document_title: Arctic Circle

question_text: where does the arctic circle start in canada

root

text: Arctic Circle

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "arctic" comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός (arktikos: "near the Bear, northern")[3] and that from the word ἄρκτος (arktos: "bear").[4]

tag: p

text: Midnight sun and polar night[edit]

text: The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty-four hours; as a result, at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight, and at least once it is not visible at local noon.[5]

text: Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year: at the June and December solstices, respectively. However, because of atmospheric refraction and mirages, and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point, part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes (′) (90 km (56 mi)) south of the Arctic Circle; similarly, on the day of the northern winter solstice, part of the sun may be seen up to about 50′ north of the Arctic Circle. That is true at sea level; those limits increase with elevation above sea level, although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon.

text: Human habitation[edit]

text: Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate; nonetheless, some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, who today make up 10% of the region's population.[6] Tens of thousands of years ago, waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle. Much later, in the historic period, there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants.[citation needed]

text: The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway: Murmansk (population 307,257), Norilsk (175,365), Tromsø (71,295) and Vorkuta (59,231). Rovaniemi (61,329) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying 6 kilometres (4 miles) south of the line.

text: In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut (Greenland), has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities, Barrow, Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants.

text: Geography[edit]

text:
[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
Map all coordinates using Google

Export all coordinates as KML

Export all coordinates as GPX

Map all microformatted coordinates

Place data as RDF

tag: table

text: The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres (9,900 mi).[7] The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 (7,700,000 sq mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface.[8]

text: The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America and Greenland. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut) Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while the winter temperatures frequently fall below −50 °C (−58 °F).

text: Sites along the Arctic Circle[edit]

text: Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the Arctic Circle passes through:

text:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes

66°34′N 000°00′E / 66.567°N 0.000°E / 66.567; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Arctic Ocean
Norwegian Sea

66°34′N 12°48′E / 66.567°N 12.800°E / 66.567; 12.800 (Nordland County, Norway)
 Norway
Nordland County

66°34′N 15°31′E / 66.567°N 15.517°E / 66.567; 15.517 (Norrbotten County, Sweden)
 Sweden
Norrbotten County (Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten)

66°34′N 23°51′E / 66.567°N 23.850°E / 66.567; 23.850 (Lapland Province, Finland)
 Finland
Lapland Region, crosses Rovaniemi Airport

66°34′N 29°28′E / 66.567°N 29.467°E / 66.567; 29.467 (Karelia, Russia)
 Russia
Republic of Karelia
Murmansk Oblast—from 66°34′N 31°36′E / 66.567°N 31.600°E / 66.567; 31.600 (Murmansk, Russia)
Republic of Karelia—from 66°34′N 32°37′E / 66.567°N 32.617°E / 66.567; 32.617 (Karelia, Russia)
Murmansk Oblast (Grand Island)—from 66°34′N 33°10′E / 66.567°N 33.167°E / 66.567; 33.167 (Murmansk, Russia)

66°34′N 33°25′E / 66.567°N 33.417°E / 66.567; 33.417 (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea)
White Sea
Kandalaksha Gulf

66°34′N 34°28′E / 66.567°N 34.467°E / 66.567; 34.467 (Murmansk Oblast, Russia)
 Russia
Murmansk Oblast (Kola Peninsula)—for about 7 km (4.3 mi)

66°34′N 34°38′E / 66.567°N 34.633°E / 66.567; 34.633 (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea)
White Sea
Kandalaksha Gulf

66°34′N 35°0′E / 66.567°N 35.000°E / 66.567; 35.000 (Murmansk Oblast, Kola Peninsula, Russia)
 Russia
Murmansk Oblast (Kola Peninsula)

66°34′N 40°42′E / 66.567°N 40.700°E / 66.567; 40.700 (White Sea)
White Sea

66°34′N 44°23′E / 66.567°N 44.383°E / 66.567; 44.383 (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
 Russia
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Komi Republic—from 66°34′N 50°51′E / 66.567°N 50.850°E / 66.567; 50.850 (Komi Republic, Russia)
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug—from 66°34′N 63°48′E / 66.567°N 63.800°E / 66.567; 63.800 (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)

66°34′N 71°5′E / 66.567°N 71.083°E / 66.567; 71.083 (Gulf of Ob)
Gulf of Ob

66°34′N 72°27′E / 66.567°N 72.450°E / 66.567; 72.450 (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
 Russia
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Krasnoyarsk Krai—from 66°34′N 83°3′E / 66.567°N 83.050°E / 66.567; 83.050 (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia)
Sakha Republic—from 66°34′N 106°18′E / 66.567°N 106.300°E / 66.567; 106.300 (Sakha Republic, Russia)
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug—from 66°34′N 158°38′E / 66.567°N 158.633°E / 66.567; 158.633 (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia)

66°34′N 171°1′W / 66.567°N 171.017°W / 66.567; -171.017 (Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
Chukchi Sea

66°34′N 164°38′W / 66.567°N 164.633°W / 66.567; -164.633 (Seward Peninsula, Alaska, United States)
 United States
Alaska (Seward Peninsula)

66°34′N 163°44′W / 66.567°N 163.733°W / 66.567; -163.733 (Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
Kotzebue Sound

66°34′N 161°56′W / 66.567°N 161.933°W / 66.567; -161.933 (Alaska, United States)
 United States
Alaska—passing through Selawik Lake

66°34′N 141°0′W / 66.567°N 141.000°W / 66.567; -141.000 (Yukon, Canada)
 Canada
Yukon
Northwest Territories—from 66°34′N 133°36′W / 66.567°N 133.600°W / 66.567; -133.600 (Northwest Territories, Canada), passing through the Great Bear Lake
Nunavut—from 66°34′N 115°56′W / 66.567°N 115.933°W / 66.567; -115.933 (Nunavut, Canada)

66°34′N 82°59′W / 66.567°N 82.983°W / 66.567; -82.983 (Foxe Basin, Hudson Bay)
 Canada
Foxe Basin, Nunavut

66°34′N 73°25′W / 66.567°N 73.417°W / 66.567; -73.417 (Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada)
 Canada
Nunavut (Baffin Island), passing through Nettilling Lake

66°30′N 65°29′W / 66.500°N 65.483°W / 66.500; -65.483 (Baffin Island, Nunavut)
 Canada
Nunavut (Baffin Island), passing through Auyuittuq National Park (sign location)

66°34′N 61°24′W / 66.567°N 61.400°W / 66.567; -61.400 (Davis Strait, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Davis Strait

66°34′N 53°16′W / 66.567°N 53.267°W / 66.567; -53.267 (Greenland)
 Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark, passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord

66°34′N 37°0′W / 66.567°N 37.000°W / 66.567; -37.000 (Greenland)
 Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark, passing through Schweizerland

66°34′N 34°9′W / 66.567°N 34.150°W / 66.567; -34.150 (Denmark Strait, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Denmark Strait
Greenland Sea—from 66°34′N 26°18′W / 66.567°N 26.300°W / 66.567; -26.300 (Greenland Sea)

66°34′N 18°1′W / 66.567°N 18.017°W / 66.567; -18.017 (Grímsey, Iceland)
 Iceland
Island of Grímsey

66°34′N 17°59′W / 66.567°N 17.983°W / 66.567; -17.983 (Greenland Sea, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Greenland Sea
Norwegian Sea—from 66°34′N 12°32′W / 66.567°N 12.533°W / 66.567; -12.533 (Norwegian Sea)

A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska

Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi, Finland

Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66°33′55″N 136°18′26″W / 66.565325°N 136.307169°W / 66.565325; -136.307169

text:
A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway

The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland

Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway, Sweden

tag: ul


document_title: Saturday Night Fever

question_text: what is the bridge in saturday night fever

text: Saturday Night Fever

text: Plot[edit]

text: Anthony "Tony" Manero is a 19-year-old Italian American man from the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. He lives with his parents, and works at a dead-end job in a small hardware store. To escape his day-to-day life, every Saturday night Tony goes to 2001 Odyssey, a local disco club. Tony has four close friends: Joey, Double J, Gus, and Bobby C. A fringe member of his group of friends is Annette, a neighborhood girl who longs for a physical relationship with Tony.

text: Tony and his friends ritually stop on the Verrazano–Narrows Bridge to clown around. The bridge has special significance for Tony as a symbol of escape to a better life on the other side—in more suburban Staten Island.

text: Tony agrees to be Annette's partner in an upcoming dance contest, but her happiness is short-lived when Tony is mesmerized by another woman at the club, Stephanie Mangano, whose dancing skills exceed Annette's. Although Stephanie rejects Tony's advances, she eventually agrees to be his partner in the dance competition, provided that their partnership remains professional. Tony's older brother, Frank Jr., who was the pride of the family since he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest, brings despair to their parents when he tells them that he has left the priesthood. Tony shares a warm relationship with Frank Jr., but feels pleased that he is no longer the black sheep of the family.

text: While on his way home from the grocery store, Gus is attacked by a gang and hospitalized. He tells Tony and his friends that his attackers were the Barracudas. Meanwhile, Bobby C. has been trying to get out of his relationship with his devout Catholic girlfriend, Pauline, who is pregnant with his child. Facing pressure from his family and others to marry her, Bobby asks former priest Frank Jr., if the Pope would grant him dispensation for an abortion. When Frank tells him such a thing would be highly unlikely, Bobby's feelings of desperation increase. Bobby lets Tony borrow his car to help move Stephanie from Bay Ridge to Manhattan, and tries to extract a promise from Tony to call him later that night.

text: Eventually, the group gets their revenge on the Barracudas, and crash Bobby C's car into their hangout. Tony, Double J, and Joey get out of the car to fight, but Bobby C. takes off when a gang member tries to attack him in the car. When the group visit Gus in the hospital, they are angry when he tells them that he may have identified the wrong gang. Later, Tony and Stephanie dance at the competition and end up winning first prize. However, Tony believes that a Puerto Rican couple performed better, and that the judges' decision was racially motivated. He gives the Puerto Rican couple the trophy, and leaves with Stephanie. Once outside in a car, she denigrates their relationship and he tries to rape her. She resists and runs from him.

text: Tony's friends come to the car along with an intoxicated Annette. Joey says she has agreed to have sex with everyone. Tony tries to lead her away, but is subdued by Double J and Joey, and sullenly leaves with the group in the car. Double J and Joey rape Annette. Bobby C. pulls the car over on the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge for their usual cable-climbing antics. Instead of abstaining as usual, Bobby performs stunts more recklessly than the rest of the gang. Realizing that he is acting recklessly, Tony tries to get him to come down. Bobby's strong sense of despair, the situation with Pauline, and Tony's broken promise to call him earlier that day all lead to a suicidal tirade about Tony's lack of caring before Bobby slips and falls to his death in the water below.

text: Disgusted and disillusioned by his friends, his family, and his life, Tony spends the rest of the night riding the subway into Manhattan. Morning has dawned by the time he appears at Stephanie's apartment. He apologizes for his bad behavior, telling her that he plans to relocate from Brooklyn to Manhattan to try and start a new life. Tony and Stephanie salvage their relationship and agree to be friends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Travolta as Anthony "Tony" Manero
Karen Gorney as Stephanie Mangano
Barry Miller as Bobby C.
Joseph Cali as Joey
Paul Pape as Double J.
Donna Pescow as Annette
Bruce Ornstein as Gus
Val Bisoglio as Frank Manero, Sr.
Julie Bovasso as Flo Manero
Martin Shakar as Father Frank Manero, Jr.
Lisa Peluso as Linda Manero
Sam Coppola as Dan Fusco
Denny Dillon as Doreen
Robert Weil as Becker
Fran Drescher as Connie
Monti Rock as the DJ
Robert Costanzo as paint store customer
Ann Travolta as pizza girl (Travolta's sister)
Helen Travolta as paint store customer (Travolta's mother)

text: Production[edit]

text: Donna Pescow was almost considered "too pretty" for the role of Annette. She corrected this matter by putting on 40 pounds (18 kilograms) and relearning her native Brooklyn accent, which she had overcome while studying drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. After production ended, she quickly lost the weight she had gained for the role.

text: John Travolta's mother Helen and sister Ann both appeared in minor roles in the beginning of the film. Travolta's sister is the pizzeria waitress who serves him the pizza slices (and delivers the first dialogue), and his mother plays the woman to whom he sells the can of paint (after being late).

text: John G. Avildsen was signed to direct but was fired three weeks prior to principal photography over a script dispute with producer Robert Stigwood. Despite this, Travolta's character has a Rocky poster in his room, a film directed by Avildsen.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Stayin' Alive" performed by Bee Gees – 4:45
"How Deep Is Your Love" performed by Bee Gees – 4:05
"Night Fever" performed by Bee Gees – 3:33
"More Than a Woman" performed by Bee Gees – 3:17
"If I Can't Have You" performed by Yvonne Elliman – 3:00
"A Fifth of Beethoven" performed by Walter Murphy – 3:03
"More Than a Woman" performed by Tavares – 3:17
"Manhattan Skyline" performed by David Shire – 4:44
"Calypso Breakdown" performed by Ralph MacDonald – 7:50
"Night on Disco Mountain" performed by David Shire – 5:12
"Open Sesame" performed by Kool & the Gang – 4:01
"Jive Talkin'" performed by Bee Gees – 3:43 (*)
"You Should Be Dancing" performed by Bee Gees – 4:14
"Boogie Shoes" performed by KC and the Sunshine Band – 2:17
"Salsation" performed by David Shire – 3:50
"K-Jee" performed by MFSB – 4:13
"Disco Inferno" performed by The Trammps – 10:51

tag: ol

text: According to the DVD commentary for Saturday Night Fever, the producers intended to use the song "Lowdown" by Boz Scaggs in the rehearsal scene between Tony and Annette in the dance studio, and choreographed their dance moves to the song. However, representatives for Scaggs' label, Columbia Records, refused to grant legal clearance for it, as they wanted to pursue another disco movie project, which never materialized. Composer David Shire, who scored the film, had to in turn write a song to match the dance steps demonstrated in the scene and eliminate the need for future legal hassles. However, this track does not appear on the movie's soundtrack.

text: The song "K-Jee" was used during the dance contest with the Puerto Rican couple that competed against Tony and Stephanie. Some VHS cassettes used a more traditional Latin-style song instead. The DVD restores the original recording.

text: The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress.[9]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Theatrical releases[edit]

text: Two theatrical versions of the film were released: the original R-rated version and an edited PG-rated version. (The PG-rated re-issue was in 1979; the middle-ground PG-13 rating was not created until 1984.)

text: The R-rated version released in 1977 represented the movie's first run, and totaled 118 minutes.

text: After the success of the first run, in 1979, the film's content was re-edited into a toned down, PG-rated version and re-released during a second run, not only to attract a wider audience, but also to capitalize on attracting the target audience of the teenagers who were not old enough to see the film by themselves, but who made the soundtrack album to the film a monster hit. The R-rated version's profanity, nudity, fight sequence, and a multiple rape scene in a car, were all de-emphasized or removed from the PG version.

text: Producer Robert Stigwood said in an A&E Documentary of "The Inside Story: Saturday Night Fever", about the PG version:

text:
“
It doesn't have the power, or the impact, of the original, R-rated edition.
”

text: The PG-rated version was 112 minutes. Numerous profanity-filled scenes were replaced with alternate takes of the same scenes, substituting milder language initially intended for the network television cut.

text: When the film premiered on network television, a new milder version was created to conform with network broadcast standards. To maintain runtime, a few deleted scenes were restored (including Tony dancing with Doreen to "Disco Duck", Tony running his finger along the cables of the Verrazano–Narrows Bridge, and Tony's father getting his job back). The last two deleted scenes were included in the 2017 director's cut.

text: In 1980, Paramount Pictures paired up the PG-rated version of the film as a double feature along with its other John Travolta blockbuster, Grease.[10]

text: When Saturday Night Fever premiered on HBO in 1980, they aired both versions of the film: the PG version during the day, and the R version during the evening (HBO had a programming rule of only showing R-rated films during the evening. This was before switching to a 24-hour-a-day operation, while still under their old broadcast standards concerning R-rated films). The premiere of the R-rated edition occurred at midnight on January 1, 1980.

text: In 2017 the director's cut (122 minutes) premiered at the TCM Festival at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Fathom Events will host special screenings of this version in 2017. This version was released on Blu-Ray & DVD in May.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Both theatrical versions were released on VHS The PG-rated version never had a Home Video Release on Laserdisc. The R-rated special-edition DVD release includes most of the deleted scenes present on the PG version. The DVD release also includes a director's commentary and "Behind the Music" highlights. Starting in the late 1990s VH1, TBS, and TNT started showing the original R-rated version with a TV-14 rating. The nudity was removed/censored, and the stronger profanity was either edited or (on recent airings) silenced. But this TV edit included some of the innuendos from the original film that were edited or removed from the PG version. Turner Classic Movies has aired the film in both versions (the R-rated version is commonly seen on their normal lineup, while the PG version has appeared on TCM's "Funday Night at the Movies" and "Essentials Jr." program blocks.)

text: The network television version (which premiered on November 16, 1980 on ABC) was basically a slightly shortened form of the PG-rated version, but contained several minutes of out-takes normally excised from both theatrical releases to make up for lost/cut material. It is among the longest cuts of the film.

text: On May 5, 2009, Paramount released Saturday Night Fever on Blu-ray Disc in 1.78:1 aspect ratio. This release retains the R-rated version of the film along with many special features new to home media.[11]

text: The 4K director's cut (122 minutes) was released on Blu-Ray on May 2, 2017. This disc includes both the director's cut and the original theatrical version, as well as the bulk of the bonus features from the prior release.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Saturday Night Fever received positive reviews and is regarded by many critics as one of the best films of 1977.[12][13][14][15] On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Boasting a smart, poignant story, a classic soundtrack, and a starmaking performance from John Travolta, Saturday Night Fever ranks among the finest dramas of the 1970s."[16] At Metacritic the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] It was added to The New York Times "Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made", which was published in 2004.[18] In 2010, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text: Film critic Gene Siskel, who would later list this as his favorite movie, praised the film: "One minute into Saturday Night Fever you know this picture is onto something, that it knows what it's talking about." He also praised John Travolta's energetic performance: "Travolta on the dance floor is like a peacock on amphetamines. He struts like crazy."[19] Siskel even bought Travolta's famous white suit from the film at a charity auction.[20]

text: Film critic Pauline Kael wrote a gushing review of the film in The New Yorker: "The way Saturday Night Fever has been directed and shot, we feel the languorous pull of the discotheque, and the gaudiness is transformed. These are among the most hypnotically beautiful pop dance scenes ever filmed...Travolta gets so far inside the role he seems incapable of a false note; even the Brooklyn accent sounds unerring...At its best, though, Saturday Night Fever gets at something deeply romantic: the need to move, to dance, and the need to be who you'd like to be. Nirvana is the dance; when the music stops, you return to being ordinary."[21]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Award wins:

text:
National Board of Review Award for Best Actor – John Travolta
Golden Screen Award, Germany

text: Award nominations:

text:
Academy Award for Best Actor – John Travolta
BAFTA Award for Best Film Music – Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb
BAFTA Award for Best Sound – Michael Colgan, Robert W. Glass Jr., Les Lazarowitz, John T. Reitz, John Wilkinson
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy – John Travolta
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score – Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb, David Shire
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song – Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb and Robin Gibb for the song "How Deep Is Your Love?"
Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen – Norman Wexler

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

Stayin' Alive – #9
More Than a Woman – Nominated

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: In 2008, the director Pablo Larraín made a film, Tony Manero, about a Chilean dancer obsessed by the main character in Saturday Night Fever who tries to win a Tony Manero look-alike contest.[22]

text: On April 17, 2012, Fox aired series Glee's episode 16, "Saturday Night Glee-ver", which pays tribute to the film and features various songs from its soundtrack (especially the songs performed by the Bee Gees), covered by the series' cast.[23][24]

text: The Red Hot Chili Peppers 2016 music video for their song "Go Robot" is heavily inspired by the film and recreates the opening scene and classic characters from the film who are portrayed by each band member.[25]


document_title: A Christmas Carol

question_text: who was the first ghost to visit scrooge

text: A Christmas Carol

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dickens divided the book into five chapters, which he labelled "staves".

text: Stave one[edit]

text: The story begins on a cold and bleak Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an old miser, hates Christmas and refuses an invitation to Christmas dinner from his nephew Fred. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him in order to provide food and heating for the poor, and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom.

text: At home that night, Scrooge is visited by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth, entwined by heavy chains and money boxes, forged during a lifetime of greed and selfishness. Marley tells Scrooge that he has one chance to avoid the same fate: he will be visited by three spirits and he must listen to them or be cursed to carry chains of his own, much longer than Marley's chains.

text: Stave two[edit]

text: The first of the spirits, the Ghost of Christmas Past, takes Scrooge to Christmas scenes of Scrooge's boyhood and youth, reminding him of a time when he was more innocent. The boyhood scenes portray Scrooge's lonely childhood, his relationship with his beloved sister Fan, and a Christmas party hosted by his first employer, Mr. Fezziwig, who treated Scrooge like a son. They also portray Scrooge's neglected fiancée Belle, who ends their relationship after she realises that Scrooge will never love her as much as he loves money. Finally, they visit a now-married Belle with her large, happy family on a recent Christmas Eve.

text: Stave three[edit]

text: The second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, takes Scrooge to a joy-filled market of people buying the makings of Christmas dinner and celebrations of Christmas in a miner's cottage and in a lighthouse. Scrooge and the ghost also visit Fred's Christmas party. A major part of this stave is taken up with Bob Cratchit's family feast and introduces his youngest son, Tiny Tim, a happy boy who is seriously ill. The spirit informs Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die soon unless the course of events changes. Before disappearing, the spirit shows Scrooge two hideous, emaciated children named Ignorance and Want. He tells Scrooge to beware the former above all and mocks Scrooge's concern for their welfare.

text: Stave four[edit]

text: The third spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, shows Scrooge a Christmas Day in the future. The ghost shows him scenes involving the death of a disliked man. The man's funeral will only be attended by local businessmen if lunch is provided. His charwoman, his laundress, and the local undertaker steal some of his possessions and sell them to a fence. When Scrooge asks the ghost to show anyone who feels any emotion over the man's death, the ghost can only show him the pleasure of a poor couple in debt to the man, rejoicing that his death gives them more time to put their finances in order. After Scrooge asks to see some tenderness connected with any death, the ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his family mourning the passing of Tiny Tim. The ghost then shows Scrooge the man's neglected grave, whose tombstone bears Scrooge's name. Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to the ghost that he will change his ways to avoid this outcome.

text: Stave five[edit]

text: Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man. He spends the day with Fred's family and anonymously sends a large turkey to the Cratchit home for Christmas dinner. The following day he gives Cratchit an increase in pay and becomes like another father to Tiny Tim, who did not die. From then on Scrooge begins to treat everyone with kindness, generosity and compassion, embodying the spirit of Christmas.

text: Background[edit]

text: The writer Charles Dickens was born to a respectable family that got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of John, Dickens's father. In 1824 John was committed to Marshalsea, a debtors' prison in Southwark, London. Dickens, aged 12, was forced to pawn his collection of books, leave school and go to work at a shoe-blacking factory, a dirty and rat-infested place. The change in Dickens's circumstances gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, described as a "deep personal and social outrage", which heavily influenced his works.[1]

text: At the end of December 1842 Dickens began publishing his novel Martin Chuzzlewit as a monthly serial;[n 1] although the novel was his favourite work, sales had been disappointing and he faced financial difficulties.[2] By this time he was a well-established author, having written six major works,[n 2] as well as several short stories, novellas and other works.[3]

text: Celebrating the Christmas season had been growing in popularity through the Victorian era.[4] Although the Christmas tree had been introduced in Britain during the 18th century, its use was popularised by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and their practice was copied in many homes across the country.[5] In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in Christmas carols, following a decline in popularity over the previous hundred years. The publication of Davies Gilbert's 1823 work Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England and William Sandys's 1833 collection Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern led to a growth in the form's popularity in Britain.[6]

text: Dickens had an interest in Christmas, and his first story on the subject was "Christmas Festivities", published in Bell's Weekly Messenger in 1835; the story was then published as "A Christmas Dinner" in Sketches by Boz (1836).[7] "The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton", another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel The Pickwick Papers,[n 3] followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial Master Humphrey's Clock.[9]

text: Literary influences[edit]

text: Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature.[10] Among earlier authors who influenced Dickens was Washington Irving, whose 1819–20 work The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. included four essays on old English Christmas traditions that he experienced while staying at Aston Hall near Birmingham.[11] The tales and essays attracted Dickens, and the two authors shared the belief that the staging of a nostalgic English Christmas might help restore the social harmony that had been lost in the modern world.[12]

text: Several works may have had an influence on the writing of A Christmas Carol, including two Douglas Jerrold essays: one from an 1841 issue of Punch, "How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas" and one from 1843, "The Beauties of the Police".[13] More broadly, Dickens was influenced by fairy tales and nursery stories, which he closely associated with Christmas, because he saw them as stories of conversion and transformation.[14]

text: Social influences[edit]

text: Dickens was touched by the lot of poor children in the middle decades of the 19th century.[15] In early 1843 he toured the Cornish tin mines, where he was angered after seeing children working in appalling conditions.[16] The suffering he witnessed there was reinforced by a visit to the Field Lane Ragged school, one of several London schools set up for the education of the capital's half-starved, illiterate street children.[17]

text: In February 1843 the Second Report of the Children's Employment Commission was published. It was a parliamentary report exposing the effects of the Industrial Revolution upon working class children. Horrified by what he read, Dickens planned to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively titled, An Appeal to the People of England, on behalf of the Poor Man's Child, but changed his mind, deferring the pamphlet's production until the end of the year.[18] In March he wrote to Dr. Southwood Smith, one of the four commissioners responsible for the Second Report, about his change in plans: "you will certainly feel that a Sledge hammer has come down with twenty times the force—twenty thousand times the force—I could exert by following out my first idea".[19]

text: In a fundraising speech on 5 October 1843 at the Manchester Athenaeum, Dickens urged workers and employers to join together to combat ignorance with educational reform,[20] and realised in the days following that the most effective way to reach the broadest segment of the population with his social concerns about poverty and injustice was to write a deeply felt Christmas narrative rather than polemical pamphlets and essays.[21]

text: Writing history[edit]

text: By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems. Sales of Martin Chuzzlewit were slowing, and his wife, Catherine, was pregnant with the couple's fifth child. Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, Martin Chuzzlewit's publishers, began to talk about reducing his monthly income by £50 if sales dropped further.[22] He began to write A Christmas Carol in October 1843.[23] Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being "written at white heat"; it was completed in six weeks, with the final pages written in early December.[24] He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of 15 to 20 miles around London.[25] Slater says that A Christmas Carol was

text: intended to open its readers' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the poor.[15]

text: George Cruikshank, the illustrator who had previously worked with Dickens on Sketches by Boz (1836) and Oliver Twist (1838), introduced him to the caricaturist John Leech. By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on A Christmas Carol, and four hand-coloured etchings and four black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text.[26]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The central character of A Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based moneylender,[27] described in the story as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!"[28] Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man.[29] Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, the professor of English literature, considers that in the opening part of the book covering young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.[30]

text: Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric John Elwes, MP,[31] or Jemmy Wood, the owner of the Gloucester Old Bank who was also known as "The Gloucester Miser".[32] According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the demographer and political economist Thomas Malthus,[33] while the miser's questions "Are there no prisons? ... And the Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?" are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the Chartist philosopher Thomas Carlyle, "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?"[34][n 4]

text: There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works. Peter Ackroyd, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between Scrooge and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the miser is "a more fantastic image" than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser.[36] Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was also an influence when creating Scrooge.[37][n 5] Scrooge's name came from a tombstone Dickens had seen on a visit to Edinburgh. The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a corn merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as "mean man".[39][n 6] This theory has been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which "[n]o one could find any corroborating evidence".[41]

text: When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign "Goodge and Marney", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner.[42] For the chained Marley, Dickens had remembered a visit he had made to the Western Penitentiary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in March 1842, where he saw—and was affected by seeing—fettered prisoners.[34] For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written.[43][n 7] The two figures of Want and Ignorance, sheltering in the robes of the Ghost of Christmas Present were inspired by the children Dickens had seen on his visit to a ragged School in the East End of London.[17]

text: Themes[edit]

text: The transformation of Scrooge is central to the story.[45] Kelly writes that the transformation is reflected in the description of Scrooge, who begins as a two-dimensional character, but who then grows into one who "possess[es] an emotional depth [and] a regret for lost opportunities".[46] Some writers, including Grace Moore, the Dickens scholar, consider that there is a Christian theme running through A Christmas Carol, and that the novella should be seen as an allegory of the Christian concept of redemption.[47][n 8] Dickens's biographer, Claire Tomalin sees the conversion of Scrooge as carrying the Christian message that "even the worst of sinners may repent and become a good man".[49] Dickens's attitudes towards organised religion were complex,[n 9] although he based his beliefs and principles within the New Testament.[52] Dickens's statement that Marley "had no bowels" is a reference to the "bowels of compassion" mentioned in I John, the reason for his eternal damnation.[53][n 10]

text: Other writers, including Kelly, believe that Dickens put forward a "secular vision of this sacred holiday".[10] The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that A Christmas Carol shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to Foster as his "Carol philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside".[54] From a secular viewpoint, the cultural historian Penne Restad suggests that Scrooge's redemption underscores "the conservative, individualistic and patriarchal aspects" of Dickens's "Carol philosophy" of charity and altruism.[55]

text: Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol because of how British social policy treated children at the time, and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it.[56] The story shows Scrooge as a paradigm for self-interest, and the possible repercussions of ignoring the poor, especially children in poverty—personified by the allegorical figures of Want and Ignorance.[57] The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers—as was Tiny Tim.[58] Douglas-Fairhurst observes that the use of such figures allowed Dickens to present his message of the need for charity, without alienating his largely middle-class readership.[59]

text: Publication[edit]

text: As the result of the disagreements with Chapman and Hall over the commercial failures of Martin Chuzzlewit,[60] Dickens arranged to pay for the publishing himself, in exchange for a percentage of the profits.[30] Production of A Christmas Carol was not without problems. The first printing contained drab olive endpapers that Dickens felt were unacceptable, and the publisher Chapman and Hall quickly replaced them with yellow endpapers, but, once replaced, those clashed with the title page, which was then redone.[61] The final product was bound in red cloth with gilt-edged pages, completed only two days before the publication date of 19 December 1843.[62] Following publication, Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be bound in red Morocco leather and presented as a gift to his solicitor, Thomas Mitton.[63][n 11]

text: Priced at five shillings (equal to £23 in 2018 pounds[64]), the first run of 6,000 copies sold out by Christmas Eve. Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844.[66] By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released.[67] Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print.[68] It was Dickens's most popular book in the United States, and sold over two million copies in the hundred years following its first publication there.[69]

text: The high production costs upon which Dickens insisted led to reduced profits, and the first edition brought him only £230 (equal to £21,000 in 2018 pounds[64]) rather than the £1,000 (equal to £90,000 in 2018 pounds[64]) he expected.[70] A year later, the profits were only £744, and Dickens was deeply disappointed.[60][n 12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Douglas-Fairhurst writes that the reviews of A Christmas Carol "were almost uniformly kind".[72] The reviewer from The Illustrated London News described how the story's "impressive eloquence ... its unfeigned lightness of heart—its playful and sparkling humour ... its gentle spirit of humanity" all put the reader "in good humour with ourselves, with each other, with the season and with the author".[73] The critic from The Athenaeum, the literary magazine, considered it a "tale to make the reader laugh and cry – to open his hands, and open his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ... a dainty dish to set before a King."[74] William Makepeace Thackeray, writing in Fraser's Magazine, described the book as "a national benefit and to every man or woman who reads it, a personal kindness. The last two people I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'"[71]

text: The poet Thomas Hood, in his own journal, wrote that "If Christmas, with its ancient and hospitable customs, its social and charitable observances, were ever in danger of decay, this is the book that would give them a new lease."[75] The reviewer for Tait's Edinburgh Magazine—Theodore Martin, who was usually critical of Dickens's work[72]—spoke well of A Christmas Carol, noting it was "a noble book, finely felt and calculated to work much social good".[76] After Dickens' death, Margaret Oliphant deplored the turkey and plum pudding aspects of the book but admitted that in the days of its first publication it was regarded as "a new gospel" and noted that the book was unique in that it actually made people behave better.[72] The religious press generally ignored the tale but, in January 1884, Christian Remembrancer thought the tale's old and hackneyed subject was treated in an original way and praised the author's sense of humour and pathos.[77]

text: There were critics of the book. The New Monthly Magazine's reviewer, while praising the story, thought the book's physical excesses—the gilt edges and expensive binding—kept the price high, which made it unavailable to the poor. The reviewer recommended the tale be printed on cheap paper and priced accordingly.[78] The unnamed reviewer from The Westminster Review mocked Dickens's grasp of economics, asking "Who went without turkey and punch in order that Bob Cratchit might get them—for, unless there were turkeys and punch in surplus, someone must go without".[79]

text: Following criticism of the US in American Notes and Martin Chuzzlewit, American readers were less enthusiastic at first, but by the end of the American Civil War, copies of the book were in wide circulation.[80] In 1863 The New York Times published an enthusiastic review, noting that the author brought the "old Christmas ... of bygone centuries and remote manor houses, into the living rooms of the poor of today".[81]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: In January 1844 Parley's Illuminated Library published an unauthorised version of the story in a condensed form which they sold for twopence.[n 13] Dickens wrote to his solicitor

text: I have not the least doubt that if these Vagabonds can be stopped they must. ... Let us be the sledge-hammer in this, or I shall be beset by hundreds of the same crew when I come out with a long story.[83]

text: Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the cases of copyright infringement and won. The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay £700 in costs.[84] The small profits Dickens earned from A Christmas Carol further strained his relationship with his publishers, and he broke with them in favour of Bradbury and Evans, who had been printing his works to that point.[15]

text: Dickens returned to the tale several times during his life to amend the phrasing and punctuation. He capitalised on the success of the book by publishing other Christmas stories The Chimes (1844), The Cricket on the Hearth (1845), The Battle of Life (1846) and The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain (1848); these were secular conversion tales which reflected the societal changes of the previous year, and which social problems still needed to be dealt with. While the public eagerly bought the later books, the reviewers were highly critical of the stories.[85]

text: Performances and adaptations[edit]

text: By 1849 Dickens was engaged with David Copperfield and had neither the time nor the inclination to produce another Christmas book.[86] He decided the best way to reach his audience with his "Carol philosophy" was by public readings.[87] During Christmas 1852 Dickens gave a reading in Birmingham Town Hall to the Industrial and Literary Institute; the performance was a great success.[88] Thereafter, he read the tale in an abbreviated version 127 times, until 1870 (the year of his death), when it provided the material for his farewell performance.[89]

text: In the years following the book's publication, responses to the tale were published by W. M. Swepstone (Christmas Shadows, 1850), Horatio Alger (Job Warner's Christmas, 1863), Louisa May Alcott (A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected.[90]

text: The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately. Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, with one by Edward Stirling sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights.[91] By the close of February 1844 eight rival A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London.[72] The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens's other works.[92] In 1901 it was produced as Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, a silent black-and-white British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, although is now largely lost.[93] The story was adapted in 1923 for BBC radio.[94] The story has been adapted to other media, including opera, ballet, a Broadway musical, animation, and a BBC mime production starring Marcel Marceau.[95]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Although the phrase "Merry Christmas" had been around for many years – the earliest known written use was in a letter in 1534 – Dickens's use of the term in A Christmas Carol popularised the term among the Victorian public.[96] The exclamation "Bah! Humbug!" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or over festive;[97] the name "Scrooge" became used as a designation for a miser, and was added to the Oxford English Dictionary as such in 1982.[98]

text: The modern observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday. The Oxford Movement of the 1830s and 1840s had produced a resurgence of the traditional rituals and religious observances associated with Christmastide and, with A Christmas Carol, Dickens captured the zeitgeist of the age, while he reflected and reinforced his vision of Christmas.[99] He advocated a humanitarian focus of the holiday,[100] which influenced several aspects of Christmas that are still celebrated in Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal food and drink, dancing, games and a festive generosity of spirit.[101][n 14] The historian Ronald Hutton writes that Dickens "linked worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation".[102]

text: Ruth Glancy, a professor of English literature, states that the largest impact of A Christmas Carol was the influence felt by individual readers.[103] In the spring of 1844 The Gentleman's Magazine attributed a rise of charitable giving in Britain to Dickens's novella;[104] in 1874, Robert Louis Stevenson, after reading Dickens's Christmas books, vowed to give generously to those in need;[105] and Thomas Carlyle expressed a generous hospitality by hosting two Christmas dinners after reading the book.[106] In 1867 one American businessman was so moved after attending a reading, that he closed his factory on Christmas Day and sent every employee a turkey,[72] while in the early years of the 20th century the Queen of Norway sent gifts to London's crippled children signed "With Tiny Tim's Love".[107] On the novella, the author G. K. Chesterton wrote "The beauty and blessing of the story ... lie in the great furnace of real happiness that glows through Scrooge and everything around him. ... Whether the Christmas visions would or would not convert Scrooge, they convert us."[108]


document_title: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

question_text: players with 20 wins on the pga tour

question_tokens: players with 20 wins on the pga tour

text: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

text: This is a list of golfers who have won five or more official (or later deemed as historically significant) money events on the PGA Tour[1][2]

text: The distinction between these two categories is important to understand as many players won important events early in the 20th century, well before a PGA Tour was officially established. The significance of many of these events was retrospectively established by golf historians, working together with PGA Tour staff, in the 1980s, during the course of a major statistical research project.[3]

text: The column for Major refers to so-called "Professional Majors". The U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were also considered to be majors for much of their history, but these championships are not considered here. Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold. During the last 30 years, only three players have won PGA Tour events after their 50th birthday. A golfer becomes eligible to compete on PGA Tour Champions, against other older players, at that age. Craig Stadler won in 2003 at age 50, Fred Funk won in 2007 at age 50, and Davis Love III won in 2015 at age 51. Sam Snead is the oldest to win a PGA event, at age 52, in 1965. Others who have won PGA Tour events past age 50 include Jim Barnes, John Barnum, and Art Wall, Jr. The rarity of golfers winning a non-senior event at that age is not restricted to the PGA Tour; Miguel Ángel Jiménez is the only golfer to win a European Tour event after turning 50, doing so in 2014.

text: Accumulating 20 wins is significant, because it is one of the requirements for "life membership" on the PGA Tour. This means that the golfer does not need to requalify for membership on the tour each year by finishing in the top 125 on the money list (starting in 2013, top 125 on the FedEx Cup points list), or through an exemption for tournament victories. Many golfers struggle to do this through their 40s, and go through a hiatus in their career before they qualify for the Champions Tour, but those with 20 wins avoid this problem. However, life members are required to maintain a certain (relatively modest) standard of play to retain their playing privileges: when they can no longer do so, they are moved into the "Past champions" membership category, effectively becoming honorary members.

text: Some of the players on this list have won numerous events on other tours, in particular many of the non-Americans. Seve Ballesteros, for example, is shown with only nine PGA Tour wins, but five of them majors. He won an additional 45 European Tour events. A substantial number of players born from approximately 1930 to 1960 have won many PGA Tour Champions events, with some having significantly more wins on the senior circuit than on the regular PGA Tour (notably Hale Irwin and Gil Morgan).

text: The PGA Tour recognized The Open Championship as an official tour event in 1995. In 2002, it decided to classify Open Championship victories before 1995 as PGA Tour wins, and the victory tallies in the table reflect this amendment. Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are indicated by H.

text: Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically. The list is complete as of June 10, 2018.

text:
Rank
Name
Year of birth
and death
Country
Wins
Majors
Winning
span
Span
(years)

1
Snead, SamSam Snead H
1912–2002
 United States
82
7
1936–1965
30

2
Tiger Woods
1975–
 United States
79
14
1996–2013
18

3
Jack Nicklaus H
1940–
 United States
73
18
1962–1986
25

4
Ben Hogan H
1912–1997
 United States
64
9
1938–1959
22

5
Arnold Palmer H
1929–2016
 United States
62
7
1955–1973
19

6
Byron Nelson H
1912–2006
 United States
52
5
1935–1951
17

7
Billy Casper H
1931–2015
 United States
51
3
1956–1975
20

8
Walter Hagen H
1892–1969
 United States
45
11
1914–1936
23

9
Phil Mickelson H
1970–
 United States
43
5
1991–2018
28

10
Cary Middlecoff H
1921–1998
 United States
40
3
1945–1961
17

11
Gene Sarazen H
1902–1999
 United States
39
7
1922–1941
20

Tom Watson H
1949–
 United States
39
8
1974–1998
25

13
Lloyd Mangrum H
1914–1973
 United States
36
1
1940–1956
17

14
Vijay Singh H
1963–
 Fiji
34
3
1993–2008
16

15
Horton Smith H
1908–1963
 United States
32
2
1928–1941
14

16
Harry Cooper H
1904–2000
 United States
31
0
1923–1939
17

Jimmy Demaret H
1910–1983
 United States
31
3
1938–1957
20

18
Leo Diegel H
1899–1951
 United States
30
2
1920–1934
15

19
Gene Littler H
1930–
 United States
29
1
1954–1977
24

Paul Runyan H
1908–2002
 United States
29
2
1930–1941
12

Lee Trevino H
1939–
 United States
29
6
1968–1984
17

22
Henry Picard H
1906–1997
 United States
26
2
1932–1945
14

23
Tommy Armour H
1894–1968
 Scotland
 United States
25
3
1920–1938
19

Johnny Miller H
1947–
 United States
25
2
1971–1994
24

25
Gary Player H
1935–
 South Africa
24
9
1958–1978
21

Macdonald Smith
1892–1949
 Scotland
 United States
24
0
1924–1936
13

27
Johnny Farrell
1901–1988
 United States
22
1
1921–1936
16

Raymond Floyd H
1942–
 United States
22
4
1963–1992
30

29
Jim Barnes H
1886–1966
 England
21
4
1916–1937
22

Davis Love III H
1964–
 United States
21
1
1987–2015
29

Willie Macfarlane
1890–1961
 Scotland
 United States
21
1
1916–1936
21

Lanny Wadkins H
1949–
 United States
21
1
1972–1992
21

Craig Wood H
1901–1968
 United States
21
2
1928–1944
17

34
Hale Irwin H
1945–
 United States
20
3
1971–1994
24

Bill Mehlhorn
1898–1989
 United States
20
0
1923–1930
8

Greg Norman H
1955–
 Australia
20
2
1984–1997
14

Doug Sanders
1933–
 United States
20
0
1956–1972
17

38
Ben Crenshaw H
1952–
 United States
19
2
1973–1995
23

Ernie Els H
1969–
 South Africa
19
4
1994–2012
19

Doug Ford H
1922–2018
 United States
19
2
1952–1963
12

Hubert Green H
1946–
 United States
19
2
1971–1985
15

Tom Kite H
1949–
 United States
19
1
1976–1993
18

43
Julius Boros H
1920–1994
 United States
18
3
1952–1968
17

Jim Ferrier
1915–1986
 Australia
18
1
1944–1961
18

E.J. "Dutch" Harrison
1910–1982
 United States
18
0
1939–1958
20

Dustin Johnson
1984–
 United States
18
1
2008–2018
11

Nick Price H
1957–
 Zimbabwe
18
3
1983–2002
20

Johnny Revolta
1911–1991
 United States
18
1
1933–1944
12

49
Bobby Cruickshank
1894–1975
 Scotland
17
0
1921–1936
16

Jim Furyk
1970–
 United States
17
1
1995–2015
21

Harold "Jug" McSpaden
1908–1996
 United States
17
0
1933–1945
13

Curtis Strange H
1955–
 United States
17
2
1979–1989
11

53
Jack Burke, Jr. H
1923–
 United States
16
2
1950–1963
14

Ralph Guldahl H
1911–1987
 United States
16
3
1931–1940
10

Mark O'Meara H
1957–
 United States
16
2
1984–1998
15

Denny Shute H
1904–1974
 United States
16
3
1929–1939
11

Tom Weiskopf
1942–
 United States
16
1
1968–1982
15

58
Tommy Bolt H
1916–2008
 United States
15
1
1951–1961
11

Fred Couples H
1959–
 United States
15
1
1983–2003
21

Ed Dudley
1901–1963
 United States
15
0
1928–1939
12

Bobby Locke H
1917–1987
 South Africa
15
4
1947–1957
11

Corey Pavin
1959–
 United States
15
1
1984–2006
23

Mike Souchak
1927–2008
 United States
15
0
1955–1964
10

64
Bruce Crampton
1935–
 Australia
14
0
1961–1975
15

Jock Hutchison H
1884–1977
 Scotland
 United States
14
2
1918–1928
11

Rory McIlroy
1989–
 Northern Ireland
14
4
2010–2018
9

Kenny Perry
1960–
 United States
14
0
1991–2009
19

Hal Sutton
1958–
 United States
14
1
1982–2001
20

Joe Turnesa
1901–1991
 United States
14
0
1924–1933
10

Ken Venturi H
1931–2013
 United States
14
1
1957–1966
10

Art Wall, Jr.
1923–2001
 United States
14
1
1953–1975
23

72
George Archer
1939–2005
 United States
13
1
1965–1984
20

Billy Burke
1902–1972
 United States
13
1
1927–1940
14

Mark Calcavecchia
1960–
 United States
13
1
1986–2007
22

David Duval
1971–
 United States
13
1
1997–2001
5

Dave Hill
1937–2011
 United States
13
0
1961–1976
16

Joe Kirkwood, Sr.
1897–1970
 Australia
 United States
13
0
1923–1933
11

Bruce Lietzke
1951–
 United States
13
0
1977–1994
18

Craig Stadler
1953–
 United States
13
1
1980–2003
24

David Toms
1967–
 United States
13
1
1997–2011
15

Adam Scott
1980–
 Australia
13
1
2003–2016
14

82
Paul Azinger
1960–
 United States
12
1
1987–2000
14

Jason Day
1987–
 Australia
12
1
2010–2018
9

Zach Johnson
1976–
 United States
12
2
2004–2015
12

Tony Lema
1934–1966
 United States
12
1
1962–1966
5

Justin Leonard
1972–
 United States
12
1
1996–2008
13

Wayne Levi
1952–
 United States
12
0
1978–1990
13

Bobby Nichols
1936–
 United States
12
1
1962–1974
13

Calvin Peete
1943–2015
 United States
12
0
1979–1986
8

Steve Stricker
1967–
 United States
12
0
1996–2012
17

91
Miller Barber
1931–2013
 United States
11
0
1964–1978
15

Andy Bean
1953–
 United States
11
0
1977–1986
10

Frank Beard
1939–
 United States
11
0
1963–1971
9

John Cook
1957–
 United States
11
0
1981–2001
21

Dow Finsterwald
1929–
 United States
11
1
1955–1963
9

Al Geiberger
1937–
 United States
11
1
1962–1979
18

Vic Ghezzi
1910–1976
 United States
11
1
1935–1948
14

Bob Goalby
1929–
 United States
11
1
1958–1971
14

Scott Hoch
1955–
 United States
11
0
1980–2003
24

Jordan Spieth
1993–
 United States
11
3
2013–2017
5

Payne Stewart H
1957–1999
 United States
11
3
1982–1999
18

Bubba Watson
1978–
 United States
11
2
2010–2018
9

103
Gay Brewer
1932–2007
 United States
10
1
1961–1972
12

Olin Dutra
1901–1983
 United States
10
2
1929–1936
8

Steve Elkington
1962–
 Australia
10
1
1990–1999
10

David Frost
1959–
 South Africa
10
0
1988–1997
10

Sergio García
1980–
 Spain
10
1
2001–2017
17

Don January
1929–
 United States
10
1
1956–1976
21

Ky Laffoon
1908–1984
 United States
10
0
1933–1946
14

John Mahaffey
1948–
 United States
10
1
1973–1989
17

Mark McCumber
1951–
 United States
10
0
1979–1994
16

Dick Metz
1908–1993
 United States
10
0
1935–1949
15

Larry Nelson H
1947–
 United States
10
3
1979–1988
10

Dave Stockton
1941–
 United States
10
2
1967–1976
10

Fuzzy Zoeller
1951–
 United States
10
2
1979–1986
8

116
Stuart Appleby
1971–
 Australia
9
0
1997–2010
14

Seve Ballesteros H
1957–2011
 Spain
9
5
1978–1988
11

Mike Brady
1887–1972
 United States
9
0
1916–1926
11

Wiffy Cox
1896–1969
 United States
9
0
1930–1937
8

Al Espinosa
1891–1957
 United States
9
0
1924–1935
12

Nick Faldo H
1957–
 England
9
6
1984–1997
14

Johnny Golden
1896–1936
 United States
9
0
1927–1935
9

Jay Haas
1953–
 United States
9
0
1978–1993
16

Jimmy Hines
1903–1986
 United States
9
0
1933–1946
14

Bobby Jones H
1902–1971
 United States
9
7
1923–1930
8

Willie Klein
1901–1957
 United States
9
0
1922–1936
15

Justin Rose
1980–
 England
9
1
2010–2018
9

128
K. J. Choi
1970–
 South Korea
8
0
2002–2011
10

Jim Colbert
1941–
 United States
8
0
1969–1983
15

Roberto De Vicenzo H
1923–2017
 Argentina
8
1
1951–1968
18

Bruce Devlin
1937–
 Australia
8
0
1964–1972
9

Dave Douglas
1918–1978
 United States
8
0
1947–1954
8

Brad Faxon
1961–
 United States
8
0
1991–2005
15

Fred Funk
1956–
 United States
8
0
1992–2007
16

David Graham H
1946–
 Australia
8
2
1972–1983
12

Lee Janzen
1964–
 United States
8
2
1992–1998
7

Steve Jones
1958–
 United States
8
1
1988–1998
11

George Knudson
1937–1989
 Canada
8
0
1961–1972
12

Ted Kroll
1919–2002
 United States
8
0
1952–1962
11

Lawson Little H
1910–1968
 United States
8
1
1936–1948
13

Tony Manero
1905–1989
 United States
8
1
1929–1938
10

Geoff Ogilvy
1977–
 Australia
8
1
2005–2014
10

Ed Oliver
1916–1961
 United States
8
0
1940–1958
19

Jerry Pate
1953–
 United States
8
1
1976–1982
7

Loren Roberts
1955–
 United States
8
0
1994–2002
9

Justin Thomas
1993–
 United States
8
1
2015–2018
4

Chi-Chi Rodríguez H
1935–
 Puerto Rico
 United States
8
0
1963–1979
17

J. C. Snead
1940–
 United States
8
0
1971–1987
17

Brandt Snedeker
1980–
 United States
8
0
2007–2016
10

Bob Tway
1959–
 United States
8
1
1986–2003
18

Al Watrous
1899–1983
 United States
8
0
1922–1933
12

Mike Weir
1970–
 Canada
8
1
1999–2007
9

153
Jerry Barber
1916–1994
 United States
7
1
1953–1963
11

Mark Brooks
1961–
 United States
7
1
1988–1996
9

Clarence Clark
1907–1974
 United States
7
0
1931–1936
6

Gardner Dickinson
1927–1998
 United States
7
0
1956–1971
16

Bill Glasson
1960–
 United States
7
0
1985–1997
13

Retief Goosen
1969–
 South Africa
7
2
2001–2009
9

Clarence Hackney
1894–1941
 Scotland
 United States
7
0
1923–1931
9

Chick Harbert
1915–1992
 United States
7
1
1941–1954
14

Chandler Harper
1923–1997
 United States
7
1
1942–1955
14

Jay Hebert
1923–1997
 United States
7
1
1957–1961
5

John Huston
1961–
 United States
7
0
1990–2003
14

Peter Jacobsen
1954–
 United States
7
0
1980–2003
24

Matt Kuchar
1978–
 United States
7
0
2002–2014
13

Billy Maxwell
1929–
 United States
7
0
1955–1962
8

Dick Mayer
1924–1989
 United States
7
1
1953–1965
13

Gil Morgan
1946–
 United States
7
0
1977–1990
14

Johnny Palmer
1918–2006
 United States
7
0
1946–1954
9

Scott Simpson
1955–
 United States
7
1
1980–1998
19

Joey Sindelar
1958–
 United States
7
0
1985–2004
20

Harry Vardon H
1870–1937
 Jersey
7
7
1896–1914
19

Bert Yancey
1938–1994
 United States
7
0
1966–1972
7

174
Sammy Byrd
1906–1981
 United States
6
0
1942–1945
4

Bob Charles H
1936–
 New Zealand
6
1
1963–1974
12

Stewart Cink
1973–
 United States
6
1
1997–2009
13

Henry Ciuci
1903–1986
 United States
6
0
1928–1931
4

Ed Furgol
1917–1997
 United States
6
1
1947–1957
11

Bob Gilder
1950–
 United States
6
0
1976–1983
8

Lou Graham
1938–
 United States
6
1
1967–1979
13

Bill Haas
1982–
 United States
6
0
2010–2015
6

Paul Harney
1929–2011
 United States
6
0
1957–1972
16

Pádraig Harrington
1971–
 Ireland
6
3
2005–2015
11

Willie Hunter
1892–1968
 Scotland
 United States
6
0
192?–1936
~11

Gary Koch
1952–
 United States
6
0
1976–1988
13

Bob Lunn
1945–
 United States
6
0
1968–1972
5

Sandy Lyle H
1958–
 Scotland
6
2
1985–1988
4

Hunter Mahan
1982–
 United States
6
0
2007–2014
8

Rocco Mediate
1962–
 United States
6
0
1991–2010
20

José María Olazábal H
1966–
 Spain
6
2
1990–2002
13

Steve Pate
1961–
 United States
6
0
1987–1998
12

Patrick Reed
1990–
 United States
6
1
2013–2018
6

Bill Rogers
1951–
 United States
6
1
1978–1983
6

Bob Rosburg
1926–2009
 United States
6
1
1954–1972
19

Rory Sabbatini
1976–
 South Africa
6
0
2000–2011
12

Dan Sikes
1929–1987
 United States
6
0
1963–1968
6

Jeff Sluman
1957–
 United States
6
1
1988–2002
15

Henrik Stenson
1976–
 Sweden
6
1
2007–2017
11

Frank Stranahan
1922–2013
 United States
6
0
1945–1958
14

Peter Thomson H
1929–
 Australia
6
5
1954–1965
12

Mike Turnesa
1907–2000
 United States
6
0
1931–1949
19

Cyril Walker
1892–1948
 England
 United States
6
1
1917–1930
14

Jimmy Walker
1979–
 United States
6
1
2013–2016
4

Bo Wininger
1922–1967
 United States
6
0
1955–1963
9

Lew Worsham
1917–1990
 United States
6
1
1946–1953
8

206
Buddy Allin
1944–2007
 United States
5
0
1971–1976
6

James Braid H
1870–1950
 Scotland
5
5
1901–1910
10

Jonathan Byrd
1978–
 United States
5
0
2002–2011
10

Pete Cooper
1914–1993
 United States
5
0
1949–1958
10

Ben Crane
1976–
 United States
5
0
2003–2014
12

John Daly
1966–
 United States
5
2
1991–2004
14

Luke Donald
1977–
 England
5
0
2002–2012
11

Jason Dufner
1977–
 United States
5
1
2012–2017
6

Danny Edwards
1951–
 United States
5
0
1977–1985
9

Dan Forsman
1958–
 United States
5
0
1985–2002
18

Marty Furgol
1916–2005
 United States
5
0
1951–1959
9

Jim Gallagher, Jr.
1961–
 United States
5
0
1990–1995
6

Ken Green
1958–
 United States
5
0
1985–1989
5

Fred Haas
1916–2004
 United States
5
0
1945–1954
10

Bob Hamilton
1916–1990
 United States
5
1
1944–1949
6

Jerry Heard
1947–
 United States
5
0
1971–1978
8

Lionel Hebert
1928–2000
 United States
5
1
1957–1966
10

Billy Horschel
1986–
 United States
5
0
2013–2018
6

Herman Keiser
1914–2003
 United States
5
1
1942–1947
6

Tom Lehman
1959–
 United States
5
1
1994–2000
7

Roger Maltbie
1951–
 United States
5
0
1975–1985
11

Ray Mangrum
1910–1975
 United States
5
0
1936–1946
11

Hideki Matsuyama
1992–
 Japan
5
0
2014–2017
4

Billy Mayfair
1966–
 United States
5
0
1993–1998
6

Blaine McCallister
1958–
 United States
5
0
1988–1993
6

Ryan Moore
1982–
 United States
5
0
2009–2016
8

Bob Murphy
1943–
 United States
5
0
1968–1986
19

Gilbert Nicholls
1878–1950
 England
 United States
5
0
191?–1927
~11

Jesper Parnevik
1965–
 Sweden
5
0
1998–2001
4

Carl Pettersson
1977–
 Sweden
5
0
2005–2012
8

Johnny Pott
1935–
 United States
5
0
1960–1968
9

Tom Purtzer
1951–
 United States
5
0
1977–1991
15

Henry Ransom
1911–1987
 United States
5
0
1946–1955
10

Phil Rodgers
1938–
 United States
5
0
1962–1966
5

Mason Rudolph
1934–2011
 United States
5
0
1959–1970
12

Webb Simpson
1985–
 United States
5
1
2011–2018
8

John Henry Taylor H
1871–1963
 England
5
5
1894–1913
20

Bob Toski
1926–
 United States
5
0
1953–1954
2

Scott Verplank
1964–
 United States
5
0
1985–2007
23

George Von Elm
1901–1961
 United States
5
0
19??–1938
~10

Nick Watney
1981–
 United States
5
0
2007–2012
6

D. A. Weibring
1953–
 United States
5
0
1979–1996
18

Mark Wilson
1974–
 United States
5
0
2007–2012
6

text:
^ Harry Cooper was born in England, but grew up in Dallas, Texas, and became a U.S. citizen before starting his professional career. However, he was not allowed to compete for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup. U.S. citizens born outside the country, even if they were born with only U.S. citizenship, were not eligible to represent the U.S. in the Ryder Cup until 2002. Even today, those who naturalize after age 18 are ineligible for Team USA.
^ Jim Barnes was born in England, but became a U.S. citizen soon after moving to the United States in 1906.