document_title: World Youth Day

question_text: where was the first world youth day held

text: World Youth Day

text: Traditional process[edit]

text: World Youth Day is commonly celebrated in a way similar to many events. The most emphasized and well known traditional theme is the unity and presence of numerous different cultures. Flags and other national declarations are displayed among mainly young people to show their attendance at the events and proclaim their own themes of Catholicism. Such is usually done through chants and singing of other national songs involving a Catholic theme.

text: Over the course of the major events taking place, national objects are traded between pilgrims. Flags, shirts, crosses, and other Catholic icons are carried amongst pilgrims which are later traded as souvenirs to other people from different countries of the world. A unity of acceptance among people is also common, with all different cultures coming together to appreciate one another.

text: Other widely recognized traditions include the Pope's public appearance, commencing with his arrival around the city in the "Popemobile" and then with his final Mass held at the event. A festival in Sydney (2008) recorded an estimated distance of a 10-kilometre walk as roads and other public transport systems were closed off.

text: Pope Benedict XVI criticized the tendency to view WYD as a kind of rock festival; he stressed that the event should not be considered a "variant of modern youth culture" but as the fruition of a "long exterior and interior path".[1]

text: History[edit]

text: 1987 to 1993[edit]

text: 1987 WYD was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1989 WYD took place in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 1991 WYD was held in Częstochowa, Poland. 1993 WYD was celebrated in Denver, Colorado, United States.

text: 1995 to 2005[edit]

text: At WYD 1995, 5 million youths gathered at Luneta Park in Manila, Philippines, an event recognized as the largest crowd ever by the Guinness World Records.[2] In an initial comment immediately following the event, Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, stated that over 4 million people had participated.[3]

text: 1997 WYD was held in Paris, France. 2000 WYD took place in Rome, Italy. 2002 WYD was held in Toronto, Canada. 2005 WYD was celebrated in Cologne, Germany. Thomas Gabriel composed for the final Mass on 21 August 2005 the Missa mundi (Mass of the world), representing five continents in style and instrumentation, in a European Kyrie influenced by the style of Bach, a South American Gloria with guitars and pan flutes, an Asian Credo with sitar, an African Sanctus with drums, and an Australian Agnus Dei with didgeridoos.[4]

text: Sydney, Australia, was chosen as the host of the 2008 World Youth Day celebrations. At the time it was announced in 2005, WYD 2008 was commended by the then Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, and the Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal George Pell.[5] World Youth Day 2008 was held in Sydney, with the Papal Mass held on the Sunday at Randwick Racecourse.

text: The week saw pilgrims from all continents participate in the Days in the Diocese program hosted by Catholic dioceses throughout Australia and New Zealand. Pope Benedict XVI arrived in Sydney on 13 July 2008 at Richmond Air Force Base. Cardinal Pell celebrated the Opening Mass at Barangaroo (East Darling Harbour) with other activities including the re-enactment of Christ's passion during the Stations of the Cross and the pope's boat cruise through Sydney Harbour. Pilgrims participated in a variety of youth festivities including visits to St Mary's Cathedral, daily catechesis and Mass led by bishops from around the world, concerts, visits to the tomb of Saint Mary MacKillop, the Vocations Expo at Darling Harbour, reception of the Sacrament of Reconciliation, and praying before the Blessed Sacrament during Adoration. The Mass and concert at Barangaroo saw an estimated crowd of 150,000.

text: The event attracted 250,000 foreign visiting pilgrims to Sydney, with an estimated 400,000 pilgrims attending Mass celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 20 July.[6]

text: In May 2007, it was reported that Guy Sebastian's song "Receive the Power" had been chosen as official anthem for World Youth Day (WYD08) to be held in Sydney in 2008. The song was co-written by Guy Sebastian and Gary Pinto, with vocals by Paulini.[7][8]

text: "Receive the Power"[9] was used extensively throughout the six days of World Youth Day in July 2008 and also in worldwide television coverage.[10]

text: In November 2008, a 200-page book, Receive the Power, was launched to commemorate World Youth Day 2008.[11]

text: Following the celebration of Holy Mass at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney on 20 July 2008, Pope Benedict XVI announced that the next International World Youth Day 2011 would be held in Madrid, Spain. This event was held from 16–21 August 2011.

text: There were nine official patron saints[12] for World Youth Day 2011 in addition to Blessed John Paul II: St. Isidore, St. John of the Cross, St. María de la Cabeza, St. John of Ávila, St. Teresa of Ávila, St. Rose of Lima, St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Rafael Arnáiz, and St. Francis Xavier patron of world missions. During his address to seminarians, Benedict announced that the Spanish mystic and patron of Spanish diocesan clerics St. John of Ávila would become a "Doctor of the Church",[13] a designation granted to only 34 saints throughout the twenty centuries of Church history.

text: An estimated 2,000,000 people attended an all-night vigil to complete the week, more than expected.

text: Since 2002, World Youth Day has been held every three years. After the 2011 event the next World Youth Day was scheduled a year earlier than usual, in 2013 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to avoid any conflict with the 2014 FIFA World Cup being held in 12 different host cities throughout Brazil and the 2016 Summer Olympics being held in Rio de Janeiro.

text: Pope Francis announced at the end of closing Mass for World Youth Day 2013 that Kraków, Poland, would be the venue for World Youth Day 2016.[14] An estimated three million people attended. Young people from many different countries around the world took part in the week-long event which began on 25 July 2016, and ended on 31 July 2016 with an open-air mass led by Pope Francis at Campus Misericordiae where he announced that the next World Youth Day will take place in Panama, Central America in 2019. The theme for this year's World Youth Day was "Blessed Are The Merciful, For They Shall Obtain Mercy", tying in closely with the Year of Mercy, which was initiated by Pope Francis on 8 December 2015 and concluded 20 November 2016.

text: At the Concluding Mass for World Youth Day 2016 in Kraków, Pope Francis announced that Panama City will host World Youth Day in 2019.[15]

text: Chronology of celebrations[edit]

text:
#
Year
Date
City
Country
Continent
Attendance
Note 01
Theme
Anthem
Mass venueu
Notes

1
1984
14 - 15 April
Vatican City
  Vatican
(  Vatican City)
Europe
300,000
Holy Year of the Redemption: A Festival of Hope
"Resta Qui Con Noi"
Saint Peter's Square

Pope John Paul II entrusts the WYD Cross to the Youth
First WYD in Southern Europe
First WYD in Europe
First WYD in a Romance-language-speaking (Italian) country

2
1985
30- 31 March
Rome
 Italy
Europe
300,000
International Youth Year
"Christus Pax Nostra"
Saint Peter's Square

Second WYD in Southern Europe
Second WYD in Europe

3
1987
11 - 12 April
Buenos Aires
 Argentina
South America
1,000,000
"We have recognized the love that God has for us, and we have believed in it."(1 Jn 4:16)
"Un Nuevo Sol"
Avenida 9 de Julio

First WYD outside Vatican City
First WYD outside Europe
First WYD in South America
First WYD outside Rome to be held outside the months of July/August.
First WYD in Southern Hemisphere

4
1989
19 - 20 August
Santiago de Compostela
 Spain
Europe
600,000
I am the Way, the Truth and the Life (Jn 14:6)
"Somos Los Jóvenes"
Monte do Gozo

First WYD in Southwestern Europe
Third WYD in Europe

5
1991
10 - 15 August
Częstochowa
 Poland
Europe
1,600,000
You have received a spirit of children (Rom 8:15)
"Abba Ojcze"
Jasna Góra Monastery

First WYD in Central Europe
Fourth WYD in Europe
First WYD in a Slavic-language-speaking (Polish) country
First WYD in the Pope's native country

6
1993
10 - 15 August
Denver
 United States
North America
700,000
I came that they might have life, and have it to the full (Jn 10:10)
"(We Are) One Body"
Cherry Creek State Park

First WYD in North America
First WYD in a Germanic-language-speaking (English) country

7
1995
10 - 15 January
Manila
 Philippines
Asia
5,000,000
As the Father has sent me, so am I sending you (Jn 20:21)
"Tell the World of His Love"
Luneta Park

2nd largest Papal gathering (Next to Papal Visit 2015)
First WYD held in Southeastern Asia
First WYD in Asia
First WYD in a country with a non-Indo-European language
Second WYD outside Rome to be held outside the months of July/August.
First WYD to be located inside the tropical zone.

8
1997
19 - 24 August
Paris
 France[16]
Europe
1,200,000
Teacher, where do you live? Come and see (cf. Jn 1:38–39)
"Maître Et Seigneur"
Longchamp Racecourse

First WYD in Western Europe
Fifth WYD in Europe

9
2000
15 - 20 August
Rome
 Italy
Europe
2,000,000
The Word has became flesh and dwelt among us (Jn 1:14)
"Emmanuel"
Tor Vergata

Held on the occasion of the Great Jubilee
Third WYD in Southern Europe
Sixth WYD in Europe

10
2002
23 - 28 July
Toronto
 Canada
North America
800,000
You are the salt of the earth ... you are the light of the world (Mt 5:13–14)
"Lumière Du Monde/Light Of The World"
Downsview Park

Last WYD attended by Pope John Paul II
Second WYD in North America

11
2005
16 - 21 August
Cologne
 Germany
Europe
1,200,000[17][18]
We have come to worship Him (Mt 2:2)
"Venimus Adorare Eum"
Marienfeld

First WYD attended by Pope Benedict XVI, himself a native German.
Second WYD in Western Europe
Seventh WYD in Europe

12
2008
15 - 20 July
Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
400,000[19]
You will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you; and you will be my witnesses. (Ac 1:8)
"Receive the Power"
Randwick Racecourse

First WYD in Oceania

13
2011
16 - 21 August
Madrid
 Spain[20]
Europe
1,400,000- 2,000,000[21][22][23]
Rooted and built up in Jesus Christ, Firm in the Faith (Col 2:7)[24]
"Firmes en la Fe"
Cuatro Vientos Airport

Last WYD attended by Pope Benedict XVI
Second WYD in Southwestern Europe
Eighth WYD in Europe

14
2013
23 - 28 July
Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil[25]
South America
3,700,000[26]
Go and make disciples of all nations (Mt 28:19)
"Esperança do Amanhecer"
Copacabana Beach

First WYD attended by Pope Francis, himself from South America
Second WYD in South America
The first WYD where all the major events took place in one location

15
2016
26 - 31 July
Kraków
 Poland
Europe
3,000,000
Blessed are the merciful, for they will receive mercy. (Mt 5:7)[27]
"Błogosławieni miłosierni
Brzegi, Wieliczka County

Second WYD in Central Europe
Ninth WYD in Europe
Held on the Occasion of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy
Coincided with the 1050th Anniversary of the Baptism of Poland

16
2019
22 - 27 January
Panama City
 Panama
Central America

I am the servant of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word (Lk 1:38)[28]
"Hágase en mí, según tu palabra"

First WYD to take place in Central America
Third WYD outside Rome to be held outside the months of July/August.

text:
Note 01Attendance numbers reflect the total number at the closing Mass which includes many locals who attended only that one event. Unless otherwise referenced, the numbers are quoted from the USCCB website.
Note 02This lists languages used in the main international version of the anthem. Local versions of the anthem in other languages (and alternate versions) may have also been produced.

text: Diocesan[edit]

text:
Diocesan level celebrations (celebrated on Palm Sunday each year)

Date
Theme

23 March 1986
Always be prepared to make a defence to anyone who calls you to account for the hope that is in you. (1 Pt 3:15)

27 March 1988
Do whatever he tells you. (Jn 2:5)

8 April 1990
I am the vine, you are the branches. (Jn 15:5)

12 April 1992
Go into all the world and preach the Gospel. (Mk 16:15)

27 March 1994
As the Father sent me, so am I sending you. (Jn 20: 21)

31 March 1996
Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. (Jn 6:68)

5 April 1998
The Holy Spirit will teach you all things. (cf. Jn 14:26 )

28 March 1999
The Father loves you. (cf. Jn 16:27)

8 April 2001
If any want to become my followers, let them deny themselves and take up their cross daily and follow me. (Lk 9:23)

13 April 2003
Behold, your mother! (Jn 19:27)

4 April 2004
We wish to see Jesus. (Jn 12:21)

9 April 2006
Your word is a lamp to my feet and light to my path. (Ps 119:105)

1 April 2007
Just as I have loved you; you also should love one another. (Jn 13:34)

5 April 2009
We have set our hope on the Living God. (1 Tim 4:10)[24]

28 March 2010
Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life? (Mk 10:17)[24]

1 April 2012
Rejoice in the Lord Always (Philip 4:4)

13 April 2014
Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. (Mt 5:3)[27]

29 March 2015
Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God. (Mt 5:8)[27]

9 April 2017
The Mighty One has done great things for me, and holy is his name (Lk 1:49)

25 March 2018
Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favour with God (Lk 1:30)

text: Typical schedule of events[edit]

text: International level[edit]

text:
World Youth Day – Overview of Week

Up to week before
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun

Morning
Days in the dioceses:

Catechetical sessions around host and nearby dioceses

Day of official arrival and welcome for pilgrims
Catechetical session with participating bishops
Walking pilgrimage to vigil site
Closing ceremonies:

Morning prayers are led by participating bishops
Mass is celebrated by the Pope
Next host diocese is announced by the Pope after Mass

Afternoon
Opening ceremonies

Holy Mass is celebrated by the local ordinary of the host diocese

Afternoon shows, music, prayer and reconciliation opportunities
The Pope officially arrives at WYD and delivers his welcome address at a prayer service
Afternoon shows, music, prayer and reconciliation opportunities
Afternoon shows, music, prayer and reconciliation opportunities at vigil site

Evening
Evening shows, music, prayer and reconciliation opportunities
Stations of the Cross
Eucharistic Adoration

text: Diocesan level[edit]

text: At the diocesan level celebrations are decided by a local team usually appointed by the ordinary.

text: Since these celebrations usually occur during Palm Sunday, it almost always includes the Mass of Passion Sunday – when Jesus' entry to Jerusalem in his final days is commemorated.

text: Music, prayer, reconciliation opportunities, as well as adoration of the Blessed Sacrament may also be part of the celebrations.


document_title: Drunk driving in the United States

question_text: when was the first drunk driving law passed

question_tokens: when was the first drunk driving law passed

root

text: Drunk driving in the United States

text: Laws and regulations[edit]

text: Driving Under the influence - DUI/DWI[edit]

text: For the most part, DUI or DWI are synonymous terms that represent the criminal offense of operating (or in some jurisdictions merely being in physical control of) a motor vehicle while being under the influence of alcohol or drugs or a combination of both. The key inquiry focuses on whether the driver's faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. The detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs can therefore be difficult. Breathalyzers have been developed for the purpose of administering roadside or laboratory tests that can detect the actual level of a controlled substance in an individual's body.

tag: p

text: Every state in the U.S. designates a "per se" blood or breath alcohol level as the threshold point for an independent criminal offense. This is often referred to as the "legal limit". It is a permissive presumption of guilt where the person's BAC is 0.08% or greater (units of milligrams per deciliter, representing 8 g of alcohol in 10 liters of blood).[9] Some states (e.g., Colorado) include a lesser charge, sometimes referred to as "driving while ability impaired" that may apply to individuals with a 0.05% or above, but less than the 0.08% per se limit for the more serious charge.[9]

text: Every state has a "catch-all" provision designed to cover those circumstances where the person is below 0.08%, but the person still appears impaired by definition of law. These types of "catch-all" statutes cover situations involving a person under the influence of drugs or under the combined influence of alcohol and drugs. With the advent of the legalization of marijuana, these catch-all provisions cover those prosecutions pursuing those charged with driving under the influence of drugs or even drugs and alcohol.

text: In California, this "catch-all" provision was previously found in California Vehicle Code Section 23152(a); however new statutes that were made effective on January 1, 2014, two new sections were created to make sections specifically addressing those charged with driving under the influence of drugs, (which includes prescription medications if it can be shown that those medications impaired the driver), and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

text:
CVC 23152(a): It is unlawful for any person who is under the influence of any alcoholic beverage or drug, or under the combined influence of any alcoholic beverage and drug, to drive a vehicle
CVC 23152(b): It is unlawful for any person who has 0.08 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood to drive a vehicle.
CVC 23152(e): It is unlawful for a person who is under the influence of any drug to drive a vehicle
CVC 23152(f): It is unlawful for a person who is under the combined influence of any alcoholic beverage and drug to drive a vehicle.

tag: ul

text: Wisconsin regards first offense drunk driving as a municipal offense, and New Jersey treats all drunk driving cases without serious injury or death as traffic violations.[10] The amount of alcohol intake to reach a BAC of 0.08% may vary with the individual's body composition and state of health. Prior to increased emphasis on drinking and driving in the 1980s, standards of 0.10%-0.15% were in place.

text: After the passage of federal legislation, the legal limit for commercial drivers is now set at 0.04%. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulation prohibits those who hold a commercial driver's license from driving with an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. A commercial driver with an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater, but less than 0.04, must be removed from duty for 24 hours.[11]

text: Arizona has a 0.08% BAC limit for standard DUI, but drivers can also face more severe DUI charges like an Extreme DUI (§ 28-1382(A)(1)) for having a BAC over 0.15% or Super Extreme DUI (§ 28-1382(A)(2)) for a BAC over 0.20%.[12]

text: California, like every other state, has a "per se" BAC limit of 0.08% pursuant to California Vehicle Code Section 23152(b); and based on the aforementioned federal legislation, a lower limit of 0.04% for drivers holding commercial drivers licenses (CDL). California also has a limit of 0.01% for drivers who are under 21 or on probation for previous DUI offenses pursuant to California Vehicle Code Sections 23136 and 23140. California also makes it illegal for persons who are on probation for a DUI conviction to drive with a blood or breath alcohol concentration of 0.01% or greater pursuant to Vehicle Code Section 23154. While the existence of a BAC of 0.01% or greater may not always result in prosecution for driving under the influence, it will expose such drivers to a one or two-year suspension through an administrative action by the California Department of Motor Vehicles. If that same person has a BAC of 0.08% or greater, it will prompt what is referred to as a "dual action", meaning a suspension for driving with a BAC of 0.08% or greater and a suspension for driving with a BAC of 0.01% or greater while on DUI Probation.

text: All U.S. states have implied consent laws which state that a licensed driver has given their consent to a field sobriety test and/or a Breathalyzer or similar manner of determining blood alcohol concentration. In 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States in Birchfield v. North Dakota held that both breath tests and blood tests constitute a search under the Fourth Amendment, concluding that requiring breath tests is constitutional without a search warrant, however, requiring more intrusive blood tests involving piercing the skin is not, as the goal of traffic safety can be obtained by less invasive means.[13]

text: Nevada has an implied consent law, an agreement every motor vehicle license recipient must accept, that makes breath or blood testing mandatory if an officer has reasonable suspicion of impairment. Refusal is grounds for arrest and law enforcement may use reasonable force to obtain blood samples[14]

text: New Jersey has a general 0.08% BAC limit, but people can be convicted of drunk driving even when the BAC is under that limit.[15]

text: North Carolina has a general 0.08% BAC limit,[16] a lower limit of 0.04% for drivers holding commercial drivers licenses (CDL) while operating a commercial vehicle.[17] Additionally, it is illegal for anyone under the age of twenty-one (21) to possess or consume alcohol.[18]

text: Every state has enhanced penalties for refusing to submit to an Implied Consent Test pursuant to the State's Implied Consent Laws. In California, refusing to submit to a test of one's breath or blood upon being arrested for driving under the influence carries an additional punishment of a one-year license suspension pursuant to California Vehicle Code Section 13558(c)(1).

text: Flying Under the Influence (FUI) and Boating Under the Influence (BUI)[edit]

text: Federal Aviation Regulation 91.17 (14 C.F.R. 91.17) prohibits pilots from flying aircraft with an alcohol level of 0.04% or more, or within eight hours of consuming alcohol, or while under the impairing influence of any drug. The same prohibition applies to any other crew members on duty aboard the aircraft (flight attendants, etc.). Some airlines impose additional restrictions, and many pilots also impose stricter standards upon themselves. Commercial pilots found to be in violation of regulations are typically fired or resign voluntarily, and they may lose their pilot certificates and be subject to criminal prosecution under Federal or State laws, effectively ending their careers.

text: Similar laws apply to other activities involving transportation; Michigan prohibits intoxicated bicycling, horseback riding, buggy driving, use of motorized farm implements, or boating, the latter whether a pilot or passenger, with much the same threshold of intoxication. In the case of boating, the laws extend to include kayaks, canoes, sailboats—any flotation device that needs to be steered in water. Different states have different laws and classifications on the level of transgression attached to a citation for boating under the influence. For example, Virginia has very similar penalties for a BUI as it does for a DUI. Those convicted of boating while intoxicated face penalties including, fines of up to $2,500, jail time of up to one year, loss of your operator’s license for up to three years and mandatory enrollment and completion of a Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program.[19]

text: Alcohol use was the number one contributing factor in U.S. recreational boating deaths between 2003 and 2012, accounting for 15 percent of the fatalities in 2003, and 17 percent in 2012.[20] A Canadian study published in 2011 examined 18 years of data on recreational boating, and concluded that a "true figure" of alcohol-related deaths in that country "may lie between 46% and 56%".[21]:15

text: Physician Reporting[edit]

text: Six states require physicians to report patients who drive while impaired.[22] Another 25 states permit physicians to violate doctor-patient confidentiality to report impaired drivers, if they so choose.[22] The American Medical Association endorsed physician reporting in 1999, but deferred to the states on whether such notification should be mandatory or permissive.[22] Medical bioethicist Jacob Appel of New York University says physician reporting may deter some patients from seeking care, writing "Reporting may remove some dangerous drivers from the roads, but if in doing so it actually creates other dangerous drivers, by scaring them away from treatment, then society has sacrificed confidentiality for no tangible return in lives saved."[22]

text: Driving While Impaired Court - DWI Court & Driving Under the Influence Court - DUI Court[edit]

text: These innovative courts use substance abuse intervention with repeat offenders who plead guilty to driving while intoxicated. Those accepted into the diversionary program are required to abstain from alcohol. Some are required to wear a device that monitors and records any levels of alcohol detected in their bloodstreams.

text: Criminal Penalties[edit]

text: The penalties for driving under the influence (DUI), driving while intoxicated (DWI) and operating while intoxicated (OWI) vary from state-to-state and jurisdiction to jurisdiction. It is not uncommon for the penalties to be different from county-to-county within any given state depending on the practices of the individual jurisdiction. Some jurisdictions require jail time and larger fines, even on a first offense. For instance, Ohio requires a mandatory 72-hour jail sentence for a first offense conviction; however, the jail time component is satisfied by attendance of the Ohio A.W.A.R.E. Program, which is a 72-hour alcohol-education program. Compared to many other countries, such as Sweden, penalties for drunk driving in the United States are considered less severe unless alcohol is involved in an incident causing injury or death of another, such DUI, DWI or OWI with Great Bodily Injury (GBI) or Vehicular Manslaughter.

text: Administrative and Civil Penalties[edit]

text: The federal Assimilative Crimes Act, which makes state law applicable on lands reserved or acquired by the Federal government when the act or omission is not made punishable by an enactment of Congress, recognizes collateral actions related to DUI convictions as punishments. According to 18 U.S.C. § 13:

text: … that which may or shall be imposed through judicial or administrative action under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, for a conviction for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol, shall be considered to be a punishment provided by that law …

text: SR-22 - Proof of Financial Responsibility[edit]

text: An SR-22 is an addendum to an insurance policy. It is an administrative form that attests to an insurance company's coverage, or the posting of a personal public bond in the amount of the state's minimum liability coverage for the licensed driver or vehicle registration. The SR in SR-22 stands for Safety Responsibility, and it is needed to reinstate a suspended driver's license after a DUI conviction in 49 states and the District of Columbia. It is submitted to the State's DMV by an auto insurance company to serve as proof that a driver has the minimum liability insurance that the states requires. They are essentially an agreement between a driver's insurance company and the respective State's DMV that requires the driver's insurance company to notify the respective State's DMV that the driver's insurance has either been terminated or lapsed; thus instituting a suspension of the driver's driving privileges until proof of insurance is re-filed with the State's DMV.

text: While SR-22s are typically filed with the respective State's DMV, some States require the driver to carry proof of the SR-22 or to carry it in the registered vehicle, (particularly if the driver has been cited for coverage lapses or other administrative infractions). SR-22s may attest coverage for a vehicle regardless of operator (owner liability coverage), or cover a specific person regardless of the specific vehicle operated (operator liability coverage).

text: As stated, the form is required in 49 states and the US District of Columbia in order to register a vehicle for usage on public roads. It is also required to redeem a license which has been suspended due to coverage lapse in these required states. These states also, generally, require that the issuing insurance company provide the relevant state's DMV with timely updates as to the status of such coverage. If the policy with the SR22 cancels, a form called an SR26 is issued and sent to the state DMV.[23] Upon notice that there has been a lapse in coverage, the state will suspend the driver's license again.[24] Another SR-22 filing will need to be submitted to regain driving privileges.

text: Diversion Programs[edit]

text: The State of Washington used to permit those charged with a first offense DUI/DWI/OWI to complete a diversion program that resulted in the charges being dismissed upon the completion of a Diversion Program. In 1975, under the revised code of Washington or RCW Section 10.05, the Washington State Legislature established a deferred prosecution option for offenders arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or impairing drugs (DUI). It was intended to encourage individuals to seek appropriate treatment and, under this option, defendants with a significant alcohol or drug dependence problem could petition a court to defer disposition of their charge until they have completed intensive substance dependence treatment and met other conditions required by the court. If the defendant successfully completed the terms of the program, the charge was dismissed; for those who failed, the deferred status was revoked and the defendant was prosecuted for the original DUI charge. (RCW 10.05.010 and 10.05.020) In 1992, the University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute evaluated DUI deferred prosecution and concluded the program reduced DUI recidivism.[25] In 1998, the legislature modified the DUI statutes. Among other things, the length of deferred prosecution supervision was increased from two to five years and defendants were restricted to one deferred prosecution per lifetime.

text: Alcohol Programs

text: Every jurisdiction imposes the completion of alcohol education programs, commonly known as DUI programs, subsequent to a DUI/DWI/OWI conviction. Additionally, some states impose an additional requirement that a person attend a Victim Impact Panel (VIP) administered by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), which was established in 1982. Both DUI classes and Victim Impact Panels are available in some states for first offense DUIs dependent on the judge's decision.[26]

text: DUI Plates[edit]

text: In 1967, Ohio began to issue special license plates to DUI offenders who are granted limited driving privileges such as work-related driving until a court can rule that they can have full privileges back. However, judges rarely enforced the plates, so in 2004, the plates became mandated by state law to all DUI offenders.[27] Unlike Ohio's standard-issue plates (which as of 2008 have a picture of the Ohio country side), the DUI plates are yellow with red writing with no registration stickers or graphics. They are commonly referred to as "party plates".[27]

text: Minnesota has a similar program, where the plates are white with either blue or black text. The plate number is a "W", followed by a letter and four numbers. These plates may be issued to drivers with at least 2 offenses in a five-year period; three offenses in a ten-year period; having a BAC twice the legal limit; or having a child in the car at the time of arrest.[28] In Minnesota, DUI plates are referred to as "whiskey plates",[29] whiskey being the name of the letter W in the NATO phonetic alphabet.

text: Ignition Interlock Devices - IID Devices[edit]

text: Some states, such as California, may impose the installation of ignition interlock devices in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%, or 0.15% in some places. These additional sanctions are meant to deter and punish the operation of a vehicle at extremely high BAC levels and the concomitant danger posed to the safety of persons and property by heavily impaired drivers.

text: As of July 1, 2010, California implemented a pilot project for DUI sentencing. In four counties, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Tulare and Alameda, first offenders convicted of drunk driving are required to install an ignition interlock device in their car for a period of five months and second offenders for a period of one year.[30] Previously, this requirement was only required for third offenders and permitted for second offenders, and then for a three-year period. The California DMV has written guidelines to clear up some ambiguities in the law. Costs associated with ignition interlock devices include $70 – $150 for installation and fees in the range of $60 - $80 per month thereafter.[31]

text: Vehicle Impoundment and Forfeiture[edit]

text: Some states, such as California, allow for the impoundment and forfeiture of vehicles under certain conditions.[32][33]

text: Cost of a DUI[edit]

text: In the United States, paying the DUI ticket, court costs, and attorney fees is just the start of a person's financial obligations after a DUI conviction. Additional costs of a DUI conviction will often involve the installation and maintenance fees of a vehicle Ignition Interlock Device, which serves the same function as a Breathalyzer to enable the vehicle to start. A person convicted of a driving under the influence charge, can also expect to pay higher insurance rates and premiums.[34][35] In addition, DUI records prevent entry into Canada without proper documentation.[36]

text: History of drunken driving laws[edit]

text: New Jersey enacted the first law that specifically criminalized driving an automobile while intoxicated, in 1906. The New Jersey statute provided that "[n]o intoxicated person shall drive a motor vehicle." Violation of this provision was punishable by a fine of up to $500, or a term of up to 60 days in county jail.[37]

text: Early laws, such as that enacted in New Jersey, required proof of a state of intoxication with no specific definition of what level of inebriation qualified.[38] The first generally accepted legal BAC limit was 0.15%. New York, for example, which had enacted a prohibition on driving while intoxicated in 1910,[39] amended this law in 1941 to provide that it would constitute prima facie evidence of intoxication when an arrested person was found to have a BAC of .15 percent or higher, as ascertained through a test administered within two hours of arrest.[40]

text: In 1938, the American Medical Association created a "Committee to Study Problems of Motor Vehicle Accidents". At the same time, the National Safety Council set up a "Committee on Tests for Intoxication".

text: In the US, most of the laws and penalties were greatly enhanced starting in the late 1970s, and through the 1990s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD) and leaders like Candy Lightner. Significantly, zero tolerance laws were enacted which criminalized driving a vehicle with 0.01% or 0.02% BAC for drivers under 21. This is true even in Puerto Rico, despite maintaining a legal drinking age of 18.[41]

text: On May 14, 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended that all 50 states lower the benchmark for determining when a driver is legally drunk from 0.08 blood-alcohol content to 0.05. The idea is part of an initiative to eliminate drunk driving, which accounts for about a third of all road deaths.[42] In light of this push by the NTSB, and in addition to numerous media reports, many bloggers/authors have posted content addressing the Debate Surrounding Lowering the Legal Limit from 0.08% to 0.05%.

text: The NHTSA estimates that 17,941 people died in 2006 in alcohol-related collisions, representing 40% of total traffic deaths in the US. Over the decade 2001-2010, this rate showed only a 3% variation, and no trend.[43] NHTSA states 275,000 were injured in alcohol-related accidents in 2003.[2] The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that in 1996 local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol, 1 out of every 10 arrests for all crimes in the U.S., compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983, accounting for 1 out of every 80 licensed drivers in the U.S.[3][4] This represented a 220% increase in DUI arrests from 1970 to 1986, while the number of licensed drivers increased by just 42% in the same period.[44] The arrest rate for alcohol-related offenses among American Indians was more than double that for the total population during 1996, and almost 4 in 10 American Indians held in local jails had been charged with a public order offense, most commonly driving while intoxicated.[45] In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DUI offenders were under correctional supervision, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986.[46]

text: Recent analysis have shown cities in which ride sharing services operate show mixed results as to whether the availability of those services affects rates of impaired driving.[47] NHTSA defines fatal collisions as "alcohol-related" if they believe the driver, a passenger, or non-motorist (such as a pedestrian or pedal cyclist) had a BAC of 0.01% or greater. NHTSA defines nonfatal collisions as alcohol-related if the accident report indicates evidence of alcohol present. NHTSA specifically notes that alcohol-related does not necessarily mean a driver or non occupant was tested for alcohol and that the term does not indicate a collision or fatality was caused by the presence of alcohol.[6] On average, about 60% of the BAC values are missing or unknown. To analyze what they believe is the complete data, statisticians simulate BAC information.[7] Drivers with a BAC of 0.10% are 6 to 12 times more likely to get into a fatal crash or injury than drivers with no alcohol.[8][48]

text: Typical DUI Investigation and Arrest[edit]

text: Following are common procedures when a law enforcement officer has reason to suspect a driver is intoxicated.

text: Reasonable Suspicion to Stop & Detain[edit]

text: There are several situations in which the officer will come into contact with a driver, some examples are:

text:
The officer on patrol has observed erratic, suspicious driving, or a series of traffic infractions indicating the possibility that the driver may be impaired. This is by far the most common reason for stopping a suspect.
A police officer has stopped a vehicle for a lesser traffic offense, notices the signs of intoxication, and begins the DUI investigation.
The driver has been involved in an automobile accident; the officer has responded to the scene and is conducting an investigation.
The driver has been stopped at a sobriety checkpoint (also known as roadblocks).
The police have received a report, possibly from an anonymous citizen, that a described car has been driving erratically. The officer should verify the erratic driving before pulling the driver over. In some cases, the driver will no longer be in the vehicle.

text: The following list of DUI symptoms, from a publication issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT HS-805-711),[49] is widely used in training officers to detect drunk drivers. After each symptom is a percentage figure which, according to NHTSA, indicates the statistical chances through research, that a driver is over the legal limit.

text:
Turning with wide radius
over 50%

Straddling center or lane marker
65%

Appearing to be drunk
60%

Almost striking object or vehicle
60%

Weaving
60%

Driving on other than designated roadway
55%

Swerving
55%

Slow speed (more than 10 mph below limit)
50%

Stopping (without cause) in traffic lane
50%

Drifting
50%

Following too closely
45%

Tires on center or land marker
45%

Braking erratically
45%

Driving into opposing or crossing traffic
45%

Signaling inconsistent with driving actions
40%

Stopping inappropriately (other than in lane)
35%

Turning abruptly or illegally
35%

Accelerating or decelerating rapidly
30%

Headlights off
30%

tag: table

text: If the officer observes enough evidence to have a "Reasonable Suspicion" to legally justify a further detention and investigation, they will ask the driver to step out of the vehicle.

text: Reasonable suspicion requires less evidence than "Probable Cause", but more than a mere hunch. A rule of thumb is that reasonable suspicion requires 25% proof, and probable cause requires more than 50% statistical chance. Therefore, if there is probable cause for arrest for DUI/DWIOWI, as suggested by the research and examples used above, then there is reasonable suspicion to stop a driver.

text: Investigation[edit]

text: According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, police officers should conduct DUI Investigations according to a specific protocol called phases. According to the NHTSA training, DUI Investigations are categorized by these phases:

text:
Phase 1 - “Vehicle in Motion”
Phase 2 - "Personal Contact"
Phase 3 - "Pre-Arrest Screening"

text: The Vehicle in Motion Phase deals with the law enforcement officers observations of the suspect's driving maneuvers. The Personal Contact Phase is where the officer actually comes into contact with the DUI suspect. The Pre-Arrest Screening Phase is portion of the DUI Investigation that encompasses the Pre-Field Sobriety Test Questioning and the Field Sobriety Testing, including a Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test where applicable. This Phase also includes the post-arrest evidentiary chemical test despite that it occurs subsequent to a DUI arrest, not prior to a DUI arrest.

text: The officer will typically approach the driver's window and ask some preliminary questions. During this phase of the stop the officer will note if they detect any of the following indicators of intoxication

text:
Odor of an alcoholic beverage on the driver's breath or in the car generally
Slurred speech in response to the questioning
Watery, blood shot, or reddish eyes
Flushed face
Droopy eyelids
Difficulty in understanding and responding intelligently to question
Fumbling with his or her driver's license and registration
The plain-view presence of containers of alcoholic beverages in the vehicle.
Admission of consumption of alcoholic beverage

text: If the officer observes enough to have a reasonable suspicion to legally justify a further detention and investigation, they will ask the driver to step out of the vehicle.

text: Field Sobriety Tests[edit]

text: One of the most controversial aspects of a DUI stop is the field sobriety test (FSTs). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a model system for managing Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) training. They have published numerous training manuals associated with FSTs. As a result of the NHTSA studies, the walk-and-turn test was determined to be 68% accurate, and the one-leg stand test is only 65% accurate when administered to people within the study parameters. The tests were not validated for people with medical conditions, injuries, 65 years or older, and 50 pounds or greater overweight. The officer will administer one or more field sobriety tests. FSTs are considered "divided attention tests" that test the suspect's ability to perform the type of mental and physical multitasking that is required to operate an automobile. However, these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting proprioception, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

text: The three validated tests by NHTSA are:

text:
The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction.[50]
The Walk-and-Turn Test (heel-to-toe in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.
The One-Leg-Stand Test

text: Alternative tests, which have not been scientifically validated, include:

text:
Romberg test, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds).
The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).
The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet).
The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).
The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a number other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).
The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).

text: Standardized Field Sobriety Tests[edit]

text: Although most law enforcement agencies continue to use a variety of these FSTs, most use the 3-test battery of validated field sobriety tests, referred to as the Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFSTs). The NHTSA-approved battery of tests consists of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, or HGN Test; the Walk-and-Turn Test, or the WAT Test, and the One-Leg-Stand Test, or the OLS Test.

text: In some states, such as Ohio, only the standardized tests will be admitted into evidence, provided they were administered and objectively scored "in substantial compliance" with NHTSA standards (ORC 4511.19(D)(4)(b)).[citation needed]

text: According to NHTSA, these tests were not designed to measure impairment, but rather to give a probability that a driver is at or above a 0.08% BAC. However, studies have shown that there are reasons to doubt the tests' usefulness in helping an officer to make such a determination. In 1991, Dr. Spurgeon Cole of Clemson University conducted a study of the accuracy of FSTs. His staff videotaped people performing six common field sobriety tests, then showed the tapes to 14 police officers and asked them to decide whether the suspects had "had too much to drink and drive" (sic). The blood-alcohol concentration of each of the 21 DUI subjects was 0.00, unknown to the officers. The result: the officers gave their opinion that 46% of these innocent people were too drunk to be able to drive. This study showed the possible inaccuracy of FSTs.[51]

text: An increasingly used field sobriety test involves having the suspect breathe into a small, handheld breath testing device. These are often referred to as PAS Tests, or "Preliminary Alcohol Screening" Tests", or a PBT, "Preliminary Breath Test" and precede the actual arrest and subsequent requirement to submit to an evidentiary chemical test of the suspect's breath or blood. These breath testing devices used are smaller, inexpensive versions of the larger, more sophisticated instruments at the police stations, commonly known as an Evidentiary Breath Test using an EBT device, or Evidentiary Breath Test device. However, an increasing number jurisdictions began using Portable Evidentiary Breath Test devices, or PEBT devices, that are more sophisticated versions of the smaller, inexpensive versions of the larger, larger instruments at the police stations. However, where the larger EBTs usually employ infrared spectroscopy, the PEBT and PAS devices use a relatively simple electrochemical (fuel cell) technology. When used for purposes of a Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, or PAS Test, their purpose, along with the other FSTs, is to assist the officer in determining whether he/she has probable cause for arrest.

text: There were three tests chosen to constitute the "Standardized Field Sobriety Tests", which are: (1) the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test; (2) the Walk & Turn Test; and (3) the One Leg Stand Test.

text: The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test[edit]

text: The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, or HGN Test, is administered by the police officer checking the test subject's eyes.

text: Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Instructions (HGN)

text:
I am going to check your eyes. (Please remove your glasses)
Keep your head still and follow the stimulus with your eyes only.
Do not move your head.
Do you understand the instructions?

tag: ol

text: Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evaluation

text: There are six cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, they are as follows:

text:
Lack of smooth pursuit
Distinct and sustained nystagmus and maximum deviation
Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees

text: Total Cues: 6 Cues - Decision Point: 4/6 Cues

text: While the original research indicated that 6 out of 6 cues meant that a person was more likely above 0.08% at the time of the test, subsequent research conducted by the NHTSA has indicated that a “Hit” occurred when the number of reported signs for a given BAC fell within the range: > a 0.06% at 4 - 6 cues or clues; a .05% – .059% at 2 - 4 cues or clues; a 0.03% – 0.049% at 0 - 4 cues or clues and a < 0.03% at 0 – 2 cues or clues. "The Robustness of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Study" (September, 2007)

text: The Walk-and-Turn Test (WAT)[edit]

text: This article relies excessively on partisan sources. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The walk-and-turn test is composed of two phases: the Instruction Phase and Walking Phase. During the test, the individual is directed to take nine steps along a straight line. The individual is supposed to walk heel to toe, and while looking down at a real or imaginary line, count the steps out loud. The test subject's arms must remain at their side. Reaching the ending point, the individual must turn around using a series of small steps, and return to the starting point. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows:

text: Walk and Turn Test Instructions (WAT)[edit]

text:
Put your left foot on the line, then place your right foot on the line ahead of your left, with the heel of your right foot against the toe of your left foot.
Do not start until I tell you to do so.
Do you understand? (must receive affirmative response)
When I tell you to begin, take 9 heel-to-toe steps on the line (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.
When you turn on the ninth step, keep your front foot on the line and turn taking several small steps with the other foot (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.
Ensure you look at your feet, count each step out loud, keep your arms at your side, ensure you touch heel-to-toe and do not stop until you have completed the test.
Do you understand the instructions?
You may begin.
If the suspect does not understand some part of the instructions, only the part in which the suspect does not understand should be repeated

text: Walk and Turn Test Evaluation[edit]

text: There are eight cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Walk & Turn Test, they are as follows:

text:
Can’t keep balance during instructions
Starts too soon
Stops walking
Misses heel-to-toe
Steps off line
Uses arms for balance
Improper turn
Incorrect number of steps

text: Total Cues: 8 Cues – Decision Point: 2/8 Cues

text: The One Leg Stand Test (OLS)[edit]

text: The One Leg Stand Test is composed of two stages: the Instruction Phase and Balancing Phase. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows:

text:
Stand with your feet together and your arms at your side (demonstrate)
Maintain position until told otherwise.
When I tell you to, I want you to raise one leg, either one, approximately 6 inches off the ground, foot pointed out, both legs straight and look at the elevated foot. Count out loud in the following manner: 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004 and so on until told to stop
Do you understand the instructions?
You may begin the test.

text: One Leg Stand Test Evaluation[edit]

text: There are four cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the One Leg Stand Test, they are as follows

text:
Sways while balancing
Uses arms to balance
Hopping
Puts foot down

text: Total Cues: 4 Cues – Decision Point: 2/4 Cues

text: Field Sobriety Tests Criticisms[edit]

text: This article relies excessively on partisan sources. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Critics of standardized field sobriety tests often question the statistical evidence behind them, and the ability of the officers to administer the tests and actually judge for impairments related to alcohol. According to Barone, one study involved completely sober individuals who were asked to perform the standardized field sobriety tests, and their performances were videotaped. “After viewing the 21 videos of sober individuals taking the standardized field tests, the police officers’ believed that forty-six percent of the individuals had ‘too much to drink’”. It should not be out of the question for the standardized field sobriety tests to be re-examined for reliability and validity. A standardized test that claims to have scientific support should be able to be repeated. Along with that, the standardized field sobriety tests do not have a specific standard for grading, and it is left up to the discretion of the officer to determine whether what he/she see observes is actually a cue sufficient to count against the test subject. To err is human. The NHTSA’s 1977 study had an error rate of 47 percent, and the 1981 study had an error rate of 32 percent, which is considered unusually high for a scientific study.[52]

text: One of the main criticisms of field sobriety tests is that the judgment is left up to the discretion of the police officer. An officer may have some bias towards a suspect and judge the test more critically than necessary. Additionally, it is almost impossible to tell whether or not a police officer used proper procedures for administering the field sobriety test when a case is brought to court. The original research conducted by the NHTSA is often disputed because of the manner in which they were conducted and the conclusions that were reported. One author comments that “The reports for all three studies issued by NHTSA are lacking much of the material and analysis expected in a scientific paper, and none have been published in peer-reviewed journals” (Rubenzer 2011).

text: Walk & Turn Test Criticisms[edit]

text: One of the main problems with the walk-and-turn test is that some of the signs of alcohol impairment may stem from other physical problems. Along with that, there are other signs of physical impairment that can stem from various causes, including fatigue, an injury or illness, and nervousness. Those who are physically inactive, elderly, or obese may have trouble completing the walk-and-turn test without flaw. The NTSA used to say that those who are 50 pounds or more overweight may have difficulty performing the test, and that the suspect must walk along a real line. “Later NHTSA manuals removed the weight comment, and also inserted the phrase ‘imaginary line’ at the instruction phase, even though original research always used a visible line”.[52] The fact that officers are no longer required to provide a line for the suspect to walk along may affect the outcome of the test, and often adds to the scrutiny received from critics.

text: Probable Cause to Arrest[edit]

text: If the officer has sufficient probable cause that the suspect has been driving under the influence of alcohol, they will make the arrest, handcuff the suspect and transport them to the police station. En route, the officer may advise them of their legal implied consent obligation to submit to an evidentiary chemical test of blood, breath or possibly urine depending on the jurisdiction.

text: Laws relating to what exactly constitutes probable cause vary from state to state. In California it is a refutable presumption that a person with a BAC of 0.08% or higher is driving under the influence. However, section 23610(a)(2) of the California Vehicle Code states that driving with a BAC between 0.05% and 0.08% "shall not give rise to any presumption that the person was or was not under the influence of an alcoholic beverage".

text: Chemical Test[edit]

text: An arrestee will be offered a chemical test of breath, blood or, much less frequently, urine. Breath test results are usually available immediately; urine and blood samples are sent to a lab for later analysis to determine the BAC or possible presence of drugs. Some states sought to impose criminal punishment for a refusal to submit to a chemical test of his/her breath or blood; however, in Birchfield v. North Dakota, the United States Supreme Court visited the issue of whether states can criminalize a refusal to submit to a chemical test. The United States Supreme Court decided that states may criminalize a refusal to submit to a breath test; but not a refusal to submit to a blood test absent a McNeely warrant, named after Missouri v. McNeely (2013), which was a case decided by United States Supreme Court, on appeal from the Supreme Court of Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution under exigent circumstances.[1] The United States Supreme Court ruled that police must generally obtain a warrant before subjecting a drunken-driving suspect to a blood test, and that the natural metabolism of blood alcohol does not establish a per se exigency that would justify a blood draw without consent.

text: Regarding blood tests, some commentators, such as Brown University's Jacob Appel, have criticized the role of medical personnel in this process. According to Appel, "If physicians acquiesce today in the removal of a resistant patient's blood, soon they may be called upon to pump the contents of an unwilling patient's stomach or even to perform involuntary surgery to retrieve an evidential bullet".[53]

text: While chemical tests are used to determine the driver's BAC, they do not determine the driver's level of impairment. However, state laws usually provide for a rebuttable legal presumption of intoxication at a BAC of 0.08% or higher (see blood alcohol test assumptions).

text: Booking & Charging[edit]

text: If it is determined after arrest that the person's BAC is not at or above the legal limit of 0.08%, they will probably be released without any charges. One may, however, still be charged with driving under the influence of alcohol on the basis of driving symptoms, observed impairment, admissions or performance on the field sobriety tests. And if there is suspicion of drug usage, a blood or urine test is likely, or at least the testimony of a specially trained officer called a Drug Recognition Expert (DRE). Assuming sufficient evidence of impaired driving from drugs, the arrested may face charges of driving under the influence of drugs or the combined influence of alcohol and drugs.

text: Most of the time, the driver will either be kept in a holding cell (sometimes referred to as the "drunk tank") until they are deemed sober enough to be released on bail or on his "own recognizance" ("O.R."). A date to appear in court for an arraignment will be given to them. If they cannot make bail or is not granted O.R., they will be kept in jail to wait for the arraignment on remand.

text: Interventions[edit]

text: Drunk driving is a public health concern in the United States, and reducing its frequency may require an integrated community-based approach utilizing sanctions and treatments.[54] Several intervention programs have been developed, such as the Paradigm Developmental Model of Treatment (PDMT), a program encouraging a paradigm shift in the offender's view of oneself and the world.[55]

text: The National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism suggests environmental interventions to help eliminate drinking and driving all together. To date, the most successful law[citation needed] in combating drinking and driving has been raising the minimum drinking age to 21 (NIAAA, 2011). NHTSA estimates that a legal drinking age of 21 saves 700 to 1,000 lives annually.[citation needed] Since 1976, these laws have prevented more than 21,000 traffic deaths.[citation needed] Other suggestions include raising taxes, enacting zero-tolerance laws, stepping up enforcement, school-based prevention programs, and family based prevention programs (NIAAA).

text: International Comparisons[edit]

text: In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia drunk driving and deaths caused by drunk driving are considerably lower than in the USA. Drunk driving deaths in the UK (population 61 million, 31 million cars) were 380 in 2010 (21% of all fatal accidents).[56][57][58] In California (population 36 million, 32 million cars) there were 950 deaths from traffic accidents involving drivers with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.08 or greater) in 2009 (31% of all fatal accidents).[59][60] Alcohol consumption per capita in the UK and Australia is higher than in the USA and the legal age for drinking lower.[61]

text: Research in the United Kingdom has shown that the danger group for drunk driving is young men in their early 20s rather than teenagers.[62] It is not uncommon for police forces in Australia to randomly stop motorists and submit them to a Random breath test. This test involves speaking or blowing into a hand held device to give a reading. Refusing a roadside test is an offense, and is subject to the same penalty as high range drunk driving. This detection method is not employed in the UK, and it is not an offence in England or Wales for a fully licensed driver to drive with a BAC of less than 0.08% (Australia and Scotland have limits of 0.05%). Also in Australia it is an offence for any person driving on Learner or probationary ('P1 or P2') plates (aged under 20 years) to drive with any alcohol at all in their system. The BAC must be 0.00% and still remains under 0.05% for an "instructing a learner".

text: Unlike the USA, these countries do not see restricting access to alcohol as having any useful role to play in reducing drunk driving. Their experience is that random breath tests, severe penalties, including imprisonment for a first offense (in UK), combined with blanket public service broadcasting are a more effective strategy.[63]

text: Also, Australian and British Law do not recognize the crime of DUI Manslaughter and sentences for causing death by drunk driving are much lower than the USA. In the UK, a judge makes a sentencing decision based on the amount of alcohol present. This can lead to imprisonment for a first offence.[64][65]

text: In Germany, a legal limit of 0.05% lowers to 0.03% if a driver is found to be at fault in a traffic accident. 0.00% is the standard for those who are under 21 years of age.[66]


document_title: List of This Is Us characters

question_text: what is the family name on this is us

question_tokens: what is the family name on this is us

text: List of This Is Us characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Jack Pearson[edit]

text: Jack Pearson (born August 31, 1944; death between 1996 - 1997) portrayed by Milo Ventimiglia as Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's father.[2] Jack has a brother named Nick.

text: Jack had a rough childhood because of his abusive father, causing them to have a strained relationship. His father did not know that he was married, so when Jack found out that he and Rebecca were expecting triplets, he went to his father asking for money, citing gambling debts, rather than telling him that he intended to buy a house for his family. He also approached his boss and got a raise to $17,000 a year (Over 49,000 in 2016 dollars.), making him the highest paid foreman.[3] Jack is revealed to have served in the Vietnam War as an Army mechanic before taking work as a manual laborer.

text: The triplets and Randall were all born on Jack's 36th birthday.[2] He struggled with alcoholism while the children were young, but he stopped drinking to focus more on his family.[4] Jack always wanted to find out who Randall's biological father was, and never knew that Rebecca had found him.[5]

text: He was a construction foreman, who dreamed of opening his own firm, "Big Three Homes", but put his dreams on hold in order to provide a steady income for his children by getting a desk job.[6] Jack died during his children's teenage years, and Kate keeps his ashes with her.[7][8]

text: Rebecca Pearson[edit]

text: Rebecca Pearson née Malone (born 1950 - 1951) portrayed by Mandy Moore. Rebecca is Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's mother[2]

text: Rebecca strives to be a better mother to her children,[9] and has issues with Jack's alcoholism.[4] She has always known that William is Randall's father, but kept them apart as she was afraid that he would try and take Randall back.[5]

text: Rebecca always wanted to be a singer, but gave up on her dreams in order to focus on her family.[10] In the mid 1990s, she had a chance to become a singer again by joining a band with her ex-boyfriend. Jack was upset after finding out about their history, which causes a rift between Rebecca and Jack.[11] After Jack's death, Rebecca marries his best friend, Miguel.[4]

text: Randall Pearson[edit]

text: Randall Pearson (born August 31, 1980) portrayed by Sterling K. Brown (current day), Niles Fitch (age 15) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8 – 10). Randall is Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Kevin's brother.[2] On his 36th birthday, he finds his biological father, William, and invites him to his northern New Jersey home.[2] Randall sells commodity futures based on weather patterns, and is shown to be very wealthy.[6]

text: On the day that Randall was born, he was dropped off in front of a firehouse by his biological father, William, and then taken to the hospital, where he was adopted by Jack and Rebecca.[2] Jack and Rebecca originally named him Kyle, but at the advice of William, Rebecca decides to give him his own name, naming him after William's favorite poet, Dudley Randall.[2][12]

text: At age nine, Randall’s teacher informed Jack and Rebecca that Randall was a gifted child who was not being challenged enough at his current school. They decided to remove him from public school and send him to Hanes Academy.[6] In high school Randall played football, wearing number 36.[10]

text: Randall and Kevin have an estranged relationship and didn't reconnect until they were 36 years old. This is because, as children, Kevin openly despised Randall.[4] Contrarily, Kevin is hurt that Randall doesn't seem to care about his acting career.[10] They begin to reconnect when Kevin needs Randall's advice, but Randall coldly tells him he shouldn't care what he thinks. Eventually, Kevin moves to Randall's house in New Jersey but they still have some work to do on building their relationship.[13]

text: He loves Thanksgiving and has his family recreate a specific childhood Thanksgiving every year, including: a 3.4 mile hike, watching Police Academy 3: Back in Training, and imitating a hotel owner known as "Pilgrim Rick".[14]

text: Kate Pearson[edit]

text: Kate Pearson (born August 31, 1980) portrayed by Chrissy Metz (current day), Hannah Zeile (age 15) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8 – 10). Kate is Jack & Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin & Randall's sister.[2]

text: Kate is obese and has struggled with issues of self-esteem her entire life, which she greatly attributes to her strained relationship with her mother and the death of her father.[2][15] Her relationship with her mother led to depression and eventually led to her taking Prozac, which she stopped taking due to the weight gain.[16]

text: Kate lives in Los Angeles and was her brother, Kevin's, personal assistant.[12] When Kevin decides to move to New York, he fires her in order for her to try to build her own life, apart from him.[13] Kate is an ardent Pittsburgh Steelers fan and has a routine, where she watches the games with her dad's ashes.[7]

text: At nine years old, she had her appendix removed on Christmas Eve.[16]

text: Kate decides to join an weight-loss support group, where she meets Toby. Despite saying that she was not going to get involved with a fat person, she falls for Toby.[2] When Toby decides to not continue with his diet, Kate breaks up with him and decides to go to Randall's for Thanksgiving. During a turbulent plane ride to New Jersey, Kate has an epiphany and decides that she is going to have gastric bypass surgery.[14] After meeting with a doctor, she instead decides to enter a fat camp to attempt to lose the weight without surgery.[8] When Toby surprises Kate by showing up at Randall's house for Christmas, he tells her that he can live without pizza and junk food, but that he cannot live without her.[16] After Toby's heart surgery, Kate and Toby decide to get engaged.[17]

text: The penultimate episode of season one ("What Now?") reveals that Kate blames herself for her father's death.[15]

text: Kevin Pearson[edit]

text: Kevin Pearson (born August 31, 1980) portrayed by Justin Hartley (current day), Logan Shroyer (age 15) and Parker Bates (ages 8 – 10). Kevin is Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Randall's brother.[2] Shortly before his tenth birthday, Kevin became attracted to Kate's best friend, Sophie, whom he later marries. Kevin and Sophie decided that she would stay in New York and he would move to California to pursue acting, believing that their marriage could handle the distance. Kevin and Sophie later divorce, 12 years prior to season 1, due to the distance and Kevin cheating on her.[8][18]

text: Kevin has always struggled with worrying about what people think of him, which caused Randall and him to have a strained relationship growing up.[4] Kevin is visibly envious of Randall, who has always excelled in everything and receives more attention from their parents, but he doesn't realize that Randall has longed for the same attention from him.[10] In high school he played football, wearing number twelve.[10]

text: Kevin was an actor in Los Angeles, starring as the lead on a long-running sitcom called The Manny. He abruptly quits that show on his 36th birthday, criticizing the script quality and the producer's reluctance to add nuance to the show.[2] After quitting his job, Kevin decides to move to New York to pursue a career as a serious stage actor on Broadway.[13] Upon arriving in New York, he gets hired as the lead role, David, in Back of an Egg, opposite a cynical actress named Olivia Maine.[13]

text: When Kevin has trouble connecting with the emotions needed for his role, he begins spending time with Olivia, who tries to get him to connect with his feelings.[6] Kevin and Olivia briefly date, but break up after she brings her ex-boyfriend to his family cabin.[5] After his breakup with Olivia, Kevin began dating the writer of the play, Sloane Sandburg, attending Hanukkah with her family and inviting her the Christmas Eve party at Randall's house.[16] Sloane takes over as the lead of the play when Kevin decides to self-fund the performance, when Olivia disappears and the play is going to be shut down.[3] After Kevin and Sloane break up, he reconnects with Sophie and begins a relationship with her again.[8][15]

text: Beth Pearson[edit]

text: Beth Pearson portrayed by Susan Kelechi Watson. Beth is Randall's wife, whom he met in college and later married circa 1999.

text: Randall and Beth have two daughters together, Annie and Tess.[4] Their marriage is based on honesty where they do not want any secrets from one another. After William reveals his connection to Rebecca, she gives Rebecca an ultimatum, to either tell Randall or she would. Growing up, Beth lived in a three-bedroom house with 14 other people.[10]

text: Toby Damon[edit]

text: Toby Damon portrayed by Chris Sullivan. Toby is Kate's fiancé[17] Toby was born in Palm Springs, California.[3]

text: Toby begins dating Kate, whom he meets at a weight-loss support group.[2] Toby is confident with his own obese image, and encourages Kate to have better self-esteem. He was previously married to a woman whom Kate views as beautiful and successful, but who actually treated him like garbage. Toby gained 90 pounds in the first year after his divorce.[13]

text: Refusing to take Kate's hesitance about the relationship lightly, Toby continually comes up with sweet gestures to win Kate over.[12] In the beginning, he felt that he had to compete with Kevin for Kate's relationship.[12] Despite breaking his weight-loss goals, Toby decides dieting is not for him and goes off his diet, resulting in Kate breaking up with him.[5] He surprises Kate by showing up at Randall's house for Christmas Eve, stating that he can live without pizza and junk food, but that he cannot live without her.[16] On Christmas Eve, Toby collapses and ends up in the hospital with an arrhythmia.[3] After Toby's heart surgery, he and Kate decide to get engaged.[17]

text: William Hill[edit]

text: William H. Hill (died 2017), portrayed by Ron Cephas Jones (current day) and Jermel Nakia (as a youth), nicknamed Shakespeare.[12] William was Randall's biological father.

text: William was a recovering drug addict who was suffering from stage-four stomach cancer.[13] He grew up in Memphis,[8] and after his mother moved to Pittsburgh he stayed in Memphis to play in his cousin Ricky's band, where he played piano, wrote, and sang.[19] William left the band, with the intention of returning, to take care of his dying mother. However, after meeting Randall's mother and becoming a drug addict, he never returned.[19] William got clean after he thought he saw a monkey on the streets, realizing that nothing good comes from a person being on the street at 3:30 am.[16] William returned to Philadelphia to attend a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, in hopes of bumping into Jessie O'Hare to reconnect.[16]

text: After leaving Randall at the firehouse, he waits outside the hospital to see him being taken home by Jack and Rebecca. Rebecca realized that William was Randall's father, after seeing him getting onto the bus as she left the hospital. She eventually tracked him down,[4] a secret she kept from everyone, including Randall and Jack.[5] William always wanted to have a relationship with his child,[5] but promised Rebecca that he would stay away for Randall's benefit.[12] He accidentally revealed this secret to Beth one night when they got high together,[10] and Randall accidentally finds out himself, when he finds a letter and photo in William's apartment, from Rebecca, while looking for cassette tapes.[14] William was bisexual, previously having a relationship with a man named Jessie. He never officially broke up with Jessie, who assumed that he had died when he vanished one night to move to Randall's.[16]

text: William eventually succumbed to his cancer during a road trip back to Memphis with Randall.[19] Prior to his death he leaves a letter to Randall's girls, asking them to plan a fun memorial for him. He also sends Beth a postcard from Memphis, saying goodbye and calling her the daughter he never had.[15]

text: Miguel Rivas[edit]

text: Miguel portrayed by Jon Huertas as Miguel, is Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. Miguel was originally married to Shelly, before they divorce.[18] While it was originally believed that his marriage to Rebecca happened shortly after Jack's death, in season 2, it is clarified that the two did not get together until at least eight years after Jack's passing. Miguel is initially disliked by Kevin, until Miguel tells Kevin how much he is like his father.

text: Sophie[edit]

text: Sophie portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge (modern day, Amanda Leighton (age 15) and Sophia Coto (age 10), is Kate's childhood best friend and Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Kevin moves to New York and reconciles with her, after his relationships with Olivia and Sloane end.[8][15]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text:
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter.
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter.

text: Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski aka Dr. K: An elderly widower, who delivers Kate and Kevin.

text: Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine: Kevin's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend.

text: Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg: Kevin's stage partner and ex-girlfriend.

text: Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette: A family friend of the Pearsons.

text:
Denis O'Hare as Jessie: William's friend and former romantic partner.
Adam Bartley as Duke: The stable worker at the weight-loss camp Kate attends.

text: Jill Johnson as Laurie: A member of Toby and Kate's weight-loss support group.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: The following is a supplementary list of guest stars, some recurring, who appear in lesser roles. The characters are listed, in alphabetical order by actor, by the season in which they first appeared.

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text:
Wynn Everett as Shelly: Miguel's wife.
Brad Garrett as Wes Manning: A television network president tasked with negotiating Kevin's exit from The Manny.
Jami Gertz as Marin Rosenthal: A woman who hires Kate to be an event coordinator.
Ron Howard as himself: After Howard sees Kevin's play, he calls Kevin to praise his performance and offers to send him a script for a new movie he is producing.
Mario Lopez as himself: Lopez is hosting a talk show that discusses Kevin's on-set meltdown.
Seth Meyers as himself: Meyers sees Kevin and Randall fighting on a New York City sidewalk and approaches the pair, recognizing Kevin as a showbiz colleague.
Elizabeth Perkins as Janet Malone: Rebecca's overbearing mother.
Katey Sagal as Lanie Schulz: Kevin's Hollywood agent.
Jimmi Simpson as Andy Fannan: A co-worker whom Randall talks out of committing suicide on Christmas Eve.
Alan Thicke as himself: Thicke is guest-starring on The Manny as Kevin has his on-set meltdown.