document_title: Grand Central Terminal

question_text: who painted the ceiling of grand central station

question_tokens: who painted the ceiling of grand central station

text: Grand Central Terminal

text: Naming[edit]

text: Although the terminal has been officially called "Grand Central Terminal" since the present structure opened, it has "always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station", a name of one of the earlier railroad stations on the same site.[3][4][N 1] "Grand Central Station" is the name of the nearby U.S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue,[5] but may also refer to the Grand Central–42nd Street subway station that is located next to the terminal. The name was also used for the renovated Grand Central Depot, from 1900 until its demolition in 1903.

text: Layout[edit]

text: The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building. The upper-level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west. Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North. Track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13 and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train. The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west; currently, only tracks 102–112, and 114–116 are used for passenger service. Odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side (right side facing north) of the platform; even-numbered tracks on the west.

text: Grand Central Terminal has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade.[6] In a February 2013 BBC News article, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.[7] In 2013, Grand Central Terminal hosted 21.6 million visitors, putting it among the ten most-visited tourist attractions in the world.[8]

text: Its interior has restaurants, such as the Oyster Bar, and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse on the level below the Main Concourse, as well as delis, bakeries, newsstands, a gourmet and fresh food market, an annex of the New York Transit Museum, and more than 40 retail stores. Among them are chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and, since December 2011, an Apple Store.[9][10] Other chain restaurants include a Shake Shack.[11][12]

text: Grand Central Terminal's 49-acre (20 ha) basements are among the largest in the city.[13] This includes M42, a "secret" sub-basement under the terminal that contains the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the tracks. The exact location of M42 is a closely guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on the History Channel program Cities of the Underworld and a National Geographic special. Two of the original rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job, and they remain as a historical record. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.[13][14][15] It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.[16] Abwehr (a German espionage service) sent two spies to sabotage it; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.[13]

text: The terminal building primarily utilizes granite, such that the building emits relatively significant levels of radiation.[17] At an average dose of 525 mrem/year, the level is higher than permitted in a nuclear power facility.[18][19]

text: Midtown TDR Ventures has owned the station since 2006, when Argent Ventures transferred ownership of the station.[20] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the state agency that is the parent of Metro-North, holds a lease until 2274.[21]

text: Main Concourse[edit]

text: The Main Concourse is the center of Grand Central. At 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide by 125 ft (38 m) high,[22][23][24]:74 the cavernous Main Concourse is usually filled with bustling crowds. and is often used as a meeting place.[25] The ticket booths are here, although many now stand unused or have been repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines.[25] The large American flag was hung in Grand Central Terminal a few days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. The main information booth is in the center of the concourse.[25] The four-faced brass clock on top of the information booth, perhaps the most recognizable icon of Grand Central, was designed by Henry Edward Bedford and cast in Waterbury, Connecticut.[25] Each of the four clock faces is made from opalescent glass (now often called opal glass or milk glass), though urban legend has it that the faces are made of opal and that Sotheby's and Christie's have estimated their value to be between $10 million and $20 million. A 1954 New York Times article[26] on the restoration of the clock notes that "Each of the glass faces was twenty-four inches in diameter...." Within the marble and brass pagoda lies a "secret" door that conceals a spiral staircase leading to the lower-level information booth.

text: Outside the station, the 13-foot (4.0 m) clock in front of the Grand Central façade facing 42nd Street contains the world's largest example of Tiffany glass. It is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group, which includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury. The sculptures were designed by French sculptor Jules-Felix Coutan and carved by the John Donnelly Company. At its unveiling in 1914, the 48-foot-high (15 m) trio was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.

text: The upper-level tracks are reached from the Main Concourse or from various hallways and passages branching off from it. On the east side of the Main Concourse is a cluster of food purveyor shops called Grand Central Market.

text: Display board[edit]

text: The original blackboard with arrival and departure information by Track 36 was replaced by an electromechanical display in the main concourse over the ticket windows that displayed times and track numbers of arriving and departing trains.[27] Dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer, it contained rows of flip panels that displayed train information, and became a New York institution, as its many displays would flap simultaneously to reflect changes in train schedules, an indicator of just how busy Grand Central was. A small example of this type of device hangs in the Museum of Modern Art as an example of outstanding industrial design.

text: The flap-board destination sign was replaced with high-resolution mosaic LCD modules[28] also manufactured by Solari Udine. Similar modules are now also used on the trains, both on the sides to display the destination, and on the interior to display the time, next station, calling points, and other passenger information.

text: For safety reasons, every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time. The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down. Of any station in the United States, Grand Central Terminal, with its marble floors, has the fewest slips, trips, and falls.[29]

text: Ceiling[edit]

text: The Main Concourse has an elaborately decorated astronomical ceiling,[30]:57 conceived in 1912 by Warren with his friend, French portrait artist Paul César Helleu, and executed by James Monroe Hewlett and Charles Basing of Hewlett-Basing Studio, with Helleu consulting.[31] Corps of astronomers and painting assistants worked with Hewlett and Basing. The original ceiling was replaced in the late 1930s to correct falling plaster.

text: There is a small dark circle amid the stars above the image of Pisces. In a 1957 attempt to counteract feelings of insecurity spawned by the Soviet launch of Sputnik, an American Redstone missile was set up in the Main Concourse. With no other way to erect the missile, the hole was cut to allow a cable to be lowered to lift the rocket into place. Historical preservation dictated that this hole remain (as opposed to being repaired) as a testament to the many uses of the Terminal over the years.

text: By the 1980s, the ceiling was obscured by decades of what was thought to be coal and diesel smoke. Spectroscopic examination revealed that it was mostly tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke. A 12-year restoration effort, completed in autumn 1996, restored the ceiling to its original design. A single dark patch above the Michael Jordan Steakhouse was left untouched by renovators to remind visitors of the grime that once covered the ceiling.

text: The starry ceiling is astronomically inaccurate in a complicated way. While the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. For example, Orion is correctly rendered, but the adjacent constellations Taurus and Gemini are reversed both internally and in their relation to Orion, with Taurus near Orion's raised arm where Gemini should be. One possible explanation is that the overall ceiling design might have been based on the medieval custom of depicting the sky as it would appear to God looking in at the celestial sphere from outside, but that would have reversed Orion as well. A more likely explanation is partially mistaken transcription of the sketch supplied by Columbia Astronomy professor Harold Jacoby. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913, they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[32]

text: Dining Concourse and lower level tracks[edit]

text: The Dining Concourse, below the Main Concourse and connected to it by numerous stairs, ramps, and escalators, provides access to the lower-level tracks. It has central seating and lounge areas, surrounded by restaurants. Among them is the Oyster Bar, the oldest business within Grand Central, whose decor includes vaults of Guastavino tile.

text: Vanderbilt Hall and Campbell Apartment[edit]

text: Vanderbilt Hall, named for the family that built and owned the station, serves as the entrance area from 42nd Street at Pershing Square. It sits next to the Main Concourse. Formerly the main waiting room for the terminal, it is now used for the annual Christmas Market and special exhibitions, and is rented for private events.

text: The Campbell Apartment is an elegantly restored cocktail lounge, just south of the 43rd Street/Vanderbilt Avenue entrance, that attracts a mix of commuters and tourists. It was at one time the office of 1920s tycoon John W. Campbell and replicates the galleried hall of a 13th-century Florentine palace.[33][34]

text: Subway station[edit]

text: The subway platforms at Grand Central are reached from the Main Concourse. Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) rather than by New York Central, the subway areas of the station lack the majesty that is present throughout most of the rest of Grand Central, although the subway station's track levels are in similar condition to the terminal proper's track levels.

text: The IRT 42nd Street Shuttle platforms were originally an express stop on the original IRT subway, opened in 1904. Once the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was extended uptown in 1918, the original tracks were converted to shuttle use. One track remains connected to the downtown Lexington Avenue local track but the connection is not in revenue service. A fire in the 1960s destroyed much of the shuttle station, which has been rebuilt. The only signs of the fire damage are truncated steel beams visible above the platforms.[35] There are also two other platform levels: the IRT Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which are directly below the shuttle platforms, as they were built soon after the shuttle opened; and the IRT Flushing Line platform, which was built last, and is deeper than the IRT Lexington Avenue Line's platforms. All of the subway platforms are currently operated by New York City Subway.

text: Grand Central North[edit]

text: Grand Central North, opened on August 18, 1999, provides access to Grand Central from 45th Street, 47th Street, and 48th Street.[36] It is connected to the Main Concourse through two long hallways that run parallel to the tracks on the upper level: the 1,000-foot (300 m) Northwest Passage and 1,200-foot (360 m) Northeast Passage.[37] Entrances are at the northeast corner of East 47th Street and Madison Avenue (Northwest Passage), northeast corner of East 48th Street and Park Avenue (Northeast Passage), and on the east and west sides of 230 Park Avenue (Helmsley Building) between 45th and 46th Streets. A fifth entrance opened in early 2012 on the south side of 47th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues.[38] The 47th Street passage provides access to the upper level tracks and the 45th Street passage provides access to the lower-level tracks. Elevator access is available to the 47th Street (upper level) passage from street level on the north side of E. 47th Street, between Madison and Vanderbilt Avenues. There is no elevator access to the actual train platforms from Grand Central North; handicapped access is provided through the main terminal.

text: Throughout these passages, there is an Arts for Transit mosaic installation by Ellen Driscoll, an artist from Brooklyn.[37]

text: The entrances to Grand Central North were originally open from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday. In summer 2006, Grand Central North was closed on weekends, with the MTA citing low usage and the need to save money.[39] Before it was closed, about 6,000 people used Grand Central North on a typical weekend,[40] and about 30,000 on weekdays.

text: Ideas for a northern entrance to Grand Central had been discussed since at least the 1970s. Construction on Grand Central North lasted from 1994 to 1999 and cost $75 million.[37] Delays were attributed to the incomplete nature of the original blueprints of Grand Central and previously undiscovered groundwater beneath East 45th Street. As of 2007, the passages are not air-conditioned.

text: The passages in the terminal are the Metro-North Railroad upper level; the Northwest and Northeast passages; the cross-passages at 47th and 45th Streets; and the Metro-North Railroad lower level.

text: Platforms and tracks[edit]

text: The terminal has 44 platforms, the most in any railway station in the world.[41][42] As of 2016, 67 tracks are in regular passenger use.[43] The upper level has 42 tracks, including ten tracks currently used only for storage. A balloon loop track encircles 40 of these tracks.[44] The lower level has 27 tracks circled by several balloon loops.[45]

text: Tracks 116–125 on the lower level will be demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road concourse being built as part of the East Side Access project,[46] which will build eight new tracks, numbered 301 through 304 and 401 through 404.[47][better source needed]

text: Underneath the Waldorf-Astoria (and connected to Grand Central via the tracks) is a private platform, Track 61, which was built mainly for former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[48] He would travel into the city using his personal train into Track 61, then take a specially designed elevator to the surface. It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.[49][50] This platform was part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria.[16][30]:67 It was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used by General Pershing in 1938.[51]

text: History[edit]

text: Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on this site. The current building's large and imposing scale was intended by New York Central to compete, and compare favorably in the public eye, with its archrival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, as well as with smaller lines.

text: Grand Central Depot[edit]

text: Grand Central Depot brought the trains of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad together in one large station. The station was designed by John B. Snook and financed by Cornelius Vanderbilt. Grand Central Depot first opened in October 1871. The original plan was for the Harlem Railroad to start using it on October 9, 1871 (moving from their 27th Street depot), the New Haven Railroad on October 16, and the Hudson River Railroad on October 23, with the staggering done to minimize confusion. However, the Hudson River Railroad did not move to it until November 1, which puts the other two dates in doubt.[52][53][54][55]

text: The head house containing passenger service areas and railroad offices was an "L" shape with a short leg running east-west on 42nd Street and a long leg running north-south on Vanderbilt Avenue. The train shed, north and east of the head house, had three innovations in U.S. practice: the platforms were elevated to the height of the cars, the roof was a balloon shed with a clear span over all of the tracks, and only passengers with tickets were allowed on the platforms (a rule enforced by ticket examiners). The Harlem, Hudson, and New Haven trains were initially in different stations that were adjacent to each other, which created chaos in baggage transfer. The combined Grand Central Depot serviced all three railroads.[55]

text: Grand Central Station[edit]

text: Between 1899 and 1900, the head house was renovated extensively.[22][23] It was expanded from three to six stories with an entirely new façade, on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert. The train shed was kept, but the tracks that previously continued south of 42nd Street were removed and the train yard reconfigured in an effort to reduce congestion and turn-around time for trains.[56] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.[22][23]

text: On January 8, 1902, a fatal train crash occurred in the Park Avenue Tunnel, north of the station. A southbound train had overrun several signals and collided with another southbound train, killing 15 people and injuring many more.[22][23][57] This event prompted William J. Wilgus, the chief engineer of New York Central, to think about alternatives to running a large railway yard in a growing metropolis.[22][23]

text: On December 22 of that year, Wilgus wrote a letter to New York Central president W. H. Newman, recommending that Grand Central Station, which served steam trains at the time, be completely replaced with a terminal for electric trains. Wilgus stated that electric trains were cleaner, faster, and cheaper to repair.[22][23] In addition, real estate could be built over the 16-block open cut in which Grand Central Station was located. Wilgus proposed a 12-story, 2,300,000-square-foot (210,000 m2) building over the terminal to offset the cost of the station, for a total profit of $2.3 million per year from rents.[22][23] The terminal was to cost $35 million and New York Central made most of its profit from freight. However, the railroad's board of directors, including Cornelius Vanderbilt II, William K. Vanderbilt, William Rockefeller, and J. P. Morgan, approved the project on June 30, 1903.[22][23]

text: Replacement[edit]

text: Between 1903 and 1913, the entire building was torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.[22][23] Before construction even started, objections were raised about the fact that dozens of buildings, on a 17-acre (6.9 ha) plot of land, had to be razed to build the terminal. Wilgus was to head the project.[22][23] Wilgus started to figure out ways to build the new terminal efficiently.[22][23] His solution was to demolish the old Grand Central Station and build the new terminal in sections, while some station operations were shifted to the Grand Central Palace Hotel for a while. This doubled the cost of construction, but obviated the need to suspend all rail service for the duration of construction.[22][23]

text: Design competition[edit]

text: Across town, Pennsylvania Station was being built by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had started building its station and the North River Tunnels in 1901.[22][23] Wilgus wanted the new Grand Central Terminal's design to compete with Penn Station's similarly grand design, which was being built by McKim, Mead & White. Therefore, in 1903, New York Central set up a design competition to decide the firms who would design the new terminal. Wilgus already had abstract concepts for the new terminal and knew some design flaws in the old depot that he wanted to remove in the new terminal.[22][23]

text: Although many architects and firms entered the competition, only two won—Reed & Stem and Warren & Wetmore. Reed & Stem, from St. Paul, Minnesota, had won the contract in part because of their experience designing railway stations, and in part because one of the partners, Allen Stem, was Wilgus's brother-in-law. Similarly, Warren & Wetmore, the architects of the New York Yacht Club building, had Whitney Warren, the cousin of William Vanderbilt, as one of its partners.[22][23] Reed & Stem and Warren & Wetmore entered an agreement to act as the associated architects of Grand Central Terminal in February 1904. Reed & Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore added architectural details and the Beaux-Arts style.[22][23] Charles Reed was appointed the chief executive for the collaboration between the two firms, and he promptly appointed Alfred T. Fellheimer as head of the combined design team. The team, called Associated Architects of Grand Central Terminal, had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.[22][23] Warren & Wetmore's plan, for instance, removed the potentially-profitable tower above the terminal as well as vehicular viaducts around the depot.[22][23]

text: Construction[edit]

text: The construction project was extremely expansive. About 3,200,000 cubic yards (2,400,000 m3) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris being removed from the site on 300 cars every day. The average construction site was 45 feet (14 m) deep, with the lower level being 40 feet (12 m) below ground.[22][23] Over 10,000 workers were assigned to put 118,597 short tons (107,589 t) of steel and 33 miles (53 km) of track inside the final structure. In addition, a 0.5-mile-long (0.80 km), 6-foot-wide (1.8 m) tube was sunk 65 feet (20 m) under the ground to the East River.[22][23]

text: In 1906–7, the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad and the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad electrified their tracks with third rail on the approaches to Grand Central Terminal. This allowed electric trains to enter the then-future Grand Central Terminal upon its completion.[22][23] On September 30, 1906, the first electric train departed for the soon-to-be-demolished Grand Central Station from Highbridge, Bronx.[22][23]

text: To accommodate ever-growing rail traffic into the restricted Midtown area, Wilgus took advantage of the recent electrification technology to propose a novel scheme: a bi-level station below ground. Arriving trains would go underground under Park Avenue, and proceed to an upper-level incoming station if they were mainline trains, or to a lower-level platform if they were suburban trains.[22][23] In addition, turning loops within the station itself obviated complicated switching moves to bring back the trains to the coach yards for servicing. Departing mainline trains reversed into upper-level platforms in the conventional way.[22][23] New track infrastructure allowed maximum train speeds of 52 miles per hour (84 km/h), as well as a massive four-floor, 400-lever signal tower to control the suburban trains.[22][23]

text: Burying electric trains underground brought an additional advantage to the railroads: the ability to sell above-ground air rights over the tracks and platforms for real-estate development. The result of this was the creation of several blocks worth of prime real estate in Manhattan, which were then sold for a large sum of money. In addition, the terminal itself contains support structures for a possible future tower to be built above it.[22][23] The terminal also did away with bifurcating Park Avenue by introducing a "circumferential elevated driveway" that allowed Park Avenue traffic to traverse around the building and over 42nd Street without encumbering nearby streets. The building was also designed to eventually reconnect both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse if the City of New York demanded it.[22][23]

text: The last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910, and workers promptly began demolishing the old station.[22][23]

text: At midnight on February 2, 1913, the new terminal was opened with the departure of a Boston Express train; the first arrival occurred a minute later.[22][23][58] Within sixteen hours, there were an estimated 150,000 visitors.[22][23]

text: Innovations[edit]

text: Grand Central Terminal was much larger than Penn Station, although the latter had been the first to open.[22][23] The former had 70-acre (28 ha) railyards, while the latter had only 28-acre (11 ha). Grand Central had 46 tracks and 30 platforms, more than twice Penn Station's 21 tracks and 11 platforms. In addition, the $43 million Grand Central Terminal had twice as much masonry and steel than Penn Station did, with another $800,000 for a roof that could potentially support a skyscraper in the future.[22][23]

text: Designers of the new terminal also tried to make it as comfortable as possible. To that end, amenities included an oak-floored waiting room for women, attended to by maids; a shoeshine room, also for women; a room with telephones; a salon with gender-separated portions; a dressing room, with maids available for a fee; and a men's barbershop for men, containing a public portion with barbers from many cultures, as well as a rentable private portion.[22][23] Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist-friendly space where "[t]imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen, or imposed upon by hotel runners, chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms"; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures, where "special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers"; and a general tourist attraction "where one delights to loiter, admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines — a poem in stone".[22][23]

text: "Grand Central Zone"[edit]

text: The construction of Grand Central created a mini-city called the "Grand Central Zone", which stretched from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues. This area included the Commodore, Biltmore, Roosevelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Lane and Waldorf Astoria Hotels, luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue, and various new office buildings. Prestigious apartment and office buildings were erected around Grand Central, which turned the area into the most desirable commercial office district in Manhattan.[59][60][61] It spurred construction throughout the neighborhood in the 1920s, including that of skyscrapers such as the Chrysler Building.

text: In 1928, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building (now called the Helmsley Building) straddling Park Avenue on the north side of the Terminal.

text: From 1939 to 1964, CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above the main waiting room. The space contained two production studios (41 and 42), two "program control" facilities (43 and 44), network master control, and facilities for local station WCBS-TV. In 1958, the first major videotape operations facility in the world opened in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor of the main terminal building. The facility used fourteen Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders. The CBS Evening News began its broadcasts there with Douglas Edwards. Many historic news events were broadcast from this location, such as John Glenn's Mercury-Atlas 6 space mission. Edward R. Murrow's "See It Now" originated from Grand Central, including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy. The Murrow broadcasts were recreated in George Clooney's movie Good Night, and Good Luck, although the CBS News and corporate offices were not actually in the same building as the film implies. The long-running panel show "What's My Line?" was first broadcast from the GCT studios, as were "The Goldbergs" and "Mama". The facility's operations were later moved to the CBS Broadcast Center. In 1966, the former studio space was converted to a sports club with two tennis courts and was operated by Donald Trump from 1984 to 2009. The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court.[62][63]

text: Grand Central Art Galleries[edit]

text: From 1922 to 1958, Grand Central Terminal was the home of the Grand Central Art Galleries, which were established by John Singer Sargent, Edmund Greacen, Walter Leighton Clark, and others.[64] The founders had sought a location in Manhattan that was central and easily accessible, and Alfred Holland Smith, president of New York Central, made the top of the terminal available. A 10-year lease[65] was signed, and the galleries, together with the railroad company, spent more than $100,000 to prepare the space.[66] The architect was William Adams Delano, best known for designing Yale Divinity School's Sterling Quadrangle.

text: At their opening, the galleries extended over most of the terminal's sixth floor, 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2), and offered eight main exhibition rooms, a foyer gallery, and a reception area.[67] A total of 20 display rooms were planned for what was intended as "... the largest sales gallery of art in the world".[66] The official opening was March 22, 1923,[67] and featured paintings by Sargent, Charles W. Hawthorne, Cecilia Beaux, Wayman Adams, and Ernest Ipsen. Sculptors included Daniel Chester French, Herbert Adams, Robert Aitken, Gutzon Borglum, and Frederic MacMonnies. The event attracted 5,000 people and received a glowing review from The New York Times.

text: A year after they opened, the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art, which occupied 7,000 square feet (650 m2) on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal. The school was directed by Sargent and Daniel Chester French. Its first-year teachers included painters Jonas Lie and Nicolai Fechin, sculptor Chester Beach, illustrator Dean Cornwell, costume designer Helen Dryden, and muralist Ezra Winter.[68][69] The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944.[70]

text: The Grand Central Art Galleries remained in the terminal until 1958, when they moved to the Biltmore Hotel.[71] They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years, until it was converted into an office building.[72] When the Biltmore was demolished in 1981, they moved to 24 West 57th Street.[73] They ceased operations in 1994.

text: Musical performances[edit]

text: Beginning during the Christmas season of 1928 and continuing on select holidays until 1958, an organist performed in Grand Central's North Gallery. Mary Lee Read initiated recitals on a borrowed Hammond organ. Grand Central management eventually bought an organ and a set of chimes for the station and began paying Mrs. Read an annual retainer.[74] In addition to the weeks before Christmas, Mrs. Read would play during the weeks before Thanksgiving and Easter and on Mother's Day. A choir composed of Works Progress Administration employees performed with her one Easter.[74] Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, she attempted to lift spirits by playing "The Star-Spangled Banner", which brought the main concourse to a standstill. The stationmaster subsequently asked her to avoid selections that would cause passengers to miss their trains, and Mrs. Read became known as the only organist in New York who was forbidden to play the United States' national anthem.[74]

text: Proposals for demolition and towers[edit]

text: In 1947, over 65 million people, or equivalent to 40% of the United States' population at the time, traveled through Grand Central. However, railroads soon fell into a major decline with competition from highways and intercity airline traffic.

text: Grand Central was designed to support a tower built above it. In 1954, William Zeckendorf proposed replacing Grand Central with an 80-story, 4,800,000-square-foot (450,000 m2) tower, 500 feet (150 m) taller than the Empire State Building. I. M. Pei created a pinched-cylinder design that took the form of a glass cylinder with a wasp waist. The plan was abandoned. In 1955, Erwin S. Wolfson made his first proposal for a tower north of the Terminal replacing the Terminal's six-story office building. A revised Wolfson plan was approved in 1958 and the Pan Am Building (now the MetLife Building) was completed in 1963 even though that section of the superstructure was not designed to support a tower above it.

text: Although the Pan Am Building's completion averted the terminal's imminent destruction, New York Central continued its precipitous decline. In 1968, facing bankruptcy, it merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad to form the Penn Central Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad was in its own precipitous decline, and in 1964, despite plans to save the ornate Penn Station from destruction, the station was demolished and completely rebuilt to make way for an office building and the new Madison Square Garden. In 1968, Penn Central unveiled plans for a tower designed by Marcel Breuer even bigger than the Pan Am Building to be built over Grand Central. Since Grand Central was designed to support a tower above it, the Marcel Breuer design would have utilized the existing tower support structure but would not have preserved the facade or the Main Waiting Room. The plans drew huge opposition, most prominently from Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis:

text: Is it not cruel to let our city die by degrees, stripped of all her proud monuments, until there will be nothing left of all her history and beauty to inspire our children? If they are not inspired by the past of our city, where will they find the strength to fight for her future? Americans care about their past, but for short term gain they ignore it and tear down everything that matters. Maybe... this is the time to take a stand, to reverse the tide, so that we won't all end up in a uniform world of steel and glass boxes.[75]

text: Six months prior to the unveiling of the Breuer plans, however, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central a city "landmark". Penn Central was unable to secure permission from the Commission to execute either of Breuer's two blueprints and filed suit against the city, alleging a taking.[76] The resulting case, Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City (1978), was the first time that the Supreme Court ruled on a matter of historic preservation. The Court saved the terminal, holding that New York City's Landmarks Preservation Act did not constitute a "taking" of Penn Central's property under the Fifth Amendment and was a reasonable use of government land-use regulatory power.

text: Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970 in what was then the biggest corporate bankruptcy in American history. Title to Grand Central passed to Penn Central's corporate successor, American Premier Underwriters (APU) (which in turn was absorbed by American Financial Group).

text: Restorations and expansion[edit]

text: 1970s restoration[edit]

text: Grand Central and its neighborhood fell on hard times during the financial collapse of its host railroads and the near bankruptcy of New York City itself.

text: In 1975, Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels.[77] Trump negotiated various tax breaks and, in the process, agreed to renovate the exterior of the terminal.[78] The complementary masonry from the Commodore was covered with a mirror-glass "slipcover" façade – the masonry still exists underneath. In the same deal, Trump optioned Penn Central's rail yards on the Hudson River between 59th and 72nd Streets that eventually became Trump Place, the biggest private development in New York City.

text: On September 11, 1976, a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal. The group also hijacked a plane. After stating their political demands, they revealed the location and provided the instructions for disarming the Grand Central Terminal bomb. The disarming operation was not executed properly and the resulting explosion wounded over 30 and killed one NYPD bomb squad specialist.[79][80]

text: The Grand Hyatt opened in 1980 and the neighborhood immediately began a transformation.[81] Trump sold his half-share in the hotel for $142 million in 1996.[82]

text: Throughout this period, the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge billboard advertisements, with perhaps the most famous being the giant Kodak Colorama photos that ran along the entire east side, and the Westclox "Big Ben" clock over the south concourse.

text: Metro-North operation and centennial[edit]

text: Amtrak announced that it would stop service to the station in 1988.[83] The final Amtrak train stopped at the station on April 7, 1991, upon the completion of the Empire Connection, which allowed trains from Albany, Toronto, and Montreal to use Penn Station. Previously, travelers had to change stations via subway, bus, or cab. Since then, Grand Central has exclusively served Metro-North Railroad, although Amtrak temporarily operated three weekday roundtrip Empire Service trains in Summer 2017 to accommodate track work at Penn Station.[84]

text: The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) signed a 280-year lease in 1994 and began a massive restoration, in which all billboards were removed and the station was restored. These renovations were mostly finished in 1998, though some of the minor refits (such as replacement of electromechanical train information displays with electronic displays at track entries) were not completed until 2000. The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations. The original baggage room, later converted into retail space and occupied for many years by Chemical Bank, was removed, and replaced with a mirror image of the West Stairs. Although the baggage room had been designed by the original architects, the restoration architects found evidence that a set of stairs mirroring those to the West was originally intended for that space. Other modifications included a complete overhaul of the Terminal's superstructure and the replacement of the electromechanical Omega Board train arrival/departure display with a purely electronic display that was designed to fit into the architecture of the Terminal aesthetically. The original quarry in Tennessee was located and reopened specifically to provide matching stone to replace damaged stone and for the new East Staircase. Each piece of new stone is labeled with its installation date and the fact that it was not a part of the original Terminal building.

text: The exterior was again cleaned and restored, starting with the west facade on Vanderbilt Avenue and gradually working counterclockwise. The project involved cleaning the facade, rooftop light courts, and statues; filling in cracks, repointing stones on the facade, restoring the copper roof and the building's cornice, repairing the large windows of the Main Concourse, and removing the remaining blackout paint applied to the windows during World War II. The result of the restoration, which was completed in 2007, was a cleaner, more attractive, and structurally sound exterior, and the windows now allow much more light into the Main Concourse.

text: Midtown TDR Ventures, LLC, an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures,[85] purchased the station from American Financial in December 2006.[86] As part of the transaction the lease with the MTA was renegotiated through February 28, 2274. The MTA pays $2.24 million in rent and has an option to buy the station and tracks in 2017, although Argent could extend the date another 15 years to 2032.[85] The transferable air rights remain the property of Midtown TDR Ventures.

text: On February 1, 2013, numerous displays, performances and events were held to celebrate the terminal's centennial.[87][88]

text: In 2014, the One Vanderbilt supertall skyscraper was proposed for a site to the west of Grand Central Terminal, across Vanderbilt Avenue.[89] Demolition of the existing buildings on the site began in 2015.[90] The official groundbreaking was in October 2016[91] and the building is expected to be completed in 2020.[92] Its construction includes an underground connection to Grand Central Terminal.[91]

text: From July 10 to September 1, 2017, six daily Amtrak Empire Service trains (three round trips per day) arrived and departed from Grand Central as part of Amtrak's repair work at Pennsylvania Station. Amtrak's three-letter abbreviation for the station was NYG.[84]

text: Long Island Rail Road access[edit]

text: The MTA is in the midst of a large-scale project to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal via the East Side Access Project. The project was spurred by a study that showed that more than half of LIRR riders work closer to Grand Central than to the current terminus at Penn Station.[93] The East Side Access has resulted in major blasting work under Grand Central Terminal. Since March 2007, about 1000 workers have completed more than 2,400 controlled blasts ending about October 4, 2013.[94]

text: A new bi-level, eight-track tunnel with four platforms was excavated under Park Avenue, more than 90 feet (27 m) below the Metro-North tracks and more than 140 feet (43 m) below the surface. Reaching the street from the lowest level, more than 175 feet (53 m) deep, will take about 10 minutes.[95] There will also be a new 350,000-square-foot retail and dining concourse.[96] It will initially be accessed via stairwells, 22 elevators, and 47 escalators connecting to Grand Central's existing food court, in comparison to the 19 escalators in the remainder of the LIRR system.[97] The MTA plans to build and open additional entrances at 45th, 46th, and 48th streets.[98] The escalators would be up to 180 feet (55 m) long. The escalators and elevators are to be partially privately operated, one of the only such instances in the entire MTA system.[97]

text: LIRR trains will access Park Avenue via the existing lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel, connecting to its main line running through Sunnyside Yard in Queens. Extensions were added on both the Manhattan and Queens sides.

text: Cost estimates jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004 to $6.4 billion in 2006. The MTA said that some small buildings on the route in Manhattan will be torn down to make way for air vents.[99] Cardinal Edward Egan criticized the plan, noting concerns about the tracks, which will largely be on the west side of Park Avenue, and their impact on St. Patrick's Cathedral.[99] The new LIRR terminal will be open in December 2022.[100]

text: Influence on design of transit centers[edit]

text: Grand Central Terminal was an innovation in transit-hub design and continues to influence designers. One new concept was the use of ramps, rather than staircases, to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility. Another was wrapping Park Avenue around the Terminal above the street, creating a second level for picking up and dropping off of passengers. As airline travel replaced railroads in the latter half of the 20th century, Grand Central design innovations were later incorporated into the hub airport.

text: Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.[2][101][102]

text: Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie station, on Metro-North's Hudson Line in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was also designed by Warren & Wetmore and opened in 1918.[103]

text: The Grand Central Terminal Park Avenue Viaduct was added to the National Register in 1983.[1]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Many film and television productions have included scenes shot at Grand Central Terminal. Kyle McCarthy, who handles production at Grand Central, said, "Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places. Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes, the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic."[104]

text: Films featuring Grand Central include:

text:
Amateur
Around the World in 80 Days
Arthur
The Avengers
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Before We Go
The Bone Collector
Broad City
By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept
Carlito's Way
Cloverfield
Conspiracy Theory
The Cotton Club
Duplicity
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Falling in Love
The Fisher King
The Following
The Freshman
Friends with Benefits
Gossip Girl
Hackers
The House on Carroll Street
Hugo
I Am Legend
K-PAX
Little Nicky
Loser
Madagascar
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Men In Black
Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days
Midnight Run
North By Northwest
One Fine Day
The Out-of-Towners
The Perfect Score
The Prince of Tides
Revolutionary Road
Spider-Man: Homecoming
Superman: The Movie
Step Up 3
The Girl On The Train
The Taking of Pelham 123
Unbreakable
Winter's Tale

text: The area now occupied by the Vanderbilt Tennis Club was once a CBS television studio that produced various live and recorded shows such as The CBS Evening News and See It Now, and live dramas, such as Mama. The first four episodes of What's My Line also originated from Grand Central before the show moved to various Manhattan theaters that could accommodate studio audiences. In 1964, CBS moved television operations to the CBS Broadcast Center.

text: Other appearances in television include:

text:
The legal thriller television series Damages, which features the terminal's The Glory of Commerce sculptural group in the title sequence.
The drama thriller television series Quantico, which features the terminal being destroyed in a terrorist attack.

text: The terminal was also the setting and background for a radio anthology series, Grand Central Station, which aired from 1937 to 1954.

text: Grand Central Terminal is the locale for one of the missions in the video game Tom Clancy's The Division.

text: The station is also the starting mission of Lego Marvel Super Heroes. In the game, the mission is called 'Sand Central Station' after it is attacked by Sandman.


document_title: List of Game of Thrones episodes

question_text: name of last episode of game of thrones

question_tokens: name of last episode of game of thrones

root

text: List of Game of Thrones episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

First aired
Last aired

1
10
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
2.52[14]

2
10
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
3.80[14]

3
10
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
4.97[15]

4
10
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
6.84[16]

5
10
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
6.88[17]

6
10
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
7.69[18]

7
7
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
10.26[19]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Winter Is Coming"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 17, 2011 (2011-04-17)
2.22[20]

2
2
"The Kingsroad"
Tim Van Patten
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2011 (2011-04-24)
2.20[21]

3
3
"Lord Snow"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 1, 2011 (2011-05-01)
2.44[22]

4
4
"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things"
Brian Kirk
Bryan Cogman
May 8, 2011 (2011-05-08)
2.45[23]

5
5
"The Wolf and the Lion"
Brian Kirk
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
2.58[24]

6
6
"A Golden Crown"
Daniel Minahan
Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)
2.44[25]

7
7
"You Win or You Die"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 29, 2011 (2011-05-29)
2.40[26]

8
8
"The Pointy End"
Daniel Minahan
George R. R. Martin
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
2.72[27]

9
9
"Baelor"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2011 (2011-06-12)
2.66[28]

10
10
"Fire and Blood"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)
3.04[29]

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The North Remembers"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
3.86[30]

12
2
"The Night Lands"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
3.76[31]

13
3
"What Is Dead May Never Die"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)
3.77[32]

14
4
"Garden of Bones"
David Petrarca
Vanessa Taylor
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
3.65[33]

15
5
"The Ghost of Harrenhal"
David Petrarca
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29)
3.90[34]

16
6
"The Old Gods and the New"
David Nutter
Vanessa Taylor
May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3.88[35]

17
7
"A Man Without Honor"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)
3.69[36]

18
8
"The Prince of Winterfell"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
3.86[37]

19
9
"Blackwater"
Neil Marshall
George R. R. Martin
May 27, 2012 (2012-05-27)
3.38[38]

20
10
"Valar Morghulis"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 3, 2012 (2012-06-03)
4.20[39]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Valar Dohaeris"
Daniel Minahan
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
4.37[40]

22
2
"Dark Wings, Dark Words"
Daniel Minahan
Vanessa Taylor
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
4.27[41]

23
3
"Walk of Punishment"
David Benioff
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
4.72[42]

24
4
"And Now His Watch Is Ended"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
4.87[43]

25
5
"Kissed by Fire"
Alex Graves
Bryan Cogman
April 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)
5.35[44]

26
6
"The Climb"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)
5.50[45]

27
7
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
Michelle MacLaren
George R. R. Martin
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)
4.84[46]

28
8
"Second Sons"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
5.13[47]

29
9
"The Rains of Castamere"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
5.22[48]

30
10
"Mhysa"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)
5.39[49]

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Two Swords"
D. B. Weiss
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
6.64[50]

32
2
"The Lion and the Rose"
Alex Graves
George R. R. Martin
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)
6.31[51]

33
3
"Breaker of Chains"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20)
6.59[52]

34
4
"Oathkeeper"
Michelle MacLaren
Bryan Cogman
April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27)
6.95[53]

35
5
"First of His Name"
Michelle MacLaren
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04)
7.16[54]

36
6
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
Alik Sakharov
Bryan Cogman
May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11)
6.40[55]

37
7
"Mockingbird"
Alik Sakharov
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
7.20[56]

38
8
"The Mountain and the Viper"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 1, 2014 (2014-06-01)
7.17[57]

39
9
"The Watchers on the Wall"
Neil Marshall
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 8, 2014 (2014-06-08)
6.95[58]

40
10
"The Children"
Alex Graves
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 15, 2014 (2014-06-15)
7.09[59]

text: Season 5 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Wars to Come"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12)
8.00[60]

42
2
"The House of Black and White"
Michael Slovis
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19)
6.81[61]

43
3
"High Sparrow"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
6.71[62]

44
4
"Sons of the Harpy"
Mark Mylod
Dave Hill
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
6.82[63]

45
5
"Kill the Boy"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 10, 2015 (2015-05-10)
6.56[64]

46
6
"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken"
Jeremy Podeswa
Bryan Cogman
May 17, 2015 (2015-05-17)
6.24[65]

47
7
"The Gift"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 24, 2015 (2015-05-24)
5.40[66]

48
8
"Hardhome"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 31, 2015 (2015-05-31)
7.01[67]

49
9
"The Dance of Dragons"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 7, 2015 (2015-06-07)
7.14[68]

50
10
"Mother's Mercy"
David Nutter
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 14, 2015 (2015-06-14)
8.11[69]

text: Season 6 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

51
1
"The Red Woman"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
7.94[70]

52
2
"Home"
Jeremy Podeswa
Dave Hill
May 1, 2016 (2016-05-01)
7.29[71]

53
3
"Oathbreaker"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 8, 2016 (2016-05-08)
7.28[72]

54
4
"Book of the Stranger"
Daniel Sackheim
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)
7.82[73]

55
5
"The Door"
Jack Bender
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
7.89[74]

56
6
"Blood of My Blood"
Jack Bender
Bryan Cogman
May 29, 2016 (2016-05-29)
6.71[75]

57
7
"The Broken Man"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
7.80[76]

58
8
"No One"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
7.60[77]

59
9
"Battle of the Bastards"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
7.66[78]

60
10
"The Winds of Winter"
Miguel Sapochnik
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
8.89[79]

text: Season 7 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

61
1
"Dragonstone"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
10.11[80]

62
2
"Stormborn"
Mark Mylod
Bryan Cogman
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
9.27[81]

63
3
"The Queen's Justice"
Mark Mylod
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
9.25[82]

64
4
"The Spoils of War"
Matt Shakman
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
10.17[83]

65
5
"Eastwatch"
Matt Shakman
Dave Hill
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
10.72[84]

66
6
"Beyond the Wall"
Alan Taylor
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
10.24[85]

67
7
"The Dragon and the Wolf"
Jeremy Podeswa
David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
12.07[86]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD and Blu-ray release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
10
March 6, 2012[87]
March 5, 2012[88]
August 10, 2012[89]

2
10
February 19, 2013[90]
March 4, 2013[91]
March 6, 2013[92]

3
10
February 18, 2014[93]
February 17, 2014[94]
February 19, 2014[95]

4
10
February 17, 2015[96]
February 16, 2015[97]
February 18, 2015[98]

5
10
March 15, 2016[99]
March 14, 2016[100]
March 16, 2016[101]

6
10
November 15, 2016[102]
November 14, 2016[103]
November 16, 2016[104]

7
7
December 12, 2017[105]
December 11, 2017[106]
December 11, 2017[107]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Average

1
2.22
2.20
2.44
2.45
2.58
2.44
2.40
2.72
2.66
3.04
2.52[108]

2
3.86
3.76
3.77
3.65
3.90
3.88
3.69
3.86
3.38
4.20
3.80[108]

3
4.37
4.27
4.72
4.87
5.35
5.50
4.84
5.13
5.22
5.39
4.97[109]

4
6.64
6.31
6.59
6.95
7.16
6.40
7.20
7.17
6.95
7.09
6.84[110]

5
8.00
6.81
6.71
6.82
6.56
6.24
5.40
7.01
7.14
8.11
6.88[111]

6
7.94
7.29
7.28
7.82
7.89
6.71
7.80
7.60
7.66
8.89
7.69[112]

7
10.11
9.27
9.25
10.17
10.72
10.24
12.07
N/A
10.26[113]


document_title: Nandini

question_text: what is the meaning of nandini in english

text: Nandini

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Nandini PandeyGender
FemaleLanguage(s)
Sanskrit

text: Nandini is a female given name. It is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root nand, which means "to rejoice, delight". Literally, nandinī means a woman who brings joy. The name also specifically refers to a daughter, as a daughter brings joy to the family. In Hindu mythology, Parvati, Shiva's divine consort, is often addressed by this name.

tag: p

text: People[edit]

text: The following people named Nandini have articles on Wikipedia:

text:
Nandini Bhaktavatsala, Indian actress, won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in the Kannada film, Kaadu
Nandini Goud (born 1967), painter and printmaker from Hyderabad, India
Nandini Mundkur, Indian developmental paediatrician
Nandini Muthuswamy, Carnatic violinist from South India
Hamsa Nandini, Indian model, dancer, actress
Nandini Nimbkar, American academic from India, current President of the Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute (NARI)
Nandini Rai (born 1988), Indian model and film actress
Nandini Reddy, Indian film director
Nandini Sidda Reddy, Telugu language writer and poet
Nandini Sahu (born 1973), Indian poet
Nandini Satpathy (1931–2006), Indian politician and author
Rajesh Nandini Singh (born 1967), Indian politician in the Indian National Congress
Nandini Srikar, Indian singer, composer and guitarist

tag: ul


document_title: Juan de Fuca Plate

question_text: is the juan de fuca plate oceanic or continental

text: Juan de Fuca Plate

text: Origins[edit]

text: The Juan de Fuca plate system has its origins with Panthalassa's oceanic basin and crust. This oceanic crust has primarily been subducted under the North American plate, and the Eurasian Plate. Panthalassa's oceanic plate remnants are understood to be the Juan de Fuca, Gorda, Cocos and the Nazca plates, all four of which were part of the Farallon Plate.

text: Extent[edit]

text: The Juan de Fuca plate is bounded on the south by the Blanco Fracture Zone (running northwest off the coast of Oregon), on the north by the Nootka Fault (running southwest off Nootka Island, near Vancouver Island, British Columbia) and along the west by the Pacific Plate (which covers most of the Pacific Ocean and is the largest of Earth's tectonic plates). The Juan de Fuca plate itself has since fractured into three pieces, and the name is applied to the entire plate in some references, but in others only to the central portion. The three fragments are differentiated as such: the piece to the south is known as the Gorda Plate and the piece to the north is known as the Explorer Plate. The separate pieces are demarcated by the large offsets of the undersea spreading zone.

text: Volcanism[edit]

text: This subducting plate system has formed the Cascade Range, the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and the Pacific Ranges, along the west coast of North America from southern British Columbia to northern California. These in turn are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a much larger-scale volcanic feature that extends around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean.

text: Earthquakes[edit]

text: The last megathrust earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, estimated to have a moment magnitude of 8.7 to 9.2. Based on carbon dating of local tsunami deposits, it is inferred to have occurred around 1700.[2] Evidence of this earthquake is also seen in the ghost forest along the bank of the Copalis River in Washington. The rings of the dead trees indicate that they died around 1700, and it is believed that they were killed when the earthquake occurred and sunk the ground beneath them causing the trees to be flooded by saltwater.[3]  Japanese records indicate that a tsunami occurred in Japan on 26 January 1700, which was likely caused by this earthquake.[4]

text: In 2008, small earthquakes were observed within the Juan de Fuca Plate. The unusual quakes were described as "more than 600 quakes over the past 10 days in a basin 150 miles [240 km] southwest of Newport". The quakes were unlike most quakes in that they did not follow the pattern of a large quake, followed by smaller aftershocks; rather, they were simply a continual deluge of small quakes. Furthermore, they did not occur on the tectonic plate boundary, but rather in the middle of the plate. The subterranean quakes were detected on hydrophones, and scientists described the sounds as similar to thunder, and unlike anything previously recorded.[5]

text: Carbon sequestration potential[edit]

text: The basaltic formations of the Juan de Fuca Plate could potentially be suitable for long-term CO2 sequestration as part of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. Injection of CO2 would lead to the formation of stable carbonates. It is estimated that 100 years of US carbon emissions (at current rate) could be stored securely, without risk of leakage back into the atmosphere.[6][7]


document_title: Euglenid

question_text: 2) what type of nutrition do euglenids have

question_tokens: 2 ) what type of nutrition do euglenids have

text: Euglenid

text: Structure[edit]

text: Euglenids are distinguished mainly by the presence of a pellicle (periplast). Within its taxon, the pellicle is one of the euglenids' most diverse features from a morphological standpoint.[4] The pellicle is composed of proteinaceous strips underneath the cell membrane, supported by dorsal and ventral microtubules. This varies from rigid to flexible, and gives the cell its shape, often giving it distinctive striations. In many euglenids the strips can slide past one another, causing an inching motion called metaboly. Otherwise they move using their flagella.

text: Classification[edit]

text: The euglenids were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1884 as the flagellate order Euglenida, as an animal. Botanists subsequently created the algal division Euglenophyta; thus they were classified as both animals and plants, as they share characteristics with both. Conflicts of this nature are exemplary of why the kingdom Protista was adopted. However, they retained their double-placement until the flagellates were split up, and both names are still used to refer to the group. Their chlorophyll are not masked with accessory pigments.

text: Nutrition[edit]

text: The classification of euglenids is still variable, as groups are being revised to conform with their molecular phylogeny. Classifications have fallen in line with the traditional groups based on differences in nutrition and number of flagella; these provide a starting point for considering euglenid diversity. Different characteristics of the euglenids' pellicles can provide insight into their modes of movement and nutrition.[5]

text: As with other Euglenozoa, the primitive mode of nutrition is phagocytosis. Prey such as bacteria and smaller flagellates are ingested through a cytostome, supported by microtubules. These are often packed together to form two or more rods, which function in ingestion, and in Entosiphon form an extendable siphon. Most phagotrophic euglenids have two flagella, one leading and one trailing. The latter is used for gliding along the substrate. In some, such as Peranema, the leading flagellum is rigid and beats only at its tip.

text: Osmotrophic euglenoids[edit]

text: Osmotrophic euglenids are euglenids which have undergone osmotrophy.

text: Due to a lack of characteristics which are useful for taxonomical purposes, the origin of osmotrophic euglenids is unclear. Though, certain morphological characteristics reveal a small fraction of osmotrophic euglenids are derived from phototrophic and phagotrophic ancestors.[6]

text: A prolonged absence of light or exposure to harmful chemicals may cause atrophy and absorption of the chloroplasts without otherwise harming the organism. There are a number of species where a chloroplast's absence was formerly marked with separate genera such as Astasia (colourless Euglena) and Hyalophacus (colourless Phacus). Due to the lack of a developed cytostome, these forms feed exclusively by osmotrophic absorption.

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Although euglenids share several common characteristics with animals, which is why they were originally classified as so, there is no evidence of euglenids ever using sexual reproduction. This is one of the reasons they could no longer be classified as animals.

text: For euglenids to reproduce, asexual reproduction takes place in the form of binary fission, and the cells replicate and divide during mitosis and cytokinesis. This process occurs in a very distinct order. First, the basal bodies and flagella replicate, then the cytostome and microtubules (the feeding apparatus), and finally the nucleus and remaining cytoskeleton. Once this occurs, the organism begins to cleave at the basal bodies, and this cleavage line moves towards the center of the organism until two separate euglenids are evident.[7] Because of the way that this reproduction takes place and the axis of separation, this is called longitudinal cell division or longitudinal binary fission.[8]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Euglena sp. (Euglenales)

Phacus sp. (Euglenales)

Trachelomonas sp. (Euglenales)

Euglenoid cultures in Petri dishes

text:
Cell diagram

Astasia sp. (Euglenales)

Euglena, Astasia and Phacus spp. (Euglenales)

Euglena, Phacus and Lepocinclis spp. (Euglenales)

Anisonema, Petalomonas, Notosolenus, Scytomonas and Tropidoscyphus spp. (Sphenomonadales); Heteronema, Dinema and Entosiphon spp. (Heteronematales)


document_title: I Love You Yes I Do

question_text: who sang i love you yes i do

question_tokens: who sang i love you yes i do

text: I Love You Yes I Do

text:
"I Love You Yes I Do"

Single by Bull Moose Jackson and His Buffalo Bearcats

B-side
"Sneaky Pete"

Released
1948 (1948)

Format
10", 78 RPM

Genre
Rhythm and blues

Label
King
4181

Songwriter(s)

Sally Nix
Henry Glover

text:
"I Love You Yes I Do"

Single by Bull Moose Jackson

B-side
"Aw Shucks Baby"

Released
1961 (1961)

Format
7"

Genre
Rhythm and blues

Length
3:33

Label
7 Arts
705

Songwriter(s)

Sally Nix
Henry Glover

text:
"I Love You, Yes I Do"

Single by James Brown

B-side
"Just You and Me, Darling"

Released
1961 (1961)

Format
7"

Genre
Rhythm and blues

Length
2:46

Label
King
5547

Songwriter(s)

Guy Wood
Edward Seiler
Sol Marcus
Sally Nix
Henry Glover

James Brown charting singles chronology

"Baby, You're Right"
(1961)
"I Love You, Yes I Do"
(1961)
"Lost Someone"
(1961)

"Baby, You're Right"
(1961)
"Just You and Me, Darling" (B-side of "I Love You, Yes I Do")
(1961)
"Lost Someone"
(1961)

text: "I Love You Yes I Do" is a 1947 song by Bull Moose Jackson and His Bearcats. The single was Jackson's first number one on the R&B Juke Box chart, spending three weeks at the top spot and peaking at number twenty-four on the pop chart.[1]

text: In 1961, Bull Moose Jackson recorded a new version of the song without his band. The new version hit number ten on the R&B chart, and number ninety-eight on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] Both versions of "I Love You Yes I Do" would be the only times Jackson crossed over to the national pop charts.

text: James Brown recorded a cover version of the song in 1961 which failed to chart, though its B-side, "Just You and Me, Darling", charted #17 R&B.[2] He also performs the song in a medley with The Famous Flames on the 1963 album Live at the Apollo.


document_title: List of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals

question_text: when did kerry last win the all ireland

question_tokens: when did kerry last win the all ireland

text: History[edit]

text: Teams from the southern province of Munster shared the early titles, with Limerick, Tipperary and Cork winning the first three finals. The first Championship featured club teams who represented their respective counties after their county championship. The 21 a-side final, played in Beech Hill, Clonskeagh on 29 April 1888, was contested between Commercials of Limerick and Young Irelands of Louth, with Commercials winning by 1-4 to 0-3. Unlike later All-Irelands, there were no provincial championships and it was an open draw.

text: The second Championship was unfinished owing to the American Invasion Tour. The 1888 provincial championships had been completed (won by Tipperary, Kilkenny and Monaghan, with no Connacht teams entering) but after the Invasion Tour ended, the All-Ireland semi-final and final were not played. London reached the final four times in the early years of the competition (1900–03).

text: The 1903 Championship brought Kerry's first All-Ireland title. They went on to become the most successful football team in the history of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. As of 2017, they have won the competition on 37 occasions, including two four-in-a-rows (1929–32 and 1978–81) and two three-in-a-rows (1939–41 and 1984–86). Galway were the first team from the western province of Connacht to win an All-Ireland title, in 1925, while Cavan were the first from the northern province of Ulster, in 1933.

text: The first half of the twentieth century brought the rise of several teams who won two or more All-Ireland titles during this period, such as Kildare, Mayo, Cavan, Wexford and Roscommon. Wexford won four consecutive titles between 1915 and 1918, while Kildare were the first winners of the Sam Maguire Cup in 1928. Cavan won five titles between 1933 and 1952, including in 1947 when the final was played in New York. None of these teams have won an All-Ireland title since, with only Kildare, Mayo and Roscommon reaching the final. Most notably, Mayo have appeared in nine finals since winning their last title in 1951, losing them all (1989, 1996 after a replay, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2012, 2013, 2016 after a replay and 2017); this is the longest unbroken sequence of losing finals in the history of the competition.[1]

text: A record 90,556 attended the 1961 final between Down and Offaly. In the 1990s, a significant sea change took place, as the All-Ireland was claimed by an Ulster team in four consecutive years (1991–94). Since then Ulster has produced more All-Ireland winning teams than any other province.[2] The introduction of the qualifier system (commonly known as the "back door") in 2001 enabled Galway to reach and win that year's final despite losing to Roscommon in the Connacht semi-finals; a further five teams have since claimed the All-Ireland after coming through the qualifiers (Tyrone in 2005 and 2008, Kerry in 2006 and 2009, and Cork in 2010).[3] The 2003 final between Tyrone and Armagh was the first to be contested by two teams from the same province.

text: Finals[edit]

text: The following table sets out the winning team and beaten finalist of each All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final. The vast majority of finals were contested by the winning semi-finalists, although in certain cases in the early years a provincial championship had not been completed in time and the affected province nominated a team to participate in the All-Ireland semi-final. In some of these cases, the nominated team (e.g. Dublin in 1905) won its semi-final, but was then vanquished in their provincial championship, and their place in the All-Ireland final taken by another team from that province.

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to list of winners

*
Final won after Replay

Final not played

Winning county won the Double (Senior Football and Hurling Championship)

text: All teams are based in Ireland, except for London.

text: Results[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Score
Venue
Attendance[4]
Winning margin (points)[A]

1887
29 April 1888
Limerick
1–4
Louth
0–3
Donnybrook
7,000
–

1888
Championship unfinished - the GAA committee and players travelled to the USA to promote the game abroad

1889
20 October
Tipperary
3–6
Laois
0–0
Inchicore
1,500
–

1890
26 June 1892
Cork
2–4
Wexford
0–1
Clonturk
1,000
–

1891
28 February 1892
Dublin
2–1
Cork
1–9
Clonturk
2,000
–

1892
26 March 1893
Dublin
1–4
Kerry
0–3
Clonturk
5,000
6

1893
24 June 1894
Wexford
1–1
Cork
0–1
Phoenix Park
1,000
5

1894
21 April 1895
Dublin
0–5
Cork
1–2
Thurles
10,000
–[B]

1895
15 March 1896
Tipperary
0–4
Meath
0–3
Jones' Road
8,000
1

1896
6 February 1898
Limerick
1–5
Dublin
0–7
Jones' Road
3,500
1

1897
5 February 1899
Dublin
2–6
Cork
0–2
Jones' Road
4,000
10

1898
8 April 1900
Dublin
2–8
Waterford
0–4
Tipperary
1,000
10

1899
10 February 1901
Dublin
1–10
Cork
0–6
Jones' Road
2,000
7

1900
26 October 1902
Tipperary
3–7
London
0–2
Jones' Road
2,000
14

1901
2 August 1903
Dublin
0–14
London
0–2
Jones' Road
2,000
12

1902
11 September 1904
Dublin
2–8
London
0–4
Cork
10,000
10

1903
12 November 1905
Kerry
0–11
London
0–3
Jones' Road
10,000
8

1904
1 July 1906
Kerry
0–5
Dublin
0–2
Cork
10,000
3

1905
16 June 1906
Kildare
1–7
Kerry
0–5
Thurles
15,000
5

1906
20 October 1907
Dublin
0–5
Cork
0–4
Geraldine Park, Athy
8,000
1

1907
5 July 1908
Dublin
0–6
Cork
0–2
Tipperary
5,000
4

1908
3 October 1909
Dublin
1–10
London
0–4
Jones' Road
10,000
9

1909
5 December
Kerry
1–9
Louth
0–6
Jones' Road
16,000
6

1910
13 November 1910
Louth
W/O
Kerry
Scratch[C]
Jones' Road

1911
14 January 1912
Cork
6–6
Antrim
1–2
Jones' Road
11,000
19

1912
3 November
Louth
1–7
Antrim
1–2
Jones' Road
13,000
5

1913
14 December
Kerry
2–2
Wexford
0–3
Croke Park
17,000
5

1914
29 November
Kerry
2–3
Wexford
0–6
Croke Park
20,000
3

1915
7 November
Wexford
2–4
Kerry
2–1
Croke Park
27,000
3

1916
17 December
Wexford
3–4
Mayo
1–2
Croke Park
3,000
8

1917
9 December
Wexford
0–9
Clare
0–5
Croke Park
6,500
4

1918
16 February 1919
Wexford
0–5
Tipperary
0–4
Croke Park
12,000
1

1919
28 September
Kildare
2–5
Galway
0–1
Croke Park
32,000
10

1920
11 June 1922
Tipperary
1–6
Dublin
1–2
Croke Park
17,000
4

1921
17 June 1923
Dublin
1–9
Mayo
0–2
Croke Park
16,000
10

1922
7 October 1923
Dublin
0–6
Galway
0–4
Croke Park
11,792
2

1923
28 September 1924
Dublin
1–5
Kerry
1–3
Croke Park
18,500
2

1924
16 April 1925
Kerry
0–4
Dublin
0–3
Croke Park
28,844
1

1925

Galway
3–2
Cavan[D]
1–2
Croke Park

6

1926
17 October
Kerry
1–4
Kildare
0–4
Croke Park
35,500
3

1927
25 September
Kildare
0–5
Kerry
0–3
Croke Park
36,529
2

1928
30 September
Kildare
2–6
Cavan
2–5
Croke Park
24,700
1

1929
22 September
Kerry
1–8
Kildare
1–5
Croke Park
43,839
3

1930
28 September
Kerry
3–11
Monaghan
0–2
Croke Park
33,280
18

1931
27 September
Kerry
1–11
Kildare
0–8
Croke Park
42,350
6

1932
25 September
Kerry
2–7
Mayo
2–4
Croke Park
25,816
3

1933
24 September
Cavan
2–5
Galway
1–4
Croke Park
45,188
4

1934
23 September
Galway
3–5
Dublin
1–9
Croke Park
36,143
2

1935
22 September
Cavan
3–6
Kildare
2–5
Croke Park
50,380
4

1936
27 September
Mayo
4–11
Laois
0–5
Croke Park
50,168
18

1937
17 October
Kerry
4–4
Cavan
1–7
Croke Park
51,234
6

1938
23 October
Galway
2–4
Kerry
0–7
Croke Park
47,851
3

1939
24 September
Kerry
2–5
Meath
2–3
Croke Park
46,828
2

1940
22 September
Kerry
0–7
Galway
1–3
Croke Park
60,821
1

1941
7 September
Kerry
1–8
Galway
0–7
Croke Park
45,512
4

1942
20 September
Dublin
1–10
Galway
1–8
Croke Park
37,105
2

1943
10 October
Roscommon
2–7
Cavan
2–2
Croke Park
47,193
5

1944
24 September
Roscommon
1–9
Kerry
2–4
Croke Park
79,245
2

1945
23 September
Cork
2–5
Cavan
0–7
Croke Park
67,329
4

1946
27 October
Kerry
2–8
Roscommon
0–10
Croke Park
65,661
4

1947
14 September
Cavan
2–11
Kerry
2–7
Polo Grounds, New York
34,491
4

1948
26 September
Cavan
4–5
Mayo
4–4
Croke Park
74,645
1

1949
25 September
Meath
1–10
Cavan
1–6
Croke Park
79,460
4

1950
24 September
Mayo
2–5
Louth
1–6
Croke Park
76,174
2

1951
23 September
Mayo
2–8
Meath
0–9
Croke Park
78,201
5

1952
12 October
Cavan
0–9
Meath
0–5
Croke Park
62,515
4

1953
27 September
Kerry
0–13
Armagh
1–6
Croke Park
86,155
4

1954
26 September
Meath
1–13
Kerry
1–7
Croke Park
75,276
6

1955
25 September
Kerry
0–12
Dublin
1–6
Croke Park
87,102
3

1956
7 October
Galway
2–13
Cork
3–7
Croke Park
70,772
3

1957
22 September
Louth
1–9
Cork
1–7
Croke Park
72,732
2

1958
28 September
Dublin
2–12
Derry
1–9
Croke Park
73,371
6

1959
27 September
Kerry
3–7
Galway
1–4
Croke Park
85,897
9

1960
25 September
Down
2–10
Kerry
0–8
Croke Park
87,768
8

1961
24 September
Down
3–6
Offaly
2–8
Croke Park
90,556
1

1962
23 September
Kerry
1–12
Roscommon
1–6
Croke Park
75,771
6

1963
22 September
Dublin
1–9
Galway
0–10
Croke Park
87,106
2

1964
27 September
Galway
0–15
Kerry
0–10
Croke Park
76,498
5

1965
26 September
Galway
0–12
Kerry
0–9
Croke Park
77,735
3

1966
25 September
Galway
1–10
Meath
0–7
Croke Park
71,569
6

1967
24 September
Meath
1–9
Cork
0–9
Croke Park
70,343
3

1968
22 September
Down
2–12
Kerry
1–13
Croke Park
71,294
2

1969
28 September
Kerry
0–10
Offaly
0–7
Croke Park
67,828
3

1970
27 September
Kerry
2–19
Meath
0–18
Croke Park
71,775
7

1971
26 September
Offaly
1–14
Galway
2–8
Croke Park
70,789
3

1972
15 October
Offaly
1–19
Kerry
0–13
Croke Park
66,136
9

1973
23 September
Cork
3–17
Galway
2–13
Croke Park
73,308
7

1974
22 September
Dublin
0–14
Galway
1–6
Croke Park
71,898
5

1975
28 September
Kerry
2–12
Dublin
0–11
Croke Park
66,346
7

1976
26 September
Dublin
3–8
Kerry
0–10
Croke Park
73,588
7

1977
25 September
Dublin
5–12
Armagh
3–6
Croke Park
66,542
12

1978
24 September
Kerry
5–11
Dublin
0–9
Croke Park
71,503
17

1979
16 September
Kerry
3–13
Dublin
1–8
Croke Park
72,185
11

1980
21 September
Kerry
1–9
Roscommon
1–6
Croke Park
63,854
3

1981
20 September
Kerry
1–12
Offaly
0–8
Croke Park
61,489
7

1982
16 September
Offaly
1–15
Kerry
0–17
Croke Park
62,309
1

1983
18 September
Dublin
1–10
Galway
1–8
Croke Park
71,988
2

1984
23 September
Kerry
0–14
Dublin
1–6
Croke Park
68,365
5

1985
22 September
Kerry
2–12
Dublin
2–8
Croke Park
69,389
4

1986
21 September
Kerry
2–15
Tyrone
1–10
Croke Park
68,628
8

1987
20 September
Meath
1–14
Cork
0–11
Croke Park
68,431
6

1988
9 October
Meath
0–13
Cork
0–12
Croke Park
64,069
1

1989
17 September
Cork
0–17
Mayo
1–11
Croke Park
65,519
3

1990
16 September
Cork
0–11
Meath
0–9
Croke Park
65,723
2

1991
15 September
Down
1–16
Meath
1–14
Croke Park
64,500
2

1992[5]
20 September
Donegal
0–18
Dublin
0–14
Croke Park
64,547
4

1993
19 September
Derry
1–14
Cork
2–8
Croke Park
64,500
3

1994
18 September
Down
1–12
Dublin
0–13
Croke Park
58,684
2

1995
17 September
Dublin
1–10
Tyrone
0–12
Croke Park
65,000
1

1996
29 September
Meath
2–9
Mayo
1–11
Croke Park
65,802
1

1997[6]
28 September
Kerry
0–13
Mayo
1–7
Croke Park
65,601
3

1998
27 September
Galway
1–14
Kildare
1–10
Croke Park
65,886
4

1999
26 September
Meath
1–11
Cork
1–8
Croke Park
63,276
3

2000[7]
7 October
Kerry
0–17
Galway
1–10
Croke Park
64,094
4

2001[8]
23 September
Galway
0–17
Meath
0–8
Croke Park
70,842
9

2002[9]
22 September
Armagh
1–12
Kerry
0–14
Croke Park
79,500
1

2003[10]
28 September
Tyrone
0–12
Armagh
0–9
Croke Park
79,394
3

2004[11]
26 September
Kerry
1–20
Mayo
2–9
Croke Park
79,749
8

2005[12]
25 September
Tyrone
1–16
Kerry
2–10
Croke Park
82,112
3

2006[13]
17 September
Kerry
4–15
Mayo
3–5
Croke Park
82,289
13

2007[14]
16 September
Kerry
3–13
Cork
1–9
Croke Park
82,126
10

2008[15]
21 September
Tyrone
1–15
Kerry
0–14
Croke Park
82,204
4

2009[16]
20 September
Kerry
0–16
Cork
1–9
Croke Park
82,246
4

2010[17]
19 September
Cork
0–16
Down
0–15
Croke Park
81,604
1

2011[18]
18 September
Dublin
1–12
Kerry
1–11
Croke Park
82,300
1

2012[19]
23 September
Donegal
2–11
Mayo
0–13
Croke Park
82,269
4

2013[20]
22 September
Dublin
2–12
Mayo
1–14
Croke Park
82,274
1

2014
21 September
Kerry
2–9
Donegal
0–12
Croke Park
82,184
3

2015
20 September
Dublin
0–12
Kerry
0–9
Croke Park
82,243
3

2016[21]
1 October
Dublin
1–15
Mayo
1–14
Croke Park
82,249
1

2017
17 September
Dublin
1–17
Mayo
1–16
Croke Park
82,243
1

text: Notes[edit]