document_title: Bible

question_text: when was the final version of the bible created

question_tokens: when was the final version of the bible created

text: Bible

text: Etymology

text: The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the same word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin and ultimately from Koinē Greek: τὰ βιβλία, translit. ta biblia "the books" (singular βιβλίον, biblion).[7]

text: Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra "holy book", while biblia in Greek and Late Latin is neuter plural (gen. bibliorum). It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun (biblia, gen. bibliae) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe.[8] Latin biblia sacra "holy books" translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, "the holy books".[9]

text: The word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of "paper" or "scroll" and came to be used as the ordinary word for "book". It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, "Egyptian papyrus", possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos (also known as Gebal) from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece. The Greek ta biblia (lit. "little papyrus books")[10] was "an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books (the Septuagint).[11][12] Christian use of the term can be traced to c. 223 CE.[7] The biblical scholar F.F. Bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer (in his Homilies on Matthew, delivered between 386 and 388) to use the Greek phrase ta biblia ("the books") to describe both the Old and New Testaments together.[13]

text: Textual history

text: By the 2nd century BCE, Jewish groups began calling the books of the Bible the "scriptures" and they referred to them as "holy", or in Hebrew כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ (Kitvei hakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "The Holy Bible" (in Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια, tà biblía tà ágia) or "the Holy Scriptures" (η Αγία Γραφή, e Agía Graphḗ).[14] The Bible was divided into chapters in the 13th century by Stephen Langton and it was divided into verses in the 16th century by French printer Robert Estienne[15] and is now usually cited by book, chapter, and verse. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in earlier oral traditions.

text: The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, and it is known as the Codex Vaticanus. The oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, dating from the 8th century.[16]

text: Development

text: Professor John K. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, says that "the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages",[17] and "the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers – political, cultural, economic, and ecological – varied enormously".[18] Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, says that the Old Testament is "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."[19] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. Parallel to the solidification of the Hebrew canon (c. 3rd century BCE), only the Torah first and then the Tanakh began to be translated into Greek and expanded, now referred to as the Septuagint or the Greek Old Testament.[20]

text: In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from oral traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that:

text: Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, but the results have not been too encouraging. The period of transmission is short: less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Mark's Gospel. This means that there was little time for oral traditions to assume fixed form.[21]

text: The Bible was later translated into Latin and other languages. John Riches states that:

text: The translation of the Bible into Latin marks the beginning of a parting of the ways between Western Latin-speaking Christianity and Eastern Christianity, which spoke Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and other languages. The Bibles of the Eastern Churches vary considerably: the Ethiopic Orthodox canon includes 81 books and contains many apocalyptic texts, such as were found at Qumran and subsequently excluded from the Jewish canon. As a general rule, one can say that the Orthodox Churches generally follow the Septuagint in including more books in their Old Testaments than are in the Jewish canon.[21]

text: Hebrew Bible

text:
Tanakh

Torah  (Instruction)[show]

Genesis
Brʾeišyt

Exodus
Šemot

Leviticus
Wayiqra

Numbers
Bəmidbar

Deuteronomy
Devarim

Nevi'im  (Prophets)[show]

Former

Joshua
Yehoshua

Judges
Shofetim

Samuel
Shemuel

Kings
Melakhim

Latter

Isaiah
Yeshayahu

Jeremiah
Yirmeyahu

Ezekiel
Yekhezqel

Minor

Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Ketuvim  (Writings)[show]

Poetic

Psalms
Təhillîm

Proverbs
Mishlei

Job
Iyov

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of Songs
Shir Hashirim

Ruth
Rut

Lamentations
Eikhah

Ecclesiastes
Qoheleth

Esther
Ester

Historical

Daniel
Daniyyel

Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra

Chronicles
Dibh're Hayyamim

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text: The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh. It defines the books of the Jewish canon, and also the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation.

text: The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE,[22] and the Aleppo Codex (once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section) dates from the 10th century.

text: The name Tanakh (Hebrew: תנ"ך) reflects the threefold division of the Hebrew Scriptures, Torah ("Teaching"), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings").

text: Torah

text: The Torah (תּוֹרָה) is also known as the "Five Books of Moses" or the Pentateuch, meaning "five scroll-cases".[23]

text: The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the first words in the respective texts. The Torah consists of the following five books:

text:
Genesis, Beresheeth (בראשית)
Exodus, Shemot (שמות)
Leviticus, Vayikra (ויקרא)
Numbers, Bamidbar (במדבר)
Deuteronomy, Devarim (דברים)

text: The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation (or ordering) of the world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel) and Jacob's children, the "Children of Israel", especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur, eventually to settle in the land of Canaan, and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from slavery in Ancient Egypt to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.[24]

text: The Torah contains the commandments of God, revealed at Mount Sinai (although there is some debate among traditional scholars as to whether these were all written down at one time, or over a period of time during the 40 years of the wanderings in the desert, while several modern Jewish movements reject the idea of a literal revelation, and critical scholars believe that many of these laws developed later in Jewish history).[25][26][27][28] These commandments provide the basis for Jewish religious law. Tradition states that there are 613 commandments (taryag mitzvot).

text: Nevi'im

text:
Books of Nevi'im

Former Prophets

Joshua
Judges
Samuel
Kings

Latter Prophets (major)

Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel

Latter Prophets (Twelve minor)

Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Hebrew Bible

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text: Nevi'im (Hebrew: נְבִיאִים, translit. Nəḇî'îm, "Prophets") is the second main division of the Tanakh, between the Torah and Ketuvim. It contains two sub-groups, the Former Prophets (Nevi'im Rishonim נביאים ראשונים, the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) and the Latter Prophets (Nevi'im Aharonim נביאים אחרונים, the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the Twelve Minor Prophets).

text: The Nevi'im tell the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy and its division into two kingdoms, ancient Israel and Judah, focusing on conflicts between the Israelites and other nations, and conflicts among Israelites, specifically, struggles between believers in "the LORD God"[29] and believers in foreign gods,[30][31] and the criticism of unethical and unjust behaviour of Israelite elites and rulers;[32][33][34] in which prophets played a crucial and leading role. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

text: Former Prophets

text: The Former Prophets are the books Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings. They contain narratives that begin immediately after the death of Moses with the divine appointment of Joshua as his successor, who then leads the people of Israel into the Promised Land, and end with the release from imprisonment of the last king of Judah. Treating Samuel and Kings as single books, they cover:

text:
Joshua's conquest of the land of Canaan (in the Book of Joshua),
the struggle of the people to possess the land (in the Book of Judges),
the people's request to God to give them a king so that they can occupy the land in the face of their enemies (in the Books of Samuel)
the possession of the land under the divinely appointed kings of the House of David, ending in conquest and foreign exile (Books of Kings)

text: Latter Prophets

text: The Latter Prophets are divided into two groups, the "major" prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets, collected into a single book. The collection is broken up to form twelve individual books in the Christian Old Testament, one for each of the prophets:

text:
Hosea, Hoshea (הושע)
Joel, Yoel (יואל)
Amos, Amos (עמוס)
Obadiah, Ovadyah (עבדיה)
Jonah, Yonah (יונה)
Micah, Mikhah (מיכה)
Nahum, Nahum (נחום)
Habakkuk, Havakuk (חבקוק)
Zephaniah, Tsefanya (צפניה)
Haggai, Khagay (חגי)
Zechariah, Zekharyah (זכריה)
Malachi, Malakhi (מלאכי)

text: Ketuvim

text:
Books of the Ketuvim

Three poetic books

Psalms
Proverbs
Job

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of Songs
Ruth
Lamentations
Ecclesiastes
Esther

Other books

Daniel

Ezra–Nehemiah (Ezra
Nehemiah)

Chronicles

Hebrew Bible

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text: Ketuvim or Kəṯûḇîm (in Biblical Hebrew: כְּתוּבִים "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh. The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the Ruach HaKodesh (the Holy Spirit) but with one level less authority than that of prophecy.[35]

text: The poetic books

text: In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their poetry. Collectively, these three books are known as Sifrei Emet (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields Emet אמ"ת, which is also the Hebrew for "truth").

text: These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system.

text: The five scrolls (Hamesh Megillot)

text: The five relatively short books of Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Book of Esther are collectively known as the Hamesh Megillot (Five Megillot). These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon even though they were not complete until the 2nd century CE.[36]

text: Other books

text: Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah and Chronicles. Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of distinguishing characteristics:

text:
Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e., the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion).
The Talmudic tradition ascribes late authorship to all of them.
Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in the Tanakh with significant portions in Aramaic.

text: Order of the books

text: The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of Sifrei Emet and Hamesh Megillot.

text: The Three Poetic Books (Sifrei Emet)

text:
Tehillim (Psalms) תְהִלִּים
Mishlei (Book of Proverbs) מִשְלֵי
Iyyôbh (Book of Job) אִיּוֹב

text: The Five Megillot (Hamesh Megillot)

text:
Shīr Hashshīrīm (Song of Songs) or (Song of Solomon) שִׁיר הַשׁשִׁירִים (Passover)
Rūth (Book of Ruth) רוּת (Shābhû‘ôth)
Eikhah (Lamentations) איכה (Ninth of Av) [Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.]
Qōheleth (Ecclesiastes) קהלת (Sukkôth)
Estēr (Book of Esther) אֶסְתֵר (Pûrîm)

text: Other books

text:
Dānî’ēl (Book of Daniel) דָּנִיֵּאל
‘Ezrā (Book of Ezra–Book of Nehemiah) עזרא
Divrei ha-Yamim (Chronicles) דברי הימים

text: The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b–15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.[37]

text: In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.[38]

text: Canonization

text: The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as biblical canon. While the Torah may have been considered canon by Israel as early as the 5th century BCE and the Former and Latter Prophets were canonized by the 2nd century BCE, the Ketuvim was not a fixed canon until the 2nd century of the Common Era.[36]

text: Evidence suggests, however, that the people of Israel were adding what would become the Ketuvim to their holy literature shortly after the canonization of the prophets. As early as 132 BCE references suggest that the Ketuvim was starting to take shape, although it lacked a formal title.[39] References in the four Gospels as well as other books of the New Testament indicate that many of these texts were both commonly known and counted as having some degree of religious authority early in the 1st century CE.

text: Many scholars believe that the limits of the Ketuvim as canonized scripture were determined by the Council of Jamnia c. 90 CE. Against Apion, the writing of Josephus in 95 CE, treated the text of the Hebrew Bible as a closed canon to which "... no one has ventured either to add, or to remove, or to alter a syllable..."[40] For a long time following this date the divine inspiration of Esther, the Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes was often under scrutiny.[41]

text: Original languages

text: The Tanakh was mainly written in biblical Hebrew, with some small portions (Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26, Jeremiah 10:11, Daniel 2:4–7:28) written in biblical Aramaic, a sister language which became the lingua franca for much of the Semitic world.[42]

text: Septuagint

text: The Septuagint, or the LXX, is a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures and some related texts into Koine Greek, begun in the late 3rd century BCE and completed by 132 BCE,[43][44][45] initially in Alexandria, but in time it was completed elsewhere as well.[46] It is not altogether clear which was translated when, or where; some may even have been translated twice, into different versions, and then revised.[47]

text: As the work of translation progressed, the canon of the Greek Bible expanded. The Torah always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the Nevi'im, had various hagiographical works incorporated into it. In addition, some newer books were included in the Septuagint, among these are the Maccabees and the Wisdom of Sirach. However, the book of Sirach, is now known to have existed in a Hebrew version, since ancient Hebrew manuscripts of it were rediscovered in modern times. The Septuagint version of some Biblical books, like Daniel and Esther, are longer than those in the Jewish canon.[48] Some of these deuterocanonical books (e.g. the Wisdom of Solomon, and the second book of Maccabees) were not translated, but composed directly in Greek.[citation needed]

text: Since Late Antiquity, once attributed to a hypothetical late 1st-century Council of Jamnia, mainstream Rabbinic Judaism rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts. Several reasons have been given for this. First, some mistranslations were claimed. Second, the Hebrew source texts used for the Septuagint differed from the Masoretic tradition of Hebrew texts, which was chosen as canonical by the Jewish rabbis.[49] Third, the rabbis wanted to distinguish their tradition from the newly emerging tradition of Christianity.[45][50] Finally, the rabbis claimed a divine authority for the Hebrew language, in contrast to Aramaic or Greek – even though these languages were the lingua franca of Jews during this period (and Aramaic would eventually be given a holy language status comparable to Hebrew).[51]

text: The Septuagint is the basis for the Old Latin, Slavonic, Syriac, Old Armenian, Old Georgian and Coptic versions of the Christian Old Testament.[52] The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches use most of the books of the Septuagint, while Protestant churches usually do not. After the Protestant Reformation, many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called Biblical apocrypha. The Apocrypha are included under a separate heading in the King James Version of the Bible, the basis for the Revised Standard Version.[53]

text: Incorporations from Theodotion

text: In most ancient copies of the Bible which contain the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, the Book of Daniel is not the original Septuagint version, but instead is a copy of Theodotion's translation from the Hebrew, which more closely resembles the Masoretic Text.[citation needed] The Septuagint version was discarded in favour of Theodotion's version in the 2nd to 3rd centuries CE. In Greek-speaking areas, this happened near the end of the 2nd century, and in Latin-speaking areas (at least in North Africa), it occurred in the middle of the 3rd century. History does not record the reason for this, and St. Jerome reports, in the preface to the Vulgate version of Daniel, "This thing 'just' happened."[54] One of two Old Greek texts of the Book of Daniel has been recently rediscovered and work is ongoing in reconstructing the original form of the book.[55]

text: The canonical Ezra–Nehemiah is known in the Septuagint as "Esdras B", and 1 Esdras is "Esdras A". 1 Esdras is a very similar text to the books of Ezra–Nehemiah, and the two are widely thought by scholars to be derived from the same original text. It has been proposed, and is thought highly likely by scholars, that "Esdras B" – the canonical Ezra–Nehemiah – is Theodotion's version of this material, and "Esdras A" is the version which was previously in the Septuagint on its own.[54]

text: Final form

text: Some texts are found in the Septuagint but are not present in the Hebrew. These additional books are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah (which later became chapter 6 of Baruch in the Vulgate), additions to Daniel (The Prayer of Azarias, the Song of the Three Children, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Odes, including the Prayer of Manasseh, the Psalms of Solomon, and Psalm 151.

text: Some books that are set apart in the Masoretic Text are grouped together. For example, the Books of Samuel and the Books of Kings are in the LXX one book in four parts called Βασιλειῶν ("Of Reigns"). In LXX, the Books of Chronicles supplement Reigns and it is called Paralipomenon (Παραλειπομένων – things left out). The Septuagint organizes the minor prophets as twelve parts of one Book of Twelve.[55]

text:
The Orthodox
Old Testament[46][56][a]
Greek-based
name
Conventional
English name

Law

Γένεσις
Génesis
Genesis

Ἔξοδος
Éxodos
Exodus

Λευϊτικόν
Leuitikón
Leviticus

Ἀριθμοί
Arithmoí
Numbers

Δευτερονόμιον
Deuteronómion
Deuteronomy

History

Ἰησοῦς Nαυῆ
Iêsous Nauê
Joshua

Κριταί
Kritaí
Judges

Ῥούθ
Roúth
Ruth

Βασιλειῶν Αʹ[b]
I Reigns
I Samuel

Βασιλειῶν Βʹ
II Reigns
II Samuel

Βασιλειῶν Γʹ
III Reigns
I Kings

Βασιλειῶν Δʹ
IV Reigns
II Kings

Παραλειπομένων Αʹ
I Paralipomenon[c]
I Chronicles

Παραλειπομένων Βʹ
II Paralipomenon
II Chronicles

Ἔσδρας Αʹ
I Esdras
1 Esdras

Ἔσδρας Βʹ
II Esdras
Ezra–Nehemiah

Τωβίτ[d]
Tobit
Tobit or Tobias

Ἰουδίθ
Ioudith
Judith

Ἐσθήρ
Esther
Esther with additions

Μακκαβαίων Αʹ
I Makkabaioi
1 Maccabees

Μακκαβαίων Βʹ
II Makkabaioi
2 Maccabees

Μακκαβαίων Γʹ
III Makkabaioi
3 Maccabees

Wisdom

Ψαλμοί
Psalms
Psalms

Ψαλμός ΡΝΑʹ
Psalm 151
Psalm 151

Προσευχὴ Μανάσση
Prayer of Manasseh
Prayer of Manasseh

Ἰώβ
Iōb
Job

Παροιμίαι
Proverbs
Proverbs

Ἐκκλησιαστής
Ekklesiastes
Ecclesiastes

Ἆσμα Ἀσμάτων
Song of Songs
Song of Solomon or Canticles

Σοφία Σαλoμῶντος
Wisdom of Solomon
Wisdom

Σοφία Ἰησοῦ Σειράχ
Wisdom of Jesus the son of Seirach
Sirach or Ecclesiasticus

Ψαλμοί Σαλoμῶντος
Psalms of Solomon
Psalms of Solomon[57]

Prophets

Δώδεκα
The Twelve
Minor Prophets

Ὡσηέ Αʹ
I. Osëe
Hosea

Ἀμώς Βʹ
II. Amōs
Amos

Μιχαίας Γʹ
III. Michaias
Micah

Ἰωήλ Δʹ
IV. Ioël
Joel

Ὀβδίου Εʹ[e]
V. Obdias
Obadiah

Ἰωνᾶς Ϛ'
VI. Ionas
Jonah

Ναούμ Ζʹ
VII. Naoum
Nahum

Ἀμβακούμ Ηʹ
VIII. Ambakum
Habakkuk

Σοφονίας Θʹ
IX. Sophonias
Zephaniah

Ἀγγαῖος Ιʹ
X. Angaios
Haggai

Ζαχαρίας ΙΑʹ
XI. Zacharias
Zachariah

Ἄγγελος ΙΒʹ
XII. Messenger
Malachi

Ἠσαΐας
Hesaias
Isaiah

Ἱερεμίας
Hieremias
Jeremiah

Βαρούχ
Baruch
Baruch

Θρῆνοι
Lamentations
Lamentations

Ἐπιστολή Ιερεμίου
Epistle of Jeremiah
Letter of Jeremiah

Ἰεζεκιήλ
Iezekiêl
Ezekiel

Δανιήλ
Daniêl
Daniel with additions

Appendix

Μακκαβαίων Δ' Παράρτημα
IV Makkabees
4 Maccabees[f]

text: Christian Bibles

text:
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text: A Christian Bible is a set of books that a Christian denomination regards as divinely inspired and thus constituting scripture. Although the Early Church primarily used the Septuagint or the Targums among Aramaic speakers, the apostles did not leave a defined set of new scriptures; instead the canon of the New Testament developed over time. Groups within Christianity include differing books as part of their sacred writings, most prominent among which are the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

text: Significant versions of the English Christian Bible include the Douay-Rheims Bible, the Authorized King James Version, the English Revised Version, the American Standard Version, the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Version, the New King James Version, the New International Version, and the English Standard Version.

text: Old Testament

text: The books which make up the Christian Old Testament differ between the Catholic (see Catholic Bible), Orthodox, and Protestant (see Protestant Bible) churches, with the Protestant movement accepting only those books contained in the Hebrew Bible, while Catholics and Orthodox have wider canons. A few groups consider particular translations to be divinely inspired, notably the Greek Septuagint and the Aramaic Peshitta.[citation needed]

text: Apocryphal or deuterocanonical books

text: In Eastern Christianity, translations based on the Septuagint still prevail. The Septuagint was generally abandoned in favour of the 10th-century Masoretic Text as the basis for translations of the Old Testament into Western languages.[citation needed] Some modern Western translations since the 14th century make use of the Septuagint to clarify passages in the Masoretic Text, where the Septuagint may preserve a variant reading of the Hebrew text.[citation needed] They also sometimes adopt variants that appear in other texts, e.g., those discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[58][59]

text: A number of books which are part of the Peshitta or the Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew (Rabbinic) Bible (i.e., among the protocanonical books) are often referred to as deuterocanonical books by Roman Catholics referring to a later secondary (i.e., deutero) canon, that canon as fixed definitively by the Council of Trent 1545–1563.[60][61] It includes 46 books for the Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one) and 27 for the New.[62]

text: Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until the 1820s. However, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches include these books as part of their Old Testament.

text: The Roman Catholic Church recognizes:[63]

text:
Tobit
Judith
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom
Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus)
Baruch
The Letter of Jeremiah (Baruch Chapter 6)
Greek Additions to Esther (Book of Esther, chapters 10:4–12:6)
The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children verses 1–68 (Book of Daniel, chapter 3, verses 24–90)
Susanna (Book of Daniel, chapter 13)
Bel and the Dragon (Book of Daniel, chapter 14)

text: In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following:[citation needed]

text:
3 Maccabees
1 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151

text: Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches include:[citation needed]

text: 2 Esdras i.e., Latin Esdras in the Russian and Georgian Bibles

text: There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church, but was included by St. Jerome in an appendix to the Vulgate, and is an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it is therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha.[citation needed]

text: The Syriac Orthodox tradition includes:[citation needed]

text:
Psalms 151–155
The Apocalypse of Baruch
The Letter of Baruch

text: The Ethiopian Biblical canon includes:[citation needed]

text:
Jubilees
Enoch
1–3 Meqabyan

text: and some other books.

text: The Anglican Church uses some of the Apocryphal books liturgically. Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Anglican Church include the Deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic Church, plus 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh, which were in the Vulgate appendix.[citation needed]

text: Pseudepigraphal books

text: The term Pseudepigrapha commonly describes numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented. The "Old Testament" Pseudepigraphal works include the following:[64]

text:
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees
Assumption of Moses
Ethiopic Book of Enoch (1 Enoch)
Slavonic Book of Enoch (2 Enoch)
Hebrew Book of Enoch (3 Enoch) (also known as "The Revelation of Metatron" or "The Book of Rabbi Ishmael the High Priest")
Book of Jubilees
Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch)
Letter of Aristeas (Letter to Philocrates regarding the translating of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek)
Life of Adam and Eve
Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah
Psalms of Solomon
Sibylline Oracles
Greek Apocalypse of Baruch (3 Baruch)
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

text: Book of Enoch

text: Notable pseudepigraphal works include the Books of Enoch (such as 1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, surviving only in Old Slavonic, and 3 Enoch, surviving in Hebrew, c. 5th to 6th century CE). These are ancient Jewish religious works, traditionally ascribed to the prophet Enoch, the great-grandfather of the patriarch Noah. They are not part of the biblical canon used by Jews, apart from Beta Israel. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Books of Enoch as having some historical or theological interest or significance. It has been observed that part of the Book of Enoch is quoted in the Epistle of Jude (part of the New Testament) but Christian denominations generally regard the Books of Enoch as non-canonical or non-inspired.[65] However, the Enoch books are treated as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

text: The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) are estimated to date from about 300 BCE, and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably was composed at the end of the 1st century BCE.[66]

text: Denominational views of Pseudepigrapha

text: There arose in some Protestant biblical scholarship an extended use of the term pseudepigrapha for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the biblical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the biblical canons recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called deuterocanonical and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal. Accordingly, the term pseudepigraphical, as now used often among both Protestants and Roman Catholics (allegedly for the clarity it brings to the discussion), may make it difficult to discuss questions of pseudepigraphical authorship of canonical books dispassionately with a lay audience. To confuse the matter even more, Eastern Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority. There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants accept. The same is true of some Jewish sects. Many works that are "apocryphal" are otherwise considered genuine.

text: Role of the Old Testament in Christian theology

text: The Old Testament has always been central to the life of the Christian church. Bible scholar N.T. Wright says "Jesus himself was profoundly shaped by the scriptures."[67] He adds that the earliest Christians also searched those same Hebrew scriptures in their effort to understand the earthly life of Jesus. They regarded the "holy writings" of the Israelites as necessary and instructive for the Christian, as seen from Paul's words to Timothy (2 Timothy 3:15), and as pointing to the Messiah, and as having reached a climactic fulfillment in Jesus himself, generating the "new covenant" prophesied by Jeremiah.[68]

text: New Testament

text: The New Testament is the name given to the second and final portion of the Christian Bible. Jesus is its central figure.

text: The term "New Testament" came into use in the second century during a controversy among Christians over whether or not the Hebrew Bible should be included with the Christian writings as sacred scripture. The New Testament presupposes the inspiration of the Old Testament.[69] Some other works which were widely read by early churches were excluded from the New Testament and relegated to the collections known as the Apostolic Fathers (generally considered orthodox) and the New Testament Apocrypha (including both orthodox and heretical works).

text: The New Testament is a collection of 27 books[70] of 4 different genres of Christian literature (Gospels, one account of the Acts of the Apostles, Epistles and an Apocalypse). These books can be grouped into:

text:
The Gospels

Synoptic Gospels

Gospel According to Matthew
Gospel According to Mark
Gospel According to Luke

Gospel According to John

Narrative literature, account and history of the Apostolic age

Acts of the Apostles

Pauline Epistles

Epistle to the Romans
First Epistle to the Corinthians
Second Epistle to the Corinthians
Epistle to the Galatians
Epistle to the Ephesians
Epistle to the Philippians
Epistle to the Colossians
First Epistle to the Thessalonians
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

Pastoral epistles

First Epistle to Timothy
Second Epistle to Timothy
Epistle to Titus
Epistle to Philemon
Epistle to the Hebrews

General epistles, also called catholic epistles

Epistle of James
First Epistle of Peter
Second Epistle of Peter
First Epistle of John
Second Epistle of John
Third Epistle of John
Epistle of Jude

Apocalyptic literature, also called Prophetical

Revelation, or the Apocalypse

text: The New Testament books are ordered differently in the Catholic/Orthodox/Protestant tradition, the Slavonic tradition, the Syriac tradition and the Ethiopian tradition.

text: Original language

text: The mainstream consensus is that the New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek,[71][72] which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean[73][74][75][76] from the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BCE) until the evolution of Byzantine Greek (c. 600).

text: Historic editions

text: The original autographs, that is, the original Greek writings and manuscripts written by the original authors of the New Testament, have not survived.[77] But historically copies exist of those original autographs, transmitted and preserved in a number of manuscript traditions. There have been some minor variations, additions or omissions, in some of the texts. When ancient scribes copied earlier books, they sometimes wrote notes on the margins of the page (marginal glosses) to correct their text – especially if a scribe accidentally omitted a word or line – and to comment about the text. When later scribes were copying the copy, they were sometimes uncertain if a note was intended to be included as part of the text.

text: The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the Alexandrian text-type (generally minimalist), the Byzantine text-type (generally maximalist), and the Western text-type (occasionally wild). Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts.

text: Development of the Christian canons

text: The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists of texts. In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity[vague] subsequently added various writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the 4th century a series of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39, 46, 51, or 54-book canon of the Old Testament and to the 27-book canon of the New Testament that would be subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in 393 CE. Also c. 400, Jerome produced a definitive Latin edition of the Bible (see Vulgate), the canon of which, at the insistence of the Pope, was in accord with the earlier Synods. With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other canonical lists in use after this time.

text: The Protestant Old Testament of today has a 39-book canon – the number of books (though not the content) varies from the Jewish Tanakh only because of a different method of division – while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books (51 books with some books combined into 46 books) as the canonical Old Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize 3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Prayer of Manasseh and Psalm 151 in addition to the Catholic canon. Some include 2 Esdras. The Anglican Church also recognizes a longer canon.[citation needed] The term "Hebrew Scriptures" is often used as being synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, since the surviving scriptures in Hebrew include only those books, while Catholics and Orthodox include additional texts that have not survived in Hebrew. Both Catholics and Protestants (as well as Greek Orthodox) have the same 27-book New Testament Canon.[78]

text: The New Testament writers assumed the inspiration of the Old Testament, probably earliest stated in 2 Timothy 3:16, "All scripture is given by inspiration of God".[10]

text: Ethiopian Orthodox canon

text: The Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is wider than the canons used by most other Christian churches. There are 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.[79] The Ethiopian Old Testament Canon includes the books found in the Septuagint accepted by other Orthodox Christians, in addition to Enoch and Jubilees which are ancient Jewish books that only survived in Ge'ez but are quoted in the New Testament,[citation needed] also Greek Ezra First and the Apocalypse of Ezra, 3 books of Meqabyan, and Psalm 151 at the end of the Psalter. The three books of Meqabyan are not to be confused with the books of Maccabees. The order of the other books is somewhat different from other groups', as well. The Old Testament follows the Septuagint order for the Minor Prophets rather than the Jewish order.[citation needed]

text: Divine inspiration

text: The Second Epistle to Timothy says that "all scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness". (2 Timothy 3:16)[80] Various related but distinguishable views on divine inspiration include:

text:
the view of the Bible as the inspired word of God: the belief that God, through the Holy Spirit, intervened and influenced the words, message, and collation of the Bible[81]
the view that the Bible is also infallible, and incapable of error in matters of faith and practice, but not necessarily in historic or scientific matters
the view that the Bible represents the inerrant word of God, without error in any aspect, spoken by God and written down in its perfect form by humans

text: Within these broad beliefs many schools of hermeneutics operate. "Bible scholars claim that discussions about the Bible must be put into its context within church history and then into the context of contemporary culture."[68] Fundamentalist Christians are associated[by whom?] with the doctrine of biblical literalism, where the Bible is not only inerrant, but the meaning of the text is clear to the average reader.[82]

text: Jewish antiquity attests to belief in sacred texts,[83][84] and a similar belief emerges in the earliest of Christian writings. Various texts of the Bible mention divine agency in relation to its writings.[85] In their book A General Introduction to the Bible, Norman Geisler and William Nix write: "The process of inspiration is a mystery of the providence of God, but the result of this process is a verbal, plenary, inerrant, and authoritative record."[86] Most evangelical biblical scholars[87][88][89] associate inspiration with only the original text; for example some American Protestants adhere to the 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy which asserted that inspiration applied only to the autographic text of Scripture.[90] Among adherents of Biblical literalism, a minority, such as followers of the King-James-Only Movement, extend the claim of inerrancy only to a particular translation.[91]

text: Versions and translations

text: The original texts of the Tanakh were mainly in Hebrew, with some portions in Aramaic. In addition to the authoritative Masoretic Text, Jews still refer to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, and the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Bible. There are several different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Aleppo Codex. Even in this version there are words which are traditionally read differently from written, because the oral tradition is considered more fundamental than the written one, and presumably mistakes had been made in copying the text over the generations.[citation needed]

text: The primary biblical text for early Christians was the Septuagint. In addition, they translated the Hebrew Bible into several other languages. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important for the Church in the West, while the Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament.

text: The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included books not in the Hebrew Bible.

text: According to the Latin Decretum Gelasianum (also known as the Gelasian Decree), thought to be of a 6th-century document[92][93] of uncertain authorship and of pseudepigraphal papal authority (variously ascribed to Pope Gelasius I, Pope Damasus I, or Pope Hormisdas)[94][95][96] but reflecting the views of the Roman Church by that period,[97] the Council of Rome in 382 AD under Pope Damasus I (366–383) assembled a list of books of the Bible. Damasus commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin. This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible, in the fourth century AD (although Jerome expressed in his prologues to most deuterocanonical books that they were non-canonical).[98][99] In 1546, at the Council of Trent, Jerome's Vulgate translation was declared by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only authentic and official Bible in the Latin Church.

text: Since the Protestant Reformation, Bible translations for many languages have been made. The Bible continues to be translated to new languages, largely by Christian organizations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators, New Tribes Mission and Bible societies.

text:
Bible translations, worldwide (as of October 2017)[100]

Number
Statistic

7,099
Approximate number of languages spoken in the world today

2,584
Number of translations into new languages currently in progress

1,521
Number of languages with a translation of the New Testament

670
Number of languages with a translation of the Bible (Protestant Canon)

text: Views

text: John Riches, professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, provides the following view of the diverse historical influences of the Bible:

text: It has inspired some of the great monuments of human thought, literature, and art; it has equally fuelled some of the worst excesses of human savagery, self-interest, and narrow-mindedness. It has inspired men and women to acts of great service and courage, to fight for liberation and human development; and it has provided the ideological fuel for societies which have enslaved their fellow human beings and reduced them to abject poverty. ... It has, perhaps above all, provided a source of religious and moral norms which have enabled communities to hold together, to care for, and to protect one another; yet precisely this strong sense of belonging has in turn fuelled ethnic, racial, and international tension and conflict.[101]

text: Other religions

text: In Islam, the Bible is held to reflect true unfolding revelation from God; but revelation which had been corrupted or distorted (in Arabic: tahrif); which necessitated the giving of the Qur'an to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, to correct this deviation.

text: Members of other religions may also seek inspiration from the Bible. For example, Rastafaris view the Bible as essential to their religion[102] and Unitarian Universalists view it as "one of many important religious texts".[103]

text: Biblical studies

text: Biblical criticism refers to the investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention. It is not the same as criticism of the Bible, which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance, or observations that the Bible may have translation errors.[104]

text: Higher criticism

text: In the 17th century Thomas Hobbes collected the current evidence to conclude outright that Moses could not have written the bulk of the Torah. Shortly afterwards the philosopher Baruch Spinoza published a unified critical analysis, arguing that the problematic passages were not isolated cases that could be explained away one by one, but pervasive throughout the five books, concluding that it was "clearer than the sun at noon that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses . . ."[105]

text: Archaeological and historical research

text: Biblical archaeology is the archaeology that relates to and sheds light upon the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Greek Scriptures (or the "New Testament"). It is used to help determine the lifestyle and practices of people living in biblical times. There are a wide range of interpretations in the field of biblical archaeology. One broad division includes biblical maximalism which generally takes the view that most of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible is based on history although it is presented through the religious viewpoint of its time. It is considered to be the opposite of biblical minimalism which considers the Bible to be a purely post-exilic (5th century BCE and later) composition. Even among those scholars who adhere to biblical minimalism, the Bible is a historical document containing first-hand information on the Hellenistic and Roman eras, and there is universal scholarly consensus that the events of the 6th century BCE Babylonian captivity have a basis in history.

text: The historicity of the biblical account of the history of ancient Israel and Judah of the 10th to 7th centuries BCE is disputed in scholarship. The biblical account of the 8th to 7th centuries BCE is widely, but not universally, accepted as historical, while the verdict on the earliest period of the United Monarchy (10th century BCE) and the historicity of David is unclear. Archaeological evidence providing information on this period, such as the Tel Dan Stele, can potentially be decisive. The biblical account of events of the Exodus from Egypt in the Torah, and the migration to the Promised Land and the period of Judges are not considered historical in scholarship.[106][107]

text: Bible Museum

text: Bible Museums of the United States

text: 1) On December 1, 2017, the Museum of the Bible opened in Washington D.C. The museum was said to be built for all guests to understand and appreciate the existence of the Bible.Furthermore, the museum seeks to disperse historical information regarding the Bible as well as portray the significance of the Bible in a neutral way.[108]

text: 2) Durham Bible Museum: The Durham Bible Museum is located in Houston Texas and is known for the collection of rare Bibles around the world. Furthermore, the Durham Museum is known to have many different Bibles of various languages.[109]

text: Image gallery

text:
Bibles

Old Bible from a Greek monastery

Imperial Bible, or Vienna Coronation Gospels from Wien (Austria), c 1500.

The Kennicott Bible, 1476

A Baroque Bible

The bible used by Abraham Lincoln for his oath of office during his first inauguration in 1861

A miniature Bible

1866 Victorian Bible

Shelves of the Bizzell Bible Collection at Bizzell Memorial Library

text: Illustrations

text: Most old Bibles were illuminated, they were manuscripts in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. Up to the twelfth century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a commission from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the monks who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a scriptorium, where "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk."[110] By the fourteenth century, the cloisters of monks writing in the scriptorium started to employ laybrothers from the urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands.[111] Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that the Monastic libraries were unable to meet with the demand, and began employing secular scribes and illuminators.[112] These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in certain instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day.[113]

text: The manuscript was "sent to the rubricator, who added (in red or other colours) the titles, headlines, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator."[110] In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent,) but by the time that the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator there was no longer any scope for innovation."[114]

text:
Bible illustrations

Bible from 1150, from Scriptorium de Chartres, Christ with angels

Blanche of Castile and Louis IX of France Bible, 13th century

Maciejowski Bible, Leaf 37, the 3rd image, Abner (in the center in green) sends Michal back to David.

Jephthah's daughter laments – Maciejowski Bible (France, ca. 1250)

Coloured version of the Whore of Babylon illustration from Martin Luther's 1534 translation of the Bible

An Armenian Bible, illuminated by Malnazar

Fleeing Sodom and Gomorrah, Foster Bible

Jonah being swallowed by the fish, Kennicott Bible, 1476


document_title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5)

question_text: brooklyn nine nine season 5 episode 6 release

root

text: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5)

text: Summary[edit]

text: Jake and Rosa adjust to life in jail before the Nine-Nine are able to bust Melanie Hawkins when Holt is forced to make a deal with local mobster Seamus Murphy. Jake realizes he's not ready to be back out in the field and Rosa breaks up with Adrian. During the fifth annual Halloween heist, Jake proposes to Amy and they get engaged. On a trip to Los Angeles for the funeral of the Nine-Nine's previous captain, Holt learns he's in the running to become the new police commissioner and the crew vows to help him deal with Murphy. Rosa comes out as bisexual.

tag: p

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

91
1
"The Big House Pt. 1"
Tristram Shapeero
Luke Del Tredici
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
501
2.00[1]

Jake and Rosa have been in prison for a while, with Jake having to deal with his amiable mass-murdering cannibal cellmate, and Rosa doing whatever it takes to establish herself as someone not to be messed with. Jake ends up being put in the general population after smuggling "street soups" to a feared gang led by Romero, and Holt and Terry struggle to fill a very long list of requests for help by Rosa after she realizes they're not going to stop trying to help her. Amy and Boyle badly miss Jake, and Gina is on maternity leave.

92
2
"The Big House Pt. 2"
Michael McDonald
Justin Noble
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
502
1.74[2]

Jake undertakes a dangerous undercover mission at the warden's behest, but it looks like he'll end up getting killed by Romero no matter how it turns out. The squad tries to figure out how to get the goods on Lt. Hawkins and prove she was behind the robberies she framed Jake and Rosa for. An operation to hack into her phone is one option, but a more viable and much more dangerous one involves a Hawkins-loathing mob boss named Seamus Murphy who will give Amy the information to clear Jake and Rosa if she will "do a favor for me" in return. When the operation fails, Holt secretly obtains the information from Murphy, resulting in Jake and Rosa's freedom at the cost of a favor Holt will owe Murphy in the future.

93
3
"Kicks"
Eric Appel
Andrew Guest
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
503
1.68[3]

Jake must pass an official evaluation performed by Holt in order to get back in the field after his incarceration. When Jake starts doubting his choices after the prime suspect claims innocence, he sees it as a weakness, but Holt sees is as a strength. Meanwhile, Rosa gets Amy and Terry's assistance to discover if Pimento is cheating on her. Despite being proven innocent, Rosa decides to break up with him regardless after realizing she would've felt relieved had he been caught and she ended the relationship.

94
4
"HalloVeen"
Jamie Babbit
Dan Goor
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
504
1.69[4]

On the fifth annual Halloween heist, all members of the squad try to capture the champion cummerbund. Charles, Rosa and Terry team up to form "The Tramps". Amy figures out Jake's plan and finds the cummerbund; it is then revealed that Jake changed the inscription on the belt from "amazing human/genius" to "Amy Santiago, will you marry me?" Amy accepts and Boyle faints upon learning they are finally engaged. While he is happy for them, Captain Holt is slightly upset by the fact that no one technically won the heist since Jake changed the belt.

95
5
"Bad Beat"
Kat Coiro
Carol Kolb
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
505
1.50[5]

Jake and Terry propose to join an underground gambling ring to catch a criminal. However, in the process, Captain Holt relapses into his old gambling addiction. Charles is planning a new food truck venture and ropes in Amy as an investor, only to later tell her that the truck he bought was the scene of a notorious murder. Rosa accepts Hitchcock's and Scully's challenge when they say she can't sit all day like they do.

96
6
"The Venue"
Cortney Carrillo
Matt Lawton
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
506
1.65[6]

Jake and Amy find a mansion that makes a perfect venue for their wedding only to have it snatched at the last second by The Vulture, who is also planning to get married on the same day. After finding out that his fiancé, Jean Munroe, is a kind charity worker, they debate over whether they want the venue or to save Jean from her marriage. Charles and Rosa track down and rescue Sergeant Peanut Butter, whom Charles still envies for stealing his thunder when he received his Medal of Valor. Much to Charles' dismay, Peanut Butter is given the credit for the rescue despite Charles saving his life. Captain Holt tries to convince Terry to be less image-conscious after Terry begins to prepare a party for a cop he accidentally offended.

97
7
"Two Turkeys"
Alex Reid
David Phillips
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
508
1.66[7]

Jake and Amy attempt to get their parents to bond over Thanksgiving dinner, but their first holiday together as a family does not go well. However, an unexpected injury causes both sets of parents to reexamine their feelings towards each other. Elsewhere, Holt and husband Kevin’s Thanksgiving pie goes missing, and Holt suspects Rosa, Boyle, and Terry may have taken the pie. After interrogating them with no luck, Holt enlists the help of Hitchcock and Scully in order to uncover the culprit and find the pie.

98
8
"Return to Skyfire"
Linda Mendoza
Neil Campbell
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
507
1.73[8]

Skyfire author DC Parlov returns to the precinct after the latest manuscript for his upcoming book was stolen. Jake, Terry, and Rosa go to a convention to investigate and find out that Parlov's rival Landon Lawson also had his manuscript stolen. As the two authors accuse each other of stealing each other's work, Terry reveals to Jake that he's been writing a fantasy novel of his own. Jake encourages Terry to have Parlov look at it, only to find out that it's terrible. Back at the precinct, Holt, Amy, and Charles take a forensics course and struggle to keep Charles' mouth shut.

99
9
"99"
Payman Benz
Andy Bobrow
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
509
1.94[9]

While at a funeral in Los Angeles for their former police chief, Captain Holt finds out he is in the running to be commissioner. After experiencing many difficulties like missing their flight and having their RV explode, Jake and the squad must find a way to get from Los Angeles to New York in time for Holt's interview. Jake finds out that Holt was sabotaging the trip purposefully due to his compromise with Murphy, but Jake and the squad vow to find a way to solve Holt's issue and get him to the interview on time. During the trip, Amy tries to act less serious, Terry's upset about missing his first-class flight, and Charles discovers that Rosa is bisexual and has a girlfriend.

100
10
"Game Night"
Tristram Shapeero
Justin Noble & Carly Hallam Tosh
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
510
1.81[10]

After Rosa reveals she's bisexual to her colleagues, she seeks Jake's help in telling the news to her parents during a dinner with them. Though she initially pretends she's dating Jake during dinner, she comes out and invites Jake to join her family for Game Night, where she finds out how much her parents are willing to accept the change. Meanwhile, the precinct turns to Gina for help when the Cyber Crimes division is using up all their bandwidth, resulting in slow internet. After Gina helps them, she reveals she's planning on quitting the Nine-Nine to pursue a career in entrepreneurship. However, after being touched by Amy and Charles' good-byes, she decides to return to the Nine-Nine while continuing to work on her side business.

101
11
"The Favor"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Aeysha Carr
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
511
1.81[10]

Seamus Murphy finally asks Holt for his favor: To request a permit for a block party that will cover up their next crime. Jake and Charles go undercover and befriend Seamus' dimwitted nephew Kyle to find out what the Murphys are planning and stop it while ensuring Holt doesn't break Seamus' deal. Amy and Rosa try to request a permit for the block party, but when they are rejected, they try to find holes in the bureaucratic system Amy's grown to adore. Terry tries to find Gina time and space to use her breast pump for her baby. After the Nine-Nine uncovers Seamus' plan, they manage to foil the planned robbery while ensuring Holt keeps up his end of the bargain. When they arrest Kyle to protect him from his uncle's wrath, Seamus finds out about the ruse and threatens Kevin's life.

tag: table

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Andy Samberg as Jake Peralta
Stephanie Beatriz as Rosa Diaz
Terry Crews as Terry Jeffords
Melissa Fumero as Amy Santiago
Joe Lo Truglio as Charles Boyle
Chelsea Peretti as Gina Linetti
Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Holt
Dirk Blocker as Michael Hitchcock
Joel McKinnon Miller as Norman Scully

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Gina Gershon as Lt. Melanie Hawkins
Tim Meadows as Caleb
Lou Diamond Phillips as Romero
Marc Evan Jackson as Kevin Cozner

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Big House Pt. 1"
September 26, 2017
0.7/3
2.00[1]
0.7
1.24
1.4
3.24[11]

2
"The Big House Pt. 2"
October 3, 2017
0.6/2
1.74[2]
0.7
1.24
1.3
2.98[12]

3
"Kicks"
October 10, 2017
0.7/3
1.68[3]
0.6
1.19
1.3
2.87[13]

4
"HalloVeen"
October 17, 2017
0.6/2
1.69[4]
0.7
1.21
1.3
2.90[14]

5
"Bad Beat"
November 7, 2017
0.6/2
1.50[5]
0.7
1.29
1.3
2.78[15]

6
"The Venue"
November 14, 2017
0.6/2
1.65[6]
0.6
1.14
1.2
2.78[16]

7
"Two Turkeys"
November 21, 2017
0.6/2
1.66[7]
0.7
1.34
1.3
3.00[17]

8
"Return to Skyfire"
November 28, 2017
0.7/3
1.73[8]
0.6
1.16
1.3
2.89[18]

9
"99"
December 5, 2017
0.7/3
1.94[9]
0.6
1.15
1.3
3.09[19]

10
"Game Night"
December 12, 2017
0.7/3
1.81[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"The Favor"
December 12, 2017
0.7/3
1.81[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Days of Our Lives cast members

question_text: who plays tate on days of our lives

question_tokens: who plays tate on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives cast members

text: Cast

text: Main cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

Lucas Adams
Tripp Johnson
2017–

Kristian Alfonso
Hope Williams Brady
1983–87, 1990, 1994–

Gina Von Amberg
1998–2001, 2012, 2017

Lamon Archey
Eli Grant
2017–

Camila Banus
Gabi Hernandez
2010–

Nadia Bjorlin
Chloe Lane
1999–2005, 2007–11, 2013, 2015–

Tyler Christopher
Signore Christofero
2001

Stefan DiMera
2017–

Kassie DePaiva
Eve Donovan
2014–

Mary Beth Evans
Kayla Brady
1986–92, 2006–

Billy Flynn
Chad DiMera
2014–

Galen Gering
Rafe Hernandez
2008–

Rafe Hernandez 2
2011

Deidre Hall
Dr. Marlena Evans
1976–87, 1991–2009, 2011–

Samantha Evans
1992, 2008

Hattie Adams
2004, 2016–

Drake Hogestyn
John Black
1986–2009, 2011–

Olivia Rose Keegan
Claire Brady
2015–

Victoria Konefal
Ciara Brady
2017–

Lauren Koslow
Kate Roberts
1996–

Jen Lilley
Theresa Donovan
2013–16, 2018–

Eric Martsolf
Brady Black
2008–

Chandler Massey
Will Horton
2010–14, 2017–

Marci Miller
Abigail Deveraux
2016–

Casey Moss
JJ Deveraux
2013–

Stephen Nichols
Steve Johnson
1985–90, 2006–09, 2015–

Thaao Penghlis
Tony DiMera
1981–85, 2007–09

André DiMera
1983–84, 1993–96, 2002–05, 2007, 2015–

Melissa Reeves
Jennifer Horton
1985–95, 2000–06, 2010–

James Reynolds
Abe Carver
1981–

Suzanne Rogers
Maggie Horton Kiriakis
1973–

Christopher Sean
Paul Narita
2014–

Freddie Smith
Sonny Kiriakis
2011–

Sal Stowers
Lani Price
2015–

Josh Taylor
Chris Kositchek
1977–87

Roman Brady
1997–

Greg Vaughan
Eric Brady
2012–

Vanessa A. Williams
Valerie Grant
2016–

Robert Scott Wilson
Ben Weston
2014–

text: Recurring cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

John Aniston
Eric Richards
1970

Victor Kiriakis
1985–

Philip Anthony-Rodriguez
Miguel Garcia
2018–

Julian Barnes
Harold
2009–

Jaime Lyn Bauer
Laura Horton
1993–99, 2003, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018–

Brandon Beemer
Shawn-Douglas Brady
2006–08, 2016–

Kurt Caceres
Guillermo
2016–

Laura Kai Chen
Melinda Trask
2013, 2016–

Bryan Dattilo
Lucas Horton
1993–2010, 2012–

Andy Demetrio
Milos
2017–

John Enos III
Roger Fisher
2017–

Judi Evans
Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis
1986–91, 2007–08, 2010–

Bonnie Lockhart
2003–07, 2017

Andoni Gracia
Mateo
2016, 2018–

Bill Hayes
Doug Williams
1970–84, 1986–87, 1993–96, 1999–

Byron Carmichael
1979

Leann Hunley
Anna DiMera
1982–86, 2007–10, 2017–

Andre Khabbazi
Henry Shah
2017–

Wally Kurth
Justin Kiriakis
1987–91, 2009–

Ron Leath
Henderson
1987–2004, 2008–

Meredith Scott Lynn
Anne Milbauer
2012–

Martha Madison
Belle Black
2004–08, 2015–

Gilles Marini
Ted
2018–

James Read
Clyde Weston
2014–

Greg Rikaart
Leo Stark
2018–

Colin and Kyle Schroeder
Tate Black
2018–

Susan Seaforth Hayes
Julie Olson Williams
1968–84, 1990–96, 1999–

Scott Shilstone
Zack Brady
2016

Wyatt
2017–

Paul Telfer
Xander Kiriakis
2015–

Harper & Sydnee Udell
Arianna Horton
2013–

Craig Welzbacher
Myron
2016–

text: Cast changes

text: Departing

text:
Actor
Character
Date
Ref.

Marci Miller
Abigail Deveraux
TBA 2018
[6][7]

Christopher Sean
Paul Narita
[8][9]

text: Returning

text:
Actor
Character
Date
Ref.

Farah Fath
Mimi Lockhart
TBA 2018
[10][11]

Kyle Lowder
Role TBA
[12][13]

Kate Mansi
Abigail Deveraux
[7]

Alison Sweeney
Sami Brady
[14]

Arianne Zucker
Nicole Walker
[15]


document_title: Coronation Street sets

question_text: when did coronation street move to media city

text: Coronation Street sets

text: From 1960 until 1968, the complete set of Coronation Street (house interiors and exteriors) was erected inside one of Granada Television's studios in central Manchester, with the houses reduced in scale to 3/4.[1] This small set was awkward for the actors, who had to walk more slowly than normal to appear in scale with the houses. There are a number of reasons for the use of an indoor studio; the main one being that the infancy of production techniques at the time did not allow easy recording and editing of sequences filmed in different locations.[2] It was not until 1967 that editing techniques had improved enough to allow Coronation Street to be filmed on separate interior and exterior sets.

text: The studios were not big enough for the entire street to be erected at once, so it was split into two halves.[3] The pavements and cobbled street were painted onto the studio floor.[2] Despite the limitations of the cramped studio set, some complex and dramatic scenes were filmed there. These include the collapse of Number 7 in 1965, and two years later, a special-effects-laden storyline involving a train crash; the viewers did not know if stalwart Ena Sharples was dead under the rubble.

text: In 1967, Granada Television made the decision to build an outside set. This new set was built on some old railway sidings near Granada Studios, and coincided with a storyline of the demolition of Elliston's Raincoat Factory and the Mission Hall, and the subsequent building of maisonettes opposite the terrace.[4]

text: Coronation Street's 1968 set was not all that different from the interior version previously used, with the wooden facades that had been used in the studio simply being erected on the new site. The only real change seen on screen was natural light illuminating the street for the first time. In late 1968 the Street was constructed in brick, with roofs and back yards added later. The set was still reduced in scale and quite cramped and even though the pavements and cobbled street were now real, the cobbles were not parallel to the houses, and ran diagonally down the street.[1] The first exterior set was referred to as "the coldest place on earth".[3] by actors and crew since they disliked working on it due to a near-constant wind which blew directly down the street. Filming on the new exterior set was kept to a minimum, not only because the actors disliked the set, but because of the high cost of using film for exterior sequences.[5]

text: The site later became the New York Street at the now-closed Granada Studios Tour complex. The site of New York Street set has been used again in Coronation Street, notably for Davenports (the firm Sally Webster worked for when she embarked on an affair with her boss, Ian Davenport); the strip club where Lloyd Mullaney met Cheryl Gray and also as the location for Weatherfield's tram stop where Izzy Armstrong was mugged in 2011. In 2012 the site featured as the location of a casino and another strip club in which the character Kylie Platt (née Granger) was working.

text: In 1982 an almost full-size exterior street was built in the Granada backlot, with the cobbles running in the correct direction. The new set was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982. The properties were constructed to a scale of 7/10ths; the new backlot at MediaCity UK is constructed to 9/10ths.

text: Production areas in the Granada Studios Backlot[edit]

text: Prop vehicle parking[edit]

text: Parking for the Prop vehicles are located where you would expect the West end of Crimea Street to be. This is where most cars, buses and other vehicles are seen to be heading towards when leaving the street via Viaduct Street, however those that leave via Victoria Street are in reality heading to a dead end, where the Granada Bonded Warehouse is.

text: Stage One[edit]

text: Features the interior sets for The Rovers Returns and No. 1 Coronation Street, among others. The Rovers Return is permanently erected due to the set's constant use. During Coronation Street: The Tour, visitors get to see inside The Rovers Return as well as Carla Connor's former apartment, Numbers 8 and 9 Coronation Street and also Underworld. The barge owned by Martha, whom had an affair with Ken Barlow in 2009 is also a set for tourists to see during their Coronation Street visit. In March 2015 the studio tour was updated to include The Kabin.

text: Stage Two[edit]

text: Once featured the interior set of No. 13 Coronation Street among others. The entrance to Stage Two is between some flats on Victoria Street and Victoria Court.

text: Since it was intended to be permanent, the houses were constructed from reclaimed Salford brick and roof slates to give an authentic look. The buildings are not complete, most lacking interior walls. The chimneys are made of fibreglass since there is insufficient support for brick ones. The building interiors are used as offices for writers and as store rooms for props used in outdoor shooting, aside from the take away, butcher shop and Barlow's Buys, which are built so that filming can be done inside them. However, in preparation for the switch to High Definition, the chimneys are now made of real brick with integral anti gravity to offset the weight.[when?][citation needed]

text: In the following years staircases were added inside the doors of the houses. A number of Granada tower blocks dominate the skyline around the set. These are usually obscured through careful camera angles.

text: The door next to Audrey's salon leads to a flat above the salon itself, which is actually the supporting artists green room, and consists of two simple rooms, one with chairs and a sink/wash area for extras, and the other used as a costume change area.

text: Towards the end of the 1980s scenes filmed on the exterior set became more numerous after the show's location work switched from film to videotape in 1988,[6] although some outdoor video shooting, using large, tethered cameras, had been trialled as early as 1977. More trials were conducted with a PSC (portable single camera) unit for the Rovers Return fire episode in 1986.

text: 1989 saw large development of the Coronation Street set. The factory and Community Centre which had occupied the site since 1971 were demolished. Three new houses, two shop units, a garage and a factory were built on the site. These developments were the idea of new executive producer David Liddiment.[7] The tour was closed on Mondays, as this was the day that the set was used for filming at the time.

text: When the Granada Studios Tour was closed in 1999 the exterior set was extended and updated. The derelict Graffiti Club on Rosamund Street was revamped and reopened as a medical centre/surgery. A new street, Victoria Street, was built to house three shops and two houses. A builders' yard backing onto the betting shop was built. To obscure one of the Granada Television buildings a new viaduct was built on Rosamund Street. This sits behind the Rovers and parallel to Coronation Street; this introduced an error, as it does not appear in the opening titles aerial shots of Coronation Street. The "viaduct" is actually a façade with an optical illusion to make it look complete. A backdrop of some Salford streets was erected in 2005 allowing shots to be filmed looking up Rosamund Street and creating the illusion of other dwellings further along that street.

text: At the end of Coronation Street there is a fictitious tramline which has seen CGI trams used over it in the past (notably the opening titles and when Kelly Crabtree left the long running drama.) The storyline for December 2010 (Coronation Street's fiftieth anniversary) showed the viaduct collapse, sending the tram onto the cobbles, demolishing the Kabin and the Corner Shop in the process.

text: Whilst the majority of the interior scenes were filmed within Stages One and Two (the scale of the houses meant it unfeasible to set up filming within the exterior backlot) Elliott's Butchers, Barlow's Buys, Prima Doner and Webster's Autos all allowed for interior/exterior filming. At one time Barlow's Buys was previously a bookmakers; before 2000 this was merely a façade to hide the Granada Studios Tours and the bookmakers set was interior only.

text: On 20 December 2013 the final scenes were filmed at Quay Street, and the set re-opened on 5 April 2014, when it became a tourist attraction.[8]

text: Planning permission was submitted in 2015 to demolish this set in 2016.[9]

text: ITV Trafford Wharf set (2013–)[edit]

text: In March 2009, it was confirmed that Coronation Street would stay on the current Quay Street site "for the foreseeable future".[10] Following a change of hands at ITV management, talks between ITV and The Peel Group for the move to the Trafford Park site reopened in January 2010.[11] In December 2010, it was announced that the proposed move was now to take place.[12]

text: Construction began in September 2011 after the area next to the Imperial War Museum North was surveyed for any possible World War II bomb threats,[13] the studios were constructed by MACE group (the actual set by Askam Construction) and construction was completed in 2013,[14] the set is built to a greater scale than the Granada TV set and there are several changes to the structure of the street and the surrounding areas.[15][16]

text: Despite the houses being built to be a more realistic scale than at the present site filming is still completely studio based for the majority of interior scenes. The interior sets for Barlow's Buys, the Prima Doner kebab shop and the Elliot & Son butchers are also filmed within the actual building like the previous set. The Underworld factory and Street Cars join them and can be filmed within the exterior. The Underworld factory was previously filmed within its building on the backlot at Granada Studios. Furthermore, for the first time in the show's history, The Rovers Return has a partial interior to allow camera shots looking into the exit to the rear yard and smoking area.

text: On 25 August 2014 viewers saw Tyrone Dobb's bedroom at Number 9 for the first time. Previous to this one interior bedroom set was used for the entire Street. For the stunt which saw Tyrone fall through the ceiling from the attic (after Todd Grimshaw ordered 12mm chipboard instead of 14mm and blackmailed Gary Windass to use it, therefore failing to meet building regulations) the interior set was constructed over a period of four weeks and housed inside the empty shell of Roy's Rolls. A behind the scenes video was uploaded after the first instalment of the Bank Holiday episodes aired to the website of Coronation Street.

text: On 29 November 2013 the new set was officially unveiled.[17] At the press launch – ITV announced that an hour-long documentary entitled Coronation Street – A Moving Story will air which will accompany the shows set move to MediaCityUK.[18] Filmed over two years, the programme reveals how the new production base was planned and built. The documentary also features interviews from cast and crew members. Coronation Street- A Moving Story aired on 6 March 2014 on ITV.[19] On 9 March 2014 ITV announced that the opening title sequence had been updated slightly. The new titles now feature the updated exteriors to; The Rovers Return Inn, D&S Alahan's Corner Shop, and Nick's Bistro, interior scenes have been screened and exterior scenes at the new set first aired on 10 March 2014.[20]

text: Interior filming and sets[edit]

text: The majority of interior scenes are shot in the adjoining purpose-built studio, Stage One. The Stage One soundstage was constructed in 1990 next to the exterior set and it was the first time that the actors were given their own dressing-rooms.[21] The interior sets were also moved into Stage One, with the Rovers, café and shops being erected permanently. The interior sets for the houses are constructed as required. The Stage One complex includes make-up and costume areas, and a Green Room.

text: The development of Stage One was as a result of the policy of then-producers David Liddiment and Mervyn Watson to update the show's production techniques.[7] The changes they introduced are still used as of 2010, although the schedules are much tighter due to the higher number of episodes now produced. This leaves almost no time for rehearsal or blocking and most scenes are shot very quickly. The resultant need for additional studio capacity meant the opening of Stage Two, located next to The Bonded Warehouse on the ITV site in what used to be the Baker Street building.

text: In an episode of Coronation Street in 2010 an editing error meant viewers could see "outside" via No. 5's (Fiz and John Stapes' house) kitchen window showing what would be a "supporting" wall (quite possibly the painted brick wall backdrop) leaning against the studio walls. In another episode where Graham Proctor announced his relationship to Tina McIntyre's ex, David Platt, a brief shot of the Platts' kitchen showed no ceiling above it. It is not the first time such errors have occurred: in one episode where Alan Bradley attacked Rita Fairclough, viewers could see a studio light in what should be No. 7's backyard.

text: Furthermore, the layouts of the interior sets would be unfeasible in the exterior sets. For example, the two windows by the fireplace in the Rover's interior set don't exist on the outdoor set; the stairs to the living quarters of the Rovers have changed from right to left to left to right, the toilets would be in Ken Barlow's house and the back room would be in the middle of Rosamund Street.

text: Whilst filming takes place on the interior sets, any actors appearing to walk outside (i.e. back onto the Street from The Kabin) have to stand around and remain quiet until filming has finished. This fact was revealed in the 15 May issue of TV Times magazine.

text: Whereas The Rovers Return was previously an empty shell on the backlot at Granada Studios a partial interior has been constructed within the new pub at the drama serial's new home over at Trafford Wharf. This was shown on screen by actor Simon Gregson (who plays Steve McDonald) during the ITV programme "Coronation Street: A Moving Story", documenting the two-year process of constructing the new set build.

text: Architecture of Coronation Street[edit]

text: The architecture of Coronation Street was based on Archie Street, Ordsall, an area of Salford which has long been demolished. Archie Street appeared in the programme's original opening credits.

text: There is an Archie Street in Salford today, but not on the site of the original – which stood near St Clement's Church, Ordsall. The original Archie Street was part Of Ordsall and now part of Salford Quays is on the site. There is, however, a 15-metre stretch of the street's cobbles still there and there is even a street sign just off Trafford Road.

text: The original Archie Street is pictured on the Real 1970s website. The picture shows the street shortly before it was demolished in 1971. The site includes a picture of an adjacent church which still stands as of 2010.

text: Weatherfield life – the changing face of Coronation Street[edit]

text: According to the show's backstory the fictional Coronation Street was built in 1902, and named after the coronation of King Edward VII. The row of terraced houses is the only part of the street to remain relatively unaltered since 1902. The only real structural change to the terrace was in 1965 when number 7 collapsed due to old mine-workings under it. After the collapse the site remained vacant, with a park bench placed in the gap between numbers 5 and 9. A new house was constructed on the site in 1982.

text: The other side of the street has been the site of several different building developments. The original Hardcastle's Mill building constructed in 1882 was the location of Elliston's Raincoat Factory in the series. The building was demolished in 1968 along with the Glad Tidings Mission Hall, to make way for new maisonette houses. This three-storey building comprised four three-bedroom duplexes, accessed from ground level, and three OAP ground floor-flats. The maisonettes were demolished in 1971 after a structural fault was identified following a fire and were replaced by the Mark Brittain Warehouse and a new community centre. 1989 saw a radical redevelopment of Coronation Street when the factory and community centre were demolished and replaced by three new houses, two shop units, a garage and a factory. They all stood until 2010, when a derailed tram crashed through both D&S Alahan's and The Kabin. After the tram crash, they were rebuilt to be roughly the same as they were before and remain standing to this day.


document_title: Two-liter bottle

question_text: how tall is a 2l bottle of coke

question_tokens: how tall is a 2l bottle of coke

text: Two-liter bottle

text: History[edit]

text: PepsiCo introduced the first two-liter sized soft drink bottle in 1970.[1] The bottle was invented by a team led by Nathaniel Wyeth of DuPont, who received the patent in 1973.[2] In 1985, a three-liter bottle appeared on supermarket shelves.  The design is still used to this day by some bottlers.[3][4]

text: Most modern-day two-liter bottles are one piece of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) with a base that is molded with a radial corrugation to provide strength for the bottom and the ability to stand upright. Most early two-liters had a separate opaque base glued to the hemispherical bottom of the clear PET flask. This base had a coaxial corrugation and drain holes. It was abolished in the 1990s, in part due to difficulties recycling the two separate plastics.[citation needed]

text: Recycling[edit]

text: Used two-liter bottles see new life in a variety of uses including carpeting, boat hulls, polyester fabric, filling for jackets, sleeping bags, mattresses, pillows, recycling bins, scouring pads, and on an increasing scale, new soft drink bottles.[5]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: Typical dimensions [6]:

text:
Height ~336 mm
Diameter ~101.5 mm

text: Inventive uses[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Two two-liter bottles can be used to simulate a tornado by putting water in one and taping the mouths of the two bottles together in an hourglass fashion. Raising the chamber filled with water upright with a swirling motion initiates the vortex.
A craze in 2006 involved putting Mentos mints into a 2-liter bottle of diet cola to produce a fountain effect (the Diet Coke and Mentos eruption).
A dry ice bomb can be made from a two-liter bottle, water, and dry ice
Water rockets often use a two-liter bottle. Fins are attached, the bottle is partially filled with water, and air is pumped in. On release, the air forces out a stream of water which propels the rocket.
A dry ice water rocket can be made by filling a two-liter plastic bottle about one third with water, putting in some dry ice and forcefully inserting a #3 rubber stopper. Place the dry ice water rocket on its fins with the stopper pointing down or in a paper or plastic tube for firing like a mortar or bazooka. This dry ice toy amuses, but avoids the loud noise of a dry ice bomb that can often bring an unwanted police response.
A funnel by cutting the bottle in half.
A drinking vessel by cutting bottle in half.
An impromptu bee or wasp trap can be created by cutting the bottle in half and inverting the top into the bottom half where soda remains or bait can be placed.
The bottom portion of early two-liter bottles could be removed from its opaque base, cut off from the top portion, inverted and then reinserted into the base. If air holes were cut in it, this would create a small greenhouse or, if left uncut, a terrarium.
An empty two-liter bottle sealed with its cap is sometimes used as a bobber for fishing.
A simple trap for stickleback and other small fish may be made from a two-liter bottle, a one-liter bottle and a few odds and ends (string, tape, and a few inches of rebar or other metal rod).
A subirrigation system can be created by cutting a plastic bottle in half and inverting the mouth into the bottom of the bottle. A piece of polyester or other synthetic fabric is placed in the mouth (to be used as a wick). Then, soil and a plant is placed above. The plant is watered by capillary action.
Two-liter bottles are popular improvised targets for shooting practice, causing a spectacular reaction on impact without being too expensive.
Use as a dispenser for plastic grocery bags.  Cut off the bottom of the bottle, place bags (one at a time) into the bottle.  Pull out one bag at a time from the neck of the bottle.[7]
Many 3d-printed objects use soda bottles as components, attaching to them by their PCO1881-style threads.