document_title: Wonder Woman (2017 film)

question_text: who plays steve trevor in wonder woman 2017

text: Wonder Woman (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In present-day Paris, Diana receives a photographic plate from Wayne Enterprises of herself and four men taken during World War I, prompting her to recall her past. Daughter of Queen Hippolyta, Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira, home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind. Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana, including how Ares became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction. When the other gods attempted to stop him, Ares killed all but Zeus, who used the last of his power to wound Ares and force his retreat. Before dying, Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon, the "Godkiller", to prepare them for Ares' return.

text: Although she initially forbids Diana to be trained as a warrior, Hippolyta reluctantly agrees to let Antiope train Diana, only more rigorously than any other warrior. In 1917, Diana, now a young woman, rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themysciran coast. The island is soon invaded by a German soldiers that had been pursuing Trevor. The Amazons kill the crew, but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana. Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia and reveals that a great war is consuming the outside world and that he is an Allied spy. He has stolen a notebook of the chief chemist Dr. Isabel Maru, who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff from a weapon facility in the Ottoman Empire. Believing Ares to be responsible for the war, Diana arms herself with the "Godkiller" sword, the lasso, and armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to locate and stop Ares for good.

text: In London, they deliver Maru's notebook to the Supreme War Council, where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany. Diana translates Maru's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the Western Front. Although forbidden by his commander to act, Steve, with secret funding from Sir Patrick, recruits spy Sameer, marksman Charlie, and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released. The team reaches the front in Belgium. Diana goes alone through No Man's Land and captures the enemy trench, allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld. The team briefly celebrates, while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically.

text: The team learns that a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command. Steve and Diana separately infiltrate the party, with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it, while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff, believing that he is Ares and thus killing him will end the war. Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing his mission, but this allows Ludendorff to unleash the gas on Veld, killing its inhabitants. Blaming Steve for intervening, Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London. Diana fights and kills Ludendorff, but is confused and disillusioned when his death does not stop the war.

text: Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares. He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations, using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns in the process, it is ultimately their decision to resort to violence as they are inherently corrupt. When Diana attempts to kill Ares with the "Godkiller" sword, he destroys it, then reveals Diana to be the "Godkiller", as the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta. He fails to persuade Diana to help him destroy mankind in order to restore paradise on Earth. While the two battle, Steve's team destroys Maru's laboratory. Steve hijacks and pilots the bomber carrying the poison to a safe altitude and detonates it, sacrificing himself. Ares attempts to direct Diana's rage and grief at Steve's death by convincing her to kill Maru, but the memories of her experiences with Steve cause her to realize that humans have good within them. She spares Maru and redirects Ares' lightning into him, killing him for good. Later, the team celebrates the end of the war. In the present day, Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve and continues to fight and give on the world's behalf.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Gal Gadot as Diana / Wonder Woman:

text: Chris Pine as Steve Trevor:

text: Robin Wright as Antiope:

text: Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff:

text: David Thewlis as Sir Patrick Morgan / Ares:

text: Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta:

text: Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison:

text: Lucy Davis as Etta Candy:

text: Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer:

text: Ewen Bremner as Charlie:

text: Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi:

text: Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe:

text: Additionally, Mayling Ng, Florence Kasumba, Madeleine Vall Beijner, Hayley Jane Warnes and Ann Wolfe portray Orana, Acantha, Egeria, Aella and Artemis, respectively, all of whom are Amazons.[13][14][15][16] James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig, Steffan Rhodri appears as Colonel Darnell, and Dutch supermodel Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia.[15] Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea, and previously played the Kryptonian, Car-Vex, in Man of Steel.[17] Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier.[18]

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996, with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director.[19] In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen, who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver, with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star.[20] By 2001, Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay, with Silver Pictures backing the project.[21] At that time, performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta-Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman.[22] Leonard Goldberg, however, focused on Bullock[23] who said that she was approached for the role.  Lucy Lawless, the star of Xena: Warrior Princess, was also under consideration, though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a "flawed hero".[24] The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott, Cohen, Becky Johnston, and Philip Levens,[25] and by August 2003, Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis.[26]

text: In March 2005, Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film.[27]  Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator, a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor's welfare, and after leaving Themyscira, his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world.[28] Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however, and left the project in 2007.[29][30]

text: Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script,[31] Kate Beckinsale was linked to the part.[32] In 2010 however, Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part, stating that "Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie."[28][33]

text: A day before Whedon's departure from Wonder Woman, Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland. Set during World War II, the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures.[30] However, Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting; while stating the script had good ideas, Silver did not want the film to be a period piece.[34] By April 2008, Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman's origin, but explore Paradise Island's history.[35]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2010, Warner Bros. stated that a Wonder Woman film was in development, along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman.[36] Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013.[37] DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman "has been, since I started, one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros. We are still trying right now, but she's tricky."[38] On October 5, 2013, WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV.[39] Shortly afterward, Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action-comedy film.[40][41] The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film.[42] While Michelle MacLaren was the studio's initial choice to direct (and while she initially indicated interest),[43][44][45] she eventually left the project due to creative differences.[46]

text: In 2015, Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman,[47] based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg, Zack Snyder, Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs.[48] Of this version, Gadot stated that,

text: for a long time, people didn't know how to approach the story. When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character, we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman, one with very high values, but still a woman. She can be sensitive. She is smart and independent and emotional. She can be confused. She can lose her confidence. She can have confidence. She is everything. She has a human heart.[7]

text: This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live-action, theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman, in the 2016 film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice,[49] placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I (a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II).[50] As for story development, Jenkins credits the stories by the character's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character.[51] In addition, it follows some aspects of DC Comics' origin changes in The New 52 reboot, where Diana is the daughter of Zeus.[52][53] Jenkins cited Richard Donner's Superman as an inspiration.[54]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
"I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank [...] I'm sure we wouldn't have made the same choice. And then I started paying attention to her, and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable. Frankly, I think they did a better job than I could have because I don't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her [...] They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for—all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way, and boy did they find it [...] She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that's no joke. It's one of those rare things. You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen [...] Every once in a while, there's superhero casting that transcends, because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them, like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve."
 – Director Patty Jenkins[55] in response to the interview questions: "Let's talk a bit about Gal. You inherited her from Zack Snyder. Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman?" and "What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit?"

tag: div

text: In late 2013, Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko.[56][57][58][59] Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot's appearance.[60] Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot, stating that he tested a "bunch of actresses, as you can imagine. But the thing with Gal is that she's strong, she's beautiful, and she's a kind person, which is interesting, but fierce at the same time. It's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for.[61] Gadot described Diana as having "the heart of a human so she can be emotional, she's curious, she's compassionate, she loves people. And then she has the powers of a goddess. She's all for good, she fights for good."[7] She also said that Diana has "many strengths and powers, but at the end of the day she's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence".[62] As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Gadot said "We go back 100 years to when she's more naive", further explaining, "She's this young idealist. She's pure. Very different to the experienced, super-confident, grown-up woman you've seen".[63] Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen, practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role.[64][65] Gadot was previously offered a different role (as a villain) in Man of Steel, which she declined because she was pregnant at the time; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film's follow-up.[66] Gadot signed a three-picture deal.[58] She was paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself.[67]

text: Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor,[68][69] a character he described as a "rogue-ish, cynical realist who's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization" and added that he is a "worldly guy, a charming guy".[70] He signed a multi-picture deal.[68] Lucy Davis' performance as Etta Candy is the first live-action cinematic portrayal of the character.[71] As well, Elena Anaya's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character. Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta, but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies.[72][73]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production began on November 21, 2015,[74][75] under the working title Nightingale.[76][77] Among the film sets were Lower Halstow, Kent,[78] and Australia House[79] in England  and the Sassi di Matera,[80] Castel del Monte[80] and Camerota[81] in Southern Italy. Matthew Jensen was the director of photography,[82] filming in the United Kingdom, France and Italy.[83] Production in London ended on March 13, 2016.[84] On March 20, 2016, filming was underway in Italy. In late April, filming took place at a museum in France, where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot.[85] Production ended on May 9, 2016.[86] Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen said that the film's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent.[87] Reshoots took place in November 2016, while Gadot was five months pregnant. A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production.[88]

text: To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira, the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself, the film's producers searched all over the world, finally settling on the Amalfi Coast: a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea, located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy.[89] It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day. Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for. Bonetto explained that, "Italy had beautiful weather, a beautiful blue-green sea, not too much tide, not too much wave. Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production, and it was the perfect way to go".[90] The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent is featured in the scene in which Diana arrives at a Belgian creek to make her way to the warfront.[91] Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film[92] and Martin Walsh served as editor.[82]

text: Music[edit]

text: On November 3, 2016, Rupert Gregson-Williams was hired to write and compose the film's music.[93][94] He was joined by Evan Jolly, Tom Howe,[95] Paul Mounsey,[96] and Andrew Kawczynski,[97] who provided additional music. The soundtrack was released on CD, digital, and vinyl the same day as the film.[98] Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film, titled "To Be Human", featuring English musician Labrinth. Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels, the track is also featured on the soundtrack.[99] The soundtrack also features samples from Wonder Woman's theme "Is She with You" from the Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice soundtrack composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL.

text: Additional music featured in the film are: "Another Little Drink Wouldn't Do Us Any Harm" by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper; "Molly O'Morgan" written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford; "It's a Long Way to Tipperary" written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams; "Sous les ponts de Paris" written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle; "I'll Walk Beside You" written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner; "Green Grow the Rushes, O" written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner; and "Schatzwalzer Op. 4" written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet.[100]

text: Release[edit]

text: Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 15, 2017 in Shanghai.  It premiered on May 25, 2017 in Los Angeles.[101] The film's London premiere, which was scheduled to take place on May 31 at the Odeon Leicester Square, was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing.[102] The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27. It was released in most of the world, including in IMAX,[103] on June 2, 2017, after originally being scheduled for June 23.[104][105] Belgium, Singapore and South Korea received the film first, with May 31 openings.[106][107][108] On April 17, it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2, the same day as its North American release.[109]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman.[110] According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara, they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner, similar to how they did with Supergirl. O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series, which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week.[110] They were then able to model over time, and grow that audience leading up to the 15-months-later release of Wonder Woman.[110] Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women, the latter's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans.[110] In May 2017, a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl, featuring a remix of the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" and Supergirl (Melissa Benoist) wearing Wonder Woman's boots.[111] The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter, star of the 1970s Wonder Woman, who plays the American president on Supergirl.[111]

text: The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad. Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman, whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad.[112] Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017, according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters, the biggest survey in company history.[113] Separately, Fandango also found that 92% of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero, and 87% wished Hollywood would make more women-led superhero films.[114] In May 2017, NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte.[115]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Wonder Woman was released on Digital HD on August 29, 2017 and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on September 19, 2017.[116] The film debuted at the top spot of both the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart and the Blu-ray Disc sales chart.[117]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Bans[edit]

text: On May 31, Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star, Gal Gadot, is Israeli.[118] The Lebanese government did not, however, ban Gadot's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon.[119][120] On June 7, Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al-Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot's Israeli citizenship, military service, and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza.[121] Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision,[122] but on June 11, it was reported that the government decided not to do so, as there was no legal precedent for it.[123]

text: Women-only screenings[edit]

text: Some men were unhappy with women-only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin, with some opponents of the gender-restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men.[124][125][126]

text: A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater.[127] The chain responded with an online statement saying the event "may have created confusion—we want everybody to see this film" and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location. Tickets sold out in less than an hour, prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings.[124] On July 18, Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants, stating "Respondent did not realize that advertising a 'women's only' screening was a violation of discrimination laws"[128]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million, against an estimated production budget of $120–149 million.[5] Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million[129] to $460 million.[130] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $252.9 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the 6th most profitable release of 2017.[131]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: In May 2017, early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65–75 million, and possibly as high as $105 million.[132][133][134][135][129] The film opened Friday, June 2, 2017, across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day, including $3.7 million in IMAX. It was the biggest single-day gross for a woman-directed film, ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman-led comic book superhero film, ahead of Ghost in the Shell ($7 million).[136] This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews, also the best start for a film directed by a woman, surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson, and the third-biggest of the year, behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Of that, $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings.[137][138]

text: Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend, the film recorded a number of records: the biggest domestic opening of all time for a female director (surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey), the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman (ahead of Constantine), the sixth-biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever, as well as the sixth-biggest June debut weekend.[139] Its three-day opening alone made it the highest-grossing woman-led comic book superhero film ever (surpassing Ghost in the Shell).[140] It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch.[141] About 9% ($9 million) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters.[142] In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million, again topping the box office. It marked a 43.3% drop for its second weekend at the box office, better than the average 50–60% decline superhero films tend to see, and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($51.3 million) and Suicide Squad ($43.5 million).[143] In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million, finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ($53.5 million). It was the second-best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ($23.3 million), Suicide Squad ($20.9 million) and Man of Steel ($20.7 million) made in their third weekends. It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends, respectively, dropping just 39% and 36% despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers: The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3.[144] It eventually became the highest-grossing film directed by a woman, surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd's Mamma Mia!.[9] By August 8, the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales, becoming the second female-fueled film (after Disney's Beauty and the Beast), Warner Bros.' third-biggest movie (after Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises), holding the record of the highest-earning superhero origin film, replacing the previous record held by Spider-Man (2002), before being replaced itself in February 2018 by Black Panther. It also becoming the highest-earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings—surpassing Frozen (2013).[145][146][147]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: Beyond the US and Canada, the film was released day-and-date with its North American debut in 55 markets (72% of its total release), and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92–118 million.[129] It ended up opening to $125 million, including $38 million in China, $8.5 million in Korea, $8.4 million in Mexico, $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK.[148] In its second week of release, the film brought in another $60 million, including holding the top spot on France, the UK, Australia and Brazil.[149] In the Philippines, it broke 2017 box office record for highest-earning non-holiday opening day—earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th-most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[150][151][152] The film opened in its last market, Japan, on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million, helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark.[153] The biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China (US$90 million) followed by Brazil (US$34 million), UK (US$28 million), Australia($23 million) and Mexico($22 million).[154]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews from film critics, with some calling it the best film set in the DC Extended Universe, and praising Jenkins's direction, acting, chemistry of Gadot and Pine, musical score, and action sequences.[8][158] On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 377 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Thrilling, earnest, and buoyed by Gal Gadot's charismatic performance, Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion."[159] It is the second highest-rated superhero film on the site.[10][note 1] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[160] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score and a 73% "definite recommend".[161]

text: Critics commented favorably on Gadot's performance of the titular character and Chris Pine's Steve Trevor.[162][163][157] Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films:

text:
“

Never prone to stewing in solitude, and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan, Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC's house style of grim darkness—boisterous, earnest, sometimes sloppy, yet consistently entertaining—with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth, justice, and the Amazonian way.[164]

”

text: Vox stated "Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need".[165] The San Francisco Chronicle's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot, Pine, Huston, and Thewlis while commending the film's "different perspective" and humor.[166] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times  described Gadot's performance as inspirational, heroic, heartfelt and endearing and the most "real" Wonder Woman portrayal.[167]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it "briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos. It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what's the word I'm looking for? A movie. A pretty good one, too."[168] Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America: The First Avenger, noting that as with "the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe, DC's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience. Jenkins and her design team make 1918-era London; war-torn Belgium; the Ottoman Empire; and other locales look freshly realized, with a strong point of view. There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees, witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana, that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation."[169] Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth, explaining that "Wonder Woman is a war movie. Patty Jenkins' first—and we hope not last—entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I, but while the feature doesn't balk at war-time violence, it's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital."[170] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that, "Diana's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they're meant to stop war, not to foment it; the idea of a demi-god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract, but Jenkins makes the concept work."[171] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine's performances as well the film's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow-motion action sequences to The Matrix.[172] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a "cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers" while praising Gadot's performance as "charming" and "marvelous" and commending Jenkins's direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big-budget blockbuster films in Hollywood.[173]

text: Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that "Gadot's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story, similar to Robert Downey Jr.'s Tony Stark. Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman, and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot."[157] Jost praised Gadot's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot "absolutely nails the character's unwaveringly positive outlook on life. She's a force of nature who believes in the greater good; her conviction that she's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet-deflecting shield. She's genuine, she's fun, she's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie."[157] The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is "a story of Jesus". "The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology, true, but there's no mistaking the Christology here."[174] "Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick-ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now", stated M. Hudson, a Christian feminist.[174] On HuffPost cultural critic, G. Roger Denson, who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary "Mainstream Mythopoetics" ("the making of new yet vitally meaningful, if not symbolic, stories filled with imagery reflecting, yet also shaping and advancing, the political, legal, moral and social practices of today"), wrote that the "No Man's Land" scene "that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders." Specifically "used by director Patty Jenkins", the scene raises "the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world".[175]

text: Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material's potential for "patriarchy-upending subversion".[176] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film's over-reliance on exposition: "Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts. Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins...are ready to kick ass, we get backstory."[177]

text: "Gas was intended to win the war. On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right." said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics.[178] Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a "hydrogen-based" chemical weapon as a plot device, the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history. "First off, mustard gas is such a horrible, terrifying weapon, it doesn't need to be made more potent. But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces, you wouldn't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom. You'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule."[179]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Wonder Woman has been the subject of a discussion regarding the appearance and representation of female power in general, and of female action heroes in particular[180] since her initial 1941 appearance in Sensation Comics,[180] as she was created to document "the growth in the power of women", while wearing "a golden tiara, a red bustier, blue underpants and knee-high, red leather boots."[181] She was blacklisted a year later in 1942 in the "Publications Disapproved for Youth" because, the group behind the list argued, she was "not sufficiently dressed".[181][182]

text: A few decades later, second-wave feminist Gloria Steinem's[183] Ms. Magazine debuted in 1972 with an image of Wonder Woman on the cover. Historian Tim Hanley suggests that this move shifted "the focus away from female superiority to sisterhood and equality, essentially making her a mascot of the women's movement".[180][184][185] This perception shifted over the years, however, as demonstrated in December 2016 when the United Nations decided to drop the title of "honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls" which it had given to the comic book character Wonder Woman a few months prior, in a ceremony attended by the actors who had portrayed her (Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot).[186] The title was eliminated in response to a petition signed by 44,000 people which argued that Wonder Woman undermines female empowerment due to her costume, described as a "shimmery, thigh-baring bodysuit with an American flag motif and knee-high boots". The petition stated that "it is alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualised image at a time when the headline news in United States and the world is the objectification of women and girls".[187][188][184] Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins responded to both the petition and to the U.N.'s decision by stating that she thinks "that that's sexist. I think it's sexist to say you can't have both. I have to ask myself what I would apply to any other superhero".[189]

text: The debate continued with the release of Jenkins's 2017 film, Wonder Woman, which according to the BBC had "some thinking it's too feminist and others thinking it's not feminist enough".[190] Kyle Killian found an inherent contradiction in the construction of Wonder Woman as "a warrior" whom, she states, is also highly sexualized. Killian thus suggests that these elements "should not be the focus of a kickass heroine—her beauty, bone structure, and sexiness—if she is to be a feminist icon".[191] Theresa Harold concurred, comparing Wonder Woman to Katniss Everdeen (of The Hunger Games), who "didn't have to wear a teenager's wet dream of a costume to fight in".[192] Christina Cauterucci also felt that Wonder Woman's ability to be considered a "feminist antidote" was undermined by her "sex appeal".[193] Other critics refer to the construction of Wonder Woman in the film as "an implausible post-feminist hero".[182][194]

text: Jenkins disagrees with this line of critique, however. She has stated that she was raised by a second-wave "feminist mother",[195][196] who taught her to be "both super aware that there had been sexism but also: 'Congratulations—thank you, now I get to do whatever I want, Mom!'"[195] Jenkins thus notes that it is this upbringing which has led her to question a feminist critique of Wonder Woman's costume.[197] When she was working on her own version of Wonder Woman's "Gladiator" re-design of the outfit (in the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice)[198] Jenkins decided that Wonder Woman (as well as the other Amazons) "shouldn't be dressed in armor like men [...] It should be different [...] I, as a woman, want Wonder Woman to be hot as hell, fight badass, and look great at the same time—the same way men want Superman to have huge pecs and an impractically big body."[199] Jenkins also notes that she is "frustrated" by the critique of Wonder Woman's appearance, stating "when people get super critical about her outfit, who's the one getting crazy about what a woman wears? That's who she is; that's Wonder Woman."[196] Gal Gadot concurred with Jenkins, arguing that the character "is a feminist"[200] as "feminism is about equality and choice and freedom. And the writers, Patty and myself all figured that the best way to show that is to show Diana as having no awareness of social roles. She has no gender boundaries. To her, everyone is equal."[201]

text: Critics such as Valerie Estelle Frankel support Jenkins's vision. Frankel argues that the film subverts the male gaze,[197] stating that the construction of Wonder Woman tends to shift every few decades as it reflects the state of feminism during different time periods, including third-wave feminism (which reflects Jenkins's approach).[197][202][203] Zoe Williams offers a similar argument, stating that while Wonder Woman "is sort of naked a lot of the time," that is not, at the same time, "objectification so much as a cultural reset: having thighs, actual thighs you can kick things with, not thighs that look like arms, is a feminist act".[204] Williams then juxtaposes Wonder Woman to past female action heroes such as Sarah Connor, Ellen Ripley, and Lara Croft, whom she suggests were all constructed for the male gaze, in which a "female warrior becomes a sex object", (a point which she argues that Jenkins directly references in the film).[204]

text: Gloria Steinem also liked the film, stating that she felt it made the "Amazon origin story clear; [Wonder Woman] was stopping war, not perpetuating it." Steinem also noted that she knew "some women were disappointed by all the makeup, but I may be desperate—I was just happy that the Amazons had wild hair!" Her only complaint lay in the choice to eliminate the World War II setting as the Wonder Woman comic book developed in response to existing comics that were "so sadistic and racist that there was a congressional hearing on the subject".[205] Steinem also gave Hillary Clinton the first Wonder Woman Award in October 2017 during the Women's Media Center's "Speaking Truth to Power Awards" (an organization created by Steinem, Jane Fonda, and Robin Morgan). Upon receiving the award, Clinton noted that she had seen Jenkins's Wonder Woman film and that she "loved the outfit". She also said that as her granddaughter was "really keen" on Wonder Woman, Clinton "thought maybe I could borrow something from her for the night. It didn't quite work for me, but I will say that this award means a lot to me because as a little girl, and then as a young woman, and then as a slightly older woman, I always wondered when Wonder Woman would have her time, and now that has happened."[206] Clinton had previously praised Jenkins's film, in a public August 2017 message, stating that "it was just as inspirational as I'd suspected a movie about a strong, powerful woman in a fight to save the world from international disaster would be."[207][208][209]

text:
Director James Cameron continued this debate, through his critique of the representation of female power in Jenkins's film. In an August 2017 interview with The Guardian, Cameron qualifies Jenkins's vision of Wonder Woman as  "an objectified icon" and called the film "a step backwards". In contrast, he states, his character Sarah Connor (from his Terminator films) "was not a beauty icon. She was strong, she was troubled, she was a terrible mother, and she earned the respect of the audience through pure grit."[210] Jenkins stated in response that Cameron's "inability to understand what 'Wonder Woman' is, or stands for, to women all over the world is unsurprising as, though he is a great filmmaker, he is not a woman". She further argued "there is no right and wrong kind of powerful woman" because "if women have to always be hard, tough and troubled to be strong, and we aren't free to be multidimensional or celebrate an icon of women everywhere because she is attractive and loving, then we haven't come very far have we."[211] Reaction to this debate was mixed. Julie Miller sided with Cameron, whom she states refers to himself as "a pretty hardcore feminist" and who told Vulture that "I have no problem writing a script in which the males become subservient to the females, which is what happens in Aliens [...] It's up to Ripley to win the day." In contrast, Miller argues that Jenkins and Gadot envisioned Wonder Woman as "a woman who exuded both femininity and strength, along with genuine confusion as to why men would treat women differently than they do other men".[212] Susannah Breslin also agreed with Cameron, describing Jenkins's Wonder Woman as "a Playmate with a lasso" and "female power with no balls".[213] Others were more critical of Cameron's critique.[214] An article in Newsweek suggests that in contrast to his criticism of Jenkins, Cameron's own films include "lot of objectification" and quotes a few Hollywood celebrities who echoed this view. One of the quotes came from
Jesse McLaren who states that "James Cameron's just confused there's a female hero whose motivations aren't centered around motherhood."[215] Noah Berlatsky found areas of agreement between both Cameron and Jenkins, stating that while Cameron's objection is "an old point that's been made over and over for decades", Jenkins's film is not "solely focused on objectifying Gal Gadot for a male audience".[216]

text: A few weeks later in September, Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter. He compared Gal Gadot's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s,[217] and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton's portrayal of Sarah Connor. He argued that Connor was "if not ahead of its time, at least a breakthrough in its time" because though she "looked great", she "wasn't treated as a sex object".[217] He also stated that he while he "applaud[s] Patty directing the film and Hollywood, uh, 'letting' a woman direct a major action franchise, I didn't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman. I thought it was a good film. Period."[217] Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to "Stop dissing WW." Like Jenkins, she suggests that while Cameron does "not understand the character", she does. She also refers to Cameron's critiques as "thuggish jabs at a brilliant director" that are as "ill advised" as the "movie was spot on." Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has "embodied this character for more than 40 years".[218][219][220] A month later, Jenkins responded to Cameron's comments once again in an interview with Variety, stating that she "was not upset at all", as "everybody is entitled to their own opinion. But if you're going to debate something in a public way, I have to reply that I think it's incorrect."[221] Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron's statements, arguing that "while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women, [he] is not very good at it" as being an ally means using his position of privilege "without silencing the voices of those you're trying to help". She also states that it "is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist. It's not even enough to create a strong female character [...] You have to bring women to the table. You have to let them speak. You cannot speak for them. But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments [...] Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women."[222]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards

February 5, 2018

Readers' Choice Poll

Wonder Woman

Won

[223][224]

American Film Institute

January 5, 2018

Top Ten Films of the Year

Wonder Woman

Won

[225]

Art Directors Guild Awards

January 27, 2018

Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film

Aline Bonetto

Nominated

[226]

Casting Society of America

January 18, 2018

Big Budget Drama

Lora Kennedy, Kristy Carlson, Lucinda Syson, Jeanette Benzie (Associate)

Nominated

[227]

Cinema Audio Society Awards

February 24, 2018

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action

Chris Munro, Chris Burdon, Gilbert Lake, Alan Meyerson, Nick Kray and Glen Gathard

Nominated

[228]

Cinema for Peace Awards

February 19, 2018

Most Valuable Film of the Year

Wonder Woman

Nominated

[229]

Costume Designers Guild Awards

February 20, 2018

Excellence in Fantasy Film

Lindy Hemming

Won

[230]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards

January 11, 2018

Best Action Movie

Wonder Woman

Won

[231][232]

Best Costume Design

Lindy Hemming

Nominated

Best Visual Effects

Wonder Woman

Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society

December 7, 2017

Breakthrough

Gal Gadot

Nominated

[233]

Dragon Awards

September 3, 2017

Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie

Wonder Woman

Won

[234]

Dublin Film Critics' Circle

December 13, 2017

Best Director

Patty Jenkins

Runner-up

[235]

EDA Awards

January 9, 2018

Best Woman Director

Patty Jenkins

Nominated

[236][237]

Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry

Patty Jenkins

Nominated

Empire Awards

March 18, 2018

Best Actress

Gal Gadot

Nominated

[238]

Best Director

Patty Jenkins

Nominated

Best Film

Wonder Woman

Nominated

Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Won

Golden Reel Awards

February 18, 2018

Feature Motion Picture – Music Score

Wonder Woman

Nominated

[239]

Golden Tomato Awards

January 3, 2018

Best Wide Release 2017

Wonder Woman

4th place

[240]

Best Comic Book/Graphic Novel Movie 2017

Won

Golden Trailer Awards

June 6, 2017

Best of Show

Wonder Woman

Won

[241][242]

Best Fantasy Adventure

Won

Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer

Nominated

Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster

Nominated

Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster

Won

Golden Trailer Awards

May 31, 2018

Best Action TV Spot

Wonder Woman "Together"

Nominated

[243][244]

Best Action Poster

Wonder Woman "One Sheet"

Won

Wonder Woman "One Sheet" P+A

Nominated

Best Billboard

Wonder Woman

Nominated

Best International Poster

Wonder Woman "Walking"

Won

Best Opening Title Sequence or Closing Credit Sequence

Wonder Woman "Film Title"

Nominated

Best Summer Blockbuster Poster

Wonder Woman "One Sheet"

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

November 16, 2017

Best Original Score – Sci-Fi/Fantasy/Horror Film

Rupert Gregson-Williams

Nominated

[245][246]

Hugo Awards

August 19, 2018

Best Dramatic Presentation

Wonder Woman

Pending

[247]

IndieWire Critics Poll

December 19, 2016

Most Anticipated of 2017

Wonder Woman

9th place

[248]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

June 18, 2018

Best Fight

Gal Gadot vs. German Soldiers

Won

[249]

Best Hero

Gal Gadot

Nominated

Best Movie

Wonder Woman

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Movie

Wonder Woman

Nominated

[250]

Favorite Movie Actress

Gal Gadot

Nominated

National Board of Review

January 9, 2018

Spotlight Award

Wonder Woman, Patty Jenkins and Gal Gadot

Won

[251]

Palm Springs International Film Festival

January 2, 2018

Rising Star Award – Actress

Gal Gadot

Won

[252]

Producers Guild of America Awards

January 20, 2018

Best Theatrical Motion Picture

Charles Roven, Richard Suckle, Zack Snyder, and Deborah Snyder

Nominated

[253]

Publicists Guild Awards

March 2, 2018

Motion Picture

Wonder Woman

Nominated

[254]

Santa Barbara Film Festival

February 3, 2018

Virtuosos Award

Gal Gadot

Won

[255]

Satellite Awards

February 10, 2018

Best Adapted Screenplay

Allan Heinberg

Nominated

[256]

Best Original Score

Rupert Gregson-Williams

Won

Best Visual Effects

Wonder Woman

Nominated

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Comic-to-Film Motion Picture

Wonder Woman

Nominated

[257]

Best Director

Patty Jenkins

Nominated

Best Writing

Allan Heinberg

Nominated

Best Actress

Gal Gadot

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Chris Pine

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Lindy Hemming

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

January 21, 2018

Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture

Wonder Woman

Won

[258]

Teen Choice Awards

August 13, 2017

Choice Movie: Action

Wonder Woman

Won

[259][260][261]

Choice Movie Actor: Action

Chris Pine

Won

Choice Movie Actress: Action

Gal Gadot

Won

Choice Movie: Ship

Gal Gadot and Chris Pine

Nominated

Choice Liplock

Gal Gadot and Chris Pine

Nominated

Choice Movie: Summer

Wonder Woman

Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Summer

Chris Pine

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Summer

Gal Gadot

Nominated

USC Scripter Awards

February 10, 2018

Best Adapted Screenplay

Allan Heinberg and William Moulton Marston

Nominated

[262]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association

December 8, 2017

Best Production Design

Aline Bonetto and Anna Lynch-Robinson

Nominated

[263]

Women Film Critics Circle

December 17, 2017

Women's Work: Best Ensemble

Wonder Woman

Nominated

[264][265]

Best Female Action Hero

Won

Best Equality of the Sexes

Nominated

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Originally signed for three feature films, with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films, Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films.[266] Jenkins initially signed for only one film,[267] but in an interview with Variety, Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins were writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a "cool idea for the second one". At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con, Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13, 2019, and would be titled Wonder Woman 2; the date was later moved up to November 1, 2019, to avoid competition with Star Wars: Episode IX.[268][269][270] Later, Jenkins was officially signed to return as director, with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role.[271] Days later, the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film's script with Jenkins and Johns.[272] On March 9, 2018, Kristen Wiig was confirmed to play Cheetah, the villain of the film.[273] Later that month, it was announced that Pedro Pascal would have a key role in the film.[274] In May 2018, long-time DCEU producer Zack Snyder confirmed on social media platform Vero that he, along with wife Deborah Snyder, will serve as producers on the Wonder Woman sequel.[275] In June 2018, the title of the film was announced to be Wonder Woman 1984.[276]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that, uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings.


document_title: List of international cricket grounds in India

question_text: what is the name of delhi cricket stadium

root

text: This is a list of international cricket grounds in India that have hosted at least one international cricket match (Test, ODI or T20I).

tag: p

text: International cricket was held in India for the first time in December 1933 when the Gymkhana Ground in Bombay played host to the India-England Test match. The first ODI match in India was held at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad in 1981.

text: List[edit]

text: Last updated at the conclusion of the 3rd ODI of Australian cricket team in India in 2017–18.

text:
Name
Other name/
Formerly known as
Location
Capacity
Tests
ODIs
T20Is
First match
Last match

No. of matches

Gymkhana Ground
Espalande Maidan;
Azad Maidan
Mumbai, Maharashtra
15,000
1
0
0
000000001933-12-15-000015 December 1933
000000001933-12-15-000015 December 1933

Eden Gardens
-
Kolkata, West Bengal
66,349
40
30
6
000000001934-01-05-00005 January 1934
000000002017-09-21-000021 September 2017

M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
Chepauk;
Madras Cricket Club Ground
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
38,000
32
21
1
000000001934-02-10-000010 February 1934
000000002017-09-17-000017 September 2017

Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
Willingdon Pavilion
Delhi
41,820
33
24
4
000000001948-11-10-000010 November 1948
000000002016-10-20-000020 October 2016

Brabourne Stadium
-
Mumbai, Maharashtra
25,000
18
8
1
000000001948-12-09-00009 December 1948
000000002009-12-12-000012 December 2009

Green Park Stadium
Modi Stadium
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
45,000
22
14
1
000000001952-01-12-000012 January 1952
000000002017-01-26-000026 January 2017

University Ground
-
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
n/a
1
0
0
000000001952-10-23-000023 October 1952
000000001952-10-23-000023 October 1952

Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium
Fateh Maidan
Hyderabad, Telangana
25,000
3
14
0
000000001955-11-19-000019 November 1955
000000002003-11-15-000015 November 2003

Ekana International Cricket Stadium
Lucknow Stadium
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
50,000
0
0
0
000000002016-12-29-000029 December 2016
000000002017-09-25-000025 September 2017

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
Corporation Stadium
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
26,976
9
0
0
000000001956-01-06-00006 January 1956
000000001965-02-27-000027 February 1965

VCA Ground
-
Nagpur, Maharashtra
40,000
9
14
0
000000001969-10-03-00003 October 1969
000000002007-10-14-000014 October 2007

M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
KSCA Stadium
Bangalore, Karnataka
38,000
22
24
5
000000001974-11-22-000022 November 1974
000000002017-03-04-00004 March 2017

Wankhede Stadium
-
Mumbai, Maharashtra
33,108
24
20
5
000000001975-01-23-000023 January 1975
000000002016-12-08-00008 December 2016

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium
-
Ahmedabad, Gujarat
50,000
0
1
0
000000001981-11-25-000025 November 1981
000000001981-11-25-000025 November 1981

Gandhi Stadium
Burlton Park;
B.S.Bedi Stadium
Jalandhar, Punjab
16,000
1
3
0
000000001981-12-20-000020 December 1981
000000001994-02-20-000020 February 1994

Barabati Stadium
-
Cuttack, Odisha
45,000
2
18
1
000000001982-01-27-000027 January 1982
000000002017-01-19-000019 January 2017

Gandhi Sports Complex Ground
-
Amritsar, Punjab
16,000
0
2
0
000000001982-09-12-000012 September 1982
000000001995-11-18-000018 November 1995

Sawai Mansingh Stadium
-
Jaipur, Rajasthan
23,185
1
19
0
000000001983-10-02-00002 October 1983
000000002013-10-16-000016 October 2013

Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium
-
Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir
n/a
0
2
0
000000001983-10-13-000013 October 1983
000000001986-09-09-00009 September 1986

Moti Bagh Stadium
Motibaug Palace Ground
Vadodara, Gujarat
18,000
0
3
0
000000001983-11-09-00009 November 1983
000000001988-12-17-000017 December 1988

Sardar Patel Stadium
Motera Stadium;
Gujarat Stadium
Ahmedabad, Gujarat
49,000
12
23
1
000000001983-11-12-000012 November 1983
000000002014-11-06-00006 November 2014

Nehru Stadium
-
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
25,000
0
9
0
000000001983-12-01-00001 December 1983
000000002001-03-31-000031 March 2001

Keenan Stadium
-
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
19,000
0
10
0
000000001983-12-07-00007 December 1983
000000002006-04-12-000012 April 2006

Nehru Stadium
-
Guwahati, Assam
25,000
0
14
0
000000001983-12-17-000017 December 1983
000000002010-11-28-000028 November 2010

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
-
Delhi
60,000
0
2
0
000000001984-09-28-000028 September 1984
000000001991-11-14-000014 November 1991

University Stadium
Kerala University Stadium
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
20,000
0
2
0
000000001984-10-01-00001 October 1984
000000001988-01-25-000025 January 1988

Nehru Stadium
Club of Maharashtra
Pune, Maharashtra
25,000
0
11
0
000000001984-12-05-00005 December 1984
000000002005-11-03-00003 November 2005

Sector 16 Stadium
-
Chandigarh
30,000
1
5
0
000000001985-01-27-000027 January 1985
000000002007-10-08-00008 October 2007

Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground
Municipal Ground;
Corporation Ground
Rajkot, Gujarat
15,000
0
12
0
000000001986-10-07-00007 October 1986
000000002009-12-15-000015 December 2009

Nahar Singh Stadium
Mayur Stadium
Faridabad, Haryana
25,000
0
8
0
000000001988-01-19-000019 January 1988
000000002006-03-31-000031 March 2006

Roop Singh Stadium
-
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
18,000
0
12
0
000000001988-01-22-000022 January 1988
000000002010-02-24-000024 February 2010

Indira Priyadarshini Stadium
Municipal Corporation Stadium
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
45,000
0
5
0
000000001988-12-10-000010 December 1988
000000002001-04-03-00003 April 2001

Fatorda Stadium
Nehru Stadium
Margao, Goa
19,000
0
7
0
000000001989-10-25-000025 October 1989
000000002007-02-14-000014 February 2007

K. D. Singh Babu Stadium
Central Sports Stadium
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
25,000
1
1
0
000000001989-10-27-000027 October 1989
000000001994-01-18-000018 January 1994

Moin-ul-Haq Stadium
Moinul Haque Stadium;
Rajendra Nagar Stadium
Patna, Bihar
25,000
0
3
0
000000001993-11-15-000015 November 1993
000000001996-02-27-000027 February 1996

Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium
PCA Stadium
Mohali, Punjab
26,000
13
23
4
000000001993-11-22-000022 November 1993
000000002016-11-26-000026 November 2016

IPCL Sports Complex Ground
Reliance Stadium
Vadodara, Gujarat
20,000
0
10
0
000000001994-10-28-000028 October 1994
000000002010-12-04-00004 December 2010

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
Kaloor International Stadium
Kochi, Kerala
55,148
0
9
0
000000001998-04-01-00001 April 1998
000000002014-10-08-00008 October 2014

Barkatullah Khan Stadium
-
Jodhpur, Rajasthan
30,000
0
2
0
000000002000-12-08-00008 December 2000
000000002002-11-21-000021 November 2002

Indira Gandhi Stadium
Municipal Stadium
Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
25,000
0
1
0
000000002002-11-24-000024 November 2002
000000002002-11-24-000024 November 2002

Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium
ACA-VDCA Stadium
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
25,000
1
6
1
000000002005-04-05-00005 April 2005
000000002016-11-17-000017 November 2016

Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
Visaka Cricket Stadium
Hyderabad, Telangana
55,000
4
5
0
000000002005-11-16-000016 November 2005
000000002017-02-09-00009 February 2017

Holkar Stadium
Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Ground
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
30,000
1
5
0
000000002006-04-15-000015 April 2006
000000002017-09-24-000024 September 2017

VCA Stadium
New VCA Stadium
Nagpur, Maharashtra
45,000
5
7
11
000000002008-11-06-00006 November 2008
000000002017-01-29-000029 January 2017

Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium
MCA Pune International Cricket Centre;
Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium
Pune, Maharashtra
37,406
1
2
2
000000002012-12-20-000020 December 2012
000000002017-02-23-000023 February 2017

Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium
Khanderi Cricket Stadium
Rajkot, Gujarat
28,000
1
2
1
000000002013-01-11-000011 January 2013
000000002016-11-09-00009 November 2016

JSCA International Cricket Stadium
HEC International Cricket Stadium
Ranchi, Jharkhand
39,000
1
4
1
000000002013-01-19-000019 January 2013
000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017

HPCA Stadium
-
Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh
25,000
1
3
8
000000002013-01-27-000027 January 2013
000000002017-03-25-000025 March 2017

Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground
Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Complex
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
8,000
0
5
3
000000002017-03-08-00008 March 2017
000000002017-03-24-000024 March 2017

Barsapara Cricket Stadium
Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium;
ACA Stadium
Guwahati, Assam
60,000

Greenfield International Stadium
Trivandrum International Stadium
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
50,000

tag: table

text: Key[edit]

text:
Symbol
Meaning

Stadium demolished

Scheduled to host its first international match


document_title: Refrigerant

question_text: which type of refrigerant is the most harmful

text: Refrigerant

text: Desirable properties[edit]

text: The ideal refrigerant would have favorable thermodynamic properties, be noncorrosive to mechanical components, and be safe, including freedom from toxicity and flammability. It would not cause ozone depletion or climate change. Since different fluids have the desired traits in different degree, choice is a matter of trade-offs.

text: The desired thermodynamic properties are a boiling point somewhat below the target temperature, a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form, and a high critical temperature. Since boiling point and gas density are affected by pressure, refrigerants may be made more suitable for a particular application by appropriate choice of operating pressures.

text: Environmental issues[edit]

text: The inert nature of many halons, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), particularly CFC-11 and CFC-12, made them preferred choices among refrigerants for many years because of their nonflammability and nontoxicity. However, their stability in the atmosphere and their corresponding global warming potential and ozone depletion potential raised concerns about their usage. This led to their replacement with HFCs and PFCs, especially HFC-134a, which are not-ozone depleting, and have lesser global warming potentials. However, these refrigerants still have global warming potentials thousands of times greater than CO2. Therefore, they are now being replaced in markets where leaks are likely, by using a third generation of refrigerants, most prominently HFO-1234yf, which have global warming potentials much closer to that of CO2.

text: Some other refrigerants such as propane and ammonia are not inert, and are flammable or toxic if released.

text: In order from the highest to the lowest potential of ozone depletion are: Bromochlorofluorocarbon, CFC then HCFC.

text: New refrigerants were developed in the early 21st century that are safer for the environment, but their application has been held up due to concerns over toxicity and flammability.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Early mechanical refrigeration systems employed sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride and ammonia. Being toxic, sulfur dioxide and methyl chloride rapidly disappeared from the market with the introduction of CFCs. Occasionally, one may encounter older machines with methyl formate, chloromethane, or dichloromethane (called carrene in the trade).

text: Chlorofluorocarbons were little used for refrigeration until better synthesis methods, developed in the 1950s, reduced their cost. Their domination of the market was called into question in the 1980s by concerns about depletion of the ozone layer.

text: Following legislative regulations on ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), substances used as substitute refrigerants such as perfluorocarbons (FCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have also come under criticism. They are currently subject to prohibition discussions on account of their harmful effect on the climate. In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases, which makes stipulations regarding the use of FCs and HFCs with the intention of reducing their emissions. The provisions do not affect climate-neutral refrigerants.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Refrigerants such as ammonia (R717), carbon dioxide and non-halogenated hydrocarbons do not deplete the ozone layer and have no (ammonia) or only a low (carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons) global warming potential.[citation needed] They are used in air-conditioning systems for buildings, in sport and leisure facilities, in the chemical/pharmaceutical industry, in the automotive industry and above all in the food industry (production, storage, marine shipping, retailing). In these settings their toxicity is less a concern than in home equipment.

text: Emissions from automobile air conditioning are a growing concern because of their impact on climate change.[citation needed] From 2011 on, the European Union will phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100 year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2).[citation needed] This will ban potent greenhouse gases such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (also known as R-134a in North America) —which has a GWP of 1410—to promote safe and energy-efficient refrigerants.

text: One of the most promising alternatives is CO2 (R-744). Carbon dioxide is non-flammable, non-ozone depleting, has a global warming potential of 1. R-744 can be used as a working fluid in climate control systems for cars, residential air conditioning, hot water pumps, commercial refrigeration, and vending machines.[citation needed] R12 is compatible with mineral oil, while R134a is compatible with synthetic oil that contains esters.[citation needed] GM announced that it would start using "hydrofluoroolefin", HFO-1234yf, in all of its brands by 2013.[3] Dimethyl ether (DME) is also gaining popularity as a refrigerant,[4] but like propane, it is also dangerously flammable.

text: Some refrigerants are seeing rising use as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse.[5]

text: Disposal[edit]

text: Under Section 608 of the United States' Clean Air Act it is illegal to knowingly release refrigerants into the atmosphere.[EPA 1]

text: When refrigerants are removed they should be recycled to clean out any contaminants and return them to a usable condition. Refrigerants should never be mixed together outside of facilities licensed to do so for the purpose of producing blends. Some refrigerants must be managed as hazardous waste even if recycled, and special precautions are required for their transport, depending on the legislation of the country's government.

text: Various refrigerant reclamation methods are in use to recover refrigerants for reuse.[6]

text: Refrigerants by class and R-number[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Refrigerant. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated:[citation needed]

text:
Class 1: This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant's latent heat.
Class 2: These refrigerants cool by temperature change or 'sensible heat', the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium chloride brine, sodium chloride brine, alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions. The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class 1 refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be air-conditioned.
Class 3: This group consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to carry liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution. They can also be classified into many categories.

tag: ul

text: The R-# numbering system was developed by DuPont corporation (which owns the Freon trademark), and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon. The meaning of the codes is as follows:[citation needed]

text:
For saturated hydrocarbons, subtracting 90 from the concatenated numbers of carbon, hydrogen and fluorine atoms, respectively gives the assigned R#.[7]
If bromine is present, the number is followed by a capital B and then the number of bromine atoms.
Remaining bonds not accounted for are occupied by chlorine atoms.
A suffix of a lower-case letter a, b, or c indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers.

text: For example, R-134a has 2 carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 4 fluorine atoms, an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by one atom, giving 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane. R-134 (without the "a" suffix) would have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane—a compound not especially effective as a refrigerant.[citation needed]

text:
The R-400 series is made up of zeotropic blends (those where the boiling point of constituent compounds differs enough to lead to changes in relative concentration because of fractional distillation) and the R-500 series is made up of so-called azeotropic blends. The rightmost digit is assigned arbitrarily by ASHRAE, an industry standards organization.
The R-700 series is made up of non-organic refrigerants, also designated by ASHRAE.

text: The same numbers are used with an R- prefix for generic refrigerants, with a "Propellant" prefix (e.g., "Propellant 12") for the same chemical used as a propellant for an aerosol spray, and with trade names for the compounds, such as "Freon 12". Recently, a practice of using abbreviations HFC- for hydrofluorocarbons, CFC- for chlorofluorocarbons, and HCFC- for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen, because of the regulatory differences among these groups.[citation needed]

text: Notable blends[edit]

text: Below are some notable blended HFC mixtures. There exist many more (see list of refrigerants). All R-400 (R-4xx) and R-500 (R-5xx) hydroflurocarbons are blends, as noted above.

text:
R-401A is a HCFC zeotropic blend of R-22, R-152a, and R-124. It is designed as a replacement for R-12.[8]
R-404A is a HFC "nearly azeotropic" blend of 52 wt.% R-143a, 44 wt.% R-125, and 4 wt.% R-134a. It is designed as a replacement of R-22 and R-502 CFC. Its boiling point at normal pressure is -46.5 °C, its liquid density is 0.485 g/cm3.[9]
R-406A is a zeotropic blend of 55 wt.% R-22, 4 wt.% R-600a, and 41 wt.% R-142b.
R-407A is a HFC zeotropic blend of 20 wt.% R-32, 40 wt.% R-125, and 40 wt.% R-134a.[10]
R-407C is a zeotropic hydrofluorocarbon blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a. The R-32 serves to provide the heat capacity, R-125 decreases flammability, R-134a reduces pressure.[11]
R-408A is a zeotropic HCFC blend of R-22, R-125, and R-143a. It is a substitute for R-502. Its boiling point is -44.4 °C.[12]
R-409A is a zeotropic HCFC blend of R-22, R-124, and R-142b. Its boiling point is -35.3 °C. Its critical temperature is 109.4 °C.[13]
R-410A is a near-azeotropic blend of R-32 and R-125. The US Environmental Protection Agency recognizes it as an acceptable substitute for R-22 in household and light commercial air conditioning systems.[14] It appears to have gained widespread market acceptance under several trade names.[15]
R-438A another HFC blended replacement for R-22, with five components: R-32, R-125/R-134a, R-600, and R-601a, blended in respective ratios 8.5+.5,-1.5%; 45±1.5%; 44.2±1.5%; 1.7+.1,-.2%; 0.6+.1,-.2%. The mean molecular weight of this mix is 99, resulting in the tradename ISCEON MO99 from manufacturer DuPont (a line of blended HFC products developed initially by Rhodia, and sold to DuPont).[16][17]
R-500 is an azeotropic blend of 73.8 wt.% R-12 and 26.2 wt.% of R-152a.
R-502 is an azeotropic blend of R-22 and R-115.

text: Air as a refrigerant[edit]

text: Air is so frequently used as a coolant that air cooling is seldom mentioned in a refrigeration context. Due to the low boiling point of its constituents and low heat-carrying capacity, air is infrequently used as a refrigerant.

text: Air has been used for residential,[18] automobile, and turbine-powered aircraft[19][20] air-conditioning and/or cooling. The reason why air is not more widely used as a general-purpose refrigerant is because there is no change of phase, and is therefore too inefficient to be practical in most applications.[18] It has been suggested that with suitable compression and expansion technology, air can be a practical (albeit not the most efficient) refrigerant, free of the possibility of environmental contamination or damage,[18] and almost completely[21] harmless to plants and animals.

text: However, an explosion could result from vapors or atomized refrigerant-type compressor lubricating oils being compressed together with air, in a process similar to a diesel engine.

text: Water as a refrigerant[edit]

text: Water—natural, non toxic, low cost, environmentally friendly, and widely available—is widely used in water cooling, and if evaporated in the process may be called a "refrigerant". Water also commonly serves as a heat transfer and storage material ,and in large systems it may actually fill all of these roles.

text: The simplest and lowest cost open-cycle cooling systems, known as swamp coolers in the south-west United States, do not even need power for a compressor, merely a blower fan, so humidified cooled air is simply vented into the living space. Portable free-standing units can be obtained at discount stores for less than $200. However, if these systems are improperly implemented the drawbacks are multiple and severe.

text: The total cooling power of the unit is limited by the fact that neither coolant nor air can be recirculated. If the cooling unit does not have a supply of fresh dry air and the waste air is not effectively vented, stagnant humid air will make the space more uncomfortable than if it were merely ventilated.

text: An additional limitation of such systems would be that if the air outside is already humid, cooling power is severely limited. This is why such units are not found in areas of frequent and high humidity, such as the south-east United States.

text: If the temperature outside is severely hot, above 110 °F (43 °C), the simple unit will not cool the air sufficiently for comfort even if the dew point outside is very low. In these instances more-complex systems such as two stage, indirect-direct or hybrid will be needed.

text: While all the drawbacks can be addressed in various ways, the complexity and initial cost of these systems increases to the point that the installation cost comes into competition with common refrigerant based direct cooling systems. At this price point, direct cooling systems are often chosen even though the long term energy cost of evaporative systems may be lower.


document_title: Fox on the Run (Manfred Mann song)

question_text: who wrote like a fox on the run

question_tokens: who wrote like a fox on the run

text: Fox on the Run (Manfred Mann song)

text:
"Fox on the Run"

Single by Manfred Mann

B-side
"Too Many People"

Released
November 29, 1968 (1968-11-29)

Genre
Rock

Length
2:43

Label
Fontana 985

Songwriter(s)
Tony Hazzard

Manfred Mann singles chronology

"String Module Error: Match not found"
(String Module Error: Match not found)
"Fox on the Run"
(1968)
"String Module Error: Match not found"
(String Module Error: Match not found)

"My Name Is Jack"
(1968)
"Fox on the Run"
(1968)
"Ragamuffin Man"
(1969)

text: "Fox on the Run" is a song with lyrics by Tony Hazzard, first recorded by the English band Manfred Mann as a single issued 29 November 1968,[1] which reached #5 in the UK pop charts in the following month.[2]

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
It was introduced to bluegrass by Bill Emerson[3] and quickly became a bluegrass favorite.[4]
In 1970 was song recorded by Supraphon in Czechoslovakia sung by singer Václav Neckář as "Šel sen kolem nás" with Czech lyrics by Eduard Krečmar
It was covered by American country music singer-songwriter Tom T. Hall. His version was released as a single in 1976 and peaked at #9 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and #12 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.
Tony Hazzard and Richard Barnes released a version of the song as a single in 1976 in the UK, but it did not chart.[5]


document_title: Early American currency

question_text: when was paper money used in the us

question_tokens: when was paper money used in the us

text: Early American currency

text: Colonial currency[edit]

text: There were three general types of money in the colonies of British America: specie (coins), paper money and commodity money.[1] Commodity money was used when cash (coins and paper money) was scarce. Commodities such as tobacco, beaver skins, and wampum served as money at various times and places.[2]

text: Cash in the colonies was denominated in pounds, shillings, and pence.[2] The value varied from colony to colony; a Massachusetts pound, for example, was not equivalent to a Pennsylvania pound. All colonial pounds were of less value than the British pound sterling.[2] The coins in circulation in the colonies were most often of Spanish and Portuguese origin.[2] The prevalence of the Spanish dollar in the colonies led to the money of the United States being denominated in dollars rather than pounds.[2]

text: One by one, colonies began to issue their own paper money to serve as a convenient medium of exchange. In 1690, the Province of Massachusetts Bay created "the first authorized paper money issued by any government in the Western World."[3] This paper money was issued to pay for a military expedition during King William's War. Other colonies followed the example of Massachusetts Bay by issuing their own paper currency in subsequent military conflicts.[3]

text: The paper bills issued by the colonies were known as "bills of credit." Bills of credit were usually fiat money: they could not be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold or silver coins upon demand.[2][4] Bills of credit were usually issued by colonial governments to pay debts. The governments would then retire the currency by accepting the bills for payment of taxes. When colonial governments issued too many bills of credit or failed to tax them out of circulation, inflation resulted. This happened especially in New England and the southern colonies, which, unlike the Middle Colonies, were frequently at war.[4] Pennsylvania, however, was responsible in not issuing too much currency and it remains a prime example in history as a successful government-managed monetary system. Pennsylvania's paper currency, secured by land, was said to have generally maintained its value against gold from 1723 until the Revolution broke out in 1775.

text: This depreciation of colonial currency was harmful to creditors in Great Britain when colonists paid their debts with money that had lost value. The British Parliament passed several Currency Acts to regulate the paper money issued by the colonies. The Currency Act of 1751 restricted the emission of paper money in New England. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants).[5] In 1776, British (Scot) economist Adam Smith criticized colonial bills of credit in his most famous work, The Wealth of Nations.

text: Another Currency Act, in 1764, extended the restrictions to the colonies south of New England. Unlike the earlier act, this act did not prohibit the colonies in question from issuing paper money but it forbade them to designate their currency as legal tender for public or private debts. That prohibition created tension between the colonies and the mother country and has sometimes been seen as a contributing factor in the coming of the American Revolution. After much lobbying, Parliament amended the act in 1773, permitting the colonies to issue paper currency as legal tender for public debts.[6] Shortly thereafter, some colonies once again began issuing paper money. When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, all of the rebel colonies, soon to be independent states, issued paper money to pay for military expenses.

text: Thirteen colony set of United States Colonial currency[edit]

text: The Thirteen Colony set of colonial currency below is from the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Examples were selected based on the notability of the signers, followed by issue date and condition. The initial selection criteria for notability was drawn from a list[7] of currency signers who were also known to have signed the United States Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the United States Constitution, or attended the Stamp Act Congress.[nb 1]

text:
Complete 13-colony set of United States Colonial currency[8][nb 2]

Colony
Value
Date
Issue
First[nb 3]
Note (obv)
Note (rev)
Signatures

Connecticut
40s
1775-01-02
£15,000[9]
1709[10]

Elisha Williams,
Thomas Seymour,
Benjamin Payne[nb 4]

Delaware
4s
1776-01-01
£30,000[12]
1723[13]

John McKinly,
Thomas Collins,
Boaz Manlove

Georgia
$40
1778-05-04
£150,000[nb 5]
1735[15]

Charles Kent,
William Few,
Thomas Netherclift,
William O’Bryen,[nb 6]
Nehemiah Wade

Maryland
$1
1770-03-01
$318,000[18]
1733[19]

John Clapham,
Robert Couden[nb 7]

Massachusetts
2s
1741-05-01
£50,000[21]
1690[22]

Robert Choate,
Jonathan Hale,
John Brown,
Edward Eveleth

New Hampshire
$1
1780-04-29
$145,000[23]
1709[10]

James McClure,
Ephraim Robinson,
Joseph Pearson,[nb 8]
John Taylor Gilman (rev)

New Jersey
12s
1776-03-25
£100,000[25]
1709[26]

Robert Smith,
John Hart,
John Stevens Jr.

New York
2s
1775-08-02
£2,500[27]
1709[28]

John Cruger Jr.,
William Waddell[nb 9]

North Carolina
£3
1729-11-27
£40,000[30]
1712[31]

William Downing,[nb 10]
John Lovick,[nb 11]
Edward Moseley,
Cullen Pollock,[nb 12]
Thomas Swann[nb 13]

Pennsylvania
20s
1771-03-20
£15,000[35]
1723[36]

Francis Hopkinson,
Robert Strettell Jones,
William Fisher[nb 14]

Rhode Island
$1
1780-07-02
£39,000[38]
1710[39]

Caleb Harris,
Metcalf Bowler,[nb 15]
Jonathan Arnold

South Carolina
$60
1779-02-08
$1,000,000[41]
1703[42]

John Scott,
John Smyth,
Plowden Weston[nb 16]

Virginia
£3
1773-03-04
£36,384[44]
1755[45]

Peyton Randolph,
John Blair Jr.,
Robert Carter Nicholas Sr.(rev)

text: Continental currency[edit]

text: After the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, the Continental Congress began issuing paper money known as Continental currency, or Continentals. Continental currency was denominated in dollars from $1⁄6 to $80, including many odd denominations in between. During the Revolution, Congress issued $241,552,780 in Continental currency.[46]

text: Continental currency depreciated badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase "not worth a continental".[47] A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit.[48] "Some think that the rebel bills depreciated because people lost confidence in them or because they were not backed by tangible assets," writes financial historian Robert E. Wright. "Not so. There were simply too many of them."[49] Congress and the states lacked the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds.[50]

text: Another problem was that the British successfully waged economic warfare by counterfeiting Continentals on a large scale. Benjamin Franklin later wrote:

text: The artists they employed performed so well that immense quantities of these counterfeits which issued from the British government in New York, were circulated among the inhabitants of all the states, before the fraud was detected. This operated significantly in depreciating the whole mass.[51]

text: By the end of 1778, Continentals retained from 1⁄5 to 1⁄7 of their face value. By 1780, the bills were worth 1⁄40 of their face value. Congress attempted to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones, without success. By May 1781, Continentals had become so worthless that they ceased to circulate as money. Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had, in effect, acted as a tax to pay for the war.[52]

text: For this reason, some Quakers, whose pacifism did not permit them to pay war taxes, also refused to use Continentals, and at least one Yearly Meeting formally forbade its members to use the notes.[53] In the 1790s, after the ratification of the United States Constitution, Continentals could be exchanged for treasury bonds at 1% of face value.[54]

text: After the collapse of Continental currency, Congress appointed Robert Morris to be Superintendent of Finance of the United States. Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States, the Bank of North America, in 1782. The bank was funded in part by specie loaned to the United States by France. Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name, backed by his own money. The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into specie.[55] Morris also presided over the creation of the first mint operated by the U.S. government, which struck the first coins of the United States, the Nova Constellatio patterns of 1783.[56]

text: The painful experience of the runaway inflation and collapse of the Continental dollar prompted the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to include the gold and silver clause into the United States Constitution so that the individual states could not issue bills of credit or "make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts."[57] This restriction of bills of credit was extended to the Federal government, as the power to "emit bills" from the Articles of Confederation was abolished, leaving Congress with the power "to borrow money on credit.".[58][59]