document_title: Kargil War

question_text: who is the army chief of pakistan at the time of kargil war

question_tokens: who is the army chief of pakistan at the time of kargil war

text: Kargil War

text: Location

text: Before the Partition of India in 1947, Kargil was part of the Baltistan district of Ladakh, a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic, ethnic and religious groups, living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world's highest mountains. The First Kashmir War (1947–48) concluded with the LOC bisecting the Baltistan district, with the town and district of Kargil lying on the Indian side in the Ladakh subdivision of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[28] After Pakistan's defeat in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.[29]

text: The town of Kargil is located 205 km (127 mi) from Srinagar, facing the Northern Areas across the LOC.[30] Like other areas in the Himalayas, Kargil has a continental climate. Summers are cool with frigid nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to −48 °C (−54 °F).[31]

text: An Indian national highway (NH 1D) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil. The area that witnessed the infiltration and fighting is a 160 km long stretch of ridges overlooking this only road linking Srinagar and Leh.[23] The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) high, with a few as high as 5,485 metres (18,000 ft).[32] Apart from the district capital, Kargil, the populated areas near the front line in the conflict included the Mushko Valley and the town of Drass, southwest of Kargil, as well as the Batalik sector and other areas, northeast of Kargil.

text: Kargil was targeted partly because the terrain was conducive to the preemptive seizure of several unoccupied military positions.[33] With tactically vital features and well-prepared defensive posts atop the peaks, a defender on the high ground would enjoy advantages akin to a fortress. Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in mountain warfare requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders,[34] and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures.[35]

text: Kargil is just 173 km (107 mi) from the Pakistani-controlled town of Skardu, which was capable of providing logistical and artillery support to Pakistani combatants. A road between Kargil and Skardu exists, which was closed in 1949.[36]

text: Background

text: After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, there had been a long period with relatively few direct armed conflicts involving the military forces of the two neighbours – notwithstanding the efforts of both nations to control the Siachen Glacier by establishing military outposts on the surrounding mountains ridges and the resulting military skirmishes in the 1980s.[37] During the 1990s, however, escalating tensions and conflict due to separatist activities in Kashmir, some of which were supported by Pakistan,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] as well as the conducting of nuclear tests by both countries in 1998, led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere. In an attempt to defuse the situation, both countries signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999, promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the Kashmir conflict.

text: During the winter of 1998–1999, some elements of the Pakistani Armed Forces were covertly training and sending Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces, some allegedly in the guise of mujahideen, into territory on the Indian side of the LOC. The infiltration was codenamed "Operation Badr";[45][46][47] its aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier, thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute. Pakistan also believed that any tension in the region would internationalise the Kashmir issue, helping it to secure a speedy resolution. Yet another goal may have been to boost the morale of the decade-long rebellion in Indian Administered Kashmir by taking a proactive role.

text: Pakistani Lieutenant general Shahid Aziz, and then head of ISI analysis wing, has confirmed there were no mujahideen but only regular Pakistan Army soldiers who took part in the Kargil War.[48] "There were no Mujahideen, only taped wireless messages, which fooled no one. Our soldiers were made to occupy barren ridges, with hand held weapons and ammunition", Lt Gen Aziz wrote in his article in The Nation daily in January 2013.[49]

text: Some writers have speculated that the operation's objective may also have been retaliation for India's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier.[50]

text: According to India's then army chief Ved Prakash Malik, and many scholars,[51][52] much of the background planning, including construction of logistical supply routes, had been undertaken much earlier. On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s, the army had given Pakistani leaders (Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region, but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all-out war.[53][54][55]

text: Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998.[45][56] After the war, Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict, claimed that he was unaware of the plans, and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee, his counterpart in India.[57] Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and "just two or three of his cronies",[58] a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals, including Musharraf, knew of the plan.[53][59] Musharraf, however, asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee's journey to Lahore on 20 February.[60]

text: War progress

text: Conflict events

text:
Date (1999)

Event[61][62][63]

3 May
Pakistani intrusion in Kargil reported by local shepherds

5 May
Indian Army patrol sent up; Five Indian soldiers captured and tortured to death.

9 May
Heavy shelling by Pakistan Army damages ammunition dump in Kargil

10 May
Infiltrations first noticed in Dras, Kaksar, and Mushkoh sectors

Mid-May
Indian Army moves in more troops from Kashmir Valley to Kargil Sector

26 May
IAF launches air strikes against infiltrators

27 May
IAF loses two fighters – MiG-21 and MiG-27;. Flt Lt Nachiketa taken POW

28 May
IAF MI-17 shot down by Pakistan; four air crew dead

1 June
Pakistan steps up attacks; bombs NH 1A

5 June
Indian Army releases documents recovered from three Pakistani soldiers indicating Pakistan's involvement

6 June
Indian Army launches major offensive in Kargil

9 June
Indian Army re-captures two key positions in the Batalic sector

11 June
India releases intercepts of conversation between Pakistani Army Chief Gen Pervez Musharraf, while on a visit to China and Chief of General Staff Lt Gen Aziz Khan in Rawalpindi, as proof of Pakistani Army's involvement

13 June
Indian Army secures Tololing in Dras

15 June
U.S. President Bill Clinton, in a telephonic conversation, asks Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to pull out from Kargil

29 June
Indian Army captures two vital posts: Point 5060 and Point 5100 near Tiger Hill

2 July
Indian Army launches three-pronged attack in Kargil

4 July
Indian Army recaptures Tiger Hill after an 11-hour battle

5 July
Indian Army takes control of Dras. Sharif announces Pakistani army's withdrawal from Kargil following his meeting with Clinton

7 July
India recaptures Jubar Heights in Batalik

11 July
Pakistan begins pullout; India captures key peaks in Batalik

14 July
Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declares Operation Vijay a success. Government sets condition for talks with Pakistan

26 July
Kargil conflict officially comes to an end. Indian Army announces complete eviction of Pakistani intruders.

text: There were three major phases to the Kargil War. First, Pakistan infiltrated forces into the Indian-controlled section of Kashmir and occupied strategic locations enabling it to bring NH1 within range of its artillery fire. The next stage consisted of India discovering the infiltration and mobilising forces to respond to it. The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the territories[64][65] held by Pakistani forces and the subsequent withdrawal of Pakistani forces back across the Line of Control after international pressure.

text: Occupation by Pakistan

text: During February 1999, the Pakistan Army sent forces to occupy some posts on the Indian side of the LOC.[66] Troops from the elite Special Services Group as well as four to seven battalions[67][68] of the Northern Light Infantry (a paramilitary regiment not part of the regular Pakistani army at that time) covertly and overtly set up bases on the vantage points of the Indian-controlled region. According to some reports, these Pakistani forces were backed by Kashmiri guerrillas and Afghan mercenaries.[69] According to General Ved Malik, the bulk of the infiltration occurred in April 1999.[70]

text: Pakistani intrusions took place in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley, along the Marpo La ridgeline in Dras, in Kaksar near Kargil, in the Batalik sector east of the Indus River, on the heights above of the Chorbatla sector where the LOC turns North and in the Turtok sector south of the Siachen area.

text: India discovers infiltration and mobilises

text: Initially, these incursions were not detected for a number of reasons: Indian patrols were not sent into some of the areas infiltrated by the Pakistani forces and heavy artillery fire by Pakistan in some areas provided cover for the infiltrators. But by the second week of May, the ambushing of an Indian patrol team led by Capt Saurabh Kalia, who acted on a tip-off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector, led to the exposure of the infiltration.[71] Initially, with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the infiltration, the Indian troops in the area assumed that the infiltrators were jihadis and claimed that they would evict them within a few days. Subsequent discovery of infiltration elsewhere along the LOC, and the difference in tactics employed by the infiltrators, caused the Indian army to realise that the plan of attack was on a much bigger scale. The total area seized by the ingress is generally accepted to between 130 km² – 200 km²;[59][67][72]

text: The Government of India responded with Operation Vijay, a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops. However, because of the nature of the terrain, division and corps operations could not be mounted; subsequent fighting was conducted mostly at the regimental or battalion level. In effect, two divisions of the Indian Army,[73] numbering 20,000, plus several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone. The total number of Indian soldiers that were involved in the military operation on the Kargil-Drass sector was thus close to 30,000. The number of infiltrators, including those providing logistical backup, has been put at approximately 5,000 at the height of the conflict.[23][59][69] This figure includes troops from Pakistan-administered Kashmir who provided additional artillery support.

text: The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar in support of the mobilisation of Indian land forces, but its effectiveness during the war was limited by the high altitude and weather conditions, which in turn limited bomb loads and the number of airstrips that could be used.

text: Naval action

text: The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports (primarily the Karachi port)[74] to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar.[75][76][77][78] The Indian Navy's western and eastern fleets joined in the North Arabian Sea and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan's sea trade. This exploited Pakistan's dependence on sea-based oil and trade flows.[79] Later, then-Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full-scale war had broken out.[23][80][81][82]

text: India attacks Pakistani positions

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text: The terrain of Kashmir is mountainous and at high altitudes; even the best roads, such as National Highway 1D from Leh to Srinagar, are only two lanes. The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic, and the high altitude, which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads, made control of NH 1D (the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire) a priority for India. From their observation posts, the Pakistani forces had a clear line-of-sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1D, inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians.[83] This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route.[84] The Pakistani shelling of the arterial road posed the threat of Leh being cut off, though an alternative (and longer) road to Leh existed via Himachal Pradesh.

text: The infiltrators, apart from being equipped with small arms and grenade launchers, were also armed with mortars, artillery and anti-aircraft guns. Many posts were also heavily mined, with India later stating to have recovered more than 8,000 anti-personnel mines according to an ICBL report.[85] Pakistan's reconnaissance was done through unmanned aerial vehicles and AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radars supplied by the US.[86] The initial Indian attacks were aimed at controlling the hills overlooking NH 1D, with high priority being given to the stretches of the highway near the town of Kargil. The majority of posts along the Line of Control were adjacent to the highway, and therefore the recapture of nearly every infiltrated post increased both the territorial gains and the security of the highway. The protection of this route and the recapture of the forward posts were thus ongoing objectives throughout the war.

text: The Indian Army's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1D. This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras, which dominated the Srinagar-Leh route.[87] This was soon followed by the Batalik-Turtok sub-sector which provided access to Siachen Glacier. Some of the peaks that were of vital strategic importance to the Pakistani defensive troops were Point 4590 and Point 5353. While 4590 was the nearest point that had a view of NH 1D, point 5353 was the highest feature in the Dras sector, allowing the Pakistani troops to observe NH 1D.[88] The recapture of Point 4590 by Indian troops on 14 June was significant, notwithstanding the fact that it resulted in the Indian Army suffering the most casualties in a single battle during the conflict.[89] Though most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared by mid-June, some parts of the highway near Drass witnessed sporadic shelling until the end of the war.

text: Once India regained control of the hills overlooking NH 1D, the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control. The Battle of Tololing, amongst other assaults, slowly tilted the combat in India's favour. The Pakistani troops at Tololing were aided by Pakistani fighters from Kashmir. Some of the posts put up a stiff resistance, including Tiger Hill (Point 5140) that fell only later in the war. Indian troops found well-entrenched Pakistani soldiers at Tiger Hill, and both sides suffered heavy casualties. After a final assault on the peak in which ten Pakistani soldiers and five Indian soldiers were killed, Tiger Hill finally fell. A few of the assaults occurred atop hitherto unheard of peaks – most of them unnamed with only Point numbers to differentiate them – which witnessed fierce hand to hand combat.

text: As the operation was fully underway, about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the line-of-sight. The Bofors FH-77B field howitzer played a vital role, with Indian gunners making maximum use of the terrain. However, its success was limited elsewhere due to the lack of space and depth to deploy it.

text: It was in this type of terrain that aerial attacks were used with limited effectiveness. French made Mirage 2000H of the IAF were tasked to drop laser-guided bombs to destroy well-entrenched positions of the Pakistani forces.[23] The IAF lost a MiG-27 strike aircraft, which it attributed to an engine failure, and a MiG-21 fighter which was shot down by Pakistan; initially Pakistan said it shot down both jets after they crossed into its territory.[90] One Indian Mi-8 helicopter was also lost due to Stinger SAMs. On 27 May 1999, Flt. Lt. Nachiketa developed engine trouble in the Batalik sector and bailed out of his craft. Sqn Ldr Ajay Ahuja went out of his way to locate his comrade but was shot down by a shoulder-fired Stinger missile. According to reports, he had bailed out of his stricken plane safely but was apparently killed by his captors as his body was returned riddled with bullet wounds.[23]

text: In many vital points, neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistani soldiers, who were out of visible range. The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet (5,500 m). Since any daylight attack would be suicidal, all the advances had to be made under the cover of darkness, escalating the risk of freezing. Accounting for the wind chill factor, the temperatures were often as low as −15 °C to −11 °C (12 °F to 5 °F) near the mountain tops. Based on military tactics, much of the costly frontal assaults by the Indians could have been avoided if the Indian Military had chosen to blockade the supply route of the opposing force, creating a siege. Such a move would have involved the Indian troops crossing the LoC as well as initiating aerial attacks on Pakistani soil, a manoeuvre India was not willing to exercise fearing an expansion of the theatre of war and reduced international support for its cause.

text: Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators;[64][65] according to the official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all the high ground were back under Indian control.[45]

text: Withdrawal and final battles

text: Following the outbreak of armed fighting, Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict. Bruce Riedel, who was then an aide to President Bill Clinton, reported that US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict. However, President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the Line of Control.[91] Following the Washington accord of 4 July 1999, when Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt, but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LOC. In addition, the United Jihad Council (an umbrella for extremist groups) rejected Pakistan's plan for a climb-down, instead deciding to fight on.[92]

text: The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on 26 July. The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day) in India. By the end of the war, Pakistan had to withdraw under international pressure and due to pressure from continued fighting at battle front and left India in control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control, as was established in July 1972 as per the Simla Agreement.[93]

text: World opinion

text: Pakistan was criticised by other countries for instigating the war, as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Line of Control.[94] Pakistan's primary diplomatic response, one of plausible deniability linking the incursion to what it officially termed as "Kashmiri freedom fighters", was in the end not successful.[95] Veteran analysts argued that the battle was fought at heights where only seasoned troops could survive, so poorly equipped "freedom fighters" would neither have the ability nor the wherewithal to seize land and defend it. Moreover, while the army had initially denied the involvement of its troops in the intrusion, two soldiers were awarded the Nishan-E-Haider (Pakistan's highest military honour). Another 90 soldiers were also given gallantry awards, most of them posthumously, confirming Pakistan's role in the episode. India also released taped phone conversations between the Army Chief and a senior Pakistani general where the latter is recorded saying: "the scruff of [the militants] necks is in our hands",[96] although Pakistan dismissed it as a "total fabrication". Concurrently, Pakistan made several contradicting statements, confirming its role in Kargil, when it defended the incursions saying that the LOC itself was disputed.[97] Pakistan also attempted to internationalise the Kashmir issue, by linking the crisis in Kargil to the larger Kashmir conflict but, such a diplomatic stance found few backers on the world stage.[98]

text: As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum, Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States. Clinton rebuked Sharif, however, and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory. Clinton would later reveal in his autobiography that "Sharif's moves were perplexing" since the Indian Prime Minister had travelled to Lahore to promote bilateral talks aimed at resolving the Kashmir problem and "by crossing the Line of Control, Pakistan had wrecked the [bilateral] talks".[99] On the other hand, he applauded Indian restraint for not crossing the LoC and escalating the conflict into an all-out war.[100]

text: G8 nations supported India and condemned the Pakistani violation of the LOC at the Cologne summit. The European Union also opposed Pakistan's violation of the LOC.[101] China, a long-time ally of Pakistan, insisted on a pullout of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the LOC and settling border issues peacefully. Other organisations like the ASEAN Regional Forum too supported India's stand on the inviolability of the LOC.[98]

text: Faced with growing international pressure, Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory. The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the Line of Control and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes.[102][103]

text: Gallantry awards

text: India

text: A number of Indian soldiers earned awards for gallantry:[104]

text:
Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav, 18 Grenadiers, Param Vir Chakra
Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey, 1/11 Gorkha Rifles, Param Vir Chakra, Posthumous
Captain Vikram Batra, 13 JAK Rifles, Param Vir Chakra, Posthumous
Rifleman Sanjay Kumar, 13 JAK Rifles, Param Vir Chakra
Captain Anuj Nayyar, 17 JAT Regiment, Maha Vir Chakra, Posthumous
Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari, 18 Grenadiers, Maha Vir Chakra, Posthumous
Captain Haneef-u-ddin, 11 Rajputana Rifles, Vir Chakra, posthumous
Major Mariappan Saravanan, 1 Bihar, Vir Chakra, Posthumous
Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja, Indian Air Force, Vir Chakra, Posthumous
Havildar Chuni Lal, 8 JAK LI, Vir Chakra. Also awarded Sena Medal for gallantry and posthumously awarded Ashoka Chakra as a Naib Subedar.
Colonel Magod Basappa Ravindranath, 2 Rajputana Rifles, Vir Chakra

text: Pakistan

text: Two Pakistani soldiers received the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military gallantry award:[105]

text:
Captain Karnal Sher Khan, 27th Sindh Regiment, Nishan-e-Haider, Posthumous
Havaldaar Lalak Jan, Northern Light Infantry, Nishan-e-Haider, Posthumous

text: Impact and influence of media

text: The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations. Coming at a time of exploding growth in electronic journalism in India, the Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV, and many websites provided in-depth analysis of the war.[106] The conflict became the first "live" war in South Asia and it was given such detailed media coverage that one effect was the drumming up of jingoistic feelings.[107]

text: The conflict soon turned into a news propaganda war, in which press briefings given by government officials of each nation produced conflicting claims and counterclaims. The Indian government placed a temporary News Embargo on information from Pakistan, banning the telecast of the state-run Pakistani channel PTV[108] and blocking access to online editions of the Dawn newspaper.[109] The Pakistani media criticised this apparent curbing of freedom of the press in India, while India media claimed it was in the interest of national security. The Indian government ran advertisements in foreign publications including The Times and The Washington Post detailing Pakistan's role in supporting extremists in Kashmir in an attempt to garner political support for its position.

text: As the war progressed, media coverage of the conflict was more intense in India than in Pakistan.[110] Many Indian channels showed images from the battle zone in a style reminiscent of CNN's coverage of the Gulf War (one of the shells fired by Pakistan troops even hit a Doordarshan transmission centre in Kargil while coverage continued).[111] Reasons for India's increased coverage included the greater number of privately owned electronic media in India compared to Pakistan and relatively greater transparency in the Indian media. At a seminar in Karachi, Pakistani journalists agreed that while the Indian government had taken the press and the people into its confidence, Pakistan had not.[112]

text: The print media in India and abroad was largely sympathetic to the Indian cause, with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that Pakistan was largely responsible for the conflict. Some analysts believe that Indian media, which was both larger in number and more credible, may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil and served as a morale booster.[6][113] As the fighting intensified, the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage. This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position.

text: WMDs and the nuclear factor

text: Since Pakistan and India each had weapons of mass destruction, many in the international community were concerned that if the Kargil conflict intensified, it could lead to nuclear war. Both countries had tested their nuclear capability in 1998 (India conducted its first test in 1974 while it was Pakistan's first-ever nuclear test). Many pundits believed the tests to be an indication of the escalating stakes in the scenario in South Asia. When the Kargil conflict started just a year after the nuclear tests, many nations desired to end it before it intensified.

text:
International concerns increased when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement on 31 May warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its arsenal.[114] This was immediately interpreted as a threat of nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war, and the belief was reinforced when the leader of Pakistan's senate noted, "The purpose
of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed".[115] Many such ambiguous statements from officials of both countries were viewed as warnings of an impending nuclear crisis where the combatants would consider use of their limited nuclear arsenals in "tactical" nuclear warfare in the belief that it would not have ended in mutual assured destruction, as could have occurred in a nuclear conflict between the United States and the USSR. Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent to markedly increase coercion against India.[116]

text: The nature of the India-Pakistan conflict took a more sinister turn when the United States received intelligence that Pakistani nuclear warheads were being moved towards the border. Bill Clinton tried to dissuade Pakistan prime minister Nawaz Sharif from nuclear brinkmanship, even threatening Pakistan of dire consequences. According to a White House official, Sharif seemed to be genuinely surprised by this supposed missile movement and responded that India was probably planning the same. In a May 2000 article, Sanjay Badri-Maharaj claimed that India too had readied at least five nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles, but could not back up this claim with any official proof.[117]

text: Sensing a deteriorating military scenario, diplomatic isolation, and the risks of a larger conventional and nuclear war, Sharif ordered the Pakistani army to vacate the Kargil heights. He later claimed in his official biography that General Pervez Musharraf had moved nuclear warheads without informing him.[118] Recently however, Pervez Musharraf revealed in his memoirs that Pakistan's nuclear delivery system was not operational during the Kargil war;[67] something that would have put Pakistan under serious disadvantage if the conflict went nuclear.

text: The threat of WMD included chemical and even biological weapons. Pakistan accused India of using chemical weapons and incendiary weapons such as napalm against the Kashmiri fighters. India, on the other hand, showcased a cache of gas masks as proof that Pakistan may have been prepared to use non-conventional weapons. US official and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons determined that Pakistani allegations of India using banned chemicals in its bombs were unfounded.[119]

text: Aftermath

text: India

text: From the end of the war until February 2000, the Indian stock market rose by more than 30%. The next Indian national budget included major increases in military spending.

text: There was a surge in patriotism, with many celebrities expressing their support for the Kargil cause.[120] Indians were angered by media reports of the death of pilot Ajay Ahuja, especially after Indian authorities reported that Ahuja had been murdered and his body mutilated by Pakistani troops. The war had produced higher than expected fatalities for the Indian military, with a sizeable percentage of them including newly commissioned officers. One month after conclusion of the Kargil War, the Atlantique Incident, in which a Pakistan Navy plane was shot down by India, briefly reignited fears of a conflict between the two countries.

text: After the war, the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness. India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment.[121] Media reported about military procurement irregularities[122] and criticism of intelligence agencies like Research and Analysis Wing, which failed to predict the intrusions or the identity/number of infiltrators during the war. An internal assessment report by the armed forces, published in an Indian magazine, showed several other failings, including "a sense of complacency" and being "unprepared for a conventional war" on the presumption that nuclearism would sustain peace. It also highlighted the lapses in command and control, the insufficient troop levels and the dearth of large-calibre guns like the Bofors.[123] In 2006, retired Air Chief Marshal, A. Y. Tipnis, alleged that the Indian Army did not fully inform the government about the intrusions, adding that the army chief Ved Prakash Malik, was initially reluctant to use the full strike capability of the Indian Air Force, instead requesting only helicopter gunship support.[124] Soon after the conflict, India also decided to complete the project, previously stalled by Pakistan, to fence the entire LOC.[125]

text: The end of the Kargil conflict was followed by the 13th Indian General Elections to the Lok Sabha, which gave a decisive mandate to the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government. It was re-elected to power in September–October 1999 with a majority of 303 seats out of 545 in the Lok Sabha. On the diplomatic front, Indo-US relations improved, as the United States appreciated Indian attempts to restrict the conflict to a limited geographic area.[126] Relations with Israel—which had discreetly aided India with ordnance supply and matériel such as unmanned aerial vehicles, laser-guided bombs, and satellite imagery—also were bolstered.[127]

text: Kargil Review Committee

text: Soon after the war the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government set up an inquiry into its causes and to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures. The high-powered committee was chaired by eminent strategic affairs analyst K. Subrahmanyam and given powers to interview anyone with current or past associations with Indian security, including former Prime Ministers. The committee's final report (also referred to as the "Subrahmanyam Report")[128] led to a large-scale restructuring of Indian Intelligence.[129] It, however, came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the Kargil intrusions.[130] The Committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting Brigadier Surinder Singh of the Indian Army for his failure to report enemy intrusions in time, and for his subsequent conduct. Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior Indian Army commanders and, ultimately, higher government functionaries.[131][132][133]

text: In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available.[134] Some chapters and all annexures, however, were deemed to contain classified information by the government and not released. K. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India's nuclear weapons program and the roles played by Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi, P. V. Narasimha Rao and V. P. Singh.[135][136]

text: Pakistan

text: Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.[137] Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile Pakistan economy was weakened further.[138][139] The morale of Pakistan forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties.[32][140] The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,[141][142] an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.[143][144] Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation.[145] Responding to this, Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf said, "It hurts me when an ex-premier undermines his own forces", and claimed that Indian casualties were more than that of Pakistan.[146] The legacy of Kargil war still continues to be debated on Pakistan's news channels and television political correspondents, which Musharraf repeatedly appeared to justify.[147][148]

text: Many in Pakistan had expected a victory over the Indian military based on Pakistani official reports on the war,[138] but were dismayed by the turn of events and questioned the eventual retreat.[53][149] The military leadership is believed to have felt let down by the prime minister's decision to withdraw the remaining fighters. However, some authors, including Musharraf's close friend and former American CENTCOM Commander General Anthony Zinni, and former Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, state that it was General Musharraf who requested Sharif to withdraw the Pakistani troops.[150][151] In 2012, Musharraf's senior officer and retired major-general Abdul Majeed Malik maintained that Kargil was a "total disaster" and bitterly criticised General Musharraf.[152] Pointing out the fact that Pakistan was in no position to fight India in that area; the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the diplomatic process by involving the US President Bill Clinton and got Pakistan out of the difficult scenario.[152] Malik maintained that soldiers were not "Mujaheddin" but active-duty serving officers and soldiers of the Pakistan Army.[152]

text: In a national security meeting with Prime minister Nawaz Sharif at the Joint Headquarters, General Musharraf became heavily involved with serious altercations with Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Fasih Bokhari who ultimately called for a court-martial against General Musharraf.[153] Taking participation in the arguments, Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal PQ Mehdi quoted that "any intervention by the Navy and the Pakistan Air Force into disputed land of Indian-controlled Kashmir would be perceived as an escalation to all-out declared war".[154] After witnessing Musharraf's criticism given to his fellow officers, ACM PQ Mehdi decided to give Musharraf a favour after issuing orders to PAF's F-16s for the patrolling missions near the Skardu Valley.[155] The Pakistan Navy largely remained camouflaged during the entire conflict, and only submarines were deployed for patrolling missions.[156]  With Sharif placing the onus of the Kargil attacks squarely on the army chief Pervez Musharraf, there was an atmosphere of uneasiness between the two. On 12 October 1999, General Musharraf staged a bloodless coup d'état, ousting Nawaz Sharif.

text:
Benazir Bhutto, an opposition leader in the parliament and former prime minister, called the Kargil War "Pakistan's greatest blunder".[157] Many ex-officials of the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistan's principal intelligence agency) also believed that "Kargil was a waste of time" and "could not have resulted in any advantage" on the larger issue of Kashmir.[158]
A retired Pakistan Army's Lieutenant-General Ali Kuli Khan, lambasted the war as "a disaster bigger than the East Pakistan tragedy",[159] adding that the plan was "flawed in terms of its conception, tactical planning and execution" that ended in "sacrificing so many soldiers".[159][160] The Pakistani media criticised the whole plan and the eventual climbdown from the Kargil heights since there were no gains to show for the loss of lives and it only resulted in international condemnation.[161][162]

text: Despite calls by many, no public commission of inquiry was set up in Pakistan to investigate the people responsible for initiating the conflict. The Pakistan Muslim League (PML(N)) published a white paper in 2006, which stated that Nawaz Sharif constituted an inquiry committee that recommended a court martial for General Pervez Musharraf, but Musharraf "stole the report" after toppling the government, to save himself.[163] The report also claims that India knew about the plan 11 months before its launch, enabling a complete victory for India on military, diplomatic and economic fronts.[164] A statement in June 2008 by a former X Corps commander and Director-General of Military Intelligence (M.I.) that time, Lieutenant-General (retired) Jamshed Gulzar Kiani said that: "As Prime minister, Nawaz Sharif "was never briefed by the army" on the Kargil attack,[165] reignited the demand for a probe of the episode by legal and political groups.[166][167]

text: Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international focus, which was one of Pakistan's aims, it had done so in negative circumstances that eroded its credibility, since the infiltration came just after a peace process between the two countries was underway. The sanctity of the LOC too received international recognition. President Clinton's move to ask Islamabad to withdraw hundreds of armed militants from Indian-administered Kashmir was viewed by many in Pakistan as indicative of a clear shift in US policy against Pakistan.[168]

text: After the war, a few changes were made to the Pakistan armed forces. In recognition of the Northern Light Infantry's performance in the war, which even drew praise from a retired Indian Lt. General, the regiment was incorporated into the regular army.[83] The war showed that despite a tactically sound plan that had the element of surprise, little groundwork had been done to gauge the politico-diplomatic ramifications.[169] And like previous unsuccessful infiltrations attempts, such as Operation Gibraltar, which sparked the 1965 war, there was little co-ordination or information sharing among the branches of the Pakistani Armed Forces. One US Intelligence study is reported to have stated that Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan's (lack of) grand strategy, repeating the follies of the previous wars.[170] In 2013, General Musharraf's close collaborator and confidential subordinate Lieutenant General (retired) Shahid Aziz revealed to Pakistan's news televisions and electronic media, that "[Kargil] adventure' was India's intelligence failure and Pakistan's miscalculated move, the Kargil operation was known only to General Parvez Musharraf and four of his close collaborators".[171][172][173]

text: Casualties

text:
Pakistan army losses have been difficult to determine. Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed. The US Department of State had made an early, partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities. According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif there were over 4,000 fatalities. His PML (N) party in its "white paper" on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 Mujahideens, officers and soldiers were killed.[174] Another major Pakistani political party, the Pakistan Peoples Party, also says that "thousands" of soldiers and irregulars died.[175] Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed.[176] Musharraf, in his Hindi version of his memoirs, titled "Agnipath", differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded.[177] Apart from General Musharraf's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded, the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army's website.[178] One Indian pilot was officially captured during the fighting, while there were eight Pakistani soldiers who were captured during the fighting, and were repatriated on 13 August 1999.[179]
India gave its official casualty figures as 527 dead and 1,363 wounded.

text: Kargil War Memorial, India

text: The Kargil War memorial, built by the Indian Army, is located in Dras, in the foothills of the Tololing Hill. The memorial, located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill, commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War. A poem "Pushp Kii Abhilasha"[180] (Wish of a Flower) by Makhanlal Chaturvedi, a renowned 20th century neo-romantic Hindi poet, is inscribed on the gateway of the memorial greets visitors. The names of the soldiers who lost their lives in the War are inscribed on the Memorial Wall and can be read by visitors. A museum attached to the Kargil War Memorial, which was established to celebrate the victory of 'Operation Vijay', houses pictures of Indian soldiers, archives of important war documents and recordings, Pakistani war equipments and gear, and official emblems of the Army from the Kargil war.

text: A giant national flag, weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India's victory in the war.[181]

text: Popular culture

text: The brief conflict provided considerable dramatic material for filmmakers and authors in India. Some documentaries which were shot on the subject were used by the ruling party coalition, led by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), in furthering its election campaign that immediately followed the war. The following is a list of the major films and dramas on the subject.

text:
Lord John Marbury is a 1999 episode in the first season of The West Wing that depicts a fictionalised representation of the Kargil conflict.
Pentagram's single, 'Price of Bullets', released in 1999 dealt with the Kargil War.
Shaheed-E-Kargil (2001), a Hindi movie directed by Dilip Gulati was released in 2001, based on the incident of Kargil conflict.
LOC: Kargil (2003), a Hindi movie which depicts many incidents from the war was one of the longest in Indian movie history, running for more than four hours.[182]
Lakshya (2004), another Hindi movie portraying a fictionalised account of the conflict. Movie critics have generally appreciated the realistic portrayal of characters.[183] The film also received good reviews in Pakistan because it portrays both sides fairly.[184]
Sainika (2002),[185] the Kannada film directed by Mahesh Sukhdhare depicted the life of a soldier with Kargil war as one of the events. Starring C.P.Yogishwar and Sakshi Shivanand.
Dhoop (2003),[186] Hindi film, directed by national award winner Ashwini Chaudhary, which depicted the life of Anuj Nayyar's parents after his death. Anuj Nayyar was a captain in the Indian army and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra posthumously. Om Puri plays the role of S.K. Nayyar, Anuj's father.
Mission Fateh – Real Stories of Kargil Heroes, a TV series telecast on Sahara channel chronicling the Indian Army's missions.
Fifty Day War – A theatrical production on the war, directed by Aamir Raza Husain, the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict. This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia, budget of Rs. 15 million, involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting.[187]
Kurukshetra (2008) – A Malayalam film directed by a former Indian Army Major Ravi (Retd) based on his experience of Kargil War.
Laag (2000) – A Pakistani film-drama based on the armed intrusions and struggle of Pakistan army soldiers in the conflict.
Kargil Kartoons(1999) – With a support of the cartoons of eight leading cartoonists, Shekhar Gurera compiled a collection of cartoons dedicated to the Indian defence forces.[188] He also coordinated Kargil Kartoons (A Collection of Cartoons and a chain of Cartoon Exhibition), the solidarity gesture of drawing on-the-spot cartoons of army men who passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil. The cartoons on Kargil War were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi. 25–31 July 1999, followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at Jaipur, Chandigarh, Patna and Indore.[189]
Stumped (2003) – A film expressing the mixed emotions of 1999 Cricket World Cup celebrations and mourning associated with individual's casualty in the Kargil war.[190]
Mausam (2011 film) was a 2011 romantic drama film directed by Pankaj Kapoor, spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events.

text: Many other movies like Tango Charlie[191] drew heavily upon the Kargil episode, which still continues to be a plot for mainstream movies with a Malayalam movie Keerthi Chakra.[192]

text: The impact of the war in the sporting arena was visible during the India-Pakistan clash in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, which coincided with the Kargil timeline. The game witnessed heightened passions and was one of the most viewed matches in the tournament.[193]

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Praagh, David Van (2003). The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780773526396. By then, India had won decisively in the mountains of Kashmir.

Jump up ^ MacDonald, Myra (2017). Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War. Oxford University Press. pp. 27, 53, 64, 66. ISBN 978-1-84904-858-3. p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land. Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.

Jump up ^ Lavoy, Peter René, ed. (2009). Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-521-76721-7. The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan's most damaging military defeat since the  loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.

Jump up ^ Dettman, Paul R. (2001). India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 130, 131, 140, 177. ISBN 978-0-275-97308-7. p. 130: the BJP could go to the people as the party that had undergirded India's victory over Pakistan in the Kargil 'war'.p. 131: Another of India's institutions that had benefited from India's victory in the Kargil war was its military establishment.p. 140: He went on to take credit for the conduct of a "war" effort that had led to a diplomatic as well as a military victory.p. 177: For India, Vajpayee had led the military and diplomatic effort that had won the Kargil "war." For the world, he had done so while keeping India's armed forces on their own side of the LOC in Kashmir and he had prevented the outbreak of a multi-front general war with Pakistan.

Jump up ^ Perkovich, George (2002). India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation. University of California Press. p. 479. ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5. The Kargil war ended as had previous wars, with an Indian victory.

^ Jump up to: a b Chakraborty, A. K. "Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India's Commitment to Peace". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

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Jump up ^ "Official statement giving breakdown of wounded personnel". Parliament of India Website. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.

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^ Jump up to: a b Tavares, Rodrigo (2006). Understanding Regional Peace and Security. Göteborg University. p. 297. ISBN 9789187380679. the US State Department quoted the Pakistani military casualties at 700, but according to the then PM Nawaz Sharif (quoted in Gulf News, February 2002), the entire Northern Light Infantry of Pakistan was wiped out during the conflict claiming 2,700 lives.

Jump up ^ "Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war". 18 November 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2013.

Jump up ^ "Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs". NDTV. Retrieved 19 November 2010.

Jump up ^ "Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs". The Tribune. Retrieved 20 May 2009.

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Jump up ^ "Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil: Sharif". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 January 2013.

Jump up ^ Malik, V. P. (2006). Kargil from Surprise to Victory. HarperCollins. p. 342. ISBN 9788172236359. According to our intelligence estimates, their Army suffered over 737 casualties, primarily due to our artillery fire.

Jump up ^ Pubby, Manu (19 November 2010). "Kargil: Pak suffered most casualties at Batalik". The Indian Express. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Indian records say a total of 249 bodies of Pakistani soldiers were recovered during the battle but estimates of total enemy casualties is put around 1000-1200.

Jump up ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet (2009). "Pakistan's Strategic Blunder at Kargil" (PDF). CLAWS Journal: 72. Retrieved 27 June 2018. The army recovered 249 dead bodies of Pakistani regular soldiers from the area of operations in Kargil; 244 dead bodies were buried as per military norms with religious rites; five bodies were accepted by Pakistan and taken back

Jump up ^ "How artillery changed the tide of the Kargil war". The Economic Times. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.

Jump up ^ It is also sometimes referred to as Operation Vijay Kargil so as to distinguish it from Operation Vijay, the operation by the Military of India that led to the capture of Goa, Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands.

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^ Jump up to: a b c Hassan Abbas (2004). Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-1497-9.

Jump up ^ Musharraf advised against Kargil, says Benazir, 'Musharraf planned Kargil when I was PM' : Bhutto – Previous interview to Hindustan Times, 30 November 2001.

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^ Jump up to: a b Colonel Ravi Nanda (1999). Kargil: A Wake Up Call. Vedams Books. ISBN 81-7095-074-0. Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.

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Jump up ^ George Perkovich, "Options Available to the United States to Counter a Nuclear Iran", Testimony before the United States House Committee on Armed Services, 1 February 2006.

Jump up ^ India had deployed Agni during Kargil, Article from "Indian Express" 19 June 2000

Jump up ^ "Musharraf moved nuclear weapons in Kargil war". The Nation. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2009.

Jump up ^ "NTI: Country Overview", Nuclear Threat Initiative (Archive on the Wayback Machine)

Jump up ^ "The Spoils of War". TIME.com. 10 April 2000.

Jump up ^ Centre files second affidavit in Kargil scam The Financial Express 14 April 2005

Jump up ^ "Kargil coffin scam". The Tribune. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

Jump up ^ War Against Error, Cover story on Outlook, 28 February 2005 (Online edition[permanent dead link])

Jump up ^ "Army was reluctant to tell govt about Kargil: Tipnis", 7 October 2006, The Times of India.

Jump up ^ "Fencing Duel" Archived 27 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine., India Today

Jump up ^ Paul R. Dettman, "India Changes Course" (Greenwood Publishing Group: 2001), ISBN 0-275-97308-5, pp. 117–118

Jump up ^ News reports from Daily Times (Pakistan) and BBC mentioning the Israeli military support to India during the conflict.

Jump up ^ "Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee's Report". Indian News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kargil report shows the way". Indian Express. Retrieved 20 October 2009.[permanent dead link]

Jump up ^ Pg 56–60 Dixit, JN, "India-Pakistan in War & Peace", Routledge, 2002. Books.google.co.in. 2 August 2003. ISBN 9780203301104. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

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Jump up ^ "Scapegoat for the system". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 July 2001. Retrieved 20 October 2009.

Jump up ^ "Army's Kargil inquiry indicts Brig Surinder Singh". Rediff. Retrieved 20 October 2009.

Jump up ^ "The Kargil Story". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2001. Retrieved 20 October 2009.

Jump up ^ "P. V. Narasimha Rao and the Bomb". The Tribune. Retrieved 20 October 2009.

Jump up ^ "Narasimha Rao and the Bomb". informaworld. Retrieved 20 October 2009.

Jump up ^ Macdonald, Myra (2017). Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War. Random House India. ISBN 9789385990830. Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily

^ Jump up to: a b Samina Ahmed, "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield", Belfer Center for International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government.

Jump up ^ Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery. "Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff". salon.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009.

Jump up ^ Samina Ahmed, "A Friend for all Seasons", (Belfer Center for International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government)

Jump up ^ "Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies". Rediff.com. 11 July 1999. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

Jump up ^ "Sorry for the inconvenience".

Jump up ^ Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, The Herald, July 2000. Online scanned version of the article(PDF)

Jump up ^ "Musharraf and the truth about Kargil", The Hindu, 25 September 2006

Jump up ^ "Over soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 May 2009.

Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (5 August 2004). "India suffered more casualties in Kargil than Pakistan, claims Musharraf". Expressindia.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.

Jump up ^ Badmi, Vaseem (30 January 2013). "11th Hour". ARY News TV. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

Jump up ^ Bacha, Sana (30 January 2013). "Top Story". Dunya News. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

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^ Jump up to: a b c Tariq Butt (14 November 2012). "Kargil was a total disaster". The News International, 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

Jump up ^ Daily Times Report (9 October 2002). "Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari". Daily Times. Retrieved 18 May 2012. Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil

Jump up ^ Tufail, PAF, Brigadier Kaisar (28 January 2009). "Himalayan Showdown". Air Forces Monthly (UK). Retrieved 18 May 2012.

Jump up ^ Tufail, Kaisar. "Kargil Conflict and Pakistan Air Force". Kaisar Tufail at Air Force Monthly. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

Jump up ^ Admiral Mohammad Anwer (2006). Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals: Autobiography of a Senior Naval Officer. Karachi Pakistan: AuthorHouse (20 October 2006). p. 252. ISBN 9781425900205.

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^ Jump up to: a b Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971 Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. – Interview of Lt Gen Ali Kuli Khan Khattak.

Jump up ^ Review of Musharraf's memoirs by S. A. Haleem Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Jang, 19 October 2006

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Jump up ^ Ill-conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil: PML-N Pak Tribune, 6 August 2006

Jump up ^ Call for Musharraf treason trial By M Ilyas Khan BBC News 3 June 2008

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text: Ashwani Shrotriya. "Operation Vijay: Everything You Need To Know In 4 Minutes", Dainik Bhaskar

text: Footnotes

text: ^ Note (I):  Names for the conflict: There have been various names for the conflict. During the actual fighting in Kargil, the Indian Government was careful not to use the term "war", calling it a "war-like situation", even though both nations indicated that they were in a "state of war". Terms like Kargil "conflict", Kargil "incident" or the official military assault, "Operation Vijay", were thus preferred. After the end of the war however, the Indian Government increasingly called it the "Kargil War", even though there had been no official declaration of war. Other less popularly used names included "Third Kashmir War" and Pakistan's codename given to the infiltration: "Operation Badr".


document_title: Georgia Bulldogs basketball

question_text: when was the last time uga was in march madness

root

text: Georgia Bulldogs basketball

text: History[edit]

text: Conference affiliations[edit]

text: Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA), the first collegiate athletic conference formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference.[2] In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

tag: p

text: Coach Rex Enright led Georgia to great success in the old Southern Conference during the 1931 and 1932 seasons. His 1931 team finished with a 23–2 (15–1) record. The Bulldogs were upset in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals by Maryland, 26–25.

text: The 1932 team didn't have the dominating record that the 1931 team did, finishing 19–7 (7–4). But this team did something that the previous year's team could not do in winning the Southern Conference tournament defeating Mississippi State, Virginia, Duke, and North Carolina.

text: Coach Hugh Durham brought Georgia to its first ever post season appearance in 1981. That team finished with a 19–12 (9–9) record. They earned an NIT bid and the enthusiasm surrounding the program earned them home games in first defeating Old Dominion and then in a loss to South Alabama.

text: The 1982 Bulldogs were 19–12 (10–8) were once again NIT bound. This time UGA made it all the way to the NIT Final Four defeating Temple, Maryland, and Virginia Tech before losing a heart breaker to Purdue at Madison Square Garden.

text: These two teams marked the beginning of a post season streak of eight straight seasons, longest in Georgia basketball history. This string included three NCAA appearances (including one Final Four in 1983) and five NIT bids. This was a remarkable streak of consistency for a program that had never before experienced the post season beyond the SEC tournament.

text: Former NBA star Dominique Wilkins is considered the greatest player in school history.[3] However, Wilkins never played in the NCAA tournament; the Bulldogs made their first NCAA appearance in 1983—which would have been Wilkins' senior year had he not opted for the NBA. The 1983 team made it to the Final Four of the NCAA Championship before being eliminated by eventual champion North Carolina State. On the way to the Final Four, UGA defeated Virginia Commonwealth, #3 St. John's led by legendary coach Lou Carneseca and Chris Mullen, and defending national champion North Carolina led by Dean Smith and featuring Michael Jordan, Sam Perkins, and Brad Daugherty. The latter two victories coming at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, NY. UGA previously had won the Southeastern Conference tournament in Birmingham, AL defeating Ole Miss, Tennessee, and Alabama to earn the league's automatic bid into the NCAA tournament.

text: The 1987 Georgia basketball team suffered injury after injury after injury leaving the team with only seven players available. Coach Hugh Durham had no choice but to alter the playing style of his team after conference play had started, slowing the game down and "taking the air out of the ball." What looked to be a disastrous season, where the team might not win another game, turned into an inspiring one as the team rallied to an 18–12 (10–8) record and earning an NCAA tournament bid. When Durham ordered the NCAA tournament banner to be displayed at Stegeman Coliseum, he had it made in silver, rather than the traditional red, with the initials "TMW" at the bottom. The initials standing for what this team will forever be known as in UGA basketball history, "The Miracle Workers."

text: Tubby Smith led the Bulldogs to a 21–10 (9–7) record securing its first NCAA bid since the 1991 season. Georgia made the most of it by defeating Clemson and the West Regional's top seed, Purdue, in Albuquerque, NM before losing a heart stopping overtime game to Syracuse in the Sweet 16.

text: In 1997, Georgia finished 23–9 (10–6) winning the prestigious Rainbow Classic holiday tournament in Hawaii, defeating Washington State, Memphis, and Maryland. UGA beat LSU, South Carolina, and Arkansas to advance to the SEC tournament final in Memphis, losing the final to Kentucky.

text: Smith's successor, Ron Jirsa, led the 1998 Bulldogs to a 21–14 (8–8) record, reaching the 20 win mark for the third consecutive year for the first time in Georgia basketball history. They would go on to reach the NIT Final Four winning at Iowa, at North Carolina State, and beating Vanderbilt at home.

text: 2008 SEC Tournament: The Dream Dawgs[edit]

text: In the 2007–2008 season, Georgia's men's basketball team came into the 2008 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament with a 13–16 overall record and a 4–12 conference mark. At one point, the team sustained two five-game losing streaks during a 2-of-12 stretch in conference play. In the first round of the tournament, Georgia was slated to play Ole Miss, who had beaten the Bulldogs in the season-closer, securing the Rebels' only road SEC win of the season. The game went into overtime after Rebel David Huertas hit all three free throws after a three-point shooting foul, and looked to go into a second extra period after Chris Warren did the same. However, with 0.4 seconds left in overtime, Georgia senior Dave Bliss banked in the game-winner to shock the Rebels and send Georgia into a second-round matchup with Kentucky.

text: On the night of March 14, 2008, tornadoes hit Atlanta, in whose Georgia Dome the SEC Tournament was housed. The Georgia-Kentucky matchup was rescheduled for the early afternoon of March 15, 2008, with the winner advancing to play the SEC West's #1 seed, Mississippi State, later that evening. The remaining games in the tournament would be played at Alexander Memorial Coliseum, the basketball complex of Georgia Tech, UGA's in-state rival. Again playing an overtime game in which Georgia star Sundiata Gaines fouled out, Georgia freshman Zac Swansey hit a turnaround three-point jumper with 1.4 seconds left to give the Bulldogs the team's first ever win over Kentucky in the SEC Tournament.[4] That night, Georgia defeated Mississippi State 64–60 to become the first team since Kentucky in 1952 to win two tournament games in one day, and the first-ever #6 seed from a division to advance to the modern (post-1992) SEC tournament finals.

text: In the finals, Georgia faced Arkansas, which had lost to Georgia 82–69 in the regular season. Georgia prevailed again, at one point leading the Razorbacks by nineteen points en route to winning its first tournament championship in 25 years. Sundiata Gaines and Terrance Woodbury were both named to the All-Tournament Team, with Gaines winning the tournament's MVP. The improbable list of achievements—winning the tournament as a 6-seed, playing two games in one day to reach the finals, playing two games (against Kentucky and Mississippi State) in which Gaines fouled out with a substantial amount of time to play, doing it on a rival's home court, and winning four consecutive elimination games following a season during which their longest winning streak stood at three—earned the 2007–2008 team the nickname of Dream Dawgs.[5]

text: With the victory, Georgia secured itself an automatic bid in the 2008 NCAA Tournament. Georgia's appearance in the tournament was the tenth overall in team history and the first since the 2002 NCAA Basketball Tournament. After their SEC Championship run, the Bulldogs were seeded 14th in the NCAA Tournament, playing against the #3 seeded Xavier Musketeers. After developing a lead early in the 2nd half, the Bulldogs could not hold on, as Xavier went on to win 73–61.

text: Coach Dennis Felton failed to follow up the surprise successes of 2008 with victories in 2008–09, and he was fired on January 29, 2009.

text: 2009–2018: Mark Fox era[edit]

text: On April 3, 2009, Nevada head coach Mark Fox was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs.[6]

text: In nine seasons with Fox, the Bulldogs posted a 163-133 record and made the NCAA tournament twice, in 2011 and 2015. In both instances, the Bulldogs exited in the Round of 64.[7]

text: Fox was fired on March 10, 2018 following an 18-15 finish to the 2017-18 season as the Bulldogs failed to qualify for any postseason competition.[8]

text: 2018: Tom Crean era[edit]

text: On March 15, 2018, former Marquette and Indiana head coach Tom Crean was announced as the next head coach of the Bulldogs.[9]

text: Team awards and records[edit]

text: Conference championships[edit]

text: Georgia has won one regular-season Southeastern Conference championship (1990) and two conference tournament championships (1983 and 2008). The Bulldogs were SEC Eastern Division co-Champs in 1994–1995. Georgia also was the Southern Conference champions for 1931–1932.

text: Conference affiliations:

text:
1891–95, Independent
1896–1920, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1921–32, Southern Conference
1933–present, Southeastern Conference

tag: ul

text: Postseason[edit]

text: NCAA tournament results[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 12 times. Their combined record is 7–12. However, their appearances in 1985 and 2002 have been vacated by the NCAA making their official record 5–10.

text:
Year
Seed
Round
Opponent
Results

1983
#4
Round of 32
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
#5 VCU
#1 St. John's
#2 North Carolina
#6 NC State
W 56–54
W 70–67
W 82–77
L 60–67

1985*
#6
Round of 64
Round of 32
#11 Wichita State
#3 Illinois
W 67–59
L 58–74

1987
#8
Round of 64
#9 Kansas State
L 79–82 OT

1990
#7
Round of 64
#10 Texas
L 88–100

1991
#11
Round of 64
#6 Pittsburgh
L 68–76 OT

1996
#8
Round of 64
Round of 32
Sweet Sixteen
#9 Clemson
#1 Purdue
#4 Syracuse
W 81–74
W 76–69
L 81–83 OT

1997
#3
Round of 64
#14 Chattanooga
L 70–73

2001
#8
Round of 64
#9 Missouri
L 68–70

2002*
#3
Round of 64
Round of 32
#14 Murray State
#11 Southern Illinois
W 85–68
L 75–77

2008
#14
Round of 64
#3 Xavier
L 61–73

2011
#10
Round of 64
#7 Washington
L 65–68

2015
#10
Round of 64
#7 Michigan State
L 63–70

tag: table

text: * Vacated by the NCAA

text: NIT results[edit]

text: The Bulldogs have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 14 times. Their combined record is 13–14.

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

1981
First Round
Second Round
Old Dominion
South Alabama
W 74–60
L 72–73

1982
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Temple
Maryland
Virginia Tech
Purdue
W 73–60
W 83–69
W 90–73
L 60–61

1984
First Round
Chattanooga
L 69–74

1986
First Round
Second Round
Chattanooga
Clemson
W 95–81
L 65–77

1988
First Round
Second Round
Georgia Southern
Middle Tennessee
W 53–48
L 54–69

1993
First Round
West Virginia
L 84–95

1995
First Round
Nebraska
L 61–69

1998
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
3rd Place Game
Iowa
NC State
Vanderbilt
Penn State
Fresno State
W 88–70
W 80–79
W 77–70
L 60–66
W 95–79

1999
First Round
Clemson
L 57–77

2004
First Round
Iowa State
L 74–82

2007
First Round
Second Round
Fresno State
Air Force
W 88–78
L 52–83

2014
First Round
Second Round
Vermont
Louisiana Tech
W 63–56
L 71–79

2016
First Round
Second Round
Belmont
Saint Mary's
W 93–84
L 65–77

2017
First Round
Belmont
L 69–78

text: Players[edit]

text: All-Americans[edit]

text:
Player
Position
Year(s)
Selectors

Zippy Morocco
Guard
1953
Helms Athletic Foundation, Associated Press

Bob Lienhard (2)
Center
1969, 1970
Helms Athletic Foundation

Dominique Wilkins (2)
Forward
1981, 1982
The Sporting News, NABC, UPI, Associated Press

Vern Fleming (2)
Guard
1983, 1984
Kodak, NABC

James Bank
Forward
1984
Playboy

Cedric Henderson
Forward
1985
Associated Press

Litterial Green
Guard
1989
Basketball Weekly

Alec Kessler
Center
1990
UPI

Litterial Green
Guard
1991
Associated Press

Jumaine Jones
Forward
1999
Associated Press

Jarvis Hayes (2)
Forward
2002, 2003
Associated Press

Kentavious Caldwell-Pope
Guard
2013
Associated Press

[10]

text: Basketball Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Dominique Wilkins, inducted on April 3, 2006

text: Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year[edit]

text:
1981: Dominique Wilkins
2013: Kentavious Caldwell-Pope
2018: Yante Maten

text: Notable former players[edit]

text:
Bob Lienhard
Vern Fleming
Willie Anderson
Alec Kessler
Jarvis Hayes
Sundiata Gaines
Damien Wilkins
Jumaine Jones
Shandon Anderson
Litterial Green
Mark Slonaker
Kentavious Caldwell-Pope
Jim Umbricht

text: Head coaches[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Seasons
Record
Pct.

1
Walter Forbes
1906-07
2–2
.500

2
C.O. Heidler
1908-10, 12
16–6
.727

3
W.A. Cunningham
1911, 17
10–6
.625

4
Howell Peacock
1913-16
30–7
.811

5
Alfred Scott
1918
6–1
.857

6
Kennon Mott
1919
5–3
.625

7
Herman Stegeman
1920-31
170-78
.685

8
Rex Enright
1932-37
69-51
.575

9
Vernon Smith
1938
1–1
.500

10
Frank Johnson
1938
8–5
.615

11
Elmer A. Lampe
1938-46
82-84
.499

12
Ralph Jordan
1947-50
44-39
.530

13
Jim Whatley
1950-51
24-18
.571

14
Harbin Lawson
1952-65
112-241
.317

15
Ken Rosemond
1966-73
92-111
.453

16
John Guthrie
1974-78
46-86
.348

17
Hugh Durham
1979-95
297-215†
.580

18
Tubby Smith
1996-97
45-19
.703

19
Ron Jirsa
1998-99
35-30
.538

20
Jim Harrick
2000-03
37-52‡
.416

21
Dennis Felton
2004-09
84-91
.480

22
Pete Herrmann
2009 (interim)
3-9
.250

23
Mark Fox
2009-18
145-118
.551

24
Tom Crean
2018-present
0–0
.000

text: † - Does not include 1 win and 1 loss from the 1985 NCAA Tournament vacated due to sanctions.

text: ‡ - Does not include 30 wins and 1 loss vacated due to sanctions.[11]

text: Home venues[edit]

text:
Athens YMCA (1905-1911)
Memorial Hall (1911-1919)
The "Octagon" 1919-1920
Moss Auditorium 1919-1925
Woodruff Hall (1923–1964)
Stegeman Coliseum (1964–present)