing elements such as moral choices and experience points.[27]

text: In 2007 Polish video-game developer CD Projekt RED released The Witcher, a role-playing game based on Sapkowski's saga. The game was released in Europe on October 26 and in the US on October 30 for Windows and OS X. It was well-publicized and, although it was the developer's first game, it received critical praise in Europe and North America. The Witcher was published in Poland by CD Projekt and worldwide by Atari. A console version, The Witcher: Rise of the White Wolf with the same story and a different engine and combat system, was scheduled for release in fall 2009 but was cancelled that spring.

text: The Witcher: Crimson Trail (Polish: Wiedźmin: Krwawy Szlak), also known as The Witcher Mobile is a mobile-phone action game created by Breakpoint on license from CD Projekt in November 2007.[28] It features a young Geralt as a promising student who has completed his training to become a monster-slayer – a witcher.

text: The Witcher: Versus was a Flash-based multiplayer fighting browser game, developed for CD Projekt RED by one2tribe and released in 2008. In the game (which has been discontinued), players created a character from one of three classes and challenged other players in battle.

text: The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings is the sequel to The Witcher, developed by CD Projekt RED. On September 16, 2009, before Assassins of Kings was introduced, a video of the game was leaked;[29] two days later, CD Projekt RED confirmed that it was in development.[30] Assassins of Kings was published in Poland by CD Projekt, by Namco Bandai Games in Europe and by Atari in North America. The game was also distributed digitally through Steam and DRM-free on Good Old Games.

text: As of July 11, 2012, the first two Witcher games sold a worldwide total of four million copies for Windows, Mac, and Xbox 360.[31] As of February 6, 2013, the total was over five million copies.[32] As of October 25 sales were at six million copies,[33] and the franchise has sold more than eight million copies.[34] CD Projekt Red announced The Witcher: Battle Arena, a free-to-play multiplayer online battle arena game for mobile devices, on July 1, 2014.[35]

text: The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt was released on May 19, 2015[36] and has become one of the most awarded video games of all time. As of March 2016, the game has shipped nearly 10 million copies worldwide.[37]

text: Card games[edit]

text: In 2007, Kuźnia Gier developed two card games based on CD Projekt's The Witcher video game. One, Wiedźmin: Przygodowa Gra Karciana (The Witcher: Adventure Cardgame), was published by Kuźnia Gier;[38] the other, Wiedźmin: Promocyjna Gra Karciana (The Witcher Promo Card Game) was added to the collector's edition of The Witcher in some countries.[39] Another card game, Gwent was planned for released with The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt as an in-game activity. Players can challenge for (or buy) Gwent cards from characters in the game.[40] In 2016 a stand-alone Gwent online card game was announced and is currently in open beta.[41]

text: Board game[edit]

text: CD Projekt RED and Fantasy Flight Games released The Witcher Adventure Game, a board game designed by Ignacy Trzewiczek,[42] in 2014[43] in physical and digital forms.[44] The digital version is available on Windows, OS X, Android and iOS.


document_title: Big Jake

question_text: who played john wayne's grandson in big jake

question_tokens: who played john wayne 's grandson in big jake

root

text: Big Jake

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1909, there is a raid on the McCandles family ranch by a gang of ruthless outlaws led by John Fain. They massacre the ranch hands and kidnap Little Jake, the grandson, leaving a ransom note and heading back for Mexico, where they have been hiding out. Martha, the head of the family, is offered the help of both the army and the Texas Rangers in hunting the gang. She replies that this will be "a harsh and unpleasant kind of business and will require an extremely harsh and unpleasant kind of person to see it through." In consequence, she sends for her estranged husband, the aging Jacob "Big Jake" McCandles, a near-legendary gunfighter who wanders the west with his Rough Collie, simply named Dog.

tag: p

text: When Jake arrives by train, he and Martha discuss a plan to take the ransom to the kidnappers, a million dollars in a big red strongbox, although Jake warns that, "Pay or not, we run the risk of never seeing the boy again". Then his son Michael rides up on a motorcycle, bringing word that he has seen the kidnappers in the Chilicothe Canyon. The Texas Ranger captain is present and offers the services of his men, equipped with three REO touring cars. They, however, are ambushed and their cars put out of action. Jake, preferring the old ways, has followed on horseback, accompanied by an old Apache associate, Sam Sharpnose. He is now joined by his sons, Michael and James, with whom his relations are tense because of his desertion of the family ten years before.

text: That night, Fain rides into their camp to make arrangements for the handover, telling Jake that they will “send the boy's body back in a basket" if anything should go wrong. Both men deny any personal stake in the business, each claiming to be "just a messenger boy". The family party crosses into Mexico the next day and checks into a hotel. Knowing that they have been followed by another gang intent on stealing the strongbox, Jake sets a trap for them and they are all killed. During the attack, the chest is blasted open, revealing clipped bundles of newspaper instead of money. Michael and James become suspicious of Jake and the three slug it out, but Jake assures them that it was both his and Martha's idea. James fears for Little Jake's life, but Jake tells them they'll have to go in anyway.

text: A thunderstorm breaks and Pop Dawson, one of the outlaws, arrives to give them the details of the exchange. He warns them that a sniper will have a gun trained on the boy in case of a double-cross. Jake arranges for Michael to follow after them to take care of the sharp shooter and convinces Dawson that he had been killed in the fight. At the hideout, Jake is led in alone to where Fain and four other gang members are waiting, one of them holding a shotgun on the boy. Jake tosses the key of the chest to Fain, who opens it up to discover that he has been tricked.

text: Fain orders his brother Will to kill the boy but he is shot by Jake. Dog is wounded by the sniper and Jake is wounded in the leg before Michael kills him. Jake tells the boy to escape but Little Jake is hunted by the machete wielding John Goodfellow, who has already hacked Sam to death. Dog comes to the rescue and is himself killed before Big Jake arrives and impales Goodfellow on a pitchfork. Fain rides up and is preparing to finish off the two of them when Michael arrives from where he had been waiting in ambush and blasts him off his horse. Before he dies, Fain asks, "Who are you?" When Jake answers, "Jacob McCandles," Fain says, "I thought you was dead," as have other characters during the course of the film. “Not hardly," Jake replies.

text: With Little Jake rescued, and the broken family bonded, they prepare to head home.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as Jacob McCandles
Richard Boone as John Fain (Leader of Fain's Gang)
Maureen O'Hara as Martha McCandles
Patrick Wayne as James McCandles
Christopher Mitchum as Michael McCandles
Bruce Cabot as Sam Sharpnose
Bobby Vinton as Jeff McCandles
Glenn Corbett as O'Brien, aka Breed (John Fain's Gang)
John Doucette as Texas Ranger Capt. Buck Duggan
Jim Davis as Head of lynching party
John Agar as Bert Ryan
Harry Carey Jr. as Pop Dawson (as Harry Cary, Jr.) (John Fain's Gang)
Gregg Palmer as John Goodfellow (John Fain's Gang)
Jim Burk as Trooper (John Fain's Gang)
Dean Smith as James William "Kid" Duffy (John Fain's Gang)
Robert Warner as Will Fain (John Fain's Brother, John Fain's Gang)
Jeff Wingfield as Billy Devries (John Fain's Gang)
Everett Creach as Walt Devries (John Fain's Gang)
Roy Jenson as Gunman at bathhouse in Escondero
Virginia Capers as Delilah
Hank Worden as Hank
Ethan Wayne as Little Jake McCandles
William Walker as Moses Brown
George Fenneman as Narrator
Tom Hennesy as Mr. Sweet
Chuck Roberson as Texas Ranger
Bernard Fox as the Scottish Shepherd

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Written as The Million Dollar Kidnapping, which was used as the shooting title, it was filmed from early October to early December 1970, in the Mexican states of Durango and Zacatecas,[3] including scenes shot at the El Saltito waterfall and Sierra De Organos (in the municipality of Sombrerete, Zacatecas).[4]

text: John Wayne's real-life son, Patrick Wayne, portrays James McCandles in the film, while Robert Mitchum's son, Christopher Mitchum plays Michael McCandles. Wayne's youngest son Ethan Wayne is seen as his grandson, Little Jake, in the movie.

text: DVD[edit]

text: Big Jake was released to DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on April 29, 2003 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and on May 31, 2011 as a Region 1 widescreen Blu-ray DVD.


document_title: Tetrazolium chloride

question_text: ttc can be converted to insoluble red formazan by the activity of

text: Tetrazolium chloride

text: TTC assay[edit]

text: In the TTC assay (also known as TTC test or tetrazolium test), TTC is used to differentiate between metabolically active and inactive tissues. The white compound is enzymatically reduced to red TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) in living tissues due to the activity of various dehydrogenases (enzymes important in oxidation of organic compounds and thus cellular metabolism), while it remains in its unreacted state in areas of necrosis since these enzymes have either denatured or degraded.

text: TTC has been employed in autopsy pathology to assist post-mortem identification of myocardial infarctions. Healthy viable heart muscle will stain deep red from the cardiac lactate dehydrogenase, while areas of potential infarctions will be more pale.


document_title: Sri Lanka Matha

question_text: what language is the sri lankan national anthem

text: Sri Lanka Matha

text: History[edit]

text: There are differing accounts as to the origin of the Sri Lanka Matha. The most widely held view is that Sri Lankan composer Ananda Samarakoon wrote the music and lyrics to the song inspired/influenced by Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore.[1][2][3][4] A minority suggest that Tagore wrote the anthem in full.[5][6][7][8] Some have suggested that Tagore wrote the music whilst Samarakoon wrote the lyrics.[9][10] Samarakoon had been a pupil of Tagore at Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan.[11][12] After returning to Ceylon Samarakoon taught music at Mahinda College, Galle.[13][14] The song, which was then known as Namo Namo Mata, was first sung by students at Mahinda College.[15][16] After it was sung by the choir from Musaeus College, Colombo at a public event it became hugely popular in Ceylon and was widely played on radio.[17]

text: Prior to Ceylon's independence (1948) the Lanka Gandharva Sabha had organised a competition to find a national anthem.[18][19] Among the entries were Namo Namo Matha by Samarakoon and Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima by P. B. Illangasinghe and Lionel Edirisinghe.[18][19] The latter won the competition but this was controversial as Illangasinghe and Edirisinghe were members of the judging panel.[18][19] Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima was broadcast by Radio Ceylon on the morning of 4 February 1948, independence day, but it was not sung at the official Freedom Day celebrations.[18][19] Ceylon continued to use the British national anthem as its official national anthem after independence.[20] At the first independence day ceremony held on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square both Namo Namo Matha and Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima were sung, in Sinhala and Tamil, as "national songs".[18][21]

text: More specifically, in 1950 Minister of Finance J. R. Jayewardene requested that the government recognise Samarakoon's Namo Namo Matha as the official national anthem.[17] The government appointed a committee headed by Edwin Wijeyeratne, Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development, to pick a new national anthem.[20] The committee heard several songs but, after much deliberation, picked Namo Namo Matha.[7][17][20] The committee made a minor change to Samarakoon's song, with his approval, changing the tenth line from "Nawajeewana Damine" to "Nawa Jeewana Demine Nithina Apapupudu Karan Matha".[17] The committee's decision was endorsed by the government on 22 November 1951.[13][20] The anthem was translated into the Tamil language by M. Nallathamby.[17][22][23] Namo Namo Matha was first sung as Ceylon's official national anthem at the independence day ceremony in 1952.[17][24]

text: In the late 1950s controversy arose over first line of the anthem, "Namo Namo Matha, Apa Sri Lanka".[16][17] It was deemed to be "unlucky" and blamed for the country's misfortunes including the deaths of two prime ministers.[16] In February 1961 the government changed the line to their present form, "Sri Lanka Matha, Apa Sri Lanka", despite Samarakoon's strong opposition.[17][22] Samarakoon committed suicide in April 1962, leaving a note complaining that his anthem had been mutilated.[17]

text: The Second Republican Constitution of 1978 gave Sri Lanka Matha constitutional recognition.[25]

text: Multilingual[edit]

text: The Sri Lankan national anthem is available in an identical version in two languages, Sinhala and Tamil, both official languages of the country. It is just one of a number that are sung in more than one language: Belgium (French, Dutch and German), Canada (English, French and Inuktitut), New Zealand (English and Māori), South Africa (Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans and English), Suriname (Dutch and Sranan Tongo) and Switzerland (German, French, Italian and Romansh).[23]

text: Sri Lanka Thaaye, the Tamil version of the Sri Lankan national anthem, is an exact translation of Sri Lanka Matha, the Sinhala version, and has the same music.[26] Although it has existed since independence in 1948 it was generally only sung in the north and east of the country where the Tamil language predominates.[26]

text: The majority of Sri Lankans (around 75%) speak the Sinhala language. More specifically, "Tamil is the native language for the Tamil people, who constitute about 15% of Sri Lankans, and for Muslims who are nearly 10%", according to the BBC.[26] Until early 2016, the Sinhala version was the only one to be used during official government events and it was the only version used during international sports and other events.[23] Although the Sinhala version of the anthem was used at official/state events, the Tamil version was also sung at some events in spite of the unofficial ban which ended in early 2016.

text: The Sinhala version of Sri Lanka Matha was used in all parts of the country with the exception of the North and the East which have a large Tamil population.[22][27][28] Some reports indicate that the Tamil version was used at official events held in the Tamil speaking regions in the North and East of Sri Lanka.[22][23] The Tamil version was sung at Tamil medium schools throughout the country.[22][23] The Tamil version was even used during the period when Sinhala was the only official language of the country (1956–87).[22][23]

text: Tamil version controversy[edit]

text: On 12 December 2010 The Sunday Times reported that the Cabinet of Sri Lanka headed by President Mahinda Rajapaksa had taken the decision to scrap the Tamil translation of Sri Lanka Matha at official and state functions, as "in no other country was the national anthem used in more than one language" - even though the national anthems of Canada, South Africa and those of several other countries have more than one language version.[27] The Cabinet's decision had followed a paper on the national flag and national anthem produced by Public Administration and Home Affairs Minister W. D. J. Senewiratne.[22][29] The paper had drawn on the Singaporean model where the national anthem is sung in the official lyrics and not any translation of the lyrics.[22] Based on this the paper recommended that the Sri Lankan national anthem only be sung in Sinhala and the Tamil translation be abolished.[22] The paper's authors had failed to realise that the official lyrics of the Singaporean national anthem are in Malay, a minority language (75% of Singaporeans are Chinese).[30]

text: Government minister Wimal Weerawansa had labelled the Tamil version a "joke" on Derana TV, and had cited India as an analogy.[31][32][33] Some journalists, such as D. B. S. Jeyaraj,[22] claimed that it was wrong of Weerawansa to cite India as an analogy because according to them the Indian national anthem was not in Hindi, which is the most widely spoken language of India, but in Bengali, a minority language.[34][35][36][37] Although sources based on an official Government of India website state that the Indian National anthem was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly of India,[38][39] the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India on 24 January 1950 does not mention that the National Anthem was "adopted", nor does it mention that it was done so in its Hindi version.[40][41] In actual practice the unaltered Bengali version is the version sung as the National Anthem, with its words in original Bengali Tatsama, a highly Sanskritized form of Bengali that has Sanskrit words common to both Hindi and Bengali.[42]

text: The Cabinet's December 2010 decision to scrap the Tamil translation of the anthem[43] (which was not subsequently enacted) caused much furore in Sri Lanka. Later, the government denied allegations that the Tamil translation was to be abolished.[44] The Presidential Secretariat has stated that there was no basis to the media report and follow up reports which intimated the same.[45] Nevertheless, an unofficial ban[28] on the Tamil version came into being as fearful public officials in Tamil speaking areas stopped using the Tamil version or blocked attempts to use it.[23][46] The Sri Lankan Army forcefully stopped any use of the Tamil version and taught school children to sing only the Sinhala version.[46][47][48][49]

text: In March 2015 newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena announced that he would be issuing a circular which would state that there was no ban on singing the national anthem in Tamil.[50][51] Sirisena's announcement was attacked by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists.[52][53][54][55]

text: During Sri Lanka's 68th national independence day celebrations on 4 February 2016, the Tamil version of the anthem was sung for the first time since 1949 at an official government event, the independence day celebrations.[56] Lifting of the unofficial ban on the Tamil version had been approved by President Maithripala Sirisena (who had said he would unite the nation after the nearly 26-year civil war that ended in 2009) and by others in the government.[28] This step was viewed as part of the plan for "post-civil war ethnic reconciliation".[57]

text: Naturally, Sri Lanka Matha was also sung in the majority Sinhalese. Some groups, and Sri Lanka's former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, were opposed to the government officially allowing the Tamil version to be sung.[26][58][26][59][60]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Sinhala
Tamil
Transliteration
(Sinhala)
Transliteration (Tamil)
English

ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා
අප ශ්‍රී....... ලංකා නමෝ නමෝ නමෝ නමෝ මාතා
සුන්දර සිරිබරිනී සුරැඳි අති සෝබමාන ලංකා
ධාන්‍ය ධනය නෙක මල් පලතුරු පිරි ජය භුමිය රම්‍යා
අප හට සැප සිරි සෙත සදනා ජීවනයේ මාතා
පිළිගනු මැන අප භක්තී පූජා
නමෝ නමෝ මාතා
අප ශ්‍රී ...... ලංකා නමෝ නමෝ නමෝ නමෝ මාතා

ඔබ වේ අප විද්‍යා
ඔබ මය අප සත්‍යා
ඔබ වේ අප ශක්ති
අප හද තුළ භක්තී
ඔබ අප ආලෝකේ
අපගේ අනුප්‍රාණේ
ඔබ අප ජීවන වේ
අප මුක්තිය ඔබ වේ

නව ජීවන දෙමිනේ නිතින අප පුබුදු කරන් මාතා
ඥාන වීර්ය වඩවමින රැගෙන යනු මැන ජය භූමී කරා
එක මවකගෙ දරු කැල බැවිනා
යමු යමු වී නොපමා
ප්‍රේම වඩා සැම භේද දුරැර දා නමෝ නමෝ මාතා
අප ශ්‍රී........ ලංකා නමෝ නමෝ නමෝ නමෝ මාතා

ஸ்ரீ லங்கா தாயே - நம் ஸ்ரீ லங்கா
நமோ நமோ நமோ நமோ தாயே
நல்லெழில் பொலி சீரணி
நலங்கள் யாவும் நிறை வான்மணி லங்கா
ஞாலம் புகழ் வள வயல் நதி மலை மலர்
நறுஞ்சோலை கொள் லங்கா
நமதுறு புகலிடம் என ஒளிர்வாய்
நமதுதி ஏல் தாயே
நமதலை நினதடி மேல் வைத்தோமே
நமதுயிரே தாயே - நம் ஸ்ரீ லங்கா
நமோ நமோ நமோ நமோ தாயே

நமதாரருள் ஆனாய்
நவை தவிர் உணர்வானாய்
நமதோர் வலியானாய்
நவில் சுதந்திரம் ஆனாய்
நமதிளமையை நாட்டே
நகு மடி தனையோட்டே
அமைவுறும் அறிவுடனே
அடல்செறி துணிவருளே

நமதோர் ஒளி வளமே
நறிய மலர் என நிலவும் தாயே
யாமெல்லாம் ஒரு கருணை அனைபயந்த
எழில்கொள் சேய்கள் எனவே
இயலுறு பிளவுகள் தமை அறவே
இழிவென நீக்கிடுவோம்
ஈழ சிரோமணி வாழ்வுறு பூமணி
நமோ நமோ தாயே - நம் ஸ்ரீ லங்கா
நமோ நமோ நமோ நமோ தாயே

Sri Lanka Matha, Apa Sri Lanka
Namo Namo Namo Namo Matha
Sundara siri barini
Surendi athi sobamana Lanka
Dhanya dhanaya neka
Mal palathuru piri, jaya bhoomiya ramya
Apa hata sapa siri setha sadana
Jeewanaye Matha!
Piliganu mena apa bhakthi puja
Namo Namo Matha, Apa Sri Lanka
Namo Namo Namo Namo Matha

Obawe apa widya
Obamaya apa sathya
Obawe apa shakti
Apa hada thula bhakthi
Oba apa aloke
Aapage anuprane
Oba apa jeewana we
Apa mukthiya obawe

Nawa jeewana demine
Nnithina apa pubudu karan Matha
Gnana weerya wadawamina ragena
Yanu mena jaya bhoomi kara
Eka mawekuge daru kala bawina
Yamu yamu wee nopama
Prema wada sama bheda durara da
Namo Namo Matha, Apa Sri Lanka
Namo Namo Namo Namo Matha

Srī laṅkā tāyē – nam Srī laṅkā
Namō namō namō namō tāyē
Nalleḻil poli cīraṇi
Nalaṅkaḷ yāvum niṟai vāṉmaṇi laṅkā
ñālam pukaḻ vaḷa vayal nati malai malar
Naṟuñcōlai koḷ laṅkā
Namatuṟu pukaliṭam eṉa oḷirvāy
Namatuti ēl tāyē
Namatalai niṉataṭi mēl vaittōmē
Namatuyirē tāyē – nam Srī laṅkā
Namō namō namō namō tāyē

Namatāraruḷ āṉāy
Navai tavir uṇarvāṉāy
Namatere valiyāṉāy
Navil cutantiram āṉāy
Namatiḷamaiyai nāṭṭē
Naku maṭi taṉaiyōṭṭē
Amaivuṟum aṟivuṭaṉē
Aṭalceṟi tuṇivaruḷē

Namatōr oḷi vaḷamē
Naṟiya malar eṉa nilavum tāyē
Yāmellām oru karuṇai aṉaipayanta
Eḻilkoḷ cēykaḷ eṉavē
Iyaluṟu piḷavukaḷ tamai aṟavē
Iḻiveṉa nīkkiṭuvōm
īḻa cirōmaṇi vāḻvuṟu pūmaṇi
Namō namō tāyē – nam Srī laṅkā
Namō namō namō namō tāyē

Thou Mother Lanka,
Oh Mother Lanka we salute, salute, salute, salute Thee!
Plenteous in prosperity, Thou,
Beauteous in grace and love,
Laden with grain and luscious fruit,
And fragrant flowers of radiant hue,
Giver of life and all good things,
Our land of joy and victory,
Receive our grateful praise sublime, we worship, worship Thee.
Oh Mother Lanka! We salute, salute, salute, salute Thee!

Thou gavest us Knowledge and Truth,
Thou art our strength and inward faith,
Our light divine and sentient being,
Breath of life and liberation.
Grant us, bondage free, inspiration.
Inspire us for ever.

In wisdom and strength renewed,
Ill-will, hatred, strife all ended,
In love enfolded, a mighty nation
Marching onward, all as one,
Lead us, Mother, to fullest freedom, we worship, worship Thee
Oh Mother Lanka! We salute, salute, salute, salute Thee!

tag: table


document_title: Peter Costa (actor)

question_text: who played rudy's friend peter on the cosby show

question_tokens: who played rudy 's friend peter on the cosby show

text: Peter Costa (actor)

text: Peter Costa is a former American child actor. Costa is best known for his many appearances on The Cosby Show, playing Rudy Huxtable's chubby friend Peter Chiara, whose signature trait was running out the door when a scary or disastrous situation occurs in the Huxtable house..

text: In 1987, Costa was nominated for a Young Artist Award, "Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor in a Long Running Series Comedy or Drama", for the role.

text: He made his first feature film appearance in the 1984 film The Flamingo Kid.

text: Costa made only one appearance on screen after The Cosby Show, in a small role in the 1990 film The Lemon Sisters.

text: Costa is currently a member of the bands Torrential Downpour, the Kreptaka Bar Band and PT Grimm. He plays percussion for these bands, which are based in northern New Jersey.[1][2]


document_title: The Fir and the Bramble

question_text: what is the moral of the fir tree and the bramble

text: The Fir and the Bramble

text: The Fir and the Bramble is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 304 in the Perry Index.[1] It is one of a group in which trees and plants debate together, which also includes The Trees and the Bramble and The Oak and the Reed. The contenders in this fable first appear in a Sumerian debate poem of some 250 lines dating from about 2100 BCE,[2] in a genre that was ultimately to spread through the Near East.

text: The Fable[edit]

text: There are several versions of the fable in Greek sources and a late Latin version recorded by Avianus. It concerns a fir tree that boasted to a bramble, 'You are useful for nothing at all; while I am everywhere used for roofs and houses.' Then the Bramble answered: 'You poor creature, if you would only call to mind the axes and saws which are about to hew you down, you would have reason to wish that you had grown up a Bramble, not a Fir-Tree.'[3] The moral of the story is that renown is accompanied by risks of which the humble are free.

text: William Caxton was the first to provide an English version, taking the story from Avianus and giving it the title The busshe and the aubyer tree.[4] In John Ogilby's verse edition (1668) the fable is titled The Cedar and the Shrub[5] but most later collections give it as The Fir and the Bramble.


document_title: Against the Sun

question_text: in against the sun what type of plane is shown in the movie

text: Against the Sun

text: Plot[edit]

text: Based on a true story, three US Navy airmen are forced to ditch their torpedo bomber in the South Pacific during World War II. They then find themselves on a tiny life raft, surrounded by open ocean. With no food, water and little hope of rescue they drift across the ocean. Against incredible odds, these three virtual strangers survive storms, sharks, starvation and each other as they try to sail more than a thousand miles to safety.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Garret Dillahunt as pilot Harold Dixon
Tom Felton as bombardier Tony Pastula
Jake Abel as radioman Gene Aldrich
Nadia Parra as Frances (Tony's sister)
Quinton Flynn as Newsreel narrator

text: Background[edit]

text: On January 16, 1942, Chief Aviation Machinist's Mate and enlisted Naval Aviation Pilot Harold Dixon (aged 42, from La Mesa, California), radioman Gene Aldrich (aged 22 from Sikeston, Missouri) and bombardier Anthony Pastula (aged 24 of Youngstown, Ohio) took off from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise in a Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bomber. As part of Torpedo Squadron SIX (VT-6), they were to undertake an anti-submarine sweep over the Pacific Ocean. Once airborne they were to maintain radio silence to safeguard the carrier being detected by the Japanese.

text: Their aircraft lost position and was unable to return to the carrier. Running low on fuel Dixon ditched the aircraft in the sea. The aircraft sank quickly taking most of the crew's survival equipment with it. The men inflated the small rubber life raft and climbed inside. Surviving on rainwater and meager rations the men drifted for 34 days and travelled over 1,000 miles, before landing on the Pukapuka atoll, a friendly island. The crew were picked up a week later by a seaplane from the USS Swan.

text: Medals[edit]

text: For his endeavors to keep his crew alive Dixon was awarded the Navy Cross. The citation read "...for extreme heroism, exceptional determination, resourcefulness, skilled seamanship, excellent judgment and highest quality of leadership". Pastula and Aldrich both received presidential commendations for their "extraordinary courage, fortitude, strength of character and exceptional endurance".

text: The life raft the men used is on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum.[3]

text: Memorials[edit]

text:
Dixon died on June 26, 1987 and is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery. Pastula died on October 19, 1982 and is buried in Ohio.
Aldrich died of cancer on March 27, 1973 in San Diego.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had a premiere at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana on November 23, 2014.[4] The film was released to video on demand on January 23, 2015. It was also played at the Arena Theater in Los Angeles.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 67% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10.[5] On Metacritic, the film had score of 43 out of 100, based on 5 reviews.[6]

text: The Los Angeles Times said the film was admirable but compared it unfavorably to Angelina Jolie's film Unbroken which had been released a month before.[7]