document_title: MAC address

question_text: what is the mac broadcast address in hexadecimal

text: MAC address

text: Address details[edit]

text: The original IEEE 802 MAC address comes from the original Xerox Ethernet addressing scheme.[3] This 48-bit address space contains potentially 248 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses.

text: The distinction between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers is purely nominal: MAC-48 is used for network hardware; EUI-48 is used to identify other devices and software. (Thus, by definition, an EUI-48 is not in fact a "MAC address", although it is syntactically indistinguishable from one and assigned from the same numbering space.)

text: The IEEE now considers the label MAC-48 to be an obsolete term, previously used to refer to a specific type of EUI-48 identifier used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications, and thus not to be used in the future. Instead, the proprietary term EUI-48 should be used for this purpose.

text: In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system encompasses both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism.[2] To convert a MAC-48 into an EUI-64, copy the OUI, append the two octets FF-FF and then copy the organization-specified extension identifier. To convert an EUI-48 into an EUI-64, the same process is used, but the sequence inserted is FF-FE. In both cases, the process can be trivially reversed when necessary. Organizations issuing EUI-64s are cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms. The IEEE has a target lifetime of 100 years for applications using MAC-48 space, but encourages adoption of EUI-64s instead.[4]

text: IPv6 — one of the most prominent standards that uses a Modified EUI-64 — treats MAC-48 as EUI-48 instead (as it is chosen from the same address pool) and toggles the U/L bit (as this makes it easier to type locally assigned IPv6 addresses based on the Modified EUI-64). This results in extending MAC addresses (such as IEEE 802 MAC address) to Modified EUI-64 using only FF-FE (and never FF-FF) and with the U/L bit inverted.[5]

text: An Individual Address Block (IAB) was a 24-bit OUI managed by the IEEE Registration Authority, followed by 12 IEEE-provided bits (identifying the organization), and 12 bits for the owner to assign to individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring not more than 4096 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48). IABs have been replaced with 12-bit "MA-S" address blocks.[6]

text: Universal vs. local[edit]

text: Addresses can either be universally administered addresses (UAA) or locally administered addresses (LAA). A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer. The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the organizationally unique identifier (OUI).[4] The remainder of the address (three octets for MAC-48 and EUI-48 or five for EUI-64) are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness. A locally administered address is assigned to a device by a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address.

text: Universally administered and locally administered addresses are distinguished by setting the second-least-significant bit of the first octet of the address. This bit is also referred to as the U/L bit, short for Universal/Local, which identifies how the address is administered. If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered. If it is 1, the address is locally administered. In the example address 06-00-00-00-00-00 the first octet is 06 (hex), the binary form of which is 00000110, where the second-least-significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address.[7] Another example that uses locally administered addresses is the DECnet protocol. The MAC address of the Ethernet interface is changed by the DECnet software to be AA-00-04-00-XX-YY where XX-YY reflects the DECnet network address xx.yy of the host. This eliminates the need for an address resolution protocol since the MAC address for any DECnet host can be simply determined.

text: Unicast vs. multicast[edit]

text: If the least significant bit of the first octet of an address is set to 0 (zero), the frame is meant to reach only one receiving NIC.[8] This type of transmission is called unicast. A unicast frame is transmitted to all nodes within the collision domain. In a modern wired setting the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cable between two network cards. In a wireless setting, the collision domain is as far as the radio transmitter can reach. A switch will forward a unicast frame through all of its ports (except for the port that originated the frame), an action known as unicast flood, if the switch has no knowledge of which port leads to that MAC address.[9] Only the node with the matching hardware MAC address will accept the frame; network frames with non-matching MAC-addresses are ignored, unless the device is in promiscuous mode.

text: If the least significant bit of the first octet is set to 1, the frame will still be sent only once; however, NICs will choose to accept it based on criteria other than the matching of a MAC address: for example, based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses. This is called multicast addressing.

text: The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one network interface card to be addressed at one time:

text:
Packets sent to the broadcast address, all one bits, are received by all stations on a local area network. In hexadecimal the broadcast address would be FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. A broadcast frame is flooded and is forwarded to and accepted by all other nodes.
Packets sent to a multicast address are received by all stations on a LAN that have been configured to receive packets sent to that address.
Functional addresses identify one or more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service, defined in IEEE 802.5.

text: These are all examples of group addresses, as opposed to individual addresses; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and set to 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered.

text: Applications[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following network technologies use the MAC-48 identifier format:

text:
Ethernet
802.11 wireless networks
Bluetooth
IEEE 802.5 token ring
most other IEEE 802 networks
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), switched virtual connections only, as part of an NSAP address
Fibre Channel and Serial Attached SCSI (as part of a World Wide Name)
The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 gigabit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables). The G.hn Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer accepts Ethernet frames that use the MAC-48 format and encapsulates them into G.hn Medium Access Control Service Data Units (MSDUs).

text: Every device that connects to an IEEE 802 network (such as Ethernet and WiFi) has a MAC-48 address. Common networked consumer devices such as PCs, smartphones and tablet computers use MAC-48 addresses.

text: EUI-64 identifiers are used in:

text:
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
IPv6 (Modified EUI-64 as the least-significant 64 bits of a unicast network address or link-local address when stateless autoconfiguration is used)
ZigBee / 802.15.4 / 6LoWPAN wireless personal-area networks

text: Usage in hosts[edit]

text: On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address is expected to uniquely identify each node on that segment and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the link layer (OSI Layer 2) networking upon which upper layer protocols rely to produce complex, functioning networks.

text: Although intended to be a permanent and globally unique identification, it is possible to change the MAC address on most modern hardware. Changing MAC addresses is necessary in network virtualization. It can also be used in the process of exploiting security vulnerabilities. This is called MAC spoofing.

text: In IP networks, the MAC address of an interface can be queried given the IP address using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) or the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6. In this way, ARP or NDP is used to relate IP addresses (OSI layer 3) to Ethernet MAC addresses (OSI layer 2).

text: Spying[edit]

text: According to Edward Snowden, the US National Security Agency has a system that tracks the movements of everyone in a city by monitoring the MAC addresses of their electronic devices.[10] As a result of users being trackable by their devices' MAC addresses, Apple has started using random MAC addresses in their iOS line of devices while scanning for networks.[11] If random MAC addresses are not used, researchers have confirmed that it is possible to link a real identity to a particular wireless MAC address.[12]

text: Many network interfaces (including wireless ones) support changing their MAC address. The configuration is specific to the operating system. On most Unix-like systems, the ifconfig command may be used to add and remove "link" (Ethernet MAC family) address aliases. For instance, the "active" ifconfig directive may then be used on NetBSD to specify which of the attached addresses to activate.[13] Hence, various configuration scripts and utilities allow to randomize the MAC address at boot or network connection time.

text: Using wireless access points in SSID-hidden mode (see network cloaking), a mobile wireless device may not only disclose its own MAC address when traveling, but even the MAC addresses associated to SSIDs the device has already connected to, if they are configured to send these as part of probe request packets. Alternative modes to prevent this include configuring access points to be either in beacon-broadcasting mode, or probe-response with SSID mode. In these modes, probe requests may be unnecessary, or sent in broadcast mode without disclosing the identity of previously-known networks.[14]

text: Notational conventions[edit]

text: The standard (IEEE 802) format for printing MAC-48 addresses in human-friendly form is six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens (-) in transmission order (e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-AB). This form is also commonly used for EUI-64 (e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-AB-CD-EF).[15] Other conventions include six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:) (e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:AB), and three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.) (e.g. 0123.4567.89AB); again in transmission order.[16]

text: Bit-reversed notation[edit]

text: The standard notation, also called canonical format, for MAC addresses is written in transmission bit order with the least significant bit transmitted first, as seen in the output of the ifconfig, iproute2, and ipconfig commands, for example.

text: However, since IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) send the bytes (octets) over the wire, left-to-right, with least significant bit in each byte first, while IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) and IEEE 802.6 send the bytes over the wire with the most significant bit first, confusion may arise when an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation. For example, an address in canonical form 12-34-56-78-9A-BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101 in the standard transmission order (least significant bit first). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 in most-significant-bit first order. The latter might be incorrectly displayed as 48-2C-6A-1E-59-3D. This is referred to as bit-reversed order, non-canonical form, MSB format, IBM format, or Token Ring format, as explained in RFC 2469.


document_title: Heartland (Canadian TV series)

question_text: where is the tv show heartland filmed at

root

text: Heartland (Canadian TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: Amber Marshall as Amy Fleming

tag: ul

text: Graham Wardle as Tyler "Ty" Borden

text: Michelle Morgan as Samantha Louise "Lou" Fleming Morris

text: Shaun Johnston as Jackson "Jack" Bartlett

text: Alisha Newton as Georgina "Georgie" Fleming Morris (Crawley)

text: Chris Potter as Timothy "Tim" Fleming

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text: Kerry James as Caleb O'Dell

text: Gabriel Hogan as Peter Walter Morris

text: Nathaniel Arcand as Scott Cardinal

text: Jessica Steen as Elizabeth "Lisa" Stillman Bartlett

text: Julia Maren Baker as Katie Fleming Morris

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: Kevin McGarry as Mitch Cutty

text: Roger LeBlanc as Bob Grainger

text: Kataem O'Connor as Adam Parker

text: Helen Colliander as Olivia Wheaton

text: Victoria Pratt as Casey McMurtry

text: Madison Cheeatow as Jade Verani

text: Kaitlyn Leeb as Cassandra

text: Greta Onieogou as Soraya Duval

text: Wanda Cannon as Valerie "Val" Stanton

text: Anna Ferguson as Sally Bell

text: Ruby & Emmanuella Spencer as Lyndy Marion Fleming-Borden

text: Former cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: Jessica Amlee as Mallory Wells Anderson

text: Cindy Busby as Ashley Stanton

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: Jade Hassouné as Prince Ahmed Al Saeed

text: Maxim Roy as Miranda Grenier

text: Sam Duke as Shane Grenier Fleming

text: Rhys Ward as Jeremy Hughes

text: Vinessa Antoine as Nicole

text: Lisa Langlois as Marion Bartlett Fleming

text: Jake Church as Jacob "Jake" Anderson

text: Jack Knight as Badger

text: Siobhan Williams as Jamie Lewis

text: Wesley MacInnes as Austin Mars

text: Greg Lawson as Clinton "Clint" Riley

text: Kristin Fairlie as Tara

text: Tatiana Maslany as Katherine "Kit" Bailey

text: Jeff Roop as Constable Marcus "Mark" Rodriguez

text: Tom Carey as Wes

text: Aedan Tomney as Jesse Stanton

text: Craig Arnold as Jeffery "Jeff" Crawley

text: Meaghan Rath as Jennifer "Jen"'

text: Graham Abbey as Steven "Steve"

text:
Carson Pound as Stephan
Miranda Frigon as Janice Wayne

text: Others[edit]

text: Suzanne Coy as Margaret "Maggie" Duval

text: Keegan Connor Tracy as Crystal

text: Ben Cardinal as Victor Whitetail

text: Torrance Coombs as Chase Powers

text: Raoul Trujillo as Renard

text: Emma Lahana as Blair Conner

text: Beau Mirchoff as Benjamin "Ben" Stillman

text: Stephen Amell as Nicholas "Nick" Harwell

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
October 14, 2007 (2007-10-14)
February 24, 2008 (2008-02-24)

2
18
October 5, 2008 (2008-10-05)
March 22, 2009 (2009-03-22)

3
18
October 4, 2009 (2009-10-04)
March 28, 2010 (2010-03-28)

4
18
September 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)
March 27, 2011 (2011-03-27)

Film
December 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)

5
18
September 18, 2011 (2011-09-18)
March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25)

6
18
September 16, 2012 (2012-09-16)
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)

7
18
October 6, 2013 (2013-10-06)
April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13)

8
18
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)

9
18
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)
March 20, 2016 (2016-03-20)

10
18
October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02)
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)

11
18
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)

tag: table

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Much of the series is filmed on location in and around High River, Alberta, with additional filming in studio and on location in nearby Calgary. A June 2013 flood in High River swamped the standing set for Maggie's Diner.[4]

tag: p

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Entertainment One has released the first seven seasons of Heartland on DVD in Region 1 (Canada only). The standalone TV movie A Heartland Christmas was released on DVD in Canada on November 1, 2011[5] and in the USA on October 29, 2013.[6] Season 8 was released in Canada on October 6, 2015.[7]

text: In Region 2, 4Digital Media has released the first 6 seasons on DVD in the UK.

text: In Region 4, Season 1 and Season 2 Parts 1 and 2 have been released by Roadshow Home Video.

text: Seasons 1-9 are available on Netflix and Hulu

text: US season 10 will be available in 2018.[citation needed]

text:
Season
Ep#
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season 1, Part 1
7
September 15, 2009[8]
N/A
N/A

Season 1, Part 2
6
November 10, 2009[9]
N/A
N/A

The Complete First Season
13
May 4, 2010[10]
April 26, 2010[11]
August 31, 2010[12]

Season 2, Part 1

N/A
N/A
December 2, 2010[13]

Season 2, Part 2

N/A
N/A
March 3, 2011[14]

The Complete Second Season
18
May 4, 2010[10]
June 13, 2011[15]
N/A

The Complete Third Season
18
March 22, 2011[16]
13/02-12
N/A

The Complete Fourth Season
18
November 1, 2011[17]
27/02-12
N/A

The Complete Fifth Season
18
September 18, 2012[18]
November 19, 2012[19]
N/A

The Complete Sixth Season
18
October 15, 2013[20]
August 12, 2013[21]
N/A

The Complete Seventh Season
18
September 28, 2014[22]
unknown
N/A

The Complete Eighth Season
18
October 6, 2015[22]
unknown
N/A

text:
Other releases
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

A Heartland Christmas
November 1, 2011[17]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In its series premiere, Heartland beat out Global's comedy Da Kink in My Hair with 513,000 viewers in a battle of two new series.[23] After four episodes, Heartland had an average viewership of 464,000.[24] In its first-season finale, Heartland attracted 625,000 viewers.[25] The third-season premiere brought in over 1 million viewers, a new record for the show.[26] The 100th episode "After All We've Been Through" was watched by 945,000 viewers.[27]


document_title: Circle of latitude

question_text: which line of latitude is the border between nebraska and kansas

text: Circle of latitude

text: Major circles of latitude[edit]

text: There are five major circles of latitude, listed below from north to south. The position of the Equator is fixed (90 degrees from Earth's axis of rotation) but the latitudes of the other circles depend on the tilt of this axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit, and so are not perfectly fixed. The values below are for 18 September 2017:[1]

text:
Arctic Circle (66°33′46.8″ N)
Tropic of Cancer (23°26′13.2″ N)
Equator (0° latitude)
Tropic of Capricorn (23°26′13.2″ S)
Antarctic Circle (66°33′46.8″ S)

text: These circles of latitude, excluding the Equator, mark the divisions between the five principal geographical zones.

text: Equator[edit]

text: The equator is the circle that is equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole. It divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Of the parallels or circles of latitude, it is the longest, and the only 'great circle' (a circle on the surface of the Earth, centered on Earth's center). All the other parallels are smaller and centered only on Earth's axis.

text: Equator

text: Polar Circles[edit]

text: The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the June and December solstices respectively). Similarly, the Antarctic Circle marks the northernmost latitude in the Southern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the December and June Solstices respectively).

text:
Arctic Circle

Antarctic Circle

text: Tropical Circles[edit]

text: The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn mark the northernmost and southernmost latitudes at which the sun may be seen directly overhead (at the June solstice and December solstice respectively).

text: The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to the Earth's axial tilt, about 23°.

text:
Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

text: Movement of the Tropical and Polar circles[edit]

text: By definition, the positions of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle all depend on the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun (the "obliquity of the ecliptic"). If the Earth were "upright" (its axis at right angles to the orbital plane) there would be no Arctic, Antarctic, or Tropical circles: at the poles the sun would always circle along the horizon, and at the equator the sun would always rise due east, pass directly overhead, and set due west.

text: The positions of the Tropical and Polar circles are not fixed because the axial tilt changes slowly – a complex motion determined by the superimposition of many different cycles (some of which are described below) with short to very long periods. In 2000 the mean value of the tilt was about 23° 26′ 21″.

text: The main long-term cycle causes the axial tilt to fluctuate between about 22.1° and 24.5° with a period of 41,000 years. Currently, the average value of the tilt is decreasing by about 0.47″ per year. As a result, (approximately, and on average) the Tropical Circles are drifting towards the equator (and the Polar Circles towards the poles) by 15 metres per year, and the area of the Tropics is decreasing by 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi) per year.

text: The Earth's axial tilt has additional shorter-term variations due to nutation, of which the main term, with a period of 18.6 years, has an amplitude of 9.2" (corresponding to almost 300 metres north and south).[2] There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction.

text: Finally, the Earth's rotational axis is not exactly fixed in the Earth, but undergoes small fluctuations (on the order of 15 meters) called polar motion, which have a small effect on the Tropics and Polar circles and also on the Equator.

text: Short-term fluctuations over a matter of days do not directly affect the location of the extreme latitudes at which the sun may appear directly overhead, or at which 24-hour day or night is possible, except when they actually occur at the time of the solstices. Rather, they cause a theoretical shifting of the parallels, that would occur if the given axis tilt were maintained throughout the year.

text: Other notable parallels[edit]

text: A number of sub-national and international borders were intended to be defined by, or are approximated by, parallels. Parallels make convenient borders in the northern hemisphere because astronomic latitude can be roughly measured (to within a few tens of meters) by sighting the North Star.

text:
Parallel
Description

70°N
On Victoria Island, Canada, two sections of the border between Northwest Territories and Nunavut.

60°N
In Canada, the southern border of Yukon with the northern border of British Columbia; the southern border of Northwest Territories with the northern borders of British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan; and the southern border of mainland Nunavut with the northern border of Manitoba, leading to the expression "north of sixty" for the territories.

54°40'N
The border between 19th century Russian territories to the north and conflicting American and British land claims in western North America. The conflicting claims led to the Oregon boundary dispute between Britain and the United States, giving rise to the slogan "Fifty-four forty or fight."

52°N
In Canada, part of the border between Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec.

51°N
The southern limit of Russian America from 1799 to 1821.

49°N
Much of the border between Canada and the United States, from British Columbia to Manitoba; "49th parallel" is a common expression for the border, though the majority of Canada's population actually lives south of the parallel.

48°N
In Canada, part of the border between Quebec and New Brunswick.

46°N
In the United States, part of the border between Washington and Oregon.

45°N
Part of the border between Canada (Quebec) and the USA (New York and Vermont) is approximated by the parallel. Also, in the USA, it approximates most of the border between Montana and Wyoming.

43°30'N
In the USA, the border between Minnesota and Iowa.

43°N
In the USA, much of the border between South Dakota and Nebraska.

42°30'N
In the USA, the border between Wisconsin and Illinois.

42°N
Originally the northward limit of New Spain. In the USA, the southern borders of Oregon and Idaho where they meet the northern borders of California, Nevada and Utah. The parallel also defines much of the border between Pennsylvania and New York.

41°N
In the USA, part of the border between Wyoming and Utah, the border between Wyoming and Colorado, and part of the border between Nebraska and Colorado.

40°N
In the USA, the border between Nebraska and Kansas. The parallel was originally chosen for the Mason–Dixon line, but the line was moved several miles south to avoid bisecting the city of Philadelphia.

38°N
The boundary between the Soviet and American occupation zones in Korea, and later between North Korea and South Korea, from 1945 until the Korean War (1950–1953).

37°N
In the USA, the southern border of Utah with the northern border of Arizona. The southern border of Colorado with the northern borders of New Mexico and Oklahoma. The southern border of Kansas with the northern border of Oklahoma.

36°30'N

The historic Missouri Compromise line. In the USA, defines part of the border between Oklahoma and Texas, most of the border between Missouri and Arkansas. Geographically it is a Westward extension of the border between Virginia and North Carolina and part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee.

36°N
In the USA, a short section of the border between the Missouri Bootheel and Arkansas.

35°N
In the USA, the southern border of Tennessee, which meets Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. Also, part of the border between North Carolina and Georgia.

33°N
In the USA, the southern border of Arkansas, which meets the northern border of Louisiana, is approximated by the parallel. Historically, it defined the southern border of the Louisiana Territory.

32°N
In the USA, part of the border between New Mexico and Texas.

31°20'N
Part of the border between the USA and Mexico (Sonora and Chihuahua); the southern border of Arizona and the New Mexico Bootheel.

31°N
Part of the border between Iran and Iraq. In the USA, part of the border between Mississippi and Louisiana, and part of the border between Alabama and Florida.

28°N
In Mexico, the border between Baja California and Baja California Sur.

26°N
Part of the border between Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco) and Mauritania.

25°N
Part of the border between Mauritania and Mali.

22°N
Much of the border between Egypt and Sudan, partly disputed (see also Hala'ib Triangle).

20°N
A short section of the border between Libya and Sudan, and within Sudan, the northern border of the Darfur region.

17°N
The division between Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) during the Vietnam War.

15°N
de facto maritime border between Honduras and Nicaragua.[3]

13°05'N
Part of the border between Chad and Cameroon, over a stretch of 41.6 km, partly in Lake Chad

10°N
Part of the border between Guinea and Sierra Leone.

8°N
Part of the border between Somalia and Ethiopia.

1°N
Part of the border between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.

1°S
Most of the border between Uganda and Tanzania, and a very short section of the border between Kenya and Tanzania in Lake Victoria.

7°S
A short section of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.

8°S
Two short sections of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.

10°S
A short section of the border between Brazil and Peru.

13°S
Part of the border between Angola and Zambia.

16°S
Part of the border between Mozambique and Zimbabwe.

22°S
A short section of the border between Namibia and Botswana, and parts of the border between Bolivia and Argentina.

26°S
In Australia, the border between South Australia and the Northern Territory, and part of the border between South Australia and Queensland.

28°S
In Argentina, the border between Chaco Province and Santa Fe Province.

29°S
In Australia, much of the border between Queensland and New South Wales.

35°S
In Argentina, part of the border between Córdoba Province and La Pampa Province.

36°S
In Argentina, part of the border between Mendoza Province and La Pampa Province, and part of the border between San Luis Province and La Pampa Province.

42°S
In Argentina, the border between Río Negro Province and Chubut Province.

46°S
In Argentina, the border between Chubut Province and Santa Cruz Province.

52°S
Part of the border between Argentina and Chile.

60°S
The northern boundary of Antarctica for the purposes of the Antarctic Treaty System (see map). The northern boundary of the Southern Ocean.

text: Altitude[edit]

text: Altitude has an effect on a location's position relative to the plane formed by a circle of latitude. Since altitude is determined by the normal to the Earth's surface, locations sharing the same latitude—but having different elevations (e.g., lying along this normal)—no longer lie within this plane. Rather, all points sharing the same latitude and of varying elevation occupy a cone formed by the rotation of this normal around the Earth's axis.


document_title: Foreign relations of France

question_text: who strengthened french move to the right during the 1990s

text: Foreign relations of France

text: Fourth Republic 1944-58[edit]

text: The creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman and French economic theorist Jean Monnet on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and Germany. Though the UK was invited, its Labour government, then preparing for a re-election fight, did not join the initiative.[1] ECSC was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by France, Italy, West Germany and the three Benelux states: Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Among these states the ECSC would remove trade barriers and create a common market for coal and steel. The ECSC was governed by a 'High Authority', checked by bodies representing governments, Members of Parliament and an independent judiciary.[2]

text: Pierre Mendès France was a Radical party leader and the Prime Minister for eight months in 1954–55, working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties. His top priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured. Public opinion polls show that in February 1954, only 7% of the French people wanted to continue the fight to keep Indochina out of the hands of the Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement.[3] At the Geneva Conference (1954) He made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the seventeenth parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces.[4] That left South Vietnam standing alone. However, the United States moved in and provided large scale financial military and economic support for South Vietnam.[5] Mendès France next came to an agreement with Habib Bourguiba, the nationalist leader in Tunisia, for the independence of that colony by 1956, and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal.[6]

text: Fifth Republic (1958 to present)[edit]

text: President de Gaulle, 1958–1969[edit]

text: The May 1958 seizure of power in Algiers by French army units and French settlers opposed to concessions in the face of Arab nationalist insurrection ripped apart the unstable Fourth Republic. The National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis. De Gaulle founded the Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency, and he was elected in the latter role. He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war, much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs (Frenchmen settled in Algeria) and the military; both previously had supported his return to power to maintain colonial rule. He granted independence to Algeria in 1962 and progressively to other French colonies.[7]

text: Proclaiming that grandeur was the essential to the nature of France, de Gaulle initiated his "Politics of Grandeur",[8] He demanded complete autonomy for France in world affairs, which meant that it has its major decisions which could not be forced upon it by NATO, the European Community or anyone else. De Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence."  He twice vetoed Britain's entry into the Common Market, fearing it might overshadow France in European affairs.[9][10] While not officially abandoning NATO, he withdraw from its military integrated command, fearing that the United States had too much control over NATO.[11] He launched an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power.[12]

text: He restored cordial Franco-German relations in order to create a European counterweight between the "Anglo-Saxon" (American and British) and Soviet spheres of influence.  De Gaulle openly criticised the U.S. intervention in Vietnam.[13] He was angry at American economic power, especially what his Finance minister called the "exorbitant privilege" of the U.S. dollar.[14] He went to Canada and proclaimed "Vive le Québec libre", The catchphrase for an independent Quebec.[15]

text: De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization.

text: François Mitterrand: 1981–1995[edit]

text: François Mitterrand, a Socialist, emphasized European unity[16] and the preservation of France's special relationships with its former colonies in the face of "Anglo-Saxon influence."[17] A part of the enacted policies was formulated in the Socialist Party's 110 Propositions for France, the electoral program for the 1981 presidential election.  He had a warm and effective relationship with the conservative German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. They promoted French-German bilateralism in Europe And strengthened military cooperation between the two countries.

text: Jacques Chirac[edit]

text: Nicolas Sarkozy[edit]

text:
Shortly after taking office, President Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC, regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group, especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt. According to some sources, Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARC's "chancellor" Rodrigo Granda.
.[18] Furthermore, he announced on 24 July 2007, that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country. In exchange, he signed with Gaddafi security, health care and immigration pacts – and a $230 million (168 million euros) MILAN antitank missile sale.[19] The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004, and was negotiated with MBDA, a subsidiary of EADS. Another 128 million euros contract would have been signed, according to Tripoli, with EADS for a TETRA radio system. The Socialist Party (PS) and the Communist Party (PCF) criticized a "state affair" and a "barter" with a "Rogue state".[20] The leader of the PS, François Hollande, requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation.[19]

text: On 8 June 2007, during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050 in order to prevent global warming. He then pushed forward the important Socialist figure of Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[21] Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures.[22]

text: Sarkozy normalised what had been strained relations with NATO.  In 2009, France again was a fully integrated NATO member. François Hollande has continued the same policy.[23]

text: François Hollande[edit]

text: Socialist François Hollande won election in 2012 as president.[24] He adopted a generally hawkish foreign-policy, in close collaboration with Germany in regard to opposing Russian moves against Ukraine, and in sending the military to fight radical Islamists in Africa.[25] He takes a hard line with regard to the Greek debt crisis.[26] François Hollande launched two military operations in Africa: Operation Serval in Mali (the French armed forces stopped an Islamist takeover of Bamako, the nation's capital city); and Operation Sangaris (to restore peace there as tensions between different religious communities had turned into a violent conflict). France was also the first European nation to join the United States in bombing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Under President Hollande, France's stances on the civil war in Syria and Iran's nuclear program has been described as "hawkish".[27]

text: Emmanuel Macron[edit]

text: International organization participation[edit]

text: ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, ESA, ESCAP, EU, FAO, FZ, G-5, G-7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Inmarsat, InOC, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MINURSO, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, Zangger Committee

text: International border disputes[edit]

text:
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova Island
Comoros claims Mayotte
Mauritius claims Tromelin Island
territorial dispute on the boundary between Suriname and French Guiana
territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land) under the Antarctic Treaty System
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu

text: Middle East[edit]

text: France established relations with the Middle East during the reign of Louis XIV. To keep Austria from intervening into its plans regarding Western Europe he lent limited support to the Ottoman Empire, though the victories of Prince Eugene of Savoy destroyed these plans.[28] In the nineteenth century France together with Great Britain tried to strengthen the Ottoman Empire, the now "Sick man of Europe", to resist Russian expansion, culminating in the Crimean War.[29]

text: France also pursued close relations with the semi-autonomous Egypt. In 1869 Egyptian workers -under the supervision of France- completed the Suez Canal. A rivalry emerged between France and Britain for control of Egypt, and eventually Britain emerged victorious by buying out the Egyptian shares of the company before the French had time to act.[30]

text: After the unification of Germany in 1871, Germany successfully attempted to co-op France's relations with the Ottomans. In World War I the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, and was defeated by France and Britain. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire France and Britain divided the Middle East between themselves. France received Syria and Lebanon.[31]

text:
These colonies were granted independence after 1945, but France still tried to forge cultural and educational bonds between the areas, particularly with Lebanon. Relationships with Syria are more strained, due to the policies of that country. In 2005, France, along with the United States, pressured Syria to evacuate Lebanon.[32]
In the post-World War II era French relations with the Arab Middle East reached a very low point. The war in Algeria between Muslim fighters and French colonists deeply concerned the rest of the Muslim world. The Algerian fighters received much of their supplies and funding from Egypt and other Arab powers, much to France's displeasure.[33]

text: Most damaging to Franco-Arab relations, however, was the Suez Crisis. It greatly diminished France's reputation in the region. France openly supported the Israeli attack on the Sinai peninsula, and was working against Nasser, then a popular figure in the Middle East. The Suez Crisis also made France and the United Kingdom look again like imperialist powers attempting to impose their will upon weaker nations.[34] Another hindrance to France's relations with the Arab Middle East was its close alliance with Israel during the 1950s.

text: De Gaulle's policies[edit]

text: This all changed with the coming of Charles de Gaulle to power. De Gaulle's foreign policy was centered around an attempt to limit the power and influence of both superpowers, and at the same time increase France's international prestige.  De Gaulle hoped to move France from being a follower of the United States to becoming the leading nation of a large group of non-aligned countries. The nations de Gaulle looked at as potential participants in this group were those in France's traditional spheres of influence: Africa and the Middle East. The former French colonies in eastern and northern Africa were quite agreeable to these close relations with France.  These nations had close economic and cultural ties to France, and they also had few other suitors amongst the major powers. This new orientation of French foreign policy also appealed strongly to the leaders of the Arab nations. None of them wanted to be dominated by either of the superpowers, and they supported France's policy of trying to balance the US and the USSR and to prevent either from becoming dominant in the region. The Middle Eastern leaders wanted to be free to pursue their own goals and objectives, and did not want to be chained to either alliance block. De Gaulle hoped to use this common foundation to build strong relations between the nations. He also hoped that good relations would improve France's trade with the region. De Gaulle also imagined that these allies would look up to the more powerful French nation, and would look to it in leadership in matters of foreign policy.[35]

text: The end of the Algerian conflict in 1962 accomplished much in this regard. France could not portray itself as a leader of the oppressed nations of the world if it still was enforcing its colonial rule upon another nation. The battle against the Muslim separatists that France waged in favour of the minority of white settlers was an extremely unpopular one throughout the Muslim world. With the conflict raging it would have been close to impossible for France to have had positive relations with the nations of the Middle East. The Middle Eastern support for the FLN guerillas was another strain on relations that the end of the conflict removed. Most of the financial and material support for the FLN had come from the nations of the Middle East and North Africa. This was especially true of Nasser's Egypt, which had long supported the separatists. Egypt is also the most direct example of improved relations after the end of hostilities. The end of the war brought an immediate thaw to Franco-Egyptian relations, Egypt ended the trial of four French officers accused of espionage, and France ended its trade embargo against Egypt.

text: In 1967 de Gaulle completely overturned France's Israel policy. De Gaulle and his ministers reacted very harshly to Israel's actions in the Six-Day War. The French government and de Gaulle condemned Israel's treatment of refugees, warned that it was a mistake to occupy the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and also refused to recognize the Israeli control of Jerusalem. The French government continued to criticize Israel after the war and de Gaulle spoke out against other Israeli actions, such as the operations against the Palestine Liberation Organization in Lebanon. France began to use its veto power to oppose Israel in the UN, and France sided with the Arab states on almost all issues brought to the international body. Most importantly of all, however, de Gaulle's government imposed an arms embargo on the Israeli state. The embargo was in fact applied to all the combatants, but very soon France began selling weaponry to the Arab states again. As early as 1970 France sold Libya a hundred Dassault Mirage fighter jets. However, after 1967 France continued to support Israel's right to exist, as well as Israel's many preferential agreements with France and the European Economic Community.

text: Foreign aid[edit]

text: In the second half of the 20th century, France increased its expenditures in foreign aid greatly, to become second only to the United States in total aid amongst the Western powers and first on a per capita basis. By 1968 France was paying out $855 million per year in aid far more than either West Germany or the United Kingdom. The vast majority of French aid was directed towards Africa and the Middle East, usually either as a lever to promote French interests or to help with the sale of French products (e.g. arms sales). France also increased its expenditures on other forms of aid sending out skilled individuals to developing countries to provide technical and cultural expertise.[36]

text: The combination of aid money, arms sales, and diplomatic alignments helped to erase the memory of the Suez Crisis and the Algerian War in the Arab world and France successfully developed amicable relationships with the governments of many of the Middle Eastern states. Nasser and de Gaulle, who shared many similarities, cooperated on limiting American power in the region. Nasser proclaimed France as the only friend of Egypt in the West. France and Iraq also developed a close relationship with business ties, joint military training exercises, and French assistance in Iraq's nuclear program in the 1970s. France improved relations with its former colony Syria, and eroded cultural links were partially restored.

text: In terms of trade France did receive some benefits from the improved relations with the Middle East. French trade with the Middle East increased by over fifty percent after de Gaulle's reforms. The weaponry industries benefited most as France soon had lucrative contracts with many of the regimes in the Middle East and North Africa, though these contracts account for a negligible part of France's economy.

text: De Gaulle had hoped that by taking a moderate path and not strongly supporting either side France could take part in the Middle East peace process between Israel and the Arab nations. Instead it has been excluded from any major role.

text: Bilateral relations[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: France plays a significant role in Africa, especially in its former colonies, through extensive aid programs, commercial activities, military agreements, and cultural impact. In those former colonies where the French presence remains important, France contributes to political, military, and social stability.  Many think that French policy in Africa – particularly where British interests are also involved – is susceptible to what is known as 'Fashoda syndrome'. Others have criticized the relationship as neocolonialism under the name Françafrique, stressing France's support of various dictatorships, among others: Omar Bongo, Idriss Déby, and Denis Sassou Nguesso.

text:
Country

Formal Relations Began

Notes

 Algeria

See Algeria–France relations
Relations between post-colonial Algeria and France have remained close throughout the years, although sometimes difficult. In 1962, the Evian Accords peace treaty laid the foundations of a new Franco-Algerian relationship. In exchange for a generous coopération regime (massive financial, technical and cultural aid), France secured a number of economic and military privileges. Economically, France enjoyed a preferential treatment vis-à-vis the Saharan wealth of hydrocarbons. Militarily, it could keep the Mers-el-Kébir base for 15 years and use the Saharan nuclear test-sites for another five years. France had used these sites to carry out its first nuclear tests (Gerboise bleue) in 1960. 90% or more of the Europeans established in Algeria (pieds-noirs) left the country in a massive exodus creating a difficult void in the bureaucratic, economic and educational structure of Algeria. On the other hand, the issue of the harkis, the Arabs who had fought on the French side during the war, was still to be solved at the turn of the 21st century, being somehow ignored by the French while seen as outright traitors by the Algerian people. On the economical level, Algeria remained for some time the fourth largest importer of French goods, conducting all its transactions with France in the Franc zone. Many Algerians were encouraged by French authorities and businessmen to migrate to France in order to provide workforce during the Trente Glorieuses (Thirty Glorious) growth. Relations between France and Algeria have remained closely intertwined, and France could not entirely escape from the chaos which threatened Algeria during the civil war in the nineties.
Ahmed Ben Bella, the first President of Algeria was reported in a 2001 interview as saying that "The Algerian people have lived with blood. We brought de Gaulle to his knees. We struggled against French rule for 15 years under the leadership of Emir Abdel-Kader Al-Jazairi. The Algerian population was then four million. French repression cost us two million lives. It was genocide. We survived as a people. Barbaric French atrocities did not subdue our fighting spirit."[37]
On 23 February 2005, the French law on colonialism was an act passed by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) conservative majority, which imposed on high-school (lycée) teachers to teach the "positive values" of colonialism to their students (article 4). The law created a public uproar and opposition from the whole of the left-wing, and was finally repealed by president Jacques Chirac (UMP) at the beginning of 2006, after accusations of historical revisionism from various teachers and historians.
Algerians feared that the French law on colonialism would hinder the task the French confronting the dark side of their colonial rule in Algeria because article 4 of the law decreed among other things that "School programmes are to recognise in particular the positive role of the French presence overseas, especially in North Africa, ..."[38] Benjamin Stora a leading specialist on French Algerian history and an opponent of the French law on colonialism, said "France has never taken on its colonial history. It is a big difference with the Anglo-Saxon countries, where post-colonial studies are now in all the universities. We are phenomenally behind the times."[38] In his opinion, although the historical facts were known to academics, they were not well known by the French public and this led to a lack of honesty in France over French colonial treatment of the Algerian people.[38]
During the period that the French law on colonialism was in force, several Algerians and others raised issues and made comments to emphasise that there were many aspects of French colonial rule that were not widely known in France.[38] A senior Algerian official Mohamed El Korso said that "[French] repentance is seen by the Algerian people as a sine qua non before any Franco-Algerian friendship treaty can be concluded." and with reference to the Setif massacre that "French and international public opinion must know that France committed a real act of genocide in May 1945"[38] The Algerian president Abdelaziz Bouteflika said Algeria had "never ceased waiting for an admission from France of all the acts committed during the colonial period and the war of liberation." and drew comparisons between the burning of the bodies of the victims of the Setif massacre with the crematoria in the Nazi death camps.[38] More recently on 17 April 2006, Bouteflika emphasised Algeria's point of view when said in a speech in Paris that "Colonization brought the genocide of our identity, of our history, of our language, of our traditions".[39]
French authorities responded to the claims by President Bouteflika and others by playing down the comments, urging "mutual respect" French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier told Algeria in an official visit to make a common effort to search history "in order to establish a common future and overcome the sad pages". In an interview with El Vatan, an Algerian newspaper, Barnier said that "Historians from two sides must be encouraged to work together. They must work on the common past".[40] French authorities asked president Abdelaziz Bouteflika to study with France the disarmed 150,000 Harkis killed without another reason that revenge, by his party, the National Liberation Front (FLN).
French President Jacques Chirac, upon harsh reactions to the law encouraging the good sides of the French colonial history, made the statement, "Writing history is the job of the historians, not of the laws." According to Prime Minister, Dominique de Villepin, "speaking about the past or writing history is not the job of the parliament."[41]
The issue of the French human rights record in Algeria is also politically sensitive in Turkey. France recognized Armenian genocide by the Turks in 1998.[42] In response to the action of the French parliament, making it an offense to deny the existence of such a genocide, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey drafted a bill in October 2006 to make it illegal to deny that the French committed genocide in Algeria.[43] Turkish party leaders, including CHP, MHP, BBP and ANAP called on France to recognize what they called "Algerian genocide".[citation needed] However, the draft never became an official law.

Algeria has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.
France has an embassy in Algiers and consulates-general in Annaba and Oran.

 Angola

See Angola–France relations
Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals.[44] Following French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved.

Angola has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Luanda.

 Benin

Benin has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Cotonou.

 Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Ouagadougou.

 Burundi

Burundi has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Bujumbura.

 Cameroon

Cameroon has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Yaoundé and a consulate-general in Douala.

 Central African Republic
13 August 1960
See Central African Republic–France relations
Central African Republic has an embassy in Paris.[45]
France has an embassy in Bangui.[46]

 Chad
11 August 1960
See Chad–France relations
The French military has been present in Chad since 1986 in the frame of Operation Epervier.

Chad has an embassy in Paris.[47]
France has an embassy in N'djamena.[48]

 Côte d'Ivoire

In 2002 and 2003, France participated in military interventions in Côte d'Ivoire (see Operation Licorne and UNOCI, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, helping in the evacuation of foreign residents and the protection of civilians from warring factions.
Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Abidjan.

 Congo

See Republic of the Congo–France relations
Congo has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Brazzaville.

 Comoros

Comoros has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Moroni.

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

France and Germany decided on a concerted military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This operation included sending 1500 European troops to the DRC to support fair and regular presidential elections in June 2006. While Germany leads the mission, both France and Germany provide 500 soldiers each, with the rest of the soldiers coming from other European countries.
Many scholars of the European Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) question whether the mission is of great use, and argue that it is rather symbolic in character. With 17.000 United Nations forces already deployed in the DRC the purpose of such a small operation remains questionable. The European troops will be stationed in the capital-city Kinshasa only. It is probable however, that the expertise of former peace-building missions on the Balkans will be useful in order to prevent any major escalation during the elections.
In 2013, France's then president on his visit to DRC suggested that prisoners Joshua French and Tjostolv Moland should be moved out of the situation of their six-man prison cell; five days later the two prisoners shared a cell of their own.[49]

DR Congo has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Kinshasa.

 Djibouti

See Djibouti–France relations
Djibouti has an embassy in Paris
France has an embassy in Djibouti City.

 Egypt

See Egypt–France relations
Egypt has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.

 Ethiopia

Ethiopia has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

 Gabon

See France–Gabon relations
Since independence, Gabon has been "one of France's closest allies in Africa".[50] As of 2008, around 10,000 French nationals lived and worked in Gabon, while the 6th Marine Infantry Battalion of the French military is also stationed there.

France has an embassy in Libreville.
Gabon has an embassy in Paris.

 Guinea

France has an embassy in Conakry.
Guinea has an embassy in Paris.

 Kenya

See France–Kenya relations
France has an embassy in Nairobi.
Kenya has an embassy in Paris.

 Libya

See France–Libya relations
In the 1980s, Libyan-French discord centered on the situation in Chad.  As mentioned, the two countries found themselves supporting opposite sides in the Chadian Civil War.  In late 1987, there were some French troops in Chad, but French policy did not permit its forces to cross the sixteenth parallel.  Thus, direct clashes with Libyan soldiers seemed unlikely.[51]
On 10 March 2011, France was the first country in the world to recognise the National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya, in the context of the 2011 Libyan civil war against Muammar Gaddafi.[52]

 Madagascar
26 June 1960
See France–Madagascar relations
France has an embassy in Antananarivo.[53]
Madagascar has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Marseille and Saint-Denis.[54]

 Mali

See France–Mali relations
France has an embassy in Bamako.
Mali has an embassy in Paris.

 Mauritania

See France–Mauritania relations
The relations date back to the colonial era when Mauritania was part of French West Africa.

France has an embassy in Nouakchott.
Mauritania has an embassy in Paris.

 Mauritius

See France–Mauritius relations
France has an embassy in Port Louis.
Mauritius has an embassy in Paris.

 Morocco

See France–Morocco relations
France has an embassy in Rabat and several consulates-general throughout the country.
Morocco has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.

 Mozambique

See France–Mozambique relations
France has an embassy in Maputo.
Mozambique has an embassy in Paris.

 Niger

See France–Niger relations
The relations between France and the Republic of Niger are based on a long shared history and the more than sixty year rule of Niger by French colonial empire beginning with the French conquest in 1898. Niger obtained independence from France in 1960, and a history of French influenced culture and French language have been a point of commonality in the creation of a distinctive Nigerien culture from the diverse pre-colonial nationalities which make up modern Niger. France benefited economically from their time as a colonial power, and still relies on imports from Niger for elements of their economy.

France has an embassy in Niamey.
Niger has an embassy in Paris.

 Nigeria

France has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
Nigeria has an embassy in Paris.

 Rwanda

In the period from 1990, until the Rwandan genocide, France (under Mitterrand) took a role sympathetic to the Habyarimana government.
France has an embassy in Kigali.
Rwanda has an embassy in Paris.

 Senegal
August 1960
See France–Senegal relations
France has an embassy in Dakar.[55]
Senegal has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Bordeaux, Lyon and in Marseille and a consular agency in Le Havre.[56]

 Somalia

See France–Somalia relations
Bilateral relations between France and Somalia were established shortly after Somalia's independence. The French government opened an embassy in Mogadishu, and its Somalian counterpart likewise maintained an embassy in Paris.
Following a significantly improved security situation, the Government of France in January 2014 appointed Remi Marechaux as the new French ambassador to Somalia.[57]

 Sudan

France has an embassy in Khartoum.
Sudan has an embassy in Paris.

 South Africa

See France–South Africa relations
France has an embassy in Pretoria and consulates-general in Cape Town and Johannesburg.
South Africa has an embassy in Paris.

 Togo

France has an embassy in Lomé.
Togo has an embassy in Paris.

 Tunisia

See France–Tunisia relations
France has an embassy in Tunis.
Tunisia has an embassy in Paris and several consulates-general throughout the country.

 Zimbabwe

France has an embassy in Harare.
Zimbabwe has an embassy in Paris.

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country

Formal relations began

Notes

 Argentina
1829
See Argentina–France relations
Argentina has an embassy in Paris.[58]
France has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[59]
List of Treaties ruling the relations Argentina and France (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Argentina

 Barbados
1968-05-03
See Barbados–France relations
Barbados is accredited to France from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
France is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in Bridgetown.

 Belize

Belize is accredited to France from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
France is accredited to Belize from its embassy in San Salvador, El Salvador.

 Brazil

See Brazil–France relations
France has recognized Brazil as its special partner in South America and as a global player in international affairs. The two countries are committed to strengthening their bilateral cooperation in the areas for which working groups have been created: nuclear energy, renewable energies, defence technologies, technological innovation, joint cooperation in African countries and space technologies, medicines and the environment.[60] Recently, France announced its support to the Brazilian bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.[60]

Brazil has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Cayenne and Saint-Georges, French Guiana.
France has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and a consulate in Recife.

 Canada

See Canada–France relations
Canada has an embassy in Paris.[61] Quebec also maintains a paradiplomatic Government Office called Délégation générale du Québec à Paris.[62]
France has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Moncton, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto and Vancouver.[63]

 Chile
1846
See Chile–France relations
Chile has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Santiago.

 Colombia
1830
See Colombia–France relations
Relations with Colombia have been dimmed, by the Ingrid Betancourt issue from 2002 to 2008; in 2002, Ingrid Betancourt, a Colombian and French citizen and the green party candidate to the presidency of Colombia, was kidnapped by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), France pushed the Colombian government to free FARC prisoners to get Mrs Betancourt back; Colombia once consented with these efforts and on 4 June. 2007; 30 FARC members were liberated, including the leader Rodrigo Granda.
On 2 July. 2008 Ingrid Betancourt was rescued by the Colombian authorities in Operation Jaque. France had urged Colombia not to attempt to free Betancourt.[64]

Colombia has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Bogotá.

 Cuba

See Cuba–France relations
Cuba has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Havana.

 El Salvador

El Salvador has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in San Salvador.

 Guyana
22 June 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1967.[65]
France is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Paramaribo, Suriname and maintains an honorary consulate in Georgetown, Guyana.
Guyana is accredited to France from its high commission in London, United Kingdom.
Both countries have passed a number of bilateral treaties.[66]

 Haiti
1825
See France–Haiti relations
France has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.[67]
Haiti has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Cayenne, French Guiana and in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe.[68]

 Mexico
26 November 1826
See France–Mexico relations
France has an embassy in Mexico City.[69]
Mexico has an embassy in Paris and a liaison office in Strasbourg.[70]
Both countries are members of the OECD and the G-20.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs on relations with Mexico
Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs on historical bilateral relations with France

 Paraguay
1853

Both countries has diplomatic relations since the Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation signed in 1853.
France has an embassy in Asunción.[71]
Paraguay has an embassy in Paris.
French Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Paraguay
Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with France

 Peru

France has an embassy in Lima.
Peru has an embassy in Paris.

 Trinidad and Tobago

See France–Trinidad and Tobago relations
Bilateral relations between the countries France and Trinidad and Tobago have existed for about two hundred years.[72] Currently, France has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium).  Trinidad and Tobago also has bilateral investment agreements with France.[73]

France has an embassy in Port of Spain.
Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to France from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

 United States

See France–United States relations
Relations between the United States and France are active and cordial. Mutual visits by high-level officials are conducted on a regular basis and bilateral contact at the cabinet level is active. France and the United States cooperate closely on some issues (such as anti-terrorism) but differ on others (such as the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and a number of trade issues). Differences are discussed frankly. The largest current fallout between the United States and France involves the Iraq War, and some aspects of the post-11 September War on Terror, e.g., CIA "extraordinary renditions".

France has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York City and San Francisco.
United States has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Marseille and Strasbourg.

 Uruguay
1825
See France–Uruguay relations
France has an embassy in Montevideo.[74]
Uruguay has an embassy in Paris and honorary consulates in Bordeaux, Marseille and Toulouse.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Uruguay

 Venezuela

See France–Venezuela relations
France has an embassy in Caracas
Venezuela has an embassy in Paris.

text: Asia[edit]

text: France has extensive political and economical relations with Asian countries, including China, India, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia as well as an increasing presence in regional fora. France was instrumental in launching the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) process which could eventually emerge as a competitor to APEC. France is seeking to broaden its commercial presence in China and will pose a competitive challenge to U.S. business, particularly in aerospace, high-tech, and luxury markets. In Southeast Asia, France was an architect of the Paris Peace Accords, which ended the conflict in Cambodia.[dubious  – discuss]

text: France does not have formal diplomatic relationships with North Korea. North Korea however maintains a delegation (not an embassy nor a consulate) near Paris. As most countries, France does not recognize, nor have formal diplomatic relationships with Taiwan, due to its recognition of China; however, Taiwan maintains a representation office in Paris which is similar to an embassy. Likewise, the French Institute in Taipei has an administrative consular section that delivers visas and fulfills other missions normally dealt with by diplomatic outposts.

text:
Country

Formal Relations Began

Notes

 Afghanistan
1922
See Afghanistan–France relations
Afghanistan has an embassy in Paris.[75]
France has an embassy in Kabul.[76]

 Armenia

See Armenia–France relations
Armenia has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Lyon and Marseille.
France has an embassy in Yerevan.

 Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Baku.

 Brunei
8 May 1984
See Brunei–France relations
Brunei has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[77]
Relations between the two countries has been established since 8 May 1984.[77]

 Cambodia

See Cambodia–France relations
Cambodia has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Phnom Penh.

 China
7 October 1913
See China–France relations
During the 1990s, France and the PRC repeatedly clashed as a result of the PRC's One China Policy. France sold weapons to Taiwan, angering the Beijing government. This resulted in the temporary closure of the French Consulate-General in Guangzhou. France eventually agreed to prohibit local companies from selling arms to Taiwan, and diplomatic relations resumed in 1994. Since then, the two countries have exchanged a number of state visits. Today, Sino-French relations are primarily economic. Bilateral trade reached new high levels in 2000. Cultural ties between the two countries are less well represented, though France is making an effort to improve this disparity.

China has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Lyon, Marseille, Papeete, Saint-Denis and Strasbourg.
France has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Shenyang and Wuhan.

 Georgia
1992-08-21

See France–Georgia relations
France has an embassy in Tbilisi.
Georgia has an embassy in Paris.

 India

See France–India relations
 The Indian Air Force has the second largest fleet of France's Mirage 2000H after Armée de l'Air.
France and India established diplomatic relationships soon after India achieved independence in 1947. India's strong diplomatic ties with France resulted in the peaceful cession of Pondichéry to India on 1 November 1954 without any military opposition from France.
France was the only country that did not condemn India's decision to go nuclear in 1998.[78] In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India's permanent member aspirations in the UN Security Council have found very strong support from former French President Chirac.
The recent decision by the Indian government to purchase French Scorpène class submarines worth 3 billion USD and 43 Airbus aircraft for Indian Airlines worth 2.5 billion USD has further cemented the strategic, military and economic co-operation between India and France.
France also became the first country to do nuclear trade with India after NSG waiver on 30 September 2008.

France has an embassy in New Delhi.
India has an embassy in Paris.

 Indonesia

See France–Indonesia relations
The relations between France and Indonesia have been increasing of late, while Indonesia has become increasingly strategic to the government and people of France. Not only because of economic development (there are 110 French multinational companies operated in Indonesia), it also because France viewed Indonesia has been playing an increasingly significant international role.[79]
The relations between two nations are important as both are democratic republics and both holds significant geopolitical influences in each regions, France is indispensable member of European Union, as well as Indonesia for Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The diplomatic relation between France and Indonesia is also a key element for developing relations between Indonesia and the European Union and between France and the ASEAN.[80] Both nations are the member of G-20 major economies.

France has an embassy in Jakarta.
Indonesia has an embassy in Paris.

 Iran

See France–Iran relations
Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the Middle Ages. The travels of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier are particularly well known to Safavid Persia. Recently however, relations have soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council. Under French President Jacques Chirac, relations were warm and friendly as the French government helped the Iranian government to hunt down PMOI terrorists.[81]

France has an embassy in Tehran.
Iran has an embassy in Paris.

 Iraq

See France–Iraq relations
Before Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, France enjoyed friendly relations with former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, however the relationship turned sour once Iraq entered Kuwaiti soil and soon France cut off ties with Iraq. Following thirteen years, France resumed relations with Iraq in 2003.[82] France and Germany opposed the American-British invasion of 2003 to 2011. Iraq has an embassy in Paris and France has an embassy and a representative office in Baghdad.

France has an embassy in Baghdad.
Iraq has an embassy in Paris.

 Israel
12 January 1949
See France–Israel relations
France has an embassy in Tel Aviv and consulates-general in Haifa and Jerusalem.
Israel has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.

 Japan

See France–Japan relations
Recently France has been very involved in trade and cultural exchange initiatives with Japan. Some people see this as being a result of French leader Jacques Chirac being a Japanophile. Chirac has visited Japan over 40 times, probably more than any other world leader outside Japan, and is an expert on the country. France has started the export promotion campaign "Le Japon, c'est possible" and the international liaison personnel exchange JET Programme. Together they built the Maison de la Culture du Japon à Paris.
France and Japan have also worked together to improve dire health situations from AIDS and underdevelopment in Djibouti, Madagascar, Uganda, and other countries.
Japan and France are also known to share ideas with each other in the realms of art and cooking. Japan has been heavily influenced by French cuisine within the past few decades, as seen on the television show Iron Chef. Anime is popular in France, and French historical figures and settings from medieval, Renaissance, Napoleonic, and World War eras have served as models for certain popular stories in Japanese entertainment. The purity of Japanese painting and illustration, and likewise the modernity and elegance of French visual arts has resulted in hybrid styles in those creative fields.

France has an embassy in Tokyo and consulate-general in Kyoto.
Japan has an embassy in Paris.

 Kazakhstan
25 January 1992
See France–Kazakhstan relations
France has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.[83]
Kazakhstan has an embassy in Paris.[84]
Over 140 enterprises with French capital operate in Kazakhstan, including Total, Areva, Danone, Vicat, Peugeot, Alstom, etc.[85]

 Laos

France has an embassy in Vientiane.
Laos has an embassy in Paris.

 Lebanon

See France–Lebanon relations
France has an embassy in Beirut.
Lebanon has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.

 North Korea

See France–North Korea relations
Relations between the France and North Korea are officially non-existent.  France is one of the two European Union members not to recognise North Korea, the other being Estonia.  France therefore officially recognises South Korean sovereignty over the Korean peninsula. There is no French embassy, nor any other type of French diplomatic representation, in Pyongyang, and no DPRK embassy in Paris. There is, however, a North Korean diplomatic office in Neuilly sur Seine, near Paris.[86][87]

 Malaysia
1957
See France–Malaysia relations
France has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia has an embassy in Paris.
The relations started after the Federation of Malaya achieved independence in 1957, although the first Malayan ambassador to France only arrived in Paris in 1959.[88] During the administration of Jacques Chirac and Mahathir Mohamad, the relations significantly improved especially in economics, politics and culturally aspects.[88]

 Myanmar

See France–Myanmar relations
Following the end of World War II, ambassador-level diplomatic relationships between France and Burma were established in 1948, soon after the Burmese nation became an independent republic on 4 January 1948, as Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister.

France has an embassy in Yangon.
Myanmar has an embassy in Paris.

 Pakistan

See France–Pakistan relations
Pakistan and France have high levels of diplomatic meetings and enjoy very friendly bilateral relations.  However, these good relations haven't been around very long due to a variety of reasons. Trade between the two countries is generally increasing with time.[89]
See also Pakistanis in France, Musa Javed Chohan: former ambassador of Pakistan to France and recipient of the Ordre National du Merite for the promotion of bilateral cooperation between France and Pakistan.

France has an embassy in Islamabad.
Pakistan has an embassy in Paris.

 Philippines

See France–Philippines relations
The France–Philippines relations refers to the foreign relations between France and the Philippines. In 1947, France and the Philippines signed a Treaty of Amity which established diplomatic relations with the two countries.

France has an embassy in Manila.
Philippines has an embassy in Paris.

 Qatar

See France–Qatar relations
Qatar is dependent on France for around 80% of its military imports.[90] The first bilateral agreement between the two countries was signed in 1974.[91] A defense pact was signed in 1994.[92] Qatar's sovereign wealth fund has stakes in numerous French companies, including Paris Saint-Germain, Vivendi, and Vinci SA.

France has an embassy in Doha.
Qatar has an embassy in Paris.

 Saudi Arabia

See France–Saudi Arabia relations
France has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah..
Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Paris.

 South Korea
4 June 1886
See France–South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between France and South Korea began on 4 June 1886. France and South Korea maintain very good relations. They collaborate on many topics and issues that are facing the world today. This was seen especially on the question of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) which is of course a matter of great importance for both countries Besides bilateral cooperation France and South Korea also work together in international organizations such as the United Nations, UNESCO, the OECD, etc. On the matter of North Korea, France is one of the few European countries (EU/EEA) to not have official diplomatic relations with North Korea. France has supported the Six-party talks as well as the role of the IAEA in finding solutions to the nuclear issue.

France has an embassy in Seoul.
South Korea has an embassy in Paris.

 Syria

See France–Syria relations
France recognized the SNC on 21 November 2011.[93]

 Thailand

See France–Thailand relations
France–Thailand relations cover a period from the 16th century until modern times. Relations started in earnest during the reign of Louis XIV with numerous reciprocal embassies, and a major attempt by France to Christianize Siam (modern Thailand) and establish a French protectorate, which failed when the country revolted against foreign intrusions in 1688. France would only return more than a century and a half later as a modernized colonial power, engaging in a struggle for territory and influence against Thailand in the Indochinese Peninsula, which would last until the 20th century.

France has an embassy in Bangkok.
Thailand has an embassy in Paris.

 Turkey

See France–Turkey relations
France has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
Turkey has an embassy in Paris.

 Turkmenistan

See France–Turkmenistan relations
France has an embassy in Ashgabat.
Turkmenistan has an embassy in Paris.

 United Arab Emirates

See France–United Arab Emirates relations
France has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Paris.

 Vietnam

See France–Vietnam relations
France–Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit father Alexandre de Rhodes. Various traders would visit Vietnam during the 18th century, until the major involvement of French forces under Pigneau de Béhaine to help establish the Nguyễn Dynasty from 1787 to 1789. France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century under the pretext of protecting the work of Catholic missionaries in the country. France progressively carved for itself a huge colony, which would form French Indochina in 1887. France continued to rule Vietnam as a colony until France's defeat in the First Indochina War and the proclamation of Vietnam's independence in 1954.

France has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
Vietnam has an embassy in Paris.

text: Europe[edit]

text: France has maintained its status as key power in Western Europe because of its size, location, strong economy, membership in European organizations, strong military posture and energetic diplomacy. France generally has worked to strengthen the global economic and political influence of the EU and its role in common European defense and collective security.

text: France supports the development of a European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI) as the foundation of efforts to enhance security in the European Union. France cooperates closely with Germany and Spain in this endeavor.

text:
Country

Formal Relations Began

Notes

 Albania

See Albania–France relations
Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë

Albania has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Tirana.

 Andorra

See Andorra–France relations
Andorra has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Andorra la Vella.

 Austria

See Austria–France relations
Austria has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Vienna.

 Belarus

See Foreign relations of Belarus
Belarus has an embassy in Paris.
Belarus has an embassy in Minsk.

 Belgium

See Belgium–France relations
Belgium has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Brussels.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

France was the first country to open embassy in besieged Sarajevo in January 1993.[94] Centre André Malraux[95] and French primary school[96] are located in Sarajevo and French Institute and French Cultural Centre offices are present in Banja Luka, Mostar and Tuzla. Since October 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina is an observer on the Francophonie.[97]

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Paris[98]
France has an embassy in Sarajevo.

 Bulgaria
1879-07-08
See Bulgaria–France relations
Bulgaria has an embassy in Paris.[99]
France has an embassy in Sofia.[100]
Bulgaria is a full member of the Francophonie since 1993.
French president Nicolas Sarkozy, has been essential for the liberation of the Bulgarian nurse in the HIV trial in Libya.

French Foreign Ministry about relations with Bulgaria

 Croatia

See Croatia–France relations
Croatia has an embassy in Paris
France has an embassy in Zagreb
Croatia was an autonomous state of the first French Republic

 Cyprus

Cyprus has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Nicosia.

 Czech Republic

See Czech Republic–France relations
Czech Republic has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Prague.

 Denmark

See Denmark–France relations
Denmark has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Copenhagen.

 Estonia

Estonia has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Tallinn.

 Finland

See Finland–France relations
Finland has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Helsinki.

 Germany

See France–Germany relations
Franco-German cooperation is widely seen as the engine of European integration.

France has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Saarbrücken and Stuttgart.
Germany has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg.

 Greece
1833
See France-Greece relations
Embassy level relations were enstablished since 1833 (only three years after the Greek independence).[101][102][103][104]
The two countries share membership of the European Union and NATO and maintain special relations. They were allies during both World Wars, Korean War and the Cold War and have never been adversaries of each other. Greece is a member of La Francophonie.

France has an embassy in Athens.
Greece has an embassy in Paris.

 Holy See

See France–Holy See relations
The Holy See has an Apostolic Nunciature in Paris.
France has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.

 Hungary

See France–Hungary relations
France has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in Paris.

 Iceland

See France–Iceland relations
France has an embassy in Reykjavík.[105]
Iceland has an embassy in Paris and 7 honorary consulates in Bordeaux, Caen, Dieppe, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Strasbourg.[106]
Both countries are NATO members.
France Foreign Affairs Ministry about relations with Iceland

 Ireland
1922

See France–Ireland relations
France has an embassy in Dublin and three honorary consulates (Cork, Limerick and Waterford)
Ireland has an embassy in Paris and three honorary consulates (Antibes, Cherbourg and Lyon).[107]
Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Both countries, throughout history, were very friendly with each other, and both fought against Great Britain cooperatively, especially during the 1798 Uprising
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ireland

 Italy

See France–Italy relations
France has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Milan and Naples.
Italy has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Lyon, Marseille, Metz and Nice.

 Kosovo
2008-02-18

See France–Kosovo relations
When Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, France became one of the first countries to announce official recognition of sovereign Kosovo.

France has an embassy in Pristina.[108]
Kosovo has an embassy in Paris.

 Latvia
1991-08-30

France recognized Latvia on 26 January 1921.  France has never recognised the annexation of Latvia by the former Soviet Union.  France re-recognized Latvia on 27 August 1991.
France has an embassy in Riga.[109]
Latvia has an embassy in Paris and 9 honorary consulates (in Bordeaux, Calais, Lyon, Marseille, Nancy, Nantes, Saint-Étienne, Strasbourg and Toulouse).[110]
Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.  Since 2008, Latvia is an observer on the Francophonie.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Latvia
Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France

 Lithuania

France has an embassy in Vilnius.[111]
Lithuania has an embassy in Paris and 5 honorary consulates (in Bordeaux, Marseille, Rouen, Troyes and Valence).[112]
Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.  Since 1999, Lithuania is an observer on the Francophonie.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Lithuania
Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Poland (in Lithuanian only)

 Luxembourg

See France–Luxembourg relations
France has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
Luxembourg has an embassy in Paris.

 Malta

The two countries share membership of the European Union.
The former president of France, Nicolas Sarkozy went to Malta on a private trip just after his election in May 2007.
French Foreign Ministry about relations with Malta
France has an embassy in Valletta.
Malta has an embassy in Paris.

 Moldova

See France–Moldova relations
France opened an Embassy in Chişinău.
Moldova has an embassy in Paris.

 Monaco

See France–Monaco relations
France has an embassy in Monte Carlo.
Monaco has an embassy in Paris.

 Montenegro
2006-06-14

France has an embassy in Podgorica.[113]
Montenegro has an embassy in Paris.
French Foreign Ministry about relations with Montenegro

 Netherlands

See France–Netherlands relations
Both countries fought in the Franco-Dutch War.
The two countries share a border in the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, to which the northern part of the island is a French overseas collectivity known as the Collectivity of Saint Martin, while the southern part of the island is a Dutch constituent country known as Sint Maarten.
France has an embassy in The Hague with consulates in Amsterdam, Groningen, Maastricht, Middelburg, Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Utrecht.[114]
The Netherlands maintains an embassy in Paris with consulates in Ajaccio, Bordeaux, Brest, Calais, Le Havre, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nice, Strasbourg, and Toulouse.[115]

 Norway

See France–Norway relations
France has an embassy in Oslo.
Norway has an embassy in Paris.

 Poland

See France–Poland relations
Polish-French relations date several centuries, although they became really relevant only with times of French Revolution and reign of Napoleon I. Poles have been allies of Napoleon; large Polish community settled in France in the 19th century, and Poles and French were also allies during the interwar period. The official relations, having cooled down during the Cold War, have improved since the fall of communism. Currently both countries are part of the European Union and NATO.

France has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Paris.

 Romania
1396

See France–Romania relations
France has an embassy in Bucharest.
Romania has an embassy in Paris.

 Russia

See France–Russia relations
Right after the breakup of the USSR, bilateral relations between France and Russia were initially warm. On 7 February 1992, France signed a bilateral treaty, recognizing Russia as a successor of the USSR. As described on the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the bilateral relations between France and Russia remain longstanding, and remain strong to this day.[116]

France has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in Saint Petersburg and Yekaterinburg.
Russia has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Marseille and Strasbourg.

 Serbia
1879-01-18
See France–Serbia relations
France has an embassy in Belgrade.[117]
Serbia has an embassy in Paris and 2 consulates (in Lyon and Strasbourg).[118]
Since 2006, Serbia is an observer on the Francophonie.
There are between 70,000 and 100,000 people of Serbian descent living in France.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France

 Slovakia
1993

France has an embassy in Bratislava.[119]
Slovakia has an embassy in Paris and 4 honorary consulates (in Grenoble, Lille, Toulouse and Saint-Pol-de-Léon).[120]
Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Slovakia

 Slovenia

France has an embassy in Ljubljana.[121]
Slovenia has an embassy in Paris.
Since 1999, Slovenia is an observer on the Francophonie.
Both countries are members of NATO and the European Union.
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Slovenia

 Spain

See France–Spain relations
France has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Bilbao and Seville.
Spain has an embassy in Paris.

 Sweden

See France–Sweden relations
France has an embassy in Stockholm.[122]
Sweden has an embassy in Paris.[123]

  Switzerland
1798

See France–Switzerland relations
France has an embassy in Bern.
Switzerland has an embassy in Paris.

 Ukraine
1992-01-24

See France–Ukraine relations
France has an embassy in Kiev.[124]
Ukraine has an embassy in Paris.[125]
Since 2006, Ukraine has been an observer on the Francophonie organisation.
French Foreign Ministry about relations with Ukraine

 United Kingdom

See France–United Kingdom relations
France has an embassy in London and a consulate-general Edinburgh.[126]
United Kingdom has an embassy in Paris and consulates in Bordeaux, Lyon and Marseille.[127]
France and Scotland were military allies in the late Middle Ages through the Auld Alliance. From the Middle Ages onwards, France and England were often enemies, and occasionally allies. However, in the beginning of the 20th century a policy of entente cordiale (cordial agreement) was started. France and the United Kingdom became allies, and despite occasional tensions (such as: the perception among some in France that the British abandoned France in 1940; see Battle of France and Attack on Mers-el-Kébir), remain so to the present day.
A chronic point of contention is the future of the European Union. Under French president Charles de Gaulle France opposed on several occasions the UK joining the European Economic Community (as the EU was then called).  De Gaulle argued that the UK had extensive alliances outside Europe, especially with the United States, and was famously suspicious of its European neighbours. After the UK joined the EEC, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher argued for and won a reduction of its contributions to the EEC budget.  As Prime Minister, Tony Blair expressed scepticism at French economic policies, but forged an alliance with President Nicolas Sarkozy.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country

Formal Relations Began

Notes

 Australia

See Australia–France relations
In August 2009, Nicolas Sarkozy became the first serving French leader to visit Australia.[128] The Courier Mail reported that "serious bilateral issues" for Sarkozy and Kevin Rudd to discuss included "the war in Afghanistan and global warming".[129]

Australia has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.

 Fiji

See Fiji–France relations
Relations between the France| and the Fiji are currently strained, due to France's condemnation of the coup d'état in Fiji in December 2006. Previously, Franco-Fiji bilateral relations had primarily been centred on military cooperation, with France assisting Fiji in surveiling its maritime zone, and on development aid. French military assistance was suspended after the coup. French aid to Fiji includes the providing of equipment for poor and isolated areas, and assistance in the development of renewable energy. France also provides Fiji with translations into English of French scientific documents pertaining to the Pacific area. France promotes French culture and the French language in Fiji through the presence of the Alliance Française and by encouraging the teaching of French in schools and at the University of the South Pacific. The French embassy in Suva is accredited to Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga and Tuvalu.[130]

Fiji is accredited to France from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
France has an embassy in Suva.

 Kiribati

See France–Kiribati relations
The two countries maintain official diplomatic relations, but no diplomatic presence on each other's territory; the French embassy in Suva is accredited to Kiribati.[131]

 Nauru

In 1995, Nauru broke off relations diplomatic relations with France to protest French nuclear testing in the Pacific. Relations were resumed in 1997.[132] Nauruan President Ludwig Scotty paid a State visit to Paris in June 2006, when he attended a France-Oceania multilateral summit.

 New Zealand

See France–New Zealand relations
Relations between France and New Zealand have been rocky at the best of times, but more recently become much closer. Bilateral relations have been good since World War I and World War II, with both countries working extremely closely during either conflicts, but the relationship was severely jeopardised by the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland on 10 July 1985 by French Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) agents. New Zealand was put under fierce economic strain by France following the attack with French Government demanding the agents who carried out the attack to be released by the New Zealand government. Since then there has been some animosity among New Zealanders towards the French, but since the 20th anniversary of the bombing in 2005, there were signs that New Zealand had begun to warm to the French. There has been speculation that this acceptance of the French by the New Zealand people has a lot to do with the historic rivalry between both countries' Rugby teams.

France has an embassy in Wellington.
New Zealand has an embassy in Paris.

 Papua New Guinea
1976
See France–Papua New Guinea relations
Relations between the French Republic and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea are limited but cordial. Papua New Guinea is a member of the United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization. The French government has noted what it calls Port Moresby's "moderate" attitude on the issue of the decolonisation of New Caledonia – which, like Papua New Guinea, is located in Melanesia.[133] The French National Assembly maintains a Friendship Group with Papua New Guinea.

France has an embassy in Port Moresby.
Papua New Guinea is accredited to France from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

 Solomon Islands

Relations between both countries are very limited[134].

 Vanuatu

See France–Vanuatu relations
Vanuatu, then known as the New Hebrides, was a Franco-British Condominium from 1906 to 1980, and maintained formal relations with both of its former colonial masters after gaining independence.  Franco–ni-Vanuatu relations were rocked by a series of crises in the 1980s, and broke down completely on several occasions, with Vanuatu expelling the French ambassador in 1981, in 1984 and in 1987.  Relations improved from the 1990s onwards, and, today, France provides development aid to Vanuatu.  The two countries also share amicable economic and cultural relations; both are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

France has an embassy in Port Vila.
Vanuatu has consulate-general in Nouméa, New Caledonia.