document_title: Code of ethics in media

question_text: who holds journalists responsible for the code of ethics

text: Code of ethics in media

text: Original Guidelines[edit]

text: The guidelines were set up around two important ideas. The first guideline is that "whoever enjoys a special measure of freedom, like a professional journalist, has an obligation to society to use their freedoms and powers responsibly." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477) This guideline is useful so that people in power are able to be held liable in case their actions are not professional. People that have high media attention should not abuse the power. The second guideline that was established is "society's welfare is paramount, more important than individual careers or even individual rights." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477) Again, holding people responsible for their actions and stating that society is more important due to the vast number of people that could be affected by poor behavior.

text: The Hutchins Commission added another five guidelines specifically for the press.

text:
"Present meaningful news, accurate and separated from opinion". (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477)
"Serve as a forum for the exchange of comment and criticism and to expand access to diverse points of view." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477)
"Project "a representative picture of the constituent groups in society" by avoiding stereotypes by including minority groups." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477)
"Clarify the goals and values of society; implicit was an appeal to avoid pandering to the lowest common denominator." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477)
"Give broad coverage of what was known about society". (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 477)

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text: All of these guidelines are important because the press is needed to maintain a neutral viewpoint, providing the basic facts and allowing for readers to come up with their own opinions from the news that they report.

text: These guidelines inspired Society of Professional Journalists which is the current version of media ethics that were adopted n 1996.

text: Society of Professional Journalists: Code of Ethics[edit]

text: The Society of Professional Journalists created a code of ethics that are in effect today. The main mantra of the code is "Seek truth and Report it!"(Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478) The code also states that: "Journalists should be honest, fair, and courageous in gathering, reporting, and interpreting information. Journalists should:"

text:
"Test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible."(Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing."(Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources' reliability." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Always question sources' motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Make certain that headlines, news teases, and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites, and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Avoid misleading reenactments or staged news events. If reenactment is necessary to tell a story, label it." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Never plagiarize." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even, when it is unpopular to do so." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing on those values on others." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, or social status." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or content." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Distinguish news from advertising, and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Recognize and special obligation to ensure that the public's business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)

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text: Minimize Harm "Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects, and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect. Journalists should" (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)

text:
"Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperiences sources or subjects." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or guilt." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves that do public officials and others who seek power, influence, or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone's privacy." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Be cautions of identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Balance a criminal suspect's fair trial rights with the public's right to be informed." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)

text: Act Independently "Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know. Journalists should" ." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)

text:
"Avoid conflict of interest, real or perceived." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel, and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office, and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 478)
"Disclose unavoidable conflicts." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)

text: Be Accountable "Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers, and each other. Journalists should:" (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)

text:
"Clarify and explain news coverage and invite dialogue with the public over journalistic conduct." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Admit mistakes and correct them promptly." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)
"Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others." (Straubhaar, LaRose & Davenport, Pg 479)

text: All of these guidelines are for the betterment of society and regulation of media.


document_title: The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall

question_text: who played the phantom in the 25th anniversary

root

text: Production[edit]

text: Idea[edit]

text: To mark the extraordinary milestone of 25 years, Andrew Lloyd Webber and Cameron Mackintosh planned a special 3-day production to take place at London's Royal Albert Hall in October 2011. Designer Matt Kinley initially planned to hold a concert-style production not unlike the Les Misérables 25th anniversary concert at the O2 Arena, but Mackintosh made it clear the show would be fully staged, as both he and Lloyd Webber felt it would not work unless it was the whole show. As a result, the event was planned as a full show.

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text: Royal Albert Hall[edit]

text: Designing the staged show at the Royal Albert Hall was a daunting task, as the space (or lack of) was not an easy one to translate a proscenium show into. As a concert hall rather than a theatre, many of the show's elements (such as the chandelier, which instead of falling, exploded) had to be toned down and simplified: the Royal Albert Hall was simply not capable of accepting a show the size of The Phantom of the Opera, or at least not the full original. The balconies of the hall were used to build uprights to form an opera house proscenium with boxes on each side. The orchestra was elevated on a platform and backed by a gauze which projected the opera sets via LEDs.

text: Live streaming[edit]

text: Tickets for the three performances sold out within five hours of going on sale. In order to enable more people to see the production, the final performance was relayed live to cinemas around the world via Fathom Events.

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Prologue[edit]

text: In 1911, the Vicomte de Chagny attends an auction of old theatrical props at the Paris Opéra and purchases a papier-mâché music box, noting that it appears "exactly as she said." The auctioneer presents a chandelier as the next item up for bid, noting its connection to "the strange affair of the Phantom of the Opera". As the mammoth fixture comes to life, the years roll back and the Opéra's former grandeur is restored ("Overture").

text: Act I[edit]

text: It is now 1881. As Carlotta, the Opéra's resident soprano prima donna, rehearses for that evening's performance, a backdrop collapses without warning. The anxious cast members whisper about "The Phantom of the Opera", who Carlotta reveals has been troubling the Opera Populaire "for the past three years". The Opera's new owners, Firmin and André, try to downplay the incident, but Carlotta angrily chastises the pair for saying "these things do happen" and storms offstage, closely followed by Monsieur Piangi. Meg Giry, the daughter of the Opéra's ballet mistress Madame Giry, tells Firmin and André that Christine Daaé, a chorus girl and orphaned daughter of a prominent violinist, has been "well taught", and could sing Carlotta's role. With cancellation of the performance their only alternative, the owners reluctantly audition Christine, and to their surprise she is exceptional in the role ("Think Of Me").

text: Backstage after her triumphant début, Christine confesses to Meg that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible "Angel of Music" ("Angel of Music"). The new patron, Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny, finds Christine, his old childhood playmate, in her dressing room. Christine reminds Raoul about the "Angel of Music" stories that her late father used to tell them, and confides that the Angel has been visiting her and given her her astonishing voice. Raoul good-naturedly accepts her revelation, and invites her to dinner. Christine, to his puzzlement, is not as willing, claiming that her Angel is a stern taskmaster and that he will not be pleased by her absence. Raoul jokingly states that he will not keep her up late and exits, telling her that he'll be back for her in two minutes ("Little Lotte"). Christine fearfully calls after him that "things have changed" as the jealous Angel of Music condemns Raoul for "sharing in my triumph". Christine begs him to reveal himself. The Angel obliges and materialises in her mirror. The mirror opens, revealing the Angel to be the Phantom of the Opera, who leads Christine away. Raoul finds Christine's dressing room empty and calls out for her ("The Mirror (Angel of Music)"). The Phantom and Christine cross a subterranean lake to his secret lair beneath the Opéra house ("The Phantom of the Opera"). The Phantom explains that he has chosen Christine to sing his music and serenades her ("The Music of the Night"). Overwhelmed, Christine faints and the Phantom carries her to a bed and expresses his adoration for her.

text: As the Phantom composes music at his organ ("I Remember"), Christine awakens to the sound of the monkey music box. She slips up behind the Phantom, lifts his mask, and beholds his face. The Phantom rails at her, damning her for her curiosity as Christine hides herself in fear. The Phantom ruefully expresses his longing to look normal—and to be loved by her ("Stranger Than You Dreamt It"). Christine returns the Phantom's mask to him and the Phantom leads her back to the Opéra house.

text: Meanwhile, inside the Opéra House, Joseph Buquet, the Opéra's chief stagehand, regales the chorus girls with tales of the "Opéra Ghost" and his magical lasso. Madame Giry warns Buquet to exercise restraint ("Magical Lasso"). In the managers’ office, André and Firman read notes from the Phantom aloud and are interrupted by Raoul, who accuses them of sending him a note saying that he should make no attempt to see Christine again. Carlotta and Piangi then burst into the office, demanding to know who sent Carlotta a note saying that her days at the Opéra are numbered. As André and Firmin try to calm the distressed Carlotta, Madame Giry delivers another note from the Phantom: he demands that Christine replace Carlotta in the new opera, Il Muto, or there will be a terrible disaster "beyond imagination" ("Notes…"). Firmin and André assure the enraged Carlotta that she will remain the star, begging her to "entrance us once again" ("Prima Donna"). The performance begins well, with André and Firmin joking about the disaster the Phantom threatened. The Phantom's voice suddenly cuts through the performance, angrily reminding them that he had instructed them to keep Box 5 empty for his use. As Christine whispers that she knows the Phantom is near, Carlotte reminds her that her role is silent, calling her a "little toad". The Phantom states that it is Carlotta who is the toad and reduces Carlotta's voice to a frog-like croak. Firmin quickly tries to calm the situation by telling the audience that Christine will take over the starring role, moving forward the ballet to keep the audience entertained. Suddenly, the corpse of Buquet, hanging from the Phantom's magical lasso, drops from the rafters. Firmin and André plead for calm as the Phantom's diabolical laughter is heard ("Poor Fool, He Makes Me Laugh").

text: In the ensuing chaos, Christine escapes with Raoul to the roof, where she tells him about her subterranean rendezvous with the Phantom. Raoul is skeptical, telling her that what she experienced was just a dream ("Why Have You Brought Me Here?/Raoul, I've Been There"). Seeing Christine's fear is real, he swears to love and to protect her always. They acknowledge their love for each other as Christine and Raoul return to the Opera House ("All I Ask of You"). The Phantom, who has overheard their conversation, is heartbroken and accuses Christine of denying and betraying him. He tearfully rues that Raoul was "bound to love you when he heard you sing". As Raoul and Christine's expression of love for each other reverberates through the rooftops he angrily vows revenge, destroying the Opéra's mighty chandelier with a massive explosion as the curtain falls ("All I Ask of You (Reprise)").

text: Act II[edit]

text: Six months later, in the midst of a splendid masquerade ball, the Phantom, costumed as the Red Death, makes his first appearance since the chandelier disaster ("Masquerade/Why So Silent?"). He announces to the stunned guests that he has written an opera entitled Don Juan Triumphant. He demands that it be produced immediately, with Christine (who is now secretly engaged to Raoul) as the lead female role, and threatens dire consequences if his instructions are not implicitly obeyed before vanishing in a ghostly flash of fire and smoke. Raoul demands that Madame Giry tell him about the Phantom. She reluctantly replies that he is a brilliant musician and magician born with a terrifyingly deformed face, who escaped from captivity in a travelling freak show and disappeared.

text: During rehearsals, Raoul - tired of the tyranny with which the Phantom rules the Opera - thinks to use the première of Don Juan Triumphant as a trap to capture the Phantom and put an end to his reign of terror once and for all. Carlotta falsely accuses Christine of being the mastermind and that it is her plan so she can be the star. Christine angrily defends herself, saying that it is not true. Carlotta storms out in rage. Raoul, knowing of the Phantom's obsession with his fiancée, asserts that the Phantom will be sure to attend ("Notes/Twisted Every Way"). Christine, torn between her love for Raoul and her fear of the Phantom, visits her father's grave, longing for his guidance but understanding that she must move on ("Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again"). The Phantom appears, once again under the guise of the Angel of Music ("Wandering Child"). Christine, tired and heartbroken, once again accepts her "Angel" as a friend, nearly succumbing to the Phantom's influence, but Raoul arrives to both rescue her and confront The Phantom. The Phantom taunts Raoul, magically summoning pillars of fire at them ("Bravo, Bravo") and causing them to flee. Furious, the Phantom sets fire to the cemetery, waging war upon them both.

text: Don Juan Triumphant opens with Christine and Piangi singing the lead roles. During Don Juan's and Aminta's duet, Christine comes to the sudden realization that she is singing not with Piangi, but with the Phantom himself ("The Point of No Return"). Mimicking Raoul's vow of devotion on the rooftop, the Phantom once again expresses love for Christine and slips his ring onto her finger; Christine rips off his mask, exposing his horrifically deformed face to the shocked audience. Chaos ensues. Piangi's garroted body is revealed backstage, the cast and audience fly into a state of panic, and the Phantom seizes Christine and flees the theatre. An angry mob, vowing vengeance for murder Buquet and Piangi, searches the theatre for the Phantom, while Madame Giry tells Raoul how to find the Phantom's subterranean lair, and warns him to beware his magical lasso.("Down Once More/Track Down This Murderer").

text: In the lair, Christine is forced to don a wedding dress. Raoul finds the lair and attempts to persuade the Phantom to spare Christine, begging him to show compassion. The Phantom refuses, stating that "the world showed no compassion to me" and claiming that his intention was never to hurt Christine for Raoul's "sins." The Phantom captures Raoul with his lasso and turns to Christine - he bargains that he will free Raoul if she agrees to stay with him forever; if she refuses, Raoul will die. Christine, heartbroken, tells the Phantom that it is his soul that is deformed, not his face. As the Phantom and Raoul both plead to her, Christine mournfully wonders what kind of life the Phantom has known. She tells the Phantom that he is not alone and kisses him, showing him compassion. The Phantom, having experienced kindness, at last, understands that he cannot compel Christine to love him. He sets them both free, telling them to forget about "this angel in hell". Christine returns the Phantom's ring to him, and he tells her he loves her. Christine exits with Raoul. Lamenting that, without Christine, "it's over now, the music of the night", the Phantom makes his way to his throne and covers himself with his cloak. Meg enters the Phantom's lair and pulls away the cloak, finding only the Phantom's mask. She holds the Phantom's mask up and looks out to the audience as the lights fade to black.

text: Grand Finale[edit]

text: After the cast bow-out, Andrew Lloyd Webber delivers a speech to the audience before bringing out the Royal Albert Hall creative team, the original creative team, as well as the original leads from both the London and Broadway productions, and the original London cast, including Michael Crawford and Sarah Brightman. Brightman sings "The Phantom of the Opera" with four Phantoms: Colm Wilkinson from the original workshop and the Canadian production, Anthony Warlow from the Australian production, Peter Jöback, who has now played the role in the West End, Broadway, and Sweden, John Owen-Jones from the London and 25th Anniversary Tour productions. The performance concludes when Ramin Karimloo joins the four Phantoms to sing "The Music of the Night", along with the entire cast and creative teams including Michael Crawford.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ramin Karimloo as The Phantom
Sierra Boggess as Christine Daaé
Hadley Fraser as Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny
Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta Giudicelli
Liz Robertson as Madame Giry
Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry
Barry James as Monsieur Richard Firmin
Gareth Snook as Monsieur Gilles André
Wynne Evans as Ubaldo Piangi
Nick Holder as Joseph Buquet
Earl Carpenter as Auctioneer

text: Home media[edit]

text: The production was recorded live and later released on Blu-ray, DVD, CD and digital download. The initial releases were in the UK on 14 November 2011. The digital download format was released three days earlier on 11 November. The North American release followed on 7 February 2012.


document_title: What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)

question_text: where did what's up doc come from

question_tokens: where did what 's up doc come from

text: What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The story, which takes place in San Francisco, centers on four identical plaid overnight bags and the people who own them.

text:
One of the bags belongs to Howard Bannister, Ph.D., and is filled with igneous "tambula" rocks that have certain musical properties. Bannister, a musicologist from the Iowa Conservatory of Music, and his tightly wound, overbearing fiancée, Eunice Burns, have come to San Francisco to obtain a grant offered by Frederick Larrabee. Howard, who struggles to be patient with Eunice, has a theory that ancient man may have used rocks to create music. Howard's rival for the grant is the ethically challenged, dubiously-accented Hugh Simon, who apparently is from Yugoslavia (Croatia) but seems to be doing work in Western Europe.
The second bag belongs to Judy Maxwell and is filled with her clothes—including underwear—and a large dictionary. No matter where Judy goes, trouble happens, from car crashes to spontaneous combustion of hotel rooms. She never finished college, but nevertheless has amassed a considerable amount of knowledge from all of the courses she took at the many institutions of higher learning from which she was expelled.
The third bag belongs to Mrs. Van Hoskins, a rich woman who is using it to store her valuable jewels.
The fourth and last overnight bag belongs to the mysterious "Mr. Smith" and contains top-secret government papers. There is at least some indication that he has them illegally and wishes to make them public (as a whistleblower of sorts (Daniel Ellsberg, of Pentagon Papers fame, was a prominent figure in the news during this era.)). The equally mysterious "Mr. Jones" identifies himself as from the government, and is on a mission to recover the documents.

text: Howard, Eunice, Mrs. Van Hoskins, and Mr. Smith all happen to check into the Hotel Bristol at the same time, whereupon Judy, trying to score a free meal, lodges herself there without paying, notices Howard, and begins pursuing him (to his bewilderment). Two hotel employees, Harry and Fritz, attempt to steal the jewels belonging to Mrs. Van Hoskins (and deliver them to three mean-looking thieves based in a rickety hideout on the waterfront), while Mr. Jones attempts to get the bag belonging to Mr. Smith. Over the course of the evening, the bags get switched haphazardly from room to room as the four parties unwittingly take one another's suitcases. Without realizing it, Howard ends up with the jewels, Judy with the documents, Mr. Smith with the clothes, and the thieves with the rocks. Meanwhile, Judy manages to use her humor, charm and academic knowledge to secure the grant for Howard while masquerading as Eunice (at the College of Musicologists banquet in the hotel ballroom, hosted by Larrabee), and then indirectly contributes to the destruction of Howard's hotel room (after Howard, to his shock, finds her taking a bath in his tub). The following day (after Howard and Judy share a romantic moment on a floor of the hotel under renovation), everyone makes their way to Larrabee's upscale Victorian home (filled with expensive modern art), where a major fight scene occurs (and the modern art, along with serving trays and vegetable dip, is used to hit people and knock them over). Howard and Judy take all the bags and flee through San Francisco, first on a delivery bike, and then in a Volkswagen stolen from a wedding party, pursued by the thieves, Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, Eunice, Simon (covered in vegetable dip), Larrabee and a few roped-in bystanders. They go through Chinatown, down Lombard Street, and eventually into San Francisco Bay. All the protagonists finally end up in court, under the gavel of the world-weary, medication-addicted and curmudgeonly Judge Maxwell who, improbably, turns out to be Judy's father. At the shock of seeing his daughter in the middle of the trouble (she's been hiding in a blanket during the proceeding), he collapses along with his desk.

text: In the end, everything is cleared up: Howard gets his rocks back, Mrs. Van Hoskins pays the considerable damages in Howard's name with the reward money he would have received for the return of her jewels, the hotel thieves are forced to flee the country and the papers are put back in the hands of the government. Judy exposes Simon as a fraud and plagiarist (thus getting Howard the grant), Eunice leaves Howard for Larrabee (who apparently tolerates her tightly wound personality better than Howard did), and Judy announces she is taking one more attempt at college, studying Music History at the Iowa Conservatory of Music with Dr. Bannister as her professor. The film ends on a suitably romantic (and silly) note as Howard and Judy proclaim their love for one another, sharing an airborne kiss while their in-flight movie is the Bugs Bunny cartoon that gave the film its name.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Barbra Streisand as Judy Maxwell
Ryan O'Neal as Howard Bannister
Madeline Kahn as Eunice Burns
Kenneth Mars as Hugh Simon
Austin Pendleton as Frederick Larrabee
Michael Murphy as Mr. Smith
Philip Roth as Mr. Jones
Sorrell Booke as Harry
Stefan Gierasch as Fritz
Mabel Albertson as Mrs. Van Hoskins
Liam Dunn as Judge Maxwell
John Hillerman as Hotel Manager Kaltenborn
George Morfogen as Rudy, Head Waiter
Graham Jarvis as Bailiff
Randy Quaid as Professor Hosquith
M. Emmet Walsh as Arresting Officer
Sylvester Stallone as Hotel Guest (uncredited)

text: Several actors who later appeared in Mel Brooks films appear in this film, including Madeline Kahn (Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein, High Anxiety, History of the World Part I), Kenneth Mars (The Producers, Young Frankenstein), Liam Dunn (Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein, Silent Movie), and John Hillerman (Blazing Saddles).

text: Locations[edit]

text: The opening and ending scenes were filmed at the San Francisco International Airport (SFO) in the South Terminal (now Terminal 1). The opening scene was filmed in the downstairs TWA Baggage Claim area. The next to last scene was filmed in the upstairs departure area beneath the arrival/departure board and at the flight insurance counter.

text: The San Francisco Hilton was the shooting location for the "Bristol Hotel". Part of the movie was filmed in Paramus, New Jersey.

text: The exterior of the hotel, where Streisand is hanging from a ledge, was shot in Westwood, Los Angeles.

text: The San Francisco setting was chosen to allow an elaborate comic spoof of the San Francisco car chase in the hit 1968 movie Bullitt.[6] Bogdanovich claims the rousing chase sequence accounted for one-fourth of the film's $4 million budget.[7][8] The classic "plate glass" scene, in which O'Neal and Streisand are pedaling on a stolen grocery store delivery bicycle, was filmed at Balboa and 23rd Avenue in the Richmond District. In another scene, their out of control bike ends up going down Clay Street in Chinatown. The Volkswagen Beetle is stolen from the curb in front of Saint Peter and Paul Church at Washington Square Park, and the Beetle hides on a car carrier on Sacramento St. just west of Van Ness Avenue in an area where many car dealerships were once located (Van Ness was San Francisco's "Auto Row"). The production did not have permission from the city to drive cars down the concrete steps in Alta Plaza Park in San Francisco; these were badly damaged during filming and still show the scars today. At the end of the car chase, almost everyone ends up foundering in San Francisco Bay — except O'Neal and Streisand, comfortably afloat in their Volkswagen Beetle. This was a play on Volkswagen print and TV ads from a few years earlier that championed the Beetle's remarkable (and real) ability to float on water. During the making of this scene, the actor Sorrell Booke almost drowned in the Bay.[citation needed]

text: The final scene on board a TWA Boeing 707 shows O'Neal looking out the righthand window showing the Marina District and the (now demolished) Embarcadero Freeway.

text: Music[edit]

text: Although What's Up, Doc? is not a musical, it contains some singing and other musical interest. The song "You're The Top" from the musical Anything Goes is sung for the opening and closing credits by Streisand and by Streisand and O'Neal, respectively.  The same Cole Porter musical supplied at least two other tunes played as background music: "Anything Goes" and "I Get a Kick Out of You", heard during the first hotel-lobby scene.

text: About two-thirds of the way into the film, Howard accompanies Judy at a piano (on a floor of the Hotel Bristol apparently under construction or renovation) as she sings the beginning of "As Time Goes By" (made famous in the film Casablanca). The scene includes Streisand imitating Humphrey Bogart with the line, "Of all the gin joints, in all the towns, in all the world....he walks into mine. Play it, Sam."

text: Musical in-jokes abound throughout the film. Over-the-top Muzak-styled elevator music featuring Cole Porter's songs is used throughout the hotel elevator scenes. In the chase scene, a Chinese marching band is inexplicably playing the Mexican tune "La Cucaracha" on German glockenspiels. At the American Musicologists' banquet, themes from Thoinot Arbeau's Orchésographie can be heard in the background, incongruously played on a Hammond organ and a sitar.

text: George Gershwin's "Someone to Watch over Me" is whistled by Streisand outside the hotel drug store.

text: The Bugs Bunny number — derived from his characteristic tagline — that gives the movie its title appears as well, with the original animation, in the last scene.  Instrumental versions of "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone", an old Tin Pan Alley hit which had appeared in Looney Tunes cartoon One Froggy Evening, are background music during the opening scene in the airport.

text: Box office[edit]

text: In North America, the movie was a massive commercial success, grossing $66,000,000[1] against a budget of $4 million.[7][8] It became the 3rd highest grossing film of the year, ranking behind The Godfather and The Poseidon Adventure.

text: The film was re-released in North America in 1973 and earned an additional $3 million in theatrical rentals.[9]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
The film won the Writers Guild of America 1973 "Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen" award for writers Buck Henry, David Newman and Robert Benton. Madeline Kahn nominated the  Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress.[10]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #61[11]
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #68[12]

text: Home video/Blu-ray release[edit]

text: What's Up, Doc? was originally released on VHS in 1982 and made $28,500,000 in video rentals.

text: As part of a collectors' box set of Streisand's films, it was finally released on DVD in July 2003 and then on Blu-ray in August 2010.


document_title: List of countries by gold production

question_text: which country has the most gold in africa

text: List of countries by gold production

text: This is a list of countries by gold production in 2016.

text: For many years until 2006, South Africa was the world's dominant gold producer, but recently other countries with large surface area have surpassed South Africa: China, Russia, Canada, the United States, Peru and Australia. Albeit, none of these countries have approached South Africa's peak production which occurred in the 1970s.[1] Note the figures are for primary production. In the US, for example, for the years 2010-14, new and old scrap exceeded both primary production and reported domestic consumption.[2]

text:
Rank
Continent
Country or region
Gold production (metric tons) in 2016 [3]

World
World (rounded)
3,100

1
Asia
 China
455

2
Oceania
 Australia
270

3
Europe
 Russia
250

4
Americas
 United States
209

5
Americas
 Canada
170

6
Americas
 Peru
150

7
Africa
 South Africa
140

8
Americas
 Mexico
125

9/10
Asia
 Uzbekistan
100

9/10
Asia
 Indonesia
100

11
Africa
 Ghana
90

12
Americas
 Brazil
80

13
Oceania
 Papua New Guinea
65

World
Rest of the world
900


question_text: the most recent change to medicare was the medicare modernization act of 2003 which added

text: Prescription drug benefits[edit]

text: The MMA's most touted feature is the introduction of an entitlement benefit for prescription drugs, through tax breaks and subsidies.

text: In the years since Medicare's creation in 1965, the role of prescription drugs in patient care has significantly increased. As new and expensive drugs have come into use, patients, particularly senior citizens at whom Medicare was targeted, have found prescriptions harder to afford. The MMA was designed to address this problem.

text: The benefit is funded in a complex way, reflecting diverse priorities of lobbyists and constituencies.

text:
It provides a subsidy for large employers to discourage them from eliminating private prescription coverage to retired workers (a key AARP goal);
It prohibits the federal government from negotiating discounts with drug companies;
It prevents the government from establishing a formulary, but does not prevent private providers such as HMOs from doing so.

text: Basic prescription drug coverage[edit]

text: Beginning in 2006, a prescription drug benefit called Medicare Part D was made available. Coverage is available only through insurance companies and HMOs, and is voluntary.

text: Enrollees paid the following initial costs for the initial benefits: a minimum monthly premium of $24.80 (premiums may vary), a $180 to $265 annual deductible, 25% (or approximate flat copay) of full drug costs up to $2,400. After the initial coverage limit is met, a period commonly referred to as the "Donut Hole" begins when an enrollee may be responsible for the insurance company's negotiated price of the drug, less than the retail price without insurance. The Affordable Care Act, also commonly known as "Obamacare", modified this measure.

text: Medicare Advantage plans[edit]

text: With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Medicare beneficiaries were given the option to receive their Medicare benefits through private health insurance plans, instead of through the Original Medicare plan (Parts A and B). These programs were known as "Medicare+Choice" or "Part C" plans. Pursuant to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, the compensation and business practices for insurers that offer these plans changed, and "Medicare+Choice" plans became known as "Medicare Advantage" (MA) plans. In addition to offering comparable coverage to Part A and Part B, Medicare Advantage plans may also offer Part D coverage.

text: Changes to plans[edit]

text: With the MMA, new Medicare Advantage plans were established with several advantages over the previous Medicare + Choice plans:

text:
enrollees sign on for a whole year
care can be restricted to networks of providers
formularies can be used to restrict prescription drug choices
prescription coverage can be deferred to the patient or a Medicare Part D prescription plan
care other than emergency care can be restricted to a particular region
federal reimbursement can be adjusted according to the health risk of the enrollees

text: Health savings accounts[edit]

text: The MMA created a new Health Savings Account statute that replaced and expanded the previous Medical Savings Account law by expanding allowable contributions and employer participation. After the first 10 years over 12 million Americans were enrolled in HSAs (AHIP;EBRI).[citation needed]

text: Other provisions[edit]

text: While nearly all agreed that some form of prescription drug benefit would be included, other provisions were the subject of prolonged debate in Congress. The complex legislation also changed Medicare in the following ways:

text:
it mandated a six-city trial of a partly privatized Medicare system (by 2010)
it gave an extra $25 billion to rural hospitals (at the request of congressional representatives in the rural West)
it required higher fees from wealthier seniors
it added a pretax health savings account for working people
it required Medicare Part D plans to support electronic prescribing, with a planned implementation date of April 2009.[4]

text: Medicare administration of claims[edit]

text: In addition, the legislation mandated a major overhaul of how Part A and Part B claims are processed.

text: Under the new legislation, the FI's and carriers would be replaced by Medicare Administrative Contractors (MAC's), serving both Parts A and B, and would be consolidated into fifteen Jurisdictions:[5]

text:
Jurisdiction 1—California, Hawaii, and Nevada, plus American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands
Jurisdiction 2—Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
Jurisdiction 3—Arizona, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming
Jurisdiction 4—Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
Jurisdiction 5—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska
Jurisdiction 6—Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin
Jurisdiction 7—Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi
Jurisdiction 8—Indiana and Michigan
Jurisdiction 9—Florida, plus Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
Jurisdiction 10—Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee
Jurisdiction 11—North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia
Jurisdiction 12—Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction 13—Connecticut and New York
Jurisdiction 14—Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
Jurisdiction 15—Kentucky and Ohio

text: Four "Specialty MAC Jurisdictions" were also created to handle durable medical equipment and home health/hospice claims:

text:
Jurisdiction A—consists of all states in Jurisdictions 12, 13, and 14
Jurisdiction B—consists of all states in Jurisdictions 6, 8, and 15
Jurisdiction C—consists of all states and territories in Jurisdictions 4, 7, 9, 10, and 11
Jurisdiction D—consists of all states and territories in Jurisdictions 1, 2, 3, and 5

text: Finally, the underlying contracts would be subject to competition, and would also be subject to the requirements of the Cost Accounting Standards and the Federal Acquisition Regulation.

text: Legislative history[edit]

text: According to the New York Times December 17, 2004 editorial W.J."Billy" Tauzin, the Louisiana Republican who chaired the Energy and Commerce Committee from 2001 until February 4, 2004 was one of the chief architects of the new Medicare law.[6][7] In 2004 when Tauzin was appointed as chief lobbyist for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the trade association and lobby group for the drug industry with a "rumored salary of $2 million a year,"[6] drawing criticism from a Washington-based Public Citizen, the consumer advocacy group. They claimed that Tauzin "may have been negotiating for the lobbying job while writing the Medicare legislation."[7][8] Tauzin was responsible for including a provision that prohibited Medicare from negotiating prices with drug companies.[9]

text: It's a sad commentary on politics in Washington that a member of Congress who pushed through a major piece of legislation benefiting the drug industry, gets the job leading that industry.

text: House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi said,[7]

text: I think if seniors want to know why the pharmaceutical companies made out so well at their expense, all they have to do is look at this. This is an abuse of power. This is a conflict of interest.

text: The bill was debated and negotiated for nearly six months in Congress, and finally passed amid unusual circumstances. Several times in the legislative process the bill had appeared to have failed, but each time was saved when a couple of Congressmen and Senators switched positions on the bill.

text: The bill was introduced in the House of Representatives early on June 25, 2003 as H.R. 1, sponsored by Speaker Dennis Hastert. All that day and the next the bill was debated, and it was apparent that the bill would be very divisive. In the early morning of June 27, a floor vote was taken. After the initial electronic vote, the count stood at 214 yeas, 218 nays.

text: Three Republican representatives then changed their votes. One opponent of the bill, Ernest J. Istook, Jr. (R-OK-5), changed his vote to "present" upon being told that C.W. Bill Young (R-FL-10), who was absent due to a death in the family, would have voted "aye" if he had been present. Next, Republicans Butch Otter (ID-1) and Jo Ann Emerson (MO-8) switched their vote to "aye" under pressure from the party leadership. The bill passed by one vote, 216-215.

text: On June 26, the Senate passed its version of the bill, 76-21. The bills were unified in conference, and on November 21, the bill came back to the House for approval.

text: The bill came to a vote at 3 a.m. on November 22. After 45 minutes, the bill was losing, 219-215, with David Wu (D-OR-1) not voting. Speaker Dennis Hastert and Majority Leader Tom DeLay sought to convince some of dissenting Republicans to switch their votes, as they had in June. Istook, who had always been a wavering vote, consented quickly, producing a 218-216 tally. In a highly unusual move, the House leadership held the vote open for hours as they sought two more votes. Then-Representative Nick Smith (R-MI) claimed he was offered campaign funds for his son, who was running to replace him, in return for a change in his vote from "nay" to "yea." After controversy ensued, Smith clarified no explicit offer of campaign funds was made, but that he was offered "substantial and aggressive campaign support" which he had assumed included financial support.[10]

text: At about 5:50 a.m., Otter and Trent Franks (AZ-2) were convinced to switch their votes. With passage assured, Wu voted yea as well, and Democrats Calvin M. Dooley (CA-20), Jim Marshall (GA-3) and David Scott (GA-13) changed their votes to the affirmative. But Brad Miller (D-NC-13), and then, Republican John Culberson (TX-7), reversed their votes from "yea" to "nay". The bill passed 220-215.[11]

text: The Democrats cried foul, and Bill Thomas, the Republican chairman of the Ways and Means committee, challenged the result in a gesture to satisfy the concerns of the minority. He subsequently voted to table his own challenge; the tally to table was 210 ayes, 193 noes.[citation needed]

text: The Senate's consideration of the conference report was somewhat less heated, as cloture on it was invoked by a vote of 70-29.[12] However, a budget point of order raised by Tom Daschle, and voted on. As 60 votes were necessary to override it, the challenge was actually considered to have a credible chance of passing.

text: For several minutes, the vote total was stuck at 58-39, until Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Trent Lott (R-MS), and Ron Wyden (D-OR) voted in quick succession in favour to pass the vote 61-39.[13]  The bill itself was finally passed 54-44 on November 25, 2003, and was signed into law by the President on December 8.[14]

text: Costs[edit]

text: Initially, the net cost of the program was projected at $400 billion for the ten-year period between 2004 and 2013. Administration official Thomas Scully instructed analyst Richard Foster not to tell Congress of Foster's finding that the cost would actually be over $500 billion. One month after passage, the administration estimated that the net cost of the program over the period between 2006 (the first year the program started paying benefits) and 2015 would be $534 billion.[15] As of February 2009, the projected net cost of the program over the 2006 to 2015 period was $549.2 billion.[16]

text: Negotiating of prescription drug prices[edit]

text: Since the enactment of Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act in 2003, only insurance companies administering Medicare prescription drug program, not Medicare, have the legal right to negotiate drug prices directly from drug manufacturers. The Medicare Prescription Drug Act expressly prohibited Medicare from negotiating bulk prescription drug prices.[17] The "donut hole" provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was an attempt to correct the issue.[18]


document_title: List of cities in India by area

question_text: which is the largest city in india in area

text: List of cities in India by area

text: The below list is about the area of largest cities in India. The cities are ranked by the area governed by local political bodies such as Municipality or Municipal Corporation.[1]

text:
City
State / UT
Area (km2)
Ref

Delhi
Delhi
1,484

Bangalore
Karnataka
709

Visakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
681.96

Hyderabad
Telangana
650

Mumbai
Maharashtra
603.4

Indore
Madhya Pradesh
530

Jaipur
Rajasthan
484

Ahemdabad
Gujrat
464

Chennai
Tamil Nadu
426

Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
403.7

Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
349

Pune
Maharashtra
331.26
[2][3]

Surat
Gujrat
326.5

Dehradun
Uttarakhand

300


document_title: History of the People's Republic of China

question_text: who was the founding father of the peoples republic of china

text: 1949–1976: Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong[edit]

text: Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, who fled to Taiwan, Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system, and extensive land reforms. China's old system of gentry landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor/landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality. Over a million landlords were executed.[1] In Zhangzhuangcun, in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country, most "landlords" and "rich peasants" had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled. All formerly landless workers had received land, which eliminated this category altogether. As a result, "middling peasants," who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population, owned 90.8 percent of the land.[2] Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle, and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants, including the execution of more powerful landlords. Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out.

text: Mao believed that socialism would eventually triumph over all other ideologies, and following the First Five-Year Plan based on a Soviet-style centrally controlled economy, Mao took on the ambitious project of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, beginning an unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas. Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase steel production, pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that large amounts of crops rotted unharvested. Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a factory. He thought that ending the program would dampen peasant enthusiasm for his political mobilization, the Great Leap Forward.

text:
The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 40–70 million deaths including famine during peacetime[3], with the Great Leap Forward,  Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957–1958,[4] and the Cultural Revolution. Millions died from both executions and forced labour.
Because of Mao's land reforms during the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in massive famines, thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961.  By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition.[5] Active campaigns, including party purges and "reeducation" resulted in the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist ideals.[6]
Mao's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government, whose administrative duties fell to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.

text: To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of "old elements", and at the same time serving certain political goals, Mao began the Cultural Revolution in May 1966. The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life. Red Guards terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries. Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt. Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations. Many prominent political leaders, including Liu and Deng, were purged and deemed "capitalist-roaders". The campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao in 1976.

text: Supporters of the Maoist Era claim that under Mao, China's unity and sovereignty was assured for the first time in a century, and there was development of infrastructure, industry, healthcare, education (only 20% of the population could read in 1949, compared to 65.5% thirty years later)[7], which raised standard of living for the average Chinese. They also claimed that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward – an example of the concept New Democracy – and the Cultural Revolution were essential in jumpstarting China's development and "purifying" its culture. Others[8] claim that though the consequences of both these campaigns were economically and humanly disastrous, they left behind a "clean slate" on which later economic progress could be built. Supporters often also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao's campaigns, attributing the high death toll to natural disasters, famine, or other consequences of political chaos during the rule of Chiang Kai-shek.

text: 1976–1989: Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms[edit]

text: Mao Zedong's death was followed by a power struggle between the Gang of Four, Hua Guofeng, and eventually Deng Xiaoping. Deng would maneuver himself to the top of China's leadership by 1980. At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee, Deng embarked China on the road to Economic Reforms and Openness (改革开放 Gaige Kaifang), policies that began with the de-collectivization of the countryside, followed with industrial reforms aimed at decentralizing government controls in the industrial sector. A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum, gave a "preliminary assessment" of the entire 30-year period of Communist rule. At the plenum, party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution "an appalling catastrophe" and "the most severe setback to [the] socialist cause since [1949]."[9] The Chinese government's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. This stated that "Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary, strategist and theorist. It is true that he made gross mistakes during the "cultural revolution", but, if we judge his activities as a whole, his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes. His merits are primary and his errors secondary."[10]

text: On the subject of Mao's legacy Deng coined the famous phrase "7 parts good, 3 parts bad" and avoided denouncing Mao altogether. Deng championed the idea of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), areas where foreign investment would be allowed to pour in without strict government restraint and regulations, running on a basically capitalist system. Deng laid emphasis on light industry as a stepping stone to the development of heavy industries.

text: Supporters of the economic reforms point to the rapid development of the consumer and export sectors of the economy, the creation of an urban middle class that now constitutes 15% of the population, higher living standards (which is shown via dramatic increases in GDP per capita, consumer spending, life expectancy, literacy rate, and total grain output) and a much wider range of personal rights and freedoms for average Chinese as evidence of the success of the reforms.

text: Although standards of living improved significantly in the 1980s, Deng's reforms were not without criticism. Hard-liners asserted that Deng opened China once again to various social evils, and an overall increase in materialistic thinking, while liberals attacked Deng's unrelenting stance on political reform. Liberal forces began gathering in different forms to protest against the Party's authoritarian leadership. In 1989, the death of Hu Yaobang, a liberal figure, triggered weeks of spontaneous protests in the Tiananmen Square. The government imposed martial law and sent in tanks and soldiers to suppress the demonstrations. Western countries and multilateral organizations briefly suspended their formal ties with China's government under Premier Li Peng's leadership, which was directly responsible for the military curfew and bloody crackdown.

text: Critics of the economic reforms, both in China and abroad, claim that the reforms have caused wealth disparity, environmental pollution, rampant corruption, widespread unemployment associated with layoffs at inefficient state-owned enterprises, and has introduced often unwelcome cultural influences. Consequently, they believe that China's culture has been corrupted, the poor have been reduced to a hopeless abject underclass, and that the social stability is threatened. They are also of the opinion that various political reforms, such as moves towards popular elections, have been unfairly nipped in the bud.  Regardless of either view, today, the public perception of Mao has improved at least superficially; images of Mao and Mao related objects have become fashionable, commonly used on novelty items and even as talismans. However, the path of modernization and market-oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged. Even critics of China's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms, but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms.

text: In 1979, the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population.  The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty. The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese, with plans in place to ease it to a two-child limit.[11][12]

text: The achievements of Lee Kuan Yew to create an economic superpower in Singapore had a profound effect on the Communist leadership in China. They made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping, to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship, and subtle suppression of dissent. Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods.[13]

text: 1989–2002: Economic growth under the third generation[edit]

text: After the events at Tiananmen, Deng Xiaoping retired from public view. While keeping ultimate control, power was passed onto the third generation of leadership led by Jiang Zemin, who was hailed as its "core". Economic growth, despite foreign trade embargoes, returned to a fast pace by the mid-1990s. Jiang's macroeconomic reforms furthered Deng's vision for "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics". At the same time, Jiang's period saw a continued rise in social corruption in all areas of life.  Unemployment skyrocketed as unprofitable SOE's were closed to make way for more competitive ventures, internally and abroad. The ill-equipped social welfare system was put on a serious test. Jiang also laid heavy emphasis on scientific and technological advancement in areas such as space exploration. To sustain vast human consumption, the Three Gorges Dam was built, attracting supporters and widespread criticism. Environmental pollution became a very serious problem as Beijing was frequently hit by sandstorms as a result of desertification.

text: The 1990s saw two foreign colonies returned to China, Hong Kong from Britain in 1997, and Macau from Portugal in 1999. Hong Kong and Macau mostly continued their own governance, retaining independence in their economic, social, and judicial systems.

text: Jiang and President Clinton exchanged state visits, but Sino-American relations took very sour turns at the end of the decade. On May 7, 1999, during the Kosovo War, US aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. The U.S. government claimed the strike was due to bad intelligence and false target identification.

text: Inside the US, the Cox Report stated that China had been stealing various top US military secrets.

text: In 2001, a US surveillance plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet over international waters near Hainan, inciting further outrage with the Chinese public, already dissatisfied with the US.

text: On the political agenda, China was once again put on the spotlight for the banning of public Falun Gong activity in 1999. Silent protesters from the spiritual movement sat outside of Zhongnanhai, asking for dialogue with China's leaders. Jiang saw it as threatening to the political situation and outlawed the group altogether, while using the mass media to denounce it as an evil cult.

text: Conversely, Premier Zhu Rongji's economic policies held China's economy strong during the Asian Financial Crisis. Economic growth averaged at 8% annually, pushed back by the 1998 Yangtze River Floods. After a decade of talks, China was finally admitted into the World Trade Organization.  Standards of living improved significantly, although a wide urban-rural wealth gap was opened, as China saw the reappearance of the middle class. Wealth disparity between East and the Western hinterlands continued to widen by the day, prompting government programs to "develop the West", taking on such ambitious projects such as the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The burden of education was greater than ever.  Rampant corruption continued despite Premier Zhu's anti-corruption campaign that executed many officials.

text: The first major issue faced by China in the 21st century as a new generation of leaders led by Hu Jintao after assuming power was the public health crisis involving SARS, an illness that seemed to have originated out of Guangdong province. China's position in the war on terror drew the country closer diplomatically to the United States. The economy continues to grow in double-digit numbers as the development of rural areas became the major focus of government policy. In gradual steps to consolidate his power, Hu Jintao removed Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu and other potential political opponents amidst the fight against corruption, and the ongoing struggle against once powerful Shanghai clique. The assertion of the Scientific Perspective to create a Socialist Harmonious Society is the focus of the Hu-Wen administration, as some Jiang-era excesses are slowly reversed. In the years after Hu's rise to power, respect of basic human rights in China continue to be a source of concern.

text: The political status and future of Taiwan remain uncertain, but steps have been taken to improving relations between the Communist Party and several of Taiwan's parties that hold a less antagonistic view towards China, notably former rival Kuomintang.

text: The continued economic growth of the country as well as its sporting power status gained China the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. However, this also put Hu's administration under intense spotlight.  While the 2008 Olympic was commonly understood to be a come-out party for People's Republic of China, in light of the March 2008 Tibet protests, the government received heavy scrutiny. The Olympic torch was met with protest en route. Within the country these reactions were met with a fervent wave of nationalism with accusations of Western bias against China.

text:
In May 2008, a massive earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Sichuan province of China, exacting a death toll officially estimated at approximately 70,000.  The government responded more quickly than it did with previous events, and has allowed foreign media access to the regions that were hit the hardest.  The adequacy of the government response was generally praised, and the relief efforts extended to every corner of Chinese life.
In May and June 2008, heavy rains in southern China caused severe flooding in the provinces of Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, with dozens of fatalities and over a million people forced to evacuate. As of 2009 China has increased its internet monitoring capabilities by adding hundreds of new monitoring stations.


document_title: Origin of replication

question_text: how many origins of replication are typically found on a bacterial chromosome

text: Origin of replication

text: Types[edit]

text: The origin of replication are classified in two ways:

text:
Narrow or broad host range
High- or low-copy number.

text: There are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication:

text:
Most bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.[5]
Most archaea have a single circular molecule of DNA, and several origins of replication along this circular chromosome.[6]
Eukaryotes often have multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome that initiate at different times (replication timing), with up to 100,000 present in a single human cell.[7] Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. The segment of DNA that is copied starting from each unique replication origin is called a replicon.

text: Origins of replication are typically assigned names containing "ori".

text: Prokaryotic[edit]

text: Bacterial genome origins[edit]

text: The genome of E. coli consists of a single circular DNA molecule of approximately 4.6 x 106 nucleotide pairs. DNA replication typically begins at a single origin of replication. In E. coli, the origin of replication—oriC—consists of three A–T rich 13-mer repeats and four 9-mer repeats. Ten to 20 monomers of the replication initiator protein DnaA bind to the 9 mer repeats, and the DNA coils around this protein complex forming a protein core. This coiling stimulates the AT rich region in the 13 mer sequence to unwind, allowing the helicase loader DnaC to load the replicative helicase DnaB to each of the two unwound DNA strands. The helicase DnaB forms the basis of the primosome, a complex of enzymes to which DNA polymerase III is recruited before replication can occur .[8]

text: Bacterial plasmid origins[edit]

text: Many bacteria, including E. coli, contain plasmids that each contain an origin of replication. These are separate from the origins of replication that are used by the bacteria to copy their genome and often function very differently. For example, the E. coli plasmid pBR322 uses a protein called Rop/Rom to regulate the number of plasmids that are within each bacterial cell[citation needed]. The most common origin of replication that is used in plasmids for genetic engineering is called pUC. This origin is derived from pBR322 but it contains two mutations. One single point mutation in the origin itself and another that deletes the Rop/Rom gene. This removes all the regulatory constraints on the plasmids replication and the bacteria then go from producing 30–40 plasmids per cell with pBR322 up to producing over 500 with pUC. This allows genetic engineers to produce large quantities of DNA for research purposes. Other origins of replication include pSC101 (derived from Salmonella, around 5 copies per cell), 15A origin (derived from p15A, 10–20 copies per cell) and Bacterial artificial chromosomes (1 copy per cell).[9]

text: Eukaryotic[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. Each budding yeast origin consists of a short (~11 bp) essential DNA sequence (called the ARS consensus sequence or ACS) that recruits replication proteins.[citation needed]

text: In other eukaryotes, including humans, the base pair sequences at the replication origins vary. Despite this sequence variation, all the origins form a base for assembly of a group of proteins known collectively as the pre-replication complex (pre-RC):[citation needed]

text:
First, the origin DNA is bound by the origin recognition complex (ORC) which, with help from two further protein factors (Cdc6 and Cdt1), load the mini chromosome maintenance (or MCM) protein complex.
Once assembled, this complex of proteins indicates that the replication origin is ready for activation. Once the replication origin is activated, the cell's DNA will be replicated.

text: In metazoans, pre-RC formation is inhibited by the protein geminin, which binds to and inactivates Cdt1. Regulation of replication prevents the DNA from being replicated more than once each cell cycle.[citation needed]

text: In humans an origin of replication has been originally identified near the Lamin B2 gene on chromosome 19 and the ORC binding to it has extensively been studied.[10]

text: Viral[edit]

text: Viruses often possess a single origin of replication.

text: A variety of proteins have been described as being involved in viral replication. For instance, Polyoma viruses utilize host cell DNA polymerases, which attach to a viral origin of replication if the T antigen is present.


document_title: Paper Towns

question_text: where does the book paper towns take place

text: Paper Towns

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Paper Towns takes place in and around a fictional subdivision, located in suburban Orlando, Florida, called "Jefferson Park". The novel focuses on the narrator and protagonist Quentin "Q" Jacobsen and his neighbor Margo Roth Spiegelman. As preadolescents, Quentin and Margo discover the corpse of a local man, Robert Joyner, who committed suicide in their neighborhood park after his divorce. Nine years after this incident, Quentin and Margo are senior pupils at Winter Park High School. One night, a month before their high school graduation, Margo appears at Quentin's bedroom window. She has devised an eleven-part plan of vengeance on a group of people she feels have hurt her during her time at high school; these people include Lacey, Jase, and Becca. Margo needs an accomplice and a car to help her complete the tasks, and tries to get Quentin to help her accomplish it.[7] Quentin accepts, and after the plan is implemented, Margo and Quentin return to their homes around dawn.

text: The next day, Quentin thinks about how things have changed. He wonders whether Margo will start hanging out with him and his friends Ben and Radar. However, Margo goes missing for three days; her parents file a police report. Quentin and his friends Ben and Radar then finds a series of clues that Margo has left him, such as a picture of Woody Guthrie on Margo's bedroom window shade, Margo's highlighted copy of Walt Whitman's poem "Song of Myself", and a written address in Quentin's bedroom doorjamb. Quentin and his friends use these clues and find an abandoned mini-mall in Christmas, Florida, that contains evidence of her recent presence. Quentin struggles to analyze all of Margo's clues and is unsure whether it confirms her suicide or validates his hypothesis that Margo was unsatisfied with her fake life.[8]

text: Eventually, the clues lead Quentin to believe Margo may be hiding in or buried in one of the many abandoned subdivision projects or "pseudovisions" around Orlando. He drives to all of the pseudovisions where he feels that she may be hiding, but cannot find her. On the day of his graduation, while getting ready, Quentin discovers Margo has been hiding in a fictional town in New York called Agloe, which was created as a copyright trap by mapmakers. Quentin, Radar, Ben, and Lacey skip graduation and drive to New York to search for her, with a plan to drive to Agloe before noon on May 29.[9]

text: In Agloe, they discover Margo is living in an old, dilapidated barn. She is shocked to see them, which angers the group, who expected her to be grateful for their presence. Margo had left those clues to assure Quentin that she is okay and she did not want to be found. Angry at her lack of gratitude, Radar, Ben, and Lacey leave the barn and spend the night at a motel. Quentin realizes the image he had of her was as fake as the one that she had been emitting to everyone else, and becomes furious at her for wasting his time. Margo argues that Quentin saved her for egotistical reasons; he wanted to be a knight in shining armor who saved the troubled girl. Ultimately, Quentin accepts it was unfair for him to expect Margo to live up to his perfect image of her. After their deep conversation, Margo decides to go to New York City and asks Quentin to accompany her. Quentin wants to stay with her, but understands his home life and responsibilities prevents him from doing so. Margo promises to Quentin that she will keep contact with him.[10]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Style[edit]

text: The novel is written in three parts. Each individual part is named for a specific metaphor used considerably in that section. The titles of sections are "The Strings", "The Grass", and "The Vessel". Each individual chapter within the first two parts is labeled with a number. However, the third part of the novel is divided into smaller sections. Each section refers to the hour of the characters' road trip.[15]

text: Background[edit]

text: Throughout the novel, the concept of paper towns is mentioned several times. As a former Orlando resident, John Green had seen and heard of many "paper towns". His first experience with a "paper town" occurred during his junior year of college while on a road trip. In South Dakota, he and his friend came across a paper town called Holen. At the end of the novel, John Green states that the story of Agloe presented in the text is mostly true: "Agloe began as a paper town created to protect against copyright infringement. But then people with these old Esso maps kept looking for it, and so someone built a store, making Agloe real."[16]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Paper Towns received mostly positive reviews. Publishers Weekly said, "the title, which refers to unbuilt subdivisions and copyright trap towns that appear on maps but don't exist, unintentionally underscores the novel's weakness: both milquetoast Q and self-absorbed Margo are types, not fully dimensional characters". It also said the novel is "another teen pleasing read".[17] Kirkus Reviews praised the novel as "a winning combination".[18] School Library Journal said, "Q is a great social outcast main character who sometimes thinks a little too much, but is completely relatable. Though we only really see Margo for the first third of the book, the clues really create her character and give us the feeling she's a complex person. Finding out who Margo is through the things she left behind was a really great way to develop her character."[19]

text: Rebecca Swain of Orlando Sentinel stated, "Paper Towns has convinced me that jaded adult readers need to start raiding the Teen's section at the bookstore. Green, who grew up in Orlando and uses the city as a backdrop for the story, taps into the cadence of teenage life with sharp and funny writing, but transcends age with deeper insights."[20] Chelsey G.H. Philpot, editorial assistant of The Horn Book Guide, said, "the end breaks your heart, and yet it feels right".[21] Rollie Welch called Paper Towns "Green's best work" up to that point.[22] Michael Cart praised John Green for his symbolism and ability to synthesize imagination and reality; he wrote, "Green ponders the interconnectedness of imagination and perception, of mirrors and windows, of illusion and reality".[23]

text: Robert Corwin of Arizona State University wrote, "some readers may find the author's use of language and sexual content objectionable."[23] The Cleveland Plain Dealer stated, “Readers will find that the structure and central mystery of Paper Towns echo Green's debut, 'Looking for Alaska', and Gregory Galloway's 2005 novel, As Simple As Snow," and Kirkus Reviews wrote that Green's novel was “reminiscent" of Galloway's novel.[18]

text: Removal from middle school reading list[edit]

text: On June 23, 2014, Paper Towns was removed from the summer reading list for 13 year olds at Dr John Long Middle School in Pasco County, Florida after a parent complained to a board member that she disapproved of the book's sexual content. The National Coalition Against Censorship responded to the removal by calling for the book to be reinstated to the reading list. In a letter to the district superintendent, the organization wrote, "No sound educational rationale for removing the book has been articulated, nor is it likely that one could be".[24] Consequently, it was restored to the reading list the following month.[25]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Fox 2000 developed the Paper Towns film with the same team that made The Fault in Our Stars. Jake Schreier directed the film.[26] Nat Wolff, who played a role in the film version of The Fault in Our Stars, starred as Quentin,[27][28] Cara Delevingne played Margo Roth Spiegelman,[29][30] and Justice Smith, Austin Abrams, and Halston Sage played Quentin/Q's friends Radar, Ben, and Lacey, respectively. Jaz Sinclair appeared in the film as Angela, Radar's girlfriend.[31] The film was released on July 24, 2015.[32]

text: Other editions[edit]

text: The paperback edition of the novel was released on September 22, 2009.[33] The book was also released in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing on May 3, 2010.[34]

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Green, John (2008). Paper Towns (Second ed.). New York City, New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-241493-4.