document_title: The arts

question_text: how many different forms of art are there

text: The arts

text: Definitions[edit]

text: In its most basic abstract definition, art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view, hear or experience it. The act itself of producing an expression can also be referred to as a certain art, or as art in general. If this solidified expression, or the act of producing it, is "good" or has value depends on those who access and rate it and this public rating is dependent on various subjective factors. Merriam-Webster defines "the arts" as "painting, sculpture, music, theater, literature, etc., considered as a group of activities done by people with skill and imagination."[1] Similarly, the United States Congress, in the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act, defined "the arts" as follows:[2]

text: The term 'the arts' includes, but is not limited to, music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and craft arts, industrial design, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, television, radio, film, video, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms, all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country. (sic) and the study and application of the arts to the human environment.

text: History[edit]

text: In Ancient Greece, all art and craft was referred to by the same word, techne. Thus, there was no distinction between the arts. Ancient Greek art brought the veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g. Zeus' thunderbolt). In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical and not material truths. Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead.

text: Classifications[edit]

text: In the Middle Ages, the Artes Liberales (liberal arts) were taught in universities as part of the Trivium, an introductory curriculum involving grammar, rhetoric, and logic,[3] and of the Quadrivium, a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.[4] The Artes Mechanicae (consisting of vestiaria – tailoring and weaving; agricultura – agriculture; architectura – architecture and masonry; militia and venatoria – warfare, hunting, military education, and the martial arts; mercatura – trade; coquinaria – cooking; and metallaria – blacksmithing and metallurgy)[5] were practised and developed in guild environments. The modern distinction between "artistic" and "non-artistic" skills did not develop until the Renaissance. In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities. Some subjects in the humanities are history, linguistics, literature, theology, philosophy, and logic.

text: The arts have also been classified as seven: Literature, painting, sculpture, and music comprise the main four arts, of which the other three are derivative; drama is literature with acting, dance is music expressed through motion, and song is music with literature and voice.[6]

text: Visual arts[edit]

text: Drawing in pen[edit]

text: Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools which can simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a drafter, draftswoman, or draughtsman.[7] Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as illustrations, comics and animation.

text: Painting[edit]

text: Colour is the essence of painting as sound is of music. Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe,[8] Kandinsky,[9] and Newton,[10] have written their own colour theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a colour equivalent. The word "red," for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum. There is not a formalized register of different colours in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C or C#, although the Pantone system is widely used in the printing and design industry for this purpose.

text: Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, collage. This began with Cubism, and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw, wood or strands of hair for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Elito Circa, Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer. Modern and contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft in favour of concept; this has led some to say that painting, as a serious art form, is dead, although this has not deterred the majority of artists from continuing to practise it either as whole or part of their work. Indigenouism is also considered as Modern and contemporary Art in early 20th Century.

text: Ceramics[edit]

text: Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials (including clay), which may take forms such as pottery, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. While some ceramic products are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology.Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as "art pottery." In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery. In modern ceramic engineering usage, "ceramics" is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.

text: Photography[edit]

text: Photography as an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism, which provides a visual account for news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. The word architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton, "master builder, director of works," from αρχι- (arkhi) "chief" + τεκτων (tekton) "builder, carpenter".[11] A wider definition would include the design of the built environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of creating furniture. Architectural design usually must address both feasibility and cost for the builder, as well as function and aesthetics for the user.

text: In modern usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of, a complex object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of abstract things such as music or mathematics, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geological formations or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such as software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components. Planned architecture manipulates space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics. This distinguishes it from applied science or engineering, which usually concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the design of constructions or structures.

text: In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more complex, such as for a hospital or a stadium, to the apparently simpler, such as planning residential houses. Many architectural works may be seen also as cultural and political symbols, or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live.

text: Sculpture[edit]

text: Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials; but since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded, or cast.

text: Conceptual art[edit]

text: Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work takes precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.[12] Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s,[citation needed] its popular usage, particularly in the UK, developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

text: Literary arts[edit]

text: Literature is literally "acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary. The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)." The term has generally come to identify a collection of writings, which in Western culture are mainly prose (both fiction and non-fiction), drama and poetry. In much, if not all of the world, the artistic linguistic expression can be oral as well, and include such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, other forms of oral poetry, and as folktale. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship.[13]

text: Performing arts[edit]

text: Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre, opera, mime, and other art forms in which a human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.[14] Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, magicians, comedians, dancers, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such as songwriting and stagecraft. Performers often adapt their appearance with tools such as costume and stage makeup.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence, occurring in time. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, metre, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their reproduction in performance) through improvisational music to aleatoric pieces. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts," music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art.

text: Theatre[edit]

text: Theatre or theater (from Greek theatron (θέατρον); from theasthai, "behold")[15] is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle – indeed, any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, classical Indian dance, Chinese opera and mummers' plays.

text: Dance[edit]

text: Dance (from Old French dancier, of unknown origin)[16] generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance, mating dance), motion in inanimate objects (the leaves danced in the wind), and certain musical forms or genres. Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a choreographer. People danced to relieve stress.[citation needed] Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while Martial arts "kata" are often compared to dances.

text: Multidisciplinary artistic works[edit]

text: Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as film, opera and performance art. While opera is often categorized in the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works," because opera combines several artistic disciplines in a singular artistic experience. In a typical traditional opera, the entire work utilizes the following: the sets (visual arts), costumes (fashion), acting (dramatic performing arts), the libretto, or the words/story (literature), and singers and an orchestra (music). The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead Gesamtkunstwerk ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components which were as important as the music. Classical ballet is another form which emerged in the 19th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.

text: Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as performance art. Performance art is a performance over time which combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random or carefully organized; even audience participation may occur. John Cage is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. Cage's composition Living Room Music composed in 1940 is a "quartet" for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, which can be found in a living room of a typical house, hence the title.

text: Other arts[edit]

text: There is no clear line between art and culture. Cultural fields like gastronomy are sometimes considered as arts.[17]

text: Applied arts[edit]

text: The applied arts are the application of design and decoration to everyday, functional, objects to make them aesthetically pleasing.[18] The applied arts includes fields such as industrial design, illustration, and commercial art.[19] The term "applied art" is used in distinction to the fine arts, where the latter is defined as arts that aims to produce objects which are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.

text: Video games[edit]

text: A debate exists in the fine arts and video game cultures over whether video games can be counted as an art form.[20] Game designer Hideo Kojima professes that video games are a type of service, not an art form, because they are meant to entertain and attempt to entertain as many people as possible, rather than being a single artistic voice (despite Kojima himself being considered a gaming auteur, and the mixed opinions his games typically receive). However, he acknowledged that since video games are made up of artistic elements (for example, the visuals), game designers could be considered museum curators – not creating artistic pieces, but arranging them in a way that displays their artistry and sells tickets. In May 2011, the National Endowment of the Arts included video games in its redefinition of what is considered a "work of art" when applying of a grant.[21] In 2012, the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented an exhibit, The Art of the Video Game.[20] Reviews of the exhibit were mixed, including questioning whether video games belong in an art museum.

text: Arts criticism[edit]

text:
Architecture criticism
Visual art criticism
Dance criticism
Film criticism
Music criticism
Television criticism
Theatre criticism


document_title: The Greatest Man I Never Knew

question_text: who wrote the greatest man i never knew

question_tokens: who wrote the greatest man i never knew

root

text: The Greatest Man I Never Knew

text:
"The Greatest Man I Never Knew"

Single by Reba McEntire

from the album For My Broken Heart

B-side
"If I Had Only Known"

Released
July 1992

Genre
Country

Length
3:14

Label
MCA 54441

Songwriter(s)
Richard Leigh
Layng Martine, Jr.

Producer(s)
Tony Brown
Reba McEntire

Reba McEntire singles chronology

"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia"
(1992)
"The Greatest Man I Never Knew"
(1992)
"Take It Back"
(1992)

"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia"
(1992)
"The Greatest Man I Never Knew"
(1992)
"Take It Back"
(1992)

tag: table

text: "The Greatest Man I Never Knew" is a song written by Richard Leigh and Layng Martine, Jr., and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It released in July 1992 as the fourth and final single from her album For My Broken Heart. The song reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in October 1992.[1] Richard Leigh has described the song as being about his own father and that several other of his hit songs were also from his own life ("I'll Get Over You" and "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue"). The song debuted at No. 57 for the week of August 15, 1992.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1992)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[2]
1

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3]
3

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1992)
Position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[4]
22

US Country Songs (Billboard)[5]
70

text:
Preceded by
"No One Else on Earth"
by Wynonna
RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
November 21, 1992
Succeeded by
"Seminole Wind"
by John Anderson


document_title: Seahorse

question_text: how many seahorses are born at one time

question_tokens: how many seahorses are born at one time

text: Seahorse

text: Habitat

text: Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate saltwater throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N [6]. They live in sheltered areas such as seagrass beds, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangroves. Four species are found in Pacific waters from North America to South America. In the Atlantic, H. erectus ranges from Nova Scotia to Uruguay. H. zosterae, known as the dwarf seahorse, is found in the Bahamas.

text: Colonies have been found in European waters such as the Thames Estuary.[7]

text: Three species live in the Mediterranean Sea: H. guttulatus (the long-snouted seahorse), H. hippocampus (the short-snouted seahorse), and H. fuscus (the sea pony). These species form territories; males stay within 1 m2 (11 sq ft) of habitat, while females range about one hundred times that.

text: Description

text: Seahorses range in size from 1.5 to 35.5 cm (0.6 to 14.0 in).[8]  They are named for their equine appearance with bent necks and long snouted heads followed by their distinctive trunk and tail. Although they are bony fish, they do not have scales, but rather thin skin stretched over a series of bony plates, which are arranged in rings throughout their bodies. Each species has a distinct number of rings.[9] The armor of bony plates also protects them against predators, and because of this outer skeleton, they no longer have ribs.[10] Seahorses swim upright, another characteristic not shared by their close pipefish relatives, which swim horizontally. Razorfish are the only other fish that swim vertically. They swim upright propelling themselves by using the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins located on either side of the head are used for maneuvering. They lack the caudal fin typical of fishes. Their prehensile tail can only be unlocked in the most extreme conditions. They are adept at camouflage with the ability to grow and reabsorb spiny appendages depending on their habitat.[11]

text: Unusual among fish, a seahorse has a flexible, well-defined neck. It also sports a crown-like spine or horn on its head, termed a "coronet," which is distinct for each species.[12]

text: Seahorses swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins (located behind their eyes) to steer. The slowest-moving fish in the world is H. zosterae (the dwarf seahorse), with a top speed of about 5 ft (1.5 m) per hour.[13]  Since they are poor swimmers, they are most likely to be found resting with their prehensile tails wound around a stationary object. They have long snouts, which they use to suck up food, and their eyes can move independently of each other like those of a chameleon.[14]

text: Evolution and fossil record

text: Anatomical evidence, supported by molecular, physical, and genetic evidence, demonstrates seahorses are highly modified pipefish. The fossil record of seahorses, however, is very sparse. The best known and best studied fossils are specimens of H. guttulatus (though literature more commonly refers to them under the synonym of H. ramulosus), from the Marecchia River Formation of Rimini Province, Italy, dating back to the Lower Pliocene, about 3 million years ago. The earliest known seahorse fossils are of two pipefish-like species, H. sarmaticus and H. slovenicus from the coprolitic horizon of Tunjice Hills, a middle Miocene lagerstätte in Slovenia dating back about 13 million years.[15] Molecular dating finds that pipefish and seahorses diverged  during the Late Oligocene. This has led to speculation that seahorses evolved in response to large areas of shallow water, newly created as the result of tectonic events. The shallow water would have allowed the expansion of seagrass habitats that selected for the camouflage offered by the seahorses’ upright posture.[16] These tectonic changes occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, pointing to an origin there, with molecular data suggesting two later, separate invasions of the Atlantic Ocean.[17] In 2016, a study published in Nature found the seahorse genome to be the most rapidly evolving fish genome studied so far.[18]

text: Reproduction

text: The male seahorse is equipped with a pouch on the ventral, or front-facing, side of the tail. When mating, the female seahorse deposits up to 1,500 eggs in the male's pouch. The male carries the eggs for 9 to 45 days until the seahorses emerge fully developed, but very small. The young are then released into the water, and the male often mates again within hours or days during the breeding season.[19]

text: Courtship

text: Before breeding, seahorses may court for several days. Scientists believe the courtship behavior synchronizes the animals' movements and reproductive states so the male can receive the eggs when the female is ready to deposit them. During this time, they may change color, swim side by side holding tails or grip the same strand of sea grass with their tails, and wheel around in unison in what is known as a "predawn dance". They eventually engage in a "true courtship dance" lasting about 8 hours, during which the male pumps water through the egg pouch on his trunk which expands and opens to display its emptiness. When the female’s eggs reach maturity, she and her mate let go of any anchors and drift upward snout-to-snout, out of the seagrass, often spiraling as they rise. They interact for about 6 minutes, reminiscent of courtship. The female then swims away until the next morning, and the male returns to sucking up food through his snout.[20] The female inserts her ovipositor into the male’s brood pouch and deposits dozens to thousands of eggs. As the female releases her eggs, her body slims while his swells. Both animals then sink back into the seagrass and she swims away.[21]

text: Fertilization

text: During fertilization in Hippocampus kuda the brood pouch was found to be open only for six seconds while egg deposition occurred. During this time seawater entered the pouch where the spermatozoa and eggs meet in a seawater milieu. This hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. The fertilization is therefore regarded as being physiologically ‘external’ within a physically ‘internal’ environment after the closure of the pouch.[22] It is believed that this protected form of fertilization reduces sperm competition among males. Within the Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses) protected fertilization has not been documented in the pipefishes but the lack of any distinct differences in the relation of testes size to body size suggests that pipefishes may also have evolved mechanisms for more efficient fertilization with reduced sperm competition.[23]

text: Gestation

text: The fertilized eggs  are then embedded in the pouch wall and become surrounded by a spongy tissue.[24] The male supplies the eggs with prolactin, the same hormone responsible for milk production in pregnant mammals. The pouch provides oxygen, as well as a controlled environment incubator. Though the egg yolk contribute nourishment to the developing embryo, the male sea horses contribute additional nutrients such as energy-rich lipids and also calcium to allow them to build their skeletal system, by secreting them into the brood pouch that are absorbed by the embryos. Further they also offer immunological protection, osmoregulation, gas exchange and waste transport [25]

text: The eggs then hatch in the pouch, where the salinity of the water is regulated; this prepares the newborns for life in the sea.[20][26][27] Throughout gestation, which in most species requires two to four weeks, his mate visits him daily for “morning greetings”.

text: Birth

text: The number of young released by the male seahorse averages 100–1000 for most species, but may be as low as 5 for the smaller species, or as high as 2,500. When the fry are ready to be born, the male expels them with muscular contractions. He typically gives birth at night and is ready for the next batch of eggs by morning when his mate returns. Like almost all other fish species, seahorses do not nurture their young after birth. Infants are susceptible to predators or ocean currents which wash them away from feeding grounds or into temperatures too extreme for their delicate bodies. Less than 0.5% of infants survive to adulthood, explaining why litters are so large. These survival rates are actually fairly high compared to other fish, because of their protected gestation, making the process worth the great cost to the father. The eggs of most other fish are abandoned immediately after fertilization.[27]

text: Reproductive roles

text: Reproduction is energetically costly to the male. This brings into question why the sexual role reversal even takes place. In an environment where one partner incurs more energy costs than the other, Bateman's principle suggests that the lesser contributor takes the role of the aggressor. Male seahorses are more aggressive and sometimes “fight” for female attention. According to Amanda Vincent of Project Seahorse, only males tail-wrestle and snap their heads at each other. This discovery prompted further study of energy costs. To estimate the female’s direct contribution, researchers chemically analyzed the energy stored in each egg. To measure the burden on the males, oxygen consumption was used. By the end of incubation, the male consumed almost 33% more oxygen than before mating. The study concluded that the female's energy expenditure while generating eggs is twice that of males during incubation, confirming the standard hypothesis.[20]

text: Why the male seahorse (and other members of the Syngnathidae) carries the offspring through gestation is unknown, though some researchers believe it allows for shorter birthing intervals, in turn resulting in more offspring.[28] Given an unlimited number of ready and willing partners, males have the potential to produce 17% more offspring than females in a breeding season. Also, females have “time-outs” from the reproductive cycle 1.2 times longer than those of males. This seems to be based on mate choice, rather than physiology. When the female’s eggs are ready, she must lay them in a few hours or eject them into the water column. Making eggs is a huge cost to her physically, since they amount to about a third of her body weight. To protect against losing a clutch, the female demands a long courtship. The daily greetings help to cement the bond between the pair.[29]

text: Monogamy

text: Though seahorses are not known to mate for life, many species form pair bonds that last through at least the breeding season. Some species show a higher level of mate fidelity than others.[30][31] However, many species readily switch mates when the opportunity arises. H. abdominalis and H. breviceps have been shown to breed in groups, showing no continuous mate preference. Many more species' mating habits have not been studied, so it is unknown how many species are actually monogamous, or how long those bonds actually last.[32]

text: Although monogamy within fish is not common,  it does appear to exist for some. In this case, the mate-guarding hypothesis may be an explanation. This hypothesis states, “males remain with a single female because of ecological factors that make male parental care and protection of offspring especially advantageous.”[33] Because the rates of survival for newborn seahorses are so low, incubation is essential. Though not proven, males could have taken on this role because of the lengthy period the females require to produce their eggs. If males incubate while females prepare the next clutch (amounting to a third of body weight), they can reduce the interval between clutches.[citation needed]

text: Feeding habits

text: Seahorses feed on small crustaceans floating in the water or crawling on the bottom. With excellent camouflage and patience, seahorses ambush prey that floats within striking range. Mysid shrimp and other small crustaceans are favorites, but some seahorses have been observed eating other kinds of invertebrates and even larval fish. In a study of seahorses, the distinctive head morphology was found to give it a hydrodynamic advantage that creates minimal interference while approaching an evasive prey. Therefore, the seahorse has the ability to come within a very close range of the copepods on which they prey.[34][35] After successfully closing in on the prey without alerting it, the sea horse gives an upward thrust  rapidly rotates the head aided by large tendons that store and release elastic energy, to bring its long snout close to the prey. This  step is crucial for prey capture as suction only works with the mouth at a close range. This two-phase prey capture mechanism is termed pivot-feeding.[35][36]

text: While feeding, they produce a distinctive click each time a food item is ingested. The same clicks are heard with social interactions.

text: Threats of extinction

text: Because data is lacking on the sizes of the various seahorse populations, as well as other issues including how many seahorses are dying each year, how many are being born, and the number used for souvenirs, there is insufficient information to assess their risk of extinction, and the risk of losing more seahorses remains a concern. Some species, such as the Paradoxical Seahorse, H. paradoxus,[37] may already be extinct. Coral reefs and seagrass beds are deteriorating, reducing viable habitats for seahorses.[38] Additionally, bycatch in many areas causes high cumulative effects on seahorses, with an estimated 37 million individuals being removed annually over 21 countries.[39]

text: Aquaria

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: While many aquarium hobbyists keep them as pets, seahorses collected from the wild tend to fare poorly in home aquaria. Many eat only live foods such as brine shrimp and are prone to stress, which damages their immune systems and makes them susceptible to disease.[citation needed]

text: In recent years, however, captive breeding has become more popular. Such seahorses survive better in captivity, and are less likely to carry diseases. They eat frozen mysidacea (crustaceans) that are readily available from aquarium stores,[40]  and do not experience the stress of moving out of the wild. Although captive-bred seahorses are more expensive, they take no toll on wild populations.[citation needed]

text: Seahorses should be kept in an aquarium with low flow and placid tank mates. They are slow feeders, so fast, aggressive feeders will leave them without food.[40]  Seahorses can coexist with many species of shrimp and other bottom-feeding creatures. Gobies also make good tank-mates. Keepers are generally advised to avoid eels, tangs, triggerfish, squid, octopus, and sea anemones.[41]

text: Water quality is very important for the survival of seahorses in an aquarium. They are delicate species which should not be added to a new tank. The water parameters are recommended to be as follows although these fish may acclimatise to different water over time:

text:
Temperature: 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
pH: 8.1–8.4
Ammonia: 0 mg/l (0 ppm) (0.01 mg/l (0.01 ppm) may be tolerated for short periods)
Nitrite: 0 mg/l (0 ppm) (0.125 mg/l (0.125 ppm) may be tolerated for short periods)
S.G.: 1.021–1.024 at 23–24 °C (73–75 °F)[citation needed]

tag: ul

text: A water-quality problem will affect fish behaviour and can be shown by clamped fins, reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gasping at the surface.[42]  Seahorses swim up and down, as well as using the length of the aquarium. Therefore, the tanks should ideally be twice as deep as the length of the adult seahorse.[citation needed]

text: Animals sold as "freshwater seahorses" are usually the closely related pipefish, of which a few species live in the lower reaches of rivers. The supposed true "freshwater seahorse" called H. aimei is not a valid species, but a synonym sometimes used for Barbour's and hedgehog seahorses. The latter, which is often confused with the former, can be found in estuarine environments, but is not actually a freshwater fish.[43]

text: Use in Chinese medicine

text: Seahorse populations are thought to be endangered as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction. Despite a lack of scientific studies or clinical trials,[44][45] the consumption of seahorses is widespread in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily in connection with impotence, wheezing, nocturnal enuresis, and pain, as well as labor induction.[46]  Up to 20 million seahorses may be caught each year to be sold for such uses.[47] Preferred species of seahorses include H. kellogii, H. histrix, H. kuda, H. trimaculatus, and H. mohnikei.[46] Seahorses are also consumed by the Indonesians, the central Filipinos, and many other ethnic groups.

text: Import and export of seahorses has been controlled under CITES since 15 May 2004. However, Indonesia, Japan, Norway, and South Korea have chosen to opt out of the trade rules set by CITES.

text: The problem may be exacerbated by the growth of pills and capsules as the preferred method of ingesting seahorses. Pills are cheaper and more available than traditional, individually tailored prescriptions of whole seahorses, but the contents are harder to track.  Seahorses once had to be of a certain size and quality before they were accepted by TCM practitioners and consumers. Declining availability of the preferred large, pale, and smooth seahorses has been offset by the shift towards prepackaged preparations, which makes it possible for TCM merchants to sell previously unused, or otherwise undesirable juvenile, spiny, and dark-coloured animals. Today, almost a third of the seahorses sold in China are packaged, adding to the pressure on the species.[48]

text: Dried seahorse retails from US$600 to $3000 per kilogram, with larger, paler, and smoother animals commanding the highest prices. In terms of value based on weight, seahorses retail for more than the price of silver and almost that of gold in Asia.[49]

text: Species

text: Based on the newest overall taxonomic review[50] of the genus Hippocampus with further new species and partial taxonomic review,[51][52][53] the number of recognized species in this genus is considered to be 45 (retrieved Aug 2018):

text:
Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827 (big-belly seahorse)
Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856 (West African seahorse)
Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870 (narrow-bellied seahorse)
Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, 1908 (Barbour's seahorse)
Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970 (pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869 (short-headed seahorse)
Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi, 1854 (giraffe seahorse)
Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900 (Knysna seahorse)
Hippocampus casscsio Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin, 2016[52] (Beibu Bay seahorse)
Hippocampus colemani Kuiter, 2003 (Coleman's pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus comes Cantor, 1850 (tiger-tail seahorse)
Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 (crowned seahorse)
Hippocampus dahli Ogilby, 1908 (lowcrown seahorse)
Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter, 2009 (softcoral seahorse)
Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall, 2003 (Denise's pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 (lined seahorse)
Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann, 1903 (Fisher's seahorse)
Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829 (long-snouted seahorse)
Hippocampus haema Han, Kim, Kai & Senou, 2017[53] (Korean seahorse)
Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) (short-snouted seahorse)
Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856 (spiny seahorse)
Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858 (Pacific seahorse)
Hippocampus japapigu Short, Smith, Motomura, Harasti & Hamilton, 2018[51] (Japanese pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger, 1900 (Jayakar's seahorse)
Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter, 2001 (collared seahorse)
Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901 (great seahorse)
Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852 (spotted seahorse)
Hippocampus minotaur Gomon, 1997 (bullneck seahorse)
Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker, 1854 (Japanese seahorse)
Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon, 2010 (paradoxical seahorse)
Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 (Patagonian seahorse)
Hippocampus planifrons Peters, 1877 (flatface seahorse, false-eye seahorse)
Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008 (Pontoh's pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus pusillus Fricke, 2004 (pygmy thorny seahorse)
Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 (longsnout seahorse)
Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter, 2008 (Satomi's pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus sindonis Jordan & Snyder, 1901 (Sindo's seahorse)
Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 (hedgehog seahorse)
Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau, 1873 (West Australian seahorse)
Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 (longnose seahorse)
Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie, 2009 (Tyro seahorse)
Hippocampus waleananus Gomon & Kuiter, 2009[51] (Walea soft coral pygmy seahorse)
Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855 (White's seahorse)
Hippocampus zebra Whitley, 1964 (zebra seahorse)
Hippocampus zosterae Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 (dwarf seahorse)

text: Pygmy seahorses

text: Pygmy seahorses are less than 15 millimeters (0.59 in) tall and 17 millimeters (0.67 in) wide members of the genus. Previously the term was applied exclusively to the species H. bargibanti but since 1997, discoveries have made this term obsolete. The species H. minotaur, H. denise, H. colemani, H. pontohi, H. severnsi, H. satomiae, H. waleananus, and H. japapigu have been described. Other species that are believed to be unclassified have also been reported in books, dive magazines and on the Internet. They can be distinguished from other species of seahorse by their 12 trunk rings, low number of tail rings (26–29), the location in which young are brooded in the trunk region of males and their extremely small size.[54] Molecular analysis (of ribosomal RNA) of 32 Hippocampus species found that H. bargibanti belongs in a separate clade from other members of the genus and therefore that the species diverged from the other species in the "ancient" past.[55]

text: Most pygmy seahorses are well camouflaged and live in close association with other organisms including colonial hydrozoans (Lytocarpus and Antennellopsis), coralline algae (Halimeda) sea fans (Muricella, Annella, Acanthogorgia). This combined with their small size accounts for why most species have only been noticed and classified since 2001.[54][56]


document_title: Shane McCutcheon

question_text: who plays shane's dad on the l word

question_tokens: who plays shane 's dad on the l word

text: Shane McCutcheon

text: Character development[edit]

text: Shane was originally billed to Moennig as "sexy" and "androgynous".[1]  Moennig told Michelle Kort from The Advocate that she had learned "a lot" from playing Shane. She has elements of realism because "life imitates art and art imitates life". The actress further explained that she related to certain aspects of Shane's storylines because she had previously experienced them.[1] Moennig did not agree with the labeling the character butch. Fellow cast member Leisha Hailey (who plays Alice Pieszecki) also disagreed and believed that Shane was more androgynous.[2]

text: During season four Shane became the guardian of her brother Shay McCutcheon (Aidan Jarrar). Moennig told Karman Kregloe from AfterEllen.com that Shane would return to her "wild ways" after producers decided that the storyline did not suit. Moennig compared Shane during season five to Where’s Waldo because "she’s popping up everywhere and she’s just out to have a good time."[2]

text: Ahead of the series debut in December 2003, a reporter from the PR Newswire wrote that Tammy Lynn Michaels had been cast as Shane's "jilted lover" Lacey, who proceeds to stalk her.[3] While Rosanna Arquette had signed to up to play Cherie Jaffe, the wife of a studio head Steve Jaffe (James Purcell) who arrives as Shane's new client. The writer revealed that Shane would change "more than her haircut".[3] Shane and Cherie's relationship was Moennig's favourite to work on and she attributed successful scenes to Arquette's acting techniques. Moennig believed that the relationship was so "fucked up" and it was fun to portray because it was also dysfunctional.[2]

text: Moennig said that during the second season Shane would attract a character with "a grounded sense of self, plus a lot of girlish insecurities". She explained "you're always attracted to someone you want to learn from". Erin Daniels who plays Dana Fairbanks added that "you see Shane struggle with actually having feelings, which really scares her".[1] The character was revealed as Carmen de la Pica Morales (Sarah Shahi). Moennig was unsure whether their relationship would last because there was uncertainty over the character's future. But viewers responded well to the storyline and the show decided to develop the romance.[2]

text: Shane begins a relationship with Paige Sobel (Kristanna Loken).[4] They meet after Shane's brother, Shay, makes friends with her son, Jared Sobel (Jackson Allan). Loken told The Advocate's Kort that Paige "hits" on Shane at a PTA meeting and "there it starts". Her character has been emotionally hurt by men she sees Shane as "a little wounded as well, and I think she likes that sensitivity about her, that vulnerability." Paige "comes on strong" and has confidence because she previously slept with woman.[4] But she never had a same-sex relationship and sees Shane and thinks "I'm just going to go for it and see what happens." Through their relationship the series portrayed a storyline in which Paige tells her young son that she is in a lesbian relationship with Shane. Loken said that she was able to draw inspiration from her own childhood experiences with the issue.[4]

text: Loken said that Moennig had never worked with an actress who was taller than she was in sex scenes. She joked that they were unsure of who should be "on top" during the scenes.[4] The show's producer and writer Angola Robinson told Kort that she believed Moennig and Loken had "amazing chemistry" that made it "neat to see Shane contest with Paige". Series creator Ilene Chaiken added that they were "hot together".[4]

text: A friendship storyline developed for Shane and Jenny Schecter (Mia Kirshner). But some viewers wanted their relationship to become a romantic. Moennig believed that the friendship was sweet and humanized them both. She added that "it was one of the few times where a type of relationship really took its time to grow."[2]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In season one, Shane's ex-girlfriend Lacey begins harassing her. She is angry because Shane would not commit to a relationship. Lacey puts up posters and hands out flyers to locals to expose Shane's promiscuity. Shane confronts Lacey and accuses her of being scared of being on her own. Instead of going to the police, Shane convinces Lacey to stop the harassment by sleeping with her one last time. Following that pseudo-fiasco, Shane lets her old friend Clive (Matthew Currie Holmes) move in with her. She used to work alongside Clive as a male prostitute. Shane works at a salon called Lather. Through Clive she meets Harry Samchuck (Colin Cunningham), who sends his Hollywood friend to have her hair cut by Shane. This gives her the opportunity to network and secure important and high-paying Hollywood clients. Unfortunately, Shane is forced to throw Clive out of her home when he steals items and money in order to pay for drugs. Shane begins an affair with her client Cherie, who has a family. Cherie convinces her husband Steve to invest in Shane's salon. Steve begins to suspect that Shane is sleeping with his daughter, Clea Jaffe (Samantha McLeod). However, Clea is in love with Shane and exposes her mother's affair with Shane. Steve threatens to murder Shane if she ever comes near his family again. Shane tells Cherie that she loves her, but she refuses to leave her rich lifestyle.

text: Shane moves in with Jenny and Mark Wayland (Eric Lively). Arianna Huffington hires Shane to cut her hair and so Shane is introduced to her production assistant Carmen, who is also a lesbian. After sex, Shane says she is not interested in relationships, but Carmen pursues her believing otherwise. They discover that Mark has been taping their sex lives for a lesbian documentary. Hollywood producer Veronica Bloom (Camryn Manheim) hires Shane and gets her to manipulate potential clients because Shane is naturally good at talking to people. Shane convinces a woman to sign the rights to her life story to Veronica. Shane quits when she unhappy with her actions. Carmen begins a relationship with Jenny, though the entire thing is merely to make Shane jealous. At the same time, Shane is still afraid to commit to a relationship after what she went through with Cherie. However, Shane eventually gets together with Carmen and confesses her love.

text: Carmen introduces Shane to her family, but pretends that they are friends. The family grows fond of Shane and attempts to set her up on a date. This prompts Carmen to come out, but her family reject her and cease contact. Shane is hired at Wax, a skateboarding shop with a hair salon. Cherie visits Shane and tells her that she divorced Steve and is still interested in her. Carmen performs a DJ set at Wax and Def Jam watch her performance. Shane notices Carmen flirting with their employees and reacts by sleeping with Cherie. Carmen confronts Shane, who tells her that she finds monogamy hard to live with. Shane stops showing an interest in sex, Carmen then accuses her of punishing her. She then tells Shane that she has cheated on her in revenge. Shane grieves for her friend Dana Fairbanks (Erin Daniels) and asks Carmen to marry her, who later accepts. Shane finds her father, Gabriel McCutcheon (Eric Roberts) and discovers that she has a half-brother, Shay. Helena Peabody (Rachel Shelley) finances the wedding and they travel to Whistler, British Columbia, where same-sex marriage is legal. When she notices Gabriel cheating on his wife Carla (Sarah-Jane Redmond), Shane realises that she will do the same to Carmen and jilts her, causing Carmen to leave.

text: Shane goes a drug binge with Cherie and Gabriel, and abandons Shay. Shane does not want to be responsible for Shay, but lets him stay because she does not want him to have a life in foster care like she did. Shane starts modelling underwear for Hugo Boss AG to pay medical bills for Shay's broken arm. He makes friends with Jared. Shane becomes close to Jared's mother, Paige, and after numerous failed attempts, they have sex. Gabriel returns to take Shay home. Realising she will not win custody of Shay, Shane is forced to let him leave. Shane and Paige go in search of a new home to share, but Shane sleeps with their realtor. Paige tells Shane she is okay with Shane sleeping around, but Shane ends their relationship. Wax is later set on fire, and Paige was suspected although Shane didn't file a report as Shane herself burned down Wax.

text: Shane sleeps with a mother and her two daughters separately. The fall out causes Shane to abstain from sex. However, she ends up not being able to abstain for long, and has a threesome with Dawn Denbo (Elizabeth Keener) and her lover Cindi (Alicia Leigh Willis), the owners of the newest lesbian club Shebar. When she sleeps with Cindi without Denbo's permission, Denbo sets out for revenge. Denbo tells Shane and her friends that she will ruin their lives. She starts a turf war between Shebar and The Planet. Molly Kroll (Clementine Ford) develops an attraction to Shane and they sleep together. Her mother Phyllis Kroll (Cybill Shepherd) talks to Molly about Shane, and Molly refers to Shane as "uneducated", "easy" and not smart. Shane overheard their conversation, so Molly tries to convince Shane that she loves her. They attempt to make their relationship work, but Phyllis' intervention puts an end to it.

text: When Jenny breaks up with Niki Stevens, (Kate French), Shane gives Niki oral on a balcony and Jenny interrupts them. Molly gives Jenny a letter addressed to Shane, but Jenny hides it. Shane makes a series of gestures to earn Jenny's forgiveness to no avail. Jenny tells Shane that it was she who broke her heart, not Niki, because of their long friendship. She reveals that she's in love with Shane. Jenny and Shane enter a relationship which Alice discovers and reveals to their friends. Jenny's behaviour becomes more erratic than usual and this alienates her friends against her. Shane ignores her friends' pleas for her to dump Jenny because she feels an obligation to Jenny. Shane starts sleeping with Niki. Jenny tells her she does not care, but makes her feel guilty about it. Shane has a chance meeting with Molly, who informs her about the letter she gave Jenny. Shane finds the letter along with many of other objects taken from their friends. At Bette and Tina's party, Jenny is found dead in the pool.

text: Reception[edit]

text: "The show's resident lothario, who gets so much tail her pals need a giant dry-erase board to keep track of her dalliances. Perhaps the show's most daring character, Shane is butch and genially unambitious and sleeps with any woman she wants. She's not mean, just on to the next one-nighter."[5]

text:
Shane was featured in AfterEllen's list of "Top 50 Favourite Female TV Characters". Their writer claimed that there was not a woman on earth who could resist the "charms of The L Word's resident Lothario". Stating further that Shane "like her iconic shag — could not be tamed and that's just how we liked her: wild and free".
[6] Fergus Shiel from The Age said that Moennig showed star potential and grew "more assured and engaging with each episode". He added that to "convolute matters sexually" is what Shane does best.[7] While Gordon Farrer from the publication branded Shane a "highly sexed androgynous hairdresser".[8] The Advocate's Kort said that Shane was the "show's classic stud woman".[4] Kort had previously described her as a "rakish "fuck 'em and leave 'em" hairdresser, [who] proved to be the biggest dyke heartthrob of season 1."[1] Charlie McCollum of The Charleston Gazette said Moennig gave a "particularly compelling performance" as the "predatory Shane who loves sex but hates commitment".[9] Gail Shister from The Seattle Times opined that Shane was modeled on "Warren Beatty's libidinous hairdresser" from the film Shampoo and added that "doesn't do relationships".[10]

text: Mary Foulk from About.com said that Shane and Cherie "sizzle"; adding that their intimate pool scene "almost makes you forgive the infidelity" against Carmen.[11]


document_title: What the World Needs Now Is Love

question_text: boss baby what the world needs now singer

text: What the World Needs Now Is Love

text: Recording history[edit]

text: The song was originally offered to Dionne Warwick, who turned it down at the time,[2] though she later recorded it for her album Here Where There Is Love. (Warwick also recorded a second version in 1996, which scraped the lower reaches of the US Hot 100.) Bacharach initially did not believe in the song, and was reluctant to play it for DeShannon.[3] DeShannon's version was recorded on March 23, 1965, at New York's Bell Sound studios.[4] Bacharach arranged, conducted and produced the session.

text: In 1966, The Supremes recorded the song for their album Reflections.

text: In 2011, Ronan Keating recorded the song for his album When Ronan Met Burt.

text: Kree Harrison, in 2013, made a cover of the song in the 12th season of American Idol. The studio version was recorded by Idol Studio Recordings.

text: On June 15, 2016, the song was recorded by Broadway for Orlando, with all proceeds going to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting.[5]

text: On Dec. 22, 2016 the Mighty Mighty Bosstones announced the upcoming release of their version of the song

text: On Mar. 24, 2017 it was re-recorded by Hans Zimmer, Steve Mazzaro & Missi Hale for the movie The Boss Baby.

text: Other notable covers[edit]

text: "What the World Needs Now Is Love" has been recorded or performed live by over 100 artists, including:

text:
Ed Ames
Rick Astley
Polly Bergen
Cilla Black
Tom Clay
Coldplay
Jad Fair with Daniel Johnston
Judy Garland
Rigmor Gustafsson
Barry Manilow
Aimee Mann
Johnny Mathis
Mr. Bungle
My Morning Jacket
Andrea Ross
Merrilee Rush
The Chambers Brothers
The Staple Singers
The Young Americans
Carla Thomas
McCoy Tyner
Steve Tyrell
Luther Vandross
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

text: Tom Clay version[edit]

text:
"What the World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John"

Single by Tom Clay

from the album What the World Needs Now Is Love

B-side
"The Victors"

Released
July 1971

Format
Vinyl record

Recorded
Early 1971

Genre
Pop, spoken word

Length
6:10

Label
Motown (MoWest MW5002F)

Songwriter(s)
Hal David, Burt Bacharach

Producer(s)
Tom Clay

Tom Clay singles chronology

"What the World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John"
(1971)
"Whatever Happened to Love"
(1971)

"What the World Needs Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John"
(1971)
"Whatever Happened to Love"
(1971)

text: In addition to the DeShannon hit recording and the numerous cover versions, "What the World Needs Now is Love" served as the basis for a distinctive 1971 remix.

text: Disc jockey Tom Clay was working at radio station KGBS in Los Angeles, California, when he created the single "What the World Needs Now is Love/Abraham, Martin and John", a social commentary that became a surprise hit record that summer.[6]

text: The song begins with a man asking a young boy to define such words as bigotry, segregation, and hatred (to which the boy says he doesn't know); he says that prejudice is "when someone's sick". Following that is a soundbite of a drill sergeant leading a platoon into training, along with gunfire sound effects, after which are snippets of the two songs – both as recorded by The Blackberries, a session recording group.[7] Interspersed are excerpts of speeches by John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, the eulogy (given by Ted Kennedy) after Robert's assassination, and Martin Luther King, Jr., and soundbites of news coverage of each one's assassination. The ending of the song is a reprise of the introduction.

text: "What the World Needs Now is Love/Abraham, Martin and John" rose to No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1971, and was Clay's only Top 40 hit.[8]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: "What the World Needs Now is Love" has been used in many film soundtracks, notably Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice and For the Love of Fred (used as the film's closing theme song in both), Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, My Best Friend's Wedding, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, Hot Shots!, Happy Gilmore, and Forrest Gump. In the Danish zodiac porn comedy I Jomfruens tegn (1973), an extended version is used for the hardcore underwater orgy that ends the film.[9]

text:
In April 1968, Cilla Black released a rendition of the song on her third studio album Sher-oo! which was a Top 10 hit on the UK album chart.
In June 1968, following the shooting of Robert Kennedy but before he died (approximately 26 hours), the Jackie DeShannon version was played over and over on Los Angeles radio stations as an audio vigil. This also continued for a few days following his death.
The first few notes of the song have also been used as a toteboard cue for the annual The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon.
A recording by Des O'Connor featured in episode #3.1 ("The Early Birds") of The Good Life.
A shortened version of the title is used in a biography of Burt Bacharach and Hal David by Robin Platts.
It was featured in the fourth season of Beverly Hills, 90210, in the episode "Twenty Years Ago Today".
In the Philippines, it was also used as the theme song of an event dubbed as Close-Up Lovapalooza to break the record of most people kissing simultaneously in 10 seconds to celebrate Valentine's Day.
Jessica Mauboy sang "What the World Needs Now Is Love" on Australian Idol in 2006.
American experimental band Mr. Bungle covered the song live at least twice in 2000.
Alec Baldwin sang a part of the song in the episode "Somebody to Love" of 30 Rock while playing a piano, as his soon to be lover CC walked down the stairs at the party which they met.
It was a top 5 song in American Idol season 2 in 2003.
Two versions of the song, one performed by Burt Bacharach himself, were played near the end of the film Austin Powers in Goldmember.
The song was covered by Jad Fair and Daniel Johnston on the album It's Spooky, with revised lyrics, referencing crack houses and Satanism.
Andy Fletcher of Depeche Mode used to play it as the last song for his DJ sets in 2004.
The song was used as the unofficial theme tune of the improvised BBC One drama series True Love (TV series), being played at the beginning of the episode, and at the end when the credits rolled.
In 2010, Connecticut musician Michael Occhionero used the song during the fade out of his song "Hey! Mr.", which includes samples of "Paperback Writer" and "Mr. Tambourine Man".
In 2013 Australia's Got Talent R&B soul singer Leon Lee performed his rendition of the song which received a lot of praises from all judges on the show.
On July 7, 2014, SiriusXM's Ron and Fez show opened with the cast singing the song in a sarcastic manner to support recently fired co-worker, Anthony Cumia who was terminated on allegations of racism.[10]
The cast of Glee covered the song in the sixth episode of their sixth season, "What The World Needs Now". They serenaded characters Santana and Brittany in an attempt to support their upcoming wedding.
Pop Idol winner Will Young covered the song in late 2015 as part of a World Wildlife Foundation Awareness campaign.
On July 27, 2016, an all-star ensemble of Broadway vocalists performed the song at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, as a protest against gun violence.
On March 24, 2017, the song was added and recorded by Missi Hale for the film The Boss Baby.

text: Quotation[edit]

text: The song contains the memorable lines:

text: The song builds upon the theme of "Stowaway in the Sky", composed in 1960 by Jean Prodromidès for the film of the same title.[11]


document_title: Kinder Surprise

question_text: when were kinder eggs banned in the us

question_tokens: when were kinder eggs banned in the us

text: Kinder Surprise

text: Description[edit]

text: Kinder Surprise is a hollow milk chocolate egg, lined with a layer of sweet milk-flavored cream.[3][4][5] Inside each egg is a plastic capsule that contains a small surprise toy, which sometimes requires assembly.[6][7][8] The capsule case is yellow, reportedly to resemble an egg's yolks.[9][10] The chocolates have foil packaging with warning labels advising parents to avoid giving the eggs to children under three years old, and encouraging supervision during consumption.[7][11]

text: Kinder Surprise was originally created with children in mind,[12] replicating an Italian Easter family tradition in which adults give children a large chocolate egg with a toy inside.[13] However, Kinder Surprise toys have become collectible for adults as well.[6] Collectors often try to acquire all toys within a themed set. Some even share their egg openings on social media,[14] or create their own toys and re-wrap them in Kinder Surprise packaging.[15] More than 100 new toys are distributed each year.[16] Around 12,000 different toys had been included within Kinder Surprise as of 2016.[17]

text: According to CNNMoney, Kinder Surprise is most popular in Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom.[8] Michele Ferrero and William Salice have been credited as co-creators of the candy.[18][19]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1968, Michele Ferrero raised the idea with his employees of a product that could be given to children so they could have a little "surprise" every day, based on the Italian tradition of large chocolate eggs given to children by their parents at Easter.[17] Ferrero said that at first his attempt to follow through this idea was unsuccessful after employees questioned the order he placed for a machine to make the chocolate eggs. They thought it would not be profitable, since eggs are only for Easter.[20] Ferrero also said that he wanted the product to have a higher milk content and make that a key part of its promotion; he felt that mothers would respond well to the idea of giving their children more milk.[20] Ferrero commissioned William Salice to realize the concept.[17]

text: The Italian company Ferrero began manufacturing Kinder Surprises in 1974.[7][13][21] Since then around 30 billion eggs have been sold worldwide.[16][22][23]

text: Salice, who has been credited as the inventor of Kinder Surprise but insisted he was just "material executor",[18][19] died in Italy in December 2016, at the age of 83.[24][25]

text: Safety concerns[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 2000, three families who had lost children to choking on toys inside edible eggs campaigned for the products to be withdrawn from the European Union.[26] Three children worldwide have died from choking on parts of the Kinder toy surprises after they had eaten the chocolate egg; another was attributed to another manufacturer’s product.[27][28]

text: Defenders of the chocolates said that these had been unfortunate fatalities. This was discussed in the UK House of Commons[29][30][31] and also by the UK Department of Trade and Industry which said, "The child’s tragic death was caused by the ingestion of a small part of the egg’s contents. Many other products and toys with small parts are available in the market place. If we were to start banning every product that could be swallowed by a child, there would be very few toys left in the market”.[32]

text: United States[edit]

text: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act prohibits confectionery products which contain a “non-nutritive object”, unless the non-nutritive object has functional value.[33] Essentially, the Act bans "the sale of any candy that has embedded in it a toy or trinket".[34]

text: In 1997, the staff of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) examined and issued a recall for some Kinder Surprise illegally brought into the US with foreign labels.[35] The staff determined that the toys within the eggs had small parts. The staff presumed that Kinder Surprise, being a chocolate product, was intended for children of all ages, including those under three years of age. On this basis, the staff took the position that Kinder Surprise was in violation of the small parts regulation and should be banned from importation into the US.[35]

text: Kinder Surprise eggs are legal in Canada and Mexico, but are illegal to import into the US. In January 2011, the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) threatened a Manitoba resident with a $300 (Canadian dollars) fine for carrying one egg across the US border into Minnesota.[36] In June 2012, CBP held two Seattle men for two and a half hours after discovering six Kinder Surprise eggs in their car upon returning to the US from a trip to Vancouver. According to one of the men detained, a border guard quoted the potential fine as US $2,500 per egg.[37]

text: In 2012, the FDA re-issued their import alert stating “The embedded non-nutritive objects in these confectionery products may pose a public health risk as the consumer may unknowingly choke on the object”.[38]

text: Kinder Surprise bears warnings advising the consumer that the toy is "not suitable for children under three years, due to the presence of small parts", and that "adult supervision is recommended".[39]

text: Alternative[edit]

text: In May 2017, Ferrero announced that the Kinder Joy (a variation of the Kinder Surprise) would be available in the United States starting January 2018. As the Kinder Joy egg's chocolate and plastic contents are completely separated in the packaging, it does not pose a choking hazard and has been passed by the FDA for sale for human consumption to the American public.[40] They were available exclusively at Walmart stores for 30 days starting on Black Friday of 2017 before nationwide general release in December 2017.[41]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In 2013, a law passed under president Sebastián Piñera in Chile banned commercials aimed at children under 14 years as well as gifts that come with products, such as toys, children's film figurines, water-activated tattoos, plates, silverware, and other incentives to favor purchase, including Kinder Surprise.[42]

text: In July 27, 2016, a new Food Labeling Law started to force food producers and importers to display, on their products' packages, visible labels to warn the consumers about foods high in sugar, saturated fat, sodium, and/or calories. The same law also forbids the sale of products, with one or more of these labels, that use toys or prizes to promote their sales. Since Kinder Surprise has three of these labels (high in sugar, calories, and saturated fat), its sales were forbidden since that date. The same rule was also applied to McDonald's Happy Meal [43]


document_title: Invader Zim

question_text: when is invader zim the movie coming out

text: Invader Zim

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series centers on Zim (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz),[6] a member of the imperialistic Irken race, an extraterrestrial species whose social hierarchy is based on height, rather than any type of skill. The Irken leaders, known as The Almighty Tallest (Wally Wingert and Kevin McDonald), rule the Irken Empire together because they are exactly the same height. As recounted during the series premiere, "The Nightmare Begins," Zim, who is both very short and very naive, was banished to the planet Foodcourtia for absentmindedly attacking his own planet and allies[7] during Operation Impending Doom I.[8]

text: When Zim learns of Operation Impending Doom II, he leaves Foodcourtia and arrives at the Great Assigning, where Irken Elite soldiers are chosen to become Invaders–soldiers whose missions are to blend in with the indigenous life forms of their assigned planet, collect intelligence and prepare the planet for conquest by the Irken Armada. Zim pleads with the Tallest to assign him a planet and, in a desperate act to get Zim as far away as possible, they send him on an arbitrary mission to a planet on the outskirts of their known universe which has never been explored. Zim is joined by GIR (Rosearik Rikki Simons), an ineffective and erratic Standard Issue Information Retrieval (SIR) unit.

text: As it turns out, this "mystery planet" is Earth and Zim forms his base of operations there. According to the DVD commentaries, Invader Zim takes place in an alternate universe of its own, with a present-day Earth somewhat more technologically advanced than the real Earth. The remainder of the show focuses on Zim's time "infiltrating" the human race at a school, or in his home planning attempts at world domination and the enslavement of humanity. Opposing Zim is his classmate Dib (Andy Berman), who is obsessed with the paranormal and supernatural and is determined to expose Zim as an alien.

text: Supporting characters include Dib's cynical sister Gaz (Melissa Fahn); Zim and Dib's teacher Ms. Bitters (Lucille Bliss); and Dib's father Professor Membrane (Rodger Bumpass). Later in the series, villains begin to appear, including Tak (Olivia d'Abo), a fellow Irken seeking revenge against Zim; Lard Nar (Fred Tatasciore), the leader of a resistance group called The Resisty who wants to overthrow the Irken Empire; and Sizz-Lorr (Jim Wise), Zim's former employer on Foodcourtia who attempts to recapture his employee.

text: Apart from eight double-length episodes (including the debut), each episode is a self-contained storyline. Some occurrences from previous episodes are mentioned, but there is little continuing storyline other than the main invasion plot. However, towards the end of the show, a larger universe of characters and organizations were introduced to build continuity: Tak appearing and seeking revenge against Zim; Dib's capture and repair of Tak's spaceship to travel through space; resistances to the Irken Empire such as the Meekrob and The Resisty; and other various devices which were becoming more and more a part of the show's central mythology.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

Pilot
December 24, 2011
Nicktoons

1
20
March 30, 2001
September 28, 2002
Nickelodeon

2
7
December 10, 2002 (2002-12-10)
August 19, 2006 (2006-08-19)
Nicktoons (episodes 21–26)
Nickelodeon (episode 27)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Prior to airing of Invader Zim, Nickelodeon desired a series to suit its "eleven to fifteen year-old" demographic.[9] The network hired alternative comic book writer Jhonen Vasquez to create the series.[10] Several ideas were considered by Vasquez, including a children-suited version of Mork & Mindy, but were dropped by him, who believed such ideas did not fit his style of writing.[10] Vasquez indicated that very little of his writing style was changed, other than restricting language and certain visuals that may not be suitable for children.[11] A pilot was originally pitched to the channel in 1999,[10][12] which led to the series being greenlit. Vasquez cites that the biggest change for himself was from working alone to working with thousands of people at Nickelodeon, saying "it’s an absolute misery".[11]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: All of the first season and part of the second season of the series were produced before Nickelodeon cancelled the show since it had low ratings among the channel's target audience and the high cost of making the show.[13] In season two, the animation style became slightly more stylized and pronounced in motion than season one.[14] All of the completed season two episodes, except for "The Most Horrible X-mas Ever," were never aired on Nickelodeon. They all eventually aired on Nicktoons from June 10 to August 19, 2006.

text: Since November 25, 2006, both seasons of Invader Zim are available for download on the Xbox Live Marketplace,[15] Zune Marketplace and PlayStation Store. In addition, the majority of the show's episodes are available for download on iTunes.[16] The entire series is also available for streaming on Hulu.

text: On December 24, 2011, the series pilot had its television premiere[17] followed by the result of Nicktoons' "Girreatest Zim Moments" online poll.[18]

text: Theme music[edit]

text: Vasquez asked his friend Mark Tortorici to produce ideas for the theme music for Invader Zim. The two settled on a direction for the music and Tortorici produced a final version of the theme. Vasquez's team selected Michael Tavera to compose music for the pilot episode. Vasquez said that he asked for several of the tracks that Tavera produced to be discarded and that ultimately the team had less than half of the number of tracks that they planned to submit. According to Vasquez, he and Tavera were not "a great fit" for one another creatively. Vasquez described the pilot music as having a "more 'children's television' sound," with a "much more traditional and not as surprising" theme as he wanted, but added that the music "worked for the pilot." Tortorici's theme song and Tavera's cover version did not appear in the pilot as there was no credit sequence. Vasquez said that members of the Invader Zim crew laughed at Tavera's version of the theme because it was "cheesy," adding that the reaction was not mean-spirited and that Tavera had received little information about the series before submitting the music.

text: Tavera did not become a part of the regular Invader Zim crew, and was replaced with Kevin Manthei to compose the series' music.[19] Manthei's music for the series is industrial and techno in nature. Much of said music was released on a limited edition soundtrack album called ZIMphony created by Richard Rae, Tom Mitchell (DJ Tomzer1), and Keven Manthei of the anime internet radio station "Anime Stuff R" as mini CD-ROM featuring the music from the show and the radio broadcast special.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The DVD release received positive response from Scifi.com.[20][21][22][23] In 2014, WatchMojo.com ranked Invader Zim as the ninth best cartoon to have gotten cancelled, and later ranked Zim as the ninth top alien in movies and TV.[24]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: During its initial broadcast, Invader Zim was the recipient of three awards and seven nominations.[25][better source needed] In 2001, Kyle Menke won an Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation for "The Nightmare Begins" for his storyboarding,[26] as did Steve Ressel, who won an Annie for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production for "The Nightmare Begins".[27] That same year, Steve Ressel, Jhonen Vasquez, and Mary Harrington won the World Animation Celebration award for Best Title Sequence.[28]

text: The show was nominated for five other Annie Awards in 2001: Outstanding Achievement in a Primetime or Late Night Animated Television Production, Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television Production (Steve Ressel for episode "Dark Harvest"), Outstanding Individual Achievement for Music Score in an Animated Television Production (Kevin Manthei), Outstanding Individual Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television Production (Vasquez), and Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production (Richard Steven Horvitz).[27] In 2002, the sound crew was nominated for the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Television - Animation for "The Nightmare Begins". In 2003, the show was nominated post-cancellation for an Annie for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Television Production.[29]

text: InvaderCON[edit]

text: The series had its own fan convention run by Wasabi Anime. The initial event was created to celebrate the ten-year anniversary of Invader Zim and took place in Atlanta, Georgia in March 2011. Special guests included cast members Richard Steven Horvitz, Melissa Fahn, Rosearik Rikki Simons, Andy Berman and writer Eric Truehart. An encore presentation of the convention, InvaderCON II: DOOMCON, took place on July 28–29, 2012, in Los Angeles, California, featuring the previous year's guests (Andy Berman) with the addition of Jhonen Vasquez,[30] character designer Aaron Alexovich, voice of Professor Membrane Rodger Bumpass, post-production supervisor Jason Stiff, storyboard artist Ian Graham and a surprise appearance from voice of Tallest Red Wally Wingert.[31][32]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Home video[edit]

text: In May 2004, Anime Works released the first volume of an official Invader Zim DVD collection in cooperation with Nickelodeon. By August 2004 and November 2004, two subsequent volumes completed the series' DVD release. A boxed set in the shape of Zim's house has also been released, which includes an extras disc with an alternate cut of "The Most Horrible X-mas Ever", voice overs for seven of the unfinished episodes, interviews with Kevin Manthei on the sound design and music of Invader Zim, and a soundtrack of Kevin Manthei's main compositions for the show. Originally this set included a duty-mode "GIR" figurine in a roof compartment in the box set, but Anime Works silently stopped including it with the termination of Palisade, the toy company that had been producing Invader Zim figurines. The three DVD volumes were re-released in late 2006 as a low-priced series box set without Zim's house as a case. On April 2, 2010, Invader Zim was re-released on DVD in two different sets.[33] A new DVD was released on February 22, 2011 called "Operation Doom". This set contains the highest rated episodes to air on Nicktoons Network throughout 2010.[34]

text: Figurines and accessories[edit]

text: Two series of Invader Zim figures were produced by the toy company Palisades Toys, including Zim, GIR, Dib, Ms. Bitters, and Almighty Tallest Purple in the first series. The second set had Zim in his disguise, GIR in his dog suit, Gaz, Almighty Tallest Red, and the Robo-Parents. A third series was planned with Zim in a Santa suit, GIR as an elf, Professor Membrane, Tak, and Nightmare Bitters, but Palisades Toys, the manufacturer, ceased operations in early 2006.[35] A multitude of other toys were produced before the termination of Palisades, such as a miniature replica of the Voot Cruiser and a "Mega GIR" figurine that was twelve inches which included a removable dog disguise.

text: Many other licensed products exist, such as iron-on transfers, stickers and keychains, all commonly sold at retailers like Hot Topic and Newbury Comics. Funko released a Pop! Vinyl figure of GIR in 2012,[36] produced in a limited edition as an exclusive for Hot Topic stores.

text: Video games[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: An interactive Flash game has been posted on Nickelodeon's official Invader Zim site since the series' original broadcast, based on the episode "NanoZim", in addition to other Shockwave games. There were three video games created with Zim included as the only playable character from the series: Nickelodeon Party Blast, Nicktoons: Freeze Frame Frenzy, and the arcade exclusive game, Nicktoons Nitro. Zim's Voot Cruiser and house were seen briefly in Nicktoons: Battle for Volcano Island. GIR was a playable character in Nicktoons: Attack of the Toybots, while Zim was only playable in the Nintendo DS version. Both Zim and Dib are playable in SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons: Globs of Doom, with GIR as a boss battle and rescue after the battle. The game Nicktoons: Android Invasion, on the educational Didj platform, is set entirely inside Zim's base. Zim is the main boss in the game, with several other characters making appearances. Zim and Gaz are playable characters in Nicktoons MLB; GIR appears in the game as well as one of the announcers, and there is a ballpark for the show called "Irken Field". Other characters appear in the game as cameos when the game is loading and on the character cards, making it the game with the most Invader Zim characters to date. The series has yet to have a stand-alone video game set.

text: Comics[edit]

text: In February 2015, Oni Press announced that a comic book series based on the show, in collaboration with Jhonen Vasquez and Nickelodeon, was being released as a continuation of the series. Vasquez said about the show: "I'm always confused when people say how much they miss Invader Zim because the show never stopped running in my head, and then I remember everyone else isn't in my head". A pre-issue 0 was released on May 23, 2015 as a zine and foreshadow to the comic book series. The first issue was released on July 8, 2015, and since then most issues are released on a monthly basis.[37][38]

text: Television film[edit]

text: In March 2010, episodes of Invader Zim were aired on Nicktoons. The reruns were the second highest-rated show on the network, and according to Vasquez, were part of a plan by the network to see if a revival of the series was feasible. Vasquez also asserts that, despite widespread rumor, he would have returned to the show again had Nickelodeon not deemed the revival "too expensive".[39]

text: On April 4, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that they had green-lit a 66-minute[40] television film based on the series with three teaser trailers being released in a span of the following four days.[41] Jhonen Vasquez will be returning as executive producer as well as cast members Richard Horvitz, Rikki Simons, Andy Berman, and Melissa Fahn. The movie will follow "a perpetually desperate and delusional Zim hatching a new plan to achieve his goal." In October 2017, Rikki Simons, voice actor of GIR, in a video interview at the Gulf Coast Fan Fest stated that the movie would be released sometime in 2018.[42] No title for the film has been announced up to this date.[43]


document_title: Attorney–client privilege

question_text: what are the exceptions to attorney client privilege

text: Attorney–client privilege

text: General requirements under United States law[edit]

text: Although there are minor variations, the elements necessary to establish the attorney client privilege generally are:

text:
The asserted holder of the privilege is (or sought to become) a client; and
The person to whom the communication was made:

is a member of the bar of a court, or a subordinate of such a member, and
in connection with this communication, is acting as an attorney; and

The communication was for the purpose of securing legal advice.[4]

tag: ol

text: There are a number of exceptions to the privilege in most jurisdictions, chief among them:

text:
the communication was made in the presence of individuals who were neither attorney nor client, or was disclosed to such individuals,
the communication was made for the purpose of committing a crime or tort,
the client has waived the privilege (for example by publicly disclosing the communication).

text: A corollary to the attorney–client privilege is the joint defense privilege, which is also called the common interest rule.[5] The common interest rule "serves to protect the confidentiality of communications passing from one party to another party where a joint defense or strategy has been decided upon and undertaken by the parties and their respective counsel."[6]

text: An attorney speaking publicly in regard to a client's personal business and private affairs can be reprimanded by the bar and/or disbarred, regardless of the fact that he or she may be no longer representing the client. Discussing a client's or past client's criminal history, or otherwise, is viewed as a breach of fiduciary responsibilities.

text: The attorney–client privilege is separate from and should not be confused with the work-product doctrine.

text: When the privilege may not apply[edit]

text: When an attorney is not acting primarily as an attorney but, for instance, as a business advisor, member of the Board of Directors, or in another non-legal role, then the privilege generally does not apply.[7]

text: The privilege protects the confidential communication, and not the underlying information. For instance, if a client has previously disclosed confidential information to a third party who is not an attorney, and then gives the same information to an attorney, the attorney–client privilege will still protect the communication to the attorney, but will not protect the communication with the third party.

text: The privilege may be waived if the confidential communications are disclosed to third parties.

text: Other limits to the privilege may apply depending on the situation being adjudicated.

text: Disclosure in case of a crime, tort, or fraud[edit]

text: The crime-fraud exception can render the privilege moot when communications between an attorney and client are themselves used to further a crime, tort, or fraud. In Clark v. United States, the US Supreme Court stated that "A client who consults an attorney for advice that will serve him in the commission of a fraud will have no help from the law. He must let the truth be told."[8] The crime-fraud exception also does require that the crime or fraud discussed between client and attorney be carried out to be triggered.[9] US Courts have not yet conclusively ruled how little knowledge an attorney can have of the underlying crime or fraud before the privilege detaches and the attorney's communications or requisite testimony become admissible.[10]

text: Disclosure ostensibly to support lawyer's own interests[edit]

text: Lawyers may disclose confidential information relating to the retainer where they are reasonably seeking to collect payment for services rendered. This is justified on policy grounds. If lawyers were unable to disclose such information, many would undertake legal work only where payment is made in advance. This would arguably adversely affect the public's access to justice.

text: Lawyers may also breach the duty where they are defending themselves against disciplinary or legal proceedings. A client who initiates proceedings against a lawyer effectively waives rights to confidentiality. This is justified on grounds of procedural fairness—a lawyer unable to reveal information relating to the retainer would be unable to defend themselves against such action.

text: Disclosure for the purpose of probate[edit]

text: Another case is for the probate of a last will and testament. Previously confidential communications between the lawyer and testator may be disclosed in order to prove that a will represented the intent of the now deceased decedent. In many instances, the will, codicil, or other parts of the estate plan require explanation or interpretation through other proof (extrinsic evidence), such as the attorney's file notes or correspondence from the client.

text: In certain cases, the client may desire or consent to revelation of personal or family secrets only after his or her death; for example, the will may leave a legacy to a paramour or a natural child.

text: Courts have occasionally revoked the privilege after the death of the client if it is deemed that doing so serves the client's intent, such as in the case of resolving testamentary disputes among heirs.

text: Tax practice[edit]

text: In the United States, communications between accountants and their clients are usually not privileged. A person who is worried about accusations of questionable accounting, such as tax evasion, may decide to work only with an attorney or only with an accountant who is also an attorney; some or all of the resulting communications may be privileged provided that all the requirements for the attorney–client privilege are met. The mere fact that the practitioner is an attorney will not create a valid attorney–client privilege with respect to a communication, for example, that involves business or accounting advice rather than legal advice.

text: Under Federal tax law in the United States, for communications on or after July 22, 1998, there is a limited Federally authorized accountant–client privilege that may apply to certain communications with non–attorneys.

text: In the federal courts[edit]

text: If a case arises in the federal court system, the federal court will apply Rule 501 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to determine whether to apply the privilege law of the relevant state or federal common law. If the case is brought to the federal court under diversity jurisdiction, the law of the relevant state will be used to apply the privilege. If the case involves a federal question, the federal court will apply the federal common law of attorney–client privilege; however, Rule 501 grants flexibility to the federal courts, allowing them to construe the privilege "in light of experience and reason".