document_title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

question_text: where was the new series of lost in space filmed

text: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute, an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world. The Resolute was built after a celestial object, dubbed "The Christmas Star" by the media, crashed into Earth a few years earlier, threatening humanity's survival on Earth. Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the Resolute's hull. Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft. The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a nearby habitable planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute.[1]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson, a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world. She is a mission commander. She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children.[3]
Toby Stephens as John Robinson, a former U.S. Navy SEAL, and husband to Maureen. He is the biological father of Maureen's two youngest children. [4]
Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson, the 11-year-old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson.[5]
Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, the 18-year-old eldest child. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training.[6] John is not her biological father.[4]
Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson, the middle Robinson child.[7]
Ignacio Serricchio as Don West, a roughneck mechanical engineer who also smuggles luxury goods.[8]
Parker Posey as Dr. Smith, whose real name is June Harris.[9] Harris is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people's identities to claim their belongings. Harris steals her sister Jessica's identity and assumes her place on the colony ship. She later impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith, to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship. After landing on the planet, she attempts to sabotage the Jupiters' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes. The theft of Dr. Zachary Smith's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series.[10]
Brian Steele as the Robot,[11] an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on. The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie.[12]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This article's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Impact"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The spacecraft Resolute, a large ferris wheel style ship, is carrying colonists, including the Robinson family, to Alpha Centauri. The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their “family home” Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole, crash-landing on an Earth-like planet. The Robinsons' craft, Jupiter 2, crashes into a glacial bed. The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water. Eldest Robinson child, Judy, a doctor, dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment. She becomes encased in ice, and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy's suit, John and son, Will, set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice. Judy guides her sister, Penny, through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother, Maureen. Inside a cave, Will falls down a chasm, landing at the edge of a forest. John radios Will, saying he will return after saving Judy. Alone, Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self-repair. In return, it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them. The family attempt to free Judy, but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress. Will and the Robot arrive, and the Robot rescues Judy. In a flashback scene, a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing, along with Don West and Tam Roughneck.

2
"Diamonds In The Sky"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Don West, Smith, and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing. While looking for other survivors, they find Angela Goddard, who is barely alive. When a storm approaches, Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out. Meanwhile, the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2. Maureen, John, Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot's ship. They leave Penny and Judy behind, instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice. Inside the alien ship, a holographic map of the planet is activated, showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy. Outside, the robot touches the ship's hull, creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute. He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision. When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them, she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened. She drives the ship's Chariot all-terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm. As they head back to Jupiter 2, they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing. The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith, who claims to be alone, returning with her to the Jupiter 2.

3
"Infestation"
Tim Southam
Zack Estrin
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

In a flashback, Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris, the older, ex-con sister of Jess Harris, a successful businesswoman. Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth, but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister's identity. Aboard the Resolute, she bumps into her sister's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock. June is arrested but escapes during the robot's attack. In the present, Maureen explains they are trillions of miles from Earth. At night, the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks, endangering the ship. They rush to complete repairs, but the engines are losing fuel. When Will and the robot discover large eel-like creatures in the conduits, the robot locks Will, along with Smith, in the storeroom for safety. The glacier shifts, which forces the crew to make an emergency take-off after flushing the eels from the engines. They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region. Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute, who are searching for survivors. Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun. Will finds it, and hides the gun under his mattress, unaware Smith is watching.

4
"The Robinsons Were Here"
Alice Troughton
Katherine Collins
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Stuck without fuel, the family initiates Jupiter 2’s colonization expansion protocol. Smith and Will discuss the robot, who does Will's bidding. Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela. She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute. The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel. John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship. Maureen, John, and Don go there and discover the Resolute's comm dish. They realize the Resolute can't hear them. Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard. Judy confronts Will about the robot, and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute. They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave, unaware Smith is following them. On the way, they're spotted by Vijay Dhar, the son of another survivor group. Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot, having found and keeping an item he dropped. While away, Maureen and John discuss their marital problems. The next morning, the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive. Smith talks to the robot inside the cave, attempting to instill distrust in it about Will. When John and Maureen return home, the kids tell them that the robot wandered away.

5
"Transmission"
Deborah Chow
Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute. Maureen, noticing strange weather phenomena, conducts an experiment using a weather balloon. She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole, and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet gets entirely unhabitable. Will ignores Penny and Judy's advice to tell their father about the Robot. Penny develops a crush on Vijay, flirting with him as they move supplies. Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun, though she claims she took it by mistake. In a flashback, Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri. Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities. He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith's identity. Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this, but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don. When the colonists activate the light signal, Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence, allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower. Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot. When another creature shows up, Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot. It does save the survivors, but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures. It resumes its original multi-limb form to do this. The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute.

6
"Eulogy"
Vincenzo Natali
Ed McCardie
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic. John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot. In the end, despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband, John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will's responsibility for the robot's actions. He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties. Don takes the community leader and Vijay's father, Victor Dhar, to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel-like creatures, and wants money for its fuel. Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith, later showing Judy. Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying. Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy, and they share a kiss. Back at camp, Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack. The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will's bunk and arranged for her to find. When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will get it to stop. Distraught, Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off. He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot.

7
"Pressurized"
Tim Southam
Vivian Lee
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Driving back to Jupiter 2, Don and Judy discuss Smith. When Judy radios home, Smith answers. Judy implies that she knows the truth about Smith, but Don stops her before she reveals more. Smith tries to displace blame for Angela's rage by supposedly missing the warning signs. Maureen finds a watermark on the gun belonging to their 3D printer, and Will confirms the robot made it and he had hidden the gun under his bed. His parents note that everyone had been through their Jupiter at some time and anyone could've taken the gun; Smith directs their suspicions to Victor. While driving, John and Maureen flee a geo-phenomenon and end up stuck in a tar pit into which the vehicle slowly submerges. While trapped inside, John opens up about his choices leading to their departure, and Maureen admits to altering Will's failed test results to bring him on the mission. To escape the vehicle, Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface. Meanwhile, Smith locates the destroyed robot, collecting parts and assuming it will then reassemble and be subservient to her, but the robot does not reassemble. Don's group detours through a dangerous geyser patch after another quake, but a line between the fuel tanker and the chariot disconnects. Evan manually fixes the problem, but a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him. When Judy's calls for the tanker to be lifted, Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they'll lose most of the fuel. He orders that they leave Evan in place until another tanker can be retrieved to move the fuel to, but Don reluctantly sides with Judy and the tanker is lifted, dumping most of the fuel. Despite their efforts, Evan dies while en route back to base camp. Back on Jupiter 2, while Penny helps Will recover from having the robot walk off the cliff and 'die', Smith reviews Will's logs to find a frequency that reactivates the robot. When Victor returns home, Vijay tells him about the planet's coming demise. Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4.

8
"Trajectory"
Stephen Surjik
Katherine Collins & Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

As the Dhar's Jupiter 4 is mid-launch, Maureen radios Victor, urgently warning him that the ship has too little fuel to escape the planet's atmosphere and will crash. John infiltrates the Jupiter 4, and activates the emergency shut down. He gathers all survivors to explain the planet's situation. One ship can be launched using Maureen's plan to incorporate NASA's early mission protocols. The Jupiter 4 will be stripped of excess weight and systems, and the launch controlled from the ground, though once aloft needs a pilot. Penny confronts Vijay for betraying her confidence and he says they should no longer spend time together. Don and Judy arrive during the Jupiter 4 preparations and to avoid them Smith offers to take Will back to the Jupiter 2 so he can complete his tasks for the launch. Maureen confronts Victor about giving Angela the gun, which he denies. Then Judy tells Maureen the truth about 'Dr. Smith'. Don explains to John that Maureen's calculations are incorrectly assuming that the Jupiter ships match their specs and can run with the excess systems removed, and thus her plan to launch the Jupiter 4 will not work. Returning to Jupiter 2, Maureen tricks Smith and confines her to a storeroom. Smith recounts partial truths and claims she is really Jessica Harris, a physicist, and implies she may have sabotaged Jupiter 4. Maureen tells John about Smith, and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off. The plan is adapted to remove the life support and pressure systems from the Jupiter 4 and have John pilot it in a suit, because he has the fastest record for reawakening after losing consciousness from extreme g-forces. But John fails to regain necessary cognitive function fast enough in multiple test runs. When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet's orbit within 24 hours, Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship. With his assistance the test run is a success. In holding, Smith convinces Will that the robot, whose head is in her bag, is the only one who can survive piloting the Jupiter 4. As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4, Smith escapes, leaving Will bound, and knocking Maureen out before she can give John the course change information. With everyone else watching, the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead.

9
"Resurrection"
Tim Southam
Story by : Daniel McLellan
Teleplay by : Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

In a flashback, Maureen wonders how Earth's detection network failed to detect the Christmas Star meteor months in advance. Meanwhile, Will is transmitting a radio signal to John, who is on a tour of duty. In the present, Will uses the same radio frequency to try and signal his father, convinced he survived the explosion. Judy and Penny want to focus on figuring out where Dr. Smith took Maureen, who wakes up in the back of the chariot. Smith tells her that she didn't know Maureen needed to help John and Don pilot the ship, so when she knocked her out to kidnap her, the ship exploded and they were killed. She insists that if Maureen helps her with the alien ship, she will get the kids off the planet. Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute. Hiroki confirms this could work, but warns that an analysis of the waste shows that the creature which has been defecating in that cave is an apex predator. While they decide to gather the others to harvest the material from the cave, Judy leaves to find Maureen. Smith is frustrated when bringing the robots parts to its ship did not cause it to reassemble, feeling sure that the noises the ship was previously making powered the robot. The rest of the group ventures further into the cave than the kids and robot originally did, and find there is enough biomass to power the ships, but they must sneak it out quietly because the winged predators roost in the cave during the day.
Back at the robot's ship, Maureen insists that if anyone can figure out how to restore power to the ship, it's her. A flashback to a conversation with her supervisor on the Resolute design reveals that the technology to power the ship should've been decades away just months before they launched. In present time, Smith is standing against a wall inside the ship when Maureen notices strands of Smith's hair standing up and recalls a similar incident on the Resolute. In the cave, Will's radio beeps when it receives a signal from John, which awakens the creatures. Angela, Hiroki, Penny, and Vijay are trapped inside with the creatures, who are blind and hunt by sound. Maureen and Smith manage to open the panel in front of the wall, revealing the engine of the ship. When Maureen says she's never seen anything like it, Smith recalls being on the Resolute after escaping custody during the attack, and overhearing two administrators arguing over its engine, which they reveal was stolen from the aliens whom they always worried would come back for it. Maureen concludes that the Christmas Star was not a meteor but another alien craft that was likely shot down by the U.S. government, who took the engine and used it in the Resolute. The robot was sent to the Resolute to retrieve it. The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape, though Penny ends up face-to-face with one creature before Angela throws a rock to distract it. Outside the cave, Will tells Penny that he has had more communication with John, Angela apologizes for attacking the robot and Penny accepts an apology from Vijay but not an offer to restart their relationship. Judy uses GPS to track Smith and Maureen. Using the chicken as a distraction, Judy tranquilizes Smith and frees Maureen. On fleeing, the robot is reactivated and blocks their escape; it is now linked to Smith.

10
"Danger, Will Robinson"
David Nutter
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit, with only 2 hours of air left in their tanks. Having snuck off of Hiroki's ship to wait for Maureen and Judy to return, Will and Penny are preparing the Jupiter 2 for launch as they watch the other Jupiters leave the planet. They use Will's transmitter to communicate with John, using Morse code, that they have found fuel. Maureen, Judy, Smith and the robot arrive on the chariot, and Will is very upset to find out that the robot now serves Smith. John responds to Will, revealing for the first time to Maureen and Judy that he and Don are still alive. He sends them a message that he will be signalling them to find he and Don on the ship debris. Maureen persuades Smith to help her rescue him before rendezvousing with Resolute. While prepping the ship for launch, Will tries to reach out to the robot again and is rejected. When the Jupiter 2 reaches orbit they are confused to find there's still gravity on the ship, which seems to be the result of the robot having attached its ship's engine to the bottom of the chariot. They receive a call from Victor, informing them that the other Jupiters are safe and they have 63 minutes to dock with Resolute before it leaves. When the computer says they do not have enough fuel for the course correction to find John and Don, Smith, flanked by the robot, orders Maureen to abandon the search and fly to the Resolute. Maureen dives the ship back towards the planet. The Robot's protection response is triggered, and it forces Smith into the hub, the ship's strongest section. Maureen locks Smith and the robot inside.
While searching for John, Will confronts Maureen about him failing the test and how she manage to get him into the 24th colony group by illegal means. John and Don manage to signal Maureen, but Smith and the robot escape the hub just as they're about to get close enough to retrieve them with a harpoon gun, which comes up a few feet short of reaching them. Maureen leads the robot into the garage, where she tells the kids to hide in the pressurized chariot while she puts on her helmet. Will also puts on his helmet and stays outside the chariot, where he again tries and fails to reestablish his connection to the robot. Maureen manages to blow it out the garage door. An alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine. Will's robot and the alien one force the garage door open and climb back into Jupiter 2. When Will's robot shows the other where the engine is hidden, it shoots the chariot aside and takes its engine. Just as the alien robot is about to kill Will, his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot, saving Will. In the fight, the alien engine is discarded in a corner of the garage. and both robots are flung out into space. Maureen's helmet and the window of the chariot are cracked and leaking air, they are unable to close the damaged ramp and reseal the garage. Despite Maureens' protests, Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch. He shuts it, but because of his injured shoulder, loses his grip and floats away. He is caught by John, who has grabbed on to the tethered harpoon that Smith re-shot after Maureen's first attempt failed. With everyone back on the ship, Maureen is grateful to Smith for saving John, but says she will never let Smith out again. The Resolute finds them, but before they can dock, the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 takes control of the ship and triggers some form of faster-than-light travel mechanism, instantly sending the Jupiter 2 to a different galaxy. Will recognizes its shape from the robot's sand drawing: Danger.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Legendary Television was developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired Dracula Untold screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the new series.[13] In November 2015, Netflix landed the project.[14][15] On June 29, 2016, Netflix officially ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space, with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers.[16]

text: Toby Stephens, speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show:

text: "It’s a very clever, modern reworking of a great story. Lost In Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space, so it was a story that existed before Lost In Space. The fundamental story is that it’s a family that is lost in a difficult, life-threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together. That is essentially what the story of this is, it’s just the context is a lot more modern. It's a more modern take on the '60s version. If you look at it now, it's charming, but it seems so innocent. Whereas this is a version that is for our time. I’m hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it, but it has obviously gotta be for a modern audience."[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the first season began in January 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in June 2017.[18][19]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix.[1] On March 31, 2018, the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C., followed by a Q&A session with series executive directors and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 5.26/10, based on 49 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Lost in Space's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do."[21] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[22]

text: David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10 calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities. [23]


document_title: List of Stanley Cup champions

question_text: who won the nhl stanley cup last year

question_tokens: who won the nhl stanley cup last year

root

text: List of Stanley Cup champions

text: Challenge Cup era (1893–1914)[edit]

text: The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893. From 1887 to 1893, the league did not play a round-robin format, but rather challenges between teams of the association that year, with the winner of the series being the 'interim' champion, with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year. The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going, but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy. If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship, it would then inherit the Cup, without a challenge. The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904, when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league, the CAHL. The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa, instead of the CAHL league champion.

tag: p

text: During the challenge cup period, none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title.[2] A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first-place in their leagues at the end of the regular season. Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and/or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees. In 1912, Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team's regular season.[3]

text: In 1908, the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada's amateurs, as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy.[4]

text: This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins, including successful victories and defenses in challenges, and league championships for the challenge era.

text:
Date
Winning team
Coach
Losing team
Playoff format
Score
Winning goal

March 17, 1893
Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)
Harry Shaw (mgr.)
1893 AHAC champions, no challengers

March 22, 1894
Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)
Harry Shaw (mgr.)
Ottawa HC (AHAC)
Single-elimination
(1894 AHAC championship playoff)
3–1
Billy Barlow (9:00, third qtr)

March 9, 1895
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)[A]
Mike Grant (capt.)
1895 AHAC Champion

March 9, 1895
Montreal Hockey Club (AHAC)[A]
Harry Shaw (mgr.)
Queen's University (OHA)
Single-elimination
5–1

February 14, 1896
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Jack Armytage (capt.)
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Single-elimination
2–0
Jack Armytage (10:00, first half)[5][6]

February 29, 1896
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Jack Armytage (capt.)
1896 MHA champion[7]

December 30, 1896
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Mike Grant (capt.)
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Single-elimination
6–5
Ernie McLea (28:00, second half)

March 6, 1897
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Mike Grant (capt.)
1897 AHAC Champion

December 27, 1897
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Mike Grant (capt.)
Ottawa Capitals (CCHA)
Single-elimination[B]
15–2

March 5, 1898
Montreal Victorias (AHAC)
Frank Richardson-playing
1898 AHAC Champion

February 15–18, 1899
Montreal Victorias (CAHL)
Frank Richardson-Playing
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Two-game total goals
5–3
Robert MacDougall (second half)

March 4, 1899
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
1899 CAHL Champion

March 14, 1899
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
Queen's University (OHA)
Single-elimination
6–2
Harry Trihey

February 12–15, 1900
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1
Harry Trihey (second half)

March 7, 1900
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
Halifax Crescents (MaPHL)
Best-of-three
2–0 (10–2, 11–0)

March 10, 1900
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Barney Dunphy
1900 CAHL Champion

January 29–31, 1901
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
Montreal Shamrocks (CAHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Dan Bain (4:00, OT)

February 19, 1901
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
Winnipeg HC (MHA)
Single-elimination
(1901 MHA championship)
4–3[8]

January 21–23, 1902
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
Toronto Wellingtons (OHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Fred Scanlon (9:00, second half)

March 1902
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Dan Bain (capt.)
1902 MHA Champion

March 13–17, 1902
Montreal HC (CAHL)
Clarence McKerrow
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1
Jack Marshall (first half)

January 29–31,
February 2–4, 1903
Montreal HC (CAHL)
Desse Browne
Winnipeg Victorias (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1[C]
Tom Phillips

March 7–10, 1903
Ottawa HC (CAHL)
Alf Smith
Montreal Victorias (CAHL)
Two-game total goals
(1903 CAHL championship playoff)
9–1
Suddy Gilmour (4:34, first half, second game)

March 12–14, 1903
Ottawa HC (CAHL)
Alf Smith
Rat Portage Thistles (MNWHA)
Two-game total goals
10–4
Frank McGee (8:20, first half)

December 30, 1903, January 1–4, 1904
Ottawa HC (CAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
Winnipeg Rowing Club (MHA)
Best-of-three
2–1
Frank McGee (11:00, second half)

February 23–25, 1904
Ottawa HC[D]
Alf Smith-playing
Toronto Marlboros (OHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Arthur Moore (9:38, first half)

March 2, 1904
Ottawa HC[D]
Alf Smith-playing
Montreal Wanderers (FAHL)
Two-game total goals
[E]

March 9–11, 1904
Ottawa HC[D]
Alf Smith-playing
Brandon Wheat Cities (MNWHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Frank McGee (18:00, first half)

January 13–16, 1905
Ottawa HC (FAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
Dawson City Nuggets
Best-of-three
2–0
Harry Westwick (12:15, first half)

March 3, 1905
Ottawa HC (FAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
1905 FAHL Champion

March 7–9–11, 1905
Ottawa HC (FAHL)
Alf Smith-playing
Rat Portage Thistles (MHL)
Best-of-three
2–1
Frank McGee

February 27–28, 1906
Ottawa HC (ECAHA)
Alf Smith-playing
Queen's University (OHA)
Best-of-three
2–0
Harvey Pulford (10:00, second half)

March 6–8, 1906
Ottawa HC (ECAHA)
Alf Smith-playing
Smiths Falls HC (FAHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Frank McGee (17:45, first half)

March 14–17, 1906
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford-playing
Ottawa HC (ECAHA)
Two-game total goals
(1906 ECAHA championship playoff)
12–10
Lester Patrick

December 27–29, 1906
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford-playing
New Glasgow Cubs (MaHL)
Two-game total goals
17–5

January 21–23, 1907
Kenora Thistles (MPHL)
James Link
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Two-game total goals
12–8
Roxy Beaudro

March 16–18, 1907
Kenora Thistles (MPHL)
James Link
Brandon Wheat Cities (MPHL)
Best-of-three
(1907 MPHL championship)
2–0
Fred Whitcroft (19:00, first half)[9]

March 23–25, 1907
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Lester Patrick (capt.)
Kenora Thistles (MPHL)
Two-game total goals
12–8
Ernest "Moose" Johnson

January 9–13, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Ottawa Victorias (FAHL)
Two-game total goals
22–4
Frank Glass (25:00, first half, first game)[10]

March 7, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
1908 ECAHA Champions

March 10–12, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Winnipeg Maple Leafs (MPHL)
Two-game total goals
20–8

March 14, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECAHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Toronto (OPHL)
Single-elimination
6–4
Ernest "Moose" Johnson

December 28–30, 1908
Montreal Wanderers (ECHA)
Cecil Blachford (capt.)
Edmonton Hockey Club (AAHA)
Two-game total goals
13–10
Walter Smaill (33:45, second half, second game)[11]

March 6, 1909
Ottawa HC (ECHA)
Pete Green
1909 ECHA champions

January 5–7, 1910
Ottawa HC (CHA)
Pete Green
Galt HC (OPHL)
Two-game total goals
15–4
Hamby Shore (10:10, first half, first game)[12]

January 18–20, 1910
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
Edmonton Hockey Club (AAHA)
Two-game total goals
21–11
Bruce Stuart (23:45, first half)

March 9, 1910
Montreal Wanderers (NHA)
Frank Glass (capt.)
1910 NHA Champion

March 12, 1910
Montreal Wanderers (NHA)
Frank Glass (capt.)
Berlin Dutchmen (OPHL)
Single-elimination
7–3
Harry Hyland (22:00, first half)

March 10, 1911
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
1911 NHA Champions

March 13, 1911
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
Galt HC (OPHL)
Single-elimination
7–4
Marty Walsh (5:00, third)

March 16, 1911
Ottawa HC (NHA)
Pete Green
Port Arthur Bearcats
(New Ontario Hockey League)
Single-elimination
13–4
Marty Walsh (4:30, second)

March 5, 1912
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Charles Nolan
1912 NHA Champions

March 11–13, 1912
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Charles Nolan
Moncton Victorias (MaPHL)
Best-of-three
2–0
Joe Malone (18:00, first)

March 5, 1913
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Joe Malone (capt.)
1913 NHA Champions

March 8–10, 1913
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA)
Joe Malone (capt.)
Sydney Millionaires (MaPHL)
Two-game total goals
20–5
Tommy Smith (3:10, second, first game)[13]

March 7–11, 1914
Toronto Hockey Club (NHA)
Jack Marshall (playing-mgr.)
Montreal Canadiens (NHA)
Two-game total goals
(1914 NHA championship playoff)
6–2
Scotty Davidson (2:00, third, second game)[14]

March 14–17–19, 1914
Toronto Hockey Club (NHA)
Jack Marshall (playing-mgr.)
Victoria Aristocrats (PCHA)
Best-of-five
3–0[F]
Harry Cameron (7:00, third)[15]

tag: table

text: ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup.

text: ^ B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game.

text: ^ C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void.[16]

text: ^ D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league.

text: ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa.

text: ^ F. During the series, it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge. A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17, stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west, as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees.[17] However, on March 18, Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding. PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn, president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner, whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored. In any case, all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted.[18][19]

text:
Coleman, Charles L. (1964). The Trail of the Stanley Cup, vol. 1, 1893–1926 inc. Sherbrooke, Quebec: Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited.
Montreal Gazette
Ottawa Citizen
Ottawa Journal
Winnipeg Tribune

tag: ul

text: NHA/NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL champions (1915–1926)[edit]

text: Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats – Toronto Hockey Club series, Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are "perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues (NHA, PCHA, and Maritime) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup." Maritime league did not challenge for cup in 1914, and folded after 1915 season.[20] The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year, with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules.[21] The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement, because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada, the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy.[22][incomplete short citation] After the New Westminster Royal moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming the Portland Rosebuds, an American-based team, the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now for the best team in the world.[21] In March 1916, the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final.[23][incomplete short citation] In 1917, the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup.[24] After that season, the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League (NHL) took its place.[21]

text: In 1919, the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2–2–1, marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded.[25]

text: The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922, with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions, with the third having a bye directly to the final.[26] In 1924, the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL. With the loss of the PCHA, the championship reverted to a single series.[27] After their win in 1925, the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup.[28] For the 1925–26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League (WHL). With the Victoria Cougars' loss in 1926, it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Winning goal

1915
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (1, 1–0)
Frank Patrick-playing
3–0
Ottawa Senators (NHA) (1, 0–1)
Frank Shaughnessy (mgr.)
Barney Stanley (5:30, second)

1916
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) (1, 1–0)
Newsy Lalonde-playing
3–2
Portland Rosebuds (PCHA) (1, 0–1)
Edward Savage (mgr.)
George Prodgers (17:20, third)

1917
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) (1, 1–0)
Pete Muldoon
3–1
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) (2, 1–1)
Newsy Lalonde-playing
Bernie Morris (7:55, first)

1918
Toronto Arenas[29] (NHL) (1, 1–0)
Dick Carroll
3–2
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (2, 1–1)
Frank Patrick-playing
Corb Denneny (10:30, third)

1919
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) vs. Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) – Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic – Stanley Cup not awarded

1920
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (2, 1–1)
Pete Green
3–2
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA) (3, 1–1)
Pete Muldoon
Jack Darragh (5:00, third)

1921
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (3, 2–1)
Pete Green
3–2
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (3, 1–2)
Frank Patrick-playing
Jack Darragh (9:40, second)

1922
Toronto St. Pats (NHL) (2, 2–0)
George O'Donoghue
3–2
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA) (4, 1–3)
Frank Patrick-playing
Babe Dye (4:20, first)

1923
Ottawa Senators (NHL) (4, 3–1)
Pete Green
2–0
Edmonton Eskimos (WCHL) (1, 0–1)
Ken McKenzine
Punch Broadbent (11:23, first)

1924
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) (4, 2–1)
Léo Dandurand
2–0
Calgary Tigers (WCHL) (1, 0–1)
Eddie Oatman-playing
Howie Morenz (4:55, first)

1925
Victoria Cougars (WCHL) (1, 1–0)
Lester Patrick
3–1
Montreal Canadiens (NHL) (5, 2–2)
Léo Dandurand
Gizzy Hart (2:35, second)

1926
Montreal Maroons (NHL) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gerard
3–1
Victoria Cougars (WHL) (2, 1–1)
Lester Patrick
Nels Stewart (2:50, second)

text: NHL champions (since 1927)[edit]

text: The WHL folded in 1926, and its assets were bought by the NHL. This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup. Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges, but from that year forward, no non-NHL team has played for it, leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL.[27] In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P. D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.[30][31] A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley's conditions in the 1947 agreement.[32] The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating, as was the case in the 2004–05 NHL lockout.[31]

text: Since 1927, the league's playoff format, deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, has changed multiple times. In some systems that were previously used, playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference. From 1942 to 1967, the Cup was competed for by the league's six teams, also known as the Original Six. After the 1967 NHL Expansion, the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference. Since 1982, the Finals have been played between the league's conference playoff champions.

text:
Year
Winning team
Coach
Games
Losing team
Coach
Winning goal

1927
Ottawa Senators (C) (5, 4–1)
Dave Gill
2–0–2
Boston Bruins (A) (1, 0–1)
Art Ross
Cy Denneny (7:30, second)

1928
New York Rangers (A) (1, 1–0)
Lester Patrick-playing
3–2
Montreal Maroons (C) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gerard
Frank Boucher (3:35, third)

1929
Boston Bruins (A) (2, 1–1)
Cy Denneny-playing
2–0
New York Rangers (A) (2, 1–1)
Lester Patrick
Bill Carson (18:02, third)

1930
Montreal Canadiens (C) (6, 3–2)
Cecil Hart
2–0
Boston Bruins (A) (3, 1–2)
Art Ross
Howie Morenz (1:00, second)

1931
Montreal Canadiens (C) (7, 4–2)
Cecil Hart
3–2
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (1, 0–1)
Dick Irvin
Johnny Gagnon (9:59, second)

1932
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (3, 3–0)
Dick Irvin
3–0
New York Rangers (A) (3, 1–2)
Lester Patrick
Ace Bailey (15:07, third)

1933
New York Rangers (A) (4, 2–2)
Lester Patrick
3–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (4, 3–1)
Dick Irvin
Bill Cook (7:34, OT)

1934
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (2, 1–1)
Tommy Gorman
3–1
Detroit Red Wings (A) (1, 0–1)
Jack Adams
Mush March (10:05, second OT)

1935
Montreal Maroons (C) (2, 2–1)
Tommy Gorman
3–0
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (5, 3–2)
Dick Irvin
Baldy Northcott (16:18, second)

1936
Detroit Red Wings (A) (2, 1–1)
Jack Adams
3–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (6, 3–3)
Dick Irvin
Pete Kelly (9:45, third)

1937
Detroit Red Wings (A) (3, 2–1)
Jack Adams
3–2
New York Rangers (A) (5, 2–3)
Lester Patrick
Marty Barry (19:22, first)

1938
Chicago Black Hawks (A) (3, 2–1)
Bill Stewart
3–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (C) (7, 3–4)
Dick Irvin
Carl Voss (16:45, second)

1939
Boston Bruins (4, 2–2)
Art Ross
4–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (8, 3–5)
Dick Irvin
Roy Conacher (17:54, second)

1940
New York Rangers (6, 3–3)
Frank Boucher
4–2
Toronto Maple Leafs (9, 3–6)
Dick Irvin
Bryan Hextall (2:07, OT)

1941
Boston Bruins (5, 3–2)
Cooney Weiland
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (4, 2–2)
Jack Adams
Bobby Bauer (8:43, second)

1942
Toronto Maple Leafs (10, 4–6)
Hap Day
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (5, 2–3)
Jack Adams
Pete Langelle (9:48, third)

1943
Detroit Red Wings (6, 3–3)
Jack Adams
4–0
Boston Bruins (6, 3–3)
Art Ross
Joe Carveth (12:09, first)

1944
Montreal Canadiens (8, 5–2)
Dick Irvin
4–0
Chicago Black Hawks (4, 2–2)
Paul Thompson
Toe Blake (9:12, OT)

1945
Toronto Maple Leafs (11, 5–6)
Hap Day
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (7, 3–4)
Jack Adams
Babe Pratt (12:14, third)

1946
Montreal Canadiens (9, 6–2)
Dick Irvin
4–1
Boston Bruins (7, 3–4)
Dit Clapper
Toe Blake (11:06, third)

1947
Toronto Maple Leafs (12, 6–6)
Hap Day
4–2
Montreal Canadiens (10, 6–3)
Dick Irvin
Ted Kennedy (14:39, third)

1948
Toronto Maple Leafs (13, 7–6)
Hap Day
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (8, 3–5)
Tommy Ivan
Harry Watson (11:13, first)

1949
Toronto Maple Leafs (14, 8–6)
Hap Day
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (9, 3–6)
Tommy Ivan
Cal Gardner (19:45, second)

1950
Detroit Red Wings (10, 4–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–3
New York Rangers (7, 3–4)
Lynn Patrick
Pete Babando (8:31, second OT)

1951
Toronto Maple Leafs (15, 9–6)
Joe Primeau
4–1
Montreal Canadiens (11, 6–4)
Dick Irvin
Bill Barilko (2:53, OT)

1952
Detroit Red Wings (11, 5–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–0
Montreal Canadiens (12, 6–5)
Dick Irvin
Metro Prystai (6:50, first)

1953
Montreal Canadiens (13, 7–5)
Dick Irvin
4–1
Boston Bruins (8, 3–5)
Lynn Patrick
Elmer Lach (1:22, OT)

1954
Detroit Red Wings (12, 6–6)
Tommy Ivan
4–3
Montreal Canadiens (14, 7–6)
Dick Irvin
Tony Leswick (4:20, OT)

1955
Detroit Red Wings (13, 7–6)
Jimmy Skinner
4–3
Montreal Canadiens (15, 7–7)
Dick Irvin
Gordie Howe (19:49, second)

1956
Montreal Canadiens (16, 8–7)
Toe Blake
4–1
Detroit Red Wings (14, 7–7)
Jimmy Skinner
Maurice Richard (15:08, second)

1957
Montreal Canadiens (17, 9–7)
Toe Blake
4–1
Boston Bruins (9, 3–6)
Milt Schmidt
Dickie Moore (0:14, second)

1958
Montreal Canadiens (18, 10–7)
Toe Blake
4–2
Boston Bruins (10, 3–7)
Milt Schmidt
Bernie Geoffrion (19:26, second)

1959
Montreal Canadiens (19, 11–7)
Toe Blake
4–1
Toronto Maple Leafs (16, 9–7)
Punch Imlach
Marcel Bonin (9:55, second)

1960
Montreal Canadiens (20, 12–7)
Toe Blake
4–0
Toronto Maple Leafs (17, 9–8)
Punch Imlach
Jean Beliveau (8:16, first)

1961
Chicago Black Hawks (5, 3–2)
Rudy Pilous
4–2
Detroit Red Wings (15, 7–8)
Sid Abel
Ab McDonald (18:49, second)

1962
Toronto Maple Leafs (18, 10–8)
Punch Imlach
4–2
Chicago Black Hawks (6, 3–3)
Rudy Pilous
Dick Duff (14:14, third)

1963
Toronto Maple Leafs (19, 11–8)
Punch Imlach
4–1
Detroit Red Wings (16, 7–9)
Sid Abel
Eddie Shack (13:28, third)

1964
Toronto Maple Leafs (20, 12–8)
Punch Imlach
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (17, 7–10)
Sid Abel
Andy Bathgate (3:04, first)

1965
Montreal Canadiens (21, 13–7)
Toe Blake
4–3
Chicago Black Hawks (7, 3–4)
Billy Reay
Jean Beliveau (0:14, first)

1966
Montreal Canadiens (22, 14–7)
Toe Blake
4–2
Detroit Red Wings (18, 7–11)
Sid Abel
Henri Richard (2:20, OT)

1967
Toronto Maple Leafs (21, 13–8)
Punch Imlach
4–2
Montreal Canadiens (23, 14–8)
Toe Blake
Jim Pappin (19:24, second)

1968
Montreal Canadiens (E) (24, 15–8)
Toe Blake
4–0
St. Louis Blues (W) (1, 0–1)
Scotty Bowman
J. C. Tremblay (11:40, third)

1969
Montreal Canadiens (E) (25, 16–8)
Claude Ruel
4–0
St. Louis Blues (W) (2, 0–2)
Scotty Bowman
John Ferguson (3:02, third)

1970
Boston Bruins (E) (11, 4–7)
Harry Sinden
4–0
St. Louis Blues (W) (3, 0–3)
Scotty Bowman
Bobby Orr (0:40, OT)

1971
Montreal Canadiens (E) (26, 17–8)
Al MacNeil
4–3
Chicago Black Hawks (W) (8, 3–5)
Billy Reay
Henri Richard (2:34, third)

1972
Boston Bruins (E) (12, 5–7)
Tom Johnson
4–2
New York Rangers (E) (8, 3–5)
Emile Francis
Bobby Orr (11:18, first)

1973
Montreal Canadiens (E) (27, 18–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–2
Chicago Black Hawks (W) (9, 3–6)
Billy Reay
Yvan Cournoyer (8:13, third)

1974
Philadelphia Flyers (W) (1, 1–0)
Fred Shero
4–2
Boston Bruins (E) (13, 5–8)
Bep Guidolin
Rick MacLeish (14:48, first)

1975
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (2, 2–0)
Fred Shero
4–2
Buffalo Sabres (PW) (1, 0–1)
Floyd Smith
Bob Kelly (0:11, third)

1976
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (28, 19–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (3, 2–1)
Fred Shero
Guy Lafleur (14:18, third)

1977
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (29, 20–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Boston Bruins (PW) (14, 5–9)
Don Cherry
Jacques Lemaire (4:32, OT)

1978
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (30, 21–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–2
Boston Bruins (PW) (15, 5–10)
Don Cherry
Mario Tremblay (9:20, first)

1979
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (31, 22–8)
Scotty Bowman
4–1
New York Rangers (CC) (9, 3–6)
Fred Shero
Jacques Lemaire (1:02, second)

1980
New York Islanders (CC) (1, 1–0)
Al Arbour
4–2
Philadelphia Flyers (CC) (4, 2–2)
Pat Quinn
Bob Nystrom (7:11, OT)

1981
New York Islanders (CC) (2, 2–0)
Al Arbour
4–1
Minnesota North Stars (PW) (1, 0–1)
Glen Sonmor
Wayne Merrick (5:37, first)

1982
New York Islanders (PW) (3, 3–0)
Al Arbour
4–0
Vancouver Canucks (CC) (1, 0–1)
Roger Neilson
Mike Bossy (5:00, second)

1983
New York Islanders (PW) (4, 4–0)
Al Arbour
4–0
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (1, 0–1)
Glen Sather
Mike Bossy (12:39, first)

1984
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (2, 1–1)
Glen Sather
4–1
New York Islanders (PW) (5, 4–1)
Al Arbour
Ken Linseman (0:38, second)

1985
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (3, 2–1)
Glen Sather
4–1
Philadelphia Flyers (PW) (5, 2–3)
Mike Keenan
Paul Coffey (17:57, first)

1986
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (32, 23–8)
Jean Perron
4–1
Calgary Flames (CC) (1, 0–1)
Bob Johnson
Bobby Smith (10:30, third)

1987
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (4, 3–1)
Glen Sather
4–3
Philadelphia Flyers (PW) (6, 2–4)
Mike Keenan
Jari Kurri (14:59, second)

1988
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (5, 4–1)
Glen Sather
4–0
Boston Bruins (PW) (16, 5–11)
Terry O'Reilly
Wayne Gretzky (9:44, second)

1989
Calgary Flames (CC) (2, 1–1)
Terry Crisp
4–2
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (33, 23–9)
Pat Burns
Doug Gilmour (11:02, third)

1990
Edmonton Oilers (CC) (6, 5–1)
John Muckler
4–1
Boston Bruins (PW) (17, 5–12)
Mike Milbury
Craig Simpson (9:31, second)

1991
Pittsburgh Penguins (PW) (1, 1–0)
Bob Johnson
4–2
Minnesota North Stars (CC) (2, 0–2)
Bob Gainey
Ulf Samuelsson (2:00, first)

1992
Pittsburgh Penguins (PW) (2, 2–0)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Chicago Blackhawks (CC) (10, 3–7)
Mike Keenan
Ron Francis (7:59, third)

1993
Montreal Canadiens (PW) (34, 24–9)
Jacques Demers
4–1
Los Angeles Kings (CC) (1, 0–1)
Barry Melrose
Kirk Muller (3:51, second)

1994
New York Rangers (EC) (10, 4–6)
Mike Keenan
4–3
Vancouver Canucks (WC) (2, 0–2)
Pat Quinn
Mark Messier (13:29, second)

1995
New Jersey Devils (EC) (1, 1–0)
Jacques Lemaire
4–0
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (19, 7–12)
Scotty Bowman
Neal Broten (7:56, second)

1996
Colorado Avalanche (WC) (1, 1–0)
Marc Crawford
4–0
Florida Panthers (EC) (1, 0–1)
Doug MacLean
Uwe Krupp (4:31, third OT)

1997
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (20, 8–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Philadelphia Flyers (EC) (7, 2–5)
Terry Murray
Darren McCarty (13:02, second)

1998
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (21, 9–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–0
Washington Capitals (EC) (1, 0–1)
Ron Wilson
Martin Lapointe (2:26, second)

1999
Dallas Stars (WC) (3, 1–2)
Ken Hitchcock
4–2
Buffalo Sabres (EC) (2, 0–2)
Lindy Ruff
Brett Hull (14:51, third OT)

2000
New Jersey Devils (EC) (2, 2–0)
Larry Robinson
4–2
Dallas Stars (WC) (4, 1–3)
Ken Hitchcock
Jason Arnott (8:20, second OT)

2001
Colorado Avalanche (WC) (2, 2–0)
Bob Hartley
4–3
New Jersey Devils (EC) (3, 2–1)
Larry Robinson
Alex Tanguay (4:57, second)

2002
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (22, 10–12)
Scotty Bowman
4–1
Carolina Hurricanes (EC) (1, 0–1)
Paul Maurice
Brendan Shanahan (14:04, second)

2003
New Jersey Devils (EC) (4, 3–1)
Pat Burns
4–3
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (WC) (1, 0–1)
Mike Babcock
Michael Rupp (2:22, second)

2004
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC) (1, 1–0)
John Tortorella
4–3
Calgary Flames (WC) (3, 1–2)
Darryl Sutter
Ruslan Fedotenko (14:38, second)

2005
Season cancelled due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

2006
Carolina Hurricanes (EC) (2, 1–1)
Peter Laviolette
4–3
Edmonton Oilers (WC) (7, 5–2)
Craig MacTavish
Frantisek Kaberle (4:18, second)

2007
Anaheim Ducks (WC) (2, 1–1)
Randy Carlyle
4–1
Ottawa Senators (EC) (1, 0–1)
Bryan Murray
Travis Moen (15:44, second)

2008
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (23, 11–12)
Mike Babcock
4–2
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (3, 2–1)
Michel Therrien
Henrik Zetterberg (7:36, third)

2009
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (4, 3–1)
Dan Bylsma
4–3
Detroit Red Wings (WC) (24, 11–13)
Mike Babcock
Maxime Talbot (10:07, second)

2010
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (11, 4–7)
Joel Quenneville
4–2
Philadelphia Flyers (EC) (8, 2–6)
Peter Laviolette
Patrick Kane (4:06, OT)

2011
Boston Bruins (EC) (18, 6–12)
Claude Julien
4–3
Vancouver Canucks (WC) (3, 0–3)
Alain Vigneault
Patrice Bergeron (14:37, first)

2012
Los Angeles Kings (WC) (2, 1–1)
Darryl Sutter
4–2
New Jersey Devils (EC) (5, 3–2)
Peter DeBoer
Jeff Carter (12:45, first)

2013
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (12, 5–7)
Joel Quenneville
4–2
Boston Bruins (EC) (19, 6–13)
Claude Julien
Dave Bolland (19:01, third)

2014
Los Angeles Kings (WC) (3, 2–1)
Darryl Sutter
4–1
New York Rangers (EC) (11, 4–7)
Alain Vigneault
Alec Martinez (14:43, second OT)

2015
Chicago Blackhawks (WC) (13, 6–7)
Joel Quenneville
4–2
Tampa Bay Lightning (EC) (2, 1–1)
Jon Cooper
Duncan Keith (17:13, second)

2016
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (5, 4–1)
Mike Sullivan
4–2
San Jose Sharks (WC) (1, 0–1)
Peter DeBoer
Kris Letang (7:46, second)

2017
Pittsburgh Penguins (EC) (6, 5–1)
Mike Sullivan
4–2
Nashville Predators (WC) (1, 0–1)
Peter Laviolette
Patric Hornqvist (18:25, third)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Challenge Cup era (1893–1914)[edit]

text: Legend: SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (win); UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship (loss); Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Team
SC
UC
Total
Win %
Appearances

Ottawa HC
17
2
19
.895
1894, 1903 (2), 1904 (4), 1905 (3), 1906 (2), 1906, 1909, 1910 (2), 1911 (3)

Montreal Wanderers
10
2
12
.833
1904, 1906 (2), 1907, 1907, 1908 (5), 1910 (2)

Winnipeg Victorias
6
5
11
.545
1896 (2), 1896, 1899, 1900, 1901 (2), 1902 (2), 1902, 1903

Montreal Victorias
6
2
8
.750
1895, 1896, 1896, 1897 (2), 1898, 1899, 1903

Montreal Shamrocks
5
1
6
.833
1899 (2), 1900 (3), 1901

Montreal HC
5
0
5
1.000
1893, 1894, 1895, 1902, 1903

Quebec Bulldogs
4
0
4
1.000
1912 (2), 1913 (2)

Rat Portage/Kenora Thistles
2
3
5
.400
1903, 1905, 1907 (2), 1907

Toronto Blueshirts
2
0
2
1.000
1914 (2)

Queen's University
0
3
3
.000
1895, 1899, 1906

Brandon Wheat Cities
0
2
2
.000
1904, 1907

Edmonton HC
0
2
2
.000
1908, 1910

Galt HC
0
2
2
.000
1910, 1911

Winnipeg Maple Leafs
0
2
2
.000
1901, 1908

text: The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once: Berlin Dutchmen (1910), Dawson City Nuggets (1905), Halifax Crescents (1900), Moncton Victorias (1912), Montreal Canadiens (1914), New Glasgow Cubs (1906), Ottawa Capitals (1897), Ottawa Victorias (1908), Port Arthur Bearcats (1911), Smiths Falls (1906), Sydney Millionaires (1913), Toronto Marlboros (1904), Toronto Professionals (1908), Toronto Wellingtons (1902), Victoria Aristocrats (1914), Winnipeg Rowing Club (1904).

text: Stanley Cup Finals era (since 1915)[edit]

text: Active teams[edit]

text: Unless marked otherwise, teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup. A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Apps
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of appearance (in Stanley Cup Finals)

7001340000000000000♠34[a]
Montreal Canadiens
7001240000000000000♠24
7000900000000000000♠9[a]
.727
1916, 1917, 1919 [a], 1924, 1925, 1930, 1931, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1986, 1989, 1993

7001240000000000000♠24
Detroit Red Wings
7001110000000000000♠11
7001130000000000000♠13
.458
1934, 1936, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2008, 2009

7001210000000000000♠21
Toronto Maple Leafs[b]
7001130000000000000♠13
7000800000000000000♠8
.619
1918, 1922, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967

7001190000000000000♠19
Boston Bruins
7000600000000000000♠6
7001130000000000000♠13
.316
1927, 1929, 1930, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1988, 1990, 2011, 2013

7001130000000000000♠13
Chicago Blackhawks[c]
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7
.462
1931, 1934, 1938, 1944, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1992, 2010, 2013, 2015

7001110000000000000♠11
New York Rangers
7000400000000000000♠4
7000700000000000000♠7
.364
1928, 1929, 1932, 1933, 1937, 1940, 1950, 1972, 1979, 1994, 2014

7000800000000000000♠8
Philadelphia Flyers
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6
.250
1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, 2010

7000700000000000000♠7
Edmonton Oilers
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
.714
1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 2006

7000600000000000000♠6
Pittsburgh Penguins
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
.833
1991, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017

7000500000000000000♠5
New York Islanders
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
.800
1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984

7000500000000000000♠5
New Jersey Devils
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
.600
1995, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2012

7000400000000000000♠4
Dallas Stars[d]
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
.250
1981, 1991, 1999, 2000

7000300000000000000♠3
Los Angeles Kings
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
.667
1993, 2012, 2014

7000300000000000000♠3
Calgary Flames
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
.333
1986, 1989, 2004

7000300000000000000♠3
St. Louis Blues
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
.000
1968, 1969, 1970

7000300000000000000♠3
Vancouver Canucks
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
.000
1982, 1994, 2011

7000200000000000000♠2
Colorado Avalanche
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
1.000
1996, 2001

7000200000000000000♠2
Anaheim Ducks[e]
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2003, 2007

7000200000000000000♠2
Carolina Hurricanes
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2002, 2006

7000200000000000000♠2
Tampa Bay Lightning
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.500
2004, 2015

7000200000000000000♠2
Buffalo Sabres
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
.000
1975, 1999

7000200000000000000♠2
Washington Capitals
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
1998, 2018

7000100000000000000♠1
Florida Panthers
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
1996

7000100000000000000♠1
Nashville Predators
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2017

7000100000000000000♠1
Ottawa Senators[f]
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2007

7000100000000000000♠1
San Jose Sharks
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
.000
2016

7000100000000000000♠1
Vegas Golden Knights
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
–
2018

text: Four active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance. Two of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions:

text:
Columbus Blue Jackets (17 seasons, 4 playoffs)
Minnesota Wild (17 seasons, 9 playoffs, 1 division title)

text: The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location:

text:
Atlanta Thrashers (11 seasons, 1 playoff, 1 division title) / Winnipeg Jets (7 seasons, 2 playoffs)
Winnipeg Jets (original team) (17 seasons, 11 playoffs) / Phoenix-Arizona Coyotes (21 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 division title)

text: Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations:

text:
Quebec Nordiques (16 seasons, 9 playoffs, 2 division titles) – won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche
Kansas City Scouts (2 seasons, never made playoff contention)/Colorado Rockies (6 seasons, 1 playoff) – won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils
Oakland Seals-California Golden Seals (9 seasons, 2 playoffs)/Cleveland Barons (2 seasons, never made playoff contention) – merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars
Atlanta Flames (8 seasons, 6 playoffs) – won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames
Hartford Whalers (18 seasons, 8 playoffs, 1 division title) – won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes

text: Defunct teams[edit]

text: Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league(s) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup. A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win.

text:
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Win %
Years of Appearance

5
Ottawa Senators (NHA/NHL)
4
1
.800
1915, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1927

4
Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA/WCHL)
1
3
.250
1915, 1918, 1921, 1922

3
Montreal Maroons (NHL)
2
1
.667
1926, 1928, 1935

3 [a]
Seattle Metropolitans (PCHA)
1
1[a]
.500
1917, 1919[a], 1920

2
Victoria Cougars (WCHL/WHL)
1
1
.500
1925, 1926

1
Portland Rosebuds (PCHA)
0
1
.000
1916

1
Edmonton Eskimos (WCHL)
0
1
.000
1923

1
Calgary Tigers (WCHL)
0
1
.000
1924

text:
a The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no-decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic. It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team.
b The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club[33] (later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947), and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks.
c The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986–87 season.
d The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars.
e The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.
f The modern Ottawa Senators (1992–present) are the namesake of the original Senators (1883–1934).


document_title: Indigo

question_text: when did indigo become a color of the rainbow

text: Indigo

text: History[edit]

text: Species of Indigofera were cultivated in East Asia, Egypt, India, and Peru in antiquity. The earliest direct evidence for the use of indigo dates to around 4000 BCE and comes from Huaca Prieta, in contemporary Peru.[4] Pliny the Elder mentions the Indus Valley Civilization as the source of the dye after which it was named. It was imported from there in small quantities via the Silk Road.[5] The Ancient Greek term for the dye was Ἰνδικὸν φάρμακον ("Sindhi dye"), which, adopted to Latin as indicum and via Portuguese gave rise to the modern word indigo.[6]

text: Indigo was actually a plant that got its name because it came from the Indus Valley Civilisation, discovered some 5,000 years ago, where it was called nila, meaning dark blue. And by the 7th Century BC, people started using the plant as a dye; the Mesopotamians were even carving out recipes for making indigo dye onto clay tablets for record-keeping. By 1289, knowledge of the dye made its way to Europe, when the Venetian merchant traveler Marco Polo reported on it.[7]

text: However, it wasn’t until 1640 when demand started to pick up for indigo. Spanish explorers discovered an American species of indigo and began to cultivate the product in Guatemala. The English and French subsequently began to encourage indigo cultivation in their colonies in the West Indies.[8]

text: Blue dye can be made from two different types of plants: the indigo plant, which produces the best results, and from the woad plant, also known as pastel[9]. The British were producing indigo with woad, a plant that yielded a lesser quality dye, but a plant they could grow. They even tried to hold their monopoly on indigo dye by managing to ban the indigo plant for years, claiming that it was poisonous. But eventually the British began to focus on tea and other crops, and meanwhile, the French started to get their fair share of the market.

text: But this was problematic. The French had gone to war with Britain, so the British could hardly rely on the French for this precious blue dye. Consequently, the British had to turn to their colonies in America. It was Eliza Lucas from South Carolina who figured out how to grow the indigo plant and use it to make indigo cakes that would support British demand.[7]

text: A similar dye is contained in the woad or pastel[9] plant, Isatis tinctoria, which for a long time was the main source of blue dye in Europe. Woad was replaced by true indigo as trade routes opened up, and both plant sources have now been largely replaced by synthetic dyes.

text: Classification as a spectral color[edit]

text: The Early Modern English word indigo referred to the dye, not to the color (hue) itself, and indigo is not traditionally part of the basic color-naming system.[10] Modern sources place indigo in the electromagnetic spectrum between 420 and 450 nanometers,[1][11][12] which lies on the short-wave side of color wheel (RGB) blue, towards (spectral) violet.

text: However, the correspondence of this definition with colors of actual indigo dyes is disputed. Optical scientists Hardy and Perrin list indigo as between 445[13] and 464 nm wavelength,[14] which occupies a spectrum segment from roughly the color wheel (RGB) blue extending to the long-wave side, towards azure.

text: Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge, the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into England,[15] supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal experiment in the history of optics, the young Newton shone a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall. In describing this optical spectrum, Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a continuum of colors, but named seven: "The originall or primary colours are Red, yellow, Green, Blew, & a violet purple; together with Orang, Indico, & an indefinite varietie of intermediate gradations."[16] He linked the seven prismatic colors to the seven notes of a western major scale,[17] as shown in his color wheel, with orange and indigo as the semitones. Having decided upon seven colors, he asked a friend to repeatedly divide up the spectrum that was projected from the prism onto the wall:

text: I desired a friend to draw with a pencil lines cross the image, or pillar of colours, where every one of the seven aforenamed colours was most full and brisk, and also where he judged the truest confines of them to be, whilst I held the paper so, that the said image might fall within a certain compass marked on it. And this I did, partly because my own eyes are not very critical in distinguishing colours, partly because another, to whom I had not communicated my thoughts about this matter, could have nothing but his eyes to determine his fancy in making those marks.[18]

text: Indigo is therefore counted as one of the traditional colors of the rainbow, the order of which is given by the mnemonic Roy G. Biv. James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz accepted indigo as an appropriate name for the color flanking violet in the spectrum.[19]

text: Later scientists conclude that Newton named the colors differently from current usage.[20][21] According to Gary Waldman, "A careful reading of Newton's work indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-green, cyan or light blue."[22] If this is true, Newton's seven spectral colors would have been:

text: The human eye does not readily differentiate hues in the wavelengths between what we today call blue and violet. If this is where Newton meant indigo to lie, most individuals would have difficulty distinguishing indigo from its neighbors. According to Isaac Asimov, "It is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate color. To my eyes it seems merely deep blue."[23]

text: Modern color scientists typically divide the spectrum between violet and blue at about 450 nm, with no indigo.[24][25]

text: Distinction among the four major tones of indigo[edit]

text: Like many other colors (orange, rose, and violet are the best-known), indigo gets its name from an object in the natural world—the plant named indigo once used for dyeing cloth (see also Indigo dye).

text: The color electric indigo is a bright and saturated color between the traditional indigo and violet. This is the brightest color indigo that can be approximated on a computer screen; it is a color located between the (primary) blue and the color violet of the RGB color wheel.

text: The web color blue violet or deep indigo is a tone of indigo brighter than pigment indigo, but not as bright as electric indigo.

text: The color pigment indigo is equivalent to the web color indigo and approximates the color indigo that is usually reproduced in pigments and colored pencils.

text: The color of indigo dye is a different color from either spectrum indigo or pigment indigo. This is the actual color of the dye. A vat full of this dye is a darker color, approximating the web color midnight blue.

text: Below are displayed these four major tones of indigo.

text: Electric indigo[edit]

text:
Electric Indigo

     Color coordinates

Hex triplet
#6F00FF

sRGBB  (r, g, b)
(111, 0, 255)

CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)
(57, 100, 0, 0)

HSV       (h, s, v)
(266°, 100%, 100[26]%)

Source
[1]

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

text: "Electric indigo" is brighter than the pigment indigo reproduced below. When plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram, this color is at 435 nanometers, in the middle of the portion of the spectrum traditionally considered indigo, i.e., between 450 and 420 nanometers. This color is only an approximation of spectral indigo, since actual spectral colors are outside the gamut of the sRGB color system.

text: Deep indigo (web color blue-violet)[edit]

text:
Blue-Violet

     Color coordinates

Hex triplet
#8A2BE2

sRGBB  (r, g, b)
(138, 43, 226)

CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)
(63, 81, 0, 0)

HSV       (h, s, v)
(271°, 81%, 89%)

Source
X11

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

text: At right is displayed the web color "blue-violet", a color intermediate in brightness between electric indigo and pigment indigo. It is also known as "deep indigo".

text: Light indigo (web color indigo)[edit]

text:
Indigo

     Color coordinates

Hex triplet
#4B0082

sRGBB  (r, g, b)
(75, 0, 130)

CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)
(42, 100, 0, 49)

HSV       (h, s, v)
(275°, 100%, 50%)

Source
X11

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

text: The color box at right displays the web color indigo which is equivalent to "light indigo", the color indigo as it would be reproduced by artists' paints as opposed to the brighter indigo above (electric indigo) that is possible to reproduce on a computer screen. Its hue is closer to violet than to indigo dye for which the color is named. Pigment indigo can be obtained by mixing 55% pigment cyan with about 45% pigment magenta.

text: Compare the subtractive colors to the additive colors in the two primary color charts in the article on primary colors to see the distinction between electric colors as reproducible from light on a computer screen (additive colors) and the pigment colors reproducible with pigments (subtractive colors); the additive colors are significantly brighter because they are produced from light instead of pigment.

text: Light indigo (web color indigo) represents the way the color indigo was always reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s. By the 1970s, because of the advent of psychedelic art, artists became used to brighter pigments, and pigments called "bright indigo" or "bright blue-violet" that are the pigment equivalent of the electric indigo reproduced in the section above became available in artists' pigments and colored pencils.

text: Tropical indigo[edit]

text:
Tropical Indigo

     Color coordinates

Hex triplet
#9683EC

sRGBB  (r, g, b)
(150, 131, 236)

CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)
(48, 51, 0, 0)

HSV       (h, s, v)
(251°, 44%, 93%)

Source
Gallego and Sanz[27]

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

text: 'Tropical Indigo' is the color that is called añil in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.

text: Other Indigo colors[edit]

text: Indigo Dye[edit]

text:
Indigo Dye

     Color coordinates

Hex triplet
#00416a

sRGBB  (r, g, b)
(0, 65, 106)

CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)
(100, 39, 0, 58)

HSV       (h, s, v)
(203°, 100%, 42%)

Source
[2]

B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

text: The Indigo Dye is greenish dark blue color which is close to real indigo dye.

text: In nature[edit]

text:
Male indigobirds are a very dark, metallic blue.
The indigo bunting, native to North America, is mostly bright cerulean blue with an indigo head.
The related blue grosbeak is, ironically, more indigo than the indigo bunting.

text: Lactarius indigo is one of the very few species of mushrooms colored in tones of blue.

text: The eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon couperi, of the southeastern United States, is a dark blue/black.

text: In culture[edit]

text: Literature

text: Marina Warner's novel Indigo (1992) is a retelling of Shakespeare's The Tempest and features the production of indigo dye by Sycorax.

text: Business[edit]

text:
IndiGo Airlines is an Indian budget airline that uses an indigo logo and operates only Airbus A320s.
Indigo Books and Music uses an indigo logo and has sometimes referred to the color as "blue" in advertising.[28][29]
Indigo Dreams is an award-winning publishing company based in Devon, England.
Indigo Line, a proposed MBTA commuter rail line, is set to open in 2024.
The Indigo Tribe is a Los Angeles based home accessories company that uses natural indigo as its main dyeing agent.[30]

text: Computer graphics[edit]

text: Electric indigo is sometimes used as a glow color for computer graphics lighting, possibly because it seems to change color from indigo to lavender when blended with white.

text: Dyes[edit]

text:
Guatemala, as of 1778, was considered one of the world's foremost providers of indigo.[31]
In Mexico, indigo is known as 'añil'.[32] After silver, and cochineal to produce red, añil was the most important product exported by historical Mexico.[33]

text: Food[edit]

text: Scientists discovered in 2008 that when a banana becomes ripe and ready to eat, it glows bright indigo under a black light. Some insects, as well as bats and birds, may see into the ultraviolet, because they are tetrachromats and can use this information to tell when a banana is ripe and ready to eat. The glow is the result of a chemical created as the green chlorophyll in the peel breaks down.[34]

text: Military[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The French Army adopted dark blue indigo at the time of the French Revolution, as a replacement for the white uniforms previously worn by the Royal infantry regiments. In 1806, Napoleon decided to restore the white coats because of shortages of indigo dye imposed by the British continental blockade. However, the greater practicability of the blue color led to its retention, and indigo remained the dominant color of French military coats until 1914.

text: Spirituality[edit]

text: The Spiritualist applications use electric indigo, because the color is positioned between blue and violet on the spectrum.[35]

text:
The color electric indigo is used in New Age philosophy to symbolically represent the sixth chakra (called Ajna), which is said to include the third eye. This chakra is believed to be related to intuition and gnosis (spiritual knowledge).[36][37]
Alice A. Bailey used indigo as the "second ray", representing "Love-Wisdom", in her Seven Rays system classifying people into seven metaphysical psychological types.[38]
Psychics often associate indigo paranormal auras with an interest in religion or with intense spirituality and intuition. Indigo children are said to have predominantly indigo auras. People with indigo auras are said to favor occupations such as computer analyst, animal caretaker, and counselor.[39]