document_title: Indian classical music

question_text: who is the father of indian classical music

root

text: Indian classical music

text: History[edit]

text: The root of music in ancient India are found in the Vedic literature of Hinduism. The earliest Indian thought combined three arts, syllabic recital (vadya), melos (gita) and dance (nrtta).[13] As these fields developed, sangeeta became a distinct genre of art, in a form equivalent to contemporary music. This likely occurred before the time of Yāska (c. 500 BCE), since he includes these terms in his nirukta studies, one of the six Vedanga of ancient Indian tradition. Some of the ancient texts of Hinduism such as the Samaveda (c. 1000 BCE) are structured entirely to melodic themes,[14][15] it is sections of Rigveda set to music.[16]

tag: p

text: The Samaveda is organized into two formats. One part is based on the musical meter, another by the aim of the rituals.[17] The text is written with embedded coding, where swaras (octave notes) are either shown above or within the text, or the verse is written into parvans (knot or member) in simple words this embedded code of swaras is like the skeleton of the song. The swaras have about 12 different forms and different combinations of these swaras are made to sit under the names of different ragas. The specific code of a song clearly tells us what combination of swaras are present in a specific song. The lyrical part of the song is called "sahityam" and sahityam is just like singing the swaras altogether but using the lyrics of the song. The code in the form of swaras have even the notation of which note to be sung high and which one low. The hymns of Samaveda contain melodic content, form, rhythm and metric organization.[17] This structure is, however, not unique or limited to Samaveda. The Rigveda embeds the musical meter too, without the kind of elaboration found in the Samaveda. For example, the Gayatri mantra contains three metric lines of exactly eight syllables, with an embedded ternary rhythm.[18]

text: In the ancient traditions of Hinduism, two musical genre appeared, namely Gandharva (formal, composed, ceremonial music) and Gana (informal, improvised, entertainment music).[20] The Gandharva music also implied celestial, divine associations, while the Gana also implied singing.[20] The Vedic Sanskrit musical tradition had spread widely in the Indian subcontinent, and according to Rowell, the ancient Tamil classics make it "abundantly clear that a cultivated musical tradition existed in South India as early as the last few pre-Christian centuries".[21]

text: The classic Sanskrit text Natya Shastra is at the foundation of the numerous classical music and dance traditions of India. Before Natyashastra was finalized, the ancient Indian traditions had classified musical instruments into four groups based on their acoustic principle (how they work, rather than the material they are made of) for example flute which works with gracious in and out flow of air.[22] These four categories are accepted as given and are four separate chapters in the Natyashastra, one each on stringed instruments (chordophones), hollow instruments (aerophones), solid instruments (idiophones), and covered instruments (membranophones).[22] Of these, states Rowell, the idiophone in the form of "small bronze cymbals" were used for tala. Almost the entire chapter of Natyashastra on idiophones, by Bharata, is a theoretical treatise on the system of tala.[23] Time keeping with idiophones was considered a separate function than that of percussion (membranophones), in the early Indian thought on music theory.[23]

text: The early 13th century Sanskrit text Sangitaratnakara (literally, "Ocean of Music and Dance"), by Sarngadeva patronized by King Sighana of the Yadava dynasty in Maharashtra, mentions and discusses ragas and talas.[24] He identifies seven tala families, then subdivides them into rhythmic ratios, presenting a methodology for improvization and composition that continues to inspire modern era Indian musicians.[25] Sangitaratnakara is one of the most complete historic medieval era Hindu treatises on this subject that has survived into the modern era, that relates to the structure, technique and reasoning behind ragas and talas.[26][25]

text: The centrality and significance of music in ancient and early medieval India is also expressed in numerous temple and shrine reliefs, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, such as through the carving of musicians with cymbals at the fifth century Pavaya temple sculpture near Gwalior,[27] and the Ellora Caves.[28][29]

text: Texts[edit]

text: The post-Vedic era historical literature relating to Indian classical music has been extensive. The ancient and medieval texts are primarily in Sanskrit (Hinduism), but major reviews of music theory, instruments and practice were also composed in regional languages such as Braj, Kannada, Odissi, Pali (Buddhism), Prakrit (Jainism), Tamil and Telugu.[30] While numerous manuscripts have survived into the modern era, many original works on Indian music are believed to be lost, and are known to have existed only because they are quoted and discussed in other manuscripts on classical Indian music.[30][31] Many of the encyclopedic Puranas contain large chapters on music theory and instruments, such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Markandeya Purana, the Vayu Purana, the Linga Purana, and the Visnudharmottara Purana.[32][33][34]

text: The most cited and influential among these texts are the Sama Veda, Natya shastra (classic treatise on music theory, Gandharva), Brihaddesi (treatise on regional classical music forms), and Sangita Ratnakara (definitive text for Carnatic and Hindustani traditions).[6][30][35] Most historic music theory texts have been by Hindu scholars. Some classical music texts were also composed by Buddhists and Jaina scholars, and in 16th century by Muslim scholars. These are listed in the attached table.

text:
[show]Classical Indian music texts[30]

Title
Author
Century
Religion
Notability[30]

Samaveda
Unknown
c. 1000 BCE
Hinduism
Scripture set to music

Natyasastra
Bharata Muni
c. 200 BCE-200 CE
Hinduism
Oldest surviving complete Hindu text on music theory and performance arts

(Lost texts)
Vishakhila, Sardula, Visnudharmottara
c. 300–500 CE
Hinduism
Cited by medieval authors

(Lost text)
Rahul
c. 5th century CE
Buddhism
Cited by medieval authors

Brihaddesi
Matanga
c. 800–900 CE
Hinduism
Survives in parts, theory of regional music forms (entertainment), Murchana system

Abhinavabharati
Abhinavagupta
c. 900–1000 CE
Hinduism
Theory of rasa[36]

Sarasvati Hridyalankara
Nanyadeva
c. 1080 CE
Hinduism
Music theory,
appendix on Natyashastra bhasya

Sangita Sudhakara
Haripala
c. 1175 CE
Hinduism

Abhilasitartha Cintamani
Somesvara
c. 12th century CE
Hinduism
Survives in parts,
Murchana system, ragas

Sangita Ratnavali
Somabhupala
c. 1180 CE
Hinduism

Sangita Samayasara
Parsvadeva
c. 1200 CE
Hinduism
Theory of gamakas

Sangita Ratnakara
Sarngadeva
c. 1230 CE
Hinduism
Systematizes raga, prakirnaka, prabandha, tala, vadya and nritya;[37]
Definitive text to Carnatic and Hindustani classical music

Sringarahara
Raja Sakambhari
c. 1300 CE
Hinduism
Directory of ancient ragas, 89 derivative ragas and 120 talas

Rasatatvasamuccaya
Allaraja
c. 1300 CE
Hinduism
Four chapters to classical music

Sangitopanisadasara
Suddhakalasa
c. 1350 CE
Jainism
Music theory, includes rare talas

Balabodhan
unknown
c. 1350 CE
Hinduism
Review and quotes music texts believed to be lost

Visvapradip
Bhuvanananda
c. 1350 CE
Hinduism
A major review on raga, tala, musical instruments

Sangitacandra
Allaraja
c. 14th century CE
Hinduism
Commented by 17th century Nepalese king Jyotirmal

Sangita Dipika
Madhava Bhatta
c. 1400 CE
Hinduism
Raga-ragini system

Sangita Raj
Kumbhakarna
c. 1449 CE
Hinduism
A review

Svaramelakalanidhi
Ramamatya
c. 16th century CE
Hinduism
Carnatic music, mela system

Raga Mala,
Raga Manjari,
Sadraga Candrodaya
Pundarika Vittala
c. 16th century CE
Hinduism
Carnatic music, mentions Persian maqam

Lahjat-i Sikandar Shahi
Umar Sama Yahya
c. 16th century CE
Islam
Hindustani music, includes a review of Natya Shastra and Sangita Ratnakara[38]

Rasakaumudi
Srikantha
c. 16th century CE
Jainism
A review of music systems

Sangita Sudha
Raghunatha Thanjavur
c. 1620 CE
Hinduism
Carnatic, Three languages, musical instruments, 264 ragas, 50 popular ragas

Sangita Cudamani
Govinda
c. 1680 CE
Hinduism
Carnatic, 72 melakartas, musical instruments innovations

tag: table

text: Major traditions[edit]

text: The classical music tradition of the ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent (modern Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) were a generally integrated system through the 14th century, after which the socio-political turmoil of the Delhi Sultanate era isolated the north from the south. The music traditions of the North and South India were not considered as distinct till about the 16th century, but after that the traditions acquired distinct forms.[2] The North Indian classical music is called Hindustani, while the South Indian expression is called Carnatic (sometimes spelled as Karnatic). According to Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy, the North Indian tradition acquired its modern form after the 14th or the 15th century.[39]

text: The Indian classical music has historically adopted and evolved with many regional styles, such as the Bengali classical tradition. This openness to ideas led to assimilation of regional folk innovations, as well influences that arrived from outside the subcontinent. For example, the Hindustani music assimilated Arabian and Persian influences.[12] This assimilation of ideas was upon the ancient classical foundations such as raga, tala, matras as well as the musical instruments. The music theory and concepts from classical Indian music are not found in Persia and Arabia. For example, the Persian Rāk is probably a pronunciation of Raga. According to Hormoz Farhat, Rāk has no meaning in modern Persian language, and the concept of raga is unknown in Persia.[40]

text: Carnatic music[edit]

text: Purandara Dasa (1484 – 1564) was a Hindu composer and musicologist who lived in Hampi of the Vijayanagara Empire.[41][42] He is considered Pithamaha (literally, "grandfather") of the Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa was a monk and a devotee of the Hindu god Krishna (Vishnu, Vittal avatar).[41] He systematized classical Indian music theory and developed exercises for musicians learn and perfect their art. He travelled widely sharing and teaching his ideas, and influenced numerous South Indian and Maharashtra Bhakti movement musicians.[43] These exercises, his teachings about raga, and his systematic methodology called Suladi Sapta Tala (literally, "primordial seven talas") remains in use in contemporary times.[42][44] The efforts of Purandara Dasa in the 16th century began the Carnatic style of Indian classical music.[43]

text: Carnatic music, from South India, tends to be more rhythmically intensive and structured than Hindustani music. Examples of this are the logical classification of ragas into melakarthas, and the use of fixed compositions similar to Western classical music. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. In addition, accompanists have a much larger role in Carnatic concerts than in Hindustani concerts. Today's typical concert structure was put in place by the vocalist Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar. The opening piece is called a varnam, and is a warm-up for the musicians. A devotion and a request for a blessing follows, then a series of interchanges between ragams (unmetered melody) and thaalams (the ornamentation, equivalent to the jor). This is intermixed with hymns called krithis. The pallavi or theme from the raga then follows. Carnatic pieces also have notated lyrical poems that are reproduced as such, possibly with embellishments and treatments according to the performer's ideology.[citation needed]

text: Primary themes include worship, descriptions of temples, philosophy, and nayaka-nayika (Sanskrit "hero-heroine") themes. Tyagaraja (1759–1847), Muthuswami Dikshitar (1776–1827) and Syama Sastri (1762–1827) have been the important historic scholars of Carnatic music. According to Eleanor Zelliot, Tyagaraja is known in the Carnatic tradition as one of the greatest composers, and he reverentially acknowledged the influence of Purandara Dasa.[43]

text: Hindustani music[edit]

text: It is unclear when the process of differentiation of Hindustani music started. The process may have started in 14th century courts of the Delhi Sultans. However, according to Jairazbhoy, the North Indian tradition likely acquired its modern form after the 14th or after the 15th century.[45] The Hindustani music development reached a peak in the Indian subcontinent during the reign of Akbar. During this 16th century period, Tansen studied music and introduced musical innovations, for about the first sixty years of his life with patronage of the Hindu king Ram Chand of Gwalior, and thereafter performed at the Muslim court of Akbar.[46][47] Many musicians in northern Indian subcontinent consider the 16th century Tansen as the founder of Hindustani classical music.[48]

text: Tansen's style and innovations inspired many, and many modern gharanas (Hindustani music teaching houses) link themselves to his lineage.[49] The Muslim courts discouraged Sanskrit and Hindu religious words, and encouraged technical music. Such constraints led Hindustani music to evolve in a different way than the Carnatic music.[49][50]

text: Hindustani music style is mainly found in North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It exists in four major forms: Dhrupad, Khyal (or Khayal), Thumri and Tappa.[51] Dhrupad is ancient, Khyal evolved from it, Thumri evolved from Khyal.[52] Dhrupad is solemn music, uplifting and heroic, pure and spiritual. Khyal adds ornamental notes, shorter, moody and celebratory.[51] Thumri go one step further in their brevity, and are graceful songs. There are three major schools of Thumri: Lucknow gharana, Banaras gharana and Punjabi gharana. These weave in folk music innovations.[51] Tappa is the most folksy, one which likely existed in Rajasthan and Punjab region before it was systematized and integrated into classical music structure. It became popular, with the Bengali musicians developing their own Tappa.[53]

text: Khayal are an important Hindustani musical form, and the term literally means "frolicsome imagination". They are significant because it was the template for Sufi musicians among the Islamic community of India, and Qawwals sang their folk songs in the Khayal format. Khayal form of music has historically attracted numerous South Asian music artists, and is sometimes referred to as Qawwali.[54]

text: Dhrupada (or Dhruvapada), the ancient form and described in the Hindu text Natyashastra,[55] is one of the core forms of classical music found all over the Indian subcontinent. The word comes from Dhruva which means immovable and permanent. It is spiritual, heroic, thoughtful, virtuous, embedding moral wisdom or solemn form of song-music combination.[56][52]

text: A Dhrupada has at least four stanzas, called Sthayi (or Asthayi), Antara, Sancari and Abhoga. The Sthayi part is a melody that uses the middle octave's first tetrachord and the lower octave notes.[52] The Antara part uses the middle octave's second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.[52] The Samcari part is the development phase, which holistically builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.[52] The Abhoga is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye, that are ideally mathematical fractions such as dagun (half), tigun (third) or caugun (fourth).[57] Sometimes a fifth stanza called Bhoga is included. Though usually related to philosophical or Bhakti (emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupadas were composed to praise kings.[56][57]

text: Improvisation is of central importance to Hindustani music, and a complex topic. Each school tradition or gharana has developed its own techniques. At its core, it starts with a standard composition (gat), then expands it in a process called gat vistar. The improvisation methods have ancient roots, and one of the more common techniques is called Alap, Jor and Jhala. The Alap explores possible tonal combinations among other things, Jor explores speed or tempo (faster), while Jhala explores complex combinations like a fishnet of strokes while keeping the beat patterns.[58] As with Carnatic music, Hindustani music has assimilated various folk tunes. For example, ragas such as Kafi and Jaijaiwanti are based on folk tunes.[citation needed]

text: Persian and Arab influences[edit]

text: The Hindustani music has had Arab and Persian music influences.[12] The nature of these influences are unclear. Scholars have attempted to study Arabic maqam (also spelled makam) of Arabian peninsula, Turkey and northern Africa, and dastgah of Iran, to discern the nature and extent.[59][60] Through the colonial era and until the 1960s, the attempt was to theoretically study ragas and maqams and suggested commonalities. Later comparative musicology studies, states Bruno Nettl – a professor of Music, have found the similarities between classical Indian music and European music as well, raising the question about the point of similarities and of departures between the different world music systems.[59][60]

text: One of the earliest known discussions of Persian maqam and Indian ragas is by the late 16th century scholar Pundarika Vittala. He states that Persian maqams in use in his times had been derived from older Indian ragas (or mela), and he specifically maps over a dozen maqam. For example, Vittala states that the Hijaz maqam was derived from the Asaveri raga, and Jangula was derived from the Bangal.[61][62] In 1941, Haidar Rizvi questioned this and stated that influence was in the other direction, Middle Eastern maqams were turned into Indian ragas, such as Zangulah maqam becoming Jangla raga.[63] According to John Baily – a professor of Ethnomusicology, there is evidence that the traffic of musical ideas were both ways, because Persian records confirm that Indian musicians were a part of the Qajar court in Tehran,[64] an interaction that continued through the 20th century with import of Indian musical instruments in cities such as Herat near Afghanistan-Iran border.[65]

text: Features[edit]

text: Classical Indian music is a genre of South Asian music, the other being film, various varieties of pop, regional folk, religious and devotional music.[1]

text: In Indian classical music, the raga and the tala are two foundational elements. The raga forms the fabric of a melodic structure, and the tala keeps the time cycle.[8] Both raga and tala are open frameworks for creativity and allow theoretically infinite number of possibilities, however, the tradition considers a few hundred ragas and talas as basic.[66] Raga is intimately related to tala or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a matra (beat, and duration between beats).[67]

text: Raga[edit]

text: A raga is a central concept of Indian music, predominant in its expression. According to Walter Kaufmann, though a remarkable and prominent feature of Indian music, a definition of raga cannot be offered in one or two sentences.[68] Raga may be roughly described as a musical entity that includes note intonation, relative duration and order, in a manner similar to how words flexibly form phrases to create an atmosphere of expression.[69] In some cases, certain rules are considered obligatory, in others optional. The raga allows flexibility, where the artist may rely on simple expression, or may add ornamentations yet express the same essential message but evoke a different intensity of mood.[69]

text: A raga has a given set of notes, on a scale, ordered in melodies with musical motifs.[9] A musician playing a raga, states Bruno Nettl, may traditionally use just these notes, but is free to emphasize or improvise certain degrees of the scale.[9] The Indian tradition suggests a certain sequencing of how the musician moves from note to note for each raga, in order for the performance to create a rasa (mood, atmosphere, essence, inner feeling) that is unique to each raga. A raga can be written on a scale. Theoretically, thousands of raga are possible given 5 or more notes, but in practical use, the classical Indian tradition has refined and typically relies on several hundred.[9] For most artists, their basic perfected repertoire has some forty to fifty ragas.[70] Raga in Indian classic music is intimately related to tala or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a matra (beat, and duration between beats).[67]

text: A raga is not a tune, because the same raga can yield infinite number of tunes.[71] A raga is not a scale, because many ragas can be based on the same scale.[71][72] A raga, state Bruno Nettl and other music scholars, is a concept similar to mode, something between the domains of tune and scale, and it is best conceptualized as a "unique array of melodic features, mapped to and organized for a unique aesthetic sentiment in the listener".[71] The goal of a raga and its artist is to create rasa (essence, feeling, atmosphere) with music, as classical Indian dance does with performance arts. In the Indian tradition, classical dances are performed with music set to various ragas.[73]

text: Tala[edit]

text: According to David Nelson – an Ethnomusicology scholar specializing in Carnatic music, a tala in Indian music covers "the whole subject of musical meter".[74] Indian music is composed and performed in a metrical framework, a structure of beats that is a tala. A tala measures musical time in Indian music. However, it does not imply a regular repeating accent pattern, instead its hierarchical arrangement depends on how the musical piece is supposed to performed.[74]

text: The tala forms the metrical structure that repeats, in a cyclical harmony, from the start to end of any particular song or dance segment, making it conceptually analogous to meters in Western music.[74] However, talas have certain qualitative features that classical European musical meters do not. For example, some talas are much longer than any classical Western meter, such as a framework based on 29 beats whose cycle takes about 45 seconds to complete when performed. Another sophistication in talas is the lack of "strong, weak" beat composition typical of the traditional European meter. In classical Indian traditions, the tala is not restricted to permutations of strong and weak beats, but its flexibility permits the accent of a beat to be decided by the shape of musical phrase.[74]

text: The most widely used tala in the South Indian system is adi tala.[75] In the North Indian system, the most common tala is teental.[76] In the two major systems of classical Indian music, the first count of any tala is called sam.[76]

text: Instruments[edit]

text: Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include the sitar, sarod, surbahar, esraj, veena, tanpura, bansuri, shehnai, sarangi, violin, santoor, pakhavaj and tabla. Instruments typically used in Carnatic music include veena, venu, gottuvadyam, harmonium, mridangam, kanjira, ghatam, nadaswaram and violin.[citation needed]

text: Players of the tabla, a type of drum, usually keep the rhythm, an indicator of time in Hindustani music. Another common instrument is the stringed tanpura, which is played at a steady tone (a drone) throughout the performance of the raga, and which provides both a point of reference for the musician and a background against which the music stands out. The task of playing the tanpura traditionally falls to a student of the soloist. Other instruments for accompaniment include the sarangi and the harmonium.[citation needed]

text: Notation system[edit]

text: Indian classical music is both elaborate and expressive. Like Western classical music, it divides the octave into 12 semitones of which the 7 basic notes are, in ascending tonal order, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni for Hindustani music and Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni for Carnatic music, similar to Western music's Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti . However, Indian music uses just-intonation tuning, unlike most modern Western classical music, which uses the equal-temperament tuning system. Also, unlike modern Western classical music, Indian classical music places great emphasis on improvisation.[citation needed]

text: The underlying scale may have four, five, six or seven tones, called swaras (sometimes spelled as svaras). The svara concept is found in the ancient Natya Shastra in Chapter 28. It calls the unit of tonal measurement or audible unit as Śruti,[78] with verse 28.21 introducing the musical scale as follows,[79]

text:
तत्र स्वराः –
षड्‍जश्‍च ऋषभश्‍चैव गान्धारो मध्यमस्तथा ।
पञ्‍चमो धैवतश्‍चैव सप्तमोऽथ निषादवान् ॥ २१॥

text: These seven degrees are shared by both major raga system, that is the North Indian (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic).[82] The solfege (sargam) is learnt in abbreviated form: sa, ri (Carnatic) or re (Hindustani), ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa. Of these, the first that is "sa", and the fifth that is "pa", are considered anchors that are unalterable, while the remaining have flavors that differs between the two major systems.[82]

text: Contemporary Indian music schools follow notations and classifications (see melakarta and thaat). These are generally based on a notation system created by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.[citation needed]

text: Reception outside India[edit]

text: According to Yukteshwar Kumar, elements of Indian music arrived in China in the 3rd century, such as in the works of Chinese lyrist Li Yannian.[83]

text: Organizations[edit]

text: An emergent trend of the past few decades has been that of fusion music, where genres such as khyal and western music are intermixed to appeal to a wider audience.[citation needed]

text: A few of the organizations that promote classical music include Saptak, Sangeet Sankalp established in 1989.[84][85] SPIC MACAY, established in 1977, has more than 500 chapters in India and abroad. SPIC MACAY claims to hold around 5000 events every year related to Indian classical music and dance.[86]


document_title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

question_text: who is rated the best goalkeeper in the world

text: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: List of winners[edit]

text: The award is awarded every January. The winning goalkeeper is awarded a gold trophy at the World Football Gala. Italy's Gianluigi Buffon and Spain's Iker Casillas have the most award victories, having won it five times, followed by Germany's Manuel Neuer, who has won the award four times; Casillas won the award for five consecutive years between 2008 and 2012. Below is a list of the previous winners since the first award in 1987.[1] Bayern Munich, with a total of eight, is the team with the most wins.

text:
Year

Winning player

Winning player's club

Runner-up player

Runner-up player's club

Source

1987

 Jean-Marie Pfaff

 Bayern Munich

 Rinat Dasayev

 Spartak Moscow

[1]

1988

 Rinat Dasayev

 Spartak Moscow

 Hans van Breukelen

 PSV Eindhoven

[1]

1989

 Walter Zenga

 Internazionale

 Michel Preud'homme

 KV Mechelen

[1]

1990

 Walter Zenga (2)

 Internazionale

 Michel Preud'homme

 KV Mechelen

[1]

1991

 Walter Zenga (3)

 Internazionale

 Sergio Goycochea

 Racing Club

[1]

1992

 Peter Schmeichel

 Manchester United

 Andoni Zubizarreta

 Barcelona

[1]

1993

 Peter Schmeichel (2)

 Manchester United

 Sergio Goycochea

 Racing Club

[1]

1994

 Michel Preud'homme

 KV Mechelen Benfica

 Thomas Ravelli

 IFK Göteborg

[1]

1995

 José Luis Chilavert

 Vélez Sársfield

 Peter Schmeichel

 Manchester United

[1]

1996

 Andreas Köpke

 Marseille

 David Seaman

 Arsenal

[1]

1997

 José Luis Chilavert (2)

 Vélez Sársfield

 Angelo Peruzzi

 Juventus

[1]

1998

 José Luis Chilavert (3)

 Vélez Sársfield

 Fabien Barthez

 Monaco

[1]

1999

 Oliver Kahn

 Bayern Munich

 Peter Schmeichel

 Manchester United

[1]

2000

 Fabien Barthez

 Manchester United

 Oliver Kahn

 Bayern Munich

[1]

2001

 Oliver Kahn (2)

 Bayern Munich

 Oscar Córdoba

 Boca Juniors

[1]

2002

 Oliver Kahn (3)

 Bayern Munich

 Iker Casillas

 Real Madrid

[1]

2003

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

 Iker Casillas

 Real Madrid

[1]

2004

 Gianluigi Buffon (2)

 Juventus

 Petr Čech

 Rennes Chelsea

[1]

2005

 Petr Čech

 Chelsea

 Dida

 Milan

[1]

2006

 Gianluigi Buffon (3)

 Juventus

 Jens Lehmann

 Arsenal

[1]

2007

 Gianluigi Buffon (4)

 Juventus

 Petr Čech

 Chelsea

[1]

2008

 Iker Casillas

 Real Madrid

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[2]

2009

 Iker Casillas (2)

 Real Madrid

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[3]

2010

 Iker Casillas (3)

 Real Madrid

 Júlio César

 Internazionale

[4]

2011

 Iker Casillas (4)

 Real Madrid

 Manuel Neuer

 Bayern Munich

[5]

2012

 Iker Casillas (5)

 Real Madrid

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[6]

2013

 Manuel Neuer (1)

 Bayern Munich

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[7]

2014

 Manuel Neuer (2)

 Bayern Munich

 Thibaut Courtois

 Atlético Madrid Chelsea

[8]

2015

 Manuel Neuer (3)

 Bayern Munich

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[9]

2016

 Manuel Neuer (4)

 Bayern Munich

 Gianluigi Buffon

 Juventus

[10]

2017

 Gianluigi Buffon (5)

 Juventus

 Manuel Neuer

 Bayern Munich

[11]

text: Goalkeeper of the Century[edit]

text: At the end of the 20th century, the IFFHS also voted on the World's Goalkeeper of the Century, won by the Soviet Union's Lev Yashin running ahead of Gordon Banks and Dino Zoff.[12][13]

text:
Rank

Player

Nation

Period

Votes

1

Lev Yashin

 Soviet Union

1950–1970

1002

2

Gordon Banks

 England

1963–1972

717

3

Dino Zoff

 Italy

1968–1983

661

4

Sepp Maier

 West Germany

1966–1979

456

5

Ricardo Zamora

 Spain

1920–1936

443

6

José Luis Chilavert

 Paraguay

1989–2003

373

7

Peter Schmeichel

 Denmark

1987–2001

291

8

Peter Shilton

 England

1970–1990

196

9

František Plánička

 Czechoslovakia

1926–1938

194

10

Amadeo Carrizo

 Argentina

1954–1964

192

text: The World's Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century's first decade[edit]

text: In 2011, the IFFHS also voted on The World‘s Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century's first decade, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances during the first decade of the 21st century, between 2001 and 2011; the award was won by the Italy's Gianluigi Buffon running ahead of Iker Casillas and Petr Čech.[14]

text:
Rank

Player

Nation

Votes

1

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

199

2

Iker Casillas

 Spain

197

3

Petr Čech

 Czech Republic

154

4

Edwin van der Sar

 Netherlands

116

5

Oliver Kahn

 Germany

99

6

Dida

 Brazil

90

7

Víctor Valdés

 Spain

82

8

Júlio César

 Brazil

76

9

Jens Lehmann

 Germany

72

10

Roberto Abbondanzieri

 Argentina

68

text: The World's Best Goalkeeper of the Past 25 Years: 1987–2012[edit]

text: In 2012, the IFFHS also voted on The World‘s Best Goalkeeper of the past 25 years, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances between 1987 – the year of the award's inception – and 2012; the award was won by the Italy's Gianluigi Buffon running ahead of Iker Casillas and Edwin van der Sar.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

text:
Rank

Player

Nation

Votes

1

Gianluigi Buffon

 Italy

226

2

Iker Casillas

 Spain

213

3

Edwin van der Sar

 Netherlands

201

4

Peter Schmeichel

 Denmark

179

5

Oliver Kahn

 Germany

162

6

Petr Čech

 Czech Republic

154

7

José Luis Chilavert

 Paraguay

146

8

Walter Zenga

 Italy

132

Andoni Zubizarreta

 Spain

132

10

Cláudio Taffarel

 Brazil

130


document_title: List of Boston Red Sox no-hitters

question_text: when was the last time a red sox pitcher pitched a no hitter

text: List of Boston Red Sox no-hitters

text: List of no-hitters in Red Sox history[edit]

text:
¶
Indicates a perfect game

 £
Pitcher was left-handed

 *
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text:
#
Date
Pitcher
Final score
Base-
runners
Opponent
Catcher
Plate umpire
Manager
Notes
Ref

1
000000001904-05-05-0000May 5, 1904
Young, CyCy Young¶* (1)
7000300000000000000♠3–0
0
Philadelphia Athletics
Criger, LouLou Criger (1)
Caruthers, BobBob Caruthers
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (1)

First no-hitter in franchise history
First perfect game in Red Sox history and 3rd in MLB history (First in the MLB Modern Era)
First franchise's no-hitter at home
First right-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history

[8]

2
000000001904-08-17-0000August 17, 1904
Tannehill, JesseJesse Tannehill£
7000600000000000000♠6–0
1
Chicago White Sox
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
Dwyer, FrankFrank Dwyer
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (2)

First left-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history

[8]

3
000000001905-09-27-0000September 27, 1905
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen
7000200000000000000♠2–0
2
Chicago White Sox
Criger, LouLou Criger (2)
Sheridan, JackJack Sheridan
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (3)

First game of a doubleheader
Latest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter
Last no-hitter for Americans as a team name

[9]

4
000000001908-06-30-0000June 30, 1908
Young, CyCy Young* (2)
7000800000000000000♠8–0
1
@ New York Highlanders
Criger, LouLou Criger (3)
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin (1)
McGuire, DeaconDeacon McGuire

First Red Sox no-hitter on the road
First no-hitter since the franchise was renamed to Red Sox
First pitcher to pitch multiple no-hitters for the Red Sox

[10]

5
000000001911-07-29-0000July 29, 1911
Wood, Smokey JoeSmokey Joe Wood
7000500000000000000♠5–0
4
St. Louis Browns
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin (2)
Donovan, PatsyPatsy Donovan

First game of a doubleheader
Last Red Sox no-hitter at Huntington Avenue Grounds

[11]

6
000000001916-06-21-0000June 21, 1916
Foster, RubeRube Foster
7000200000000000000♠2–0
2
New York Yankees
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas
Hildebrand, GeorgeGeorge Hildebrand
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan (1)

First no-hitter at Fenway Park

[12]

7
000000001916-08-30-0000August 30, 1916
Leonard, DutchDutch Leonard£ (1)
7000400000000000000♠4–0
2
St. Louis Browns
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas (1)
Owens, BrickBrick Owens (1)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan (2)

[12]

8
000000001917-06-23-0000June 23, 1917
Babe Ruth£* (0 IP)
Shore, ErnieErnie Shore (9 IP)
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
Washington Senators
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas (1)
Sam Agnew (1)
Owens, BrickBrick Owens (2)
Barry, JackJack Barry

First combined no-hitter in MLB history. First game of a doubleheader. Ruth and Thomas were ejected for arguing balls and strikes after walking the first batter, who was then caught stealing. Shore retired the next 26 in a row for a no-hitter completely in relief.

[13]

9
000000001918-06-03-0000June 3, 1918
Leonard, DutchDutch Leonard£ (2)
7000500000000000000♠5–0
5
@ Detroit Tigers
Agnew, SamSam Agnew (2)
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen (1)
Barrow, EdEd Barrow

Last pitcher to pitch multiple no-hitters for the Red Sox

[14]

10
000000001923-09-07-0000September 7, 1923
Ehmke, HowardHoward Ehmke
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
@ Philadelphia Athletics
Picinich, ValVal Picinich
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen (2)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance

[15]

11
000000001956-07-14-0000July 14, 1956
Parnell, MelMel Parnell£
7000400000000000000♠4–0
3
Chicago White Sox
White, SammySammy White
Summers, BillBill Summers
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (1)

Second game of a doubleheader

[16]

12
000000001962-06-26-0000June 26, 1962
Wilson, EarlEarl Wilson
7000200000000000000♠2–0
4
Los Angeles Angels
Tillman, BobBob Tillman (1)
Schwarts, HarryHarry Schwarts
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (2)

Wilson hit a home run

[17]

13
000000001962-08-01-0000August 1, 1962
Monbouquette, BillBill Monbouquette
7000100000000000000♠1–0
1
@ Chicago White Sox
Pagliaroni, JimJim Pagliaroni
McKinley, BillBill McKinley
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (3)

Smallest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter
Shortest interval between no-hitters in franchise history

[18]

14
000000001965-09-16-0000September 16, 1965
Morehead, DaveDave Morehead
7000200000000000000♠2–0
1
Cleveland Indians
Tillman, BobBob Tillman (2)
Runge, EdEd Runge
Herman, BillyBilly Herman

On the same day, the Red Sox fired Pinky Higgins as their general manager

[19]

15
000000002001-04-04-0000April 4, 2001
Nomo, HideoHideo Nomo
7000300000000000000♠3–0
4
@ Baltimore Orioles
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (1)
Cooper, EricEric Cooper
Williams, JimyJimy Williams

Made Red Sox debut for Nomo
Game 2 of season
Longest interval between no-hitters in franchise history
Earliest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter
Earliest calendar date of no-hitter in MLB history
First no-hitter thrown at Camden Yards

[20]

16
000000002002-04-27-0000April 27, 2002
Lowe, DerekDerek Lowe
7001100000000000000♠10–0
2
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (2)
Rippley, SteveSteve Rippley
Little, GradyGrady Little

Longest interval between no-hitters at Fenway Park in franchise history
Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter (tie)

[21]

17
000000002007-09-01-0000September 1, 2007
Buchholz, ClayClay Buchholz
7001100000000000000♠10–0
4
Baltimore Orioles
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (3)
West, JoeJoe West
Francona, TerryTerry Francona (1)

Second career game for Buchholz
Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter (tie)

[22]

18
000000002008-05-19-0000May 19, 2008
Lester, JonJon Lester£
7000700000000000000♠7–0
3
Kansas City Royals
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (4)
Knight, BrianBrian Knight
Francona, TerryTerry Francona (2)

Most recent no-hitter in franchise history
First time since the 1974 California Angels that one team had last two no-hitters in the Majors
Varitek sets the record for most no-hitters caught

[23]


document_title: Capital gains tax

question_text: when was capital gains tax introduced in the uk

question_tokens: when was capital gains tax introduced in the uk

text: Capital gains tax

text: Argentina[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There is no specific capital gains tax in Argentina; however, there is a 9% to 35% tax for fiscal residents on their world revenues, including capital gains.[citation needed]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australia collects capital gains tax only upon realized capital gains, except for certain provisions relating to deferred-interest debt such as zero-coupon bonds. The tax is not separate in its own right, but forms part of the income-tax system. The proceeds of an asset sold less its "cost base" (the original cost plus addition for cost price increases over time) are the capital gain. Discounts and other concessions apply to certain taxpayers in varying circumstances. From 21 September 1999, after a report by Alan Reynolds, the 50% capital gains tax discount has been in place for individuals and for some trusts that acquired the asset after that time and that have held the asset for more than 12 months, however the tax is levied without any adjustment to the cost base for inflation. The amount left after applying the discount is added to the assessable income of the taxpayer for that financial year.

text: For individuals, the most significant exemption is the family home. The sale of personal residential property is normally exempt from capital gains tax, except for gains realized during any period in which the property was not being used as an individual's personal residence (for example, while leased to other tenants) or portions attributable to business use. Capital gains or losses as a general rule can be disregarded for CGT purposes when assets were acquired before 20 September 1985 (pre-CGT).

text: Austria[edit]

text: Austria taxes capital gains at 25% (on checking account and "Sparbuch" interest) or 27.5% (all other types of capital gains). There is an exception for capital gains from the sale of shares of foreign entities (with opaque taxation) if the participation exceeds 10% and shares are held for over one year (so-called "Schachtelprivileg"). [1]

text: Barbados[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax charged in Barbados.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Under the participation exemption, capital gains realised by a Belgian resident company on shares in a Belgian or foreign company are fully exempt from corporate income tax, provided that the dividends on the shares qualify for the participation exemption. For purposes of the participation exemption for capital gains the minimum participation test is not required. Unrealised capital gains on shares that are recognised in the financial statements (which recognition is not mandatory) are taxable. But a roll-over relief is granted if, and as long as, the gain is booked in a separate reserve account on the balance sheet and is not used for distribution or allocation of any kind.

text: As a counterpart to the new exemption of realised capital gains, capital losses on shares, both realised and unrealised, are no longer tax deductible. However, the loss incurred in connection with the liquidation of a subsidiary company remains deductible up to the amount of the paid-up share capital.

text: Other capital gains are taxed at the ordinary rate. If the total amount of sales is used for the purchase of depreciable fixed assets within 3 years, the taxation of the capital gains will be spread over the depreciable period of these assets.[2]

text: Belize[edit]

text: There are no capital gains taxes for residents or non-residents in Belize.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Capital gain taxes are only paid on realized gains. At the current stage, taxes are 15% for transactions longer than one day old and 20% for day trading, both transactions are due payable at the following month after selling or closing the position. Dividends are tax free, since the issuer company has already paid to RECEITA FEDERAL(the Brazilian IRS). Derivatives (futures and options) follow the same rules for tax purposes as company stocks. When selling less than R$20.000 (Brazilian Reais) within a month (and not operating in day trading), the financial operation is considered tax-free. Also, non-residents have no tax on capital gains.[3]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The Corporate tax rate is 10%. The personal tax rate is flat at 10%. There is no capital gains tax on equity instruments traded on the BSE.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Currently, only 50% of realized capital gains are taxable in Canada at an individual's tax rate. Some exceptions apply, such as selling one's primary residence which may be exempt from taxation.[4] Capital gains made by investments in a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) are not taxed.

text: For example, if your capital gains (profit) is $100, you are taxed on $50 at your marginal tax rate. That is, if you were in the top tax bracket and your profit was $100, you would be taxed on $50 at approximately 43%, in Ontario. A formula for this example using the top tax bracket would be as follows:

text: (Capital gain x 50.00%) x marginal tax rate = capital gain tax

text: ($100 x 50.00%) x 43% = $50 x 43% = $21.50

text: In this example your capital gains tax on $100 is $21.50, leaving you with $78.50.

text: As of the 2013 budget, interest can no longer be claimed a capital gain. The formula is the same for capital losses and these can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future years' capital gains; capital losses not used in the current year can also be carried back to the previous three tax years to offset capital gains tax paid in those years.

text: If one's income is primarily derived from capital gains then it may not qualify for the 50% multiplier and will instead be taxed at the full income tax rate.[5][6] CRA has a number of criteria to determine whether this will be the case.

text: For corporations as for individuals, 50% of realized capital gains are taxable. The net taxable capital gains (which can be calculated as 50% of total capital gains minus 50% of total capital losses) are subject to income tax at normal corporate tax rates. If more than 50% of a small business's income is derived from specified investment business activities (which include income from capital gains) they are not permitted to claim the small business deduction.

text: Capital gains earned on income in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan are not taxed at the time the gain is realized (i.e. when the holder sells a stock that has appreciated inside of their RRSP) but they are taxed when the funds are withdrawn from the registered plan (usually after converting to a registered income fund.) These gains are then taxed at the individual's full marginal rate.

text: Capital gains earned on income in a TFSA are not taxed at the time the gain is realized. Any money withdrawn from a TFSA, including capital gains, are also not taxed.

text: Unrealized capital gains are not taxed.

text: Cayman Islands[edit]

text: There are no capital gains taxes charged on any transaction in the Cayman Islands. However, a Cayman Islands entity may be subject to taxation on capital gains made in other jurisdictions.

text: China[edit]

text: The applicable tax rate for capital gains in China depends upon the nature of the taxpayer (i.e. whether the taxpayer is a person or company) and whether the taxpayer is resident or non-resident for tax purposes. It should however be noted that, unlike common law tax systems, Chinese income tax legislation does not provide a distinction between income and capital. What commonly referred by taxpayers and practitioners as capital gain tax is actually within the income tax framework, rather than a separate regime.

text: Tax-resident enterprises will be taxed at 25% in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law. Non-resident enterprises will be taxed at 10% on capital gains in accordance with the Implementing Regulations to the Enterprise Income Tax Law. In practice, where a resident of a treaty partner alienates assets situated in China as part of its ordinary course of business the gains so derived will likely be assessed as if it is a capital gain, rather than business profit. This is somewhat contradictory with the basic principles of double taxation treaty.

text: The only tax circular specifically addressing the PRC income tax treatment of income derived by QFIIs from the holding and trading of Chinese securities is Guo Shui Han (2009) No.47 ("Circular 47") issued by the State Administration of Taxation ("SAT") on 23 January 2009. The circular addresses the withholding tax treatment of dividends and interest received by QFIIs from PRC resident companies, however, circular 47 is silent on the treatment of capital gains derived by QFIIs on the trading of A-shares. It is generally accepted that Circular 47 is intentionally silent on capital gains and possible indication that SAT is considering but still undecided on whether to grant tax exemption or other concessionary treatment to capital gains derived by QFIIs. Nevertheless, it is noted that there have been cases where QFIIs withdraw capital from China after paying 10% withholding tax on gains derived through share trading over years on a transaction-by-transaction basis. This uncertainty has caused significant problems for those investment managers investing in A-Shares. Guo Shui Han (2009) No. 698 ("Circular 698") was issued on 10 December 2009 addressing the PRC corporate income tax treatment on the transfer of PRC equity interest by non-PRC tax resident enterprises directly or indirectly, however has not resolved the uncertain tax position with regards A-Shares. With respect to Circular 698 itself, there are views that it is not consistent with the Enterprise Income Tax Law as well as double taxation treaties signed by the Chinese government. The validity of the Circular is controversial, especially in light of recent developments in the international arena, such as the TPG case in Australia and Vodafone case in India.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: The capital gains tax in Croatia equals 12%. It was introduced in 2015.

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: As determined by the Cyprus Capital Gains Tax Law, Capital gains tax in Cyprus arising from the sale or disposition of immovable property in Cyprus or the disposal of shares of companies which own immovable property in Cyprus and not listed in a recognised stock exchange. These gains are not added to other income but are taxed separately. Payment of immovable property tax is paid by both individuals and companies on property owned in Cyprus.

text: Capital gains tax does not apply to profits from the sale of overseas real estate by non-residents, offshore entities, or residents who were not resident when they purchased the asset. Gains accruing from disposal of immovable property held outside Cyprus and shares in companies, the property whereof consists of immovable property held outside Cyprus, will be exempted from capital gains tax. Individuals may, subject to certain conditions, may claim certain deductions from the applicable taxable gain.[7]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: Capital gains in the Czech Republic are taxed as income for companies and individuals. The Czech income tax rate for an individual's income in 2010 is a flat 15% rate. Corporate tax in 2010 is 19%. Capital gains from the sale of shares by a company owning 10% or more is entitled to participation exemption under certain terms. For an individual, gain from the sale of a primary private dwelling, held for at least 2 years, is tax exempt. Or, when not used as a main residence, if held for more than 5 years.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Share dividends and realized capital gains on shares are charged 27% to individuals of gains up to DKK 48,300 (2013-level, adjusted annually), and at 42% of gains above that.[8] Carryforward of realized losses on shares is allowed.

text: Individuals' interest income from bank deposits and bonds, realized gains on property and other capital gains are taxed up to 59%, however, several exemptions occur, such as on selling one's principal private residence or on gains on selling bonds. Interest paid on loans is deductible, although in case the net capital income is negative, only approx. 33% tax credit applies.

text: Companies are taxed at 25%. Share dividends are taxed at 28%.

text: Ecuador[edit]

text: Corporate taxation:

text: Residence for tax purposes is based on the place of incorporation.

text: Resident entities are taxed on worldwide income. Nonresidents are subject to tax only on Ecuador-source income.

text: Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal corporate rate.

text: The standard rate is 22%, with a reduced rate of 15% applying where corporate profits are reinvested for the purchase of machinery or equipment and/or the acquisition of new technology. Companies engaged in the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbon also are subject to the standard corporate tax rate.

text: Personal taxation:

text: Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income; nonresidents are taxed only on Ecuadorian-source income.

text: An individual is deemed to be resident if he/she is in Ecuador for more than 6 months in a year.

text: Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal rate.

text: Rates are progressive from 0% to 35%.

text: Egypt[edit]

text: There was no capital gains tax. After the Egyptian Revolution there is a proposal for a 10% capital gains tax. This proposal came to life on 29 May 2014. Egypt exempt bonus shares from a new 10 percent capital gains tax on profits made on the stock market as the country's Finance Minister Hany Dimian said on 30 May 2014, and distributions of bonus shares will be exempt from the taxes, and the new tax will not be retroactive. [9]

text: Estonia[edit]

text: There is no separate capital gains tax in Estonia. For residents of Estonia all capital gains are taxed the same as regular income, the rate of which currently stands at 20%. Resident natural persons that have investment account can realise capital gains on some classes of assets tax free until withdrawal of funds from the investment account. For resident legal persons (includes partnerships) no tax is payable for realising capital gain (or receiving any other type of income), but only on payment of dividends, payments from capital (exceeding contributions to capital) and payments not related to business. The income tax rate for resident legal persons is 20% (payment of 80 units of dividends triggers 20 units of tax due).

text: Finland[edit]

text: The capital gains tax in Finland is 30% on realized capital income and 34% if the realized capital income is over 30,000 euros.[10] The capital gains tax in 2011 was 28% on realized capital income.[11] Carryforward of realized losses is allowed for five years. However, capital gains from the sale of residential homes is tax-free after two years of residence, with certain limitations.[12]

text: France[edit]

text: For residents, capital gains on the sale of financial instruments (shares, bonds, etc..) are taxed at the marginal tax rate (up to 45%), plus 15.5% of social contributions (i.e.: up to 60.5%). A deduction of 20 to 40% on the gross capital gain can be applied if the instrument has been held for at least 2 years.

text: If shares are held in a special account (called a PEA), the gain is subject only to social security taxes provided that the PEA is held for at least five years. The maximum amount that can be deposited in the PEA is €152,000.

text: The gain realized on the sale of a principal residence is not taxable. A gain realized on the sale of other real estate held at least 30 years, however, is not taxable, although this will become subject to 15.5% social security taxes as of 2012. (There is a sliding scale for non principal residence property owned for between 22 and 30 years.)

text: Non-residents are generally taxable on capital gains realized on French real estate and on some French financial instruments, subject to any applicable double tax treaty. Social security taxes, however, are not usually payable by non-residents. A French tax representative will be mandatory if you are non-resident and you sell a property for an amount over 150.000 euros or you own the real estate for more than 15 years.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In January 2009, Germany introduced a very strict capital gains tax (called Abgeltungsteuer in German) for shares, funds, certificates, bank interest rates etc. Capital gains tax only applies to financial instruments (shares, bonds etc.) that have been bought after 31 December 2008. Instruments bought before this date are exempt from capital gains tax (assuming that they have been held for at least 12 months), even if they are sold in 2009 or later, barring a change of law. Certificates are treated specially, and only qualify for tax exemption if they have been bought before 15 March 2007.

text: Real estate continues to be exempt from capital gains tax if it has been held for more than ten years. The German capital gains tax is 25% plus Solidarity surcharge (add-on tax initially introduced to finance the 5 eastern states of Germany – Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Brandenburg – and the cost of the reunification, but later kept in order to finance all kinds of public funded projects in all Germany), plus Kirchensteuer (church tax, voluntarily), resulting in an effective tax rate of about 28-29%. Deductions of expenses such as custodian fees, travel to annual shareholder meetings, legal and tax advice, interest paid on loans to buy shares, etc., are no longer permitted starting in 2009.

text: There is an allowance (Freistellungsauftrag) on capital gains income in Germany of €801 per person per year of which you do not have to be taxed, if appropriate forms are completed.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In general Hong Kong has no capital gains tax. However, employees who receive shares or options as part of their remuneration are taxed at the normal Hong Kong income tax rate on the value of the shares or options at the end of any vesting period less any amount that the individual paid for the grant.

text: If part of the vesting period is spent outside Hong Kong then the tax payable in Hong Kong is pro-rated based on the proportion of time spent working in Hong Kong.[13] Hong Kong has very few double tax agreements and hence there is little relief available for double taxation. Therefore, it is possible (depending on the country of origin) for employees moving to Hong Kong to pay full income tax on vested shares in both their country of origin and in Hong Kong. Similarly, an employee leaving Hong Kong can incur double taxation on the unrealized capital gains of their vested shares.

text: The Hong Kong taxation of capital gains on employee shares or options that are subject to a vesting period, is at odds with the treatment of unrestricted shares or options which are free of capital gains tax.

text: For those who do trading professionally (buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living) as "traders", this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Since 1 January 2016 there is one flat tax rate (15%) on capital income. This includes: selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits. Since January 2010, Hungarian citizens can open special "long-term" accounts. The tax rate on capital gains from securities held in such an account is 10% after a 3-year holding period, and 0% after the account's maximum 5 years period is expired.

text: Iceland[edit]

text: From 1 January 2011 the capital gains tax in Iceland is 20%. It was 18% prior to that (for a full year, in 2010), which in turn was a result of a progressive raises in the preceding couple years.

text: India[edit]

text: As of 2018, equities listed on recognised stock exchange are considered long term capital if the holding period is one year or more. Until 31st January 2017, all Long term capital gains from equities were exempt as per section 10 (38) if shares are sold through recognized stock exchange and Securities Transaction Tax(STT) is paid on the sale. STT in India is currently between 0.017% and 0.1% of total amount received on sale of securities through a recognized Indian stock exchange like the NSE or BSE.Now, from F.Y 18-19, exemption u/s 10(38) has been withdrawn and section 112A has been introduced.The long term capital gain shall be taxable on equities @ 10% if the gain exceeds Rs. 1,00,000 as per the new section.

text: However, if equities are held for less than one year and is sold through recognised stock exchange then short term capital gain is taxable at a flat rate of 15% u/s 111A and other surcharges, educational cess are imposed.[14] (w.e.f. 1 April 2009.[15])

text: In respect of Immovable property, the holding period has been reduced to 2 years to be eligible to Long term capital gain.Whereas, many other capital investments like Jewellery etc.are considered long term if the holding period is 3 or more years and are taxed @ 20% u/s 112.[16]

text: Capital Gains Tax Rates for Fiscal Year 2017-18 (Assessment Year 2018-19) [17]

text:
Assets
Duration (Short Term)
Duration (Long Term)
Short Term Capital Gains Tax
Long Term Capital Gains Tax

Listed Stocks/shares
Less than 12 months
More than 12 months
15%
10% exceeding Rs. 1,00,000

Equity oriented mutual funds
Less than 12 months
More than 12 months
15%
10% exceeding Rs. 1,00,000

Debt oriented mutual funds
Less than 36 months
More than 36 months
Slab rate
20% with indexation

Bonds
Less than 12 months
More than 12 months
Slab rate
10% without indexation

Real estate/property
Less than 24 months
More than 24 months
Slab rate
20% with indexation

Gold
Less than 36 months
More than 36 months
Slab rate
20% with indexation

text: Ireland, Republic of[edit]

text: Since 5 December 2012, there is a 33% tax on capital gains,[18] with several exclusions and deductions (e.g. agricultural land, primary residence, transfers between spouses). Gains made where the asset was originally purchased before 2003 attract indexation relief (the cost of the asset can be multiplied by a published factor to reflect inflation). Costs of purchase and sale are deductible, and every person has an exempt band of €1,270 per year.

text: The tax rate is 23% on certain investment policies, and rises to 40% on certain offshore gains when they are not declared in time.

text: Tax on capital gains arising in the first eleven months of the year must be paid by 15 December, and tax on capital gains arising in the last month of the year must be paid by the following 31 January.

text: Isle of Man[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax.

text: Israel[edit]

text: Capital gains tax in Israel is set to 25% on the real gains made in non inflation indexed bonds, (Or 20% for a substantial shareholder) 25% on any other capital gains. (Or 30% for a substantial shareholder)[19]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Capital gains tax of corporate income tax 27.5% (IRES) on gains derived from disposals of participations and extraordinary capital gains. For individuals (IRPEF), capital gains shall incur a 26% tax.

text: Jamaica[edit]

text: There are capital gains taxes in Jamaica.[20]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, there were two options for paying tax on capital gains from the sale of listed stocks. The first, Withholding Tax (源泉課税), taxed all proceeds (regardless of profit or loss) at 1.05%. The second method, declaring proceeds as "taxable income" (申告所得), required individuals to declare 26% of proceeds on their income tax statement. Many traders in Japan used both systems, declaring profits on the Withholding Tax system and losses as taxable income, minimizing the amount of income tax paid.

text: In 2003, Japan scrapped the system above in favor of a flat 20% tax on gains, though the rate was temporarily halved at 10% and after being postponed a few times the return to the normal rate of 20% is now set for 2014. Losses can be carried forward for 3 years. Starting in 2009, losses can alternatively be deducted from dividend income declared as "Separate Income" since the tax rate on both categories is equal (i.e., 20% temporarily halved to 10%). Aggregating profits and dividends to reach a single figure taxed at the same rate is fairly innovative.

text: Kenya[edit]

text: Capital gains taxes were abolished in Kenya in 1985 in order to spur growth in the securities and property market. The Kenyan Parliament passed a motion in August 2014 to reintroduce capital gains tax in January 2015[21] and "is expected to increase the cost of land transaction as investors pass on the cost to buyers. The tax will also affect those investing in shares and debt in the capital markets."[22] The capital gains tax came into effect on 1 January 2015 with 5% as the general applicable tax rate.[23]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: As of 1 January 2013, the capital gains made on the disposal of shares are exempt from the corporate income tax. If loss is incurred upon sale, it will not be deductible. To apply exemption, there are no restrictions on minimal holding period or shareholding. The exemption, however, does not apply on gain from sale of shares in entities located in the black-listed tax haven countries. The latter gains are subject to regular corporate income tax rate at 15%. [24]

text: Similarly, gains on disposal of securities quoted on the regulated markets of the EU or EEA countries and investment certificates in EU and EEA open-end investment funds are exempt from taxation in Latvia.

text: Gains on the disposal of other investments (like real estate properties) are taxed at regular corporate income tax rate of 15%.

text: The inbound dividends are not taxed in the hands of Latvian company (except, the dividends received from the low-tax jurisdiction). The outbound dividends are no subject to any taxes, except the dividends payable to the low-tax jurisdiction (15%).

text: In the hands of individuals the capital gains are taxed at 15%, the dividends – 10%.

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: Capital gains tax from the disposal of securities and from sale of real estate is 15%. Gains from the disposal of securities are exempt if they are acquired more than 366 days before their sale and the individual owns not more than 10% of securities for three years preceding the tax year during which the securities are sold. Gains from sale of real estate are exempt if the property is owned for more than 3 years before sale. These tax exemptions will cease to be valid on 1 January 2014 for annual gains of over 10,000 LTL.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax for equities in Malaysia. Malaysia used to have a capital gains tax on real estate but the tax was repealed in April 2007. However, a real property gains tax (RPGT) introduced in 2010 now applies to property sold less than six years from its purchase. Property disposed off less than three years after purchase will incur RGPT of 30% while those sold in its four and fifth year after will incur 20% and 15% RPGT, respectively. As for non-citizens, RPGT is imposed at 30% on the gains from properties disposed within the holding period of up to sixth year. And for disposal made in sixth and subsequent years, 5% RPGT is imposed for non-citizens, while companies and foreign property buyers are taxed at 5%.[25]

text: Malaysia has imposed capital gain tax on share options and share purchase plan received by employee starting year 2007.

text: For who does trading professionally (buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living) as "traders", this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: There is no current Capital Gains Tax for profits in the stock market, it will be introduced in 2014 at 10% rate in Mexico.

text: Moldova[edit]

text: Under the Moldovan Tax Code a capital gain is defined as the difference between the acquisition and the disposition price of the capital asset. Only this difference (i.e. the gain) is taxable. The applicable rate is half (1/2) of the income tax rate, which for individuals is 18% and for companies was 15% (but in 2008 is 0%). Therefore, in 2008 the capital gain tax rate is 9% for individuals and 0% for companies.

text: Not all types of assets are "capital assets". Capital assets include: real estate; shares; stakes in limited liability companies etc.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Capital gains generally are exempt from tax. However, exceptions apply to the following assets: • Capital gains realised on the disposal of business assets (including real estate) and on the disposal of other assets that qualify as income from independently performed activities • Capital gains on liquidation of a company • Capital gains derived from the sale of a substantial interest in a company (that is, 5% of the issued share capital)[26]

text: Taxable income under Box 2 category includes dividends and capital gains from a substantial shareholding. (inkomsten uit aanmerkelijk belang) (i.e. a shareholding of at least 5%) Income that falls into the Box 2 category is taxed at a flat rate of 25%.[27]

text: Box 3: taxable income from savings and investments (viz. real estate) However a "theoretical capital yield" of 4% is taxed at a rate of 30% (so 1.2%) but only if the savings plus stocks of a person exceed a threshold of 25.000 euros. This will be raised to a threshold of 30.000 euros in 2018, together with other changes so that people with less wealth, pay lower taxes.[28]

text: In general an individual will not have to pay tax on capital gains. So if the main residence is sold or shares are sold the profit is not taxable. This is different if the transaction(s) exceed(s) normal asset management. In that case the capital gain is treated as income from other activities or even business income.

text: Relevant are: the number of transactions -> the more transactions the sooner it is assumed that activities exceed normal asset management specific knowledge of the individual -> if the individual is a professional trader, the personal transactions will be seen as taxable income sooner than if the individual doesn‘t have specific knowledge or experience. work which is invested in the asset -> if maintenance of a property is taken care of by an external party the activitities may be seen as normal asset management, if the owner does all the maintenance himself and even the renovations the tax authorities will argue that this is no longer normal asset management.

text: So it depends on the actual facts and circumstances how the capital gain is treated. Even judges do not always decide the same. [29]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand has no capital gains tax, however income tax may be charged on profits from the sale of personal property and land that was acquired for the purposes of resale.[30] This tax is widely avoided and not usually enforced,[citation needed] perhaps due to the difficulty in proving intent at the time of purchase. However, there have been a few cases of the IRD enforcing the law; in 2004 the government gathered $106.6 million checking on property sales from Queenstown, Wanaka and some areas of Auckland.[31]

text: Generally profits from frequent stock trading (aka day trading) will be deemed taxable income.[32] New Zealand capital gains tax applies to foreign debt and equity investments.[clarification needed]

text: In a speech delivered on 3 June 2009, then New Zealand Treasury Secretary John Whitehead called for a capital gains tax to be included in reforms to New Zealand's taxation system.[33] The introduction of a capital gains tax was proposed by the Labour Party as an election campaign strategy in the 2011 and 2014 general elections.[34][35]

text: On 17 May 2015, the governing National Party announced it would tighten rules for taxing profits on the sale of property. From 1 October 2015, any person selling a residential property within two years of purchase would be taxed on the profits at their marginal income tax rate. The seller's main home would be exempt, as well as properties inherited from deceased estates or transferred as part of a relationship settlement. To help enforcement, all buyers would need to supply their IRD number at settlement.[36][37]

text: Norway[edit]

text: The individual capital gains tax in Norway is 27%. In most cases, there is no capital gains tax on profits from sale of your principal home. This tax was introduced in 2006 through a reform that eliminated the "RISK-system", which intended to avoid the double taxation of capital. The new shareholder model, introduced in 2006, aims to reduce the difference in taxation of capital and labor by taxing dividends beyond a certain level as ordinary income. This means that focus was moved from capital to individuals and their level of income. This system also introduced a deductible allowance equal to the share's acquisition value times the average rate for Treasury bills with a 3-month period adjusted for tax. Shielding interest shall secure financial neutrality in that it returns the taxpayer what he or she alternatively would have achieved in a safe, passive capital placement exempt from additional taxation. The main purpose of the allowance is to prevent adverse shifts in investment and corporate financing structure as a result of the dividend tax. According to the papers explaining the new policy, a dividend tax without such shielding could push up the pressures on the rate of return on equity investments and lead Norwegian investors from equities to bonds, property etc.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: There is a 6% Capital Gains Tax and a 1.5% Documentary Stamps on the disposal of real estate in the Philippines. While the Capital Gain Tax is imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines, including other forms of conditional sale, the Documentary Stamp Tax is imposed on documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto. These two taxes are imposed on the actual price the property has been sold, or on its current Market Value, or on its Zonal Value whichever is higher. Zonal valuation in the Philippines is set by its tax collecting agency, the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Most often, real estate transactions in the Philippines are being sealed higher than their corresponding Market and Zonal values. As a standard process, the Capital Gain Tax is paid for by the seller, while the Documentary Stamp is paid for by the buyer. However, either of the two parties may pay both taxes depending on the agreement they entered into.

text:
Tax Rates:[38]
For real property

text: 6%, higher of fair market value (zonal or assessed value) and selling price

text: For Shares of Stocks Not Traded in the Stock Exchange

text:
Not over P100,000 - 5%
Any amount in excess of P100,000 - 10%

text: Poland[edit]

text: Since 2004 there is one flat tax rate (19%) on capital income. It includes: selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: There is a capital gains tax on sale of home and property. Any capital gain (mais-valia) arising is taxable as income. For residents this is on a sliding scale from 12 to 40%. However, for residents the taxable gain is reduced by 50%. Proven costs that have increased the value during the last five years can be deducted. For non-residents, the capital gain is taxed at a uniform rate of 25%. The capital gain which arises on the sale of own homes or residences, which are the elected main residence of the taxpayer or his family, is tax free if the total profit on sale is reinvested in the acquisition of another home, own residence or building plot in Portugal.

text: In 1986 and 1987 Portuguese corporations changed their capital structure by increasing the weight of equity capital. This was particularly notorious on quoted companies. In these two years, the government set up a large number of tax incentives to promote equity capital and to encourage the quotation on the Lisbon Stock Exchange. Until 2010, for stock held for more than twelve months the capital gain was exempt. The capital gain of stock held for shorter periods of time was taxable on 10%.

text: From 2010 onwards, for residents, all capital gain of stock above €500 is taxable on 20%. Investment funds, banks and corporations are exempted of capital gain tax over stock.

text: As of 2013, it is 28%.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania there is a 16% flat tax plus 5.5% health insurance from capital gains. Next year[which?] the health insurance will increase to 8.9%. It also applies for real estate transactions but only if the property is sold less than three years from the date it was acquired.[39]

text: Russia[edit]

text: There is no separate tax on capital gains; rather, gains or gross receipt from sale of assets are absorbed into income tax base.[citation needed][clarification needed] Taxation of individual and corporate taxpayers is distinctly different:

text:
Capital gains of individual taxpayers are tax free if the taxpayer owned the asset for at least three years. If not, gains on sales of real estate and securities are absorbed into their personal income tax base and taxed at 13% (residents) and 30% (non-residents).[citation needed] A tax resident is any individual residing in the Russian Federation for more than 183 days in the past year.
Capital gains of resident corporate taxpayers operating under the general tax framework are taxed as ordinary business profits at the common rate of 20%, regardless of the ownership period. Small businesses operating under the simplified tax framework pay tax not on capital gains, but on gross receipts at 6% or 15%.
Dividends that may be included into gains on disposal of securities are taxed at source at 13% (residents) and 15% (non-residents) for either corporate or individual taxpayers.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: Capital gains are subject to a 15% tax for residents and 20% for nonresidents (based on the tax assessment).[40]

text: Sierra Leone[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax in Sierra Leone.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax in Singapore. For professional traders and who trade frequently, the profit is considered a sourced income in Singapore and subject to tax.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: Individuals pay 19% or 25% capital gains tax. In addition, as a world rarity, they are also required to pay 14% health insurance from capital gains.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: For legal persons in South Africa, 80% of their net profit will attract CGT and for natural persons 40%. This portion of the net gain will be taxed at their marginal tax rate. As an effective tax rate this means a maximum effective rate of 16.4% (41% maximum marginal tax rate) for individuals is payable, and for corporate taxpayers a maximum of 22.4%. The annual individual and special trust exemption is R40 000.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: For individuals holding less than 3% of listed company, there is only 0.3% trade tax for sales of shares. Exchange traded funds are exempt from any trade tax. For larger than 3% shareholders of listed companies or for sales of shares in any unlisted company, capital gains tax in South Korea is 11% for tax residents for sales of shares in small- and medium-sized companies. Rates of 22% and 33% apply in certain other situations.[41] Those who have been resident in Korea for less than five years are exempt from capital gains tax on foreign assets.[42]

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Spain's capital gains tax from 1 January 2016
Individuals: All capital gains taxed at maximum 23%
Companies: Capital gains taxed like any other income gain, at maximum 25%

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Currently there is no capital gains tax in Sri Lanka.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The capital gains tax in Sweden is up to 30% on realized capital income, depending on the depot type. Traditionally, the capital gains tax in Sweden has been 30%.[citation needed]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: There is no capital gains tax in Switzerland for natural persons on trades of securities.

text: An exception are persons considered to be "professional traders", which are treated as self-employed persons for tax purposes: capital gains are taxed as company income, taxed at corporate rates, and additionally social contributions (AHV, currently at 10.25% rate) must be paid on the income. However such a status is rather infrequent, the decision is made on a case by case basis by the tax authorities. A set of safe heaven criteria were formulated in 2012 which guarantee a negative status:[43]

text:
holding each security for at least 6 months,
low trading volume: sum of buying prices and sale proceeds is less than 500% of capital at the beginning of the year,
realized capital gains make up less than 50% of income during the tax year,
no use of foreign capital, or the interest paid on it is less than the dividend income,
derivatives (especially options) are used solely to safeguard own portfolio risk.

text: For companies, capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at corporate rates.

text: Real estate[edit]

text: Capitals gains tax is levied on the sale of real estate property in all cantons. Taxation rules vary significantly by canton.[44]

text: For natural persons, the tax generally follows a separate progression from income taxes, diminishes with number of years held, and often can be postponed in cases like inheritance or for buying a replacement home. The tax is levied by canton or municipality only, there is no tax at the federal level. However, natural persons involved in real estate trading in a professional manner, may get treated as self-employed and taxed at higher rates similarly to a company and, additionally, social contributions would then need to be paid.[45]

text: For companies, capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at the federal level, and at the cantonal and municipal level, depending on the canton, either as ordinary income or at a special lower tax progression, like for natural persons.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: No tax is collected from individual investors whose annual transactions are below T$1 billion ($33 million). Transactions above T$1 billion will be charged with a 0.1 percent tax.

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)

text: Thailand[edit]

text: There is no separate capital gains tax in Thailand. If capital gains arise outside of Thailand it is not taxable. All earned income in Thailand from capital gains is taxed the same as regular income. However, if individual earns capital gain from security in the Stock Exchange of Thailand, it is exempted from personal income tax.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Capital gains tax rate on share certificates for residents is 0% as of 2013 for two years of holding period.[46]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: Channon observes that one of the primary drivers to the introduction of CGT in the UK was the rapid growth in property values post World War II. This led to property developers deliberately leaving office blocks empty so that a rental income could not be established and greater capital gains made.[47] The capital gains tax system was therefore introduced by chancellor James Callaghan in 1965[48]

text: Basics[edit]

text: Individuals who are residents or ordinarily residents in the United Kingdom (and trustees of various trusts) are subject to an 18% capital gains tax.

text: For people paying more than the basic rate of income tax, this increased to 28% from 23 June 2010.

text: There are exceptions such as for principal private residences, holdings in ISAs or gilts. Certain other gains are allowed to be rolled over upon re-investment. Investments in some start up enterprises are also exempt from CGT. Entrepreneurs' relief allows a lower rate of CGT (10%) to be paid by people who have been involved for a year with a trading company and have a 5% or more shareholding.

text: Shares in companies with trading properties are eligible for entrepreneurs' relief, but not investment properties.[49]

text: Every individual has an annual capital gains tax allowance: gains below the allowance are exempt from tax, and capital losses can be set against capital gains in other holdings before taxation. All individuals are exempt from tax up to a specified amount of capital gains per year. For the 2015/16 tax year this "annual exemption" is £11,100.[50]

text: Corporate notes[edit]

text: Companies are subject to corporation tax on their "chargeable gains" (the amounts of which are calculated along the lines of capital gains tax in the United Kingdom). Companies cannot claim taper relief, but can claim an indexation allowance to offset the effect of inflation. A corporate substantial shareholdings exemption was introduced on 1 April 2002 for holdings of 10% or more of the shares in another company (30% or more for shares held by a life assurance company's long-term insurance fund). This is effectively a form of UK participation exemption. Almost all of the corporation tax raised on chargeable gains is paid by life assurance companies taxed on the I minus E basis.

text: The rules governing the taxation of capital gains in the United Kingdom for individuals and companies are contained in the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992.

text: Background to changes to 18% rate[edit]

text: In the Chancellor's October 2007 Autumn Statement, draft proposals were announced that would change the applicable rates of CGT as of 6 April 2008. Under these proposals, an individual's annual exemption will continue but taper relief will cease and a single rate of capital gains tax at 18% will be applied to chargeable gains. This new single rate would replace the individual's marginal (Income Tax) rate of tax for CGT purposes. The changes were introduced, at least in part, because the UK government felt that private equity firms were making excessive profits by benefiting from overly generous taper relief on business assets[citation needed].

text: The changes were criticised by a number of groups including the Federation of Small Businesses, who claimed that the new rules would increase the CGT liability of small businesses and discourage entrepreneurship in the UK.[51] At the time of the proposals there was concern that the changes would lead to a bulk selling of assets just before the start of the 2008–09 tax year to benefit from existing taper relief. Capital Gains Tax rose to 28% on 23 June 2010 at 00:00.

text: Historical[edit]

text: Individuals paid capital gains tax at their highest marginal rate of income tax (0%, 10%, 20% or 40% in the tax year 2007/8) but from 6 April 1998 were able to claim a taper relief which reduces the amount of a gain that is subject to capital gains tax (reducing the effective rate of tax), depending on whether the asset is a "business asset" or a "non-business asset" and the length of the period of ownership. Taper relief provided up to a 75% reduction (leaving 25% taxable) in taxable gains for business assets, and 40% (leaving 60% taxable), for non-business assets, for an individual.[52] Taper relief replaces indexation allowance for individuals, which can still be claimed for assets held prior to 6 April 1998 from the date of purchase until that date, but was itself abolished on 5 April 2008.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, with certain exceptions, individuals and corporations pay income tax on the net total of all their capital gains. Short-term capital gains are taxed at a higher rate: the ordinary income tax rate. The tax rate for individuals on "long-term capital gains", which are gains on assets that have been held for over one year before being sold, is lower than the ordinary income tax rate, and in some tax brackets there is no tax due on such gains.

text: The tax rate on long-term gains was reduced in 1997 via the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 from 28% to 20% and again in 2003, via the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, from 20% to 15% for individuals whose highest tax bracket is 15% or more, or from 10% to 5% for individuals in the lowest two income tax brackets (whose highest tax bracket is less than 15%). (See progressive tax.) The reduced 15% tax rate on eligible dividends and capital gains, previously scheduled to expire in 2008, was extended through 2010 as a result of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act signed into law by President Bush on 17 May 2006, which also reduced the 5% rate to 0%.[53] Toward the end of 2010, President Obama signed a law extending the reduced rate on eligible dividends until the end of 2012.

text: The law allows for individuals to defer capital gains taxes with tax planning strategies such as the structured sale (ensured installment sale), charitable trust (CRT), installment sale, private annuity trust, and a 1031 exchange. The United States, unlike almost all other countries, taxes its citizens (with some exceptions [54]) on their worldwide income no matter where in the world they reside. U.S. citizens therefore find it difficult to take advantage of personal tax havens. Although there are some offshore bank accounts that advertise as tax havens, U.S. law requires reporting of income from those accounts, and willful failure to do so constitutes tax evasion.

text: Deferring or reducing capital gains tax[edit]

text: Taxpayers may defer capital gains taxes by simply deferring the sale of the asset. In addition, depending on the specifics of national tax law, taxpayers may be able to defer, reduce, or avoid capital gains taxes using the following strategies:

text:
A nation may tax at a lower rate the gains on investments in favored industries or sectors, such as small business.
There may be accounts with tax-favored status. The most advantageous let gains accumulate in the account without taxes; taxes are paid only when the taxpayer withdraws funds from the account.
Selling an asset at a loss may create a "tax loss" that can be applied to offset gains realized in the future, and avoid or reduce taxes on those gains. Tax losses are a business asset, but the business must avoid "sham" transactions, such as selling to oneself or a subsidiary for no legitimate purpose other than to create a tax loss.
Tax may be waived if the asset is given to a charity.
Tax may be deferred if the taxpayer sells the asset but receives payment from the buyer over a period of years. However, the taxpayer bears the risk of a default by the buyer during that period. A structured sale or purchase of an annuity may be ways to defer taxes.
In certain transactions, the basis (original cost) of the asset is changed. In the U.S., the basis for an inherited asset becomes its value at the time of the inheritance.
Tax may be deferred if the seller of an asset puts the funds into the purchase of a "like-kind" asset. In the U.S., this is called a 1031 exchange and is now generally available only for business-related real estate and tangible property.


document_title: List of The Open Championship venues

question_text: scottish golf courses that have held the open

text: List of The Open Championship venues

text: Venues[edit]

text:
Key

Courses that are no longer on the Open rota

N/A

Courses in rota with next hosting not yet assigned

text:
The Open Championship venues

Venue

Location

First

Last

Next

Times

Lowest 72-hole score

Player (year)

Ref

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

1860

1925

24

291

James Braid (1908)

[15]

Old Course at St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

1873

2015

2021

29

269 (−19)

Tiger Woods (2000)

[16]

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

1874

1889

6

155[A]

Willie Park, Jnr (1889)

[17]

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

1892

2013

N/A

16

271 (−13)

Tom Watson (1980)

[18]

Royal St George's Golf Club

Sandwich, England

1894

2011

2020

14

267 (−13)

Greg Norman (1993)

[8]

Royal Liverpool Golf Club

Hoylake, England

1897

2014

N/A

12

270 (−18)

Tiger Woods (2006)

[19]

Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club

Deal, England

1909

1920

2

291

John Henry Taylor (1909)

[20]

Royal Troon Golf Club

Troon, Scotland

1923

2016

N/A

9

264 (−20)

Henrik Stenson (2016)

[21]

Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club

Lytham St Annes, England

1926

2012

N/A

11

271 (−13)

Tom Lehman (1996)

[22]

Carnoustie Golf Links

Carnoustie, Scotland

1931

2018

N/A

8

276 (−8)

Francesco Molinari (2018)

[23]

Prince's Golf Club

Sandwich, England

1932

1932

1

283 (−13)

Gene Sarazen (1932)

[24]

Royal Portrush Golf Club

Portrush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland

1951

1951

2019

1

285 (−3)

Max Faulkner (1951)

[25]

Royal Birkdale Golf Club

Southport, England

1954

2017

N/A

10

268 (−12)

Jordan Spieth (2017)

[12]

Turnberry

South Ayrshire, Scotland

1977

2009

N/A

4

268 (−12)

Tom Watson (1977)  Nick Price (1994)

[14]

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^  From 1860 to 1892 The Open Championship was contested over 36 holes.[26]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "The Open". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ Newport 1997, p. 272.

Jump up ^ Myers, Alex. "British Open: Get to know your British Open courses". Golf Digest. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "The Open: Press conference confirms Portrush". BBC News. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Heritage". The Open Championship. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

Jump up ^ "The Open Championship". Prestwick Golf Club. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "The Musselburgh Opens". Musselburgh Links. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "Royal St Georges". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Royal Cinque Ports and The Open Rota". Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ Easdale, Roderick (12 July 2015). "The forgotten Open venues". Golf Monthly. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Golf Championships for 1940". The Times. 21 January 1939. p. 4.

^ Jump up to: a b "Royal Birkdale". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "British Open set for Royal Portrush return". Reuters. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "Turnberry". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Prestwick". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "St Andrews". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Musselburgh". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Muirfield". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Royal Liverpool". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Royal Cinque Ports". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.[permanent dead link]

Jump up ^ "Royal Troon". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Royal Lytham & St Annes". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Carnoustie". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Prince's". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ "Royal Portrush". The Open Championship. Retrieved 19 August 2015.

Jump up ^ McAdam 2013, p. 15.

tag: ol


document_title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway

question_text: diary of a wimpy kid book 12 release

question_tokens: diary of a wimpy kid book 12 release

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway

text: This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway

Author
Jeff Kinney

Country
United States

Language
English

Series
Diary of a Wimpy Kid

Genre
Children's novel
Graphic Novel

Publisher

Amulet Books (US)
Puffin Books (UK)

Publication date

November 7, 2017 (Worldwide)

Media type
Print (hardcover)

Pages
217 story pages (224 altogether)

ISBN
978-1-4197-2545-6

Preceded by
Double Down

text: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book.[1] The book is due to be published on November 7, 2017.[2]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Greg Heffley and his family are getting out of town.

text: With the cold weather and the stress of the approaching holiday season, the Heffleys decide to escape to a tropical island resort for some much-needed rest and relaxation. A few days in paradise should do wonders for Greg and his frazzled family.

text: But the Heffleys soon discover that paradise isn't everything it's cracked up to be. Sun poisoning, stomach troubles, and venomous critters all threaten to ruin the family's vacation. Can their trip be saved, or will this island getaway end in disaster?

text: Release date[edit]

text: The Getaway will be the 12th book in the series, and will be released worldwide on November 7, 2017.