document_title: America's Next Top Model

question_text: who won the american next top model 2018

root

text: America's Next Top Model

text: Background

text: It was announced on January 24, 2006, that Top Model would be part of the new The CW network, a merge between UPN and The WB, when the seventh cycle started in September airing on Wednesdays. The series became the first series among regular programming to air on the network. Prior to the announcement of merging with The WB, UPN had committed to renewing the series through its ninth cycle on January 20, 2006,[9] for which casting was conducted throughout mid-2006. America's Next Top Model was the only show left on the network that was originally from UPN.

tag: p

text: On July 21, 2006, the writers of America's Next Top Model went on strike while working on cycle 7, set to premiere on the new CW Network in September 2006. The writers sought representation through the Writers Guild of America, West, which would allow them regulated wages, access to portable health insurance, and pension benefits. These benefits would be similar to those given to writers on scripted shows. The strike was the focus of a large rally of Hollywood writers coinciding with the premiere of the new network on September 20, 2006.[10] The dispute was chronicled in a July 24 interview on the website Television Without Pity with Daniel J. Blau, a former recapper on the site who covered the series, and at the time was an America's Next Top Model show producer.[11] In November 2006, the writers on strike were taken off payroll.[12]

text: To celebrate its tenth cycle, America's Next Top Model aired a special installment called America's Next Top Model: Exposed in two parts on the CW on Wednesday, February 6 & 13, 2008. It reviewed the best cat fights, mishaps and most memorable photoshoots, personalities, defining moments and contained other segments about the show since cycles 1 to 9, and featured a special opening fusing all three openings together. Camille McDonald (cycles 2 and 17), Toccara Jones (cycle 3), Eva Pigford (cycle 3 winner), Bre Scullark (cycles 5 and 17), Cassandra Whitehead (cycle 5), Joanie Dodds (cycle 6), Jael Strauss (cycle 8), Dionne Walters (cycle 8), Heather Kuzmich (cycle 9), and Bianca Golden (cycles 9 and 17) all returned to comment on events that happened in their or other cycles.

text: After announcing that the seventeenth season would be an All-Stars version, Banks said on The CW upfronts in May 2011, that there wouldn't be a "normal" season of the show anymore.[13] With the start of the eighteenth British Invasion cycle, the program converted to high definition, becoming the second-to-last primetime show on the five major English-language broadcast networks in the United States to make the switch, and the last to air in the regular season to do so.

text: The show is syndicated to NBCUniversal's cable division, with Oxygen as well as Style Network carrying the series, usually in marathon form throughout the daytime period on either network, and running through most of or an entire cycle. Bravo, MTV, and VH1 have also aired the series in the past. E! also currently airs reruns of ANTM.

text: Format

text: Each season of America's Next Top Model has from 9–16 episodes and starts with 10–16 contestants. Contestants are judged weekly on their overall appearance, participation in challenges, and best shot from that week's photo shoot; each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or non-elimination was given by consensus of the judging panel. Makeovers are administered to contestants early in the season (usually after the first or second elimination in the finals) and a trip to an international destination is scheduled about two-thirds of the way through the season.

text: Judges

text: The series employs a panel of judges who critique contestants' progress throughout the competition. Throughout its broadcast, the program has employed thirteen judges. The original panel consisted of Banks (who also serves as its presenter), Janice Dickinson, Kimora Lee Simmons, and Beau Quillian. In the first eighteen cycles, an additional guest judge was welcomed to the panel each week. The recent lineup features Banks, Kelly Cutrone, and runway coach J. Alexander. For the nineteenth and twentieth cycles, public voting was represented on the panel by Bryanboy. Though not a judge, Jay Manuel served as the creative director during contestants' photo shoots for the first to eighteenth cycles. During the nineteenth and twentieth cycles, Johnny Wujek replaced Manuel as the creative director of all the shoots, and Yu Tsai replaced Wujek in the twenty-first and twenty-second cycles. On the twenty-third cycle, British singer-model Rita Ora hosted for that cycle and left the show immediately.[14]

text: Upon the return of the series, the judging panel were revamped. For the 24th cycle, Banks was returned as the main judge and presenter. Ashley Graham, Drew Elliott and runway coach/fashion expert Law Roach remain as judging panelists.

text: List of judges

text:
Judge
Cycle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Hosts

Tyra Banks

Main
Guest
Main

Rita Ora

Main

Judging panelists

Janice Dickinson

Main
Guest

Kimora Lee Simmons

Main

Beau Quillian

Main

J. Alexander

Recurring
Main
Recurring

Main

Nigel Barker

Main

Guest

Eric Nicholson

Main

Nolé Marin

Recurring
Main

Guest

Twiggy

Main

Paulina Porizkova

Main

André Leon Talley

Main

Kelly Cutrone

Main

Bryanboy

Main

Rob Evans

Main

Rita Ora

Main

Ashley Graham

Main

Drew Elliott

Main

Law Roach

Main

Creative director

Jay Manuel

Main

Johnny Wujek

Main

Yu Tsai

Main

Drew Elliott

Main

tag: table

text: Series overview

text: The first three cycles of America's Next Top Model were filmed in New York City, and was relocated back and forth in cycles 10, 12, 14 and 23. Los Angeles has been the primary filming location of most of the cycles since the fourth cycle.

text:
Cycle
Premiere date
Winner
Runner-up
Other contestants in order of elimination
Number of contestants
Destination(s)

1
May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)
Adrianne Curry
Shannon Stewart
Tessa Carlson, Katie Cleary, Nicole Panattoni, Ebony Haith, Giselle Samson, Kesse Wallace, Robin Manning, Elyse Sewell
10

Paris

2
January 13, 2004 (2004-01-13)
Yoanna House
Mercedes Scelba-Shorte
Anna Bradfield, Bethany Harrison, Heather Blumberg, Jenascia Chakos, Xiomara Frans, Catie Anderson, Sara Racey-Tabrizi, Camille McDonald, April Wilkner, Shandi Sullivan
12

Milan, Como & Verona

3
September 22, 2004 (2004-09-22)
Eva Pigford
Yaya DaCosta
Magdalena Rivas, Leah Darrow, Julie Titus, Kristi Gromment, Jennipher Frost, Kelle Jacob, Cassie Grisham, Toccara Jones, Nicole Borud, Norelle Van Herk, Ann Markley, Amanda Swafford
14

Montego Bay

Tokyo

4
March 2, 2005 (2005-03-02)
Naima Mora
Kahlen Rondot
Brita Petersons, Sarah Dankelman, Brandy Rusher, Noelle Staggers, Lluvy Gomez, Rebecca Epley & Tiffany Richardson, Tatiana Dante, Michelle Deighton, Christina Murphy, Brittany Brower, Keenyah Hill
14

Cape Town

5
September 21, 2005 (2005-09-21)
Nicole Linkletter
Nik Pace
Ashley Black, Ebony Taylor, Cassandra Whitehead (quit), Sarah Rhoades, Diane Hernandez, Coryn Woitel, Kyle Kavanagh, Lisa D'Amato, Kim Stolz, Jayla Rubinelli, Bre Scullark
13

London

6
March 8, 2006 (2006-03-08)
Danielle Evans
Joanie Dodds
Kathy Hoxit, Wendy Wiltz, Kari Schmidt, Gina Choe, Mollie Sue Steenis-Gondi, Leslie Mancia, Brooke Staricha, Nnenna Agba, Furonda Brasfield, Sara Albert, Jade Cole
13

Bangkok & Phuket

7
September 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)
CariDee English
Melrose Bickerstaff
Christian Evans, Megan Morris, Monique Calhoun, Megg Morales, A.J. Stewart, Brooke Miller, Anchal Joseph, Jaeda Young, Michelle Babin, Amanda Babin, Eugena Washington
13

Barcelona

8
February 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)
Jaslene Gonzalez
Natasha Galkina
Kathleen DuJour, Samantha Francis, Cassandra Watson, Felicia Provost, Diana Zalewski, Sarah VonderHaar, Whitney Cunningham, Jael Strauss, Brittany Hatch, Dionne Walters, Renee DeWitt
13

Sydney

9
September 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)
Saleisha Stowers
Chantal Jones
Mila Bouzinova, Kimberly Leemans, Victoria Marshman, Janet Mills, Ebony Morgan (quit), Sarah Hartshorne, Ambreal Williams, Lisa Jackson, Heather Kuzmich, Bianca Golden, Jenah Doucette
13

St. John's[a]

Shanghai & Beijing

10
February 20, 2008 (2008-02-20)
Whitney Thompson
Anya Kop
Kim Rydzewski (quit), Atalya Slater, Allison Kuehn, Amis Jenkins, Marvita Washington, Aimee Wright, Claire Unabia, Stacy-Ann Fequiere, Lauren Utter, Katarzyna Dolinska, Dominique Reighard, Fatima Siad
14

Rome

11
September 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)
McKey Sullivan
Samantha Potter
Sharaun Brown, Nikeysha Clarke, Brittany Rubalcaba, Hannah White, Isis King, Clark Gilmer, Lauren Brie Harding, Joslyn Pennywell, Sheena Sakai, Elina Ivanova, Marjorie Conrad, Analeigh Tipton
14

Amsterdam

12
March 4, 2009 (2009-03-04)
Teyona Anderson
Allison Harvard
Isabella Falk, Jessica Santiago, Nijah Harris, Kortnie Coles, Sandra Nyanchoka, Tahlia Brookins, London Levi, Natalie Pack, Fo Porter, Celia Ammerman, Aminat Ayinde
13

São Paulo

13
September 9, 2009 (2009-09-09)
Nicole Fox
Laura Kirkpatrick
Lisa Ramos, Rachel Echelberger, Courtney Davies, Lulu Braithwaite, Bianca Richardson, Ashley Howard, Kara Vincent, Rae Weisz, Brittany Markert, Sundai Love, Jennifer An & Erin Wagner
14

Maui

14
March 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)
Krista White
Raina Hein
Gabrielle Kniery, Naduah Rugely, Ren Vokes, Simone Lewis, Tatianna Kern, Brenda Arens, Anslee Payne-Franklin, Alasia Ballard, Jessica Serfaty, Angelea Preston & Alexandra Underwood
13

Auckland & Queenstown

15
September 8, 2010 (2010-09-08)
Ann Ward
Chelsey Hersley
Anamaria Mirdita, Terra White, Sara Blackamore, Rhianna Atwood, Lexie Tomchek, Kacey Leggett, Kendal Brown, Esther Petrack, Liz Williams, Chris White, Kayla Ferrel & Jane Randall
14

Venice, Milan, Como & Verona

16
February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
Brittani Kline
Molly O'Connell
Angelia Alvarez, Ondrei Edwards (quit), Nicole Lucas, Dominique Waldrup, Sara Longoria, Dalya Morrow, Monique Weingart, Mikaela Schipani, Jaclyn Poole, Kasia Pilewicz, Alexandria Everett, Hannah Jones
14

Marrakesh

17
September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
Lisa D'Amato
Allison Harvard
Brittany Brower, Sheena Sakai, Isis King, Camille McDonald, Bre Scullark, Kayla Ferrel & Bianca Golden, Alexandria Everett, Shannon Stewart, Dominique Reighard, Laura Kirkpatrick, Angelea Preston (disqualified)
14

Crete & Santorini

18
February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)

Sophie Sumner

Laura LaFrate
Jasmia Robinson, Mariah Watchman, Louise Watts (quit), Candace Smith, Ashley Brown, AzMarie Livingston, Kyle Gober, Seymone Cohen-Fobish, Catherine Thomas, Eboni Davis, Alisha White (quit), Annaliese Dayes
14

Toronto

Macau

Hong Kong

19
August 24, 2012 (2012-08-24)
Laura James
Kiara Belen
Jessie Rabideau, Maria Tucker (quit), Darian Ellis, Destiny Strudwick, Yvonne Powless, Allyssa Vuelma, Brittany Brown, Victoria Henley, Kristin Kagay, Nastasia Scott, Leila Goldkuhl
13

Ocho Rios & Montego Bay

20
August 2, 2013 (2013-08-02)
Jourdan Miller
Marvin Cortes
Bianca Alexa, Chris Schellenger, Chlea Ramirez, Mike Scocozza, Kanani Andaluz, Jiana Davis, Phil Sullivan, Alex Agro, Don Benjamin, Nina Burns, Jeremy Rohmer, Renee Bhagwandeen, Chris Hernandez, Cory Wade Hindorff
16

Bali

21
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
Keith Carlos
Will Jardell
Ivy Timlin, Romeo Tostado (disqualified), Ben Schreen, Kari Calhoun, Matthew Smith, Denzel Wells, Mirjana Puhar, Raelia Lewis, Chantelle Young, Shei Phan, Lenox Tillman, Adam Smith
14

Seoul

22
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
Nyle DiMarco
Mamé Adjei
Delanie Dischert, Stefano Churchill, Ava Capra, Ashley Molina, Courtney DuPerow, Bello Sanchez, Justin Kim, Dustin McNeer, Hadassah Richardson, Devin Clark, Mikey Heverly & Lacey Rogers
14
None

23
December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)
India Gants
Tatiana Price
Justine Biticon, Cherish Waters, Giah Hardeman, Krislian Rodriguez, Kyle McCoy, Binta Dibba, Marissa Hopkins, Paige Mobley, Tash Wells, Cody Wells, Courtney Nelson, Cory Anne Roberts
14
None

24
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
Kyla Coleman
Jeana Turner
Maggie Keating, Ivana Thomas, Liz Woodbury (quit), Rhiyan Carreker, Coura Fall, Liberty Netuschil, Christina McDonald, Sandra Shehab, Brendi K Seiner (quit), Erin Green, Rio Summers, Shanice Carroll, Khrystyana Kazakova
15
None

text: Jump up ^ For cycle 9, all of the semi-finalists traveled by boat from San Juan to St. John's for casting week, before returning to the United States to start the competition.

tag: ol

text: Partnerships

text: America's Next Top Model was also connected with Banks' talk show, on which several contestants have appeared, most notably Natasha Galkina (cycle 8), who worked as a correspondent for the show.[15] The show's stage was also used for the cycle 5 reunion show.

text: In 2008, Banks launched a new reality show inside the Tyra Show, called Modelville which featured past contestants Renee DeWitt (cycle 8), Bianca Golden (cycle 9), Dominique Reighard, Fatima Siad and Lauren Utter (all cycle 10) vying for a $50,000 contract with Carol's Daughter. The competition was ultimately won by Reighard.[16]

text: The ANTM franchise released a clothing and accessories line based on the television show, which is sold at most Walmart stores. It ranges from cosmetic products to handbags.[17] Dolls were also released based on the show that were made by MGA Entertainment.

text: Reception

text: Impact in pop culture

text: The show has been referred to in many series, such as ABC Family's GREEK, CBS's The Big Bang Theory, and Fox's Family Guy. It also had its own E! True Hollywood Story episode, featuring past contestants Ebony Haith, Giselle Samson, Elyse Sewell (all cycle 1), Adrianne Curry (cycle 1 winner), Camille McDonald (cycles 2 & 17), April Wilkner, Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (both cycle 2), Toccara Jones, Ann Markley, Amanda Swafford (all cycle 3), Eva Pigford (cycle 3 winner), Michelle Deighton (cycle 4), Brittany Brower (cycles 4 & 17), Naima Mora (cycle 4 winner), Ebony Taylor (cycle 5), Lisa D'Amato (cycle 5 & cycle 17 winner), Kim Stolz (cycle 5) and Bre Scullark (cycles 5 & 17) as well as judges & personals Janice Dickinson, Tyra Banks, Nigel Barker, J. Alexander, Jay Manuel, Ken Mok and Michelle Mock-Falcon. It covered the first five cycles and recently re-aired with a few added minutes of footage which cover cycles 6 to 10 and Stylista.

text: In 2009, Oxygen Network aired a series based on the show called Top Model Obsessed, featuring past contestants Lisa D'Amato (cycle 5 & cycle 17 winner), CariDee English (cycle 7 winner) and Bianca Golden (cycles 9 & 17).[18]

text: U.S. television ratings

text: For the 2006–2009 and 2010–2011 television seasons, America's Next Top Model was the No.1 show in average viewers on The CW.[19]

text:
Cycle
Timeslot (ET/PT)
Season premiere
Season Finale
Network
Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
Tuesday 9:00 pm
May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)
July 15, 2003 (2003-07-15)
UPN
2003
N/A[a]

2
January 13, 2004 (2004-01-13)
March 23, 2004 (2004-03-23)
2003–04
122[20]
6.13[20]

3
Wednesday 8:00 pm
September 22, 2004 (2004-09-22)
December 15, 2004 (2004-12-15)
2004–05
108[21]
5.0[21]

4
March 2, 2005 (2005-03-02)
May 18, 2005 (2005-05-18)
106[21]
5.1[21]

5
September 21, 2005 (2005-09-21)
December 7, 2005 (2005-12-07)
2005–06
113[22]
5.0[22]

6
March 8, 2006 (2006-03-08)
May 17, 2006 (2006-05-17)
113[22]
5.0[22]

7
September 20, 2006 (2006-09-20)
December 6, 2006 (2006-12-06)
The CW
2006–07
112[23]
5.4[23]

8
February 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)
May 16, 2007 (2007-05-16)
112[23]
5.4[23]

9
September 19, 2007 (2007-09-19)
December 12, 2007 (2007-12-12)
2007–08
148[24]
5.12[24]

10
February 20, 2008 (2008-02-20)
May 14, 2008 (2008-05-14)
168[24]
4.23[24]

11
September 3, 2008 (2008-09-03)
November 19, 2008 (2008-11-19)
2008–09
140[25]
4.43[25]

12
March 4, 2009 (2009-03-04)
May 13, 2009 (2009-05-13)
142[25]
4.35[25]

13
September 9, 2009 (2009-09-09)
November 18, 2009 (2009-11-18)
2009–10
122[26]
3.28[26]

14
March 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)
May 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)[b]
121[26]
3.29[26]

15
September 8, 2010 (2010-09-08)
December 1, 2010 (2010-12-01)
2010–11
126
3.46[19]

16
Wednesday 8:00 pm,[c]
February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)
May 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)
133
2.52[19]

17
Wednesday 9:00 pm
September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)
2011–12
142
2.42[28]

18
February 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)
May 30, 2012 (2012-05-30)
151
1.52[28]

19
Friday 8:00 pm
August 24, 2012 (2012-08-24)[29]
November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)
2012[d]
141
1.72[30]

20
August 2, 2013 (2013-08-02)
November 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)
2013[d]
163
1.66[31]

21
Monday 9:00 pm
Friday 9:00 pm
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
December 5, 2014 (2014-12-05)
2014[d]
176
1.56[32]

22
Wednesday 8:00 pm
Friday 9:00 pm
August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05)
December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)
2015[d]
176
1.59[33]

23
Monday 10:00 pm
Wednesday 10:00 pm
December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
VH1
2016-17
N/A
N/A

24
Tuesday 8:00 pm
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
2018
N/A
N/A

text:
Jump up ^ Cycle 1 does not have a ranking for the 2003 season because it aired in the summer of 2003 and not within the official 2002–2003 U.S. television season.
Jump up ^ The finale for cycle 14 was actually on May 12, 2010. The recap was shown a week after the actual finale.
Jump up ^ Episodes aired Wednesdays at 8:00 pm from February 23 to April 13, 2011, when the show moved to 9:00 pm at the following week. Re-airing of previous week's episode took the old time slot to avoid clashing with Survivor, Minute to Win It, and American Idol.[27]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Because this cycle of America's Next Top Model started in the late summer (outside of the typical television season, which runs September to May) and ended partway in the next television season.

text: Criticism

text: Yahoo!'s Shine lifestyle website said the show contained cruelty and elements of humiliation, and that some critiques from the judges are "really cruel and cringe-inducing", claiming that the show "humiliates and degrades young women."[34] The site created the list "10 reasons why 'America's Next Top Model' is bad for women, humans", citing such things as giving the contestants and women viewers unrealistic visions of life as a model, and "always espousing empowerment and female strength and then forcing the contestants into embarrassing scenarios far outside the realm of real-life modeling". One such scenario highlighted was when cycle 12's final two contestants "were made to wear bikinis so skimpy that the producers had to blur out Allison Harvard's butt cheeks", and performed a "creepily sexual mud fight," after which contestant and winner Teyona Anderson was "commended for taking her weave in her hand and whipping it around on the runway like a sexy feather boa."[34]

text: Allure magazine criticized the show in its October 2006 issue, saying that ANTM "hasn't exactly produced any actual supermodels."[35]

text: Ken Mok and Banks noticed that most of cycle 8's girls were unusually heavy smokers. "Tyra and I understand the influence 'Top Model' has on a generation of young people, and we want to make sure we get the right message to our audience," Mok said, which then prompted the "green" theme of cycle 9.[36]

text: The winner of cycle 9, Saleisha Stowers, was discovered to have been in a Wendy's commercial, on a catwalk in the cycle 6 show and an episode of Tyra Banks Show prior to her participation. The rules of the competition stated that a contestant must not have appeared as a model in a national campaign during the five years prior to the production of the cycle in which they participate. The CW network said she had revealed her role in the Wendy's commercial, and "after reviewing the commercial, it was determined that her appearance did not amount to 'modeling' experience, and therefore did not exclude her from participating in the show."[37]

text: After filming cycle 10, the producers of America's Next Top Model were served with a lawsuit from Michael Marvisi, the owner of the loft used as the Top Model house. The lawsuit claimed that the contestants as well as the production crew caused an estimated $500,000 in damages to the loft. Marvisi claims the contestants engaged in food fights, made holes in the walls, caused water damage to the bathroom, damaged a $15,000 chandelier beyond repair, and caused $90,000 worth of damage to an electrical store. Also, the production crew was accused of damaging the flooring and making holes in the ceiling for lighting equipment.[38]

text: Broadcast history

text: International broadcasts

text: America's Next Top Model is currently shown on TV internationally in 170 countries and regions, namely: Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and the whole of Southeast Asia (except Timor-Leste). The following table shows countries and regions that have aired this show:[39]

text: The channel in bold also broadcast their own version of Top Model.

text:
Country
Channel
First aired
Last aired
Cycle(s)
Episodes

 Australia
Fox8
2004
present
1–21 (cycle 21 currently airing)
137

 Austria
Puls 4
2009
2009
10
13

 Brazil
Canal Sony
2004
TBA
1–17
TBA

 Bulgaria
GTV
2005
2009
1-7
237

BTV Cinema
2011
2011
8

BTV Lady
2012
present
9–17

Fox Life
2018
present
21-22

 Canada
MuchMusic
CTV Two
2003 (Citytv)
2008 (CTV)
2012 (MuchMusic & CTV Two)
2011 (CTV)
All
All

MusiquePlus
2008
present
4–17
182

 Chile
Canal 13
2010
TBA
TBA
TBA

 China
CCTV-2
TBA
present
All
All

 Estonia
Kanal 2
Kanal 11

TBA
2012
2011

1–13
1–12

TBA

 Finland
Nelonen
January 6, 2004
present
1–13
TBA

 France
Téva
Direct Star
June
2005 (Téva)
2011 (Direct Star & June)
2007 (Téva)
2012 (Direct Star)
present (June)
3-4 (Téva)
5–11 (Direct Star)
1-20 (June)
TBA

 Germany
VIVA
2007
2011
1–8
TBA

 Greece
Skai TV
2006
2013
1–20
TBA

 Hong Kong
TVB Pearl
2003
TBA
All
TBA

Channel V

Star World

 India
AXN
2015
Present
20-22
48

Colors Infinity
2017
Present
23-24
30

 Italy
Sky Uno
2007
present
1–15
169

 Japan
Fuji TV,
TV Tokyo,
YTV,
Nihon Television,
TV Asahi
2004(C1-5 Fuji TV),
2007(C6-9 TV Tokyo),
2009(C10-11 YTV),
2011(C12-13 NTV),
2011–present(C14 – present TV Asahi)
—
All
TBA

 Latin America
Sony Entertainment Television
2004
TBA
1–17
TBA

 Lithuania
TV6
TBA
TBA
1–13
150

 Netherlands
Yorin
RTL 5
May 31, 2004
August 18, 2005
August 11, 2005
—
1–4 (Yorin)
4–21 (RTL 5)
202

 New Zealand
TV3
2004
2010
1–13
215

Four
2011
Present
14– (cycle 21 currently airing)

 Philippines
Studio 23 (now ABS-CBN Sports+Action),
ETC,
Star World,
Velvet
2004 (Studio 23 now ABS-CBN Sports+Action),
2006 (ETC),
2006 (STAR World),
2008 (Velvet)
2005 (Studio 23 now ABS-CBN Sports+Action),
2013 (Velvet)
All
TBA

 Poland
TVN
September 8, 2010

1–13

 Portugal
SIC Mulher
2009
Present
7–22
TBA

 Puerto Rico
WAPA-TV
August 17, 2009[40]
May 20, 2011
September 8, 2010
 —
1–14
15–16
182
 —

 Russia
Muz-TV
U
February 1, 2010
September 17, 2012
present
1–20
All

 Serbia
B92
August 1, 2012
present
2–7
TBA

 Singapore
Channel 5
TBA
TBA
1–2, 4–13, 15–16
TBA

 Slovenia
TV3 Slovenia
2010
2010
TBA
TBA

 Taiwan
Channel V
2005
2009
3–11
141+

Star World
October 12, 2008
present
11, 13–21

 Ukraine
Novyi Kanal
2013
present
1 (cycle 1 is now airing)
26+

 United Kingdom
Sky Living
2004
present
1–20
204

 Vietnam
Star World
2009
present
16– (cycle 23 is now airing)
100+

text: Spin-off

text: In October 2008, The CW announced that it had ordered a spin-off pilot of America's Next Top Model, titled Operation Fabulous. The proposed show would have starred ANTM creative director Jay Manuel and runway coach Mrs. J. Alexander as they travel the country to provide makeovers to everyday women. Tyra Banks and Ken Mok would have served as executive producers for the new show. However, The CW ultimately declined to pick up the show.[41]

text: Distribution

text: Until 2012, only cycle 1 had been released domestically on DVD. This is because the home video license was formerly held by UPN, and was distributed for them by Paramount Home Entertainment. Since the series is now independently produced, the video rights to the remaining seasons have, until recently, been open for acquisition (and therefore, the remaining seasons had yet to be issued on DVD or Blu-ray). However, on May 30, it was announced on the CW that cycles 2 and 3 were available to pre-order on DVD via new licensee CBS Home Entertainment. They are now available for purchase on Amazon.com. Additionally, cycles 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were also made into DVDs and sold on the website.[42]

text: Sponsors

text: For cycle 1, Revlon sponsored this show with the products and prizes. For cycle 2, Sephora replaced Revlon as the commercial sponsor. Through cycles 3-18, CoverGirl replaced Sephora as the continuation on products and prizes. For cycle 19, shoe retailer Nine West and Smashbox sponsored with campaigns, but the cosmetics sponsorship has ended. For cycle 20, Guess sponsored with a US$100,000 ad campaign for the winner.

text: Contestants' crossover appearances

text:
In cycle 3, Taye Diggs from Kevin Hill appeared in the acting challenge. While Yaya DaCosta won the challenge, it was cycle 3 winner Eva Pigford who guest-starred on the show. She later starred on other UPN/CW shows such as Smallville.
Naima Mora (winner of cycle 4), Kim Stolz (cycle 5), and Furonda Brasfield (cycle 6) were given guest-starring roles on episodes of Veronica Mars. Kim and Furonda's roles were cameos in the same series.
CariDee English (cycle 7 winner), who won the acting challenge in Episode 9, guest-starred in an episode of One Tree Hill, and later had a cameo appearance in an episode of Gossip Girl. English hosted Oxygen reality TV series Pretty Wicked.
For cycle 8, the acting-themed episode had Tia Mowry of CW's The Game give the girls a crash course in acting, although the "crossover" was limited to Mowry's appearance, as the challenge winner was not given a guest role as a prize. Instead, Renee DeWitt, who won the challenge, got a surprise visit from her husband and son which she shared with Dionne Walters, whose family also showed up for a surprise visit.
Several other contestants have landed roles on other UPN/CW shows, such as Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (cycle 2), Ann Markley (cycle 3), Toccara Jones (cycle 3) and Cassandra Whitehead (cycle 5).
Analeigh Tipton and Samantha Potter (both cycle 11) were featured in an episode of The Big Bang Theory which featured the main characters locating the top model house.
At the E! News preshow for the 81st Academy Awards five contestants were featured modeling Oscar gowns: Ambreal Williams (cycle 9) and Saleisha Stowers (cycle 9 winner), Samantha Potter (cycle 11), Nijah Harris and Natalie Pack (both cycle 12)
On May 12, 2010, Angelea Preston, Jessica Serfaty, and Simone Lewis (all cycle 14) appeared on a Jay Walking All-Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. On February 24, 2012, Brittany Brower (cycle 4), Bre Scullark (cycle 5) (both cycle 17), and Lisa D'Amato (cycle 5 and cycle 17 winner) appeared on a Jay Walking All-Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
On November 21, 2012, Allyssa Vuelma, Jessie Rabideau, and Kiara Belen (all cycle 19) appeared on a Jay Walking All-Stars segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
Jenascia Chakos (cycle 2) appeared in 2010 in an episode of Wheel of Fortune.
Analeigh Tipton (cycle 11) played Jessica Riley in the romantic comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love.
Courtney Davies (cycle 13) appeared in the ABC family TV series Pretty Little Liars as Quinn in a recurring role for 2 episodes in 2011.
Leslie Mancia (cycle 6), Lisa Jackson (cycle 9), Aminat Ayinde (cycle 12), Nastasia Scott (cycle 19) and Shei Phan (cycle 21) all competed on Project Runway or Project Runway All Stars as models paired with a designer. Lisa (paired with designer Michelle Lesniak Franklin) was the winner of the 11th season of Project Runway.
Nyle DiMarco (cycle 22) was a contestant on, and the winner of season 22 of Dancing with the Stars, dancing with Peta Murgatroyd.
Will Jardell (cycle 21) is currently a contestant on an online game called Sequester which is produced by Audrey Middleton of Big Brother fame.

tag: ul


question_text: top 10 goal scorers in barclays premier league all time

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 26 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Sergio Agüero is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 147 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals

Rank
Player
Position
Premier League club(s)
Goals

1
 Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
S
Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
260

2
 Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
F
Everton, Manchester United
202

3
 Cole, AndyAndy Cole
S
Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth
187

4
 Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
MF
West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City
177

5
 Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
S
Arsenal
175

6
 Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
S
Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City
163

7
 Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
S
West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth
159

8
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
S
Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City
150

9
 Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
S
Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers
149

10
 Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
S
Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United
146

11
 van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
F
Arsenal, Manchester United
144

12
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
S
Manchester City
129

13
 Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
S
Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic
127

14
 Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
F
Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa
126

15
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
F
Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion
125

16
 Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
S
Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland
123

17
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
MF
Liverpool
120

18
 Wright, IanIan Wright
S
Arsenal, West Ham United
113

19
 Dublin, DionDion Dublin
F
Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa
111

20
 Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
S
Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa
110

21
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
MF
Manchester United
109

22
 Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
MF
Manchester United
107

23
 Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
S
Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham
106

24
 Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
S
Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City
105

25
 Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
S
Chelsea
104

26
 Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
MF
Southampton
100

Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]


document_title: Red panda

question_text: how do you say red panda in chinese

question_tokens: how do you say red panda in chinese

text: Red panda

text: Physical characteristics

text: The head and body length of a red panda measures 50 to 64 cm (20 to 25 in), and its tail is 28 to 59 cm (11 to 23 in). Males weigh 3.7 to 6.2 kg (8.2 to 13.7 lb) and females 3 to 6.0 kg (6.6 to 13.2 lb).[6][7][8] They have long, soft, reddish-brown fur on the upper parts, blackish fur on the lower parts, and a light face with tear markings and robust cranio-dental features. The light face has white badges similar to those of a raccoon, but each individual can have distinctive markings. Their roundish heads have medium-sized upright ears, black noses, and blackish eyes. Their long, bushy tails with six alternating transverse ochre rings provide balance and excellent camouflage against their habitat of moss- and lichen-covered trees. The legs are black and short with thick fur on the soles of the paws. This fur serves as thermal insulation on snow-covered or icy surfaces and conceals scent glands, which are also present on the anus.[9]

text: The red panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws[6] standing inward for grasping narrow tree branches, leaves, and fruit. Like the giant panda, it has a “false thumb”, which is an extension of the wrist bone. When descending a tree head-first, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of the few climbing species to do so.[10]

text: Distribution and habitat

text: The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas, and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east.[11] Its easternmost limit is the Qinling Mountains of the Shaanxi Province in China. Its range includes southern Tibet, Sikkim and Assam in India, Bhutan, the northern mountains of Burma, and in south-western China, in the Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan and the Gongshan Mountains in Yunnan. It may also live in south-west Tibet and northern Arunachal Pradesh, but this has not been documented. Locations with the highest density of red pandas include an area in the Himalayas that has been proposed as having been a refuge for a variety of endemic species in the Pleistocene. The distribution range of the red panda should be considered disjunct, rather than continuous.[6] A disjunct population inhabits the Meghalaya Plateau of north-eastern India.[12]

text: During a survey in the 1970s, signs of red pandas were found in Nepal's Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[13] Their presence was confirmed in spring 2007 when four red pandas were sighted at elevations ranging from 3,220 to 3,610 m (10,560 to 11,840 ft).[14] The species' westernmost limit is in Rara National Park located farther west of the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[15] Their presence was confirmed in 2008.[16]

text: The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 °C (50 and 77 °F) with little annual change. It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.[6][11]

text: The red panda population in Sichuan Province is larger and more stable than the Yunnan population, suggesting a southward expansion from Sichuan into Yunnan in the Holocene.[17]

text: The red panda has become extirpated from the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Qinghai.[18]

text: Distribution of subspecies

text: Distribution of the red panda is disjointed, with two extant subspecies:

text:
Western red panda A. f. fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) lives in the western part of its range, in Nepal, Assam, Sikkim, and Bhutan.
Styan's red panda A. f. styani lives in the east-north-eastern part of its range, in southern China and northern Burma.[19]

text: A. f. styani has been described by Thomas in 1902 based on one skull from a specimen collected in Sichuan.[2] Pocock distinguished A. f. styani from A. f. fulgens by its longer winter coat and greater blackness of the pelage, bigger skull, more strongly curved forehead, and more robust teeth. His description is based on skulls and skins collected in Sichuan, Myitkyina close to the border of Yunnan, and Upper Burma.[9]

text: Styan's red panda is supposedly larger and darker in color than the Western member of the species, but with considerable variation in both subspecies, and some individuals may be brown or yellowish brown rather than red.[11]

text: The Brahmaputra River is often considered the natural division between the two subspecies, where it makes a curve around the eastern end of the Himalayas, although some authors suggest A. f. fulgens extends farther eastward, into China.

text: Biology and behavior

text: Behavior

text: The red panda is territorial; it is solitary except during mating season. The species is generally quiet except for some twittering, tweeting, and whistling communication sounds. It has been reported to be both nocturnal and crepuscular, sleeping on tree branches or in tree hollows during the day and increasing its activity in the late afternoon and early evening hours. It sleeps stretched out on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its tail over the face when it is cold.[6] This animal is very heat-sensitive, with an optimal “well-being” temperature between 17 and 25 °C (63 and 77 °F), and cannot tolerate temperatures over 25 °C (77 °F)[citation needed].

text: Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur somewhat like a cat would, licking their front paws and then rubbing their backs, torsos, and sides. They also rub their backs and bellies along the sides of trees or rocks. Then they patrol their territories, marking with urine and a weak musk-smelling secretion from their anal glands. They search for food running along the ground or through the trees. Red pandas may use their forepaws alternately to bring food to their mouths or place food directly into their mouths.[6]

text: Predators of the red panda include the snow leopard, mustelids, and humans. If they feel threatened or sense danger, they may try to escape by climbing a rock column or tree. If they can no longer flee, they stand on their hind legs to make themselves appear larger and use the sharp claws on their front paws to defend themselves. A red panda, Futa, became a visitor attraction in Japan for his ability to stand upright for ten seconds at a time.[20] (See also: facultative biped)

text: Diet

text: Red pandas are excellent climbers, and forage largely in trees. They eat mostly bamboo, and may eat small mammals, birds, eggs, flowers, and berries. In captivity, they were observed to eat birds, flowers, maple and mulberry leaves, and bark and fruits of maple, beech, and mulberry.[6]

text: Like the giant panda, they cannot digest cellulose, so they must consume a large volume of bamboo to survive. Their diets consist of about two-thirds bamboo, but they also eat mushrooms, roots, acorns, lichens, and grasses. Occasionally, they supplement their diets with fish and insects. They do little more than eat and sleep due to their low-calorie diets.[21][22]

text: Bamboo shoots are more easily digested than leaves, exhibiting the highest digestibility in summer and autumn, intermediate digestibility in the spring, and lowest digestibility in the winter. These variations correlate with the nutrient contents in the bamboo. Red pandas process bamboo poorly, especially the cellulose and cell wall components. This implies microbial digestion plays only a minor role in their digestive strategy. To survive on this poor-quality diet, they have to eat the high-quality sections of the bamboo plant, such as the tender leaves and shoots, in large quantities, over 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) of fresh leaves and 4 kg (8.8 lb) of fresh shoots daily. This food passes through the digestive tract fairly rapidly (about 2–4 hr) so as to maximize daily nutrient intake.[23] Red pandas can taste artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, and are the only nonprimates known to be able to do so.[24]

text: Reproduction

text: Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at two to three years. Adults rarely interact in the wild except to mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during the mating season from mid-January to early March.[25] A few days before birth, females begin to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves, to build a nest, which is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. After a gestation period of 112 to 158 days, the female gives birth in mid-June to late July to one to four (usually 1–2) blind and deaf cubs weighing 110 to 130 g (3.9 to 4.6 oz) each.[6]

text: After birth, the mother cleans the cubs, and can then recognize each by its smell. At first, she spends 60% to 90% of her time with the cubs. After the first week, the mother starts spending more time outside the nest, returning every few hours to nurse and groom the cubs. She moves the young frequently among several nests, all of which she keeps clean. The cubs start to open their eyes at about 18 days of age. By about 90 days, they achieve full adult fur and coloring, and begin to venture out of the nest. They also start eating solid foods at this point, weaning at around six to eight months of age. The cubs stay with their mother until the next litter is born in the following summer. Males rarely help raise the young, and only if they live in pairs or in small groups.[6]

text: A red panda's average lifespan is between eight and 10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years[citation needed].

text: Threats

text: The primary threats to red pandas are direct harvest from the wild, live or dead, competition with domestic livestock resulting in habitat degradation, and deforestation resulting in habitat loss or fragmentation. The relative importance of these factors is different in each region, and is not well understood.[11] For instance, in India, the biggest threat seems to be habitat loss followed by poaching, while in China, the biggest threat seems to be hunting and poaching.[1] A 40% decrease in red panda populations has been reported in China over the last 50 years, and populations in western Himalayan areas are considered to be lower.[18]

text: Deforestation can inhibit the spread of red pandas and exacerbate the natural population subdivision by topography and ecology, leading to severe fragmentation of the remaining wild population. Fewer than 40 animals in four separate groups share resources with humans in Nepal's Langtang National Park, where only 6% of 1,710 km2 (660 sq mi) is preferred red panda habitat. Although direct competition for food with domestic livestock is not significant, livestock can depress bamboo growth by trampling.[26]

text: Small groups of animals with little opportunity for exchange between them face the risk of inbreeding, decreased genetic diversity, and even extinction. In addition, clearcutting for firewood or agriculture, including hillside terracing, removes old trees that provide maternal dens and decreases the ability of some species of bamboo to regenerate.[11]

text: In south-west China, red pandas are hunted for their fur, especially for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. In these areas, the fur is often used for local cultural ceremonies. In weddings, the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. The "good-luck charm" red panda-tail hats are also used by local newly-weds.[18] This practice may be quite old, as the red panda seems to be depicted in a 13th-century Chinese pen-and-ink scroll showing a hunting scene. Little or no mention of the red panda is made in the culture and folklore of Nepal.[27]

text: In the past, red pandas were captured and sold to zoos. In an article appearing in the International Zoo News in 1969, one reported he personally had handled 350 red pandas in 17 years.[28]

text: Due to CITES, this zoo harvest has decreased substantially in recent years, but poaching continues, and red pandas are often sold to private collectors at exorbitant prices. In some parts of Nepal and India, red pandas are kept as pets.[29]

text: The red panda has a naturally low birth rate (usually one single or twin birth per year), and a high death rate in the wild[citation needed].

text: Conservation

text: The red panda is listed in CITES Appendix I.[30] The species has been classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List since 2008 because the global population is estimated at about 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend; only about half of the total area of potential habitat of 142,000 km2 (55,000 sq mi) is actually being used by the species. Due to their shy and secretive nature, and their largely nocturnal habits, observation of red pandas is difficult. Therefore, population figures in the wild are determined by population density estimates and not direct counts.[1]

text: Worldwide population estimates range from fewer than 2,500[25] to between 16,000 and 20,000 individuals.[12] In 1999, the total population in China was estimated at between 3,000 and 7,000 individuals.[18] In 2001, the wild population in India was estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals.[12] Estimates for Nepal indicate only a few hundred individuals.[31] No records from Bhutan or Burma exist.

text: Reliable population numbers are hard to find, partly because other animals have been mistaken for the red panda. For instance, one report from Burma stated that red pandas were still fairly common in some areas; however, the accompanying photographic proof of the "red panda" is in fact a species of civet.[32]

text: The red panda is protected in all range countries, and hunting is illegal.[1] Beyond this, conservation efforts are highly variable between countries:

text:
China has 35 protected areas, covering about 42.4% of red panda habitat.[1]
India has 20 protected areas with known or possible red panda populations in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal such as Khangchendzonga, Namdapha and Singalila National Parks, and a coordinated conservation policy for the red panda.[1]
In Nepal, known populations occur in Langtang, Sagarmatha, Makalu Barun and Rara National Parks, Annapurna Conservation Area, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, and Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[33]
Bhutan has five protected areas that support red panda populations.[1]
Burma has 26 protected areas, of which at least one hosts red panda populations.[1]

text: In situ initiatives

text: A community-managed forest in Ilam District of eastern Nepal is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities, including homestays. Villagers in the high-altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community-conserved forest area of 200 km2 (77 sq mi) at an altitude of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) to over 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[34]

text: In captivity

text: The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity, and is common in zoos worldwide. By 1992, more than 300 births had occurred in captivity, and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide.[35] By 2001, 182 individuals were in North American zoos alone.[36] As of 2006, the international studbook listed more than 800 individuals in zoos and parks around the world. Of these, 511 individuals of subspecies A. f. fulgens were kept in 173 institutions[37] and 306 individuals of subspecies A. f. styani were kept in 81 institutions.[38]

text: The international studbook is currently managed at the Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands. In cooperation with the International Red Panda Management Group, they coordinate the Species Survival Plan in North America, the European Endangered Species Programme in Europe, and other captive-breeding programs in Australia, India, Japan, and China.[38][39] In 2009, Sarah Glass, curator of red pandas and special exhibits at the Knoxville Zoo in Knoxville, Tennessee, was appointed as coordinator for the North American Red Panda Species Survival Plan. The Knoxville Zoo has the largest number of captive red panda births in the Western Hemisphere (101 as of August 2011). Only the Rotterdam Zoo has had more captive births worldwide.[37][38]

text: The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling, India, successfully released four captive-bred red pandas to the wild in August and November 2003.[39]

text: As pets

text: The most often cited example of keeping red pandas as pets is the case of former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. Pandas were presented to her family as a gift, and they were then housed in "a special tree house".[40]

text: Phylogenetics

text: The taxonomic classification of the red panda has been controversial since it was discovered. French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier initially described the red panda in 1825, and classified it as a close relative of the raccoon (Procyonidae), though he gave it the genus name Ailurus, (from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος, "cat"), based on superficial similarities with domestic cats. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective fulgens ("shining").[41]

text: At various times, it has been placed in the Procyonidae, Ursidae, with Ailuropoda (giant panda) in the Ailuropodinae (until this family was moved into the Ursidae), and into its own family, the Ailuridae. This uncertainty comes from difficulty in determining whether certain characteristics of Ailurus are phylogenetically conservative or are derived and convergent with species of similar ecological habits.[6]

text: Evidence based on the fossil record, serology, karyology, behavior, anatomy, and reproduction reflect closer affinities with Procyonidae than Ursidae. However, ecological and foraging specializations and distinct geographical distribution in relation to modern procyonids support classification in the separate family Ailuridae.[3][6][42]

text: Recent molecular systematic DNA research also places the red panda into its own family, Ailuridae, a part of the broad superfamily Musteloidea that also includes the skunk, raccoon, and weasel families.[5][42][43]

text: It is not a bear, nor closely related to the giant panda, nor a raccoon, nor a lineage of uncertain affinities. Rather it is a basal lineage of musteloid, with a long history of independence from its closest relatives (skunks, raccoons, and otters/weasels/badgers).

text: The two subspecies are A. f. fulgens and A. f. styani. However, the name Ailurus fulgens refulgens is sometimes incorrectly used for A. f. styani. This stems from a lapsus made by Henri Milne-Edwards in his 1874 paper "Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux",[44] making A. f. refulgens a nomen nudum.[9][19] The most recent edition of Mammal Species of the World still shows the subspecies as A. f. refulgens.[3] This has been corrected in more recent works, including A guide to the Mammals of China[45] and Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores.[46]

text: Evolutionary history

text: The red panda is considered a living fossil and only distantly related to the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), as it is naturally more closely related to the other members of the superfamily Musteloidea to which it belongs. The common ancestor of both pandas (which also was an ancestor for all living bears; pinnipeds like seals and walruses; and members of the family Musteloidea like weasels and otters) can be traced back to the Paleogene period tens of millions of years ago, with a wide distribution across Eurasia.

text: Fossils of the extinct red panda Parailurus anglicus have been unearthed from China in the east to Britain in the west.[47] In 1977, a single tooth of Parailurus was discovered in the Pliocene Ringold Formation of Washington. This first North American record is almost identical to European specimens and indicates the immigration of this species from Asia.[48] In 2004, a tooth from a red panda species never before recorded in North America was discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee. The tooth dates from 4.5–7 million years ago. This species, described as Pristinailurus bristoli, indicates that a second, more primitive ailurine lineage inhabited North America during the Miocene. Cladistic analysis suggests that Parailurus and Ailurus are sister taxa.[47][49] Additional fossils of Pristinailurus bristoli were discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in 2010 and in 2012.[50][51] The frequency with which panda fossils are being found at Gray Fossil Site suggests the species played a large role in the overall ecosystem of the area.

text: The discovery in Spain of the postcranial remains of Simocyon batalleri, a Miocene relative to the red panda, supports a sister-group relationship between red pandas and bears. The discovery suggests the red panda's "false thumb" was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion — independent of the giant panda's adaptation to manipulate bamboo — one of the most dramatic cases of convergent evolution among vertebrates.[52]

text: Taxonomic history

text: The first known written record of the red panda occurs in a 13th-century Chinese scroll depicting a hunting scene between hunters and the red panda.[27][35]

text: Major General Thomas Hardwicke’s 1821 presentation of an article titled "Description of a new Genus of the Class Mammalia, from the Himalaya Chain of Hills Between Nepaul and the Snowy Mountains" at the Linnean Society in London is usually regarded as the moment the red panda became a bona fide species in Western science. Hardwicke proposed the name "wha" and explained: "It is frequently discovered by its loud cry or call, resembling the word ‘Wha’, often repeating the same: hence is derived one of the local names by which it is known. It is also called Chitwa." Hardwicke's paper was not published until 1827, by which time Frédéric Cuvier had published his description and a figure. Hardwicke's originally proposed taxonomic name was removed from the 1827 publication of his paper with his permission, and naming credit is now given to Cuvier.[53]

text: Frédéric Cuvier had received the specimen he described from his brother's stepson, Alfred Duvaucel, who had sent it "from the mountains north of India".[54] He was the first to use both the binomial name Ailurus fulgens and the vernacular name panda in his description of the species published in 1825 in Histoire naturelle des mammifères.[55][56] Ailurus is adopted from the ancient Greek word αἴλουρος (ailouros), meaning "cat".[57] The specific epithet fulgens is Latin for "shining, bright".[58] Panda is a Roman goddess of peace and travellers, who was called upon before starting a difficult journey.[59] Whether this is the origin of the French vernacular name panda remains uncertain. Later publications claim the name was adopted from a Himalayan language.

text: In 1847, Hodgson described a red panda under the name Ailurus ochraceus, of which Pocock concluded it represents the same type as Ailurus fulgens, since the description of the two agree very closely. He subordinated both types to the Himalayan red panda subspecies Ailurus fulgens fulgens.[9]

text: Names

text: Names in its native range

text: The red panda's local names differ from place to place. The Lepcha call it sak nam. In Nepal, it is called bhalu biralo (bear-cat) and habre. The Sherpa people of Nepal and Sikkim call it ye niglva ponva and wah donka.[60] The word wậː is Sunuwari meaning bear; in Tamang language, a small, red bear is called tāwām.[61] In the Kanchenjunga region of eastern Nepal, the Limbus know red pandas as kaala (literally "dark") because of their underside pelage; villagers of Tibetan origin call them hoptongar.[62]

text:
Additionally, Pocock lists the vernacular names ye and nigálya ponya (Nepal); thokya and thongwa (Limbu); oakdonga or wakdonka and woker (Bhotia); saknam sunam (Lepcha).[9] Nigálya may originate from the Nepali word निङालो niṅālo or nĩgālo, a small bamboo, Arundinaria intermedia, but also refers to a kind of small leopard, or cat-bear.[63] The word pónya may originate from the Nepali पञ्जा pajā ("claw") or पौँजा paũjā ("paw").[64] Nigálya pónya may translate to "bamboo claw/paw".
Nigálya pónya, nyala ponga,[65] and poonya are also said to mean "eater of bamboo".[66] The name panda could originate from panjā.[67]

text: In modern Chinese, the red panda is called xiăoxióngmāo (小熊猫/小熊貓, lesser or small panda),[68] or 红熊猫/紅熊貓 (hóngxióngmāo, red panda).[69] In contrast, the giant panda is called dàxióngmāo (大熊猫/大熊貓, giant or big panda), or simply xióngmāo (熊猫/熊貓, panda, literally bear-cat).

text: English names

text: In English, the red panda is also called lesser panda (since it is smaller than the giant panda),[70] though "red" is more commonly used nowadays. As it was known in the West decades before the giant panda, initially it was the red panda that was simply called "panda".[71][72] When distinction became necessary, the red panda was still considered the true panda and common panda.[70][73]

text: Other English names used in the past include fire fox, fire cat, red cat, fox bear, bright panda, and Himalayan raccoon.[74][35]

text: Names in other languages

text: Many other languages also use "red" or variations of "shining/gold" or "lesser/small" in their names for this species. For instance, червена панда in Bulgarian, panda roux in French, panda rojo in Spanish, and Roter Panda in German all mean "red panda". Since at least as far back as 1855, one of its French names has been panda éclatant (shining panda).[75] In Finnish, it is called kultapanda (gold panda).

text: Variations of "lesser panda" occur in French petit panda (small panda), German Kleiner Panda (small panda), Spanish panda menor (lesser panda), Dutch kleine panda (small panda), Russian малая панда (malaya panda, "small panda"), Korean 애기판다 (aeki panda, "baby panda"), and Japanese レッサーパンダ (ressā panda, a transliteration of English "lesser panda")[citation needed].

text: Cultural depictions

text: The red panda was recognized as the state animal of Sikkim in the early 1990s,[76] and was the mascot of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.[27]

text:
In 2005, Babu, a male red panda at Birmingham Nature Centre in Birmingham, England, escaped[77] and briefly became a media celebrity,[77][78] before being recaptured. He was subsequently voted "Brummie of the Year", the first animal to receive this honor.[77][78]
Rusty, a male red panda at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, similarly attracted media attention when he briefly escaped in 2013.[79][80]

text: The name of the open-source Firefox web browser is said to have been derived from a nickname of the red panda: "fire fox".[81][82]

text: An anthropomorphic red panda was featured as Master Shifu, the kung fu teacher, in the 2008 film Kung Fu Panda, and its sequels Kung Fu Panda 2 in 2011 and Kung Fu Panda 3 in 2016.[83] The red panda Futa inspired the character of Pabu, the so-called "fire ferret" animal companion (primarily of Bolin), in the U.S. animated TV series The Legend of Korra.[84]


document_title: Countries of the United Kingdom by population

question_text: which country in the uk has the highest population

text: The population of the countries and regions of the United Kingdom was last measured by census in 2011.[1] and the Census organisations have produced population estimates for subsequent years by updating the census results with estimates of births, deaths and migration in each year. The census results, and the annual population estimates,[2] summarised below show that England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom and its population is therefore also presented by region.

text: [3] Population UK, Countries and Regions Feb 2017

text:
Rank
Name
Population (2015)
Percent of UK (2015)
Area
Pop.density (2011)
Population (2011)

1
England
∟ London
∟ South East
∟ East of England
∟ South West
∟ North West
∟ East Midlands
∟ West Midlands
∟ Yorkshire and the Humber
∟ North East

54,786,327
8,673,713
8,947,913
6,076,451
5,471,800
7,173,835
4,677,038
5,751,000
5,390,576
2,624,621

84.1%
13.3%
13.7%
9.3%
8.4%
11.0%
7.2%
8.8%
8.3%
4.0%

130,395 km²
1,572 km²
19,095 km²
19,120 km²
23,829 km²
14,165 km²
15,627 km²
13,000 km²
15,420 km²
8,592 km²

406.55/km²
5199.71/km²
452.20/km²
305.80/km²
221.95/km²
497.86/km²
302.24/km²
430.00/km²
342.65/km²
290.09/km²

53,107,169
8,204,407
8,652,704
5,862,418
5,300,831
7,055,961
4,537,448
5,608,668
5,288,212
2,596,441

2
Scotland
5,373,000
8.3%
78,772 km²
67.22/km²
5,299,900

3
Wales
3,099,086
4.8%
20,779 km²
147.43/km²
3,063,758

4
Northern Ireland
1,851,621
2.8%
13,843 km²
130.81/km²
1,814,318

United Kingdom
65,110,034
100%
243,789 km²
259.16/km²
63,285,145


document_title: The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)

question_text: who played the priest in count of monte cristo

text: The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: m

text: In 1815, Edmond Dantés, Second Mate of a French merchant vessel, and his friend Fernand Mondego, representative of the shipping company, seek medical help at Elba for their ailing captain. Napoleon Bonaparte, having kept his guardians from killing the pair, exchanges his physician’s services with Edmond for the delivery of a letter to a Monsieur Clarion.

text: In Marseille, the company owner Morrell commends Edmond for his bravery, promoting him to captain over First Mate Danglars, who gave Edmond explicit orders not to land at Elba. Edmond states his intention to marry his girlfriend, Mercédès, whom Fernand lusts after.

text: Fernand and Danglars inform on Edmond, concerning the letter Fernand saw Napoleon hand him, to the city’s Magistrate, Villefort, who has Edmond arrested. Villefort prepares to exonerate Edmond until he learns the letter is addressed to Villefort's father, a Bonapartist; he burns the letter and orders Edmond locked up in Château d'If. Edmond escapes, and turns to Fernand for help, but Fernand holds him up and turns him over to the pursuing gendarmes. Edmond is consigned to the island prison and its sadistic warden, Armand Dorleac. Villefort has Fernand assassinate his father in exchange for persuading Mercédès that Edmond has been executed for treason and that she should take comfort in Fernand.

text: Six years later, Edmond is startled in his cell by an eruption in the ground revealing another prisoner. Abbé Faria, who has been imprisoned for 11 years after he refused to tell Bonaparte the whereabouts of the treasure of Spada, has dug an escape tunnel. For the next seven years Faria educates Edmond in all facets of scholarship, including swordplay, in exchange for his help in digging a new escape route. Faria dies in a tunnel cave-in but before expiring he reveals a map to the treasure. Edmond escapes by switching himself for the priest’s body in the body bag, and is thrown into the sea, pulling Dorleac along with him, whom he drowns.

text: Edmond encounters a band of pirates preparing to execute a fellow pirate, Jacopo, (Luis Guzmán). Their leader, Luigi Vampa, decides justice and entertainment would be better served by pitting Edmond and Jacopo in a knife fight. Edmond wins, but spares Jacopo, who swears himself Edmond’s man for life. Jacopo and Edmond both work for the pirates until they arrive in Marseille.

text: Edmond learns from Morrell, who does not recognize him, that Fernand and Danglars are complicit in his betrayal, and that Fernand and Mercédès have wed. With Jacopo, he locates Faria's treasure, and establishes himself as a Count in Parisian society.

text: Edmond ingratiates himself to the Mondegos by staging the kidnap and rescue of their son, Albert (Henry Cavill). Now known as the Count of Monte Cristo, Edmond lures Fernand, Villefort and Danglars into a trap by letting slip the notion that he has located the treasure of Spada, and is shipping it through Marseille. Danglars is caught red-handed in the act of theft. Villefort is arrested upon confessing that he ordered the hit on his father and it is revealed that Fernand carried out the murder of Monsieur Clarion.

text: Even though his appearance has dramatically changed, Mercédès recognizes her former fiancé. Eventually, she softens him and they rekindle their relationship. As Fernand prepares to flee, she reveals the only reason she married him was that she was pregnant with Albert who is really Edmond’s son.

text: Fernand encounters Edmond in the ruins of an estate where he thinks he hid what he thought were chests full of the treasure but contain nothing but ashes. Albert intervenes when Edmond attempts to kill Fernand, but Mercédès tells him of his true parentage. Fernand leaves, firing a shot that wounds Mercédès, and rides away, but changes his mind upon realizing that he has nothing left to live for. Fernand rides back and calls Edmond out. The two fight to the death; Edmond prevails.

text: Edmond purchases Château d'If, intending to raze it, but instead leaves it standing as he swears to the spirit of Faria to use his vast resources for nothing but good.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Caviezel as Edmond Dantès, Zatara, the Count of Monte Cristo
Guy Pearce as Fernand Mondego
James Frain as J.F. Villefort
Dagmara Dominczyk as Mercedès Mondego (née Herrera)
Luis Guzmán as Jacopo
Richard Harris as Abbé Faria
Michael Wincott as Armand Dorleac, prison warden
Henry Cavill as Albert Mondego
Albie Woodington as Danglars
JB Blanc as Luigi Vampa
Alex Norton as Napoléon
Patrick Godfrey as Morrell
Freddie Jones as Colonel Villefort
Helen McCrory as Valentina Villefort
Christopher Adamson as Maurice

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Count of Monte Cristo holds a rating of 73% based on 143 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus being that, "Though it may not reach for any new artistic heights, The Count of Monte Cristo is an old-fashioned yet enjoyable swashbuckler."[3] At Metacritic, the film received a score of 61 out of 100, with generally favourable reviews.[4]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 writing, "The Count of Monte Cristo is a movie that incorporates piracy, Napoleon in exile, betrayal, solitary confinement, secret messages, escape tunnels, swashbuckling, comic relief, a treasure map, Parisian high society and sweet revenge, and brings it in at under two hours, with performances by good actors who are clearly having fun. This is the kind of adventure picture the studios churned out in the Golden Age--so traditional it almost feels new."[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Count of Monte Cristo OST

Soundtrack album by Edward Shearmur

Released
25 January 2002

Recorded
2001

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
53:03

Label
RCA

text: The Count of Monte Cristo Official Soundtrack was composed and conducted by Edward Shearmur and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra.[6]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

SoundtrackNet
 link


document_title: Not All Who Wander Are Lost

question_text: who wrote not all who wander are lost

question_tokens: who wrote not all who wander are lost

text: Not All Who Wander Are Lost

text: Not All Who Wander Are Lost may refer to:

text:
"Not all those who wander are lost", a line from the poem "All that is gold does not glitter", written by J. R. R. Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings
Not All Who Wander Are Lost (album), a 2001 album by Chris Thile
"Not All Who Wander Are Lost", a song on the 2007 album The Last Kind Words by American metal band Devildriver

text: Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titlesThis disambiguation page lists  articles associated with the title Not All Who Wander Are Lost.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Tri-state area

question_text: where does new york new jersey and pennsylvania meet

text: Tri-state area

text: Tri-state areas[edit]

text: The New York metropolitan area, which covers parts of the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.

text: The Delaware Valley region, which includes eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and northern Delaware.

text: The Cincinnati, including Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana.

text: The Pittsburgh tri-state area, covering parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia.

text: The Chicago tri-state area, also known as Chicagoland, which includes parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin.

text: The Greater Memphis area or Mid-South consisting of West Tennessee, North Mississippi, and the Arkansas delta.

text: The Dubuque, Iowa tri-state area spills over into Illinois and Wisconsin.

text: The Chattanooga, Tennessee, tri-state area includes portions of Alabama and Georgia.

text: The area that includes Washington, D.C., and the nearby parts of Maryland and the Virginia is sometimes loosely referred to as a "tri-state area," although the District of Columbia is not a state; however, with the presence of Jefferson County, West Virginia, in the official Washington–Arlington–Alexandria metropolitan statistical area, the region, as defined by the US Government, does in fact include three states. This area is colloquially referred to as "the DMV" (DC, Maryland, Virginia).

text: The "Joplin District", a lead and zinc mining region of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri, produces mineral specimens known as "tri-state" minerals, typically consisting mainly of sphalerite.

text: The Quincy, Illinois tri-state area includes parts of Missouri and Iowa.

text: The Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area includes Evansville, Indiana, and adjacent parts of Illinois and Kentucky.

text: The Huntington-Ashland metropolitan area incorporates towns in ten counties in Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. This area is sometimes referred to as “Kyova”, a portmanteau of the state abbreviations.

text: The Wiregrass Region includes Southeast Alabama, Southern Georgia, and the Florida Panhandle.

text: The Quincy, Evansville, and Huntington–Ashland areas are noteworthy for the states included all being separated by rivers.

text: Tripoints[edit]

text: Land[edit]

text: Of the 62 points in the United States where three and only three states meet (each of which may be associated with its own tri-state area), 34 are on dry land and 28 are in water.[1]

text:
State 1

State 2

State 3

Notes

Alabama

Florida

Georgia

Marker on riverbank is actually a few feet above and west of true tripoint at high-water line.

Alabama

Georgia

Tennessee

Marker on dry land at surface level and unmarked on lake in cavern directly below. Stolen in 2009 and returned two years later.[2][3]

Arizona

Nevada

Utah

Marked with a red sandstone monument.[4]

Arkansas

Louisiana

Mississippi

Unmarked on silt island in river connected to west bank by riprap.

Arkansas

Louisiana

Texas

See Ark-La-Tex. Marker in process of being surrounded and absorbed by tree.

Arkansas

Missouri

Oklahoma

Marked with a stone monument.[5]

Arkansas

Oklahoma

Texas

Unmarked on seasonal silt island or in river bed, but Oklahoma-Texas state line as revised in 2000 is defective in not extending from vegetation line on south bank to pre-established tripoint.

California

Nevada

Oregon

Marked with a cairn.[6]

Colorado

Kansas

Nebraska

Marked with a brass disc.[7]

Colorado

Kansas

Oklahoma

8 Mile Corner.  Marker is concealed in crypt beneath removable manhole cover.

Colorado

Nebraska

Wyoming

Marked with a stone surrounded by a three-stone colored base.[8]

Colorado

New Mexico

Oklahoma

Preston Monument

Colorado

Utah

Wyoming

Marked.[9]

Connecticut

Massachusetts

New York

See Brace Mountain or Mount Frissell. Marked with a stone inscribed with MASS-1898-NY and sometimes a "scratched-on" CONN.[10]

Connecticut

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

See Thompson, Connecticut. Marked with a stone inscribed with MASS-CONN-RI.[11]

Delaware

Maryland

Pennsylvania

See Delaware Wedge. Marked with a stone inscribed with M-M-P-P, as this was not the original intended tri-point.[12]

Georgia

North Carolina

Tennessee

Marked.[13]

Idaho

Montana

Wyoming

Located within Yellowstone National Park. Marked, although difficult to access.[14]

Idaho

Nevada

Oregon

Marked with a three-sided stone inscribed with N-I-O on the respective faces.[15]

Idaho

Nevada

Utah

Marked with a granite monument inscribed with the respective states' names.[16]

Idaho

Utah

Wyoming

Marked with a stone.[17]

Indiana

Michigan

Ohio

Brass marker with the shapes of the three states is located in a monument box beneath the surface of a rural road.  Was set in 1999[18] and is referenced by a granite marker 20 feet to the east on the Michigan-Ohio line.[19]

Iowa

Minnesota

South Dakota

True point is marked with a disc in the center of a T-shaped road intersection.[20]  A witness monument nearby in the South Dakota corner acknowledges the tri-point being set in 1859.

Kansas

Missouri

Oklahoma

Marked with a plaque on a seldom used dead-end road.[21]

Kentucky

Tennessee

Virginia

Tri-State Peak[22] Located within Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. Marked.

Kentucky

Virginia

West Virginia

Marked with a USGS marker on top of a two-foot high iron pipe at the river's high point.[23]

Maryland

Pennsylvania

West Virginia

Marked with a pyramid-like stone.[24]

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Vermont

Marker is technically on dry land, but buried within river bed due to a dam's construction downstream.[25]

Massachusetts

New York

Vermont

Marked with a stone.[26]

Montana

North Dakota

South Dakota

Marked with a red granite stone.[27]

Montana

South Dakota

Wyoming

Marked with a stone within a fence.[28]

Nebraska

South Dakota

Wyoming

Marked with a stone within a fence.[29]

New Mexico

Oklahoma

Texas

Texomex Marker

North Carolina

Tennessee

Virginia

Marked.[30]

text: Water[edit]

text:
State 1

State 2

State 3

Water

Notes

Alabama

Mississippi

Tennessee

Tennessee River

Arizona

California

Nevada

Colorado River

Arkansas

Mississippi

Tennessee

Mississippi River

Memphis, Tennessee metro area.

Arkansas

Missouri

Tennessee

Mississippi River

Connecticut

New York

Rhode Island

Long Island Sound

The part of New York that is in this tri-state area is Fishers Island. It is the New London, Connecticut metro area.

Delaware

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware River

Philadelphia metro area, at the east end of the Twelve-Mile Circle.

Florida

Georgia

Alabama

Chattahoochee River

Located in river very near marker on dry land.

Georgia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Chatooga River

Located in river very near marker on dry land.

Idaho

Oregon

Washington

Snake River

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Wabash River and Ohio River

Evansville, Indiana metro area. See Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area.

Illinois

Indiana

Michigan

Lake Michigan

Known as either the Indiana Dunes or the Michigan Dunes Area

Illinois

Iowa

Wisconsin

Mississippi River

Dubuque, Iowa metro area.

Illinois

Kentucky

Missouri

Mississippi River and Ohio River

Little Egypt region popularly labeled as a tri-state area with St. Louis, Missouri, Carbondale, Illinois metro area, and Paducah, Kentucky being its nuclei.

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Lake Michigan

Indiana

Kentucky

Ohio

Ohio River

Cincinnati, Ohio metro area. The tripoint is near, but not precisely at, the confluence with the Great Miami River.

Iowa

Illinois

Missouri

Mississippi River and Des Moines River

Border with Lee County, Iowa

Iowa

Minnesota

Wisconsin

Mississippi River

La Crosse, Wisconsin metro area.  Was apparently marked at one time with a sign that had been anchored in the location, but that sign has since been moved as of 2001.[31]

Iowa

Missouri

Nebraska

Missouri River

Iowa

Nebraska

South Dakota

Big Sioux River and Missouri River

Sioux City, Iowa metro area.

Kansas

Missouri

Nebraska

Missouri River

Kentucky

Missouri

Tennessee

Mississippi River

Three separate tripoints, due to meanders of the river (though probably only a single tri-state area surrounding them all). See also Kentucky Bend.

Kentucky

Ohio

West Virginia

Big Sandy River and Ohio River

Huntington (W.V.)-Ashland (Ky.)-Ironton (Oh.) Tri-State region.

Maryland

Virginia

West Virginia

Potomac River

Unmarked, at low water line, and almost always submerged.

Michigan

Minnesota

Wisconsin

Lake Superior

Minnesota

North Dakota

South Dakota

Bois de Sioux River

Not directly marked and most probably within river.

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

Middle of Delaware River

Mistakenly marked by so-called Tri-States Monument on left bank of river.

Ohio

Pennsylvania

West Virginia

Ohio River

Technically the Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey, although the actual monument is 1,112 feet north of the tripoint due to the tripoint's current location under water; Pittsburgh Tri-State.

text: Regions with no tripoint[edit]

text: The following tri-state areas are also notable, but have no tripoint:

text:
State 1

State 2

State 3

Notes

Alabama

Florida

Mississippi

The Gulf Coast region.

Connecticut

New Jersey

New York

New York metropolitan area. See New York Metropolitan Area.

Delaware

Maryland

New Jersey

Wilmington, Delaware, metropolitan area

Delaware

Maryland

Virginia

Delmarva Peninsula

Idaho

Montana

Washington

Spokane, Washington, area; connected by Interstate 90

Illinois

Indiana

Wisconsin

Chicago metro area

Kansas

Oklahoma

Texas

The Liberal, Kansas, area has a close relationship with the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles.

Massachusetts

Maine

New Hampshire

The Boston to Portland, Maine, metro area; though the two are separated by New Hampshire, Maine was actually part of Massachusetts before becoming a separate state in 1820.

New York

Pennsylvania

Ohio

Erie metropolitan area, a.k.a. Niagara Frontier and North Coast. Shares two tripoints with the province of Ontario (PA–ON–OH and PA–ON–NY), both within Lake Erie.

South Carolina

North Carolina

Tennessee

The Spartanburg, South Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina, Johnson City, Tennessee, and Kingsport, Tennessee metro areas along Interstate 26

Vermont

Maine

New Hampshire

Northern New England

West Virginia

Virginia

North Carolina

Important section of Interstate 77 connecting Charleston, West Virginia with Charlotte, North Carolina; passes through Wytheville, Virginia


document_title: 20th SAARC summit

question_text: where is the next summit going to be held

text: 20th SAARC summit

text:
20th SAARC summitHost country
 Sri LankaDate
2018Participants
 Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri LankaFollows
19th SAARC summitPrecedes
21st SAARC summitWebsite
Saarc

text: The 20th SAARC summit is the 20th meeting of the heads of state or heads of government of the eight SAARC countries after their previous meeting in Pakistan was boycotted by all SAARC MEMBERS.[1] The Summit will take place in 2018.

text: Pakistan is aggressively seeking support from smaller South Asian nations to host the Saarc summit in Islamabad. Sri Lanka and Nepal have already shown support, but analysts doubt India will agree as it holds Pakistan responsible for numerous terrorist activities in its homeland.[2]


document_title: Quebec nationalism

question_text: which federal act or program was designed to address quebecois nationalism

text: Quebec nationalism

text: Canadien liberal nationalism[edit]

text: Canada was first a French colony. Jacques Cartier claimed it for France in 1534, and permanent French settlement began in 1608. It was part of New France, which constituted all French colonies in North America.[1] Up until 1760, Canadien nationalism had developed itself free of all external influences. However, during the Seven Years' War, the British army invaded the French colony as part of its North American strategy, winning a conclusive victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. At the Treaty of Paris (1763), France agreed to abandon its claims in Canada in return for permanent French control of Guadeloupe. From the 1760s onward, Canadien nationalism developed within a British constitutional context. Despite intense pressure from outside Parliament, the British government drafted the Quebec Act which guaranteed Canadiens the restoration of French civil law; guaranteed the free practice of the Catholic faith; and returned the territorial extensions that they had enjoyed before the Treaty of Paris.[1] In effect, this "enlightened" action by leaders in the British Parliament allowed French Canada to retain its unique characteristics.[2][3] Although detrimental to Britain's relationship with the Thirteen Colonies, this has, in its contemporary assessment, been viewed as an act of appeasement and was largely effective at dissolving Canadien nationalism in the 18th century (especially considering the threat and proximity of American revolutionary ideology) yet it became less effective with the arrival of Loyalists after the revolutions.[4] With the Loyalists splitting the Province of Quebec into two identities; Upper Canada and Lower Canada, Canadiens were now labelled by the Loyalists as French Canadians.[1]

text: From 1776 to the late 1830s, the world witnessed the creation of many new national states with the birth of the United States, the French Republic, Haiti, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Belgium, Greece and others. Often accomplished militarily, these national independence movements occurred in the context of complex ideological and political struggles pitting European metropoles against their respective colonies, often assuming the dichotomy of monarchists against republicans. These battles succeeded in creating independent republican states in some regions of the world, but they failed in other places, such as Ireland, Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and Germany.

text: There is no consensus on the exact time of the birth of a national consciousness in French Canada. Some historians defend the thesis that it existed before the 19th century, because the Canadiens saw themselves as a people culturally distinct from the French even in the time of New France. The cultural tensions were indeed palpable between the governor of New France, the Canadian-born Pierre de Vaudreuil and the General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, a Frenchman, during the French and Indian War. However, the use of the expression la nation canadienne (the Canadian nation) by French Canadians is a reality of the 19th century. The idea of a nation canadienne was supported by the liberal or professional class in Lower Canada: lawyers, notaries, librarians, accountants, doctors, journalists, and architects, among others.

text: A political movement for the independence of the Canadien people slowly took form following the enactment of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The Act of the British Parliament created two colonies, Lower Canada and Upper Canada, each of which had its own political institutions.[1] In Lower Canada, the French-speaking and Catholic Canadiens held the majority in the elected house of representatives, but were either a small minority or simply not represented in the appointed legislative and executive councils, both appointed by the Governor, representing the British Crown in the colony. Most of the members of the legislative council and the executive council were part of the British ruling class, composed of wealthy merchants, judges, military men, etc., supportive of the Tory party. From early 1800 to 1837, the government and the elected assembly were at odds on virtually every issue.

text: Under the leadership of Speaker Louis-Joseph Papineau, the Parti canadien (renamed Parti patriote in 1826) initiated a movement of reform of the political institutions of Lower Canada. The party's constitutional policy, summed up in the Ninety-Two Resolutions of 1834, called for the election of the legislative and executive councils.

text: The movement of reform gathered the support of the majority of the representatives of the people among Francophones but also among liberal Anglophones. A number of the prominent characters in the reformist movement were of British origin, for example John Neilson, Wolfred Nelson, Robert Nelson and Thomas Storrow Brown or of Irish extraction, Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, Daniel Tracey and Jocquelin Waller.

text: Two currents existed within the reformists of the Parti canadien: a moderate wing, whose members were fond of British institutions and wished for Lower Canada to have a government more accountable to the elective house's representative and a more radical wing whose attachment to British institutions was rather conditional to this proving to be as good as to those of the neighbouring American republics.

text: The formal rejection of all 92 resolutions by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1837 led to a radicalization of the patriotic movement's actions. Louis-Joseph Papineau took the leadership of a new strategy which included the boycott of all British imports. During the summer, many popular gatherings (assemblées populaires) were organized to protest against the policy of Great Britain in Lower Canada. In November, Governor Archibald Acheson ordered the arrest of 26 leaders of the patriote movement, among whom Louis-Joseph Papineau and many other reformists were members of parliament. This instigated an armed conflict which developed into the Lower Canada Rebellion.

text: Following the repression of the insurrectionist movement of 1838, many of the most revolutionary nationalist and democratic ideas of the Parti patriote were discredited.

text: Ultramontane nationalism[edit]

text: Although it was still defended and promoted up until the beginning of the 20th century, the French-Canadian liberal nationalism born out of the American and French revolutions began to decline in the 1840s, gradually being replaced by both a more moderate liberal nationalism and the ultramontanism of the powerful Catholic clergy as epitomized by Lionel Groulx. In the 1920s–1950s, this form of traditionalist Catholic nationalism became known as clerico-nationalism

text: In opposition with the other nationalists, ultramontanes rejected the idea that the people are sovereign and that church and state should be absolutely separated. They accepted the authority of the British crown in Canada, defended its legitimacy, and preached obedience to the British ruler. For ultramontanes, the faith of Franco-Canadians was to survive by defending their Roman Catholic religion and the French language.

text: Contemporary Quebec nationalism[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Understanding contemporary Quebec nationalism is difficult considering the ongoing debates on the political status of the province and its complex public opinion.[5][6] No political option (outright independence, sovereignty-association, constitutional reforms, or signing on to the present Canadian constitution) has achieved decisive majority support and contradictions remain within the Quebec polity.

text: One debated subject that has often made the news is whether contemporary Quebec nationalism is still "ethnic" or if it is "linguistic" or "territorial".

text: The notion of "territorial nationalism" (promoted by all Quebec premiers since Jean Lesage) gathers the support of the majority of the sovereigntists and essentially all Quebec federalist nationalists. Debates on the nature of Quebec's nationalism are currently going on and various intellectuals from Quebec or other parts of Canada have published works on the subject, notably Will Kymlicka, professor of philosophy at Queen's University and Charles Blattberg and Michel Seymour, both professors at the Université de Montréal.

text: People who feel that Quebec nationalism is still ethnic have often expressed their opinion that the sentiments of Quebec's nationalists are insular and parochial and concerned with preserving a "pure laine" population of white francophones within the province. These accusations have always been vigorously denounced by Quebec nationalists of all sides, and such sentiments are generally considered as unrepresentative of the intellectual and mainstream political movements in favour of a wider independence for Quebec, seeing the movement as a multi-ethnic cause. However, then Premier of Quebec Jacques Parizeau, commenting on the failure of the 1995 Quebec referendum said "It is true, it is true that we were beaten, but in the end, by what? By money and ethnic votes, essentially." ("C'est vrai, c'est vrai qu'on a été battus, au fond, par quoi? Par l'argent puis des votes ethniques, essentiellement.")

text: People who feel that Quebec nationalism is linguistic have often expressed their opinion that Quebec nationalism includes a multi-ethnic or multicultural French-speaking majority (either as mother tongue or first language used in public).

text: There is little doubt that the post-1950s era witnessed an awakening of Quebecers' self-identity. The rural, conservative and Catholic Quebec of the 19th and early 20th centuries has given way to a confident, cosmopolitan society that has many attributes (other than valuing multiculturalism) of a modern, internationally recognized community with a unique culture worth preserving.

text: The cultural character of Quebec nationalism has been affected by changes in the cultural identity of the province/nation more generally. Since the 1960s, these changes have included the secularism and other traits associated with the Quiet Revolution.

text: Recognition of the nation by Ottawa[edit]

text: On October 21, 2006, during the General Special Council of the Quebec wing of the Liberal Party of Canada initiated a national debate by adopting with more than 80% support a resolution calling on the Government of Canada to recognize the Quebec nation within Canada. A month later, the said resolution was taken to Parliament first by the Bloc Québécois, then by the Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper. On November 27, 2006, the Canadian House of Commons passed a motion recognizing that the "Québécois form a nation within a united Canada".[7]