document_title: The Vampire Diaries

question_text: what state is the vampire diaries set in

text: The Vampire Diaries

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century. It follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident, as she falls in love with a 162-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns, with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce, a vampire who looks exactly like Elena. Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire, he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena, creating a love triangle among the three. Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town, including Katherine. The brothers' history and the town's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on.

text: Additional storylines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town, most notably Elena's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert (Steven R. McQueen), her best friends Bonnie Bennett, (Kat Graham), and Caroline Forbes (Candice King), their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino), and Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), and their history teacher, vampire hunter Alaric Saltzman (Matthew Davis). The town's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families, all comprising a "Founders' Council." The founding families of Mystic Falls includes the Salvatores, the Gilberts, the Fells, the Forbes, and the Lockwoods. They guard the town mainly from vampires, although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves, witches, hybrids, ghosts and many more.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert (seasons 1–6; uncredited voiceover season 7; guest season 8),[9] whom the series follows as she falls in love with Stefan, and later leaves him after leading everyone to believe he was her true love, for his brother, Damon Salvatore, creating a love triangle. This results in her being drawn into the supernatural world, with the show following her struggles in surviving supernatural events in the town. Dobrev also portrays Elena's doppelgänger, Katerina Petrova also known as Katherine Pierce. Katherine sporadically appeared in subsequent seasons and played a significant role in the fifth season. Dobrev has also played the Original doppelgänger, Silas' true love known as Amara during the fifth season, whom he sought in the afterlife for two thousand years. Dobrev also played another Doppelgänger Tatia in The Originals season 2 episode "Red Door."[10] In the season 6 finale, Elena's life was tied to Bonnie's in such a way that as long as Bonnie is alive Elena will remain asleep. Damon put Elena in a coffin and had Tyler hide her in a warehouse in Brooklyn for the next 60 years or so while he waits to reunite with her. In the series finale Elena is awoken and she ends up choosing Damon in the series finale and they live a long and happy life together. Earning her happy ending.
Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore,[11] a good-hearted and affectionate vampire and the complete opposite of his older brother, Damon Salvatore. Later in the series, Stefan reverts to his old ways as a Ripper to save Damon from a werewolf bite and his role becomes more antagonistic, especially after he is forced to turn his humanity off. Eventually, he returns to his good-hearted and caring self and reconciles with Elena, but the relationship doesn't last long. He marries Caroline in Season 8 and is killed afterwards in the series finale as he sacrifices himself for Mystic Falls. Wesley also portrays his revealed doppelgänger, Silas (seasons 4–5), the world's first immortal being. Wesley also played another doppelgänger, Tom Avery, during the fifth season.
Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore,[12] the malevolent vampire brother who initially served as the show's anti-hero. He is mostly thought of as selfish and manipulative, but later on in the series, he begins to display a more caring side. Though his love for Elena is initially one-sided, she begins to develop feelings for him as they work together to save Stefan after he's given in to his ripper side. They begin dating in season 4, and continue to date (with some breakups along the way) until Elena is put into her deep sleep at the end of season 6. Damon is extremely close with Stefan, but also has a close relationship with Bonnie, despite the fact that they hated each other for the first 5 seasons of the series. Throughout seasons 6 and 7, their relationship has developed into a deeper bond, with Damon later confirming Bonnie is his best friend.
Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert (seasons 1–6; guest season 8),[13] Elena's younger brother, later revealed to be her biological cousin and a member of The Five, a vampire hunter. Jeremy is killed in season 4 after Katherine throws him onto Silas, who drains his blood. He is resurrected by Bonnie Bennett, his love interest, in the season 4 finale. He leaves town numerous times during the show, and has only come back once since his exit mid season 6, to say goodbye to Elena.
Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers (seasons 1–2; guest seasons 3, 5, 8),[14] Jeremy and Elena's aunt and legal guardian. Canning left the show after season two when Jenna was killed after being turned into a vampire and used for Klaus' ritual.
Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett,[15] Elena and Caroline's best friend and a very powerful witch, who has died numerous times during the show but always returned. She is often able to use her magic to help the group, and while she initially hates vampires, particularly Damon, she ends up warming up to them and becomes Damon's best friend after being stuck in a prison world with him for months. Bonnie has lost and regained her ability to do magic multiple times throughout the show. She spent seasons 1–4 in an on-again, off-again relationship with Elena's brother Jeremy and later became involved with Enzo.
Candice King as Caroline Forbes,[16] Bonnie and Elena's best friend, who was insecure and often jealous of Elena at first, but after becoming a vampire in the second season comes into her own. Neurotic but lovable, Caroline has been the love interest of many of the male characters. Initially serving as Damon's plaything in season 1, which she still hates him for, she has had serious relationships with Matt, Tyler, Alaric, and Stefan, and was long the subject of Klaus's adoration. She married Stefan before his death. Currently, she is raising twins with Alaric.
Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan,[17] Elena's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend, who became romantically involved with Caroline in season 1. They remain good friends even after breaking up during the third season. Matt wants no part in the supernatural events in his town and later is at odds with the vampires as he becomes a police officer and tries to protect the town from them.
Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan (season 1; recurring seasons 2–3, 5, 8), the drug-addicted sister of Matt. She appears to be dating Tyler but is more interested in Jeremy. She is turned into a vampire by Damon and is killed by Stefan shortly after. Ewell left the show after the first season but has appeared as a guest in multiple seasons since.
Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood (seasons 1–6; recurring seasons 7-8),[18] a werewolf later turned into a hybrid, Jeremy and Matt's best friend, and son of the mayor of Mystic Falls; male members of his family have been shown to carry a lycanthropic trait. His uncle Mason was also a werewolf, who was killed by Damon in season two. He was turned into the first successful hybrid by Klaus. In the season 5 finale, he is returned to being just a werewolf. He leaves town at the end of season 6, though he appears in a couple episodes of season 7, protecting Elena's coffin.
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman (seasons 1–3, 6–8; recurring season 4–5),[19] a history teacher, vampire hunter, and love interest for Jenna. Davis left the show at the end of season three after Alaric was killed. His character returned as a regular in season 6, after he was resurrected.[20] Alaric is able to return to being a human with the help of Josette Laughlin (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe) and the two begin dating. Jo becomes pregnant and they plan to marry, but she is murdered by Kai at their wedding. Jo's family of witches was able to transfer the babies to Caroline, however, so she gives birth to their twins, and Caroline and Alaric move to Dallas together. They begin a relationship, but end it when Caroline decides to be with Stefan after his return at the end of season 7.
Joseph Morgan[21] as Original Vampire Klaus Mikaelson (recurring season 2, seasons 3–4; guest seasons 5, 7). He begins to build an army of new "hybrids," which are half vampire and half werewolf. During season 3, Klaus began to develop feelings for Caroline and falls in love with her. Morgan left the show after the fourth season when Klaus moved on to his own spin-off, The Originals.
Michael Malarkey[22] as Enzo St. John (seasons 6–8; recurring season 5), a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society. He was Damon Salvatore's cellmate back in the 1950s when the latter was captured by the Augustines. He and Damon revived their friendship as he searched for his lost lover, Maggie. In the episode "Man on Fire," Enzo shut off his humanity and then Stefan Salvatore ripped out his heart. He was resurrected in the season finale, and later becomes Bonnie's love interest before coming under the control of the monster in the vault at the end of season 7.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 10, 2009 (2009-09-10)
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)

2
22
September 9, 2010 (2010-09-09)
May 12, 2011 (2011-05-12)

3
22
September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)

4
23
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11)
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)

5
22
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)

6
22
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)

7
22
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)

8
16
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)

text: Production[edit]

text: Initially, Kevin Williamson had little interest in developing the series, finding the premise too similar to other vampire tales. However, at the urging of Julie Plec, he began to read the novels and started to become intrigued by the story: "I began to realize that it was a story about a small town, about that town's underbelly and about what lurks under the surface."[23] Williamson has stated the town's story will be the main focus of the series rather than high school.[24]

text: On February 6, 2009, Variety announced that The CW had green-lit the pilot for The Vampire Diaries with Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers.[25] On May 19, 2009, the series was officially ordered for the 2009–2010 season.[26]

text: The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, but the rest of the episodes have been filmed in Covington, Georgia (which doubles as the show's fictional small town of Mystic Falls, Virginia) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta[27] to take advantage of local tax incentives. On the morning of May 10, 2012, a fire broke out in the building on Clark Street in Covington that was used as the setting for Mystic Grill on the show.[28]

text: The series was given a full 22-episode order on October 21, 2009, after strong ratings for the first half of the season. Now there is a spin-off called The Originals, that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries.[29] On February 16, 2010, The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season,[30] which premiered on September 9, 2010.[31] On April 26, 2011, The CW renewed the show for a third season.[32] The third season premiered on September 15, 2011.[33] The fourth season premiered October 11, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11, 2013.[34] On February 13, 2014, The CW renewed the series for a sixth season.[35] On January 11, 2015, the CW renewed the series for a seventh season.

text: President of The CW, Mark Pedowitz, said in an interview at the summer TCA's that The Vampire Diaries didn't receive an extra episode order for the second season at the request of Kevin Williamson. Kevin Williamson felt to do the best show possible, he would rather do 22 episodes. "I'd rather have a great 22 than a good 24 if Kevin couldn't do it," he explained.[36] The first writers meeting for the fifth season held on April 15, 2013. Filming began on July 10, 2013, and finished on April 10, 2014. On July 23, 2016, it was announced that show would end after a 16-episode eighth season.[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Vampire Diaries initially received mixed reviews, which through the course of the show improved greatly. Metacritic gave the show a Metascore of 50 (out of 100) based on 22 critical reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[38] Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot a B+, declaring that the show "signals a welcome return to form for writer-producer Kevin Williamson." Reviewer, Ken Tucker, ended his review by writing that "Diaries promises us a season of sharp-tongued amusement."[39] Linda Stasi of the New York Post gave the premiere a perfect score, saying that she was "hooked after one episode." Stasi praised the pacing of the episode and the "vicious, bloody vamp action," which "starts in the opening scene and continues throughout The Vampire Diaries with such ferocity and speed that it's truly scary."[40] Conversely, San Francisco Chronicle's, Tim Goodman, gave the episode a highly critical review, calling the series "awful." Goodman disliked the dialogue and hoped that the extras on Buffy the Vampire Slayer would "return en masse to eat the cast of Vampire Diaries, plus any remaining scripts."[41]

text: Many TV critics felt the series improved with each episode. Sarah Hughes of The Independent says The Vampire Diaries turns into "a well-crafted, interestingly developed series" despite a poor opening episode.[23] The New York Post also praised the portrayal of Elena, finding the character to be a strong-minded woman who did not allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her.[42] Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune said that "the supernatural drama is a first-class production, featuring an insanely gorgeous cast, sharp scripts, and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist."[43] Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009.[44]

text: The show's second season opened to favorable reviews from professional television critics as it received a 78/100 score on Metacritic. As the series progressed and developed onto the third season, critics praised the portrayals of the main characters and the development of the female characters such as Elena Gilbert played by Nina Dobrev, Bonnie Bennett played by Kat Graham, and Caroline Forbes played by Candice King.

text: The third-season finale, "The Departed," received critical acclaim. Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple story lines and making all of them come to a head. She also praised Dobrev's performance in this episode, addressing her behaviour as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable. Similarly, Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer's skills in creating the more unexpected final twist.[45]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The series premiere of The Vampire Diaries on September 10, 2009, gave The CW its biggest series premiere scoring 4.91 million viewers.[46] Adding in DVR numbers, the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers.[47] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "as with several other shows that focus on the supernatural", The Vampire Diaries was "slightly more popular outside of cities. That said, the show's fandom has the smallest amount of spatial variation of all 50 shows".[48]

text: The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of The Vampire Diaries. "Rank" refers to how The Vampire Diaries rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours.

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 8:00 pm
22
September 10, 2009
4.91[49]
May 13, 2010
3.47[50]
2009–10
118
3.60[2]

2
22
September 9, 2010
3.36[51]
May 12, 2011
2.86[52]
2010–11
193
3.17[53]

3
22
September 15, 2011
3.10[54]
May 10, 2012
2.53[55]
2011–12
166
2.91[56]

4
23
October 11, 2012
3.18[57]
May 16, 2013
2.24[58]
2012–13
133
2.97[59]

5
22
October 3, 2013
2.59[60]
May 15, 2014
1.61[61]
2013–14
147
2.68[62]

6
22
October 2, 2014
1.81[63]
May 14, 2015
1.44[3]
2014–15
160
1.54[64]

7
Thursday 8:00 pm (1–9)
Friday 8:00 pm (10–22)
22
October 8, 2015
1.38[63]
May 13, 2016
1.04[65]
2015–16
141
1.95[66]

8
Friday 8:00 pm
16
October 21, 2016
0.98[67]
March 10, 2017
1.15[68]
2016–17
140
1.71[69]

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text: The Vampire Diaries won 7 Teen Choice Awards in 2010 including: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Nina Dobrev), Choice TV: Villain (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV: Breakout Show, Choice TV: Female Breakout Star (Nina Dobrev) and Choice TV: Male Breakout Star (Paul Wesley).[70][71] Other nominations were Choice Male Hottie (Ian Somerhalder) and Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer (Kat Graham).[72] The show won an award for Favorite New TV Drama at the 2010 People's Choice Awards and received a nomination for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show.[73] It was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Network TV Series.[74] On November 9, 2010, it received nominations for Favourite Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show and Favourite TV Drama as well as a nomination for Ian Somerhalder in the TV Drama Actor category at the 2011 People's Choice Awards.[75]

text: In 2011, The Vampire Diaries was nominated for 12 Teen Choice Awards including: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Nina Dobrev), Choice TV: Villain (Joseph Morgan), Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer (Kat Graham), Choice TV: Male Scene Stealer (Michael Trevino), Choice Female Hottie (Nina Dobrev), Choice Male Hottie (Ian Somerhalder) and Choice Vampire (Nina Dobrev, Ian Somerhalder and Paul Wesley).[76]

text: At the 2012 People's Choice Awards, the show gained four nominations: Best TV Drama, Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy, Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder and Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev. While the show and Ian Somerhalder lost out (to another The CW show Supernatural and Nathan Fillion, respectively), Nina Dobrev won in her category, becoming the first write-in person ever to do so.[77] At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards, the show gained nine nominations: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Nina Dobrev), Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Kat Graham), Choice TV: Villain (Joseph Morgan), Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer (Candice Accola), Choice TV: Male Scene Stealer (Michael Trevino) and Choice Male Hottie (Ian Somerhalder), and won six.[78][79]

text: In 2013, The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People's Choice Awards, including: Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy, Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder, Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev, Drama Actor for Paul Wesley and Favorite TV Fan Following. While the show lost to another The CW show Supernatural, Ellen Pompeo and Nathan Fillion, respectively.[80] At the 2013 Teen Choice Awards, the show gained eight nominations: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Nina Dobrev), Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Kat Graham), Choice TV: Villain (Joseph Morgan), Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer (Candice Accola), Choice TV: Male Scene Stealer (Steven R. McQueen).[81][82]

text: In 2014, The Vampire Diaries was nominated for four People's Choice Awards, including: Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show and Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder in which he won the award, Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite On Screen Chemistry (Damon Salvatore & Elena Gilbert) in which they won the award.[83] At the 2014 Teen Choice Awards, the show gained ten nominations: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Nina Dobrev), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Kat Graham), Choice TV: Villain (Paul Wesley), Choice TV: Female Scene Stealer (Candice Accola), Choice TV: Male Scene Stealer (Michael Trevino), Choice Male Hottie (Ian Somerhalder).

text: In 2015, The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People's Choice Awards, including: Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy, Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder, Drama Actor for Paul Wesley, Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite TV Duo (Ian Somerhalder & Nina Dobrev) in which they won the award. At the 2015 Teen Choice Awards, the show gained ten nominations: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV: Scene Stealer (Kat Graham), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Nina Dobrev), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Candice Accola), Choice TV: Villain (Chris Wood) Choice TV: Chemistry (Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV: Liplock (Candice King & Paul Wesley), Choice TV: Liplock (Nina Dobrev & Ian Somerhalder).

text: In 2016, The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People's Choice Awards, including: Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy and Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder. At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards, the show gained seven nominations: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Paul Wesley), Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Kat Graham), Choice TV Actress – Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Candice King), Choice TV: Chemistry (Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder), Choice TV: Liplock (Nina Dobrev & Paul Wesley).

text: In 2017, The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People's Choice Awards: Favorite Network TV Sci-Fi/Fantasy and Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder. It was also nominated for three Teen Choice Awards: Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi, Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Ian Somerhalder), and Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi (Kat Graham).

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray in Regions A and B. Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes, webisodes, and a downloadable audiobook of L.J. Smith's The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening.[84] It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23, 2010.[85] Following that release, Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31, 2010,[84] and Region 3 on September 1, 2010.[86] In Region A, it was released on Blu-ray on August 31, 2010.[87][88] Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 23, 2010,[89] Brazil on August 26, 2010,[90] and Australia on September 1, 2010.[91] The Vampire Diaries Season 2 will be available in DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011.[92] Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 22, 2011,[93] Brazil on August 25, 2011. The Vampire Diaries: Season 3 will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on September 11 and A and on September 5, 2012, for Regions 4 and B.[94][95][96] The Vampire Diaries: Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu-ray in A as of September 15, 2013.

text: In Japan, the fourth season was released in a special collection including bonuses not available elsewhere. Included in the collection are an ankle bracelet, promotional image cards and a booklet about the cast.[97]

text:
Season
DVD release date
Blu-ray release date

Region A
Region B

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Australia

1
August 31, 2010[98]
August 23, 2010[99]
September 1, 2010[100]
August 31, 2010[101]
August 31, 2010[102]
August 23, 2010[103]
September 1, 2010[104]

2
August 30, 2011[105]
August 22, 2011[106]
September 7, 2011[107]
August 30, 2011[108]
August 30, 2011[108]
August 22, 2011[106]
September 7, 2011[109]

1-2

August 22, 2011[110]
November 9, 2011[111]

August 22, 2011[112]

3
September 11, 2012[94]
August 20, 2012[113]
October 3, 2012[114]
September 11, 2012[94]
September 11, 2012[94]
August 20, 2012
October 3, 2012[94]

1-3

August 20, 2012[115]
October 17, 2012[116]

August 20, 2012[117]
October 3, 2012[118]

4
September 3, 2013[119]
August 26, 2013[120]
October 2, 2013[121]
September 3, 2013[122]
September 3, 2013[122]
August 26, 2013[123]
October 2, 2013[124]

1-4

August 26, 2013[125]
October 2, 2013[126]

August 26, 2013[127]
October 2, 2013[128]

5
September 9, 2014[129]
October 27, 2014[130]
September 24, 2014[131]
September 9, 2014[129]
September 9, 2014[132]
October 27, 2014[133]
September 24, 2014[134]

1-5

October 27, 2014[135]
October 1, 2014[136]

October 27, 2014[137]

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: Former president of entertainment at The CW, Dawn Ostroff, mentioned a spin-off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years.[138] A spin-off was in development for the 2011 fall line-up but due to Kevin Williamson's commitment to The Secret Circle, it was put on hold indefinitely.[139]

text: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled The Originals would air on April 25 for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season.[140] This second spin-off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.[141]

text: On April 26, 2013, The CW announced that The Originals had been ordered to series premiere in the 2013–14 television season.[3] The Originals premiered on October 3, 2013.

text: Daniel Gillies as Elijah, Claire Holt as Rebekah, and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters, originally from The Vampire Diaries, in the new spin-off series.[142]

text: The Originals is about the Mikaelson siblings, who are the original family of vampires, and their take-over of New Orleans.

text: Crossover[edit]

text: Producers reported that there will be a transition of the characters in both series. Claire Holt made a special cameo on episodes of The Vampire Diaries, in the episodes "I Know What You Did Last Summer"[143] and "500 Years of Solitude".[144] Michael Trevino made a special cameo on episodes of The Originals, "Bloodletting" and "The River In Reverse". Joseph Morgan, Daniel Gillies and Claire Holt returned in a special cameo on the series' 100th episode "500 Years of Solitude". Nina Dobrev also appeared on the fifth episode from the second season, "Red Door" as Tatia.

text: At the Television Critics Association winter 2016 press tour, CW president Mark Pedowitz announced an official crossover between The Vampire Diaries and The Originals where Stefan goes on the run and finds safe haven in New Orleans where he runs into Klaus.[145]

text: Tie-in material[edit]

text: On October 31, 2013, DC Comics launched a comic book series based on the TV show.[146]


document_title: Chinese zodiac

question_text: who came last in the chinese new year race

root

text: Chinese zodiac

text: Name[edit]

text: The Chinese zodiac is called 生肖 or Shēngxiào in Mandarin. Identifying this scheme using the generic term "zodiac" reflects several superficial similarities to the Western zodiac: both have time cycles divided into 12 parts, each labels at least the majority of those parts with names of animals, and each is widely associated with a culture of ascribing a person's personality or events in his or her life to the supposed influence of the person's particular relationship to the cycle.

tag: p

text: Nevertheless, there are major differences which render the term inaccurate: the animals of the Chinese zodiac are not associated with constellations spanned by the ecliptic plane. The Chinese 12-part cycle corresponds to years, rather than months. The Chinese zodiac is represented by 12 animals, whereas some of the signs in the Western zodiac are not animals, despite the implication of the Greek etymology of the zodiac.

text: Signs[edit]

text: The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat. The following are the twelve zodiac signs (each with its associated Earthly Branch) in order and their characteristics.[2] Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water as nature five elements.

text:
Rat – 鼠 (子) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water)
Ox – 牛 (丑) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Tiger – 虎 (寅) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Rabbit – 兔 (卯) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Dragon – 龍 (辰) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Snake – 蛇 (巳) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Horse – 馬 (午) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Goat – 羊 (未) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Monkey – 猴 (申) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Rooster – 雞 (酉) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Dog – 狗 (戌) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Pig – 豬 (亥) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water)

tag: ol

text: In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent what others perceive you as being or how you present yourself. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system. In fact, there are also animal signs assigned by month (called inner animals), by day (called true animals) and hours (called secret animals). The Earth is all 12 signs, 5 seasons.

text: While a person might appear to be a Dragon because they were born in the year of the Dragon, they might also be a Snake internally, an Ox truly, and a Goat secretively.

text: A conflict between a person's zodiac sign and how they live is known as Tai Sui or kai sui.

text: Chinese calendar[edit]

text: Years[edit]

text: Within the Four Pillars, the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents. The person's age can also be easily deduced from the sign of the person, the current sign of the year and the person's perceived age (teens, mid 20's, 40's and so on). For example, a person who is a Tiger is either 12, 24, 36 or 48 years old in 2010, the year of the Tiger. In 2011, the year of the Rabbit, that person is one year older.

text: The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to the Gregorian calendar for the years 1924–2043 (see sexagenary cycle article for years 1804–2043). The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun about February 4 according to some astrological sources.[3]

text:
Year
Associated
Element
Heavenly
Stem
Earthly
Branch
Associated
Animal
Year

1924–1983
1984–2043

1
Feb 05 1924–Jan 23 1925
Yang Wood
甲
子
Rat
Feb 02 1984–Feb 19 1985

2
Jan 24 1925–Feb 12 1926
Yin Wood
乙
丑
Ox
Feb 20 1985–Feb 08 1986

3
Feb 13 1926–Feb 01 1927
Yang Fire
丙
寅
Tiger
Feb 09 1986–Jan 28 1987

4
Feb 02 1927–Jan 22 1928
Yin Fire
丁
卯
Rabbit
Jan 29 1987–Feb 16 1988

5
Jan 23 1928–Feb 09 1929
Yang Earth
戊
辰
Dragon
Feb 17 1988–Feb 05 1989

6
Feb 10 1929–Jan 29 1930
Yin Earth
己
巳
Snake
Feb 06 1989–Jan 26 1990

7
Jan 30 1930–Feb 16 1931
Yang Metal
庚
午
Horse
Jan 27 1990–Feb 14 1991

8
Feb 17 1931–Feb 05 1932
Yin Metal
辛
未
Goat
Feb 15 1991–Feb 03 1992

9
Feb 06 1932–Jan 25 1933
Yang Water
壬
申
Monkey
Feb 04 1992–Jan 22 1993

10
Jan 26 1933–Feb 13 1934
Yin Water
癸
酉
Rooster
Jan 23 1993– Feb 09 1994

11
Feb 14 1934–Feb 03 1935
Yang Wood
甲
戌
Dog
Feb 10 1994–Jan 30 1995

12
Feb 04 1935–Jan 23 1936
Yin Wood
乙
亥
Pig
Jan 31 1995–Feb 18 1996

13
Jan 24 1936–Feb 10 1937
Yang Fire
丙
子
Rat
Feb 19 1996–Feb 06 1997

14
Feb 11 1937–Jan 30 1938
Yin Fire
丁
丑
Ox
Feb 07 1997–Jan 27 1998

15
Jan 31 1938–Feb 18 1939
Yang Earth
戊
寅
Tiger
Jan 28 1998–Feb 15 1999

16
Feb 19 1939–Feb 07 1940
Yin Earth
己
卯
Rabbit
Feb 16 1999–Feb 04 2000

17
Feb 08 1940–Jan 26 1941
Yang Metal
庚
辰
Dragon
Feb 05 2000–Jan 23 2001

18
Jan 27 1941–Feb 14 1942
Yin Metal
辛
巳
Snake
Jan 24 2001–Feb 11 2002

19
Feb 15 1942–Feb 04 1943
Yang Water
壬
午
Horse
Feb 12 2002–Jan 31 2003

20
Feb 05 1943–Jan 24 1944
Yin Water
癸
未
Goat
Feb 01 2003–Jan 21 2004

21
Jan 25 1944–Feb 12 1945
Yang Wood
甲
申
Monkey
Jan 22 2004–Feb 08 2005

22
Feb 13 1945–Feb 01 1946
Yin Wood
乙
酉
Rooster
Feb 09 2005–Jan 28 2006

23
Feb 02 1946–Jan 21 1947
Yang Fire
丙
戌
Dog
Jan 29 2006–Feb 17 2007

24
Jan 22 1947–Feb 09 1948
Yin Fire
丁
亥
Pig
Feb 18 2007–Feb 06 2008

25
Feb 10 1948–Jan 28 1949
Yang Earth
戊
子
Rat
Feb 07 2008–Jan 25 2009

26
Jan 29 1949–Feb 16 1950
Yin Earth
己
丑
Ox
Jan 26 2009–Feb 13 2010

27
Feb 17 1950–Feb 05 1951
Yang Metal
庚
寅
Tiger
Feb 14 2010–Feb 02 2011

28
Feb 06 1951–Jan 26 1952
Yin Metal
辛
卯
Rabbit
Feb 03 2011–Jan 22 2012

29
Jan 27 1952–Feb 13 1953
Yang Water
壬
辰
Dragon
Jan 23 2012–Feb 09 2013

30
Feb 14 1953–Feb 02 1954
Yin Water
癸
巳
Snake
Feb 10 2013–Jan 30 2014

31
Feb 03 1954–Jan 23 1955
Yang Wood
甲
午
Horse
Jan 31 2014–Feb 18 2015

32
Jan 24 1955–Feb 11 1956
Yin Wood
乙
未
Goat
Feb 19 2015–Feb 07 2016

33
Feb 12 1956–Jan 30 1957
Yang Fire
丙
申
Monkey
Feb 08 2016–Jan 27 2017

34
Jan 31 1957–Feb 17 1958
Yin Fire
丁
酉
Rooster
Jan 28 2017–Feb 15 2018

35
Feb 18 1958–Feb 07 1959
Yang Earth
戊
戌
Dog
Feb 16 2018–Feb 04 2019

36
Feb 08 1959–Jan 27 1960
Yin Earth
己
亥
Pig
Feb 05 2019–Jan 24 2020

37
Jan 28 1960–Feb 14 1961
Yang Metal
庚
子
Rat
Jan 25 2020–Feb. 11 2021

38
Feb 15 1961–Feb 04 1962
Yin Metal
辛
丑
Ox
Feb 12 2021–Jan 31 2022

39
Feb 05 1962–Jan 24 1963
Yang Water
壬
寅
Tiger
Feb 01 2022–Jan 21 2023

40
Jan 25 1963–Feb 12 1964
Yin Water
癸
卯
Rabbit
Jan 22 2023–Feb 09 2024

41
Feb 13 1964–Feb 01 1965
Yang Wood
甲
辰
Dragon
Feb 10 2024–Jan 28 2025

42
Feb 02 1965–Jan 20 1966
Yin Wood
乙
巳
Snake
Jan 29 2025–Feb 16 2026

43
Jan 21 1966–Feb 08 1967
Yang Fire
丙
午
Horse
Feb 17 2026–Feb 05 2027

44
Feb 09 1967–Jan 29 1968
Yin Fire
丁
未
Goat
Feb 06 2027–Jan 25 2028

45
Jan 30 1968–Feb 16 1969
Yang Earth
戊
申
Monkey
Jan 26 2028–Feb 12 2029

46
Feb 17 1969–Feb 05 1970
Yin Earth
己
酉
Rooster
Feb 13 2029–Feb 02 2030

47
Feb 06 1970–Jan 26 1971
Yang Metal
庚
戌
Dog
Feb 03 2030–Jan 22 2031

48
Jan 27 1971–Feb 14 1972
Yin Metal
辛
亥
Pig
Jan 23 2031–Feb 10 2032

49
Feb 15 1972–Feb 02 1973
Yang Water
壬
子
Rat
Feb 11 2032–Jan 30 2033

50
Feb 03 1973–Jan 22 1974
Yin Water
癸
丑
Ox
Jan 31 2033–Feb 18 2034

51
Jan 23 1974–Feb 10 1975
Yang Wood
甲
寅
Tiger
Feb 19 2034–Feb 07 2035

52
Feb 11 1975–Jan 30 1976
Yin Wood
乙
卯
Rabbit
Feb 08 2035–Jan 27 2036

53
Jan 31 1976–Feb 17 1977
Yang Fire
丙
辰
Dragon
Jan 28 2036–Feb 14 2037

54
Feb 18 1977–Feb 06 1978
Yin Fire
丁
巳
Snake
Feb 15 2037–Feb 03 2038

55
Feb 07 1978–Jan 27 1979
Yang Earth
戊
午
Horse
Feb 04 2038–Jan 23 2039

56
Jan 28 1979–Feb 15 1980
Yin Earth
己
未
Goat
Jan 24 2039–Feb 11 2040

57
Feb 16 1980–Feb 04 1981
Yang Metal
庚
申
Monkey
Feb 12 2040–Jan 31 2041

58
Feb 05 1981–Jan 24 1982
Yin Metal
辛
酉
Rooster
Feb 01 2041–Jan 21 2042

59
Jan 25 1982–Feb 12 1983
Yang Water
壬
戌
Dog
Jan 22 2042–Feb 09 2043

60
Feb 13 1983–Feb 01 1984
Yin Water
癸
亥
Pig
Feb 10 2043–Jan 29 2044

tag: table

text: Months and solar terms[edit]

text: Within the Four Pillars, the month is the pillar representing information about the person's parents or childhood. Many Chinese astrologers consider the month pillar to be the most important one in determining the circumstances of one's adult life.

text: The 12 animals are also linked to traditional Chinese agricultural calendar, which runs alongside the better known Lunar calendar. Instead of months, this calendar is divided into 24 two week segments known as Solar Terms. Each animal is linked to two of these solar terms for a period similar to the Western month. Unlike the 60 year Lunar calendar, which can vary by as much as a month in relation to the Gregorian calendar, the agricultural calendar varies by only one day, beginning on the Gregorian calendar on February 3 or 4 every year. Again unlike the cycle of the lunar years, which begins with the Rat, the agricultural calendar begins with the Tiger as it is the first animal of spring. Around summer days are longer than winter days, because it occurs differences of perihelion and aphelion.

text: As each sign is linked to a month of the solar year, it is thereby also linked to a season. Each of the elements is also linked to a season (see above), and the element that shares a season with a sign is known as that sign's fixed element. In other words, that element is believed to impart some of its characteristics to the sign concerned. The fixed element of each sign applies also to the year and hour signs, and not just the monthly sign. It is important to note that the fixed element is separate from the cycle of elements which interact with the signs in the 60-year cycle.

text:
Season
Lunar month
Fixed element
Solar longitude
Solar term
Gregorian date
Approx. Western zodiac

Spring
1st – 寅 (yin) Tiger
Wood
314°
立春 lìchūn
Feb 4 – Feb 19
Aquarius

329°
雨水 yǔshuǐ
Feb 20 – Mar 5
Pisces

2nd – 卯 (mao) Rabbit
Wood
344°
啓蟄 qǐzhé (驚蟄 jīngzhé)
Mar 6 – Mar 20

359°
春分 chūnfēn
Mar 21 – Apr 4
Aries

3rd – 辰 (chen) Dragon
Wood
14°
清明 qīngmíng
Apr 5 – Apr 20

29°
穀雨 gǔyǔ
Apr 21 – May 4
Taurus

Summer
4th – 巳 (si) Snake
Fire
44°
立夏 lìxià
May 5 – May 21

59°
小滿 xiǎomǎn
May 22 – Jun 5
Gemini

5th – 午 (wu) Horse
Fire
74°
芒種 mángzhòng
Jun 6 – Jun 21

89°
夏至 xiàzhì
Jun 22 – Jul 6
Cancer

6th – 未 (wei) Goat
Fire
104°
小暑 xiǎoshǔ
Jul 7 – Jul 22

119°
大暑 dàshǔ
Jul 23 – Aug 6
Leo

Autumn
7th – 申 (shen) Monkey
Metal
134°
立秋 lìqiū
Aug 7 – Aug 22

149°
處暑 chùshǔ
Aug 23 – Sep 7
Virgo

8th – 酉 (you) Rooster
Metal
164°
白露 báilù
Sep 8 – Sep 23

181°
秋分 qiūfēn
Sep 24 – Oct 7
Libra

9th – 戌 (xu) Dog
Metal
194°
寒露 hánlù
Oct 8 – Oct 23

211°
霜降 shuāngjiàng
Oct 24 – Nov 6
Scorpio

Winter
10th – 亥 (hai) Pig
Water
224°
立冬 lìdōng
Nov 7 – Nov 22

244°
小雪 xiǎoxuě
Nov 23 – Dec 6
Sagittarius

11th – 子 (zi) Rat
Water
251°
大雪 dàxuě
Dec 7 – Dec 21

271°
冬至 dōngzhì
Dec 22 – Jan 5
Capricorn

12th – 丑 (chou) Ox
Water
284°
小寒 xiǎohán
Jan 6 – Jan 20

299°
大寒 dàhán
Jan 21 – Feb 3
Aquarius

text: Day[edit]

text: Four pillars calculator can determine the zodiac animal of the day.[4] Chinese animal signs rule over days of the week, too. The term for them is “True Animals”. If your astrologer wishes to prepare a chart, it is essential he or she knows the animals of your day of birth. Given there are only seven days of the week and 12 animals, there is some repetition or doubling up. The animals for each day are as follows:

text:
Monday: Goat
Tuesday: Dragon, Pig
Wednesday: Horse, Rooster
Thursday: Rat
Friday: Rabbit, Snake, Dog
Saturday: Ox, Tiger
Sunday: Monkey

tag: ul

text: Compatibility[edit]

text: As the Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancient Five Elements Theory, every Chinese sign is composed of five elements[citation needed] with relations, among those elements, of interpolation, interaction, over-action, and counter-action—believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in the universe. Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities,[citation needed] and practitioners of Chinese astrology consult such traditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage.[5]

text: Chinese Zodiac Compatibility Grid[6]

text:
Sign
Best Match
Match
No Match

Rat
Rat, Dragon, Monkey
Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Dog, Tiger
Horse

Ox
Ox, Snake, Rooster
Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Pig, Rabbit
Goat

Tiger
Tiger, Dog, Horse
Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, Rat
Monkey

Rabbit
Rabbit, Pig, Goat
Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Snake, Ox
Rooster

Dragon
Dragon, Monkey, Rat
Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Tiger, Horse
Dog

Snake
Snake, Rooster, Ox
Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Rabbit, Goat
Pig

Horse
Horse, Dog, Tiger
Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, Monkey
Rat

Goat
Goat, Pig, Rabbit
Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Snake, Rooster
Ox

Monkey
Monkey, Dragon, Rat
Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Dog, Horse
Tiger

Rooster
Rooster, Snake, Ox
Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Pig, Goat
Rabbit

Dog
Dog, Tiger, Horse
Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Monkey, Rat
Dragon

Pig
Pig, Rabbit, Goat
Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Rooster, Ox
Snake

text: Four Pillars[edit]

text: The Four Pillars method can be traced back to the Han dynasty (201 BC – 220 AD), and is still much used in Feng shui astrology and general analysis today. The Four Pillars or columns chart is called such as the Chinese writing causes it to fall into columns. Each pillar or column contains a stem and a branch—and each column relates to the year, month, day and hour of birth. The first column refers to the year animal and element, the second to the month animal and element, the third to the day animal and element, and the last to the hour animal and element.

text: Within the Four Pillars, the year column purports to provide information about one's ancestor or early age, and the month column about one's parents or growing age. The day column purports to offer information about oneself (upper character) and one's spouse (lower character) or adult age, and the hour column about children or late age.[7]

text: Four Animal Trines[edit]

text: First Trine[edit]

text: The first Trine consists of the Rat, Dragon, and Monkey. These three signs are said to be intense and powerful individuals capable of great good, who make great leaders but are rather unpredictable. The three are said to be intelligent, magnanimous, charismatic, charming, authoritative, confident, eloquent and artistic, but can be manipulative, jealous, selfish, aggressive, vindictive, and deceitful.

text: Second Trine[edit]

text: The second Trine consists of the Ox, Snake, and Rooster. These three signs are said to possess endurance and application, with slow accumulation of energy, meticulous at planning but tending to hold fixed opinions. The three are said to be intelligent, hard-working, modest, industrious, loyal, philosophical, patient, goodhearted and morally upright, but can also be self-righteous, egotistical, vain, judgmental, narrow-minded, and petty.

text: Third Trine[edit]

text: The third Trine consists of the Tiger, Horse, and Dog. These three signs are said to seek true love, to pursue humanitarian causes, to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive. The three are said to be productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honorable, loyal and protective, but can also be rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable, and stubborn.

text: Fourth Trine[edit]

text: The fourth Trine consists of the Rabbit, Goat, and Pig. These three signs are said to have a calm nature and somewhat reasonable approach; they seek aesthetic beauty and are artistic, well-mannered and compassionate, yet detached and resigned to their condition. The three are said to be caring, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful and prudent, but can also be naive, pedantic, insecure, selfish, indecisive, and pessimistic.

text: Zodiac origin stories[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are many stories and fables to explain the beginning of the zodiac. Since the Han Dynasty, the 12 Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. However, for the sake of entertainment and convenience, they have been replaced by the 12 animals. The 24 hours are divided into 12 periods, and a mnemonic refers to the behavior of the animals:

text: Earthly Branches may refer to a double-hour period. In the latter case it is the center of the period; for instance, 马 (Horse) means noon or a period from 11:00 am to 1:00 pm.

text:
Rat (Zishi): 23:00 to 00:59. This is the time when rats are most active in seeking food. Rats also have a different number of digits on front and hind legs, thus earning Rat the symbol of "turn over" or "new start".
Ox (Choushi): 01:00 to 02:59. This is the time when oxen begin to chew the cud slowly and comfortably.
Tiger (Yinshi): 03:00 to 04:59. This is the time when tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity.
Rabbit (Maoshi): 05:00 to 06:59. This is the time when the Jade Rabbit is busy pounding herbal medicine on the Moon according to the tale.
Dragon (Chenshi): 07:00 to 08:59. This is the time when dragons are hovering in the sky to give rain.
Snake (Sishi): 09:00 to 10:59. This is the time when snakes are leaving their caves.
Horse (Wushi): 11:00 to 12:59. This is the time when the sun is high overhead and while other animals are lying down for a rest, horses are still standing.
Goat (Weishi): 13:00 to 14:59. This is the time when goats eat grass and urinate frequently.
Monkey (Shenshi): 15:00 to 16:59. This is the time when monkeys are lively.
Rooster (Youshi): 17:00 to 18:59. This is the time when roosters begin to get back to their coops.
Dog (Xushi): 19:00 to 20:59. This is the time when dogs carry out their duty of guarding the houses.
Pig (Haishi): 21:00 to 22:59. This is the time when pigs are sleeping sweetly.

text: The Great Race[edit]

text: An ancient folk story tells that Cat and Rat were both very bad at swimming. Although they were poor swimmers, they were both quite intelligent. To get to the meeting called by the Jade Emperor, they had to cross a river to reach the meeting place. The Jade Emperor had also decreed that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they arrived to the meeting. Cat and Rat decided that the best and fastest way to cross the river was to hop on the back of Ox. Ox, being kindhearted and naive, agreed to carry them both across.

text: Midway across the river, the Rat pushed the Cat into the water. Approaching the other side, the Rat jumped off the Ox and rushed to the Jade Emperor. It was named as the first animal of the zodiac calendar. The Ox, came in second. The third one to come was the Tiger. Even though it was strong and powerful it explained to the Jade Emperor that the currents were pushing him downstream.

text: Suddenly, from a distance came a thumping sound, and the Rabbit arrived. It explained how it crossed the river: by jumping from one stone to another in a nimble fashion. Halfway through, it almost lost the race, but it was lucky enough to grab hold of a floating log that later washed him to shore. For that, it became the fourth animal in the zodiac cycle. In fifth place was the flying Dragon. The Jade Emperor was wondering why such a swift airborne creature such as the Dragon failed to come in first.

text: The Dragon explained that it had to stop by a village and brought rain for all the people, and therefore it was held back. Then, on its way to the finish, it saw the helpless Rabbit clinging onto a log so it did a good deed and gave a puff of breath to the poor creature so that it could land on the shore. The Jade Emperor was astonished of the Dragon's good nature, and it was named as the fifth animal. As soon as it had done so, a galloping sound was heard, and the Horse appeared.

text: Hidden on its hoof was the Snake, whose sudden appearance gave it a fright, thus making it fall back and giving the Snake the sixth spot, while the Horse placed seventh. After a while, the Goat, Monkey and Rooster came to the heavenly gate. With combined efforts they managed to arrive to the other side. The Rooster found a raft and the Monkey and the Goat tugged and pulled trying to get all the weeds out of the way.

text: The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal followed by the Monkey and then the Rooster. The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was the Dog. Although it should have been the best swimmer it wanted to stay in the water and play for a bit. Though his explanation for being late was because it needed a good bath after a long spell. For that, it almost did not make it to the finish line.

text: Right when the Emperor was going to close the race, an "oink" sound was heard: it was the Pig. "Lazy little Pig" originated from this story. The Pig felt hungry in the middle of the race, so it stopped, ate something and then fell asleep. After it awoke, it finished the race in twelfth place and became the last animal to arrive. The cat eventually drowned, and did not make it in the zodiac. It is said that this is the reason cats always hunt Rats.

text: Another folk story tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back, in order for the Ox to hear the Rat sing,[8] before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first.

text: In Chinese mythology, a story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet. This is why the cat is not part of the Chinese zodiac.

text: In Buddhism, legend has it[citation needed] that Gautama Buddha summoned all of the animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth, but only 12 animals actually came to bid him farewell. To reward the animals who came to him, he named a year after each of them. The years were given to them in the order they had arrived.

text: The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages of Chinese civilization, over hundreds of years before it developed into the current version; it is difficult to investigate its real origins. Most historians agree that the cat is not included, as they had not yet been introduced to China from India, with the arrival of Buddhism.

text: Problems with English translation[edit]

text: Due to confusion with synonyms during translation, some of the animals depicted by the English words did not exist in ancient China. For example, 羊 can mean Goat, ram or sheep. Similarly, 鼠 Rat can also be translated as mouse, as there are no distinctive words for the two genera in Chinese. Further, 豬 Pig is sometimes translated to boar after its Japanese name, and 牛 plainly means Ox and Cow, and not water buffalo, 水牛. 雞 Rooster may mean Chicken. However, Rooster is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms, same for 羊, 鼠, etc.

text: Chinese zodiac in other countries[edit]

text: The Chinese zodiac signs are also used by cultures other than Chinese. For one example, they usually appear on Korean New Year and Japanese New Year's cards and stamps. The United States Postal Service and those of several other countries issue a "Year of the ____" postage stamp each year to honor this Chinese heritage.

text: The Chinese lunar coins, depicting the zodiac animals, inspired the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins, as well as varieties from Australia, Korea, and Mongolia. The Chinese zodiac is an internationally popular theme, available from many of the world's government and private mints.

text: The Chinese zodiac is also used in some other Asian countries that have been under the cultural influence of China. However, some of the animals in the zodiac may differ by country.

text: Asia [edit]

text: The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac, but the Sino-Korean word 양 (yang) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language (where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean "Goat"), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope.

text: The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep (hitsuji) instead of the Goat (which would be yagi), and the Wild boar (inoshishi, i) instead of the Pig (buta).[9] The Japanese have, since 1873, celebrated the beginning of the new year on January 1 as per the Gregorian calendar.

text: The Vietnamese zodiac is almost identical to the Chinese zodiac except the second animal is the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal is the Cat instead of the Rabbit.

text: The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as kra). Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle (kura-kura) and mousedeer (kancil). One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit, the other being either the Pig or Monkey.

text: The Thai zodiac includes a nāga in place of the Dragon[10] and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but either on the first day of fifth month in Thai lunar calendar, or during the Songkran festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use.[11]

text: Bulgars, Huns and Turkic people [edit]

text: The European Huns used the Chinese zodiac.[citation needed] This common Chinese-Turkic Zodiac was in use in Balkan Bulgaria well into the Bulgars' adoption of Slavic languages and Orthodox Christianity[citation needed]. Following is the Hunnish or Bulgarian Pagan zodiac calendar, distinctive from the Greek zodiac but much in conformity with the Chinese one:

text: Torè calendar[edit]

text: Names of years

text:
Kuzgé – [Year of] Saravana - Rat
Shiger (Syger) – Ox
Kuman (Imén)
Ügur – Tiger, Myachè Ügur – Tiger
Taushan – Rabbit
Samar – Dragon Birgün (Bergen, Birig, Baradj) – Dragon
Dilan – Snake
Tykha – Horse
Téké – Goat
Bichin, Michin – Monkey
Tavuk – Rooster (also written tağuk—ğ is pronounced as v in Turk. verbs döğmek and öğmek)
It – Dog
Shushma – Pig (many[who?] mistake it as boar though) (Turk., Russ. "Kaban"—Translator's[who?] Note, also cognate of Turkish şişman, "fat")

text: In Kazakhstan, an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used, but the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: улу), and Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс).

text: In Mongolia, 12 year beasts are called "Арван хоёр жил" meaning "12 years"

text:
Hulgana - Хулгана - Rat
Ukher - Үхэр - Ox
Bar - Бар - Tiger
Tuulai - Туулай - Rabbit
Luu - Луу - Dragon
Mogoi - Могой - Snake
Mori - Морь - Horse
Honi - Хонь - Goat
Bichin, Michin, Mechin - Бич/Мич, Бичин, Мичин, Мэчин - Monkey
Tahiya - Тахиа - Rooster
Nohoi - Нохой - Dog
Gahai - Гахай - Pig

text: In Kyrgyz 12-year cycle is called "Мүчөл", words for Tiger, Dragon and Monkey are only used in 12-year cycle.

text:
Chychkan - Чычкан - Mouse
Uy - Уй - Cow
Bars - Барс - Tiger
Koyon - Коён - Rabbit
Uluu - Улуу - Dragon
Jylan - Жылан - Snake
Jylky - Жылкы - Horse
Koy - Кой - Sheep
Mechin - Мечин - Monkey
Took - Тоок - Chicken
It - Ит - Dog
Donuz - Доңуз - Wild boar

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
A chart indicating good and bad bloodletting days and when to guard against demons. Detail: The chart contains a sme ba (9 figures symbolizing the elements in geomancy) in the center with the Chinese pa-kua (8 trigrams) surrounded by 12 animals of months and years.

Soyombo and several Buddhist, tengrist and Chinese zodiac symbols in a wall mosaic.

Twelve Chinese zodiac jade figurines. Capital Museum, Beijing, China.


document_title: Badrinath

question_text: badrinath is situated on which bank of river

text: Badrinath

text: Name[edit]

text: Badri refers to a berry that was said to grow abundantly in the area, and nath means "Lord" / "Lord of" as per context in which it is referred. Badri is also the Sanskrit name for the Indian Jujube tree,[1] which has an edible berry. Some scriptural references refer to Jujube trees being abundant in Badrinath.

text: History[edit]

text: Badrinath was re-established as a major pilgrimage site by Adi Shankara in the 7th century.[2] In earlier days, pilgrims used to walk hundreds of miles to visit Badrinath temple.[3]

text: The temple has been repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and avalanches. As late as the First World War, the town consisted only of the 20-odd huts used by the temple's staff, but the site drew thousands each year and up to 50,000 on its duodecennial festivals (every twelve years).[4] In recent years its popularity has increased still more, with an estimated 600,000 pilgrims visiting during the 2006 season,[5] compared to 90,676 in 1961.[6] The temple in Badrinath is also a sacred pilgrimage site for Vaishnavites. Badrinath is also gateway to several mountaineering expeditions headed to mountains like Nilkantha.[3]

text: Temple[edit]

text: The Badrinath temple is the main attraction in the town. According to legend Shankar discovered a black stone image of Lord Badrinarayan made of Saligram stone in the Alaknanda River. He originally enshrined it in a cave near the Tapt Kund hot springs.[6][7] In the sixteenth century, the King of Garhwal moved the murti to the present temple.[6] The temple is approximately 50 ft (15 m) tall with a small cupola on top, covered with a gold gilt roof.[6] The facade is built of stone, with arched windows. A broad stairway leads up to a tall arched gateway, which is the main entrance. The architecture resembles a Buddhist vihara (temple), with the brightly painted facade also more typical of Buddhist temples.[8] Just inside is the mandapa, a large pillared hall that leads to the garbha grha, or main shrine area. The walls and pillars of the mandapa are covered with intricate carvings.[8]

text: Legend[edit]

text: According to the Bhagavata Purana, "There in Badrikashram the supreme being (Vishnu), in his incarnation as the sages Nara and Narayana, had been undergoing great penance since time immemorial for the welfare of all living entities." (Bhagavata Purana 3.4.22)

text: The Badrinath area is referred to as Badari or Badarikaashram (बदरिकाश्रम) in Hindu scriptures. It is a place sacred to Vishnu, particularly in Vishnu's dual form of Nara-Narayana. Thus, in the Mahabharata, Krishna, addressing Arjuna, says, "Thou wast Nara in a former body, and, with Narayana for thy companion, didst perform dreadful austerity at Badari for many myriads of years."[9][10]

text: One legend has it that when the goddess Ganga was requested to descend to earth to help suffering humanity on the request of suryavansh king bhagiratha, the earth was unable to withstand the force of her descent. Therefore, the mighty Ganga (Ganges) was split into two holy channels, with Alaknanda one of them.

text: Another Legend explains both name and sitting posture as this place was full of Badri bushes and Vishnu meditating for, beloved Lakshmi stood next to him sheltering him from scorching sunlight turned into a Badri herself called 'BADRI VISHAL' and her lord(Nath) became the BadriNath.

text: The mountains around Badrinath are mentioned in the Mahabharata, when the Pandavas were said to have expired one by one, when ascending the slopes of a peak in western Garhwal called Swargarohini.(literal meaning - the 'Ascent to Heaven'). The Pandavas passed through Badrinath and the town of Mana, 4 km north of Badrinath, on their way to Svarga (heaven). There is also a cave in Mana where Vyasa, according to legend, wrote the Mahabharata.[6]

text: The area around Badrinath was celebrated in Padma Purana as abounding in spiritual treasures.[6]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Badrinath has an average elevation of 3,100 metres (10,170 feet). It is in the Garhwal Himalayas, on the banks of the Alaknanda River. The town lies between the Nar and Narayana mountain ranges 9 km east of Nilkantha peak (6,596m). Badrinath is located 62 km northwest of Nanda Devi peak and 301 km north of Rishikesh. From Gaurikund (near Kedarnath) to Badrinath by road is 233 km.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of 2001[update] India census,[11] Badrinath had a population of 841. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Badrinath has an average literacy rate of 89%, ; with 92% of the males and 86% of females literate. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.


document_title: Hunger Strike (song)

question_text: temple of the dog hunger strike who sings

text: Hunger Strike (song)

text: Origin and recording[edit]

text: "Hunger Strike" was written by vocalist Chris Cornell. It features a duet between Cornell and vocalist Eddie Vedder. Cornell was having trouble with the vocals at practice, when Vedder stepped in. Cornell later said "he sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively."[2] "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record.[3]

text: Cornell on the song:

text: When we started rehearsing the songs, I had pulled out "Hunger Strike" and I had this feeling it was just kind of gonna be filler, it didn't feel like a real song. Eddie was sitting there kind of waiting for a (Mookie Blaylock) rehearsal and I was singing parts, and he kind of humbly—but with some balls—walked up to the mic and started singing the low parts for me because he saw it was kind of hard. We got through a couple choruses of him doing that and suddenly the light bulb came on in my head, this guy's voice is amazing for these low parts. History wrote itself after that, that became the single.[4]

text: Guitarist Mike McCready on the song:

text: I remember thinking that this was a really beautiful song when I heard it. Chris Cornell (Soundgarden) showed me the riff. I had a '62 reissue Strat and I wanted to use the fourth-position tone setting—between the bridge and middle pickups—for the beginning of the song because I like that softer sound. Then I kicked it to the front pickup for the heavier part of the song. This is one of many amazing songs written by Chris.[5]

text: Eddie Vedder on the song:

text: It was during that same week that I was up there [In Seattle rehearsing with Pearl Jam]. Day four maybe, or day five, they did a Temple [of the Dog] rehearsal after our afternoon rehearsal. I got to watch these songs, and watch how Chris [Cornell] was working, and watch Matt [Cameron] play drums. It got to "Hunger Strike" — I was sitting in the corner, putting duck tape on a little African drum. About two-thirds of the way though, he was having to cut off the one line, and start the other. I'm not now, and certainly wasn't then, self-assured or cocky, but I could hear what he was trying to do, so I walked up to the mic — which I'm really surprised I did - and sang the other part, "Going hungry, going hungry." The next time I was up, he asked if I'd record it — so it was just me and Chris in the same studio that we made [1991's] Ten record. I really like hearing that song. I feel like I could be real proud of it — because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time. I'm indebted to Chris time eternal for being invited onto that track.[6]

text: That was the first time I heard myself on a real record. It could be one of my favorite songs that I’ve ever been on — or the most meaningful.[7]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: In the summer of 1992, the album received new attention. Although it had been released more than a year earlier, A&M Records realized that they had in their catalog what was essentially a collaboration between Soundgarden and Pearl Jam, who had both risen to mainstream attention in the months since the album's release with their respective albums, Badmotorfinger and Ten. A&M decided to reissue the album and promote "Hunger Strike" as a single. "Hunger Strike" became the most successful song from Temple of the Dog on the American rock charts. The song peaked at number four on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number seven on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Jim Guerinot, A&M's senior VP of marketing at the time, said, "I don't think that anyone would have paid attention if 'Hunger Strike' wasn't a great song."[8] It still receives regular radio play on many hard rock radio stations.

text: Outside the United States, the single was released in Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In Canada, the song reached the top 50 on the Canadian Singles Chart. "Hunger Strike" reached the top 60 in the UK.

text: David Fricke of Rolling Stone said, "Cornell and Vedder . . . turn its four minutes into a veritable opera of rock-star guilt. . . . Cornell turns on the Robert Plant-style napalm full blast, but it is Vedder's scorched introspection that brings the conscience in the song to a full boil. 'Hunger Strike' was his first starring vocal on record; it is still one of his best."[9]

text: Music videos[edit]

text: The original music video for "Hunger Strike" was directed by Paul Rachman who also directed the 2006 punk documentary American Hardcore. A&M decided to reissue the album and promote "Hunger Strike" as a single, with an accompanying music video. The video features the band performing the song on a beach and in a forest. The video was filmed at Discovery Park in Seattle, Washington. The West Point Lighthouse is featured in the video. There are two different versions of the video for the track. The music video is playable in the video game Guitar Hero Live.

text: The music video for the 2016 mix, also directed by Rachman, was filmed at an abandoned elementary school on March 7, 1991. Only Chris Cornell and Eddie Vedder appeared in the video. It premiered on Vevo on September 2, 2016.

text: Live performances[edit]

text: "Hunger Strike" was first performed live at the band's November 13, 1990 concert in Seattle, Washington at the Off Ramp Café.[10] In the time since the album's release, the band reformed for short live performances on four occasions where both Soundgarden and Pearl Jam were performing. Temple of the Dog performed "Hunger Strike" on October 3, 1991 at the Foundations Forum in Los Angeles, California;[10] October 6, 1991 at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood for the RIP Magazine 5th anniversary party;[11] August 14, 1992 at Lake Fairfax Park in Reston, Virginia; and September 13, 1992 at Irvine Meadows Amphitheater in Irvine, California (both shows were part of the Lollapalooza festival series in 1992).[12] Pearl Jam has played the song, without Cornell, on several occasions, most notably during the 1996 tour.

text: Temple of the Dog reunited to perform the song during a Pearl Jam show at the Santa Barbara Bowl in Santa Barbara, California on October 28, 2003. Vedder and Corin Tucker of Sleater-Kinney performed a rendition of "Hunger Strike" that is viewable as an easter egg on disc 1 of the Pearl Jam Live at the Garden DVD. Chris Cornell performed the song live several times with Audioslave, Brad Wilk singing Vedder's parts. Pearl Jam also performed the song in Antwerp and Barcelona in 2006 with Andrew Stockdale of Wolfmother singing Cornell's parts. Cornell added "Hunger Strike" to his solo live set in 2007.[13][14] Cornell also performed the song on Linkin Park's Projekt Revolution tour singing Vedder's part with Linkin Park frontman Chester Bennington joining in to sing Cornell's part.

text: On October 6, 2009, Pearl Jam played in Los Angeles at the Gibson Amphitheatre. They were joined onstage by Cornell to perform the song.[15]

text: On September 3 and 4, 2011 Pearl Jam played at the Alpine Valley Music Theatre as part of the PJ20 destination weekend in celebration of the band's 20 years together, Cornell joined onstage to perform the song as well as several other lengthy Temple of the Dog and Mother Love Bone tracks.

text: At the Bridge School Benefit on October 25 and 26, 2014 Pearl Jam were once again joined onstage with Cornell to play the song.[16] The October 26 concert marked the last time that Vedder and Cornell performed the song together.[17]

text: On July 22, 2015 Halestorm and Corey Taylor performed this song during the 2015 Alternative Press Music Awards.[18]

text: On August 9, 2015 Zac Brown Band performed this song during the final show of their three night stand at Boston's Fenway Park.

text: The original members of Temple of the Dog (minus Vedder), performed the song during the band's first tour in the fall of 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of their self-titled album,[19][20] with the crowd singing Vedder's parts. “It was one of the most emotional moments in the show”, Cornell said.[21] During the concert at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on November 21, 2016, Chris Cornell dedicated the song to Eddie Vedder and asked for the crowd to sing Vedder's part.[22]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: "Hunger Strike" was recorded by Halestorm and released as part of their 2011 Reanimate: The Covers EP.

text: Seventh Day Slumber also covered "Hunger Strike" on their 2015 Redline (EP) with Kevin Young from Disciple singing Eddie Vedder's first verse and then switching to sing Chris Cornell's high parts.

text: In memory of Chris Cornell during his remembrance at Rock on the Range 2017 in Columbus, OH on 5/19/2017 - "Hunger Strike" was performed by Corey Taylor and Christian Martucci, with supporting vocals from the thousands in attendance. "Wish you Were Here" was also performed by the members of Stone Sour to celebrate Cornell's memory.

text: In remembrance and honor of Chris Cornell, Umphrey's McGee covered 'Hunger Strike' on 5/18/2017 at the NorVa in Norfolk, VA . the song was performed within their own song, Der Bluten Kat to open the second set.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted: 7" vinyl (Germany and UK), 7" promotional vinyl (UK), CD (Australia), and Cassette (UK)

text:
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"All Night Thing" – 3:52

text: 12" vinyl (UK), 12" promotional vinyl (UK), CD (Germany and UK), and Promotional CD (UK)

text:
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"Your Saviour" – 4:02
"All Night Thing" – 3:52

text: Promotional CD (Canada) and Promotional CD (US)

text: "Hunger Strike" – 4:03

text: Promotional Cassette (US)

text:
"Hunger Strike" – 4:03
"Say Hello 2 Heaven" (excerpt)
"Pushin Forward Back" (excerpt) (Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Cornell)
"Reach Down" (excerpt)

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (1992)
Peak
position

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[23]
50

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24]
47

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[25]
51

US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[26]
4

US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[27]
7


document_title: List of cities in Italy

question_text: which is the most populated city in italy

text: List of cities in Italy

text: Cities[edit]

text:
Rank (in 2017)
City
1981 Census
1991 Census
2001 Census
2011 Census
2017 estimate
Change (2011–2017)
Region

1
Rome
2,840,259
2,745,250
2,546,804
2,617,175
2,872,800
7000976721082846960♠+9.77%
Lazio

2
Milan
1,604,773
1,369,231
1,256,211
1,242,123
1,366,180
7000998749721243389♠+9.99%
Lombardy

3
Naples
1,212,387
1,067,365
1,004,500
962,003
966,144
6999430456038078870♠+0.43%
Campania

4
Turin
1,117,154
962,507
865,263
872,367
882,523
7000116418892507400♠+1.16%
Piedmont

5
Palermo
701,782
698,556
686,722
657,651
668,405
7000163521381401380♠+1.64%
Sicily

6
Genoa
762,895
678,771
610,307
586,180
580,097
2999896226415094339♠−1.04%
Liguria

7
Bologna
459,080
404,378
371,217
381,337
389,261
7000207795204766390♠+2.08%
Emilia-Romagna

8
Florence
448,331
403,294
356,118
358,079
380,948
7000638657949782030♠+6.39%
Tuscany

9
Bari
371,022
342,309
316,532
315,933
323,370
7000235398011603730♠+2.35%
Apulia

10
Catania
380,328
333,075
313,110
293,902
311,620
7000602854012562010♠+6.03%
Sicily

11
Venice
346,146
309,422
271,073
261,362
261,321
3001843129452636540♠−0.02%
Veneto

12
Verona
265,932
255,824
253,208
260,172
257,275
2999888650584997619♠−1.11%
Veneto

13
Messina
260,233
231,693
252,026
243,262
234,293
2999631302875089410♠−3.69%
Sicily

14
Padua
234,678
215,137
204,870
206,192
210,440
7000206021572126950♠+2.06%
Veneto

15
Trieste
252,369
231,100
211,184
202,123
204,338
7000109586736788980♠+1.10%
Friuli-Venezia Giulia

16
Taranto
244,101
232,334
202,033
200,154
198,283
3000065219780768809♠−0.93%
Apulia

17
Brescia
206,661
194,502
187,567
189,902
196,745
7000360343756253230♠+3.60%
Lombardy

18
Parma
179,019
170,520
163,457
175,895
195,687
7001112521674862840♠+11.25%
Emilia-Romagna

19
Prato
160,220
165,707
172,499
185,456
193,325
7000424305495643170♠+4.24%
Tuscany

20
Modena
180,312
176,990
175,502
179,149
185,273
7000341838358014840♠+3.42%
Emilia-Romagna

21
Reggio Calabria
173,486
177,580
180,353
180,817
181,447
6999348418566838290♠+0.35%
Calabria

22
Reggio Emilia
130,376
132,030
141,877
162,082
171,944
7000608457447464860♠+6.08%
Emilia-Romagna

23
Perugia
142,348
144,732
149,125
162,449
165,683
7000199077864437450♠+1.99%
Umbria

24
Ravenna
138,034
135,844
134,631
153,740
159,115
7000349616235202290♠+3.50%
Emilia-Romagna

25
Livorno
175,741
167,512
156,274
157,052
158,371
6999839849221913760♠+0.84%
Tuscany

26
Cagliari
233,848
204,237
164,249
149,576
154,106
7000302856073166820♠+3.03%
Sardinia

27
Foggia
156,467
156,268
155,203
152,747
151,372
3000099818654376189♠−0.90%
Apulia

28
Rimini
127,813
127,960
128,656
143,321
149,403
7000424362096273400♠+4.24%
Emilia-Romagna

29
Salerno
157,385
148,932
138,188
139,019
133,970
2999636812234298910♠−3.63%
Campania

30
Ferrara
149,453
138,015
130,992
135,369
132,278
2999771661163190980♠−2.28%
Emilia-Romagna

31
Sassari
119,596
122,339
120,729
130,658
126,769
2999702352707067310♠−2.98%
Sardinia

32
Latina
93,738
106,203
107,898
119,804
126,470
7000556408801041699♠+5.56%
Lazio

33
Giugliano in Campania
44,220
60,096
97,999
117,963
124,361
7000542373456083690♠+5.42%
Campania

34
Monza
123,145
120,651
120,204
122,712
123,598
6999722015776778150♠+0.72%
Lombardy

35
Syracuse
117,615
125,941
123,657
123,850
121,605
2999818732337505050♠−1.81%
Sicily

36
Bergamo
122,142
114,936
113,143
119,551
120,923
7000114762737241850♠+1.15%
Lombardy

37
Pescara
131,330
122,236
116,286
123,077
119,217
2999686375196015500♠−3.14%
Abruzzo

38
Trento
99,179
101,545
104,946
116,298
117,997
7000146090216512750♠+1.46%
Trentino-Alto Adige

39
Forlì
110,806
109,541
108,335
118,167
117,863
3000742736973943660♠−0.26%
Emilia-Romagna

40
Vicenza
114,598
107,454
107,223
115,927
111,620
2999628473090824400♠−3.72%
Veneto

41
Terni
111,564
108,248
105,018
113,324
111,189
2999811602131940279♠−1.88%
Umbria

42
Bolzano
105,180
98,158
94,989
104,029
107,317
7000316065712445570♠+3.16%
Trentino-Alto Adige

43
Novara
102,086
101,112
100,910
105,024
104,183
3000199230652041439♠−0.80%
Piedmont

44
Piacenza
109,039
102,268
95,594
103,206
103,082
3000879851946592260♠−0.12%
Emilia-Romagna

45
Ancona
106,498
101,285
100,507
102,997
100,924
2999798732001902970♠−2.01%
Marche

46
Andria
84,661
90,063
95,653
100,086
99,857
3000771196770777130♠−0.23%
Apulia

47
Udine
102,021
99,189
95,030
99,627
99,518
3000890591907816150♠−0.11%
Friuli-Venezia Giulia

48
Arezzo
92,105
91,626
91,589
100,212
99,419
3000208677603480620♠−0.79%
Tuscany

49
Cesena
89,455
88,487
90,948
97,056
96,760
3000695021430926480♠−0.30%
Emilia-Romagna

50
Lecce
91,289
100,884
83,303
95,520
95,441
3001172948073701830♠−0.08%
Apulia

51
Pesaro
90,412
88,713
91,086
95,011
94,958
3001442169854016900♠−0.06%
Marche

52
Barletta
83,453
89,527
92,094
94,459
94,477
6998190558866809850♠+0.02%
Apulia

53
Alessandria
100,523
90,753
85,438
94,974
93,980
2999895339777202180♠−1.05%
Piedmont

54
La Spezia
115,392
101,442
91,391
95,378
93,311
2999783283356748940♠−2.17%
Liguria

55
Pistoia
92,274
87,830
84,274
90,288
90,195
3000896996278575220♠−0.10%
Tuscany

56
Pisa
104,509
98,928
89,694
88,217
90,118
7000215491345205570♠+2.15%
Tuscany

57
Catanzaro
100,832
96,614
95,251
93,124
89,718
2999634251106052150♠−3.66%
Calabria

58
Guidonia Montecelio
50,816
57,473
67,516
83,736
89,288
7000663036209037930♠+6.63%
Lazio

59
Lucca
91,246
87,100
81,862
84,939
89,243
7000506716584843240♠+5.07%
Tuscany

60
Brindisi
89,786
95,383
89,081
89,780
87,141
2999706059255959010♠−2.94%
Apulia

61
Torre del Greco
103,605
101,361
90,607
87,197
85,332
2999786116494833540♠−2.14%
Campania

62
Treviso
87,696
83,598
80,144
82,807
84,954
7000259277597304570♠+2.59%
Veneto

63
Busto Arsizio
79,728
77,094
75,916
81,760
83,405
7000201198630136990♠+2.01%
Lombardy

64
Como
95,571
87,059
78,680
85,263
83,320
2999772116861944810♠−2.28%
Lombardy

65
Marsala
79,175
80,177
77,784
82,774
82,802
6998338270471404110♠+0.03%
Sicily

66
Grosseto
69,523
71,257
71,263
81,928
82,036
6999131823064153890♠+0.13%
Tuscany

67
Sesto San Giovanni
95,833
86,721
78,850
81,130
81,773
6999792555158387760♠+0.79%
Lombardy

68
Pozzuoli
69,861
75,142
78,754
83,459
81,141
2999722258833678810♠−2.78%
Campania

69
Varese
90,527
85,687
80,511
81,579
80,544
2999873129114110249♠−1.27%
Lombardy

70
Fiumicino
37,492
41,342
50,535
70,985
79,630
7001121786292878780♠+12.18%
Lazio

71
Casoria
68,521
79,707
81,888
79,562
77,087
2999688921847112940♠−3.11%
Campania

72
Asti
77,681
73,557
71,276
76,534
76,211
3000577965348733900♠−0.42%
Piedmont

73
Cinisello Balsamo
80,757
76,262
72,050
75,150
75,723
6999762475049900190♠+0.76%
Lombardy

74
Caserta
66,318
69,027
75,208
78,693
75,561
2999601997636384430♠−3.98%
Campania

75
Gela
74,806
72,535
72,774
77,360
74,858
2999676577042399170♠−3.23%
Sicily

76
Aprilia
37,807
47,037
56,028
70,349
74,190
7000545992124976900♠+5.46%
Lazio

77
Ragusa
64,492
67,535
68,956
73,743
73,638
3000857613604003090♠−0.14%
Sicily

78
Pavia
85,029
76,962
71,214
71,142
72,773
7000229259790278600♠+2.29%
Lombardy

79
Cremona
80,929
74,113
70,887
72,147
72,077
3001029758687124850♠−0.10%
Lombardy

80
Carpi
60,614
60,715
61,476
69,021
71,148
7000308167079584470♠+3.08%
Emilia-Romagna

81
Quartu Sant'Elena
43,896
61,636
68,040
71,779
70,879
2999874615138132320♠−1.25%
Sardinia

82
Lamezia Terme
63,989
70,114
70,501
71,286
70,834
3000365934405072519♠−0.63%
Calabria

83
Altamura
51,346
57,874
64,167
70,023
70,514
6999701198177741590♠+0.70%
Apulia

84
Imola
60,661
62,567
64,348
69,116
69,936
7000118641125065110♠+1.19%
Emilia-Romagna

85
L’Aquila
63,678
66,813
68,503
72,511
69,439
2999576340141495770♠−4.24%
Abruzzo

86
Massa
65,687
66,737
66,769
70,973
69,037
2999727220210502590♠−2.73%
Tuscany

87
Trapani
71,927
69,497
68,346
70,622
67,923
2999617824473959960♠−3.82%
Sicily

88
Viterbo
57,632
58,380
59,308
63,597
67,798
7000660565749956760♠+6.61%
Lazio

89
Cosenza
106,801
86,664
72,998
70,068
67,239
2999596249357766740♠−4.04%
Calabria

90
Potenza
64,358
65,714
69,060
68,297
67,211
2999840988623219170♠−1.59%
Basilicata

91
Castellammare di Stabia
70,685
68,733
66,929
64,506
65,922
7000219514463770810♠+2.20%
Campania

92
Afragola
57,367
60,065
62,319
63,981
64,817
7000130663790812900♠+1.31%
Campania

93
Vittoria
51,240
55,280
55,317
63,332
64,212
7000138950293690390♠+1.39%
Sicily

94
Crotone
58,262
59,001
60,010
61,798
63,941
7000346774976536460♠+3.47%
Calabria

95
Pomezia
29,925
37,512
43,960
61,106
63,641
7000414852878604390♠+4.15%
Lazio

96
Vigevano
65,179
60,384
57,450
63,700
63,153
3000141287284144430♠−0.86%
Lombardy

97
Carrara
68,702
67,197
65,034
65,573
62,537
2999537004559803580♠−4.63%
Tuscany

98
Caltanissetta
61,146
61,319
61,438
60,267
62,317
7000340152985879500♠+3.40%
Sicily

99
Viareggio
58,263
57,514
61,103
64,503
62,079
2999624203525417420♠−3.76%
Tuscany

100
Fano
52,116
53,909
57,529
64,100
60,978
2999512948517940720♠−4.87%
Marche

101
Savona
75,353
67,177
59,907
62,553
60,632
2999692900420443460♠−3.07%
Liguria

102
Matera
50,712
54,919
57,785
60,818
60,403
3000317636226117270♠−0.68%
Basilicata

103
Olbia
30,787
41,095
45,366
56,066
60,261
7000748225305889490♠+7.48%
Sardinia

104
Legnano
49,687
50,018
53,797
59,147
60,177
7000174142390991940♠+1.74%
Lombardy

105
Acerra
36,052
41,311
45,688
56,177
59,910
7000664506826637240♠+6.65%
Campania

106
Marano di Napoli
41,571
47,961
57,448
59,472
59,862
6999655770782889430♠+0.66%
Campania

107
Benevento
62,636
62,561
61,791
62,035
59,789
2999637946320625450♠−3.62%
Campania

108
Molfetta
65,625
66,839
62,546
60,159
59,470
2999885470170714270♠−1.15%
Apulia

109
Agrigento
51,325
55,283
54,619
59,175
59,329
6999260245035910440♠+0.26%
Sicily

110
Faenza
55,167
54,139
53,641
58,150
58,797
7000111263972484949♠+1.11%
Emilia-Romagna

111
Cerignola
50,819
55,052
57,366
59,103
58,540
3000047425680591509♠−0.95%
Apulia

112
Moncalieri
64,035
59,700
53,350
58,320
57,234
2999813786008230449♠−1.86%
Piedmont

113
Foligno
52,551
53,202
51,130
58,162
56,999
2999800041264055570♠−2.00%
Umbria

114
Manfredonia
53,030
58,318
57,704
57,455
56,906
3000044469584892519♠−0.96%
Apulia

115
Tivoli
50,985
52,372
49,342
56,531
56,542
6998194583502856950♠+0.02%
Lazio

116
Cuneo
55,875
55,794
52,334
55,714
56,281
7000101769752665400♠+1.02%
Piedmont

117
Trani
44,510
50,429
53,139
53,940
56,031
7000387652947719690♠+3.88%
Apulia

118
Bisceglie
46,538
47,408
51,718
54,847
55,385
6999980910532937070♠+0.98%
Apulia

119
Bitonto
49,714
53,772
56,929
56,462
55,127
2999763557791080730♠−2.36%
Apulia

120
Bagheria
40,076
47,085
50,854
56,336
55,047
2999771194262993470♠−2.29%
Sicily

121
Anzio
27,169
33,497
36,952
55,413
54,710
2999873134463032140♠−1.27%
Lazio

122
Portici
80,410
68,980
60,218
53,981
54,577
7000110409218058210♠+1.10%
Campania

123
Modica
47,537
50,529
52,639
55,196
54,530
2999879339082542210♠−1.21%
Sicily

124
Sanremo
61,170
56,003
50,608
56,962
54,529
2999572873143499180♠−4.27%
Liguria

125
Avellino
56,892
55,662
52,703
56,339
54,353
2999647491080778860♠−3.53%
Campania

126
Teramo
51,092
51,756
51,023
54,957
54,338
2999887366486525830♠−1.13%
Abruzzo

127
Montesilvano
29,240
35,153
40,700
51,565
54,194
7000509841947057110♠+5.10%
Abruzzo

128
Siena
61,989
56,956
52,625
54,543
53,901
2999882294703261650♠−1.18%
Tuscany

129
Gallarate
47,259
44,977
46,361
51,751
53,425
7000323472010202700♠+3.23%
Lombardy

130
Velletri
41,213
43,423
48,236
53,544
53,188
3000335126251307340♠−0.66%
Lazio

131
Cava de' Tirreni
50,667
52,502
52,616
53,520
53,130
3000271300448430489♠−0.73%
Campania

132
San Severo
54,205
55,085
55,861
55,321
53,015
2999583160101950430♠−4.17%
Apulia

133
Aversa
56,425
54,032
53,369
51,631
52,794
7000225252270922510♠+2.25%
Campania

134
Ercolano
58,310
61,233
56,738
54,779
52,763
2999631975757133210♠−3.68%
Campania

135
Civitavecchia
49,389
51,201
50,032
52,294
52,671
6999720924006578190♠+0.72%
Lazio

136
Acireale
48,493
46,199
50,190
53,122
52,269
2999839426226422200♠−1.61%
Sicily

137
Mazara del Vallo
43,748
47,750
50,377
51,492
51,488
3002223180299852130♠−0.01%
Sicily

138
Rovigo
52,218
52,472
50,289
52,793
51,149
2999688595078893040♠−3.11%
Veneto

139
Pordenone
52,094
50,192
49,122
51,723
51,127
2999884770798290900♠−1.15%
Friuli-Venezia Giulia

140
Battipaglia
40,797
47,139
50,359
51,133
51,005
3000749672422897150♠−0.25%
Campania

141
Rho
50,666
51,848
50,246
50,686
50,904
6999430099041155340♠+0.43%
Lombardy

142
Chieti
54,927
55,876
52,486
54,305
50,770
2999349047049074670♠−6.51%
Abruzzo

143
Scafati
34,061
40,710
47,082
50,794
50,686
3000787376461786830♠−0.21%
Campania

144
Scandicci
54,038
53,523
50,136
50,309
50,645
6999667872547655480♠+0.67%
Tuscany

text: Gallery[edit]