document_title: Selective Service System

question_text: when do you have to register for selective service

text: Selective Service System

text: History[edit]

text: 1917 to 1920[edit]

text: Following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, the Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System.[10] President Woodrow Wilson signed the Act into law after the U.S. Army failed to meet its target of expanding to 1 million men after six weeks.[11] The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread.[12] The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920.

text: 1940 to 1947[edit]

text:
Conflict
Dates active
Number of wartime draftees[13]

World War I
September 1917 – November 1918
2,810,296

World War II
November 1940 – October 1946
10,110,104

Korean War
June 1950 – June 1953
1,529,539

Vietnam War
August 1964 – February 1973
1,857,304

text: The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history.[14] It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service. It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany, the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves.

text: The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31, 1947.[15][16]

text: 1948 to 1969[edit]

text: The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system.[16] All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War (1950–1953).

text: The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 (Selective Service Act of 1948). This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.

text: 35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 (signed on September 10, 1963), granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26. His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 (signed on August 26, 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date). However, married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt. 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 (signed on February 25, 1986).

text: The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.

text: 1969 to 1975[edit]

text: On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery).[17] The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950.[18] The second lottery, on July 1, 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125.[19] The third was on August 5, 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95.[20]

text: In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act (Selective Service Act of 1948) was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday. Registrants were classified 1-A (eligible for military service), 1-AO (Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service), and 1-O (Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students, who received a 2-D Selective Service classification. Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1-N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4-F. Draft classifications of 1-A were changed to 1-H (registrant not currently subject to processing for induction) for men not selected for service after the calendar year they were eligible for the draft. Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.

text: The seventh and final lottery drawing was held on March 12, 1975, pertaining to men born in 1956, who would have been called to report for induction in 1976.[21] But no new draft orders were issued after 1972.[22] On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft.[23]

text: On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required,[24] signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens.[25]

text: 1980 to present[edit]

text: On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979,[26] retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January 1, 1960.[27] As a result, only men born between March 29, 1957, and December 31, 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration.[28]

text: The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday.[27]

text: In 2014, due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893–97 (in addition to 1993–97) was provided to the Selective Service System. Draft registration notices were then sent to the men.[29]

text: A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10, 2016.[30] H.R. 4523 would (a) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft, (b) abolish the Selective Service System, and (c) effectively repeal the "Solomon Amendments" making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid, jobs, and job training. The bill would leave in place, however, laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits.[31]  On June 9, 2016, a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate, called the "Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act".[32]

text: On April 27, 2016, the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment[33] to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017[34] to extend the authority for draft registration to women. On May 12, 2016, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill.[35] If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law, it would authorize (but not require) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System.[36]

text: Who must register[edit]

text: Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[37] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system.

text: In the current registration system, a man cannot indicate that he is a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but he can make such a claim when being drafted. Some men choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft.[38] A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs.[39][40][41][42][43]

text: In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation" in case such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress. In response, the Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989, and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999.[44] The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20–54 in 57 job categories.[45]

text: Women as well as transgender individuals who identify as men or who have had sexual-reassignment surgery are not required to register.[46] Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants, even when registration would not have been allowed.[47]

text: Until their 26th birthday, registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status, such as name, current mailing address, permanent residence address, and "all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor."[4][48]

text: Failure to register[edit]

text:
Year

Total draftees[13]

World War I

1917

516,212

1918

2,294,084

World War II

1940

18,633

1941

923,842

1942

3,033,361

1943

3,323,970

1944

1,591,942

1945

945,862

Post-World War II

1946

183,383

1947

0

1948

20,348

1949

9,781

Korean War

1950

219,771

1951

551,806

1952

438,479

1953

473,806

Post-Korean War

1954

253,230

1955

152,777

1956

137,940

1957

138,504

1958

142,246

1959

96,143

1960

86,602

1961

118,586

1962

82,060

1963

119,265

Vietnam War

1964

112,386

1965

230,991

1966

382,010

1967

228,263

1968

296,406

1969

283,586

1970

162,746

1971

94,092

1972

49,514

1973

646

text: In 1980, men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison, a fine of up to $50,000 or both if convicted. The potential fine was later increased to $250,000. Despite these possible penalties, government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only twenty indictments of which nineteen were instigated in part by self-publicized and self-reported non-registration.[49]

text: A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional, i.e. knowing and willful. In the opinion of legal experts, this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so. Or, for example, when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction, he was given an opportunity to comply, and the prospective defendant chose not to do so.

text: The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.[50] No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.

text: As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship, a young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with the Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turn 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful.[7] There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday.[51]

text: Most states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands, have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs.[52] Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend.[52] Eight states (Connecticut, Indiana, Nebraska, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements, though Indiana does give men 18–25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card.[52] The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards.[53][54]

text: There are some third-party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits, including the Fund for Education and Training  (FEAT) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants.[55][56]

text: Alien or dual-national registrant status[edit]

text: Some registrants are not U.S. citizens, or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country; they fall instead into one of the following categories:

text:
Alien or Dual National: An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States. A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country. They are defined in four classes.
A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year. When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more, the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4-C. In computing the length of such periods, any portion of one day shall be counted as a day. He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year. To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1-151 (Alien Registration Receipt Card), showing his date of entry into the United States. If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods, he must furnish documentation for each period of residence. A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year's residence in the US, but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence.
A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled. He may be classified in Class 4-C only for the period he resides outside of the United States. Upon his return to the United States, he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office.
A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration. He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status.
A registrant, lawfully admitted for permanent residence, as defined in Paragraph (2) of Section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (66 Stat. 163, 8 U.S.C. 1101) who, by reason of their occupational status, is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph (15)(A), (15)(E), or (15)(G) or section 101(a). In this case, the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights, privileges, exemptions, and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status.
Dual national: The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time. The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status.[57]
Treaty alien: Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien's country of origin, the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States. However, once this exemption is taken, he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving[58] unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national.[59] Nevertheless, an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization.

text:
Native Americans are not required to register.
[60]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress "shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies [and] To provide and maintain a Navy;" The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions.

text: The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits "involuntary servitude".[61] These challenges, however, have not been supported by the courts; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry (1916):

text: The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government, and the term 'involuntary servitude' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which, in practical operation, would tend to produce like undesirable results. It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional, and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc.[62]

text: During the First World War, the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States (1918), also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, that the draft did not violate the Constitution.[63]

text: Later, during the Vietnam War, a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States (1968).[64]

text: Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of the "Solomon Amendment", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" non-registrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants.[65]

text: Exemption of women[edit]

text: Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to "male persons" in stating who must register and who would be drafted. For women to be required to register with the Selective Service, Congress would have to amend the law, which currently exempts women from registration.[66]

text: The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg, with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

text: The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress' decision to exempt women from registration. The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops. Since women are excluded from combat, Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft, and therefore decided not to register them.[67]

text: At the request of President Bill Clinton, the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994, noting that because women are excluded by policy from front-line combat positions, excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD's view. Although no conclusions were reached, DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand. The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure, if given the mission and additional funding.[66]

text: On January 23, 2013, the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions. Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements.[68][69] In July 2015, a 17-year-old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft.[70]

text: The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft.[71][72] The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4, 2013, Case Number 2:13-cv-02391-DSF-MAN.[73] The case was dismissed on July 29, 2013,[74] and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25, 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[75] Oral argument before a 3-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8, 2015.[76] On February 19, 2016, the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness, and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues.[77] Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male-only draft registration, Kyle v. Selective Service System, is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.[78]

text: Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register, to prohibit the President from ordering women to register, and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register.[79][80][81]

text: On June 15, 2016, the United States Senate passed a provision in the defense bill to include women in Selective Service registration.[82] Later that year, Congress dropped the provision from consideration.[83]

text: Structure and operation[edit]

text: The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States. The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States.[84]

text: During peacetime, the agency comprises a National Headquarters, three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center. Even during peacetime, the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards.[85] During a mobilization (draft), the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters, 400+ Area Offices as well as 40+ Alternative Service Offices.[86]

text: The agency's budget for the 2015–2016 fiscal year was about $23 million. In early 2016, the agency said that if women were required to register, its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year, and slightly less in subsequent years.[87] This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the  Military Selective Service Act. Costs of investigating, prosecuting, and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice[citation needed].

text: Mobilization (draft) procedures[edit]

text: The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations. Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions, or through separate legislation, so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work. Different procedures would be followed for a special-skills draft, such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System (HCPDS).

text:
Congress and the President authorize a draft: The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply. Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower.
The Lottery: A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service. The first to be called, in a sequence determined by the lottery, will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place, followed, if needed, by those aged 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19 and 18 year olds (in that order).
All parts of the Selective Service System are activated: The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty.
Physical, mental and moral evaluation of registrants: Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical, mental, and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) to determine whether they are fit for military service. Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation, a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption, postponement, or deferment.
Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent: Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims/appeals. Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders. An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction.
First draftees are inducted: According to current plans, Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis.[88]

tag: ol

text: Lottery procedures[edit]

text: If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft, a lottery would be held in full view of the public. First, all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random. Second, the numbers 1–365 (1–366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year) are placed into a second capsule. These two capsules are certified for procedure, sealed in a drum, and stored.

text: In the event of a draft, the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with. The lottery then takes place, and each date is paired with a number at random. For example, if January 19 is picked from the "date" capsule and the number 59 picked from the "number" capsule, all men of age 20 born on January 19 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices. This process continues until all dates are matched with a number.

text: Should all dates be used, the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20, then 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19, and 18. Once all dates are paired, the dates will be sent to Selective Service System's Data Management Center.[89]

text: Classifications[edit]

text:
Class

Categories (1948–1975)[90]

1-A

Available for unrestricted military service.

1-A-O

Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.

1-C

Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service. Enlisted (Enl.): member who volunteered for service. Inducted (Ind.): member who was conscripted into service. Discharged (Dis.): member released after completing service; later changed to Class 4-A. Separated (Sep.): member released before completing service; may be recalled to service if their status has changed.

1-D

Members of a reserve component (Reserves or National Guard), students taking military training (Service Academy, Senior Military College, or ROTC), or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants (1942–1975).

1-D-D

Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-D-E

Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-H

Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service.
Note: Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976, all registrants (except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act) were classified 1-H regardless of any previous classification.

1-O

Conscientious objector to all military service. A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral, ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.

1-O-S

Conscientious objector to all military service (Separated). A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.

1-S (H)

Student deferred by statute (High School). Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20.

1-S (C)

Student deferred by statute (College). Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior.

1-W

Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).

1-W-R

(Released) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service. This was later changed to Class 4-W.

1-Y

Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency.
Note: The 1-Y classification was abolished December 10, 1971. Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1-Y registrants by administrative action.

2-A

Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation. Also includes deferments due to full-time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school, community or junior college, or an approved apprenticeship program.

2-B

Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense: (Defense contractor or reserved occupation). This exemption was discontinued in 1951.

2-C

Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation.

2-D

Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was created in December 1971. Previously considered part of Class 4-D.

2-S

Registrant deferred because of collegiate study. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was discontinued in December 1971.It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, osteopathic medicine, and optometry, and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree. The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967.

3-A

Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents.

3-A-S

Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents (Separated). Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status. The registrant's deferment can last no longer than six months, after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist.

4-A

Registrant who has completed military service.

4-A-A

Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.

4-B

Official deferred by law.

4-C

Alien or dual national.

4-D

Minister of religion, formally ordained by a recognized religion, and serving as a full-time minister with a church and congregation.

4-E

Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required. Created in 1948; changed to Class 1-O in 1951.

4-F

Registrant not acceptable for military service. To be eligible for Class 4-F, a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) under the established physical, mental, or moral standards. The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40-501.[91]

4-G

Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status.

4-T

Treaty Alien.

4-W

Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction.

5-A

Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken (currently 26+ years) or (where applicable) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken (currently 35+ years).

text: Present[edit]

text: If a draft were authorized by Congress, without any other changes being made in the law, local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service. According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32, Chapter XVI, Sec. 1630.2,[92] men would be sorted into the following categories:

text:
Class

Present categories[90]

1-A

Available for unrestricted military service.

1-A-0

Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.

1-C

Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service.

1-D-D

Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-D-E

Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-H

Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction. Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted. All current registrants are classified 1-H until they reach the age of exemption, when they then receive the classification of 5-A.

1-O

Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

1-O-S

Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces (including their reserve components) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

1-W

Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).

2-D

Divinity student; deferred from military service.

3-A

Hardship deferment; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families

3-A-S

Hardship deferment; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families

4-A

Registrant who has completed military service; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency.

4-B

Official deferred by law.

4-C

Alien or dual national; sometimes exempt from military service.

4-D

Ministers of religion; exempted from military service.

4-F

Registrant not acceptable for military service. This maybe because of learning disabilities, drug abuse or alcoholism, criminal record or mental health problems, being an amputee/tetraplegia, etc.

4-G

Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status.

4-T

Treaty Alien. Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country, and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States.

4-W

Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service (currently a period of 24 consecutive months).

4-A-A

Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.

text: Directors[edit]

text:
Director[93]

Tenure

Appointed by

1.
Clarence Addison Dykstra
1940-10-15 – 1941-04-01
Franklin D. Roosevelt

2.
Lewis Blaine Hershey
1941-07-31 – 1970-02-15
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Dee Ingold
1970-02-15 – 1970-04-06
(Acting)

3.
Curtis W. Tarr
1970-04-06 – 1972-05-01
Richard Nixon

Byron V. Pepitone
1972-05-01 – 1973-04-01
(Acting)

4.
Byron V. Pepitone
1973-04-02 – 1977-07-31
Richard Nixon

Robert E. Shuck
1977-08-01 – 1979-11-25
(Acting)

5.
Bernard D. Rostker
1979-11-26 – 1981-07-31
Jimmy Carter

James G. Bond
1981-08-01 – 1981-10-30
(Acting)

6.
Thomas K. Turnage
1981-10-30 – 1986-03-23
Ronald Reagan

Wilfred L. Ebel
1986-03-24 – 1987-07-08
(Acting)

Jerry D. Jennings
1987-07-09 – 1987-12-17
(Acting)

7.
Samuel K. Lessey Jr.
1987-12-18 – 1991-03-07
Ronald Reagan

8.
Robert W. Gambino
1991-03-08 – 1994-01-31
George H. W. Bush

G. Huntington Banister
1994-02-01 – 1994-10-06
(Acting)

9.
Gil Coronado
1994-10-07 – 2001-05-23
Bill Clinton

10.
Alfred V. Rascon
2001-05-24 – 2003-01-02
George W. Bush

Lewis C. Brodsky
2003-01-03 – 2004-04-28
(Acting)

Jack Martin
2004-04-29 – 2004-11-28
(Acting)

11.
William A. Chatfield
2004-11-29 – 2009-05-29
George W. Bush

Ernest E. Garcia
2009-05-29 – 2009-12-04
(Acting)

12.
Lawrence Romo
2009-12-04 – 2017-01-20
Barack Obama

Adam J. Copp
2017-01-20 – 2017-04-13
(Acting)

13.
Donald M. Benton
2017-04-13 – present
Donald Trump


document_title: Scream 2

question_text: who was the killer in scream 2 movie

question_tokens: who was the killer in scream 2 movie

root

text: Scream 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: While attending a preview of the film Stab, a film within a film based on the Woodsboro murders, Windsor College seniors Maureen Evans and Phil Stevens (Jada Pinkett and Omar Epps) are murdered by Ghostface. Phil is stabbed through the ear in a bathroom stall while trying to eavesdrop on strange whimpering noises. The killer, wearing a Ghostface costume, then returns to the screening and fatally stabs Maureen. At first the audience believes the act to be a publicity stunt until she falls dead in front of the cinema screen.

tag: p

text: The following day, the news media, including local journalist Debbie Salt (Laurie Metcalf), descend on Windsor College where Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) now studies alongside her best friend Hallie McDaniel (Elise Neal) and her new boyfriend Derek Feldman (Jerry O'Connell), fellow Woodsboro survivor Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy), and Derek's best friend Mickey Altieri (Timothy Olyphant). Two other Woodsboro survivors arrive at the campus: officer Dwight "Dewey" Riley (David Arquette) to help Sidney, and reporter Gale Weathers (Courteney Cox) to cover the case. Gale tries to stage a confrontation between Sidney and Cotton Weary (Liev Schreiber), who is attempting to gain fame from his exoneration for the murder of Sidney's mother, Maureen Prescott. After Gale forcibly confronts Sidney with Cotton, Sidney angrily hits Gale.

text: Later that evening, Sidney goes to a party with Hallie. At a sorority house, Ghostface murders fellow student Cici Cooper (Sarah Michelle Gellar). After all the partygoers leave, the killer then crashes the party and attacks Sidney, though Derek intervenes. The killer injures Derek but Dewey and the police arrive, prompting the killer to flee. The next morning, Gale discusses the case with the police. Upon realizing that Cici's real name is Casey, she concludes that the killer is a copycat who targets students who share the same names as the Woodsboro murder victims.

text: That afternoon, while Gale is talking to Dewey and Randy on the campus lawn, she receives a call from Ghostface hinting that he is watching them. They search for him, but Randy, who tries to keep the killer on the phone, is dragged into Gale's broadcast van and is murdered by Ghostface. Gale, Dewey, and Gale's cameraman Joel see blood coming from the van and find Randy's dead body inside. As night falls, Dewey and Gale review the tape of Ghostface killing Randy hoping to find some clues but the killer attacks them and seemingly kills Dewey. Gale hides and eventually escapes.

text: In the wake of the escalating murders, two officers drive Sidney and Hallie to a local police station, but the killer murders the officers. In the ensuing struggle, Ghostface is knocked unconscious. After they climb out of the car, Sidney insists on unmasking him, while Hallie insists they escape. When Sidney walks back to the car, she sees that Ghostface has escaped, who then stabs Hallie to death, forcing Sidney to flee.

text: Sidney goes back to the campus and finds Derek in the auditorium tied to a crucifix, his mouth gagged with duct tape. Once Sidney unties him, she is confronted by Ghostface, who reveals himself as Mickey and kills Derek. Mickey details his plan to become famous in the ensuing trial and media spectacle. He then announces his real partner, Debbie Salt, who arrives holding Gale at gunpoint. Sidney discovers that Debbie Salt is actually Billy Loomis' mother, seeking revenge for her son's death. Mickey explains that they met online and that Mrs. Loomis agreed to pay for Mickey's tuition fee while Mickey does the actual killing. Mrs. Loomis betrays Mickey and shoots him, as she plans to blame the murders on Mickey. Before he collapses, Mickey accidentally shoots Gale, causing her to fall off the stage.

text: Sidney and Mrs. Loomis fight, until Cotton intervenes and eventually shoots Mrs. Loomis in the throat. As they debate whether or not she is dead, they find Gale still alive. Mickey suddenly jumps to his feet, trying to attack them, only to be shot by Sidney and Gale in the head. Sidney then shoots Mrs. Loomis in the head to confirm her death. When the police arrive the next morning, Gale finds Dewey badly injured but still alive and accompanies him to the hospital. Sidney instructs the press to direct questions to Cotton, rewarding him with the fame he has been chasing while removing the attention from herself as she leaves the university campus.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Neve Campbell as Sidney Prescott
David Arquette as Dwight "Dewey" Riley
Courteney Cox as Gale Weathers
Jamie Kennedy as Randy Meeks
Jerry O'Connell as Derek Feldman
Elise Neal as Hallie McDaniel
Timothy Olyphant as Mickey Altieri
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Cici Cooper
Liev Schreiber as Cotton Weary
Laurie Metcalf as Debbie Salt
Duane Martin as Joel Jones
Jada Pinkett as Maureen Evans
Omar Epps as Phil Stevens
David Warner as Mr. Gold
Rebecca Gayheart as Lois
Portia de Rossi as Murphy
Philip Pavel as Officer Andrews
Christopher Doyle as Officer Richards

tag: ul

text: Luke Wilson and Heather Graham cameo as actors in the in-universe Stab film. Tori Spelling appears as herself, and Joshua Jackson cameos as one of Randy's classmates.

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: While writing the script for Scream, Williamson also developed two five-page treatments for potential sequels. Following the release of Scream, Williamson would confirm that he had considered a sequel concept where the character of Sidney Prescott would now be attending college and a copycat Ghostface killer would start a new series of murders. Dimension Films agreed to pursue the sequel in March 1997, by which point Williamson already had forty-two pages of the plot developed[4] which involved four different killers, Derek, Hallie, Cotton Weary, and Mrs. Loomis, who is the mother of one of the previous film's killers.[5] By July 1997, filming began on Scream 2 but after Williamson transferred his script to the production it was leaked onto the Internet in full, revealing the identity of the killers and a large amount of the involved plot.[6] This resulted in the production continuing to film with only a partial script while Williamson conducted extensive rewrites, changing much of the film's finale, the identities of the film's killers and drastically altering the roles of other characters such as Randy Meeks and Joel.[6]

text: To avoid another such incident and prevent sensitive plot details being revealed through other means, the actors were not given the last pages of the script until weeks before shooting and the pages that revealed the killer's identity were only provided on the day the scene was shot to the actors involved.[4] The short production schedule on Scream 2 and his work on other projects meant that Williamson's final script used for the film was detailed in some areas but lacking in others, with Wes Craven forced to write and develop certain scenes as they were being filmed.[7]

text: In 2017, Williamson claimed the leaked script was a "dummy draft" that was crafted specifically to avoid leaked details.[8] Williamson claimed there were three dummy ending written.

text: "They were worried the killer’s identity would be leaked, so we wrote several endings. Three in all, if memory serves, and when actors and potential crew members asked to read the script, we would send the script with the dummy ending...There was even a fake ending where Dewey was the killer. They existed as a decoy and nothing more. Extreme measures, but we really wanted to keep the killer’s identity a secret!"[8]

text: Development[edit]

text: Williamson had been contracted for two potential sequels to Scream when selling the script for the original, based on five-page proposals he attached to the script, hoping to entice prospective buyers with the fact that they were not just buying a film but a franchise,[9][10] and after a successful test screening for the original, at which Miramax executives were present, Craven was also given a contract to direct the two future films.[10] Dimension Films considered pursuing development of a sequel in January 1997 after Scream proceeded to gross more than $50 million in the first month of its release, with production being greenlit in March 1997 and an increased budget of $24 million over Scream's $15 million.[4]

text: The production of the film suffered a significant setback when the script was leaked, revealing plot details including the identity of the killers, resulting in the script being modified to change many details.[6] In an interview, Craven commented on the rushed six-month production schedule, with the film being expected ready for release on December 12, less than a year after the release of Scream, and Williamson forced to rewrite his script, pages for scenes would often only be ready on the day of filming and others lacked significant detail that forced Craven to develop them as the scenes took place.[7] Various titles were considered for the sequel at different points in the film's production, including Scream Again, Scream Louder and Scream: The Sequel before the studio decided to simply use Scream 2.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Neve Campbell had been contracted to reprise her role as heroine Sidney Prescott in a potential sequel before filming had even begun on Scream, her character being the only one from the original film guaranteed to survive and lead a new film.[12] Once production of a sequel was seen as inevitable, following the success of Scream, Dimension Films added sequel options for the actors whose character had survived the previous film; Courteney Cox as ambitious news reporter Gale Weathers, David Arquette as retired deputy sheriff Dewey Riley, Jamie Kennedy as film-geek Randy Meeks and Liev Schreiber as the man exonerated for the murder of Sidney's mother.[12] Roger L. Jackson also returned to voice the character of Ghostface.

text: Having finalized the returning principal cast from Scream, the production approached their casting for Scream 2 in a similar manner, seeking established and popular actors, largely sourcing from TV shows of the time. In interviews, the production staff of the film remarked that they found approaching and securing the talent they wanted significantly easier than it had been for Scream, considering the financial and critical success of the film but also believing the prior involvement of Drew Barrymore had lent the horror genre an element of credibility which made serious actors eager to become involved.[4]

text: New cast included Sarah Michelle Gellar as sorority sister and film fan Cici Cooper, Elise Neal as Sidney's friend and roommate Hallie, Jerry O'Connell as Sidney's boyfriend Derek, Timothy Olyphant as Mickey and Laurie Metcalf as local reporter Debbie Salt, later revealed as Mrs. Loomis, mother of Billy Loomis from Scream. Many of the actors involved in the production, including Campbell, Cox, Gellar, and O'Connell were starring in their own television series at the time, allowing the production limited availability to schedule their involvement. Gellar in particular was in-between filming of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and had only recently finished work on another Williamson-penned film, I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997). Despite the hectic scheduling, Gellar admitted in an interview that she agreed to perform in Scream 2 without having read the script because of the success of Scream.[13] Metcalf had only just finished her nine-year run on the popular sitcom Roseanne when she began work on Scream 2 and Craven was praising of her ability to portray the deranged Mrs. Loomis.[14] To obtain the role of Derek, O'Connell and other candidates had to audition by performing a scene from the film where the character sings "I Think I Love You".[14] Olyphant's involvement as Mickey was his first leading role in a feature film. Despite scheduling difficulties, Craven took their desire to participate in the film despite their workload as a compliment to the film's quality.[4]

text: The cast was rounded out by Lewis Arquette, father of David Arquette, as a local Sheriff in charge of investigating the new murders, Duane Martin as Gale's cameraman Joel, Jada Pinkett and Omar Epps as Maureen Evans and Phil Stevens, patrons of the fictional "Stab" film who become the film's opening victims, and Portia de Rossi and Rebecca Gayheart as sorority sisters Murphy and Lois. Gayheart had auditioned for the role of Tatum Riley in Scream and auditioned multiple times for Scream 2 for the roles of Cici Cooper, Hallie and Maureen Evans before obtaining her eventual role.[13] Minor roles were filled by Chris Doyle and Philip Pavel as Officer Richards and Officer Andrews, assigned to protect Sidney, veteran actor David Warner as Sidney's drama teacher, and Nancy O'Dell as an unnamed reporter who would reprise the role in future installments of the series. Tori Spelling, Luke Wilson and Heather Graham played themselves as characters in the "Stab" films; credited as Stab Sidney, Stab Billy and Stab Casey respectively. Spelling was cast based on a sarcastic remark by Campbell's character in Scream that she would be played by Spelling in a movie based on her life. Craven remarked that she was a "good sport" about the joke and happy to take part.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Scream 2 took place over nine week period and on a budget of $24 million. Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles were used to represent the state of Ohio, where the fictional Windsor College is situated in Scream 2, with filming taking place largely in Los Angeles and over four weeks in Atlanta. The opening scene featuring the premiere of the fictional "Stab" film was filmed over three days in the Vista theater on Sunset Drive, Hollywood, the exterior represented by the Rialto theater in South Pasadena, California.[15] Due to the large number of extras present in the scene, full details of what occurred were leaked onto the Internet shortly after filming completed which Craven cited as the production's first experience of a major plot leak.[14] The sorority homes used by the character Cici Cooper and a nearby party were also filmed in Pasadena, east of Los Angeles.[15] The fictional "Stab" film itself was filmed in Malibu, California.[15] Agnes Scott College, just outside Atlanta,[16] and UCLA in Los Angeles were used to represent the fictional Windsor College which appears in the film.[14]

text: Following a script leak early into filming, security around the production was significantly increased, with a focus on closed filmsets and strict restriction on what personnel could be present during filming and have access to the script, with all present required to sign non-disclosure agreements. The script itself was reprinted on specialty paper to prevent photocopying and was often destroyed after use.[9]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Craven had difficulties passing Scream through the film-rating body MPAA to receive an R-rating to help the film remain commercially viable,[17] sending eight different cuts and requiring the direct intervention of Dimension Films founder Bob Weinstein to eventually get the necessary rating to release the film without significant cuts.[18]

text: Eager to avoid the same experience on Scream 2, Craven attempted to manipulate the MPAA by sending them a version of the film that had been edited to focus on and enhance the gore and violence present beyond what they actually wanted in the film, including reusing a clip of Omar Epps' character being stabbed in the ear three times, instead of only once as seen in the final film, and an extended scene of Randy Meeks death that showed his throat being slashed.  Craven's reasoning was that the parts of the film they wished to keep would be more acceptable when viewed with the enhanced violence and so the MPAA would force them to remove the footage they already did not want to keep while passing the content they did want. However, the MPAA granted Scream 2 an R-rating for the more violent cut as they believed the underlying message of the film was significant enough to warrant the violence.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: Marco Beltrami returned to helm the score for Scream 2 though there would be a late inclusion by Danny Elfman in the form of the choral track "Cassandra Aria" which plays during a scene where Campbell's character performs in a play and again in the film's finale as "Cassandra Aria Reprise". Excerpts from the score of the 1996 film Broken Arrow by Hans Zimmer appeared in the film, in particular guitar work by Duane Eddy, for the character 'Dewey', replacing the tracks that had been developed for the character from the original Scream score. Beltrami would explain in an interview that the Zimmer piece was used as a placeholder for Beltrami's incomplete score during a test screening. The test audience reaction to it influenced the studio to keep the Zimmer piece, reducing "Dewey's Theme", which Beltrami had composed to fill its place, to minor use during more serious scenes involving the character.[14][19] In 1998 Varèse Sarabande released a 30-minute album with music from Scream and Scream 2, and in 2016 Scream 2: The Deluxe Edition was released including the Elfman material and the complete Beltrami score.

text: Release[edit]

text: Scream 2 held its premiere on December 10, 1997 at Graumans Chinese Theater in Hollywood[20] followed by a general release on December 12, 1997, less than a year after the release of Scream.  After the unexpected success of Scream, by late 1997, Scream 2 was considered such a potential box office success that the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies and James Cameron's future hit Titanic were moved from their release date of December 12 to December 19 so as to not face the film as competition.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Scream 2 opened in 2,663 theaters and took $32,926,342 on its opening weekend in box-office receipts, a $27 million increase over Scream, and went on to take $101,122,258 in the US with, as of 2011, a worldwide lifetime gross of $172,363,301.[21] Scream 2 enjoyed financial success on par with Scream despite its rapid production time and issues with script rewrites, their worldwide box office takings deviating from each other by less than $1 million; Scream with $173,046,663[22] and Scream 2 with $172,363,301.[21]  However, the film saw its US takings perform lower than the original's while its foreign takings increased.[21][22] Scream 2 is currently the 520th highest-grossing film worldwide,[23] behind Scream but ahead of Scream 3 and is the second highest-grossing film in the slasher genre, again behind Scream but ahead of Scream 3.[24] Scream 2 was the 21st highest-grossing film of 1997 despite competition from blockbuster films such as Titanic and Men in Black.[21]

text: With $33 million, Scream 2 broke December opening weekend records for its box-office takings and held the record until December 15, 2000, being replaced by What Women Want (2000).[7][25]

text:
Release date(United States)

Budget(estimated)

Box office revenue

Box office ranking

United States

Foreign

Worldwide

Release year

All time U.S.

All time worldwide

December 12, 1997

$24,000,000[26]

$101,363,301[21]

$71,000,000[21]

$172,363,301[21]

#21[21]

#499[21]

#579[23]

Note(s)

Box office ranking accurate as of October 2012.

tag: table

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Scream 2 has an approval rating of 81% based on 74 reviews and an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "As with the first film, Scream 2 is a gleeful takedown of scary movie conventions that manages to poke fun at terrible horror sequels without falling victim to the same fate."[27] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 63 out of 100 based 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[28] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[29]

text: Both Gene Siskel and the New York Times' Janet Maslin gave the sequel positive reviews despite their negative response to Scream; Maslin remarked that Scream 2 almost works as straight satire. It's so sharp—pardon the expression—that no pretty young things absolutely had to die."[30] Roger Ebert stated the film was "about as good as the original" but lamented that "[Scream 2] is gorier than the original, and that distracts from the witty screenplay."[31] Time Out London was mixed in its response, calling the film superior to most other horror films but poor in comparison to Scream,[32] while Variety, scathing of Scream before its release, positively received the sequel, saying "[characters] ponder whether any sequel ever topped the original. Scream 2 is certainly worthy of being part of that debate."[33] Empire's Kim Newman echoed this sentiment saying "Some great comic—and terrifying—moments, but suffers for not being as original as the original" remarking that though the film had the same elements that made Scream a success, they were no longer surprising for having been in Scream.[34]

text: There was however criticism over the death of the character Randy Meeks played by Kennedy. John Muir, author of Wes Craven: The Art of Horror called the character's death the "most devastating moment of the sequel" and a "bad call" but praised the development of the other surviving characters from Scream, calling Cox, Arquette and Campbell's characters "beloved".[11] In contrast, Muir criticized all of the new characters in Scream 2, believing they never attained the same depth of the Scream cast because of Scream 2's focus on increasing the body count and violence over the original, saying that the film's killer could literally be anyone as the audience is never provided with enough information about the new characters to form an opinion about them.[11] Ebert also commented upon this, saying "there is no way to guess who's doing the killing, and everyone who seems suspicious is (almost) sure to be innocent".[35]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Scream 2 won few awards compared to its predecessor with Campbell again receiving the most nominations and wins, having won two awards on Scream. She received a Saturn Award for Best Actress nomination and went on to win an Best Female Performance.[36]  Despite having only a brief cameo appearance as "Sidney Prescott" in the film within a film "Stab" shown in Scream 2, Tori Spelling became one of the nominees for a 1997 Razzie Award for Worst New Star.[37] The film also received Saturn Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress for Courteney Cox and Best Horror Film for Scream 2 itself.

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result

1998

Saturn Award

Best Actress

Neve Campbell

Nominated

Best Horror Film

Scream 2

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Courteney Cox

Nominated

MTV Movie Award

Best Female Performance

Neve Campbell

Won

Razzie Award

Worst New Star

Tori Spelling

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: Scream 2 was released in US territories on VHS on December 1, 1998[38] by Buena Vista Home Entertainment (distributed in Canada by Alliance Atlantis). Scream 2 was released on DVD for the first time in the US on July 22, 1998[39] with a Collector's Edition following on August 7, 2001. The Collector's Edition featured additional material including outtakes, deleted scenes, the films theatrical trailer, music videos of songs featured in the film and directors' commentary. Both releases were undertaken by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Following the release of then series finale Scream 3, the three films were collected in "The Ultimate Scream Collection" by Dimension Films on September 26, 2000, in a boxset containing "Behind the Scream", a short documentary about the production of the three films and additional material including screentests of actors involved in the films, outtakes and deleted scenes.

text: Scream 2 remained unreleased in foreign territories including Europe and Japan until 2001 where it was released simultaneously with Scream and Scream 3 on February 26 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment.[citation needed] Each film contained the additional content found in the Collector's Edition version of their US release including deleted scenes, outtakes, theatrical trailers, music videos and commentary from each respective films crew.[40][41][42] Additionally, the three films were collected together in a single pack, again released on February 26 and released as "Scream Trilogy".[43]

text: Scream 2 was released individually and in a collection with Scream and Scream 3 on Blu-ray Disc on March 29, 2011, two weeks prior to the theatrical release of Scream 4, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. In addition to the films, each release contained audio commentary, theatrical trailers and behind-the-scenes footage.[44]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Scream 2: Music from the Dimension Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleased
November 18, 1997Recorded
1970-1997Genre
R&B, Rap and RockLength
1:02:09Label
CapitolScream soundtrack chronology

Scream: Music from the Dimension Motion Picture(1996)Scream: Music from the Dimension Motion Picture1996

Scream 2: Music from the Dimension Motion Picture(1997)

Scream 3: The Album(2000)Scream 3: The Album2000

text: The Scream 2 original soundtrack was released November 18, 1997 by Capitol Records, a division of EMI. The soundtrack consists of 15 songs by various artists from the R&B, Rap and Rock genres, all but two of which - "One More Chance" and "The Race" - appear in the film. The album spent ten weeks on the Billboard 200, rising as high as #50,[45] performing significantly better than the Scream original soundtrack which never charted.[46] Music guide AllMusic however scored the album lower than its predecessor, awarding it only 2 stars out of 5.[47] AllMusic's Stephen Erlewine was highly critical of the album, believing the content was an attempt to compensate for the previous films lack of a hit soundtrack, but the attempt had failed, creating an "uneven" album of songs not "good enough to make [the artists'] own albums", awarding it only 2 stars out of 5.[47]  Only one song featured in the film did not appear on the album, the original work, "Take Away the Fear", written and performed by Craven's own daughter Jessica Craven and Mike Mancini, which plays on a TV during an early scene in a sorority house involving Sarah Michelle Gellar. On February 4, 1998 Scream 2: Music from the Dimension Motion Picture was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, signifying that the album achieved sales in excess of 500,000 units.[48]

text: Scream 2: Music from the Dimension Motion PictureNo.TitleWriter(s)ArtistLength1."Scream"Master PMaster P, Silkk The Shocker3:302."Suburban Life"Kottonmouth Kings and AK BrothersKottonmouth Kings3:343."Rivers"Sugar Ray and McGSugar Ray2:504."She's Always in My Hair"PrinceD'Angelo6:195."Help Myself"David J MatthewsDave Matthews Band4:316."She Said"Ed RolandCollective Soul4:517."Right Place, Wrong Time"Malcolm "Mac" Rebennack aka Dr. JohnThe Jon Spencer Blues Explosion3:168."Dear Lover"Dave Grohl, Pat Smear and Nate MendelFoo Fighters4:339."Eyes of Sand"Emerson Hart and TonicTonic4:1610."The Swing"Art Alexakis and EverclearEverclear2:5911."I Think I Love You"Tony RomeoLess Than Jake2:0312."Your Lucky Day in Hell"E and Mark GoldenbergEels4:2613."Red Right Hand"Mick Harvey, Nick Cave, and Thomas WydlerNick Cave and the Bad Seeds8:2314."One More Chance"Kelly and T SmoovKelly4:1415."The Race"David Arquette, Gabe Cowan, and Sammy MusicEar20002:03Total length:1:02:09

text: Score[edit]

text: The Scream 2 original score was, as in Scream, developed by Marco Beltrami and was released on July 14, 1998 by Varèse Sarabande on a CD which also contained tracks from the score of Scream entitled "Scream/Scream 2".[49]  The commercially released score for both films was found to be lacking many pieces heard in either film, consisting of only nine tracks – "Stage Fright Requiem", "Love Turns Sour", "Cici Creepies", "Deputy for a Friend", "Hollow Parting", "Dewpoint/Stabbed", "Hairtrigger Lunatic", "Sundown Search" and "It's Over, Sid" – with a runtime of only 17 minutes, compared to nearly 90 minutes of score developed for the film and the more common 30–45 minutes of music found in other original scores.[49]  The release was also found to be missing the track "Cassandra Aria" by Danny Elfman, described by soundtrack-review site Filmtracks as "a frenzied, choral-enhanced three minutes".[50]  The length of the released score was considered disappointing with some reviews considering the track omissions the result of the high fees required to be paid to composers in order to release their music commercially.[49]

text: The influence of several other famous composers could be heard in the score including Hans Zimmer, Elliot Goldenthal, Ennio Morricone and Christopher Young. In particular excerpts of the Hans Zimmer's score to Broken Arrow, particularly the tracks "Brothers" and "Secure", featuring guitar work by Duane Eddy, would become a component of the theme tune of the character Dewey Riley. Filmtracks was complimentary to the score, appreciating Beltrami's evolution of his work in Scream but remarked that the most memorable music of the film would be from other composers, Elfman's contribution "Cassandra Aria" and the samples from Zimmer's score, finding the replacement of Beltrami's work for the Dewey character with Zimmer's work "effective". Ultimately, the album was called unsatisfying without Elfman's piece and it was awarded 2 stars out of 5.[50] The music guide AllMusic was more complimentary of Beltrami's contribution, saying the score "perfectly captured the post-modern, hip scare-ride of the Scream movies", and awarded it 3 stars out of 5.[47]


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: which male tennis player has won wimbledon the most

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the first two weeks of July (as of July 2017, prior to this it was last week in June and 1st week in July) and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, winning Wimbledon seven times. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for the  most Gentlemen's Singles titles with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) share the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]

Country

Champion

Country

Runner-up

Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Spencer Gore
 BRI
William Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Frank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Spencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
John Hartley ◊
 BRI
Vere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
John Hartley †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
William Renshaw ‡
 BRI
John Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Herbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
William Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Willoughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
William Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Joshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Joshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Joshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Joshua Pim †
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Wilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Harold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Reginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Harold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Laurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Arthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Sydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Arthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Reginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Laurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 AUS
Norman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Norman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Arthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Herbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Arthur Gore †
 BRI
Major Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Anthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 BRI
Herbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 USA
Maurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Norman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Anthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Gerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Norman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Bill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Gerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Bill Tilden †
 SAF
Brian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Gerald Patterson
 BRI
Randolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Bill Johnston
 USA
Francis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Jean Borotra
 FRA
René Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
René Lacoste
 FRA
Jean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Jean Borotra
 USA
Howard Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Henri Cochet
 FRA
Jean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
René Lacoste
 FRA
Henri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Henri Cochet
 FRA
Jean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Bill Tilden
 USA
Wilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Sidney Wood
 USA
Frank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Ellsworth Vines
 GBR
Bunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Jack Crawford
 USA
Ellsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Fred Perry
 AUS
Jack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Fred Perry
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Fred Perry
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Don Budge
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Don Budge
 GBR
Bunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Bobby Riggs
 USA
Elwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Yvon Petra
 AUS
Geoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Jack Kramer
 USA
Tom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Bob Falkenburg
 AUS
John Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Ted Schroeder
 TCH
Jaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Budge Patty
 AUS
Frank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Dick Savitt
 AUS
Ken McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Frank Sedgman
 EGY
Jaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Vic Seixas
 DEN
Kurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Jaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Tony Trabert
 DEN
Kurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Lew Hoad
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Lew Hoad
 AUS
Ashley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Ashley Cooper
 AUS
Neale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 PER[j]
Alex Olmedo
 AUS
Rod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Neale Fraser
 AUS
Rod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Rod Laver
 USA
Chuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
Martin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
Chuck McKinley
 AUS
Fred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Roy Emerson
 AUS
Fred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Roy Emerson
 AUS
Fred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Manuel Santana
 USA
Dennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
John Newcombe
 FRG
Wilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]

Country

Champion

Country

Runner-up

Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
Tony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
John Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
John Newcombe
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
John Newcombe
 USA
Stan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Stan Smith
 ROM
Ilie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Jan Kodeš
 URS
Alex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Jimmy Connors
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Arthur Ashe
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Björn Borg
 ROM
Ilie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Jimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Roscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
John McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
John McEnroe
 SWE
Björn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Jimmy Connors
 USA
John McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
John McEnroe
 NZL
Chris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
John McEnroe
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Boris Becker
 USA[n]
Kevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Boris Becker
 TCH
Ivan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Pat Cash
 TCH
Ivan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
 FRG
Boris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Boris Becker
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
 FRG
Boris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Michael Stich
 GER
Boris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Andre Agassi
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Pete Sampras
 USA
Jim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Pete Sampras
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Pete Sampras
 GER
Boris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Richard Krajicek
 USA
MaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Pete Sampras
 FRA
Cédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Pete Sampras
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Pete Sampras
 USA
Andre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Pete Sampras
 AUS
Patrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
 AUS
Patrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Lleyton Hewitt
 ARG
David Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Roger Federer
 AUS
Mark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Roger Federer
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Roger Federer
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
  SUI
Roger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
 CZE
Tomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Roger Federer
 GBR
Andy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Andy Murray
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
  SUI
Roger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
  SUI
Roger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Andy Murray
 CAN
Milos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Roger Federer
 CRO
Marin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

2018
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
 RSA
Kevin Anderson
6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player

Open Era

Amateur Era

All-time

Years

 Roger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 William Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Pete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Laurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Björn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Reginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Anthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Rod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Novak Djokovic (SRB)
4
0
4
2011, 2014, 2015, 2018

 Wilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Arthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Bill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Fred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 John Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 John McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Boris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 John Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Joshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Norman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Gerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Jean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 René Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Henri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Don Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Lew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Roy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Jimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Stefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Rafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Andy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country

Amateur Era

Open Era

All-time

First title

Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
18
15
33
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
4
4
2011
2018

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤


document_title: List of Buffalo Bills first-round draft picks

question_text: who did the buffalo bills pick in the first round draft

text: The Buffalo Bills are an American football franchise based in Orchard Park, New York. They are members of the American Football Conference (AFC) East division in the National Football League (NFL).[1]

text: Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as "the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. The NFL Draft, as a whole, gives the advantage to the teams that did poorly the previous season. The 30 teams that did not make the Super Bowl are ranked in order so the team with the worst record picks first and the team with the best record pick last. The two exceptions to this inverse order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion selects 32nd overall, and the Super Bowl loser selects 31st overall. If the franchise so chooses, they may trade their draft picks for any combination of draft picks, players, and money.[2]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Table key

^

Indicates the player was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

—

The Bills did not draft a player in the first round that year.

Year

Each year links to an article about that particular NFL Draft.

Pick

Indicates the number of the pick within the first round

Position

Indicates the position of the player in the NFL

College

The player's college football team

text: Player selections[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills first-round draft picks

Year

Pick

Player name

Position

College

Notes

1966

8

Mike Dennis

RB

Ole Miss

1967

22

John Pitts

S

Arizona State

1968

9

Haven Moses

WR

San Diego State

1969

1

O.J. Simpson  ^

RB

USC

1970

5

Al Cowlings

DT

Southern California

1971

4

J. D. Hill

WR

Arizona State

1972

1

Walt Patulski

DE

Notre Dame

1973

7

Paul Seymour

TE

Michigan

1973

26

Joe DeLamielleure  ^

G

Michigan State

1974

18

Reuben Gant

TE

Oklahoma State

1975

19

Tom Ruud

LB

Nebraska

1976

18

Mario Clark

DB

Oregon

1977

12

Phil Dokes

DT

Oklahoma State

1978

5

Terry Miller

RB

Oklahoma State

1979

1

Tom Cousineau

LB

Ohio State

1979

5

Jerry Butler

WR

Clemson

1980

16

Jim Ritcher

C

North Carolina State

1981

28

Booker Moore

RB

Penn State

1982

19

Perry Tuttle

WR

Clemson

1983

12

Tony Hunter

TE

Notre Dame

1983

14

Jim Kelly  ^

QB

Miami (FL)

1984

26

Greg Bell

RB

Notre Dame

1985

1

Bruce Smith  ^

DE

Virginia Tech

1985

14

Derrick Burroughs

DB

Memphis State

1986

16

Ronnie Harmon

RB

Iowa

1986

20

Will Wolford

OT

Vanderbilt

1987

8

Shane Conlan

LB

Penn State

1988

—

— No pick

—

—

1989

—

— No pick

—

—

1990

16

James Williams

DB

Fresno State

1991

26

Henry Jones

DB

Illinois

1992

27

John Fina

OT

Arizona

1993

28

Thomas Smith

DB

North Carolina

1994

27

Jeff Burris

DB

Notre Dame

1995

14

Ruben Brown

G

Pittsburgh

1996

24

Eric Moulds

WR

Mississippi State

1997

23

Antowain Smith

RB

Houston

1998

—

— No pick

—

—

1999

23

Antoine Winfield

DB

Ohio State

2000

26

Erik Flowers

DE

Arizona State

2001

21

Nate Clements

DB

Ohio State

2002

4

Mike Williams

OT

Texas

2003

23

Willis McGahee

RB

Miami (FL)

2004

13

Lee Evans

WR

Wisconsin

2004

22

J. P. Losman

QB

Tulane

2005

—

— No pick

—

—

2006

8

Donte Whitner

S

Ohio State

2006

26

John McCargo

DT

North Carolina State

2007

12

Marshawn Lynch

RB

California

2008

11

Leodis McKelvin

DB

Troy

2009

11

Aaron Maybin

DE

Penn State

2009

28

Eric Wood

C

Louisville

2010

9

C.J. Spiller

RB

Clemson

2011

3

Marcell Dareus

DT

Alabama

2012

10

Stephon Gilmore

CB

South Carolina

2013

16

EJ Manuel

QB

Florida State

2014

4

Sammy Watkins

WR

Clemson

2015

—

— No pick

—

—

[3]

2016

19

Shaq Lawson

DE

Clemson

2017

27

Tre'Davious White

CB

LSU

2018

7

Josh Allen

QB

Wyoming

2018

16

Tremaine Edmunds

LB

Virginia Tech