document_title: Natural philosophy

question_text: the miletians lived during what period in the history of western philosophy

root

text: Natural philosophy

text: Origin and evolution of the term[edit]

text: The term natural philosophy preceded our current natural science (i.e. empirical science). Empirical science historically developed out of philosophy or, more specifically, natural philosophy. Natural philosophy was distinguished from the other precursor of modern science, natural history, in that natural philosophy involved reasoning and explanations about nature (and after Galileo, quantitative reasoning), whereas natural history was essentially qualitative and descriptive.

tag: p

text: In the 14th and 15th centuries, natural philosophy was one of many branches of philosophy, but was not a specialized field of study. The first person appointed as a specialist in Natural Philosophy per se was Jacopo Zabarella, at the University of Padua in 1577.

text: Modern meanings of the terms science and scientists date only to the 19th century. Before that, science was a synonym for knowledge or study, in keeping with its Latin origin. The term gained its modern meaning when experimental science and the scientific method became a specialized branch of study apart from natural philosophy.[2]

text: From the mid-19th century, when it became increasingly unusual for scientists to contribute to both physics and chemistry, "natural philosophy" came to mean just physics, and the word is still used in that sense in degree titles at the University of Oxford[citation needed]. In general, chairs of Natural Philosophy established long ago at the oldest universities are nowadays occupied mainly by physics professors. Isaac Newton's book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), whose title translates to "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature". Even in the 19th century, a treatise by Lord Kelvin and Peter Guthrie Tait, which helped define much of modern physics, was titled Treatise on Natural Philosophy (1867).

text: Greek philosophers defined it as the combination of beings living in the universe, ignoring things made by humans.[3] The other definition refers to human nature.[3]

text: Scope[edit]

text: In Plato's earliest known dialogue, Charmides distinguishes between science or bodies of knowledge that produce a physical result, and those that do not.  Natural philosophy has been categorized as a theoretical rather than a practical branch of philosophy (like ethics).  Sciences that guide arts and draw on the philosophical knowledge of nature may produce practical results, but these subsidiary sciences (e.g., architecture or medicine) go beyond natural philosophy.

text: The study of natural philosophy seeks to explore the cosmos by any means necessary to understand the universe.  Some ideas presuppose that change is a reality.  Although this may seem obvious, there have been some philosophers who have denied the concept of metamorphosis, such as Plato's predecessor Parmenides and later Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, and perhaps some Eastern philosophers. George Santayana, in his Scepticism and Animal Faith, attempted to show that the reality of change cannot be proven.  If his reasoning is sound, it follows that to be a physicist, one must restrain one's skepticism enough to trust one's senses, or else rely on anti-realism.

text: René Descartes' metaphysical system of mind–body dualism describes two kinds of substance: matter and mind. According to this system, everything that is "matter" is deterministic and natural—and so belongs to natural philosophy—and everything that is "mind" is volitional and non-natural, and falls outside the domain of philosophy of nature.

text: Branches and subject matter[edit]

text: Major branches of natural philosophy include astronomy and cosmology, the study of nature on the grand scale; etiology, the study of (intrinsic and sometimes extrinsic) causes; the study of chance, probability and randomness; the study of elements; the study of the infinite and the unlimited (virtual or actual); the study of matter; mechanics, the study of translation of motion and change; the study of nature or the various sources of actions; the study of natural qualities; the study of physical quantities; the study of relations between physical entities; and the philosophy of space and time. (Adler, 1993)

text: History[edit]

text: Humankind's mental engagement with nature certainly predates civilization and the record of history. Philosophical, and specifically non-religious thought about the natural world, goes back to ancient Greece. These lines of thought began before Socrates, who turned from his philosophical studies from speculations about nature to a consideration of man, viz., political philosophy. The thought of early philosophers such Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Democritus centered on the natural world. In addition, three presocratic philosophers who lived in the Ionian town of Miletus (hence the Milesian School of philosophy,) Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, attempted to explain natural phenomena without recourse to  creation myths involving the Greek gods. They were called the physikoi (natural philosophers,) or, as Aristotle referred to them, the physiologoi. Plato followed Socrates in concentrating on man. It was Plato's student, Aristotle, who, in basing his thought on the natural world, returned empiricism to its primary place, while leaving room in the world for man.[4] Martin Heidegger observes that Aristotle was the originator of conception of nature that prevailed in the Middle Ages into the modern era:

text: The Physics is a lecture in which he seeks to determine beings that arise on their own, τὰ φύσει ὄντα, with regard to their being. Aristotelian "physics" is different from what we mean today by this word, not only to the extent that it belongs to antiquity whereas the modern physical sciences belong to modernity, rather above all it is different by virtue of the fact that Aristotle's "physics" is philosophy, whereas modern physics is a positive science that presupposes a philosophy.... This book determines the warp and woof of the whole of Western thinking, even at that place where it, as modern thinking, appears to think at odds with ancient thinking. But opposition is invariably comprised of a decisive, and often even perilous, dependence. Without Aristotle's Physics there would have been no Galileo.[5]

text: Aristotle surveyed the thought of his predecessors and conceived of nature in a way that charted a middle course between their excesses.[6]

text: Plato's world of eternal and unchanging Forms, imperfectly represented in matter by a divine Artisan, contrasts sharply with the various mechanistic Weltanschauungen, of which atomism was, by the fourth century at least, the most prominent… This debate was to persist throughout the ancient world. Atomistic mechanism got a shot in the arm from Epicurus… while the Stoics adopted a divine teleology…  The choice seems simple: either show how a structured, regular world could arise out of undirected processes, or inject intelligence into the system. This was how Aristotle… when still a young acolyte of Plato, saw matters. Cicero… preserves Aristotle's own cave-image: if troglodytes were brought on a sudden into the upper world, they would immediately suppose it to have been intelligently arranged. But Aristotle grew to abandon this view; although he believes in a divine being, the Prime Mover is not the efficient cause of action in the Universe, and plays no part in constructing or arranging it... But, although he rejects the divine Artificer, Aristotle does not resort to a pure mechanism of random forces. Instead he seeks to find a middle way between the two positions, one which relies heavily on the notion of Nature, or phusis.[7]

text: "The world we inhabit is an orderly one, in which things generally behave in predictable ways, Aristotle argued, because every natural object has a "nature"—an attribute (associated primarily with form) that makes the object behave in its customary fashion..."[8] Aristotle recommended four causes as appropriate for the business of the natural philosopher, or physicist, “and if he refers his problems back to all of them, he will assign the ‘why’ in the way proper to his science—the matter, the form, the mover, [and] ‘that for the sake of which’”. While the vagaries of the material cause are subject to circumstance, the formal, efficient and final cause often coincide because in natural kinds, the mature form and final cause are one and the same. The capacity to mature into a specimen of one's kind is directly acquired from “the primary source of motion”, i.e., from one's father, whose seed (sperma) conveys the essential nature (common to the species), as a hypothetical ratio.[9]

text: From the late Middle Ages into the modern era, the tendency has been to narrow "science" to the consideration of efficient or agency-based causes of a particular kind:[10]

text: The action of an efficient cause may sometimes, but not always, be described in terms of quantitative force. The action of an artist on a block of clay, for instance, can be described in terms of how many pounds of pressure per square inch is exerted on it. The efficient causality of the teacher in directing the activity of the artist, however, cannot be so described…

text: The final cause acts on the agent to influence or induce her to act. If the artist works "to make money," making money is in some way the cause of her action. But we cannot describe this influence in terms of quantitative force. The final cause acts, but it acts according to the mode of final causality, as an end or good that induces the efficient cause to act. The mode of causality proper to the final cause cannot itself be reduced to efficient causality, much less to the mode of efficient causality we call "force."[11]

text: Medieval philosophy of motion[edit]

text: Medieval thoughts on motion involved much of Aristotle's works Physics and Metaphysics. The issue that medieval philosophers had with motion was the inconsistency found between book 3 of Physics and book 5 of Metaphysics. Aristotle claimed in book 3 of Physics that motion can be categorized by substance, quantity, quality, and place. where in book 5 of Metaphysics he stated that motion is a magnitude of quantity. This disputation led to some important questions to natural philosophers: Which category/categories does motion fit into? Is motion the same thing as a terminus? Is motion separate from real things? These questions asked by medieval philosophers tried to classify motion.[12]

text: William Ockham gives a good concept of motion for many people in the Middle Ages. There is an issue with the vocabulary behind motion which makes people think that there is a correlation between nouns and the qualities that make nouns. Ockham states that this distinction is what will allow people to understand motion, that motion is a property of mobiles, locations, and forms and that is all that is required to define what motion is. A famous example of this is Occam's razor which simplifies vague statements by cutting them into more descriptive examples. "Every motion derives from an agent." becomes "each thing that is moved, is moved by an agent" this makes motion a more personal quality referring to individual objects that are moved.[12]

text: Aristotle's philosophy of nature[edit]

text: Aristotle held many important beliefs that started a convergence of thought for natural philosophy. Aristotle believed that attributes of objects belong to the objects themselves, and share traits with other objects that fit them into a category. He uses the example of dogs to press this point. An individual dog may have very specific attributes (ex. one dog can be black and another brown) but also very general ones that classify it as a dog (ex. four-legged). This philosophy can be applied to many other objects as well. This idea is different than that of Plato, with whom Aristotle had a direct association. Aristotle argued that objects have properties "form" and something that is not part of its properties "matter" that defines the object. The form cannot be separated from the matter. Given the example that you can not separate properties and matter since this is impossible, you cannot collect properties in a pile and matter in another.[8]

text: Aristotle believed that change was a natural occurrence. He used his philosophy of form and matter to argue that when something changes you change its properties without changing its matter. This change occurs by replacing certain properties with other properties. Since this change is always an intentional alteration whether by forced means or by natural ones, change is a controllable order of qualities. He argues that this happens through three categories of being: non-being, potential being, and actual being. Through these three states the process of changing an object never truly destroys an objects forms during this transition state but rather just blurs the reality between the two states. An example of this could be changing an object from red to blue with a transitional purple phase.[8]

text: Other significant figures in natural philosophy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

tag: table

text: Early Greek philosophers studied motion and the cosmos. Figures like Hesiod regarded the Natural world as offspring of the gods, whereas others like Leucippus and Democritus regarded the world as lifeless atoms in a vortex. Anaximander deduced that eclipses happen because of apertures in rings of celestial fire. Heraclitus believed that the heavenly bodies were made of fire that were contained within bowls. He thought that eclipses happen when the bowl turned away from the earth. Anaximenes is believed to have stated that an underlying element was air, and by manipulating air someone could change its thickness to create fire, water, dirt, and stones. Empedocles identified the elements that make up the world which he termed the roots of all things as Fire, Air. Earth, and Water. Parmenides argued that all change is a logical impossibility. He gives the example that nothing can go from nonexistence to existence. Plato argues that the world is an imperfect replica of an idea that a divine craftsman once held. He also believed that the only way to truly know something was through reason and logic not the study of the object itself, but that changeable matter is a viable course of study.[8]

text: The scientific method has ancient precedents and Galileo exemplifies a mathematical understanding of nature which is the hallmark of modern natural scientists. Galileo proposed that objects falling regardless of their mass would fall at the same rate, as long as the medium they fall in is identical. The 19th-century distinction of a scientific enterprise apart from traditional natural philosophy has its roots in prior centuries. Proposals for a more "inquisitive" and practical approach to the study of nature are notable in Francis Bacon, whose ardent convictions did much to popularize his insightful Baconian method. The late 17th-century natural philosopher Robert Boyle wrote a seminal work on the distinction between physics and metaphysics called, A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature, as well as The Skeptical Chymist, after which the modern science of chemistry is named, (as distinct from proto-scientific studies of alchemy). These works of natural philosophy are representative of a departure from the medieval scholasticism taught in European universities, and anticipate in many ways, the developments which would lead to science as practiced in the modern sense. As Bacon would say, "vexing nature" to reveal "her" secrets, (scientific experimentation), rather than a mere reliance on largely historical, even anecdotal, observations of empirical phenomena, would come to be regarded as a defining characteristic of modern science, if not the very key to its success. Boyle's biographers, in their emphasis that he laid the foundations of modern chemistry, neglect how steadily he clung to the scholastic sciences in theory, practice and doctrine.[13] However, he meticulously recorded observational detail on practical research, and subsequently advocated not only this practice, but its publication, both for successful and unsuccessful experiments, so as to validate individual claims by replication.

text: For sometimes we use the word nature for that Author of nature whom the schoolmen, harshly enough, call natura naturans, as when it is said that nature hath made man partly corporeal and partly immaterial. Sometimes we mean by the nature of a thing the essence, or that which the schoolmen scruple not to call the quiddity of a thing, namely, the attribute or attributes on whose score it is what it is, whether the thing be corporeal or not, as when we attempt to define the nature of an angel, or of a triangle, or of a fluid body, as such. Sometimes we take nature for an internal principle of motion, as when we say that a stone let fall in the air is by nature carried towards the centre of the earth, and, on the contrary, that fire or flame does naturally move upwards toward heaven. Sometimes we understand by nature the established course of things, as when we say that nature makes the night succeed the day, nature hath made respiration necessary to the life of men. Sometimes we take nature for an aggregate of powers belonging to a body, especially a living one, as when physicians say that nature is strong or weak or spent, or that in such or such diseases nature left to herself will do the cure. Sometimes we take nature for the universe, or system of the corporeal works of God, as when it is said of a phoenix, or a chimera, that there is no such thing in nature, i.e. in the world. And sometimes too, and that most commonly, we would express by nature a semi-deity or other strange kind of being, such as this discourse examines the notion of.[14]

text: Natural philosophers of the late 17th or early 18th century were sometimes insultingly described as 'projectors'. A projector was an entrepreneur who invited people to invest in his invention but - as the caricature went - could not be trusted, usually because his device was impractical.[15] Jonathan Swift satirized natural philosophers of the Royal Society as 'the academy of projectors' in his novel Gulliver's Travels. Historians of science have argued that natural philosophers and the so-called projectors sometimes overlapped in their methods and aims.[16][17]

text: The modern emphasis is less on a broad empiricism (one that includes passive observation of nature's activity), but on a narrow conception of the empirical concentrating on the control exercised through experimental (active) observation for the sake of control of nature. Nature is reduced to a passive recipient of human activity.

text: Current work in the philosophy of science and nature[edit]

text: In the middle of the 20th century, Ernst Mayr's discussions on the teleology of nature brought up issues that were dealt with previously by Aristotle (regarding final cause) and Kant (regarding reflective judgment).[18]

text: Especially since the mid-20th-century European crisis, some thinkers argued the importance of looking at nature from a broad philosophical perspective, rather than what they considered a narrowly positivist approach relying implicitly on a hidden, unexamined philosophy.[19]  One line of thought grows from the Aristotelian tradition, especially as developed by Thomas Aquinas. Another line springs from Edmund Husserl, especially as expressed in The Crisis of European Sciences. Students of his such as Jacob Klein and Hans Jonas more fully developed his themes. Last, but not least, there is the process philosophy inspired by Alfred North Whitehead's works.[20]

text: Among living scholars, Brian David Ellis, Nancy Cartwright, David Oderberg, and John Dupré are some of the more prominent thinkers who can arguably be classed as generally adopting a more open approach to the natural world. Ellis (2002) observes the rise of a "New Essentialism."[21] David Oderberg (2007) takes issue with other philosophers, including Ellis to a degree, who claim to be essentialists. He revives and defends the Thomistic-Aristotelian tradition from modern attempts to flatten nature to the limp subject of the experimental method.[22] In his In Praise of Natural Philosophy: A Revolution for Thought and Life (2017), Nicholas Maxwell argues that we need to reform philosophy and put science and philosophy back together again to create a modern version of natural philosophy.


document_title: Vehicle registration plates of Nepal

question_text: how many types of number plate in nepal

question_tokens: how many types of number plate in nepal

text: Vehicle registration plates of Nepal

text: Current system[edit]

text: The current format was introduced on 21 August 2017.[2] This format consists of L LL NNNN where:

text:
L is the category of vehicle,
LL is a "counter" comprising two letters, which increments after the sequence number reaches 9999.
NNNN is a sequence number from 0001 to 9999.

tag: ul

text: These plates come with a RFID microchip that enables the government to maintain uniformity in issuance of number plates and prevent duplication. Similarly, the new number plates also help authorities to maintain digital records of vehicles plying on the roads, collect revenue on time and control auto theft.

text: History[edit]

text: The previous system of the licence plate of Nepal consisted of four parts composed of letters (L) and numbers (N) in the LL NN LL NNNN format:

text:
The first part indicate the zone code, signifying the zone in which the vehicle is registered.
The second part is the set number which is prefixed when the four digit number runs out from the last part.
The third part indicate the type of vehicle like private, public, governmental, national corporation, tourist etc. as well as the class of vehicle like two-wheeler, light vehicle, heavy and medium-sized vehicle etc.
The last part signifies four digits running in sequence.

text: Zonal Code[edit]

text: All fourteen zones of Nepal have their own abbreviated code for reference purpose. These codes are normally single letter in Nepali and two letters (sometimes three letters also, but the third letter 'a' can be omitted) in English. The following is the list of zonal codes in both languages:

text:
Zone
Code in Nepali
Code in English

Mechi
मे
ME

Koshi
को
KO

Sagarmatha
स
SA

Janakpur
ज
JA

Bagmati
बा
BA

Narayani
ना
NA

Gandaki
ग
GA

Lumbini
लु
LU

Dhawalagiri
ध
DH

Rapti
रा
RA

Bheri
भे
BHE

Karnali
क
KA

Seti
से
SE

Mahakali
म
MA

text: Classification of vehicles[edit]

text: For the purpose of vehicle registration Vehicle & Transport Management Act, 2049 (1992) and Vehicle & Transport Management Rule, 2054 (1997) of Nepal, classifies vehicles into the following 5 main categories on the basis of size and capacity:[3]

text:
Heavy and medium-sized vehicle: This includes bus, truck, dozer, dumper, loader, crane, Fire engine, tanker, roller, pick-up, van, mini bus, mini truck, mini van etc. having the capacity to carry more than 14 people (for passenger vehicle) or more than 4 tons (for cargo vehicle).
Light vehicle: This includes car, jeep, van, pick-up, micro bus etc. having the capacity to carry less than 24 people or less than 4 tons.
Two-wheeler: This includes vehicle having two wheels like motor cycle, scooter etc.
Tractor and power-trailer:
Three-wheeler: This includes vehicle having three wheels like tempo, auto-rickshaw etc.

tag: ol

text: The above-mentioned each categories are further divided into 5 sub categories on the basis of ownership and service-type which are as follows:

text:
Private vehicle: Vehicles which are for entirely personal purpose uses red license plates with white letters.
Public vehicle: Vehicles which are for public transport purpose uses black license plates with white letters.
Government vehicle: Vehicles owned by government agencies and constitutional bodies such as ministries, departments, directorates, along with the police, military, etc., falls under this category which uses white plates with red letters.
National Corporation vehicle: Vehicles which are registered under the name of public corporations that are fully or partially owned by the government fall under this category. These vehicles uses yellow plates with blue letters.
Tourist vehicle: Vehicles which are registered for tourist transport uses green license plates with white letters.

text: Types[edit]

text: In Nepal, private vehicles which are solely for personal use have a red license plate with white letters. The third part of the licence plate format for private vehicles is प or PA for motorcycle, च or CH for light-vehicle, and क or KA for heavy-vehicle. A private motercycle registered at Bagmati Zone could have the number बा ४६ प १२३४ or BA 46 PA 1234. In the same way, a private car registered in Koshi Zone could have the number को २ च १२३४ or KO 2 CH 1234.

text: Private vehicles used for commercial purposes have black license plates with white letters. The third part of such vehicles is ज or JA for light-vehicle and ख or KH for heavy-vehicle.

text: Public/National corporations[edit]

text: The National Corporation like Nepal Telecom, Dairy Development Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority etc. are using Yellow number plates with blue letter.

text: Tourist[edit]

text: Vehicles meant for transportation of tourists use green plate with white letters. Such vehicles are owned by travel agencies and hotels.

text: Diplomatic vehicles[edit]

text: Vehicles registered in Nepal under the name of foreign diplomatic agencies such as embassies, consulates, or missions use blue plates with white letters.


document_title: Australian Ninja Warrior

question_text: where did they film ninja warrior in australia

text: Australian Ninja Warrior

text: History[edit]

text: The series was announced in 2016 with applications open until 9 september 2016, with filming between November & December 2016 on Cockatoo Island.[2] The series was officially confirmed at Nine's upfronts in November 2016 with Rebecca Maddern announced as host.[3][4] A few days after the announcement, Ben Fordham was announced as second host & Freddie Flintoff as the series' sideline reporter.[5] The series began airing on 9 July 2017.[1] The series was renewed for a second season during the season one final which will be filmed between December 2017 & January 2018, with applications to close by 3 September 2017.[6][7] On 11 October 2017, the series was officially confirmed for renewal at Nine’s upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the second season.[8]

text: Format[edit]

text: Potential contestants go through a rigorous series of obstacles before the possibility of becoming the next Australian Ninja Warrior and win a cash prize, starting at $100,000, if there is no winner in a season the prize will jackpot and rise by $100,000 eventually until someone conquers Mount Midoriyama.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Originally aired
Host(s)
Sideline reporter
Prize

Premiere
Finale

1
9 July 2017
25 July 2017
Rebecca Maddern
Ben Fordham
Freddie Flintoff
$100,000

2
2018

$200,000

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text: The first season premiered on 9 July, 2017, on Nine Network and concluded on 25 July, 2017. The season was filmed on Cockatoo Island, Sydney where 50 ninjas ran in each of the six qualifying heats, with the top 18 from each heat moving on to the Semi Finals. From the three semi finals, the top 7 competitors moved on to the Grand Final. 9 Competitors finished stage one of the Grand Final, but none completed stage two.

text: Viewership[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Premiered
Ended
Season average
Network

Date
Premiere viewers
(millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(millions)
Final stage viewers
(millions)
Viewers (millions)

1
9

9 July 2017

1.680[9]

25 July 2017

2.038[10]
2.145[10]
1.727[11]
Nine Network

2
TBA

2018

TBA

TBA

TBA
TBA
TBA


question_text: who has the highest clean sheet in premier league

text: In association football a goalkeeper may be said to "keep a clean sheet" if they prevent their opponents scoring any goals during an entire match.

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 14 goalkeepers have managed to keep 100 or more clean sheets in the Premier League.

text: During the 1997–98 season, Peter Schmeichel became the first player to keep 100 Premier League clean sheets.

text: Petr Čech holds the record for most clean sheets kept in a single season, with 24.[1] The record for consecutive clean sheets was also set by Čech, who became the first goalkeeper to keep ten consecutive clean sheets; Edwin van der Sar later eclipsed this when he went 14 games without conceding in 2008–09 for Manchester United.[2]

text: The first goalkeepers to keep a clean sheet in the Premier League were Tim Flowers and Erik Thorstvedt on the opening day of the inaugural season in a 0–0 draw between Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur; all other goalkeepers conceded that day.

text: Each year the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets during the Premier League campaign is awarded the Premier League Golden Glove award. First presented in 2004–05, six goalkeepers have won the award, with Joe Hart and Petr Čech holding the joint record for most wins at four.

text: On 28 December 2015, Petr Čech became the goalkeeper with the highest number of clean sheets while playing against AFC Bournemouth.

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets

Rank
Player
Apps
Clean
sheets
Average
Club(s)
Ref.

1
 Čech, PetrPetr Čech
430
199
0.46
Chelsea (162), Arsenal (37)
[3]

2
 James, DavidDavid James
572
169
0.30
Liverpool (72), Aston Villa (21), West Ham United (18), Manchester City (19), Portsmouth (39)
[4]

3
 Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer
514
151
0.29
Middlesbrough (92), Fulham (56), Chelsea (2), Leicester City (1)
[5]

4
 Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman
344
140
0.41
Arsenal (137), Manchester City (3)
[6]

5
 Martyn, NigelNigel Martyn
372
137
0.37
Crystal Palace (25), Leeds United (82), Everton (30)
[7]

6
 Reina, PepePepe Reina
285
134
0.47
Liverpool (134)
[8]

7
 van der Sar, EdwinEdwin van der Sar
313
132
0.42
Fulham (42), Manchester United (90)
[9]

=
 Howard, TimTim Howard
399
132
0.33
Manchester United (16), Everton (116)
[10]

=
 Friedel, BradBrad Friedel
450
132
0.29
Liverpool (6), Blackburn Rovers (77), Aston Villa (35), Tottenham Hotspur (14)
[11]

10
 Schmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel
310
128
0.41
Manchester United (112), Aston Villa (7), Manchester City (9)
[12]

11
 Hart, JoeJoe Hart
316
122
0.39
Manchester City (109), Birmingham City (10), West Ham United (3)
[13]

12
 Given, ShayShay Given
451
113
0.25
Blackburn Rovers (1), Newcastle United (89), Manchester City (14), Aston Villa (9)
[14]

13
 Jääskeläinen, JussiJussi Jääskeläinen
436
108
0.25
Bolton Wanderers (89), West Ham United (19)
[15]

14
 Sørensen, ThomasThomas Sørensen
364
107
0.29
Sunderland (35), Aston Villa (46), Stoke City (26)
[16]

(Bold denotes goalkeeper currently playing in Premier League)
(Italics denote goalkeeper currently playing outside the Premier League)
Statistics correct as of 1 March 2018.

text: Consecutives[edit]

text:
Games
Player
Club
Dates
Season(s)

14
 Edwin van der Sar
Manchester United
22 November 2008 – 18 February 2009
2008–09

10
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
18 December 2004 – 15 March 2005
2004–05

8
 Pepe Reina
Liverpool
29 October 2005 – 28 December 2005
2005–06

8
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
31 January 2007 – 7 April 2007
2006–07

7
 Neville Southall
Everton
1 November 1994 – 17 December 1994
1994–95

7
 Peter Schmeichel
Manchester United
8 May 1997 – 30 August 1998
1996–97 and 1997–98

7
 Paul Jones
Southampton
13 January 2001 – 17 March 2001
2000–01

6
 Alex Manninger
Arsenal
31 January 1998 – 14 March 1998
1997–98

6
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
30 April 2005 – 17 September 2005
2004–05 and 2005–06

6
 David de Gea
Manchester United
2 February 2013 – 30 March 2013
2012–13

6
 Joe Hart
Manchester City
24 May 2015 – 19 September 2015
2014–15 and 2015–16

6
 Fraser Forster
Southampton
13 January 2016 – 13 February 2016
2015–16

6
 Thibaut Courtois
Chelsea
1 October 2016 – 26 November 2016
2016–17


document_title: Prison Break (season 1)

question_text: what episode do they escape in prison break

text: Prison Break (season 1)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield
Robin Tunney as Veronica Donovan
Peter Stormare as John Abruzzi
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Marshall Allman as L.J. Burrows
Wade Williams as Captain Brad Bellick
Paul Adelstein as Secret Service Agent Paul Kellerman
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Sarah Wayne Callies as Dr. Sara Tancredi

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Stacy Keach as Warden Henry Pope
Phillip Edward Van Lear as C.O. Louis Patterson
Frank Grillo as Nick Savrinn
Muse Watson as Charles Westmoreland
Christian Stolte as C.O. Keith Stolte
Mac Brandt as C.O. Mack Andrews
Patricia Wettig as Vice President Caroline Reynolds
Danny McCarthy as Secret Service Agent Daniel Hale
DuShon Monique Brown as Nurse Katie Welsh
Lane Garrison as David "Tweener" Apolskis
Matt DeCaro as C.O. Roy Geary
Michelle Forbes as Samantha Brinker
Joseph Nunez as Manche Sanchez
Anthony Fleming as Trumpets
Silas Weir Mitchell as Charles "Haywire" Patoshik
Camille Guaty as Maricruz Delgado
John Heard as Governor Frank Tancredi
Peter J. Reineman as Gus Fiorello
Jessalyn Gilsig as Lisa Rix
Al Sapienza as Philly Falzone
John Billingsley as Terrence Steadman
Michael Gaston as Quinn
Blaine Hogan as Seth "Cherry" Hoffner
Philip Rayburn Smith as Adrian Rix
Holly Valance as Nika Volek
Robert Michael Vieau as Christopher Trokey
Anthony Denison as Aldo Burrows
Mike Jones as Darius Morgan
K. K. Dodds as Susan Hollander

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Brett Ratner
Paul Scheuring
August 29, 2005 (2005-08-29)
1AKJ79
10.51[1]

Michael Scofield gets imprisoned in Fox River State Penitentiary as part of an elaborate plan to break out his brother, Lincoln Burrows, who is facing execution for the murder of the Vice President's brother, a charge Burrows denies. At first Scofield gets the displeasure of C.O. head Brad Bellick and then meets his cellmate Fernando Sucre. Scofield forces John Abruzzi to recruit him in the Prison Industries (PI) by proving to know the location of Fibonacci, the only witness against Abruzzi. Scofield also meets Charles Westmoreland, who is believed to be D. B. Cooper, and Dr. Sara Tancredi, who injects him insulin because of his apparent diabetes, and Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin, who accepts to get anti-insulin drugs for Scofield. Scofield accepts warden Pope's offer to finish making a model of the Taj Mahal. Scofield reunites with Burrows, and reveals that his mysterious body tattoo is the blueprint of the prison. Meanwhile, L.J. Burrows, Lincoln's son, is arrested for drug dealing. Secret Service is revealed to be part the conspiracy against Lincoln. Veronica Donovan, a lawyer and Lincoln's former girlfriend, begins to believe his innocence.

2
2
"Allen"
Michael W. Watkins
Paul Scheuring
August 29, 2005 (2005-08-29)
1AKJ01
10.51[1]

Sucre goes to solitary confinement for keeping illegal materials. For his plan, Scofield needs an Allen bolt, which exists in Bagwell's bench. Bagwell refuses to give him the bolt after Scofield denies his sexual offer. Tancredi doubts Scofield's diabetes and schedules a test. A race fight starts between the black and white prisoners. Scofield obtains the bolt and uses it to unscrew his cell's toilet. Bagwell thinks that Scofield killed the former's male love. Franklin gives Scofield the drug, resulting in the latter's positive test and his regular access to the infirmary. Falzone, Abruzzi's accomplice, pushes him to find Fibonacci. Bellick searches Scofield's cell, but he doesn't find anything. Burrows tells Donovan that he didn't pull the trigger, as shown in the tape, and the man was already dead. Donavan finds a witness named Leticia Barris. Secret Service agent Paul Kellerman reports Donovan's activities to a woman in Montana. Since Sucre can't call his fiance, Delgado, from the solitary, she gets upset and goes out with a man named Hector. Scofield is abducted by Abruzzi's men and tortured for Fibonacci.

3
3
"Cell Test"
Brad Turner
Michael Pavone
September 5, 2005 (2005-09-05)
1AKJ02
8.49[2]

Lincoln vows to make Abruzzi pay, but Scofield reminds him that Abruzzi is needed. Sucre is released from solitary and Scofield tests the former's loyalty before revealing his plan. Sucre passes the test, but he decides to change his cell and stay out of trouble as he will be released soon. Abruzzi realizes that he must befriend Scofield in order to find Fibonacci. Bagwell plans to lynch Scofield. Abruzzi tries to reconcile with Scofield by having his men beat up Bagwell and thus the latter going to the solitary. Scofield tells Abruzzi about his plan and he agrees to cooperate. L.J.'s probation officer forces him to visit Lincoln and the father and son become closer after a long time. Before Barris can sign her testimony for Lincoln written by Donovan, Kellerman and his fellow agent, Hale, abduct and kill the former. Donovan decides to leave her fiance, Sebastian Balfour. Bellick brings Patoshik, a psychotic inmate, to Scofield's cell. Patoshik becomes a problem for Scofield's plan.

4
4
"Cute Poison"
Matt Earl Beesley
Matt Olmstead
September 12, 2005 (2005-09-12)
1AKJ03
9.15[3]

Patoshik is obsessed with Scofield's tattoo; knowing it to be a path. Abruzzi pushes Scofield to take care of Patoshik. When Sucre discovers that Hector is making a move on the former's fiancee, he decides to join Scofield's plan; but the latter tells him that he needs to get rid of Patoshik first. Scofield forms a hole to the infirmary using chemicals provided by Abruzzi and Patoshik's toothpaste. After a scenario made by Scofield, the guards take Patoshik away and Sucre is returned. Sucre starts a commotion in the block to cover for Scofield's noise. Scofield manages to open a hole behind his cell's toilet, opening a way to the corridors behind. In the meantime, with Lincoln's hint, Donovan asks Project Justice for help, which is denied; but Nick Savrinn from the Project decides to join her investigation. Kellerman and Hale learn that Scofield and Lincoln are brothers and arrange to transfer Scofield to a different prison the following day.

5
5
"English, Fitz or Percy"
Randall Zisk
Zack Estrin
September 19, 2005 (2005-09-19)
1AKJ04
7.96[4]

Pope denies Kellerman and Hale's request to have Michael transferred out of Fox River. They threaten Pope to reveal the latter's illegitimate son's history to his wife. Pope informs Scofield of the transfer. Westmoreland advises Scofield to write a petition to the court; which will delay the transfer for weeks no matter the petition's result. The agents tell Pope to throw the petition away. In the meantime, Scofield enlists the team's help to discover part of the escape route, whether to take one of the streets English, Fitz or Percy, outside the prison. He has the guards believe that he attempts to escape, where he discovers police cars flooding English and Percy, but not Fitz. In order to prevent any more troubles, Pope decides to have him transferred; but changes his mind at the last moment and proceeds to tell his wife the truth. Meanwhile, Donovan and Savrinn realize that the tape against Lincoln is faked, but it gets stolen, and she suspects he is working against her.

6
6
"Riots, Drills and the Devil (Part 1)"
Robert Mandel
Nick Santora
September 26, 2005 (2005-09-26)
1AKJ05
8.55[5]

Bagwell is released from solitary and meets his new cellmate and future rape victim. Falling behind schedule, Scofield maneuvers the prisoners and guards into initiating a lockdown of the prison to give himself more time to dig a hole, but this backfires when Bagwell starts a full-scale riot that leads the prisoners outside the block. Worse, Bagwell and a captured C.O. discover the escape plan, and Bagwell threatens to reveal the plan if he's not in. He also suggests to kill the C.O. to neutralize the risk. Tancredi's life is threatened after the sickbay prisoners start a riot of their own. Scofield sees this via the cameras and risks his escape plan to rescue her before she is raped. Meanwhile, Kellerman and Hale use a retired contact to recruit Turk, a Fox River inmate, to kill Lincoln. Turk lures Lincoln into an empty underground. Outside the prison, Donovan keeps her distance from Savrinn; but he proves that he can be trusted when he finds out that the anonymous call to have Lincoln arrested came from Washington, D.C., whereas the alleged murder was in Chicago.

7
7
"Riots, Drills and the Devil (Part 2)"
Vern Gillum
Karyn Usher
October 3, 2005 (2005-10-03)
1AKJ06
9.48[6]

Governor Tancredi, Sara's father, arrives in the prison personally with plans on having the prison raided, which is agreed by Bellick but not by Pope. Scofield manages to rescue Sara from the violent prisoners in sickbay. After a difficult fight and flight, the duo are able to evade the prisoners, and Sara escapes outside to safety, while Scofield returns to his cell. She realizes that Scofield couldn't have accessed the infirmary easily. Sucre and Abruzzi continue digging with the risk of blowing a gas pipe; but they eventually break through the wall. After a fierce fight, Lincoln manages to kill Turk, the former failing to find out who wanted him dead. At the end of the riot, Bagwell kills the C.O., even after being told not to, before taking the latter's daughter's picture. Donovan and Savrinn arrive in Washington, D.C. and find out that the call was from a phone booth outside an empty building. They receive a phone call with a mysterious voice threatening their lives.

8
8
"The Old Head"
Jace Alexander
Monica Macer
October 24, 2005 (2005-10-24)
1AKJ07
10.12[7]

Scofield states that they need to dig the guards' room for the plan; but access to the room is restricted and Westmoreland is the only inmate allowed; but the latter doesn't want to have anything to do with Scofield's plan. Meanwhile, the C.O.s are actively looking for the inmate who killed one during the riot. Bellick asks Westmoreland about the murderer, but he chooses silence; and Bellick kills his cat for revenge. Bagwell asks Trokey, his friend, to take the blame; but the latter denies it. However, the former sets up the latter and the case is closed. In response to Bellick's deed, Westmoreland grants Scofield's request and burns the guards' room while he also puts the blame on Bellick. Scofield's team are called to repair the room, giving them a chance to dig. They finally accept Bagwell in the team. Meanwhile, a murder attempt on Donovan and Savrinn results in her neighbor's death. The duo escape while they're believed to be dead. Kellerman and Hale kill L.J.'s mother and stepfather and set up L.J. for it. The Vice President is revealed to be the woman to whom Kellerman is reporting.

9
9
"Tweener"
Matt Earl Beesley
Paul Scheuring
October 31, 2005 (2005-10-31)
1AKJ08
9.01[8]

Bagwell's cellmate begs for Scofield's help, but the latter can't help him because Bagwell knows his plan. The boy kills himself. David "Tweener" Apolskis is a new inmate annoyed by Bagwell. Scofield forces Bagwell to stay away from the boy. The team's activities make Franklin suspicious. Bellick informs Abruzzi that Falzone hasn't paid the former this month and Abruzzi realizes that Falzone is trying to cast him out and give his position to Fiorello because of Abruzzi's failure to find Fibonacci. Abruzzi takes his revenge from Fiorello by gouging out his eye. Bellick gives the room's repair to Fiorello's team, which threatens the plan. Meanwhile, Tancredi talks to Scofield's psychiatrist and realizes that he suffers from low latent inhibition, making him both sympathetic and genius. Donovan and Savrinn take refuge in his father's house in the woods. They learn from the wife of Steadman, the Vice President's brother, that his commercial partners could be the ones behind his death. L.J. keeps running from Kellerman and Hale. He joins Donovan and Savrinn on Lincoln's advice.

10
10
"Sleight of Hand"
Dwight H. Little
Nick Santora
November 7, 2005 (2005-11-07)
1AKJ09
8.06[9]

Franklin convinces Fiorello to let him work in the room and finds the hole. Abruzzi persuades Scofield and Falzone to meet. Scofield tells Falzone how he found Fibonacci even though he was in witness protection. He demands money in addition to Abruzzi's return to power. Abruzzi forces Scofield to talk by revealing to know about Donovan. With the location revealed and Abruzzi's capabilities proved, Falzone reappoints him as P.I.'s head and the former casts Fiorello out. Falzone goes with his men to kill Fibonacci; but it's revealed that it was a false address and Scofield and Abruzzi were working together all the time. Falzone and his men are arrested by the police, who are informed by an unknown woman working with Scofield. The teams restores its work in the room and is forced to include Franklin as he knows the plan. Meanwhile, Scofield and Tancredi get closer. Vice President Reynolds informs Kellerman that the "Company" has sent its own operative, Quinn, to take over their work. Quinn kills Balfour and uses his IP to find the exact location of Donovan.

11
11
"And Then There Were 7"
Jesús Salvador Treviño
Zack Estrin
November 14, 2005 (2005-11-14)
1AKJ10
9.58[10]

Scofield is met by his wife, Nika Volek, who gives him a credit card. Bellick realizes that Volek is a prostitute and forces her to talk. She reveals that Scofield married her for her green card and tells him about the credit card. Scofield realizes that C.O. Geary has stolen his watch and asks Apolskis to steal it back, which he does. Westmoreland realizes that his daughter is dying and he can't see her before her death. He admits to Scofield that he is D.B. Cooper and the money is real and that he wants in, which Scofield accepts. Using the card and the watch, Scofield makes a recording device and realizes the time period of the guard shift around the infirmary, which is the place of passing the walls. While the team completes digging the hole, Scofield tells Lincoln that time is not enough for everyone to pass and one member must be omitted. Meanwhile, Quinn interrogates Donovan, L.J. and Savrinn, who's critically shot. They manage to escape after locking Quinn down in a well. Kellerman and Hale arrive and strict him in the well instead of saving him; since he is a problem for them.

12
12
"Odd Man Out"
Bobby Roth
Karyn Usher
November 21, 2005 (2005-11-21)
1AKJ11
10.08[11]

Scofield tells the team about the extra member and they decide to cast out Bagwell; but he informs them that his cousin knows the plan outside and he'll call the authorities if Bagwell is not included. Abruzzi's men find Bagwell's cousin; but the man and his little child is killed in the struggle. Abruzzi feels guilty for everything he's done; but he decides to take care of Bagwell anyway. Bagwell swears to atone for his mistakes like Abruzzi did. The latter spares the former, giving him a chance to slit the latter's throat. Meanwhile, Lincoln is forced to assault Geary to cover for the team, which results in his abduction by the guards. Delgado informs Sucre that she is pregnant and he realizes that he tells her that he is getting out soon. Bellick forces Apolskis to spy on Scofield to avoid solitary for stealing from Geary. In the meantime, Savrinn is taken to a hospital. Hale feels guilty for his actions and plans to escape with his family. He calls Donovan and makes an arrangement.

13
13
"End of the Tunnel"
Sanford Bookstaver
Paul Scheuring
November 28, 2005 (2005-11-28)
1AKJ12
12.18[12]

Donovan meets Hale, who reveals that Steadman is alive. Before he can give her anything, Kellerman arrives and kills Hale; she escapes after watching the murder. Meanwhile, Abruzzi is taken by a helicopter outside the prison for better care and the odd man problem is solved. Lincoln is beaten by the guards and thrown in the solitary. Pope denies Scofield's request to meet Lincoln. Scofield decides to suspend the plan, but the others push to leave without Lincoln now that everything is ready. Franklin calls his brother-in-law, the only one in the family who knows he is in prison, and tells him to arrange for the plan. Scofield manages to send Lincoln a drug with a message when to take it. The team deliberately makes a mess in the room and Bellick forces them to stay and work until night, giving them the chance to escape. When the time comes, Lincoln takes the drug, gets sick and is taken to the infirmary; and the team proceeds to the room under there; but they realize that the tube Scofield made a hole in is changed with a reinforced one, ruining the breakout.

14
14
"The Rat"
Kevin Hooks
Matt Olmstead
March 20, 2006 (2006-03-20)
1AKJ13
9.28[13]

Before Bagwell can make any move, the team hears a guard coming. They hide and after he leaves, they return to their cells without arousing suspicion. Donovan and Savrinn arrange for an appellate court to reveal what she saw. Scofield learns from Westmoreland that the execution will be delayed for weeks if the electric chair has a malfunction, a conversation that is heard by Apolskis. Scofield uses a mouse to cut the power of the chair. In the court, Donovan has no evidence for what she saw; and the government attorney presents documents that state no agents with names Kellerman or Hale have ever worked in Secret Service. Bellick forces Apolskis to share what he knows and he tells him what he heard and the latter solves the problem before the execution time comes, surprising Scofield. Lincoln has already surrendered to his apparent fate. He talks to L.J. on the phone and says goodbye to Scofield and Donovan, who has failed at the appeal. Lincoln enters the execution room.

15
15
"By the Skin and the Teeth"
Fred Gerber
Nick Santora
March 27, 2006 (2006-03-27)
1AKJ14
10.07[14]

Lincoln is surprised to see a specific man in the watching room. The judge calls and stops the sentence. Lincoln tells Scofield that the man he saw was their father. The judge states that he suspended the execution because he received a document showing a discrepancy in coroner's reports and orders an exhumation with a new test. Meanwhile, Scofield is trying to find a new way out. His plan is to get to the infirmary through the asylum. He gets a guard uniform from Sucre's cousin, Manche Sanchez, who works in the laundry. At night, he gets in the yard from a hatch, uniformed and thus not spotted by the guards. He gets to the asylum and finds the way; but he has part of his back burnt when returning. Bellick accuses Sucre of burning Scofield while Tancredi finds a C.O. uniform particle in the burnt tissue. The new coroner test surprisingly shows a match. Cameras show that Lincoln's father was the person who brought the report. It's revealed that he was a "Company" member and Lincoln wasn't picked randomly. Scofield realizes that a necessary part of his tattoo is gone as a result of the burning.

16
16
"Brother's Keeper"
Greg Yaitanes
Zack Estrin
April 3, 2006 (2006-04-03)
1AKJ15
8.10[15]

Three years ago, Scofield was living a comfortable life while Lincoln was saddled with debts. His debts were paid by a man who forced him to kill Steadman in exchange. After Lincoln's arrest, Scofield blamed him for not using his share of the life insurance properly and ruining his life. Donovan revealed to Scofield that there had been no life insurance when his mother had died; Lincoln borrowed the money for Scofield to thrive and kept the truth hidden. Feeling responsible, Scofield planned the breakout. Tancredi used rehabilitation to quit addiction, where Bellick offered her the job in Fox River. Sucre attempted to rob a store to buy Delgado a suiting ring; Hector called the police and Sucre was arrested. Franklin served in the army when he saw prisoner torture. He reported the crime; but he was fired to prevent the scandal. He had to earn money by illegal goods transferring and was arrested, but kept it hidden from his family. Bagwell was in love with a widow who had two children. She had him arrested when she realized that he was wanted for child rape and murder. He promised to find her when he got out.

17
17
"J-Cat"
Guy Ferland
Karyn Usher
April 10, 2006 (2006-04-10)
1AKJ16
8.12[16]

Tancredi reports what she found to Pope, who sends Scofield to solitary after he refuses to talk. Scofield apparently gets mentally ill. Bellick decides to bring more professional workers for the room. The team realizes that the hole must be covered soon. Since Sucre's cell has the only way to the room, he is picked for the job. He covers the hole and starts running in the courtyard before getting caught. With material provided by Bagwell, Sucre relatively justifies his action, but goes to the solitary anyway. Apolskis tells Bellick that the team is planning something related to the floor; but the latter doesn't find the hole because it was covered by Sucre in time. Because of the disappointment, Bellick puts Apolskis in a violent inmate named Avocado's cell. Scofield is taken to the asylum, where he is revealed to be healthy and this was a plan to reach Patoshik, who can help the former with his tattoo; but the latter doesn't remember anything. Meanwhile, Donovan's group recovers Quinn's cell phone to find clues. In the well, L.J. sees the name "Kellerman" carved by Quinn. He finds Kellerman's house and ambushes him alone. The police arrive and arrest L.J.

18
18
"Bluff"
Jace Alexander
Nick Santora & Karyn Usher
April 17, 2006 (2006-04-17)
1AKJ17
8.18[17]

Scofield stops Patoshik from taking the medications and the latter begins to remember and draw the lost part. Officer Geary decides to sell Scofield's cell to the highest bidder. The team decides to buy the cell before anyone else finds its hole. First Franklin tries to get money from the black inmates, but Trumpets says that he is disliked because of befriending whites and then beaten up. The team starts gambling and wins a lot of money thanks to Bagwell's skills. They give the money to Geary; but he doesn't sell it to them and surprisingly keeps the money. Sucre tells Sanchez about their plan and agrees to include him if he helps them in their problem. Having completed the tattoo, Scofield tells Pope that it was Geary who burnt him, an accusation which is proved by the team's actions. Geary is fired from the prison. Meanwhile, Savrinn is approached by a man who instructs him to keep watching Donovan, who now represents L.J. too. Lincoln is granted a visit to L.J. While being transferred, Lincoln's vehicle is attacked on the road.

19
19
"The Key"
Sergio Mimica-Gezzan
Story by : Paul Scheuring
Teleplay by : Zack Estrin & Matt Olmstead
April 24, 2006 (2006-04-24)
1AKJ18
8.63[18]

Aldo, Lincoln's father, arrives and saves him from Kellerman. Aldo tells Lincoln that the "Company" he worked for controls the U.S. government and it used Lincoln as a bait to stop him after he defied it. The police and Kellerman arrive in the scene. Lincoln informs the police in order to save himself from Kellerman. Aldo escapes and Lincoln is returned to Fox River and sent to solitary. Scofield needs the key to the infirmary. Apolskis is constantly raped by Avocado and refuses to steal the key for Scofield. Volek steals Tancredi's key. Scofield makes a copy and returns it to the infirmary. Having found out, Tancredi changes the lock and hinders the plan. Apolskis amputates Avocado's penis and the latter's revenge is certain when he is back. Meanwhile, Abruzzi is revealed to have survived the wound and returned, frightening Bagwell; but the former makes an apparent peace with the latter and promises Scofield to arrange the plane. Abruzzi is also revealed to be the man instructing Savrinn to watch Donovan. Scofield includes Apolskis in the plan; but the latter reveals it to Bellick, who finds the hole in the room.

20
20
"Tonight"
Bobby Roth
Zack Estrin
May 1, 2006 (2006-05-01)
1AKJ19
8.54[19]

Westmoreland attacks and locks Bellick under the room before he can alert the others; but the former is critically wounded. As a result, Scofield plans the escape for that night. Everyone should change their body smells in order not to be spotted by dogs. He also accepts Apolskis although he knows of his betrayal. Franklin is tasked to get detergents from the kitchen, where he is approached by Trumpets, whom the former beats up. Trumpets plans to kill Franklin. Scofield apparently finishes the Taj Mahal model for Pope, who in turn allows Scofield to visit Lincoln in the solitary. Scofield reveals his plan to Tancredi, begging her to leave the door open when she leaves at night, saying that she knows Lincoln is innocent. Abruzzi informs Savrinn to bring Donovan on time. As Donovan prepares to go to Montana for a clue, Savrinn pulls a gun on her. Meanwhile, Reynolds is refused as the presidential candidate by the party. The model collapses as Pope tries to move it. He immediately calls Scofield to the room, where the latter pulls a knife on the former.

21
21
"Go"
Dean White
Matt Olmstead
May 8, 2006 (2006-05-08)
1AKJ20
9.13[20]

Scofield forces Pope to order the transfer of Lincoln to the infirmary before locking him in the closet. Tension rises when Trumpets tries to kill Franklin; but the latter hides successfully. The team start the escape from the hole in Scofield's cell. They arrive and secure Bellick before he can alert the others. Scofield wears Bellick's uniform and tells the others to wear the clothes made white using the detergents. The team uses the clothes to get in the asylum without arousing suspicion. They realize that Tancredi has left the door open for them. Having followed the team, Patoshik forces them to let him in. Westmoreland succumbs to his wound after telling Scofield of the location of the money, which is 5 million dollars. A few others hear that too. They use the cable to pass the wall one by one. Sanchez cuts the cable and falls because of his weight. Meanwhile, Savrinn decides to release Donovan, who takes the plane to Montana. Abruzzi's thug kills Savrinn and his father. The Company decides to get rid of Reynolds. Pope is found and freed and triggers the alarm.

22
22
"Flight"
Kevin Hooks
Paul Scheuring
May 15, 2006 (2006-05-15)
1AKJ21
10.24[21]

The eight escapees (Scofield, Burrows, Sucre, Abruzzi, Bagwell, Franklin, Apolskis and Patoshik) start running towards a van parked by Abruzzi's men. They leave Patoshik behind and escape with the van. Realizing that Abruzzi will certainly kill him, Bagwell cuffs himself to Scofield and swallows the key. They leave the van behind and continue on foot. Scofield forces Apolskis to leave the team because of his betrayal. They get in a warehouse, where Abruzzi cuts off Bagwell's left hand, freeing Scofield. They leave Bagwell behind and run towards the airstrip. Meanwhile, the President dies as a result of a heart attack, implied to be an assassination. Reynolds quickly swears as the President, making the Company respect her. The police enter Tancredi's apartment and find her overdosed. Donovan goes to a mansion in Montana and meets Steadman. Apolskis passes the checkpoint inside an animal transferring vehicle. Patoshik takes a bicycle. Bagwell keeps running with his hand. The team arrives at the strip just after the plane leaves. As the police approach, they start running.

text: Production[edit]

text: Crew[edit]

text: The season was produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Original Television and 20th Century Fox Television. The executive producers were creator Paul Scheuring, Marty Adelstein, Neal H. Moritz, Dawn Parouse, Brett Ratner and Matt Olmstead.[22] The staff writers were Scheuring, co-executive producers Nick Santora and Zack Estrin, supervising producer Karyn Usher and Olmstead.[22] The regular director throughout the season was Bobby Roth; additional directors were Jace Alexander, Matt Earl Beesley and Dwight H. Little.[22] Its incidental music was composed by Ramin Djawadi.[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Most of the first season of the series was filmed on location in and around Chicago.[23][24] After it was closed down in 2002, Joliet Prison became the set of Prison Break in 2005, standing in as Fox River State Penitentiary on screen. Scenes set in Lincoln's cell, the infirmary and the prison yard were all shot on location at the prison.[25] Lincoln's cell is the same one in which John Wayne Gacy was incarcerated. Most of the production crew refused to enter the cell, thinking that it was haunted.[23] Other sets were built at the prison, including the cell blocks that housed the general prison population; these blocks had three tiers of cells (as opposed to the real cell block's two) and had cells much larger than real cells to allow more space for the actors and cameras.[25] Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois. Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada. Prison Break spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, which cost them a total of $24 million in 2005.[23]

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Metacritic gave the season a Metascore—a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 32 critical reviews—of 65, signifying generally favorable reviews.[26] Based on its strong opening, The New York Times dubbed Prison Break "more intriguing than most of the new network series, and ... one of the most original" and a "suspenseful thriller", complimenting its "authentic look".[27] Entertainment Weekly called it an "original drama", noting the show's "edge-of-the-seat action".[28] On the other hand, however, The Washington Post criticized the show for its "somber pretentiousness" and "uniformly overwrought [performances]".[29]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour pilot episode garnered approximately 10.5 million viewers, giving Fox its "best summertime Monday numbers since episodes of Melrose Place and Ally McBeal aired there in September 1998."[30] The show's first season attracted an average audience of 10 million viewers each week, with "End of the Tunnel" reaching 12 million viewers, and led the debuts of television in the 2005 American fall season.[31] Prison Break was originally planned for a 13-episode run, but was extended to include an extra nine episodes due to its popularity.[32]

text: Home media release[edit]

text:
Prison Break: The Complete First Season

Set details
Special features

22 episodes
6-disc set
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Subtitles: English, Spanish, French
English (Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround)

Audio commentaries

"Pilot"
"Cute Poison"
"Riots, Drills and the Devil, Part 1"
"Riots, Drills and the Devil, Part 2"
"Odd Man Out"
"Brother's Keeper"

Deleted scenes
The Making of Prison Break
If These Walls Could Speak: Profile of the Joliet Correctional Center featurette
Beyond the Ink tattoo featurette
Fox Movie Channel Presents Making a Scene
TV Spots

Release dates

 United States
 Canada
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 New Zealand

August 8, 2006[33]
September 18, 2006[34]
September 12, 2006[35]


document_title: Fire

question_text: what two types of energy are generated from fire

text: Fire

text: Physical properties

text: Chemistry

text: Fires start when a flammable or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound (though non-oxygen oxidizers exist), is exposed to a source of heat or ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not consumed, when added, in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.

text: Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.

text: If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of gravity, or of some similar force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce convection, which removes combustion products and brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own combustion products and non-oxidizing gases from the air, which exclude oxygen and extinguish the fire. Because of this, the risk of fire in a spacecraft is small when it is coasting in inertial flight.[6][7]This does not apply if oxygen is supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal convection.

text: Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stovetop burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the following:

text:
turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source;
covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO2;
application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end), or
application of a retardant chemical such as Halon to the flame, which retards the chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction.

text: In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the overall rate of combustion. Methods to do this include balancing the input of fuel and oxidizer to stoichiometric proportions, increasing fuel and oxidizer input in this balanced mix, increasing the ambient temperature so the fire's own heat is better able to sustain combustion, or providing a catalyst; a non-reactant medium in which the fuel and oxidizer can more readily react.

text: Flame

text: A flame is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible, infrared, and sometimes ultraviolet light, the frequency spectrum of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning material and intermediate reaction products. In many cases, such as the burning of organic matter, for example wood, or the incomplete combustion of gas, incandescent solid particles called soot produce the familiar red-orange glow of 'fire'. This light has a continuous spectrum. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. Usually oxygen is involved, but hydrogen burning in chlorine also produces a flame, producing hydrogen chloride (HCl). Other possible combinations producing flames, amongst many, are fluorine and hydrogen, and hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. Hydrogen and hydrazine/UDMH flames are similarly pale blue, while burning boron and its compounds, evaluated in mid-20th century as a high energy fuel for jet and rocket engines, emits intense green flame, leading to its informal nickname of "Green Dragon".

text: The glow of a flame is complex. Black-body radiation is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also photon emission by de-excited atoms and molecules in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and infrared bands. The color depends on temperature for the black-body radiation, and on chemical makeup for the emission spectra. The dominant color in a flame changes with temperature. The photo of the forest fire in Canada is an excellent example of this variation. Near the ground, where most burning is occurring, the fire is white, the hottest color possible for organic material in general, or yellow. Above the yellow region, the color changes to orange, which is cooler, then red, which is cooler still. Above the red region, combustion no longer occurs, and the uncombusted carbon particles are visible as black smoke.

text: The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, as soot tends to rise to the top of a general flame, as in a candle in normal gravity conditions, making it yellow. In micro gravity or zero gravity,[8] such as an environment in outer space, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient (although it may go out if not moved steadily, as the CO2 from combustion does not disperse as readily in micro gravity, and tends to smother the flame). There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is that the temperature is sufficiently evenly distributed that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.[9] Experiments by NASA reveal that diffusion flames in micro gravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in micro gravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.[10] These discoveries have potential applications in applied science and industry, especially concerning fuel efficiency.

text: In combustion engines, various steps are taken to eliminate a flame. The method depends mainly on whether the fuel is oil, wood, or a high-energy fuel such as jet fuel.

text: Flame temperatures

text: Temperatures of flames by appearance

text: It is true that objects at specific temperatures do radiate visible light. Objects whose surface is at a temperature above approximately 400 °C (752 °F) will glow, emitting light at a color that indicates the temperature of that surface. See the section on red heat for more about this effect. It is a misconception that one can judge the temperature of a fire by the color of its flames or the sparks in the flames. For many reasons, chemically and optically, these colors may not match the red/orange/yellow/white heat temperatures on the chart. Barium nitrate burns a bright green, for instance, and this is not present on the heat chart.

text: Typical temperatures of flames

text: The "adiabatic flame temperature" of a given fuel and oxidizer pair indicates the temperature at which the gases achieve stable combustion.

text:
Oxy-dicyanoacetylene 4,990 °C (9,000 °F)
Oxy-acetylene 3,480 °C (6,300 °F)
Oxyhydrogen 2,800 °C (5,100 °F)
Air-acetylene 2,534 °C (4,600 °F)
Blowtorch (air-MAPP gas) 2,200 °C (4,000 °F)
Bunsen burner (air-natural gas) 1,300 to 1,600 °C (2,400 to 2,900 °F)[11]
Candle (air-paraffin) 1,000 °C (1,800 °F)
Smoldering cigarette:

Temperature without drawing: side of the lit portion; 400 °C (750 °F); middle of the lit portion: 585 °C (1,100 °F)
Temperature during drawing: middle of the lit portion: 700 °C (1,300 °F)
Always hotter in the middle.

text: Fire ecology

text: Every natural ecosystem has its own fire regime, and the organisms in those ecosystems are adapted to or dependent upon that fire regime. Fire creates a mosaic of different habitat patches, each at a different stage of succession.[12] Different species of plants, animals, and microbes specialize in exploiting a particular stage, and by creating these different types of patches, fire allows a greater number of species to exist within a landscape.

text: Fossil record

text: The fossil record of fire first appears with the establishment of a land-based flora in the Middle Ordovician period, 470 million years ago,[13] permitting the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere as never before, as the new hordes of land plants pumped it out as a waste product. When this concentration rose above 13%, it permitted the possibility of wildfire.[14] Wildfire is first recorded in the Late Silurian fossil record, 420 million years ago, by fossils of charcoalified plants.[15][16] Apart from a controversial gap in the Late Devonian, charcoal is present ever since.[16] The level of atmospheric oxygen is closely related to the prevalence of charcoal: clearly oxygen is the key factor in the abundance of wildfire.[17] Fire also became more abundant when grasses radiated and became the dominant component of many ecosystems, around 6 to 7 million years ago;[18] this kindling provided tinder which allowed for the more rapid spread of fire.[17] These widespread fires may have initiated a positive feedback process, whereby they produced a warmer, drier climate more conducive to fire.[17]

text: Human control

text: The ability to control fire was a dramatic change in the habits of early humans. Making fire to generate heat and light made it possible for people to cook food, simultaneously increasing the variety and availability of nutrients and reducing disease by killing organisms in the food. The heat produced would also help people stay warm in cold weather, enabling them to live in cooler climates. Fire also kept nocturnal predators at bay. Evidence of cooked food is found from 1.9 million years ago,[19] although there is a theory that fire could have been used in a controlled fashion about 1 million years ago.[20][21] Evidence becomes widespread around 50 to 100 thousand years ago, suggesting regular use from this time; resistance to air pollution started to evolve in human populations at a similar point in time.[20] The use of fire became progressively more sophisticated, with it being used to create charcoal and to control wildlife from tens of thousands of years ago.[20]

text: Fire has also been used for centuries as a method of torture and execution, as evidenced by death by burning as well as torture devices such as the iron boot, which could be filled with water, oil, or even lead and then heated over an open fire to the agony of the wearer.

text: By the Neolithic Revolution,[citation needed] during the introduction of grain-based agriculture, people all over the world used fire as a tool in landscape management. These fires were typically controlled burns or "cool fires",[citation needed] as opposed to uncontrolled "hot fires", which damage the soil. Hot fires destroy plants and animals, and endanger communities. This is especially a problem in the forests of today where traditional burning is prevented in order to encourage the growth of timber crops. Cool fires are generally conducted in the spring and autumn. They clear undergrowth, burning up biomass that could trigger a hot fire should it get too dense. They provide a greater variety of environments, which encourages game and plant diversity. For humans, they make dense, impassable forests traversable. Another human use for fire in regards to landscape management is its use to clear land for agriculture. Slash-and-burn agriculture is still common across much of tropical Africa, Asia and South America. "For small farmers, it is a convenient way to clear overgrown areas and release nutrients from standing vegetation back into the soil," said Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez, an ecologist at the Earth Institute’s Center for Environmental Research and Conservation.[22] However this useful strategy is also problematic. Growing population, fragmentation of forests and warming climate are making the earth's surface more prone to ever-larger escaped fires. These harm ecosystems and human infrastructure, cause health problems, and send up spirals of carbon and soot that may encourage even more warming of the atmosphere–and thus feed back into more fires. Globally today, as much as 5 million square kilometers–an area more than half the size of the United States–burns in a given year.[22]

text: There are numerous modern applications of fire. In its broadest sense, fire is used by nearly every human being on earth in a controlled setting every day. Users of internal combustion vehicles employ fire every time they drive. Thermal power stations provide electricity for a large percentage of humanity.

text: The use of fire in warfare has a long history. Fire was the basis of all early thermal weapons. Homer detailed the use of fire by Greek soldiers who hid in a wooden horse to burn Troy during the Trojan war. Later the Byzantine fleet used Greek fire to attack ships and men. In the First World War, the first modern flamethrowers were used by infantry, and were successfully mounted on armoured vehicles in the Second World War. In the latter war, incendiary bombs were used by Axis and Allies alike, notably on Tokyo, Rotterdam, London, Hamburg and, notoriously, at Dresden; in the latter two cases firestorms were deliberately caused in which a ring of fire surrounding each city[citation needed] was drawn inward by an updraft caused by a central cluster of fires. The United States Army Air Force also extensively used incendiaries against Japanese targets in the latter months of the war, devastating entire cities constructed primarily of wood and paper houses. The use of napalm was employed in July 1944, towards the end of the Second World War;[24] although its use did not gain public attention until the Vietnam War.[24] Molotov cocktails were also used.

text: Use as fuel

text: Setting fuel aflame releases usable energy. Wood was a prehistoric fuel, and is still viable today. The use of fossil fuels, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, in power plants supplies the vast majority of the world's electricity today; the International Energy Agency states that nearly 80% of the world's power came from these sources in 2002.[26] The fire in a power station is used to heat water, creating steam that drives turbines. The turbines then spin an electric generator to produce electricity. Fire is also used to provide mechanical work directly, in both external and internal combustion engines.

text: The unburnable solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire is called clinker if its melting point is below the flame temperature, so that it fuses and then solidifies as it cools, and ash if its melting point is above the flame temperature.

text: Protection and prevention

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as wildland fire use and prescribed or controlled burns.[27][28] Wildland fire use refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn. Controlled burns are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions.[29]

text: Fire fighting services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained firefighters use fire apparatus, water supply resources such as water mains and fire hydrants or they might use A and B class foam depending on what is feeding the fire.

text: Fire prevention is intended to reduce sources of ignition. Fire prevention also includes education to teach people how to avoid causing fires.[30] Buildings, especially schools and tall buildings, often conduct fire drills to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. Purposely starting destructive fires constitutes arson and is a crime in most jurisdictions.

text: Model building codes require passive fire protection and active fire protection systems to minimize damage resulting from a fire. The most common form of active fire protection is fire sprinklers. To maximize passive fire protection of buildings, building materials and furnishings in most developed countries are tested for fire-resistance, combustibility and flammability. Upholstery, carpeting and plastics used in vehicles and vessels are also tested.

text: Where fire prevention and fire protection have failed to prevent damage, fire insurance can mitigate the financial impact.[31]

text: Restoration

text: Different restoration methods and measures are used depending on the type of fire damage that occurred. Restoration after fire damage can be performed by property management teams, building maintenance personnel, or by the homeowners themselves; however, contacting a certified professional fire damage restoration specialist is often regarded as the safest way to restore fire damaged property due to their training and extensive experience.[32] Most are usually listed under "Fire and Water Restoration" and they can help speed repairs, whether for individual homeowners or for the largest of institutions.[33]

text: Fire and Water Restoration companies are regulated by the appropriate state's Department of Consumer Affairs – usually the state contractors license board. In California, all Fire and Water Restoration companies must register with the California Contractors State License Board.[34] Presently, the California Contractors State License Board has no specific classification for "water and fire damage restoration." Hence, the Contractor's State License Board requires both an asbestos certification (ASB) as well as a demolition classification (C-21) in order to perform Fire and Water Restoration work.[35]