document_title: Gun laws in Arizona

question_text: how old do you have to be to buy a gun in arizona

text: Gun laws in Arizona

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit required to purchase?
No
No

Firearm registration required?
No
No
ARS 13-3101(B)
State law requires compliance with the National Firearms Act, but the state maintains no registry and imposes no additional requirements.

Assault weapon prohibition or restrictions?
No
No

Magazine Capacity Restriction?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No

Concealed Carry Weapon (CCW) permits required?
No
No
SB 1108
In Arizona, a person over age 21 may legally carry a concealed firearm or deadly weapon without a permit within the state, except for certain prohibited locations, and must disclose the fact to a law enforcement officer if questioned. Although no longer required, a shall-issue CCW permit is still available and has certain advantages, including reciprocity with many other states having CCW laws.[1]

Open carry allowed?
Yes
Yes

May carry openly without permit/license.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Partial
Partial
ARS 13-3108
Explained below

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
ARS 13-3101
Law makes possession and use illegal but then exempts said weapons and devices if they're registered in compliance with federal law.

Shall certify?
Yes
Yes
ARS 13-3121
Shall certify within 60 days.

Peaceable journey laws?
No
No

Federal rules observed.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

On May 1, 2017, Governor Ducey signed a bill that would prevent localities from requiring background checks for private sales.[2]

text: Arizona gun laws are found mostly in Title 13, Chapter 31 of the Arizona Revised Statutes.[3] There is no registration or licensing of non-NFA firearms in Arizona. Section 13-3108 subsection B prohibits any political subdivision of the state from enacting any laws requiring licensing or registration.[4] According to state law, a person must be 18 years of age to purchase any non-NFA firearm from any source; however, there is a federal age limit of 21 years on handgun purchases from federal firearms licensees.

text: Open carry[edit]

text: On foot, any adult person who is not a "prohibited possessor"[5] may openly carry a loaded firearm visible to others. Generally, a person must be at least 18 years of age to possess or openly carry a firearm. However, this does not apply to:

text:
Juveniles within a private residence.
Emancipated juveniles.
Juveniles accompanied by a parent, grandparent or guardian, or a certified hunter safety instructor or certified firearms safety instructor acting with the consent of the juvenile's parent or guardian.
Juveniles on private property owned or leased by the juvenile or the juvenile's parent, grandparent, or guardian.
Juveniles fourteen years of age and up engaged in any of the following activities:

text:
Lawful hunting or shooting events or marksmanship practice at established ranges or other areas where the discharge of a firearm is not prohibited.
Lawful transportation of an unloaded firearm for lawful hunting.
Lawful transportation of an unloaded firearm between the hours of 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. for shooting events or marksmanship practice at established ranges or other areas where the discharge of a firearm is not prohibited.
Activities that require a firearm related to the production of crops, livestock, poultry, livestock products, poultry products, or ratites or in the production or storage of agricultural commodities.[6]

text: The law does not expressly require openly carried weapons to be in a holster, case or scabbard; however, the open carrying of weapons not in a holster, case or scabbard while on foot in a populated area could be construed as reckless display or, if others feel threatened by such, even assault with a deadly weapon.

text: In a vehicle, any adult person who is not a prohibited possessor may openly carry a loaded firearm in a vehicle whether in a holster, case, compartment, or in plain view. Persons under 21 may openly carry a loaded or unloaded firearm in a vehicle only if it is in plain view, i.e. discernible from the ordinary observation of a person located outside and within the immediate vicinity of the vehicle.

text: Concealed carry[edit]

text: In Arizona, anyone who is not prohibited from owning a firearm and is at least 21 years old can carry a concealed weapon without a permit as of July 29, 2010.[7] Arizona was the third state in modern U.S. history (after Vermont and Alaska, followed by Wyoming) to allow the carrying of concealed weapons without a permit, and it is the first state with a large urban population to do so.[8][9]

text: Arizona is classified as a "shall issue" state. Even though Arizona law allows concealed carry by adults without permit, concealed carry permits are still available and issued by the Concealed Weapons Permit Unit of the Arizona Department of Public Safety for purposes of reciprocity with other states or for carrying firearms in certain regulated places. Requirements for issuance include taking a training class (provided by a licensed third party) or hunter education class, submitting a finger print card, and paying a $60 fee. Applicants must be at least 21 years of age. New permits are valid for five years. [10] Renewing a permit requires only an application and finger print card. However, effective December 31, 2007 the finger print card requirement for renewal is scheduled to end.[11] Arizona recognizes all valid out-of-state carry permits.[12]

text: State preemption[edit]

text: The Arizona legislature has largely preempted political subdivisions (counties, cities) to choose what laws that they want. Political subdivisions may regulate the carrying of weapons by juveniles or by their own employees or contractors when such employees or contractors are acting within the course and scope of their employment or contract. They may also bar the carrying of weapons at public establishments and events by those who do not have concealed carry permits. Public establishments and events where carry by non-permit holders is prohibited must provide secure storage for weapons on-site, which must be readily accessible upon entry and allow for immediate retrieval upon exit.[13]

text: Tribal Law[edit]

text: Native American reservations, which comprise over a quarter of the land area of the state,[14] may have gun laws identical to or more restrictive than state law.[15][16] Some tribal governments in Arizona may not recognize Arizona law on the concealed carrying of firearms without a permit while on tribal land.[16]

text: All Arizona tribes recognize federal law, including the "safe passage" provision of the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act Act (FOPA). FOPA provides that, notwithstanding any state, tribal, or local law, and while making a continuous journey, a person who is not a prohibited possessor is entitled to transport a firearm or ammunition for any lawful purpose from any place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm to any other place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm or ammunition if, during such transportation the firearm is unloaded, and neither the firearm nor any ammunition being transported is readily accessible or is directly accessible from the passenger compartment of such transporting vehicle.[17] In vehicles without a trunk, the unloaded firearm or ammunition must be in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console.[17] Recent U.S. Court of Appellate rulings have confirmed that FOPA`s protections only apply to unloaded firearms not readily accessible to the traveler, and many tribal governments have strict laws with respect to firearms being carried or transported on tribal lands.[17][18][18][19] For example, in the event of a vehicle stop, Navajo Nation police will seize any loaded firearm found to be accessible to the driver or passenger.[18][19][20] and confiscated firearms are not returnable unless the owner can establish proof of ownership of the firearm and ammunition by presenting a bill of sale or other evidence at the police station at a later date.[20]

text: Discharging a firearm[edit]

text: It is generally illegal to discharge a firearm within or into the limits of any municipality. However, this prohibition does not apply to persons discharging firearms in the following circumstances:

text:
On a properly supervised range.
In an area recommended as a hunting area by the Arizona game and fish department, approved and posted as required by the chief of police (Any such area may be closed when deemed unsafe by the chief of police or the director of the Arizona game and fish department.)
For the control of nuisance wildlife by permit from the Arizona game and fish department or the United States fish and wildlife service.
By special permit of the chief of police of the municipality.
As required by an animal control officer in the performance of duties.
Firing blank cartridges.
More than one mile from any occupied structure as defined in section ARS 13-3101.
In self-defense, or defense of another person against an animal attack if a reasonable person would believe deadly physical force against the animal is immediately necessary and reasonable under the circumstances to protect a person from harm.
In self-defense or, in defense of another person against a criminal attack as permitted by the laws regarding defensive use of force.[21]

text: According to the Arizona Gun Owners Guide by Alan Korwin, while discharging a firearm using blanks within the limits of a municipality is not expressly prohibited by law, disturbing the peace (ARS 13-2904) or other charges could still apply.[22]

text: Prohibited areas[edit]

text: State law prohibits the carrying of firearms in certain areas. These prohibited areas include:

text: Hydroelectric or nuclear power generating stations. However, this does not apply to:

text: Polling places on election day. However, this does not apply to:

text: Secured areas of airports. However, this does not apply to:

text:
General aviation areas not included in the security identification display area or sterile area as defined in the airport security program approved by the transportation security administration.
The lawful transportation of deadly weapons in accordance with state and federal law.
A peace officer or a federally sworn officer while in the actual performance of the officer's duties.
A member of the military forces of the United States or of any state of the United States in the actual performance of the member's official duties.
An individual who is authorized by a federal agency in the actual performance of the individual's official duties.

text:
Inside a jail or on the grounds thereof.
K-12 School grounds. However, this does not apply to:

text:
Firearms possessed for the purposes of preparing for, conducting or participating in hunter or firearm safety courses.
Firearms for use on the school grounds in a program approved by the school.
Unloaded firearms carried inside a means of transportation and under the control of an adult, provided that if the adult leaves the means of transportation, it is locked and the firearms are not visible from the outside.
A peace officer or any person summoned by any peace officer to assist and while actually assisting in the performance of official duties.
A member of the military forces of the United States or of any state of the United States in the performance of official duties.
A warden, deputy warden, community correctional officer, detention officer, special investigator or correctional officer of the state department of corrections or the department of juvenile corrections.
A person specifically licensed, authorized or permitted pursuant to an Arizona or federal statute.

text: Establishments which are licensed to sell alcohol for consumption on the premises. However, this does not apply to:

text:
The licensee or an employee of the licensee acting with the permission of the licensee to be in possession of a firearm while on the licensed premises.
A person who is on the premises for a limited time to seek emergency aid, if such person does not buy, receive, consume, or possess alcohol while there.
Hotel or motel guest room accommodations.
The exhibition or display of a firearm in conjunction with a meeting, show, class or similar event.
A person with a concealed carry permit who carries a concealed handgun, provided that there is no properly notice posted forbidding such pursuant to A.R.S. 4-229, and provided that the concealed carry permit holder consumes no alcohol while on the premises.
Peace officers or members of a sheriff's volunteer posse while on duty who have received firearms training that is approved by the Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training board.

text: Any private property or private establishment where the owner or any other person having lawful control over the property has given reasonable notice forbidding the carrying of deadly weapons or firearms. However, this does not apply to:

text:
Officers of the law who are legally executing official duties
Lawfully possessed firearms that are in a locked and privately owned vehicle or in a locked compartment on a privately owned motorcycle and that are not visible from outside the vehicle or motorcycle.

text:
Any public college or university where the carrying of deadly weapons or firearms has been prohibited by the governing board
On the grounds of or in a secure care facility under the jurisdiction of the department of juvenile corrections
In a correctional facility or the grounds of a correctional facility

text: In addition, political subdivisions have limited power to prohibit the carrying of firearms in certain areas as described above. Carrying a firearm at a jail, correctional facility, juvenile secure care facility, or in a hydroelectric or nuclear power generating station is a felony. Carrying a firearm in any other prohibited area, absent any other concomitant criminal conduct, is a misdemeanor. Carrying a firearm on private property or in a private establishment where it has been forbidden by the owner or another person having lawful control over the property is not expressly prohibited by law, but is held to constitute misdemeanor trespass.[23] Carrying a firearm at a public college or university where it has been prohibited by the governing board is not expressly prohibited by law, but is held to violate provisions of ARS 13-2911, which prohibits "interference with or disruption of an educational institution". The restrictions pertaining to licensed liquor establishments do not apply to liquor stores or other stores that sell only closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

text: Prohibited possessors[edit]

text: State law prohibits the possession of firearms and other deadly weapons by certain categories of "prohibited possessors". According to current statute, these categories are defined as follows:

text:
Anyone who has been found to constitute a danger to self or to others or to be persistently or acutely disabled or gravely disabled pursuant to court order under ARS 36-540, and whose right to possess a firearm has not been restored pursuant to ARS 13-925.
Anyone convicted of a felony, or who has been adjudicated delinquent for a felony, and whose State civil right to possess or carry a gun or firearm has not been restored by separate order of the court.
Anyone who has been found incompetent to stand trial and who has not subsequently been found competent.
Anyone who has been guilty except insane of committing a crime
Anyone who is, at the time of possession, serving a term of imprisonment in any correctional or detention facility.
Anyone who is, at the time of possession, serving a term of probation pursuant to a conviction for a domestic violence offense or a felony offense, parole, community supervision, work furlough, home arrest, or release on any other basis, or who is serving a term of probation or parole pursuant to an interstate compact.
Anyone who is an undocumented alien or a nonimmigrant alien, traveling with or without documentation for business or pleasure, or who is studying in Arizona and maintains a foreign residence, except for:

text:
Nonimmigrant aliens who possess a valid hunting license or permit lawfully issued by a state in the United States.
Nonimmigrant aliens who enter the United States to participate in a competitive target shooting event or to display firearms at a sports or hunting trade show sponsored by a national, state, or local firearms trade organization devoted to competitive or sporting use of firearms.
Certain diplomats.
Officials of foreign governments or distinguished foreign visitors who are designated by the United States department of state.
Persons who have received a waiver from the United States attorney general.[31]

text: Notably, the prohibition against owning a firearm by a person found to be a danger to himself or others or persistently or acutely disabled or gravely disabled continues in effect even after the expiration of the mental health court order itself (365 days). Instead, a person whose right to possess a firearm was forfeited as part of a mental health order must have that right judicially restored by filing a petition with the court requesting a hearing and a court order restoring the right to possess a firearm.[32]

text: Arizona appellate courts have ruled that ARS 1-244 bars the retroactive application of changes to the prohibited possessor statute unless there is an express legislative declaration of retroactive intent.[33] Although the statute has been amended numerous times during its history, no such retroactive declarations have ever been passed into law. Thus, the possession of deadly weapons by some individuals may be governed by older versions of the statute which are either more or less restrictive than the one currently in force. For example, persons found to constitute a danger to self or others or to be persistently or acutely disabled or gravely disabled prior to September 30, 2009 do not need to petition the courts for a restoration of rights, as statutes in effect prior to that date either did not prohibit their possession of deadly weapons or prohibited such possession only temporarily, during their term of court-ordered treatment.

text: Prohibited weapons[edit]

text: State law prohibits the possession certain types of firearms and other deadly weapons by any citizen. These weapons are defined as follows:

text:
An item that is a bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces is an explosive, incendiary or poison gas, or any combination of parts or materials that is designed and intended for use in making such or converting a device into such, unless it has been classified as a "curio or relic" under federal law, or is registered under the federal National Firearms Act.
A device that is designed, made or adapted to muffle the report of a firearm, unless it has been classified as a "curio or relic" under federal law, or is registered under the federal National Firearms Act.
A firearm that is capable of shooting more than one shot automatically, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger, unless it has been classified as a "curio or relic" under federal law, or is registered under the federal National Firearms Act.
A rifle with a barrel length of less than sixteen inches, or a shotgun with a barrel length of less than eighteen inches, or any firearm that is made from a rifle or shotgun and that, as modified, has an overall length of less than twenty-six inches, unless it has been classified as a "curio or relic" under federal law, or is registered under the federal National Firearms Act.
An instrument, including a nunchaku, that consists of two or more sticks, clubs, bars or rods to be used as handles, connected by a rope, cord, wire or chain, in the design of a weapon used in connection with the practice of a system of self-defense.
A breakable container that contains a flammable liquid with a flash point of one hundred fifty degrees Fahrenheit or less and that has a wick or similar device capable of being ignited, or any combination of parts or materials that is designed and intended for use in making such or converting a device into such.
A chemical or combination of chemicals, compounds or materials, including dry ice, that is possessed or manufactured for the purpose of generating a gas to cause a mechanical failure, rupture or bursting or an explosion or detonation of the chemical or combination of chemicals, compounds or materials.
An improvised explosive device, or any combination of parts or materials that is designed and intended for use in making such or converting a device into such.[31]

text: Regarding Police contact[edit]

text:
If a law enforcement officer contacts a person who is in possession of a firearm, the law enforcement officer may take temporary custody of the firearm for the duration of that contact.[34]
If required to carry the permit by State law, any person with a concealed carry permit issued under 13-3112 is required to present the permit for inspection to any law enforcement officer on request.[35] As of July 29, 2010, however, State law no longer requires an individual to carry a permit on their person.[7]


document_title: Grizzly bear

question_text: what kind of bears live in british columbia

root

text: Grizzly bear

text: Classification

text: Meaning of "grizzly"

text: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first described it as grisley, which could be interpreted as either "grizzly" (i.e., "grizzled"—that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or "grisly" ("fear-inspiring", now usually "gruesome").[6] The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 as U. horribilis, not for its hair, but for its character.[7]

tag: p

text: Evolution and genetics

text: Grizzly phylogenetics

text: Classification has been revised along genetic lines.[1] There are two morphological forms of Ursus arctos, the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct mtDNA lineages.[8]

text: Ursus arctos - the brown bear

text:
Brown bears originated in Eurasia and traveled to North America approximately 50,000 years ago,[9][10] spreading into the contiguous United States about 13,000 years ago.[11]
In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. However, by 1928 only seven grizzlies remained[2] and by 1953 only one species remained globally.[12] However, modern genetic testing reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly.[13] Therefore, everywhere it is the "brown bear"; in North America, it is the "grizzly", but these are all the same species, Ursus arctos.

text: Ursus arctos subspecies in North America

text: In 1963 Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one, Ursus arctos middendorffi[14]

text: Further testing of Y-chromosomes is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies.[1]

text: Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of "brown bear" or "Alaskan brown bear" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different species from grizzlies. Kodiak grizzly bears were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time there were five different "species" of brown bear, including three in North America.[15]

text: Appearance

text: Most adult female grizzlies weigh 130–180 kg (290–400 lb), while adult males weigh on average 180–360 kg (400–790 lb).  Average total length in this subspecies is 198 cm (6.50 ft), with an average shoulder height of 102 cm (3.35 ft) and hindfoot length of 28 cm (11 in).[16] Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 grams (1.1 lb). In the Yukon River area, mature female grizzlies can weigh as little as 100 kg (220 lb). One study found that the average weight for an inland male grizzly was around 272 kilograms (600 lb) and the average weight for a coastal male was around 408 kilograms (900 lb). For a female, these average weights would be 136 kilograms (300 lb) inland and 227 kilograms (500 lb) coastal, respectively.[17] On the other hand, an occasional huge male grizzly has been recorded which greatly exceeds ordinary size, with weights reported up to 680 kg (1,500 lb).[18] A large coastal male of this size may stand up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall on its hind legs and be up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) at the shoulder.[19]

text: Although variable in color from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown with darker legs and commonly white or blond tipped fur on the flank and back.[20] A pronounced hump appears on their shoulders; the hump is a good way to distinguish a grizzly bear from a black bear, as black bears do not have this hump. Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their face with short, rounded ears, whereas a black bear has a straight face profile and longer ears.[21] A grizzly bear can also be identified by its rump, which is lower than its shoulders, while a black bear's rump is higher.[21] A grizzly bear's front claws measure about 2–4 inches in length and a black bear's measure about 1–2 inches in length.[21]

text: Range and population

text: Brown bears are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, giving them the widest ranges of bear species.[2] They also inhabited North Africa and the Middle East.[22] In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska down to Mexico and as far east as the western shores of Hudson Bay;[9] the species is now found in Alaska, south through much of western Canada, and into portions of the northwestern United States (including Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming), extending as far south as Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. It is most commonly found in Canada. In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying British Columbia, Alberta,  the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the northern part of Manitoba.[9] An article published in 1954 suggested they may be present in the tundra areas of the Ungava Peninsula and the northern tip of Labrador-Quebec.[23] In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived.[9] However, population size has since significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2003, researchers from the University of Alberta spotted a grizzly on Melville Island in the high Arctic, which is the most northerly sighting ever documented.[24][25] In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears.  Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories, mark-and-recapture, and a refined multiple regression model.[26] A revised Grizzly bear count in 2012 for British Columbia was 15,075.[27]

text: The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province/state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supplies such as salmon are more abundant.[28] The Admiralty Island National Monument protects the densest population—1,600 bears on a 1,600-square mile island.[29]

text: North America

text: There are currently about 55,000 wild grizzly bears total located throughout North America, most of which reside in Alaska.[9] Only about 1,500 grizzlies are left in the lower 48 states of the US.[30] Of these, about 800 live in Montana.[31] About 600 more live in Wyoming, in the Yellowstone-Teton area.[32] There are an estimated 70–100 grizzly bears living in northern and eastern Idaho. Its original range included much of the Great Plains and the southwestern states, but it has been extirpated in most of those areas. Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.[9]

text: Although the once-abundant grizzly bear (see California grizzly bear) appears prominently on the state flag of California and was the symbol of the Bear Flag Republic before California's admission to the Union, they are no longer naturally present.  The last grizzly in all of California was killed in the Sierra foothills east of Fresno in August 1922.[33]

text: In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness ecosystem, by killing a male grizzly bear there.[34] In the North Cascades ecosystem of northern Washington, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be less than 20 bears. One sighting of a grizzly bear in 2010 has been recorded.[35] There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979.[36]

text: Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly bear currently has legal protection in Mexico, European countries, some areas of Canada and in the United States. However, it is expected that repopulating its former range will be a slow process, due to a variety of reasons including the bear's slow reproductive habits and the effects of reintroducing such a large animal to areas prized for agriculture and livestock. Competition with other predators and predation on cubs are other possible limiting factors for grizzly bear recovery, though grizzly bears also benefit from scavenged carcasses from predators as an easy food source when other food sources decline.

text: Biology

text: Hibernation

text: Grizzly bears hibernate for 5–7 months each year[37] except where the climate is warm, as the California grizzly did not hibernate.[2] During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period.[38] To prepare for hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den, and consume an immense amount of food as they do not eat during hibernation. Grizzly bears do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period. The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May.[39]

text: In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of hyperphagia, before going into hibernation.[40] The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes.[41] There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period.[42] Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens. In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.[43]

text: Reproduction

text: Except for females with cubs,[44] grizzlies are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 grams (1 lb) at birth. A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.

text: Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America.[45] This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old.[9][46] Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake.[47] On average, females produce two cubs in a litter[46] and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.[9]

text: Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions.[48] Male grizzly bears have large territories, up to 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi),[45] making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities. Population fragmentation of grizzlies may destabilize the population from inbreeding depression. The gestation period for grizzly bears is approximately 180–250 days.

text: Litter size is between one and four cubs, averaging twins or triplets. Cubs are always born in the mother's winter den while she is in hibernation. Female grizzlies are fiercely protective of their cubs, being able to fend off predators as large as male bears bigger than they are in defense of the cubs.[49] Cubs feed entirely on their mother's milk until summer comes, after which they still drink milk but begin to eat solid foods. Cubs gain weight rapidly during their time with the mother—their weight will have ballooned from 4.5 to 45 kg (10 to 99 lb) in the two years spent with the mother. Mothers may see their cubs in later years but both avoid each other.[50]

text: Longevity

text: The grizzly bear is, by nature, a long-living animal. The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26.[51] Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; avoiding the seasonal breeding fights in which males engage. The oldest wild inland grizzly was 34 years old in Alaska; the oldest coastal bear was 39,[52] but most grizzlies die in their first few years of life from predation or hunting.[53] Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.[citation needed]

text: Ecology

text: Diet

text: Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally omnivores: their diets consist of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as moose, elk, caribou, white-tailed deer, mule deer, bighorn sheep, bison, and even black bears; though they are more likely to take calves and injured individuals rather than healthy adults. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as salmon, trout, and bass, and those with access to a more protein-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than inland individuals. Grizzly bears also readily scavenge food or carrion left behind by other animals.[54] Grizzly bears will also eat birds and their eggs, and gather in large numbers at fishing sites to feed on spawning salmon. They frequently prey on baby deer left in the grass, and occasionally they raid the nests of raptors such as bald eagles.[55]

text: Canadian or Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the American Rocky Mountains. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In Yellowstone National Park in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of whitebark pine nuts, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths, and scavenged carcasses.[56]  None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. With the high fat content of salmon, it is not uncommon to encounter grizzlies in Alaska weighing 540 kg (1,200 lb).[57] Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries. In areas where salmon are forced to leap waterfalls, grizzlies gather at the base of the falls to feed on and catch the fish. Salmon are at a disadvantage when they leap waterfalls because they cluster together at their bases and are therefore easier targets for the grizzlies.[58] Grizzly bears are well-documented catching leaping salmon in their mouths at Brooks Falls in Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska. They are also very experienced in chasing the fish around and pinning them with their claws.[59][60] At such sites such as Brooks Falls and McNeil Falls in Alaska, big male grizzlies fight regularly for the best fishing spots.[61] Grizzly bears along the coast also forage for razor clams, and frequently dig into the sand to seek them.[62] During the spring and fall, directly before and after the salmon runs, berries and grass make up the mainstay of the diets of coastal grizzlies.[63]

text: Inland grizzlies may eat fish too, most notably in Yellowstone grizzlies eating Yellowstone cutthroat trout.[64] The relationship with cutthroat trout and grizzlies is unique because it is the only example where Rocky Mountain grizzlies feed on spawning salmonid fish.[64] However, grizzly bears themselves and invasive lake trout threaten the survival of the trout population and there is a slight chance that the trout will be eliminated.[65]

text: Meat, as already described, is an important part of a grizzly's diet. Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as marmots, ground squirrels, lemmings, and voles.[66] The most famous example of such predation is in Denali National Park and Preserve, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up Arctic ground squirrels to eat.[67] In some areas, grizzly bears prey on hoary marmots, overturning rocks to reach them, and in some cases preying on them when they are in hibernation.[68] Larger prey includes bison and moose, which are sometimes taken by bears in Yellowstone National Park. Because bison and moose are dangerous prey, grizzlies usually use cover to stalk them and/or pick off weak individuals or calves.[69][70] Grizzlies in Alaska also regularly prey on moose calves, which in Denali National Park may be their main source of meat. In fact, grizzly bears are such important predators of moose and elk calves in Alaska and in Yellowstone, that they may kill as many as 51 percent of elk or moose calves born that year. Grizzly bears have also been blamed in the decline of elk in Yellowstone National Park when the actual predators were thought to be gray wolves.[71][72][73][74][75] In northern Alaska, grizzlies are a significant predator of caribou, mostly taking sick or old individuals or calves.[76] Several studies show that grizzly bears may follow the caribou herds year-round in order to maintain their food supply.[77][78] In northern Alaska, grizzly bears often encounter muskox. Despite the fact that muskox do not usually occur in grizzly habitat and that they are bigger and more powerful than caribou, predation on muskox by grizzlies has been recorded.[79]

text: Grizzly bears along the Alaskan coast also scavenge on dead or washed up whales.[80] Usually such incidents involve only one or two grizzlies at a carcass, but up to ten large males have been seen at a time eating a dead humpback whale. Dead seals and sea lions are also consumed.[citation needed]

text: Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%.[81] Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include blueberries, blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salmon berries (Rubus spectabilis), cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccos), buffalo berries (Shepherdia argentea), soapberries (Shepherdia canadensis), and huckleberries (Vaccinium parvifolium), depending on the environment. Insects such as ladybugs, ants, and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on miller moths that congregate on mountain slopes.[82] When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of legumes, such as Hedysarum, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts.[83] When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.

text: Interspecific competition

text: The removal of wolves and the grizzly bear in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox.[84] With the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[85] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).[86] While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the latter was in defense mode.[87][88]

text: Black bears generally stay out of grizzly territory, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. There is at least one confirmed observation of a grizzly bear digging out, killing and eating a black bear when the latter was in hibernation.[89]

text: The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources.[90] For example, many Pacific coastal islands off British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly, but rarely both.[91] In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as age of forest, elevation and openness of land. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears.[90]

text: The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged by smaller animals.[92] Cougars generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, it will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up. Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills.[93] There have been several accounts, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death.[94] The other big cat that is present in the United States, which may pose as a threat to bears, is the jaguar.[95]

text: Coyotes, foxes, and wolverines are generally regarded as pests to the grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear finishes eating, leaving more scraps  than normal for the smaller animal.[92] Packs of coyotes have also displaced grizzly bears in disputes over kills.[96]

text: Ecological role

text: The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces.[97] This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.[98]

text: While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems.[99] An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an area that contains just undisturbed land.[99] Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes nitrogen to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment. An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.[100]

text: Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests.[101] It has been found that spruce tree (Picea glauca) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed.[102] These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.[103]

text: Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain.[104] An experiment in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming in the United States showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase.[105] This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds.[105] This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator, having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.[104]

text: When grizzly bears fish for salmon along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia, they often only eat the skin, brain and roe of the fish. In doing so, they provide a food source for gulls, ravens, and foxes, all of which eat salmon as well; this benefits both the bear and the smaller predators.[106]

text: Interaction with humans

text: Conflicts with humans

text: Grizzlies are considered more aggressive compared to black bears when defending themselves and their offspring.[107] Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies do not climb trees well and respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers.[108] Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, and are responsible for 70% of humans killed by grizzlies.[109]

text: Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantage they rarely actively hunt humans.[110] Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting their offspring.[111]  A bear killing a human in a national park may be killed to prevent its attacking again.[112]

text: Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears.[111]

text: Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat.[113] Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting chemicals, or acoustic deterrent devices attempt to condition bears to associate humans with unpleasantness, but is ineffectual when bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food.[114] Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The B.C. government kills approximately 50 problem bears each year[114] and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears and kill them.[114]

text: Bear awareness programs have been developed by numerous towns in British Columbia, Canada, to help prevent conflicts with both black and grizzly bears. The main premise of these programs is to teach humans to manage foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe, securing livestock behind electric fences, and storing pet food indoors are all measures promoted by bear awareness programs.   The fact that grizzly bears are less numerous and even protected in some areas, means that preventing conflict with grizzlies is especially important.  Revelstoke, British Columbia is a community that demonstrates the success of this approach.  In the ten years preceding the development of a community education program in Revelstoke, 16 grizzlies were destroyed and a further 107 were relocated away from the town.  An education program run by Revelstoke Bear Aware was put in place in 1996. Since the program began just four grizzlies have been eliminated and five have been relocated.[115]

text: For back-country campers, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a bear canister.[116]

text: Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while hiking in bear country.[117]

text: Grizzly bears are especially dangerous because of the force of their bite, which has been measured at over 8 megapascals (1160 psi). It has been estimated that a bite from a grizzly could even crush a bowling ball.[118]

text: Protection

text: The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada.[119] As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the COSEWIC registry[120] and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[121]

text: Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho), Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 750 in the Northern Continental Divide, 550 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings.[122] These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a precise count. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.

text: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed.[123] U.S. and Canadian national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect the bears.

text: On 9 January 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species.[124] In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population,[125] effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge Donald W. Molloy reinstated protection due to the decline of whitebark pine tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears.[126] In 1996 the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the grizzly bear to the lower risk "Least Concern" status on the IUCN Red List.[127][128]

text: Farther north, in Alberta, Canada, intense DNA hair-snagging studies in 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears.[129] In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed.[130] In 2010, the provincial government formally listed its population of about 700 grizzlies as "Threatened".[131]

text: Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[132] In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model.[133]

text: The Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos nelsoni) is extinct.[134][135]

text: Conservation efforts

text: Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British Columbia. One example of these efforts is the Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary located along the north coast of British Columbia; at 44,300 hectares (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies in the area.[136] When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.

text: The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on Grouse Mountain in Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001.[137] The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.

text: Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered.[138] In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads.[139] Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem.[140] To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift.[141] Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.

text: In the United States, national efforts have been made since 1982 for the recovery plan of grizzly bears.[142] A lot of the efforts made have been through different organizations efforts to educate the public on grizzly bear safety, habits of grizzly bears and different ways to reduce human-bear conflict. The Interagency Grizzly Bear Recovery Committee is one of many organizations committed to the recovery of grizzly bears in the lower 48 states.[143] There are five recovery zones for grizzly bears in the lower 48 states including the North Cascades ecosystem in Washington state.[144] The National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife initiated the process of an environmental impact statement that started in the fall of 2014 to begin the recovery process of grizzly bears to the North Cascades region.[144] A final plan and environmental impact statement was released in the spring of 2017 with a record of decision to follow.[144][145]

text: In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was "delisted" in June 2017.[144][146][145]

text: Bear-watching

text: In the past 20 years in Alaska, ecotourism has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Katmai National Park and Preserve, and the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge. Here bears gather in large numbers to feast on concentrated food sources, including sedges in the salt marshes, clams in the nearby tidal flats, salmon in the estuary streams, and berries on the neighboring hillsides.

text: Katmai National Park and Preserve is one of the best spots to view brown bears. The bear population in Katmai is estimated at a healthy 2,100.[147] The park is located on the Alaskan Peninsula about 480 km (300 mi) southwest of the city of Anchorage. At Brooks Camp, a famous site exists where grizzlies can be seen catching salmon from atop a platform—you can even view this online from a cam.[148] In coastal areas of the park, such as  Hallo Bay, Geographic Harbor, Swikshak Lagoon, American Creek, Big River, Kamishak River, Savonoski River, Moraine Creek, Funnel Creek, Battle Creek, Nantuk Creek,[149] Kukak Bay, and Kaflia Bay you can often watch bears fishing alongside wolves, eagles, and river otters. Coastal areas host the highest population densities year round because there is a larger variety of food sources available, but Brooks Camp hosts the highest population (100 bears).[150]

text: The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge, on the McNeil River, is home to the greatest concentration of brown bears in the world. An estimated 144 individual bears have been identified at the falls in a single summer with as many as 74 at one time;[151] 60 or more bears at the falls is a frequent sight, and it is not uncommon to see 100 bears at the falls throughout a single day.[152] The McNeil River State Game Refuge, containing Chenik Lake and a smaller number of grizzly bears, has been closed to grizzly hunting since 1995.[153] All of the Katmai-McNeil area is closed to hunting except for Katmai National Preserve, where regulated legal hunting takes place.[154] In all, the Katmai-McNeil area has an estimated 2,500 grizzly bears.[155]

text: Admiralty Island, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as Xootsnoowú, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only 140 km (90 mi) long.[156] One place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, in the Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary. 20 to 30 grizzlies can be observed at the creek at one time and like Brooks Camp, visitors can watch bears from an above platform.[157] Kodiak Island, hence its name, is another place to view bears. An estimated 3,500 Kodiak grizzly bears inhabit the island, 2,300 of these in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.[158][159] The O'Malley River is considered the best place on Kodiak Island to view grizzly bears.[160]


document_title: Shikanjvi

question_text: what is the meaning of shikanji in english

text: Shikanjvi

text: Shikanjvi is a type of traditional limeade or lemonade from the Punjab region of South Asia.[1] Alternative names include shikanji, shikanjbi and shikanjbeen. It is also known by limun paani or nimbu pani. While the base ingredients include lemon or lime juice, ginger juice, ice and water, shikanjvi often contains other ingredients such as salt, saffron and cumin.[2]

text: Preparation[edit]

text: An example recipe for making a glass of shikanjvi:

text: Ingredients:  two lemons (squeezed to make lemon juice), one little chunk of ginger, one or two teaspoons of sugar (raw if possible), half a teaspoon of salt and half a teaspoon of pepper.

text: Process:  Pour cold drinking water in a glass. Add the lemon juice, ginger, sugar, salt and pepper. Shake it vigorously. This is a traditional recipe; however, people can experiment using mint leaves, rose water, etc.


document_title: Salinas (surname)

question_text: where does the last name salinas originate from

text: Salinas (surname)

text: Salinas is a surname that has been identified by multiple sources in the Holy Office of the Catholic Church of Spain as a Sephardic (Jewish) surname. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Ana Reeves Salinas, Chilean television, film and theatre actress
Camilo Salinas, Chilean musician
Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexican president

tag: ul

text: Ruben F Salinas, American biotechnology executive, entrepreneur and inventor

text:
Francisco de Salinas, 16th-century Spanish music theorist
Francisco Vidal Salinas, Chilean politician
Horacio Salinas, Chilean guitarist and composer
Irvin "Pee Wee" Salinas, Mexican-American Singer and Actor
Jeffrey Lane Salinas, Mexican/American Menswear Designer
José Miguel Insulza Salinas, Chilean politician
Julio Salinas, Spanish footballer
Luis Salinas, Argentinian jazz guitarist
Matías Oviedo Salinas, Chilean television, film and theater actor and musician
Pablo Salinas, Bolivian football (soccer) player
Patxi Salinas, Spanish footballer
Pedro Salinas, Spanish writer
Rodrigo Salinas, Argentine footballer
Rodrigo Salinas, Chilean voice actor and comedian
Salinas, the ring name of Shelly Martinez in TNA Wrestling
Venz Alfred Salinas, Table tennis Champion, Guitarist and Composer
Yoandris Salinas, Cuban professional boxer
Alfonso Jose Sol Salinas, Engineer

text: This page lists people with the surname Salinas. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

tag: table

text: Surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders

question_text: most points kobe scored in a playoff game

text: This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 50 or more points in a playoff game.

text: It has occurred 35 times in playoff history by 23 players. Only four players have scored 50 or more points on more than one occasion: Michael Jordan (eight times), Wilt Chamberlain (four times), Allen Iverson (three times) and Jerry West (twice).

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

FG%
Field goal percentage
3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts

3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

FT%
Free throw percentage

text:
Points
Player
Team
Date
Opponent
Series
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes

63
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Chicago Bulls
000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986
Boston Celtics
1986 Eastern Conference First Round
131–135
53
22
41
0
0
19
21
[a]

61
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962
Boston Celtics
1962 NBA Finals
126–121
48
22
46
–
–
17
19
[b]

56
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001962-03-22-0000March 22, 1962
Syracuse Nationals
1962 Eastern Division Semifinals
121–104
48
22
48
–
–
12
22
[c]

56
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Chicago Bulls
000000001992-04-29-0000April 29, 1992
Miami Heat
1992 Eastern Conference First Round
119–114
43
20
30
0
0
16
18
[d]

56
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Phoenix Suns
000000001994-05-04-0000May 4, 1994
Golden State Warriors
1994 Western Conference First Round
140–133
41
23
31
3
4
7
9
[e]

55
Barry, RickRick Barry*
San Francisco Warriors
000000001967-04-18-0000April 18, 1967
Philadelphia 76ers
1967 NBA Finals
130–124

22
48
–
–
11
19
[f]

55
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Chicago Bulls
000000001988-05-01-0000May 1, 1988
Cleveland Cavaliers
1988 Eastern Conference First Round
106–101
44
24
45
0
0
7
7
[g]

55
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (4)
Chicago Bulls
000000001993-06-16-0000June 16, 1993
Phoenix Suns
1993 NBA Finals
111–105
46
21
37
0
1
13
18
[h]

55
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (5)
Chicago Bulls
000000001997-04-27-0000April 27, 1997
Washington Bullets
1997 Eastern Conference First Round
109–104
44:13
22
35
1
2
10
10

55
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000002003-04-20-0000April 20, 2003
New Orleans Hornets
2003 Eastern Conference First Round
98–90
46:40
21
32
3
5
10
11

54
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
Boston Celtics
000000001973-04-01-0000April 1, 1973
Atlanta Hawks
1973 Eastern Conference Semifinals
134–109
48
24
36
–
–
6
6
[i]

54
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (6)
Chicago Bulls
000000001993-05-31-0000May 31, 1993
New York Knicks
1993 Eastern Conference Finals
105–95
39
18
30
6
9
12
14
[j]

54
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (2)
Philadelphia 76ers
000000002001-05-09-0000May 9, 2001
Toronto Raptors
2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals
97–92
47:46
21
39
3
5
9
9

53
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-03-14-0000March 14, 1960
Syracuse Nationals
1960 Eastern Division Semifinals
132–112
47
24
42
–
–
5
16
[k]

53
West, JerryJerry West*
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001969-04-23-0000April 23, 1969
Boston Celtics
1969 NBA Finals
120–118

21
41
–
–
11
13
[l]

53
Isaiah Thomas^
Boston Celtics
000000002017-05-02-0000May 2, 2017
Washington Wizards
2017 Eastern Conference Semifinals
129-119
45
18
33
5
12
12
13
[1]

52
West, JerryJerry West* (2)
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001965-04-05-0000April 5, 1965
Baltimore Bullets
1965 Western Division Finals
118–115

16
38
–
–
20
21
[m]

52
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (3)
Philadelphia 76ers
000000002001-05-16-0000May 16, 2001
Toronto Raptors
2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals
121–88
43:29
21
32
8
14
2
2

51
Jones, SamSam Jones*
Boston Celtics
000000001967-03-28-0000March 28, 1967
New York Knicks
1967 Eastern Division Semifinals
118–109
43
19
30
–
–
13
17

51
Floyd, Eric "Sleepy"Eric "Sleepy" Floyd
Golden State Warriors
000000001987-05-10-0000May 10, 1987
Los Angeles Lakers
1987 Western Conference Semifinals
129–121
44
18
26
2
3
13
14
[n]

51
Allen, RayRay Allen*
Boston Celtics
000000002009-04-30-0000April 30, 2009
Chicago Bulls
2009 Eastern Conference First Round
127–128
58:45
18
32
9
18
6
7
[o]

51
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Oklahoma City Thunder
000000002017-04-19-0000April 19, 2017
Houston Rockets
2017 Western Conference Quarterfinals
111–115
41:22
17
43
1
7
15
18

51
James, LeBronLeBron James^
Cleveland Cavaliers
000000002018-05-31-0000May 31, 2018
Golden State Warriors
2018 NBA Finals
114–124
51
19
32
3
7
10
11

50
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Boston Celtics
000000001953-03-21-0000March 21, 1953
Syracuse Nationals
1953 Eastern Division Semifinals
111–105
66
10
22
–
–
30
32
[p]

50
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
St. Louis Hawks
000000001958-04-12-0000April 12, 1958
Boston Celtics
1958 NBA Finals
110–109

19
34
–
–
12
15
[q]

50
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (3)
Philadelphia Warriors
000000001960-03-22-0000March 22, 1960
Boston Celtics
1960 Eastern Division Finals
128–107
45
22
42
–
–
6
18

50
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (4)
San Francisco Warriors
000000001964-04-10-0000April 10, 1964
St. Louis Hawks
1964 Western Division Finals
121–97

22
32
–
–
6
10

50
Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham*
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001970-04-01-0000April 1, 1970
Milwaukee Bucks
1970 Eastern Division Semifinals
111–118
48
22
39
–
–
6
8

50
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
Buffalo Braves
000000001975-04-18-0000April 18, 1975
Washington Bullets
1975 Eastern Conference Semifinals
108–102
45
20
32
–
–
10
14
[r]

50
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
Atlanta Hawks
000000001986-04-19-0000April 19, 1986
Detroit Pistons
1986 Eastern Conference First Round
137–125
33
19
28
0
0
12
15

50
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (7)
Chicago Bulls
000000001988-04-28-0000April 28, 1988
Cleveland Cavaliers
1988 Eastern Conference First Round
104–93
44
19
35
0
0
12
12
[s]

50
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (8)
Chicago Bulls
000000001989-05-05-0000May 5, 1989
Cleveland Cavaliers
1989 Eastern Conference First Round
105–108
43
14
28
0
1
22
27
[t]

50
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Utah Jazz
000000002000-04-22-0000April 22, 2000
Seattle SuperSonics
2000 Western Conference First Round
104–93
43:16
18
32
1
1
13
14
[u]

50
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
Toronto Raptors
000000002001-05-11-0000May 11, 2001
Philadelphia 76ers
2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals
102–78
44:44
19
29
9
13
3
3
[v]

50
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Los Angeles Lakers
000000002006-05-04-0000May 4, 2006
Phoenix Suns
2006 Western Conference First Round
118–126
52:06
20
35
5
8
5
6
[w]

50
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Dallas Mavericks
000000002006-06-01-0000June 1, 2006
Phoenix Suns
2006 Western Conference Finals
117–101
43:29
14
26
5
6
17
18