document_title: The Fifth Element

question_text: who plays the bad guy in fifth element

question_tokens: who plays the bad guy in fifth element

text: The Fifth Element

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1914, aliens known as Mondoshawans arrive at an ancient Egyptian temple to collect, for safekeeping concerning World War I, the only weapon capable of defeating a great evil that appears every 5,000 years. The weapon consists of four stones, containing the essences of the four classical elements, and a sarcophagus containing a fifth element in the form of a human, which combines the power of the other four elements into a divine light capable of defeating the evil. The Mondoshawans promise their human contact, a priest from a secret order, that they will come back with the weapon in time to stop the great evil when it returns.

text: In 2263,[b] the great evil appears in deep space in the form of a giant ball of black fire, and destroys an attacking Earth spaceship. The Mondoshawans' current contact on Earth, priest Vito Cornelius, informs the President of the Federated Territories of the history of the great evil and the weapon that can stop it. As the Mondoshawans return to Earth they are ambushed by Mangalores, a race hired by the industrialist Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg, who has been directed by the great evil (sending messages as “Mister Shadow”) to acquire the element stones.

text: The Mondoshawans' spacecraft is destroyed, and the only "survivor" is a severed hand in a metal glove from the Fifth Element's sarcophagus that still contains some living cells. Scientists take it to a New York City laboratory and use it to reconstruct a powerful humanoid woman who takes the name Leeloo. Terrified of the unfamiliar surroundings, she breaks out of confinement and jumps off a high ledge, crashing into the flying taxicab of Korben Dallas, a former major in the special forces.

text: Dallas delivers Leeloo to Cornelius and his apprentice, David, whereupon it is revealed that she is the Fifth Element. Cornelius learns from her that the element stones were not on the Mondoshawans' ship, as they entrusted the stones to the alien Diva Plavalaguna, an opera singer. Zorg kills many of the Mangalores because of their failure to obtain the stones, but their surviving compatriots determine to seize the artifacts in revenge. Upon learning from the Mondoshawans that the stones are in Plavalaguna's possession, General Munro, Dallas' former superior, recommissions Dallas and orders him to travel undercover to the planet Fhloston to meet Plavalaguna on a luxury cruise; Dallas takes Leeloo with him. Meanwhile, Cornelius instructs David to prepare the temple designed to house the stones, then stows away on the space plane transporting Dallas to the cruise liner.

text: Plavalaguna is killed when the Mangalores attack the cruise ship, but Dallas succeeds in retrieving the stones from the Diva. During his struggle with the Mangalores he kills their leader. Meanwhile, Zorg arrives, shooting and seriously wounding Leeloo before taking a carrying case that he presumes contains the stones back to his spacecraft, leaving behind a time bomb that forces the liner's occupants to evacuate. Discovering the case to be empty, Zorg returns to the ship and deactivates his bomb, but a dying Mangalore sets off his own device, destroying the ship and killing Zorg. Dallas, Cornelius, Leeloo, and talk-show host Ruby Rhod escape with the stones aboard Zorg's spacecraft.

text: The four join up with David at the weapon chamber in the temple as the great evil approaches. They arrange the stones and activate them with their corresponding elements, but having witnessed and studied so much violence, Leeloo has become disenchanted with humanity and refuses to cooperate. Dallas confesses his love for Leeloo and kisses her. In response, Leeloo combines the power of the stones as the Fifth Element and releases the divine light on the great evil, destroying its power and causing the planet to be proclaimed dead by Earth scientists as it becomes another moon in Earth orbit.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as Korben Dallas
Gary Oldman as Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg
Milla Jovovich as Leeloo Minaï Lekatariba-Laminaï-Tchaï Ekbat de Sebat
Ian Holm as Father Vito Cornelius
Chris Tucker as Ruby Rhod
Charlie Creed-Miles as David
Brion James as General Munro
Tricky as Right Arm
Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr. as President Lindberg
Christopher Fairbank as Professor Mactilburgh
Lee Evans as Fog
John Bluthal as Professor Massimo Pacoli
Luke Perry as Billy Masterson
John Bennett as Priest
Kim Chan as Mr. Kim
John Neville as General Staedert
Al Matthews as General Tudor
Maïwenn Le Besco as Diva Plavalaguna

text: Themes[edit]

text: In an interview Besson stated The Fifth Element was not a "big theme movie", although the film's theme was an important one. He wanted viewers to reach the point where Leeloo states "What's the use of saving life when you see what you do with it?", and agree with her.[8] Jay P. Telotte, writing in the book Science Fiction Film, credited the film with exploring the theme of political corruption.[9]

text: An article by Brian Ott and Eric Aoki in the feminist journal Women's Studies in Communication considered gender to be one of the film's main themes. The authors accused the film of erasing women from the introductory scenes, noting that Leeloo's reconstruction marked only the second appearance of a female in the film's first 20 minutes; the other is an androgynous, mostly speechless presidential aide. When females appear in the film, they do so as passive objects, such as the sexualised flight and McDonald's attendants; or stripped of their femininity, such as the "butch" Major Iceborg.[10] Stefan Brandt, in the book Subverting Masculinity, also said that the film "echoes stereotypical beliefs about gender" of all females in the film, including Leeloo, who he thought only left her passive role in the film during her fight with the Mangalores. With the exception of Tiny Lister's portrayal of the President, all males in the film were considered to be as unmanly as possible in various ways, such as Ruby Rhod's effeminacy, Vito Cornelius's clumsy form of speech, and General Munro's stupidity; their purpose was to make Korben's masculinity appear "god-like" by comparison.[11]

text: In the book The Films of Luc Besson, Susan Hayward considered The Fifth Element to be a classic story of a man "making his break from the tribe, proving his manhood, over-throwing the malevolent forces and killing the chief, finally to reap the rewards of security and marriage".[12] Korben's journey, however, is under threat not only from the Mangalores and Zorg, but also from Leeloo, who relents and helps him only at the last minute, accepting his declaration of love.[12] The love story within The Fifth Element was considered to be one of the main narratives in the film, and it faces the same deadline as the main storyline.[12] Hayward also considered the issue of environmental damage, in so far as waste and pollution are visible throughout the film.[13] Whereas science fiction films often show a world wherein some new technology or threat either surpasses or fails humanity, The Films of Luc Besson included The Fifth Element amongst the minority of science fiction films that "hold up a mirror" and show humankind as responsible.[14] The film was said to be skeptical of capitalist consumerism, in so far as the gadgets in Zorg's office make an unhealthy obsession of his lust for technology.[14] The tension between technology and man is treated as a problem requiring a final resolution.[14]

text: Production[edit]

text: As a teenager, Besson envisioned the world of The Fifth Element in an attempt to alleviate boredom. He began writing the script when he was 16, though it was not released in cinemas until he was 38.[15] The original storyline was set in the year 2300, and was about a "nobody" named Zaltman Bleros (later renamed Korben Dallas) who wins a trip to the Club Med resort on the planet Fhloston Paradise. There he meets Leeloo, a "sand-girl" who has the "beauty of youth" despite being over 2,000 years old.[16] Besson continued to work on and modify the storyline for years; by the time his documentary film Atlantis was released in 1991 he had a 400-page script. Nicolas Seydoux and Patrice Ledoux from Gaumont were the first people to take on the project. In November 1991, while looking for actors for the film, Besson met French comics creators Jean Giraud and Jean-Claude Mézières and recruited them[17] for the film's production design.[18][19] Giraud and Mézières's comics were a major source of inspiration for Besson's futuristic New York City.[20] Mézières wrote the book The Circles of Power, which contains a character named S'Traks, who drives a flying taxicab through the congested air traffic of the vast metropolis on the planet Rubanis. Mézières showed images of the flying taxi to Besson, who was inspired to change the background of Korben Dallas from a worker in a rocketship factory to that of a taxi driver who flies his cab around a Rubanis-inspired futuristic New York City.[21] Five other artists were hired for the project, and Jean Paul Gaultier was hired to design the film's costumes. The team spent a year creating over 8,000 drawings, during which time Besson approached both Bruce Willis and Mel Gibson for the lead role. Willis expressed interest, though he was reluctant to take on the role as the film was considered risky after his previous two films, Hudson Hawk and Billy Bathgate, had been received poorly; Gibson eventually turned down the role.[22] While the team impressed film companies with their designs, they struggled to find one willing to take on the film's budget of almost $100 million. In December 1992 production of the film stopped[23] without any prior warning, and the team disbanded.[3]

text: Besson went on to direct the commercially successful film Léon: The Professional, which was released in September 1994. While shooting and releasing Leon, he continued to work on the script for The Fifth Element, shortening it and reducing the film's budget to $90 million before attempting to find a studio willing to produce it. Columbia Pictures, who had a partnership in Leon, agreed to finance the film. By this time Besson had decided to go with a lesser-known lead actor in order to save on production costs.[3][8] Besson was in Barry Josephson's office when Willis called regarding a different film. Besson asked to speak to Willis "just to say hello", and told him that The Fifth Element was finally going ahead, explaining the decision to go with a less-expensive actor. After a short silence, Willis stated "If I like the film, we can always come to an arrangement";[3] he agreed to take on the role after reading the script. Production of the film commenced in early August 1995. Besson traveled to various places for casting, including Paris, London and Rome.[25] He hired Gary Oldman (who had starred in Léon) for the role of Zorg, describing Oldman as "one of the top five actors in the world."[8] For the character Leeloo, Besson chose Milla Jovovich from the 200 to 300 applicants he met in person.[8] The "Divine Language" spoken in the film by Leeloo is a fictional language with only 400 words, invented by Besson. Jovovich and Besson held conversations and wrote letters to each other in the language as practice.[26] Besson was in a relationship with Maïwenn Le Besco, who played the role of Diva Plavalaguna, for six years when filming commenced; however, he left her for Jovovich during filming.[27] Jovovich and Besson later married, but divorced in 1999.[28]

text: Wishing to shoot the film in France, Besson could not find suitable facilities and "with a heavy heart" filmed in London.[29] It was primarily filmed at Pinewood Studios on seven soundstages[30] including the 007 Stage.[31] Construction of sets began in October 1995.[17] The opera scene was filmed at the Royal Opera House.[32] Scenes depicted as being in Egypt were filmed in Mauritania;[33] the first shoot for the film, a background shot of the desert, occurred there on 5 January 1996.[34] Filming with actors began in late January, and was completed 21 weeks later.[35] Willis finished filming on 16 May,[36] while Oldman only commenced filming the following week;[37] the film's protagonist (Korben) and antagonist (Zorg) never actually share any screen time.[38] Despite being filmed in London, The Fifth Element was a French production,[39][40] and went on to become the costliest European film ever made at the time.[41] The buildings in New York were derived from both metabolist-inspired masses of modular apartments from the 1960s, and the futuristic designs of architect Antonio Sant'Elia in the 1910s.[42] Besson demanded that most of the action shots in the film take place in broad daylight, as he was reportedly tired of the dark spaceship corridors and dimly lit planets common in science fiction films, and wanted a brighter "cheerfully crazy" look as opposed to a gloomy realistic one.[20] Gaultier designed every one of the 900 costumes worn by extras in the film's Fhloston Paradise scenes, and checked each costume every morning.[38] His designs, described as "intellectually transgressive",[43] were said to challenge sexuality and gender norms.[44] A single jacket he designed for the film cost $5,000.[45]

text: The original name of the character Ruby Rhod was Loc Rhod. The name appears in both the original script and in the novelisation of the film.[46] Speculation has been raised that the name change was a play on information in the periodic table. Rubidium is the first of the Period 5 elements, and exactly halfway down that row is the element Rhodium. Taking the first half of each element yields "Rubi Rhod".[47] Others have speculated his name is a play on his gender bending personality; having a feminine first name and phallic surname.[10] The term "ruby rod" also refers to the essential component of the first working laser design.[48]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Three different teams handled the three different types of special effects used in the film. Nick Allder was placed in charge of mechanical and pyrotechnical effects, Nick Dudman was placed in charge of 'creature' effects and Mark Stetson headed the visual effects team.[30] Visual effects company Digital Domain was hired for the film, and Karen Goulekas was given the role of digital effects supervisor.[49] Alias,[33] Autodesk Softimage, Arete, Side Effect's Prisms, RenderMan, as well as in-house software, were used by Digital Domain to create effects.[50] Some individual shots used a combination of live action, scale models, computer-generated imagery and particle systems.[51] The lanes of traffic in the scenes in New York City were created with particle systems:

text: We had maybe 80 cityscape shots with CG cars hurtling around, and you couldn't animate them all by hand because there were just too many of them in each scene ... When the cars turned a corner, the velocity changes were automatic, so the animator didn't have to worry about that. They just planned the moves in a very blocky way, and the mathematics smoothed out the rest.

text: Amongst the scale models used for filming were the buildings seen in New York City. Dozens of apartment blocks and 25 skyscrapers, some 20 feet (6.1 m) high, were constructed in 1/24th scale.[52] It took a team of 80 workers five months to build the models used in the film.[52] The windows of the buildings were cited by the team as one of the most time-consuming tasks, along with details behind the windows, such as furniture, blinds, lightboxes and tiny pieces of flat artwork.[52] Virtual sets built within digital environments were created to enhance the use of miniatures.[53] Motion control cameras moved throughout the scale sets, and the data they collected was exported to track and generate the CG animation and particle systems.[42] Other techniques used in the film included digital matte paintings for backgrounds[54] and the NURBS mathematical model for certain animations, including the sequence in which Leeloo's body is reconstructed.[55]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The Fifth Element is one of Besson's films which have been described as "intrinsically musical";[56] some kind of music is playing during about 90 percent of the film.[57] The film's score was composed by Éric Serra. He relies heavily on the use of orchestral textures, such as the oboe and strings heard as the surgeons prepare to regenerate Leeloo, and the pizzicato as she is reconstructed. Serra also used many exotic influences, such as the Stalinist fanfare heard before the spaceport sequence, the reggae piece played in preparation for the flight, and the hula music that greets the passengers as they arrive in Fhloston.[58] More conventional scoring techniques are present in the leitmotif that first appears when professor Pacoli mentions the fifth element, the militaristic snares as the warship prepares to attack the dark planet, and the Mahlerian funereal piece heard when Leeloo learns about war.[58] The music used for the taxicab chase scene, titled "Alech Taadi" by Algerian performer Khaled,[59][60] is excluded from the film soundtrack, but is available on Khaled's album N'ssi N'ssi.[61]

text:
"The Diva Dance"

A sample of Inva Mula's vocals in The Diva Dance

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The Diva Dance opera performance used music from Gaetano Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor: "Il dolce suono",[62] the mad scene of Act III, Scene 2. It is one of the few pieces of music in the film that is diegetic.[63] It was sung by Albanian soprano Inva Mula,[64] while the role of Plavalaguna was played by French actress Maïwenn Le Besco.[27] Part One (titled "Lucia di Lammermoor") and Part Two (titled "The Diva Dance") of this piece are included as separate tracks on The Fifth Element soundtrack, but are sequenced to create the effect of the entire performance seen in the film. The end of Part One blends into the beginning of Part Two, creating a smooth transition between the two tracks.[65]

text: Released as an album under Virgin Records, the soundtrack peaked at No. 99 on the Billboard 200.[66] More than 200,000 copies of the lengthy soundtrack were sold in France alone.[67] Rodney Batdorf of AllMusic gave the album three out of five stars, stating it was "diverse and accomplished, and it is just as effective outside of the film as it is within it."[68] A review from Filmtracks.com also awarded the album three out of five stars.[69]

text: Release[edit]

text: Initial screening[edit]

text: The film premiered on 7 May 1997 at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival, where it was selected as the opening film.[70][71] Gaumont built an area for the screening that was over 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2). Guests were given a "Fifth Element" Swatch, which was used as their ticket for entry. The event included a futuristic ballet, a fashion show by Jean Paul Gaultier, and fireworks. Gaumont spent between US $1 million and $3 million on the event, a record at the time.[72]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film debuted at number 1 in the US, earning $17 million on its opening weekend.[39] It went on to become a box-office success, grossing over $263 million, almost three times its budget of $90 million.[7] Seventy-six percent of the receipts for The Fifth Element were from markets outside the United States,[7] and it was the ninth-highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.[7] It was the most successful film at the box office in France in 1997,[73] with more than 7.69 million seeing the film.[74] In Germany the film was awarded the Goldene Leinwand, a sales certification award for selling more than three million tickets at the box office.[75] The Fifth Element went on to become the highest grossing French film at the foreign box-office,[41][76] a record it held for 16 years until the release of The Intouchables in 2011.[77]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Fifth Element holds a 71% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 58 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Visually inventive and gleefully over the top, Luc Besson's The Fifth Element is a fantastic piece of pop sci-fi that never takes itself too seriously."[78] It has a weighted score of 52/100 at Metacritic, based on 22 professional reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.[79]

text: The Fifth Element polarised critics on release. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times described the film as an "elaborate, even campy sci-fi extravaganza, which is nearly as hard to follow as last year's Mission: Impossible." He concluded that The Fifth Element was "a lot warmer, more fun and boasts some of the most sophisticated, witty production and costume design you could ever hope to see."[80] On film review show At the Movies, both Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel gave the film a "thumbs up";[81] in his own review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "One of the great goofy movies", and concluding, "I would not have missed seeing this film, and I recommend it for its richness of imagery. But at 127 minutes, which seems a reasonable length, it plays long."[4]

text: The film was, however, subject to a number of harsh reviews that expressed disapproval of its overblown style. Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "A largely misfired European attempt to make an American-style sci-fi spectacular, The Fifth Element consists of a hodgepodge of elements that don't comfortably coalesce."[71] David Edelstein of Slate was even more critical, saying, "It may or may not be the worst movie ever made, but it is one of the most unhinged."[5]

text: Chris Tucker's performance as Ruby Rhod also polarised critics.[82] He was praised in the Los Angeles Times[83] and in Time; the latter called him "the summer's most outrageous special effect."[84] Josh Winning of GamesRadar, however, singled out Tucker's performance as the low point of the film, ranking it as No. 20 on his 2011 list, "50 Performances That Ruined Movies".[85]

text: Legacy and related media[edit]

text: The film has been described by CBS News, Rotten Tomatoes, and ComingSoon.com as a science fiction cult classic.[86][87][88] However film critic Mark Kermode reported that The Fifth Element was one of the most divisive films among his readers, regarded as both the best and the worst summer blockbuster of all time. Kermode recalled his own experience: "I remember very clearly being in Cannes when [The] Fifth Element was first played, and it really divided the audience."[89] Stephen Cass of Discover ranked the film the third-best science fiction film on subscription service Hulu, writing, "People seem to either like or loathe The Fifth Element ... Lavish visuals and entertaining performances from Bruce Willis, Milla Jovovich, and Gary Oldman make this movie worth watching."[90] In some circles the film has gained a "so-bad-it's-good" status; Meredith Woerner of io9 listed The Fifth Element as one of "The 20 Best Worst Science Fiction Movies of All Time".[91] In 2007 the Visual Effects Society placed The Fifth Element at No. 50, tied with Darby O'Gill and the Little People, on their list of the 50 most influential visual effects films of all time.[92] In 2014, Time Out listed the film at No. 42 on their "100 best sci-fi movies" list.[93]

text: Willis spoke favourably of the film in a 1999 interview, concluding "it was a real fun movie to make."[94] Tucker and Jovovich also spoke favourably of both their experiences making the film and working with Besson in interviews on the Ultimate Edition DVD; Jovovich described Besson as "the first really amazing director I had worked with".[95] Asked in a 2014 interview if he liked the film, Gary Oldman stated, "Oh no. I can't bear it."[96] He had explained in 2011: "It was me singing for my supper because Luc had come in and partly financed [my film] Nil by Mouth."[97]

text: Alejandro Jodorowsky and Jean Giraud sued Besson after the film was released, claiming The Fifth Element had plagiarised their comic The Incal. Giraud sued for 13.1 million euros for unfair competition, 9 million euros in damages and interest and two to five percent of the net operating revenues of the film. Jodorowsky sued for 700,000 euros. The case was dismissed in 2004 on the grounds that only "tiny fragments" of the comic had been used[98] and also because Giraud had been hired by Besson to work on the film before the allegations were made.[18]

text: A novel adaptation of The Fifth Element, written by Terry Bisson, was published by HarperPrism in 1997.[99][100] There were rumors after the film's release that it would be followed by a sequel, tentatively titled Mr. Shadow. In 2011, Besson stated that a sequel was never planned, and that he has no desire to make one.[101]

text: A video game adaptation of The Fifth Element was created by Activision for the PlayStation game console and PC in 1998. The PlayStation version was generally met with negative reviews,[102] though the PC version was better received.[103] Lauren Fielder from GameSpot called the PlayStation version "quite possibly the worst game I've ever played."[104] Doug Perry from IGN commented: "Take Tomb Raider, add in Leeloo Multipass and boring puzzles, and you've got Fifth Element."[105] A racing game based on the film, New York Race, was released in 2001.[106] Eurogamer gave the game 6 out of 10, concluding: "New York Race is a fun little arcade racer which oozes style, but it's something you'll grow tired of extremely quickly and as such remains fun only in short bursts."[106]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Fifth Element was nominated for Best Sound Editing at the 70th Academy Awards,[107] and for Best Sound Editing at the 1998 Golden Reel Awards,[108] but lost to Titanic in both cases. It won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects,[109][110] and the Lumières Award for Best Director.[111] It was nominated for seven César awards, winning three: Best Director,[112] Best Cinematography and Best Production Design.[110][113] It was nominated for Film of the Year at the 1997 European Film Awards,[114] as well as the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation,[115] and the Satellite Award for Best Visual Effects.[116] Thierry Arbogast was awarded the Technical Grand Prize at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for his work on both The Fifth Element and She's So Lovely.[110] The film received four Saturn Award nominations: Best Science Fiction Film, Best Costume, Best Special Effects,[117] and Best Supporting Actress for Milla Jovovich.[118] Jovovich's fight against the Mangalores was nominated for the MTV Movie Award for Best Fight,[118][119] and the actress was also nominated for Best Actress – Newcomer at the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.[120]

text: Conversely, Jovovich received a Golden Raspberry nomination for Worst Supporting Actress, and Chris Tucker was nominated for Worst New Star for his performances in both The Fifth Element and Money Talks.[121]

text:
Year
Event
Award
Nominee
Result

1998
Academy Awards
Best Sound Editing
Mark Mangini
Nominated

1998
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Best Actress – Newcomer
Milla Jovovich
Nominated

1997
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
Best Special Visual Effects
Mark Mangini
Won

1997
Cannes Film Festival
Technical Grand Prize
Thierry Arbogast
Won

1998
César Award
Best Cinematography
Thierry Arbogast
Won

Best Director
Luc Besson
Won

Best Production Design
Dan Weil
Won

Best Costume Design
Jean Paul Gaultier
Nominated

Best Editing
Sylvie Landra
Nominated

Best Film
Luc Besson
Nominated

Best Music Written for a Film
Éric Serra
Nominated

Best Sound
Daniel Brisseau
Nominated

1997
European Film Awards
Film of the Year
Patrice Ledoux
Nominated

1998
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Supporting Actress
Milla Jovovich
Nominated

Worst New Star
Chris Tucker
Nominated

1998
Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing
Mark Mangini
Nominated

1998
Hugo Awards
Best Dramatic Presentation
The Fifth Element
Nominated

1997
Lumières Award
Best Director
Luc Besson
Won

1998
MTV Movie Awards
Best Fight
Milla Jovovich vs. Aliens
Nominated

1998
Satellite Award
Best Visual Effects
Mark Stetson
Nominated

1998
Saturn Award
Best Science Fiction Film
The Fifth Element
Nominated

Best Costumes
Jean Paul Gaultier
Nominated

Best Special Effects
Special effects team
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Milla Jovovich
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: The original home video release of The Fifth Element took place in North America on 10 December 1997, on VHS, LaserDisc, and DVD.[122] The original DVD presented the film in its original 2.39:1 anamorphic widescreen format though carried no special features.[123] The film was released in Sony's Superbit format in October 2001.[124] In his review, Conrad Jeremy from IGN gave the picture quality of the original DVD release 9 out of 10, though awarded the Superbit version a perfect score for picture quality. Overall the Superbit version was given 8 out of 10; the final score was brought down by the version's complete lack of special features.[124]

text: An "Ultimate Edition" set of two DVDs was released on 11 January 2005.[122][125] The only difference between the Superbit version and the Ultimate Edition disc one is the addition of a "fact track", which when turned on displays trivia about the film, cast and crew as the film plays. The second disc provides various special features, focusing on visual production, special effects, fashion in the film, featurettes and interviews with Willis, Jovovich, and Tucker, as well as featurettes on the four different alien races in the film and Diva Plavalaguna. Ian Jane of DVD Talk praised the Ultimate Edition for its special features.[125]

text: The first Blu-ray release of the film on 20 June 2006 was criticised as having poor picture quality by Blu-ray standards, and for its lack of special features.[126] In what has been called "an extremely rare move" Sony responded to complaints by making a remastered Blu-ray version available, released on 17 July 2007, and also offered a replacement exchange program for customers unhappy with the original Blu-ray release.[127] Ben Williams from Blu-ray.com stated the remastered version "absolutely" made up for the lacklustre initial release and praised its high video and audio quality; however, he criticised the continued lack of special features.[126]

text: The 20th anniversary 4K remaster was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on July 11, 2017.[128]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Conflicting sources stated the film's budget to be various figures between $50 million and $100 million, however, $90 million is the most frequently cited figure, and is also the figure cited by Besson in his book, The Story of The Fifth Element.
Jump up ^ The film's opening scene states the year is 1914, and the following scene in space states it is “300 years later”, though Korben's alarm clock clearly shows the year as being 2263. The year is given as 2257 on the DVD sleeve notes published by Pathé in 1997, and as 2259 by Besson in The Story of The Fifth Element.

tag: ol


document_title: List of players with five or more goals in an NHL game

question_text: most goals in one nhl game by a player

question_tokens: most goals in one nhl game by a player

root

text: This is a list of games in which a player has scored five or more goals in a National Hockey League (NHL) game. Scoring five or more goals in a single game is considered a great feat, as it has only been accomplished 60 times, by only 44 players, in the history of the league.[1] The most recent player to do so was Johan Franzen, who scored five goals for the Detroit Red Wings on February 2, 2011, against the Ottawa Senators.

tag: p

text: Joe Malone, playing in the early days of the NHL, holds the overall record with five different five-or-more goal games, including the NHL record seven goals in a game, as well as a six-goal game and three five-goal games. Overall, seven different players have scored six goals in a game—including brothers Corb and Cy Denneny, within a few weeks of each other in 1921. A total of 40 individual players have scored exactly five goals in a game, on one or more occasions. While five-goal games continue to occur from time to time, no player has scored six or more goals since Darryl Sittler scored six in February 1976.[2]

text: Next to Malone's achievement of five different games, both Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux attained the feat four times, Newsy Lalonde did it three times, while four other players have had two five-goal games. Of the 60 different five-goal games, five instances were achieved in a playoff game.[3] Mario Lemieux is the only player in history to achieve a five-goal game by scoring in five different ways – on December 31, 1988, he scored an even-strength goal, a power-play goal, a short-handed goal, a penalty shot goal and an empty net goal.[4]

text: Of the 44 players to achieve the feat, Ian Turnbull is the only defenseman.

text: Scorers[edit]

text:
Name
Team
Date
Goals

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001917-12-19-0000December 19, 1917
5

 Hyland, HarryHarry Hyland
Montreal Wanderers
000000001917-12-19-0000December 19, 1917
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001918-01-12-0000January 12, 1918
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
000000001918-02-02-0000February 2, 1918
5

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde[3]
Montreal Canadiens
000000001919-03-01-0000March 1, 1919
5

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
000000001920-01-10-0000January 10, 1920
6

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Quebec Bulldogs
000000001920-01-31-0000January 31, 1920
7

 Roach, MickeyMickey Roach
Toronto St. Pats
000000001920-03-06-0000March 6, 1920
5

 Malone, JoeJoe Malone
Quebec Bulldogs
000000001920-03-10-0000March 10, 1920
6

 Denneny, CorbCorb Denneny
Toronto St. Pats
000000001921-01-26-0000January 26, 1921
6

 Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
000000001921-02-16-0000February 16, 1921
5

 Denneny, CyCy Denneny
Ottawa Senators
000000001921-03-07-0000March 7, 1921
6

 Dye, BabeBabe Dye
Toronto St. Pats
000000001922-12-16-0000December 16, 1922
5

 Green, RedRed Green
Hamilton Tigers
000000001924-12-05-0000December 5, 1924
5

 Dye, BabeBabe Dye
Toronto St. Pats
000000001924-12-22-0000December 22, 1924
5

 Broadbent, PunchPunch Broadbent
Montreal Maroons
000000001925-01-07-0000January 7, 1925
5

 Lepine, PitPit Lepine
Montreal Canadiens
000000001929-12-14-0000December 14, 1929
5

 Morenz, HowieHowie Morenz
Montreal Canadiens
000000001930-03-18-0000March 18, 1930
5

 Conacher, CharlieCharlie Conacher
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001932-01-19-0000January 19, 1932
5

 Getliffe, RayRay Getliffe
Montreal Canadiens
000000001943-02-06-0000February 6, 1943
5

 Howe, SydSyd Howe
Detroit Red Wings
000000001944-02-03-0000February 3, 1944
6

 Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard[5]
Montreal Canadiens
000000001944-03-23-0000March 23, 1944
5

 Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
Montreal Canadiens
000000001944-12-28-0000December 28, 1944
5

 Meeker, HowieHowie Meeker
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001947-01-08-0000January 8, 1947
5

 Geoffrion, BernieBernie Geoffrion
Montreal Canadiens
000000001955-02-19-0000February 19, 1955
5

 Rousseau, BobbyBobby Rousseau
Montreal Canadiens
000000001964-02-01-0000February 1, 1964
5

 Berenson, RedRed Berenson
St. Louis Blues
000000001968-11-07-0000November 7, 1968
6

 Cournoyer, YvanYvan Cournoyer
Montreal Canadiens
000000001975-02-15-0000February 15, 1975
5

 Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001976-02-07-0000February 7, 1976
6

 Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler[5]
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001976-04-22-0000April 22, 1976
5

 Leach, ReggieReggie Leach[5]
Philadelphia Flyers
000000001976-05-06-0000May 6, 1976
5

 Murdoch, DonDon Murdoch
New York Rangers
000000001976-10-12-0000October 12, 1976
5

 Turnbull, IanIan Turnbull (D)
Toronto Maple Leafs
000000001977-02-02-0000February 2, 1977
5

 Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
000000001978-12-23-0000December 23, 1978
5

 Young, TimTim Young
Minnesota North Stars
000000001979-01-15-0000January 15, 1979
5

 Tonelli, JohnJohn Tonelli
New York Islanders
000000001981-01-06-0000January 6, 1981
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001981-02-18-0000February 18, 1981
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001981-12-30-0000December 30, 1981
5

 Mulvey, GrantGrant Mulvey
Chicago Black Hawks
000000001982-02-03-0000February 3, 1982
5

 Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
New York Islanders
000000001982-02-13-0000February 13, 1982
5[6][7]

 Lindstrom, WillyWilly Lindstrom
Winnipeg Jets
000000001982-03-02-0000March 2, 1982
5

 Pavelich, MarkMark Pavelich
New York Rangers
000000001983-02-23-0000February 23, 1983
5

 Kurri, JariJari Kurri
Edmonton Oilers
000000001983-11-19-0000November 19, 1983
5

 Gustafsson, Bengt-AkeBengt-Ake Gustafsson
Washington Capitals
000000001984-01-08-0000January 8, 1984
5

 Hughes, PatPat Hughes
Edmonton Oilers
000000001984-02-03-0000February 3, 1984
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001984-12-15-0000December 15, 1984
5

 Andreychuk, DaveDave Andreychuk
Buffalo Sabres
000000001986-02-06-0000February 6, 1986
5

 Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
Edmonton Oilers
000000001987-12-06-0000December 6, 1987
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001988-12-31-0000December 31, 1988
5

 Nieuwendyk, JoeJoe Nieuwendyk
Calgary Flames
000000001989-01-11-0000January 11, 1989
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux[5]
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001989-04-25-0000April 25, 1989
5

 Sundin, MatsMats Sundin
Quebec Nordiques
000000001992-03-05-0000March 5, 1992
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001993-04-09-0000April 9, 1993
5

 Bondra, PeterPeter Bondra
Washington Capitals
000000001994-02-05-0000February 5, 1994
5

 Ricci, MikeMike Ricci
Quebec Nordiques
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
5

 Zhamnov, AlexeiAlexei Zhamnov
Winnipeg Jets
000000001995-04-01-0000April 1, 1995
5

 Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
Pittsburgh Penguins
000000001996-03-26-0000March 26, 1996
5

 Fedorov, SergeiSergei Fedorov
Detroit Red Wings
000000001996-12-26-0000December 26, 1996
5

 Gaborik, MarianMarian Gaborik[8]
Minnesota Wild
000000002007-12-20-0000December 20, 2007
5

 Franzen, JohanJohan Franzen[9]
Detroit Red Wings
000000002011-02-02-0000February 2, 2011
5

tag: table

text: Players who scored five or more goals in multiple games[edit]

text:
Name
Nationality
Total

Malone, JoeJoe Malone
 Canada
5

Gretzky, WayneWayne Gretzky
 Canada
4

Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux
 Canada
4

Lalonde, NewsyNewsy Lalonde
 Canada
3

Dye, BabeBabe Dye
 Canada
2

Richard, MauriceMaurice Richard
 Canada
2

Sittler, DarrylDarryl Sittler
 Canada
2

Trottier, BryanBryan Trottier
 Canada
2


document_title: Tribute in Light

question_text: when do the twin tower lights come on

question_tokens: when do the twin tower lights come on

text: Tribute in Light

text: Background[edit]

text: The idea of two vertical beams of light was first suggested by Ezra Orion, an Israeli sculptor, in 1997. Orion proposed an art installation in which 120 Xenon searchlights were to be placed on the tops of the Twin Towers for the 1998 4th of July celebration.  On September 25th, 1997, Orion met with Richard Hart, the president of Xenotech Lighting, and the municipal art adviser, at the top of the south tower.  Although the response to Orion’s suggestion was enthusiastic, it was deemed too expensive.

text: The Tribute in Light initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14, 2002, and ran again on September 11, 2003 to mark the second anniversary of the attack.[8] Since then, it has been repeated every year on September 11. It was announced that 2008 would be its final year,[2] but the tribute was continued in 2009.[9]

text: On December 17, 2009, it was confirmed that the tribute would continue through to the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011, but continued again in 2012.[10] As of July 23, 2012, plans are underway for the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to assume the lease for the MTA property used during this tribute, and to begin transitioning operation of the tribute from the Municipal Art Society to the memorial foundation.[11]

text: Those working on the project came up with the concept in the week following the attack.  On September 13, 2001, the concept was introduced by John Englehart in a meeting with the crisis communications task force at the electric utility Consolidated Edison, as a signal of support for the community.  Architects John Bennett and Gustavo Bonevardi of PROUN Space Studio distributed their "Project for the Immediate Reconstruction of Manhattan's Skyline". Artists Julian LaVerdiere and Paul Myoda, who before September 11 were working on the 91st floor of the World Trade Center north tower on a proposed light sculpture on the giant radio antenna with Creative Time, conceived of a project called "Phantom Towers". They were commissioned by The New York Times Magazine, (Janet Froelich, art director) to create an image of the project for its September 23 cover.[12]

text: Richard Nash Gould, a New York architect, presented the concept to the Municipal Art Society. On September 19, Municipal Art Society chairman Philip K. Howard wrote to Mayor Rudy Giuliani, asking him "to consider placing two large searchlights near the disaster site, projecting their light straight up into the sky."[13]

text: After some consideration, it was decided to contact lighting experts in the field of high intensity light displays. A Las Vegas-based company, Light America, was chosen because of their vast knowledge of high intensity light displays. Gary Evans, the VP of Light America, and Michael Burns, the designer of the Tribute in Light, said that the company did testing of the lighting fixtures in the Las Vegas Valley before bringing the fixtures to the World Trade Center site.

text: The project was originally going to be named Towers of Light, but the victims' families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people killed.[14]

text: A permanent fixture of the Tribute in Light was at one point intended to be installed on the roof of One World Trade Center,[15][16] but it was not included in the finished design.[17]

text: Since 2008, the generators that power Tribute in Light have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from local restaurants.[18]

text: Effects on birds[edit]

text: The light pollution from Tribute in Light has caused confusion for thousands of migrating birds, trapping them in the beams.[19] As a result of this effect, the lights are switched off for 20-minute periods to allow the birds to escape.[20] To ensure the lights do not affect migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with the New York City Audubon on the illumination.[21] A 2017 study on the effects of the installation on migrating birds found that the birds resumed their normal flight patterns after the installation was turned off.[19][22]

text: Media appearances[edit]

text: Tribute in Light was featured in Boyz II Men's music video for "Color of Love". It made a notable appearance during the opening credits of Spike Lee's 2002 film 25th Hour. It also appeared as a virtual memorial in the Spider-Man 2 video game for Xbox, PlayStation 2, and GameCube.[citation needed] The tribute was also shown and referenced in the CBS series Blue Bloods.


document_title: Ben & Jerry's

question_text: what is ben and jerry's ice cream slogan

question_tokens: what is ben and jerry 's ice cream slogan

text: Ben & Jerry's

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from New York. While Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school.[2] In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia, a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on "mouth feel" and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream.[3] On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000[4] investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont. In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first-ever free cone day, now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry's store.[3]

text: In 1980, they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints. In 1981, the first Ben & Jerry's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne, Vermont. In 1983, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream was used to build “the world’s largest ice cream sundae” in St. Albans, Vermont; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds (12,293 kg). That same year, the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson.[5]

text: In 1984, Häagen-Dazs wanted to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry’s in Boston, prompting Ben & Jerry’s to file suit against the parent company, Pillsbury, in its now famous “What’s the Doughboy Afraid Of?” campaign.[6] In 1987, Häagen-Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution, and Ben & Jerry’s filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company.

text: In 1985, the Ben & Jerry’s Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry's to fund community-oriented projects; it was then provided with 7.5% of the company’s annual pre-tax profits. In 1986, Ben & Jerry’s launched its “Cowmobile”, a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream in a unique, cross-country “marketing drive”—driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves. The “Cowmobile” burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later, but there were no injuries. Ben said it looked like “the world’s largest baked Alaska”.[7]

text: In 1988, the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year, awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan.[8] Also that year, the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery, which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor.[9] In 1992, Ben & Jerry’s joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children's Defense Fund; the campaign goal was to bring children’s basic needs to the top of the national agenda. Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues. In 1995, they hired Robert Holland, Jr. as CEO after holding a "Yo! I'm your C.E.O." essay contest as part of the search.[10] Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997.[11]

text: In 1989, Ben & Jerry’s revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone) in all their products. This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production, but Ben & Jerry’s does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment.[12]

text: In 1994, Ben & Jerry's: The Inside Scoop, written by Fred "Chico" Lager, former CEO of Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream, was published. This book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream got started. The book focuses on "How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor."[13]

text: Unilever era[edit]

text: In April 2000, Ben & Jerry's sold the company to Anglo-Dutch multinational food giant Unilever.[14] Unilever said it hopes to carry on the tradition of engaging "in these critical, global economic and social missions". Although the founders' names are still attached to the product, they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day-to-day management of the company.[15]

text: In 2001, Ben & Jerry's U.S. completed the transition to "Eco-Pint" packaging, which packaged all pint flavors in environmentally friendly unbleached paperboard Eco-Pint containers, a decision it later reversed. The use of brown-kraft unbleached paperboard had been a critical first step toward a totally biodegradable pint made without added chlorine. Due to what they described as increasing supply, quality, and cost challenges, Ben & Jerry's discontinued their use of the Eco-Pint in 2006, transitioning to a pint container made out of a bleached paperboard that it said was more readily available.[16]

text: On Earth Day in 2005, when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling, Ben & Jerry's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska, which weighed 900 pounds (410 kg), and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building.[17][18]

text: In March 2009, "CyClone Dairy"[19] launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products, which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows.[20] On April 1, 2009 (April Fool's Day), Ben & Jerry's announced that it was behind this fake company. Ben & Jerry's had created the tongue-in-cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food[21][22] and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned-animal products.[23] The hoax was revealed on April Fool's Day with the message: "We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat – and not to eat cloned foods if you don’t want to. And that's why Ben & Jerry’s believes we need a national clone tracking system, so people and companies can know where their food is coming from."[24]

text: In 2010, Jostein Solheim, a Unilever executive from Norway, became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition: "My mantra that I've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry's is: ‘Change is a wonderful thing,'" he said. "The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing. Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change. We need to lead by example, and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business. Historically, this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business."[25]

text: On February 24, 2012, Ben & Jerry's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line, which came in several flavors: "Strawberry Shortcake", "Blueberry Vanilla Graham", "Raspberry Fudge Chunk", "Banana Peanut Butter",[26] and "Vanilla" (scoop shop exclusive):[27] On April 12, 2013, "Pineapple Passionfruit", "Vanilla Honey Caramel", and "Liz Lemon" were added to the Greek Yogurt line.[28] The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock.[29]

text: In 2013, Ben & Jerry’s committed to making their products GMO-free in support of mandatory GMO labeling legislation.[30]

text: Original flavors and sundaes[edit]

text: The "Vermonster" is a large ice cream sundae served in a "Vermonster Bucket" in Ben & Jerry's "scoop shops." Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge, 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories (kcal), and 500 grams (17.64 oz) of fat. Since 2009, the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year.[31]

text: "Chubby Hubby" consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. During the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's, in partnership with Freedom to Marry, renamed "Chubby Hubby" to "Hubby Hubby," in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont. The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow.[32][33][34]

text: On March 13, 2012, Ben & Jerry’s announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples. "Oh! My! Apple Pie!" would become "Apple-y Ever After" and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows.[35]

text: "Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough" was temporarily renamed "I Dough, I Dough" in the United States during the summer of 2015. This was in celebration of United States Supreme Court's ruling in support of same-sex marriage. The proceeds from sales were to go to the Human Rights Campaign (a nonprofit advocacy group for LGBT rights).[36]

text: Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5, 2007, to promote their new ice cream flavor, "Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream", and Cohen's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority.

text: The company renamed a flavour, "Yes Pecan!", in reference to Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund.[37]

text: On March 2, 2011, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavour of ice cream, "Late Night Snack", whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it.[38]

text: On February 17, 2015, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, "The Tonight Dough", which all of its proceeds go to the SeriousFun Children's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses.[39]

text: In 2015, Charoset flavoured ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday.[40][41][42][43][44][45]

text: In April 2015, the company confirmed that it was working on vegan options, after hearing consumers' feedback, led by a petition and FARM organization.[46] In early February 2016, the company announced a new all-vegan line with 4 flavors. Two of these are versions of existing flavors - "Chunky Monkey" and "Chocolate Fudge Brownie" - and two are all-new vegan-only flavors: "Coffee Caramel Fudge" and "Peanut Butter & Cookies".[47]

text: In January 2018, the company added two new non-dairy flavors to its growing line of vegan options. Peanut Butter Half Baked features chocolate and peanut butter with fudge brownies and pieces of peanut butter cookie dough, while Cinnamon Buns is made with cinnamon-spiced ice cream and features cinnamon bun dough and a cinnamon streusel swirl.[48]

text: Free Cone Day is an annual event held between late March and early May, in which Ben & Jerry's scoop shops give out free ice cream cups and cones. Free Cone Day was first held on Saturday, May 5, 1979, by Ben and Jerry as a customer and staff appreciation event for the first anniversary of their store's opening.

text: Over one million free cones are given away each year, prompting the company's ad slogan "Be One In A Million." Charitable organizations are often present at the stores each year and enjoy a significant amount of fundraising success. Often, local celebrities show up at various stores, promoting the day and the charities there.[49] Sometimes the event is scheduled to coincide with Earth Day and sometimes volunteers are on hand with clipboards and voter registration forms to help those who would like to register to vote.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Commercial[edit]

text: The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a consumer-advocacy group, urged Ben & Jerry's to stop labeling their ice cream as "all natural," due to the company's use of corn syrup, alkalised cocoa, and other chemically modified ingredients.[50] In September 2010, the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as "all natural."[51]

text: In 2011, Ben & Jerry's released a flavor named Schweddy Balls, in homage to the Saturday Night Live (SNL) skit of the same name. An American group named "One Million Moms" protested, saying that the name was too explicit for grocery store shelves—spokesperson Monica Cole explained to the media: "I realize it could be a lot worse, but are they going to progressively get worse if we don't say something? Maybe they'll think twice before they come up with another inappropriate name for ice cream." However, the expression of disdain was not unanimous among U.S. parents, as mother Gina Ragusa said to The Huffington Post: "We just think it's funny, that's all, and honestly we all really want to try it", adding that she consistently checks for the item's availability at her local supermarket.[52] Actor Alec Baldwin, who appeared in the SNL skit as baker Pete Schweddy, hosted the September 24, 2011 episode of the 37th season of the show and responded to the protests by stating that a new flavor called "Go Fudge Yourself" had been produced for those in opposition to the tribute. Following the initial release of the flavor, Baldwin informed the media that "thanks to Ben & Jerry's, the goodness of the Schweddy family recipe won't go with me to the great beyond," as he had previously feared that his association with the SNL episode would remain permanent until his death.[53]

text: Political[edit]

text: Following rumors that suggested that Ben & Jerry's supported the defense of Mumia Abu-Jamal—who was convicted in 1982 of killing Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner[54]—the company confirmed that Cohen did sign a petition, as a private citizen, asking that "the system of American justice be followed fully in the case".[55]

text: Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called "Black and Tan". It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink, which is made by mixing stout with pale ale, but the "Black and Tans" are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution. At the time that the flavor was released, the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title.[56]

text: In 2012, Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine/Israel (VTJP)[57] contacted Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry’s after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry’s franchise in Israel[58] was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont, New York and California on 'Free Cone Day' in April 2013[59] and April 2014.[60] As of November 2014[update], 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry's to end its commercial ties to such settlements.[61]

text: In late April 2014, Ben & Jerry's signed onto the "Fight for the Reef" campaign, a partnership between the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS). Premier Campbell Newman and Queensland state senator Matthew Canavan both said in statements that Ben & Jerry's was making misleading statements that exaggerated the detrimental impact that proposed government programs would have on the Great Barrier Reef,[62][62] and Environment Minister Andrew Powell said that "The only people taking a scoop out of the reef is Ben and Jerry’s and Unilever. If you understand the facts, you’d want to be boycotting Ben and Jerry’s". Australian Ben & Jerry's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded that "Ben & Jerry’s believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will be detrimental to the reef ecology. It threatens the health of one of Australia’s most iconic treasures."[63]

text: In April 2016, Ben & Jerry's cofounders, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, were both arrested at the Democracy Awakening protests on the U.S. Capitol steps in Washington, D.C.[64]

text: In May 2017, Ben and Jerry's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia, due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same-sex marriage. They said this would encourage "fans to contact their MP's to tell them the time has come-make marriage equality legal!". This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same-sex marriage to be legalized.[65][66]

text: Social[edit]

text: In February 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named "Taste the Lin-Sanity," in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin, a Harvard alumnus. At inception, the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt, lychee honey swirls, and fortune cookie pieces, leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture. The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies, as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers. Ben & Jerry's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media: "we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive."[67] Ben & Jerry's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended.[68]

text: In September 2014, anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor "Hazed & Confused," which had been released earlier that year. The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems. The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase "dazed and confused", which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming-of-age comedy film from the early 1990s.[69] The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor.[70]

text: Product safety[edit]

text: The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company’s ice creams.[71] The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination.

text: Global locations[edit]

text: Ben and Jerry's has locations around the world.[72]

text:
Aruba
 Australia
 Austria
 Bahamas
 Belgium
 Brazil
 Canada
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Finland
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Ireland
 Israel
 Italy
 Japan
 Mexico
 Netherlands
 Netherlands Antilles
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Poland
 Portugal
 Kosovo
 Puerto Rico
 Romania[73]
 Serbia
 Singapore
 Slovakia
 Spain
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 Thailand
 Turkey
 United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom
 United States

tag: ul

text: Former markets[edit]

text:
Estonia
 Hong Kong[74]
 Morocco
 Russia[75]

text: Wages[edit]

text: Ben & Jerry's used to have a policy that no employee's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry-level employees.[76] In 1995, entry-level employees were paid $12 hourly, and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy, who earned $150,000 annually. When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995, the company ended the five-to-one-ratio policy.[77]


document_title: List of cities in India by population

question_text: most populous city in india as per 2011 census

text: List of cities in India by population

text: Map

text: List

text: The list includes the cities and not urban agglomerations.

text:
Towns/Cities with populations of 1 lakh (100,000) are categorized as Class-I towns or Cities[1][2]
The 46 cities with populations of 1 million and above are known as Million Plus UAs or Cities
The 3 cities with populations of 10 million  and above are known as Mega Cities (The census defines the three as Greater Mumbai UA (18.4 million), Delhi UA (16.3 million) and Kolkata UA (14.1 million)[1])

text: The cities listed in bold are the capitals of the respective state / union territory.

text: 1 to 25

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

Ref

1
Mumbai
12,442,373
11,978,450
Maharashtra
[4]

2
Delhi
11,034,555
9,879,172
Delhi
[5]

3
Bangalore
8,443,675
4,301,326
Karnataka
[6]

4
Hyderabad
6,993,262
3,637,483
Telangana
[7]

5
Ahmedabad
5,577,940
3,520,085
Gujarat
[8]

6

Chennai
4,646,732
4,343,645
Tamil Nadu
[9] [10]

7
Kolkata
4,496,694
4,572,876
West Bengal
[11]

8
Surat
4,467,797
2,433,835
Gujarat
[8]

9
Pune
3,124,458
2,538,473
Maharashtra
[12]

10
Jaipur
3,046,163
2,322,575
Rajasthan
[13]

11
Lucknow
2,817,105
2,185,927
Uttar Pradesh
[14]

12
Kanpur
2,765,348
2,551,337
Uttar Pradesh
[15]

13
Nagpur
2,405,665
2,052,066
Maharashtra
[16]

14
Visakhapatnam[a]
2,035,922
982,904
Andhra Pradesh
[18]

15
Indore
1,960,631
1,474,968
Madhya Pradesh

16
Thane
1,818,872
1,262,551
Maharashtra

17
Bhopal
1,798,218
1,437,354
Madhya Pradesh

18
Pimpri-Chinchwad
1,729,359
1,012,472
Maharashtra

19
Patna
1,683,200
1,366,444
Bihar

20
Vadodara
1,666,703
1,306,227
Gujarat

21
Ghaziabad
1,636,068
968,256
Uttar Pradesh

22
Ludhiana
1,613,878
1,398,467
Punjab

23
Coimbatore[19]
1,601,438
930,882
Tamil Nadu

24
Agra
1,585,704
1,275,134
Uttar Pradesh

25
Madurai[20]
1,561,129
928,869
Tamil Nadu

text: 26 to 50

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

26
Nashik
1,486,973
1,077,236
Maharashtra

27
Faridabad
1,404,653
1,055,938
Haryana

28
Meerut
1,309,023
1,039,405
Uttar Pradesh

29
Rajkot
1,286,995
967,476
Gujarat

30
Kalyan-Dombivali
1,246,381
1,193,512
Maharashtra

31
Vasai-Virar
1,221,233
693,350
Maharashtra

32
Varanasi
1,201,815
1,091,918
Uttar Pradesh

33
Srinagar
1,192,792
898,440
Jammu and Kashmir

34
Aurangabad
1,171,330
873,311
Maharashtra

35
Dhanbad
1,161,561
1,065,327
Jharkhand

36
Amritsar
1,132,761
966,862
Punjab

37
Navi Mumbai
1,119,477
704,002
Maharashtra

38
Allahabad
1,117,094
975,393
Uttar Pradesh

39
Ranchi
1,073,440
847,093
Jharkhand

40
Howrah (city area)
1,072,161
1,007,532
West Bengal

41
Jabalpur
1,054,336
932,484
Madhya Pradesh

42
Gwalior
1,053,505
827,026
Madhya Pradesh

43
Vijayawada
1,034,358
851,282
Andhra Pradesh[21]

44
Jodhpur
1,033,918
851,051
Rajasthan

45
Raipur
1,010,087
605,747
Chhattisgarh

46
Kota[22]
1,001,694
694,316
Rajasthan

47
Guwahati
963,429
809,895
Assam

48
Chandigarh
960,787
808,515
Chandigarh

49
Solapur
951,118
872,478
Maharashtra

50
Hubballi-Dharwad
943,857
786,195
Karnataka

text: 51 to 75

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

51
Tiruchirappalli[23]
916,674
752,066
Tamil Nadu

52
Bareilly
898,167
718,395
Uttar Pradesh

53
Mysore
887,446
755,379
Karnataka

54
Tiruppur
877,778
644,543
Tamilnadu

55
Gurgaon
876,824
173,542
Haryana

56
Aligarh
872,575
669,087
Uttar Pradesh

57
Jalandhar
862,196
706,043
Punjab

58
Bhubaneswar
837,737
648,032
Odisha

59
Salem
831,038
696,760
Tamil Nadu

60
Mira-Bhayandar
814,655
520,388
Maharashtra

61
Warangal[24]
811,844
530,636
Telangana

62
Thiruvananthapuram
752,490
744,983
Kerala

63
Guntur[25]
743,354
514,461
Andhra Pradesh

64
Bhiwandi
711,329
598,741
Maharashtra

65
Saharanpur
703,345
455,754
Uttar Pradesh

66
Gorakhpur
671,048
622,701
Uttar Pradesh

67
Bikaner
647,804
529,690
Rajasthan

68
Amravati
646,801
549,510
Maharashtra

69
Noida
642,381
305,058
Uttar Pradesh

70
Jamshedpur
631,364
573,096
Jharkhand

71
Bhilai
625,697
556,366
Chhattisgarh

72
Cuttack
606,007
534,654
Odisha

73
Firozabad
603,797
279,102
Uttar Pradesh

74
Kochi
601,574
596,473
Kerala

text: 76 to 100

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

75
Nellore[26]
600,869
378,428
Andhra Pradesh

76
Bhavnagar
593,768
511,085
Gujarat

77
Dehradun
578,420
426,674
Uttarakhand

78
Durgapur
566,937
493,405
West Bengal

79
Asansol
564,491
475,439
West Bengal

80
Rourkela
552,734
426,354
Odisha

81
Nanded
550,564
430,733
Maharashtra

82
Kolhapur
549,283
493,167
Maharashtra

83
Ajmer
542,580
485,575
Rajasthan

84
Akola
537,149
400,520
Maharashtra

85
Gulbarga
532,031
422,569
Karnataka

86
Jamnagar
529,308
443,518
Gujarat

87
Ujjain
515,215
430,427
Madhya Pradesh

88
Loni
512,296
120,945
Uttar Pradesh

89
Siliguri
509,709
472,374
West Bengal

90
Jhansi
507,293
383,644
Uttar Pradesh

91
Ulhasnagar
506,937
473,731
Maharashtra

92
Jammu[27]
503,690
369,959
Jammu and Kashmir

93
Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad
502,697
436,781
Maharashtra

94
Mangalore
499,486
399,565
Karnataka

95
Erode[28]
498,129
173,600
Tamil Nadu

96
Belgaum
488,292
399,653
Karnataka

97
Ambattur
478,134
310,967
Tamil Nadu

98
Tirunelveli
473,637
411,831
Tamil Nadu

99
Malegaon
471,006
409,403
Maharashtra

text: 100 to 125

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

101
Gaya
463,454
385,432
Bihar

102
Jalgaon
460,468
368,618
Maharashtra

103
Udaipur
451,735
389,438
Rajasthan

104
Maheshtala
449,423
385,266
West Bengal

105
Davanagere
435,128
364,523
Karnataka

106
Kozhikode
432,097
436,556
Kerala

107
Kurnool
430,214
269,122
Andhra Pradesh

108
Rajpur Sonarpur
423,806
336,707
West Bengal

109
Rajahmundry[29][30]
419,818
315,251
Andhra Pradesh

110
Bokaro
413,934
393,805
Jharkhand

111
South Dumdum
410,524
392,444
West Bengal

112
Bellary
409,644
316,766
Karnataka

113
Patiala
405,164
303,151
Punjab

114
Gopalpur
404,991
271,811
West Bengal

115
Agartala
399,688
271,811
Tripura

116
Bhagalpur
398,138
340,767
Bihar

117
Muzaffarnagar
392,451
316,729
Uttar Pradesh

118
Bhatpara
390,467
442,385
West Bengal

119
Panihati
383,522
348,438
West Bengal

120
Latur
382,754
299,985
Maharashtra

121
Dhule
376,093
341,755
Maharashtra

122
Tirupati[31]
374,260
228,202
Andhra Pradesh

123
Rohtak
373,133
286,807
Haryana

124
Korba
363,210
315,690
Chhattisgarh

125
Bhilwara
360,009
280,128
Rajasthan

text: 126 to 150

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

126
Berhampur
355,823
307,792
Odisha

127
Muzaffarpur
351,838
305,525
Bihar

128
Ahmednagar
350,905
307,615
Maharashtra

129
Mathura
349,336
302,770
Uttar Pradesh

130
Kollam
349,033
361,560
Kerala

131
Avadi
344,701
229,403
Tamil Nadu

132
Kadapa
343,054
125,725
Andhra Pradesh

133
Kamarhati
336,579
314,507
West Bengal

134
Sambalpur
335,761
296,662
Odisha

135
Bilaspur
330,106
274,917
Chhattisgarh

136
Shahjahanpur
327,975
296,662
Uttar Pradesh

137
Satara
326,789
228,175
Maharashtra

138
Bijapur
326,360
228,175
Karnataka

139
Rampur
325,248
281,494
Uttar Pradesh

140
Shivamogga
322,428
274,352
Karnataka

141
Chandrapur
321,036
289,450
Maharashtra

142
Junagadh
320,250
168,686
Gujarat

143
Thrissur
315,596
317,526
Kerala

144
Alwar
315,310
260,593
Rajasthan

145
Bardhaman
314,638
285,602
West Bengal

146
Kulti
313,977
289,903
West Bengal

147
Kakinada
325,985
296,329
Andhra Pradesh

148
Nizamabad
310,467
288,722
Telangana

149
Parbhani
307,191
259,329
Maharashtra

150
Tumkur
305,821
248,929
Karnataka

text: 151 to 175

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

151
Khammam
305,000
218,689
Telangana

152
Ozhukarai
300,028
217,707
Puducherry

153
Bihar Sharif
296,889
232,071
Bihar

154
Panipat
294,150
261,740
Haryana

155
Darbhanga
294,116
267,348
Bihar

156
Bally
291,972
260,906
West Bengal

157
Aizawl
291,822
228,280
Mizoram

158
Dewas
289,438
231,672
Madhya Pradesh

159
Ichalkaranji
287,570
257,610
Maharashtra

160
Karnal
286,974
210,476
Haryana

161
Bathinda
285,813
217,256
Punjab

162
Jalna
285,349
235,795
Maharashtra

163
Eluru
283,648[32]
190,347
Andhra Pradesh

164
Kirari Suleman Nagar
282,598
153,874
Delhi

165
Barasat
283,443
231,515
West Bengal

166
Purnia
280,547
171,687[33]
Bihar

167
Satna
280,248
225,464
Madhya Pradesh

168
Mau
279,060
212,657
Uttar Pradesh

169
Sonipat
277,053
214,974
Haryana

170
Farrukhabad
275,750
228,333
Uttar Pradesh

171
Sagar
273,357
232,133
Madhya Pradesh

172
Rourkela
273,217
224,601
Odisha

173
Durg
268,679
232,517
Chhattisgarh

174
Imphal
264,986
221,492
Manipur

175
Ratlam
264,810
222,202
Madhya Pradesh

text: 176 to 200

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

176
Hapur
262,801
211,983
Uttar Pradesh

177
Arrah
261,099
203,380
Bihar

178
Karimnagar
260,899
205,653
Telangana

179
Anantapur
261,004
218,808
Andhra Pradesh

180
Etawah
256,838
210,453
Uttar Pradesh

181
Ambernath
254,003
203,795
Maharashtra

182
North Dumdum
253,625
220,042
West Bengal

183
Bharatpur
252,109
204,587
Rajasthan

184
Begusarai
251,136
93,378
Bihar

185
New Delhi
249,998
302,147
Delhi

186
Gandhidham
248,705
166,388
Gujarat

187
Baranagar
248,466
250,768
West Bengal

188
Tiruvottiyur
248,059
212,281
Tamil Nadu

189
Pondicherry
241,773
220,749
Puducherry

190
Sikar
237,579
184,904
Rajasthan

191
Thoothukudi
237,374
216,058
Tamil Nadu

192
Rewa
235,422
183,274
Madhya Pradesh

193
Mirzapur
233,691
205,053
Uttar Pradesh

194
Raichur
232,456
207,421
Karnataka

195
Pali
229,956
187,641
Rajasthan

196
Ramagundam[35]
229,644
236,600
Telangana

197
Haridwar
228,832
175,010
Uttarakhand

198
Vijayanagaram
228,025
174,324
Andhra Pradesh

199
Katihar
225,982
175,169
Bihar

200
Nagercoil
224,849
208,179
Tamil Nadu

text: 201 to 225

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

201
Sri Ganganagar
224,773
210,713
Rajasthan

202
Karawal Nagar
224,666
148,549
Delhi

203
Mango
223,805
166,125
Jharkhand

204
Thanjavur
222,943
215,314
Tamil Nadu

205
Bulandshahr
222,519
176,425
Uttar Pradesh

206
Uluberia
222,240
202,135
West Bengal

207
Murwara
221,883
187,029

Uttar Pradesh

208
Sambhal
220,813
182,478

Uttar Pradesh

209
Singrauli
220,257
185,190
Madhya Pradesh

210
Nadiad
218,095
192,913
Gujarat

211
Secunderabad
217,910
206,102
Telangana

212
Naihati
217,900
215,303
West Bengal

213
Yamunanagar
216,677
189,696
Haryana

214
Bidhan Nagar
215,514
164,221
West Bengal

215
Pallavaram
215,417
144,623
Tamil Nadu

216
Bidar
214,373
172,877
Karnataka

217
Munger
213,303
188,050
Bihar

218
Panchkula
211,355
140,925

Haryana

219
Burhanpur
210,886
193,725
Madhya Pradesh

220
Raurkela Industrial Township
210,317
206,693
Odisha

221
Kharagpur
207,604
188,761
West Bengal

222
Dindigul
207,327
196,955
Tamil Nadu

223
Gandhinagar
206,167
195,985
Gujarat

224
Hospet
206,167
164,240
Karnataka

225
Nangloi Jat
205,596
150,948
Delhi

text: 226 to 250

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

226
English Bazar
205,521
161,456
West Bengal

227
Ongole
204,746
150,471
Andhra Pradesh

228
Deoghar
203,123
112,525

Jharkhand

229
Chapra
202,352
79,190
Bihar

230
Haldia
200,827
170,673
West Bengal

231
Khandwa
200,738
172,242
Madhya Pradesh

232
Nandyal
200,516
152,676
Andhra Pradesh

233
Chittoor[36]
189,332
152,654
Andhra Pradesh

234
Morena
200,482
150,959
Madhya Pradesh

235
Amroha
198,471
165,129
Uttar Pradesh

236
Anand
198,282
130,685
Gujarat

237
Bhind
197,585
153,752
Madhya Pradesh

238
Bhalswa Jahangir Pur
197,148
152,339
Delhi

239
Madhyamgram
196,127
155,451
West Bengal

240
Bhiwani
196,057
169,531
Haryana

241
Navi Mumbai Panvel Raigad
195,373

Maharashtra

242
Baharampur
195,223
160,143
West Bengal

243
Ambala
195,153
139,279
Haryana

244
Morvi
194,947
145,719
Gujarat

245
Fatehpur
193,193
151,757
Uttar Pradesh

246
Rae Bareli
191,316
169,333
Uttar Pradesh

247
Khora
190,005

Uttar Pradesh

248
Bhusawal
187,421
172,372
Maharashtra

249
Orai
187,137
139,318
Uttar Pradesh

250
Bahraich
186,223
168,323
Uttar Pradesh

text: 251 to 275

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

251
Vellore
185,803
177,230
Tamil Nadu

252
Mahesana
184,991
141,453
Gujarat

253
Sambalpur
184,000
153,643
Orissa

254
Raiganj
183,612
165,212
West Bengal

255
Sirsa
182,534
160,735
Haryana

256
Danapur
182,429
131,176
Bihar

257
Serampore
181,842
197,857
West Bengal

258
Sultan Pur Majra
181,554
164,426
Delhi

259
Guna
180,935
137,175
Madhya Pradesh

260
Jaunpur
180,362
160,055
Uttar Pradesh

261
Panvel
180,020
104,058
Maharashtra

262
Shivpuri
179,977
146,892
Madhya Pradesh

263
Surendranagar Dudhrej
177,851
156,161
Gujarat

264
Unnao
177,658
144,662
Uttar Pradesh

265
Hugli and Chinsurah
177,259
170,201
West Bengal

266
Alappuzha
174,164
177,029
Kerala

267
Kottayam
172,878
129,894
Kerala

268
Machilipatnam
169,892
179,353
Andhra Pradesh

269
Shimla
169,578
142,555
Himachal Pradesh

270
Adoni
166,537

Andhra Pradesh

271
Udupi
165,401

Karnataka

272
Tenali
164,937

Andhra Pradesh

273
Proddatur
162,717

Andhra Pradesh

274
Saharsa
155,175
125,167[37]
Bihar

275
Hindupur
151,835

Andhra Pradesh

276
Sasaram
147,396
131,172[38]
Bihar

text: 277 to 300

text:
Rank

City

Population(2011)[3][34]

Population(2001)

State or union territory

277
Hajipur
147,126
119,412[39]
Bihar

278
Bhimavaram
142,280
―
Andhra Pradesh

279
Dehri
137,068
119,057[38]
Bihar

280
Madanapalle
135,669
―
Andhra Pradesh

281
Siwan
134,458
109,919[40]
Bihar

282
Bettiah
132,896
116,670[41]
Bihar

283
Guntakal
126,270
―
Andhra Pradesh

284
Srikakulam
125,939
―
Andhra Pradesh

285
Motihari
125,183
100,683[42]
Bihar

286
Dharmavaram
121,874
―
Andhra Pradesh

287
Gudivada
118,167
―
Andhra Pradesh

288
Narasaraopet
116,250
―
Andhra Pradesh

289
Suryapet
115,250
94,585
Telangana

290
Bagaha
113,012
91,467[41]
Bihar

291
Tadipatri
108,171
―
Andhra Pradesh

292
Kishanganj
107,076
85,590[43]
Bihar

293
Karaikudi
106,714
86,596
Tamil Nadu

294
Miryalaguda
109,891
91,395
Telangana

295
Jamalpur
105,221
96,983[44]
Bihar

296
Kavali
104,000
―
Andhra Pradesh

297
Tadepalligudem
103,906
―
Andhra Pradesh

298
Amaravati
103,000
―
Andhra Pradesh

299
Buxar
102,591
83,168[45]
Bihar

300
Jehanabad
102,456
81,503[46]
Bihar

301
Aurangabad
101,520
79,393[47]
Bihar

302
Gangtok[48]
100,286
29,354
Sikkim


document_title: Rhône wine

question_text: this wine from southern rhône valley has from 13 to 19 different varieties approved for blending

text: Rhône wine

text: History[edit]

text: The first cultivated vines in the region were probably planted around 600 BC. The origins of the two most important grape varieties in the northern Rhone (Syrah and Viognier) are subject to speculation. Some say the Greeks were responsible for bringing the Syrah grape from the Persian city of Shiraz. Others say the grape came 50 years later when Greeks fled from the Persian king Cyrus I. Yet others say the grape came from the Sicilian city of Syracuse, whence circa 280 AD the Romans brought it and the Viognier grape.[1] Meanwhile, extensive DNA typing and viticultural research has led scientists to conclude that Syrah originated in the Rhône region itself.

text: Regardless of origin, when the Romans disappeared so too did interest in the wine of the region.[2] Rhône reappeared in the 13th century when the Popes and their considerable purchasing power moved to Avignon, at which time the production of wine expanded greatly. The wines were traded to such a degree that the Duke of Burgundy banned import and export of non-Burgundian wines. In 1446 the city of Dijon forbade all wines from Lyon, Tournon and Vienne, arguing that they were "très petit et pauvres vins" - very small and miserable wines.[3] The name Côtes du Rhône comes from public administration in the 16th century and was a name of a district in the Gard depardement. In 1650, to guard against forgeries a set of rules was passed in an attempt to guarantee the origin of the wine. In 1737 the King decreed that all casks destined for resale should be branded C.D.R. Those were the wines from the area around Tavel, Roquemure, Lirac and Chusclan. Just over 100 years later, wines from other parts of the region were added to the C.D.R definition.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: The various AOC wines of the Rhône Valley region are produced by over 6,000 wine growing properties including 1,837 private wineries and 103 cooperatives.[4] Those vineyard owners which do not vinify their wines themselves deliver their grapes in bulk either to a winemaking cooperative, of which there are 103 in the region, or sell them to one of the 51 négociants (wine producers and merchants) who blend, distribute, and export on an industrial scale.

text: The entire Rhône region produces around 4 million hl of wine each year, of which over half is classified under the Côte du Rhône and Côte du Rhône-Villages appellations. The prestigious Northern Rhône appellations account for less than 5% of the total Rhône wine production.[5]

text: Northern Rhône[edit]

text: The northern Rhône is characterised by a continental climate with harsh winters but warm summers. Its climate is influenced by the mistral wind, which brings colder air from the Massif Central. Northern Rhône is therefore cooler than southern Rhône, which means that the mix of planted grape varieties and wine styles are slightly different.

text: Syrah is the only red grape variety permitted in red AOC wines from this sub-region. The grape, which is believed to have originated in or close to the Rhône region, is also widely known as Shiraz, its name in Australia and much of the English-speaking world, and has recently become very popular with consumers around the world. For wines bearing the Cornas AOC designation, Syrah must be used exclusively, whereas other reds from the northern Rhône sub-region may be blended with white wine grapes, either Viognier or Marsanne and Roussanne, depending on the appellation. However, while this is allowed by the AOC rules, blending with white grapes is widely practiced only for Côte-Rôtie.

text: Viognier by itself is used for white wines from Condrieu and Château-Grillet. Marsanne and Roussanne are in turn used for the whites from Crozes-Hermitage, Hermitage, Saint Joseph, and Saint Péray.

text: From north to south the appellations in the northern Rhône are:

text:
Côte-Rôtie AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 20% Viognier.
Condrieu AOC - whites of Viognier only.
Château-Grillet AOC - whites of Viognier.
Saint-Joseph AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 10% Marsanne and Roussanne; whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.
Crozes-Hermitage AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne; whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.
Hermitage AOC - reds of Syrah and up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne; whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.
Cornas AOC - reds of Syrah only.
Saint-Péray AOC - sparkling and still whites of only Marsanne and Roussanne.

text: Northern Rhône reds are often identified by their signature aromas of green olive and smoky bacon.

text: Southern Rhône[edit]

text: The southern Rhône sub-region has a more Mediterranean climate with milder winters and hot summers. Drought can be a problem in the area, but limited irrigation is permitted. The differing terroirs, together with the rugged landscape which partly protects the valleys from the Mistral, produce microclimates which give rise to a wide diversity of wines. A feature of the cultivation of the region is the use of large pebbles around the bases of the vines to absorb the heat of the sun during the day to keep the vines warm at night when, due to the cloudless skies, there is often a significant drop in temperature.

text: The southern Rhône's most famous red wine is Châteauneuf-du-Pape, a blend containing up to 19 varieties of wine grapes (ten red and nine white) as permitted by the Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC rules.[6] Other nearby AOC regions including Coteaux du Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Lirac AOC, Tavel AOC and Vacqueyras AOC may contain even more varieties in the blend. Gigondas AOC, on the other hand, is predominantly made from Grenache noir has a more restricted set of permitted grapes. Depending on the specific AOC rules, grapes blended into southern Rhône reds may include Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Carignan and Cinsault. Similar wine blends globally are known as GSM, after the first three varietals. The reds from the left bank are full bodied, rich in tannins while young, and are characterized by their aromas of prune, undergrowth, chocolate and ripe black fruit. The right bank reds are slightly lighter and fruitier.

text: Southern Rhône appellations:

text:
Côtes du Vivarais AOC
Côtes du Rhône AOC
Côtes du Rhône Villages AOC
Côtes du Rhône Villages (named villages)
Coteaux du Tricastin AOC
Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC
Vacqueyras AOC
Rasteau AOC
Cairanne (Accepted in February 2016 - Official decree pending)[7]
Gigondas AOC
Vinsobres AOC
Lirac AOC
Beaumes de Venise AOC
Muscat de Beaumes de Venise AOC
Tavel AOC

text: White wines from the southern Rhône sub-region, such as in Châteauneuf-du-Pape whites, are also typically blends of several wine grapes. These may include Ugni blanc, Roussanne, Bourboulenc, Picpoul, and Clairette. Since about 1998 Viognier is increasingly being used and is also appearing as a single varietal.

text: Tavel AOC, produced in the special microclimate of the sillon rhodanien (the furrow of the Rhône) by some thirty producers including Château d'Aqueria, Domaine Maby, Domaine de la Mordorée, Domaine Pelaquier, is an elite rosé only, which has been referred to as 'the wine of kings".

text: Fortified wines (vin doux naturel) are made in the Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOC and Rasteau AOCs.

text: Côtes du Rhône[edit]

text: Côtes du Rhône AOC is an AOC that covers both the northern and southern sub-regions of Rhône. Typically it is only used if the wine does not qualify for an appellation that can command a higher price. Therefore, almost all Côtes du Rhône AOC is produced in southern Rhône, since the northern sub-region is covered by well-known appellations and also is much smaller in terms of total vineyard surface. This AOC is also used by the commercial blenders (négociants) who buy grapes in bulk from various parts of the region to bottle, distribute, and export on an industrial scale. This nevertheless makes it the most commonly known, produced, and distributed appellation of the region. Produce from vineyards surrounding certain villages including Cairanne and others may be labeled Côtes du Rhône-Villages AOC.

text: Red Côtes du Rhône is usually dominated by Grenache.

text: Other appellations[edit]

text: Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC, Crémant de Die AOC, Coteaux de Tricastin AOC, Côtes du Ventoux AOC, Côtes du Vivarais AOC, Côtes du Luberon AOC. These are more similar to the wines of Provence. In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were discontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment.[8]

text: In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC, which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc, was also attached to the Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley.[9] Local producers of Côtes du Rhône-styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône wines in the marketplace. Such changes of borders between wine regions are very rare.

text: Other wines[edit]

text: Many private wineries also produce wines including sparkling wines and fortified wines, single varietals - particularly from the Syrah grape - and even brandies. These wines usually do not conform to the rules of a VDQS or AOC. They are usually only sold on the premises.

text: Several wineries produce wines from organically cultivated vines that, provided they comply with the rules for varieties, plant spacing, pruning and maximum yield, are admitted in the AOC.

text: The excess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table, occasionally become part of the wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol.

text: Classification[edit]

text: Rhône does not have an official classification using "Grand cru" or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or Burgundy. There is however a difference between the Rhône AOCs as to the geographical delineation and naming practices of the various AOCs, which provide a classification into four categories of AOCs:

text:
Côtes du Rhône only displays the region, and may be used in the entire wine region, in 171 communes. For some communes, this is the only allowed AOC. It is therefore the lowest classification for Rhône AOC wine.
Côtes du Rhône-Villages is an AOC allowed for 95 communes, with a higher minimum requirement for grape maturity than basic Côtes du Rhône. It is therefore a higher classification. In general, the appellation does not allow the village name to be displayed.
Côtes du Rhône-Villages together with village name is allowed for 18 communes.
Cru are the 16 named appellations which display only the name of the cru, and not Côtes du Rhône. These include the most famous Rhône wines, such as Hermitage, Côte-Rôtie and Châteauneuf-du-Pape. There is no official classification differentiating between different crus, but the market prices some AOCs much higher than others. Sometimes, individual vineyard names (such as La Landonne within the Côte-Rôtie appellation) are displayed on the labels. Most producers will only do this for top wines, but vineyard-labelled wines enjoy no different official status from other cru wines.

text: Grape varieties[edit]

text: Different grape varieties are allowed in the different Rhône appellations; a few appellations are single variety appellations, while the regional Côtes du Rhône appellation allow 21 different varieties. In most cases, Northern Rhône appellations allow many fewer varieties than those of Southern Rhône. In many appellation regulations, a division is made into main grape varieties (indicated by "M"), supplementary varieties (indicated by "S"), and accessory varieties (indicated by "(A)").

text:
Variety
Northern crus

Condrieu,[10] Château-Grillet[11]
Cornas[12]
Côte-Rôtie[13]
Hermitage,[14] Crozes-Hermitage[15]
Saint-Joseph[16]
Saint-Péray[17]

Red
White
Red
White

Marsanne

(A)
max 15%
M
0-100%
(A)
max 10%
M
0-100%
M
0-100%

Roussanne

(A)
max 15%
M
0-100%
(A)
max 10%
M
0-100%
M
0-100%

Syrah

M
100%
M
min 80%
M
min 85%

M
min 90%

Viognier
M
100%

(A)
max 20%

text:
Variety
Regional appellations
Southern crus

Côtes du Rhône[18]
Côtes du Rhône Villages[19]
Beaumes de Venise[20]
Châteauneuf-du-Pape[21]
Gigondas[22]
Lirac[23]
Muscat de Beaumes de Venise[24]
Rasteau[25]
Tavel[26]
Vacqueyras[27]

Red and rosé
White
Red
Rosé
White
Red and rosé
White
Red
Rosé
White

Bourboulenc
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)
M
(A)

M

(A)
M
(A)
(A)
M

Brun Argenté (locally called Camarèse or Vaccarèse)
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)
M
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)

Calitor

(A)

Carignan
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)

Carignan blanc

(A)

Cinsaut
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)
M
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)
M

Clairette blanche
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)
M
(A)

M

(A)
M
(A)
(A)
M

Clairette rose
(A)

(A)

(A)
M
(A)

(A)
M
(A)
(A)

Counoise
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)
M
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)

Grenache blanc
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)
M
(A)

M

M
M
(A)
(A)
M

Grenache gris
(A)

(A)

(A)
M
(A)

M
M
(A)
(A)

Grenache noir
M

M
M

M
M
M
M

M
M
M
M

Marsanne
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)

(A)
(A)
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)
M

Marselan
(A)

(A)

Mourvèdre
S

S
S

(A)
M
S
M

(A)
M
S
M

Muscardin
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)
M
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)

Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains

M

Muscat Rouge à Petits Grains

M

Picardan

M

Piquepoul blanc
(A)
(A)

(A)
(A)
(A)
M
(A)
(A)
(A)

(A)
M

Piquepoul gris

M

M

Piquepoul noir
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)
M
(A)

(A)
M
(A)
(A)

Roussanne
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)
M
(A)
(A)
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)
M

Syrah
S

S
S

S
M
S
M

(A)
M
S
M

Terret noir
(A)

(A)
(A)

(A)
M
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)

Ugni blanc
(A)
(A)

(A)
(A)
(A)

(A)
(A)
(A)

(A)

Viognier
(A)
M

(A)
M
(A)

(A)
(A)
(A)

(A)

(A)
(A)
M