document_title: 2016 Cleveland Browns season

question_text: who did the browns beat in the 2016 season

question_tokens: who did the browns beat in the 2016 season

text: 2016 Cleveland Browns season

text: Offseason[edit]

text: Front office changes[edit]

text: On January 3, just hours after the Browns' final game of the 2015 season, the team fired general manager Ray Farmer, who had been the general manager the past two seasons.[3] Team owner Jimmy Haslam also announced that the team's general counsel Sashi Brown would become the team's vice president of football operations.[4]

text: On January 5, the Browns hired former New York Mets executive Paul DePodesta to be their chief strategy officer. DePodesta brings over 20 years of experience in the Major League Baseball front offices, but has never held an executive position in the NFL before this.[5]

text: On March 4, the Browns announced the resignation of team president Alec Scheiner, effective March 31.[6]

text: Coaching changes[edit]

text: On January 3, the Browns fired head coach Mike Pettine. In two seasons with the Browns, Pettine had a record of 10–22, but went just 4–19 after a 6–3 start to the 2014 season.[3]

text: On January 13, the Browns hired former Cincinnati Bengals offensive coordinator Hue Jackson as head coach. Jackson was the Bengals' offensive coordinator for the past two seasons and was the head coach of the Oakland Raiders in 2011, in which they posted an 8–8 record.[7]

text: Roster changes[edit]

text: Free agents[edit]

text:
Pos
Player
Tag
2016 Team
Signed

SS
Johnson Bademosi
UFA
Detroit Lions
March 10[8]

WR
Travis Benjamin
UFA
San Diego Chargers
March 9[9]

ILB
Tank Carder
UFA
Cleveland Browns
March 7[10]

K
Travis Coons
ERFA
Cleveland Browns
April 4[11]

QB
Pat Devlin
RFA

FS
Tashaun Gipson
UFA
Jacksonville Jaguars
March 9[12]

WR
Darius Jennings
ERFA
Cleveland Browns
April 6[13]

OLB
Cam Johnson
ERFA
Cleveland Browns

FS
Don Jones
UFA
Cleveland Browns
March 17[14]

C
Alex Mack
UFA
Atlanta Falcons
March 9[15]

DE
Jamie Meder
ERFA
Cleveland Browns
March 7[10]

T
Darrian Miller
ERFA

RB
Raheem Mostert
ERFA
Cleveland Browns
March 7[10]

G
Austin Pasztor
RFA
Cleveland Browns
April 4[16]

WR
Terrelle Pryor
UFA
Cleveland Browns
March 17[14]

LB
Craig Robertson
UFA
New Orleans Saints
March 22[17]

T
Mitchell Schwartz
UFA
Kansas City Chiefs
March 9[18]

ILB
Scott Solomon
RFA

text: Releases[edit]

text:
Pos
Player
Released
2016 Team
Signed

WR
Dwayne Bowe
March 16[19]

LB
Karlos Dansby
March 16[20]
Cincinnati Bengals
March 29[21]

QB
Johnny Manziel
March 11[22]

SS
Donte Whitner
April 2[23]
Washington Redskins
October 5

WR
Brian Hartline
May 23

text: Signings[edit]

text:
Pos
Player
2015 Team
Signed

G
Alvin Bailey
Seattle Seahawks
March 11[24]

LB
Demario Davis
New York Jets
March 16[25]

QB
Robert Griffin III
Washington Redskins
March 24[26]

S
Rahim Moore
Houston Texans
March 16[27]

LB
Justin Tuggle
Houston Texans
March 11[24]

text: 2016 draft class[edit]

text:
2016 Cleveland Browns Draft

Round
Selection
Player
Position
College

1
15
Corey Coleman
WR
Baylor

2
32
Emmanuel Ogbah
DE
Oklahoma State

3
65
Carl Nassib
DE
Penn State

76
Shon Coleman
T
Auburn

93
Cody Kessler
QB
USC

4
99
Joe Schobert
OLB
Wisconsin

114
Ricardo Louis
WR
Auburn

129
Derrick Kindred
FS
TCU

138^
Seth DeValve
TE
Princeton

5
154
Jordan Payton
WR
UCLA

168
Spencer Drango
T
Baylor

172^
Rashard Higgins
WR
Colorado State

173^
Trey Caldwell
CB
Louisiana–Monroe

7
250
Scooby Wright III
ILB
Arizona

text: Notes

text: The Browns traded their original 1st round selection (No. 2) to the Philadelphia Eagles for the Eagles' 1st (8), 3rd (77), and 4th (100) round selections, as well as the Eagles' 1st round selection in 2017 and 2nd round selection in 2018.

text: The Browns would then trade the No. 8 and its 6th round (176) selection to the Tennessee Titans for their 1st (15) and 3rd (76) round selections and a 2nd round selection in 2017.

text:
The Browns traded their 3rd (No. 77) and 5th (141) round selections to the Carolina Panthers for their 3rd (93), 4th (129), and 5th (168) round selections.
The Browns traded their 4th round selection (No. 100) to the Oakland Raiders for their 4th (114) and 5th (154) round selections.
The Browns traded their 7th round selection (No. 223) to the Miami Dolphins for their 7th round selection (250) and CB Jamar Taylor.
^As the result of a negative differential of free agent signings and departures that the Browns experienced during the 2015 free agency period, the team received three compensatory selections for the 2016 draft:[28] selection 138 in the fourth round, and selections 172 and 173 in the fifth round. Free agent transactions that occurred after May 12, 2015 did not impact the team's formula for determining compensatory selections for the 2016 draft.[29]

text: Josh Gordon's reinstatement and rehab[edit]

text: On April 1, wide receiver Josh Gordon applied for reinstatement following an indefinite suspension by the NFL due to repeated violations of the league's substance abuse policy, causing him to miss the entire 2015 season. On April 11, it was revealed that Gordon had failed another drug test, and on April 12, the league announced that Gordon's appeal had been denied. He was eligible to reapply on August 1.

text: On July 25, the NFL announced that Gordon would be reinstated on a conditional basis, and can stay with the team during a four-game ban to begin the season.

text: On September 29, Gordon announced his intention to step away from football and enter an in-patient rehab facility.

text: Preseason[edit]

text: Schedule[edit]

text:
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Record
Game site
NFL.com
recap

1
August 12
at Green Bay Packers
L 11–17
0–1
Lambeau Field
Recap

2
August 18
Atlanta Falcons
L 13–24
0–2
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

3
August 26
at Tampa Bay Buccaneers
L 13–30
0–3
Raymond James Stadium
Recap

4
September 1
Chicago Bears
L 7–21
0–4
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

text: Regular season[edit]

text: Schedule[edit]

text:
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Record
Game site
NFL.com
recap

1
September 11
at Philadelphia Eagles
L 10–29
0–1
Lincoln Financial Field
Recap

2
September 18
Baltimore Ravens
L 20–25
0–2
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

3
September 25
at Miami Dolphins
L 24–30 (OT)
0–3
Hard Rock Stadium
Recap

4
October 2
at Washington Redskins
L 20–31
0–4
FedExField
Recap

5
October 9
New England Patriots
L 13–33
0–5
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

6
October 16
at Tennessee Titans
L 26–28
0–6
Nissan Stadium
Recap

7
October 23
at Cincinnati Bengals
L 17–31
0–7
Paul Brown Stadium
Recap

8
October 30
New York Jets
L 28–31
0–8
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

9
November 6
Dallas Cowboys
L 10–35
0–9
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

10
November 10
at Baltimore Ravens
L 7–28
0–10
M&T Bank Stadium
Recap

11
November 20
Pittsburgh Steelers
L 9–24
0–11
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

12
November 27
New York Giants
L 13–27
0–12
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

13
Bye

14
December 11
Cincinnati Bengals
L 10–23
0–13
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

15
December 18
at Buffalo Bills
L 13–33
0–14
New Era Field
Recap

16
December 24
San Diego Chargers
W 20–17
1–14
FirstEnergy Stadium
Recap

17
January 1
at Pittsburgh Steelers
L 24–27 (OT)
1–15
Heinz Field
Recap

text: Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Week 1: at Philadelphia Eagles[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Browns
0
7
3
0
10

Eagles
7
6
9
7
29

text: at Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text:
Date: September 11
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 85 °F (29 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 69,596
Referee: Walt Anderson
TV announcers (CBS): Greg Gumbel, Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

PHI – Jordan Matthews 19-yard pass from Carson Wentz (Caleb Sturgis kick), 9:50. Eagles 7–0. Drive: 9 plays, 75 yards, 5:10.

Second quarter

PHI – Caleb Sturgis 22-yard field goal, 12:30. Eagles 10–0. Drive: 5 plays, 31 yards, 2:14.
CLE – Isaiah Crowell 2-yard run (Patrick Murray kick), 9:11. Eagles 10–7. Drive: 7 plays, 75 yards, 3:19.
PHI – Caleb Sturgis 38-yard field goal, 0:27. Eagles 13–7. Drive: 11 plays, 60 yards, 3:16.

Third quarter

CLE – Patrick Murray 35-yard field goal, 13:57. Eagles 13–10. Drive: 5 plays, 58 yards, 1:03.
PHI – Cameron Erving fumble out of bounds in end zone for a safety, 10:49. Eagles 15–10.
PHI – Nelson Agholor 35-yard pass from Carson Wentz (Caleb Sturgis kick), 6:17. Eagles 22–10. Drive: 9 plays, 73 yards, 4:32.

Fourth quarter

PHI – Ryan Mathews 1-yard run (Caleb Sturgis kick), 1:12. Eagles 29–10. Drive: 5 plays, 15 yards, 2:24.

Top passers

CLE – Robert Griffin III – 12/26, 190 yards, INT
PHI – Carson Wentz – 22/37, 278 yards, 2 TD

Top rushers

CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 12 rushes, 62 yards, TD
PHI – Ryan Mathews – 22 rushes, 77 yards, TD

Top receivers

CLE – Corey Coleman – 2 receptions, 69 yards
PHI – Jordan Matthews – 7 receptions, 114 yards, TD

text: The Browns opened their 2016 regular season with a road game against the Philadelphia Eagles and rookie quarterback Carson Wentz, whom the Browns had passed up in the 2016 draft. The Eagles won 29–10 and with the loss, the Browns started the season 0–1. This would be their 12th straight regular season opening loss.

text: Week 2: vs. Baltimore Ravens[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Ravens
2
10
7
6
25

Browns
20
0
0
0
20

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: September 18
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 74 °F (23 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 67,431
Referee: John Hussey
TV announcers (CBS): Carter Blackburn and Chris Simms
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CLE – Corey Coleman 31-yard pass from Josh McCown (Patrick Murray kick), 9:45. Browns 7–0. Drive: 9 plays, 75 yards, 5:15.
CLE – Isaiah Crowell 85-yard run (Patrick Murray kick), 6:47. Browns 14–0. Drive: 1 play, 85 yards, 0:11.
CLE – Corey Coleman 11-yard pass from Josh McCown, 4:34. Browns 20–0. Drive: 4 plays, 27 yards, 1:25.
BAL – Tavon Young defensive two-point conversion, 4:34. Browns 20–2.

Second quarter

BAL – Mike Wallace 7-yard pass from Joe Flacco (Justin Tucker kick), 1:15. Browns 20–9. Drive: 6 plays, 75 yards, 1:59.
BAL – Justin Tucker 52-yard field goal, 0:00. Browns 20–12. Drive: 7 plays, 27 yards, 0:42.

Third quarter

BAL – Mike Wallace 17-yard pass from Joe Flacco (Justin Tucker kick), 12:17. Browns 20–19. Drive: 6 plays, 75 yards, 2:43.

Fourth quarter

BAL – Justin Tucker 49-yard field goal, 11:19. Ravens 22–20. Drive: 5 plays, 27 yards, 2:35.
BAL – Justin Tucker 41-yard field goal, 2:53. Ravens 25–20. Drive: 11 plays, 41 yards, 5:08.

Top passers

BAL – Joe Flacco – 24/45, 302 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT
CLE – Josh McCown – 20/33, 260 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT

Top rushers

BAL – Terrance West – 11 rushes, 42 yards
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 18 rushes, 133 yards, TD

Top receivers

BAL – Dennis Pitta – 9 receptions, 102 yards
CLE – Corey Coleman – 5 receptions, 104 yards, 2 TD

text: The Browns scored on their first three drives and led 20–2 early in the first quarter. The 18 point lead at the end of the first quarter was the Browns' largest lead after the 1st quarter since 1960. However, the Browns' offense stalled the rest of the game. The Ravens would score the final 23 points of the game to win 25–20. The Browns had a chance to score a go ahead touchdown on a drive with less than a minute to play, but things went wrong after a controversial taunting penalty was called on Pryor following his catch at the Ravens' 10-yard line with under 30 seconds to play. McCown would throw an interception on the next play to seal the loss. With the loss, the Browns fell to 0–2.

text: Their regular season losing streak extended to 5.

text: Week 3: at Miami Dolphins[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
OT
Total

Browns
0
13
0
11
0
24

Dolphins
7
3
7
7
6
30

text: at Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida

text:
Date: September 25
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 85 °F (29 °C), partly cloudy
Referee: Clete Blakeman
TV announcers (CBS): Spero Dedes and Solomon Wilcots
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

MIA – DeVante Parker 26-yard pass from Ryan Tannehill (Andrew Franks kick), 10:16. Dolphins 7–0. Drive: 5 plays, 61 yards, 2:37.

Second quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 46-yard field goal, 13:32. Dolphins 7–3. Drive: 10 plays, 58 yards, 5:03.
CLE – Briean Boddy-Calhoun 27-yard interception return (Cody Parkey kick), 6:47. Browns 10–7.
MIA – Andrew Franks 37-yard field goal, 1:57. Tied 10–10. Drive: 10 plays, 56 yards, 4:50.
CLE – Cody Parkey 48-yard field goal, 0:42. Browns 13–10. Drive: 8 plays, 45 yards, 1:15.

Third quarter

MIA – Jarvis Landry 42-yard pass from Ryan Tannehill (Andrew Franks kick), 5:17. Dolphins 17–13. Drive: 4 plays, 68 yards, 2:10.

Fourth quarter

MIA – Damien Williams 10-yard pass from Ryan Tannehill (Andrew Franks kick), 14:17. Dolphins 24–13. Drive: 6 plays, 64 yards, 3:16.
CLE – Terrelle Pryor 3-yard run (Cody Kessler–Gary Barnidge pass), 10:12. Dolphins 24–21. Drive: 9 plays, 83 yards, 4:05.
CLE – Cody Parkey 38-yard field goal, 3:14. Tied 24–24. Drive: 8 plays, 74 yards, 3:03.

Overtime

MIA – Jay Ajayi 11-yard run, 8:26. Dolphins 30–24. Drive: 3 plays, 44 yards, 1:13.

Top passers

CLE – Cody Kessler – 21/33, 244 yards
MIA – Ryan Tannehill – 25/39, 319 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT

Top rushers

CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 15 rushes, 79 yards
MIA – Kenyan Drake – 9 rushes, 37 yards

Top receivers

CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 8 receptions, 144 yards
MIA – Jarvis Landry – 7 receptions, 120 yards, TD

text: Cody Kessler made his debut as the Browns' starting quarterback. The Browns led 13–10 at halftime. However, the Dolphins scored two consecutive touchdowns to go up 24–13 early in the fourth quarter. The Browns, sparked by Pryor, rallied to tie the game. The Dolphins attempted a game-winning drive in the final minute of regulation. However, Dolphins QB, Ryan Tannehill, fumbled the ball, and the Browns secured possession. The Browns had a chance to win it at the end of regulation. However, recently signed Browns kicker, Cody Parkey, missed the 46-yard field goal, sending the game to overtime. It was his third miss of the day. Both teams traded punts on their opening possession in overtime. On their second possession, the Dolphins, who got the ball around midfield to start the drive, reached the endzone after a few plays and won the game. With the loss, the Browns fell to 0–3 and remained in 4th place in the AFC North.

text: This would also be the team's sixth straight regular season loss dating back to last season.

text: Week 4: at Washington Redskins[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Browns
0
17
3
0
20

Redskins
14
3
0
14
31

text: at FedExField, Landover, Maryland

text:
Date: October 2
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 67 °F (19 °C), cloudy
Game attendance: 76,249
Referee: Jeff Triplette
TV announcers (CBS): Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

WAS – Jordan Reed 8-yard pass from Kirk Cousins (Dustin Hopkins kick), 7:40. Redskins 7–0. Drive: 12 plays, 75 yards, 7:20.
WAS – Jordan Reed 9-yard pass from Kirk Cousins (Dustin Hopkins kick), 0:27. Redskins 14–0. Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 4:14.

Second quarter

CLE – Isaiah Crowell 2-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 9:33. Redskins 14–7. Drive: 12 plays, 81 yards, 5:54.
CLE – Terrelle Pryor 9-yard pass from Cody Kessler (Cody Parkey kick), 7:55. Tied 14–14. Drive: 3 plays, 12 yards, 1:25.
WAS – Dustin Hopkins 49-yard field goal, 2:29. Redskins 17–14. Drive: 10 plays, 32 yards, 5:26.
CLE – Cody Parkey 51-yard field goal, 0:00. Tied 17–17. Drive: 7 plays, 42 yards, 2:29.

Third quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 45-yard field goal, 9:25. Browns 20–17. Drive: 11 plays, 48 yards, 5:35.

Fourth quarter

WAS – Chris Thompson 5-yard pass from Kirk Cousins (Dustin Hopkins kick), 10:39. Redskins 24–20' Drive: 10 plays, 91 yards, 5:28
WAS – Matt Jones 1-yard run (Dustin Hopkins kick), 4:25. Redskins 31–20. Drive: 4 plays, 39 yards, 2:03.

Top passers

CLE – Cody Kessler – 28/40, 223 yards, TD, INT
WAS – Kirk Cousins – 21/27, 183 yards, 3 TD, INT

Top rushers

CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 15 rushes, 112 yards, TD
WAS – Matt Jones – 22 rushes, 117 yards, TD

Top receivers

CLE – Gary Barnidge – 7 receptions, 57 yards
WAS – Jordan Reed – 9 receptions, 73 yards, 2 TD

text: The Browns came to Washington for a matchup against the Redskins. The Browns had a 20–17 lead going into the fourth quarter but the offense once again stalled with a Josh Norman pick and two touchdowns by the Redskins' offense would drop the Browns to 0–4 for the first time since 2012. Wins by the Jaguars, Bears, and Saints would make the Browns the only team in the NFL without a victory through Week 4.

text: The team's losing streak increased to 7.

text: Week 5: vs. New England Patriots[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Patriots
16
7
7
3
33

Browns
7
0
0
6
13

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: October 9
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 58 °F (14 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 67,431
Referee: Bill Vinovich
TV announcers (CBS): Greg Gumbel, Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

NE – LeGarrette Blount 1-yard run (Stephen Gostkowski kick), 10:28. Patriots 7–0. Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:13.
CLE – Andrew Hawkins 11-yard pass from Cody Kessler (Cody Parkey kick), 6:09. Tied 7–7. Drive: 9 plays, 75 yards, 4:19.
NE – Martellus Bennett 7-yard pass from Tom Brady (Stephen Gostkowski kick), 2:06. Patriots 14–7. Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 4:03.
NE – Cody Kessler fumble out of bounds in end zone for a safety, 1:20. Patriots 16–7.

Second quarter

NE – Martellus Bennett 5 -yard pass from Tom Brady (Stephen Gostkowski kick), 12:10. Patriots 23–7. Drive: 8 plays, 64 yards, 4:10.

Third quarter

NE – Martellus Bennett 37-yard pass from Tom Brady (Stpehen Gostkowski kick), 12:24. Patriots 30–7. Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 2:36.

Fourth quarter

CLE – Connor Hamlett 17-yard pass from Charlie Whitehurst (pass failed), 14:05. Patriots 30–13. Drive 7 plays, 80 yards, 3:22.
NE – Stephen Gostkowski 31-yard field goal, 7:42. Patriots 33–13. Drive 11 plays, 72 yards, 6:23.

Top passers

NE – Tom Brady – 28/40, 406 yards, 3 TD
CLE – Charlie Whitehurst – 14/24, 182 yards, TD, INT

Top rushers

NE – LeGarrette Blount – 18 rushes, 37 yards, TD
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 13 rushes, 22 yards

Top receivers

NE – Chris Hogan – 4 receptions, 114 yards
CLE – Gary Barnidge – 5 receptions, 76 yards

text: With Tom Brady back from his four-game suspension due to his alleged role in Deflategate, the Browns hosted the Patriots in a duel game. The game turned out to be a disaster for the Browns as Brady and the Pats stormed the Browns defense, dropping the Browns to 0–5. This was the second consecutive season a team started 0–5, after the 2015 Detroit Lions. This is the team's first start with such a record since 2012. It is also the team's eighth straight loss, dating back to the 2015 season.

text: Week 6: at Tennessee Titans[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Browns
6
7
0
13
26

Titans
7
7
7
7
28

text: at Nissan Stadium, Nashville, Tennessee

text:
Date: October 16
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT/12:00 p.m. CDT
Game weather: 75 °F (24 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 60,897
Referee: Carl Cheffers
TV announcers (CBS): Tom McCarthy and Adam Archuleta
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

TEN – Rishard Matthews 11-yard pass from Marcus Mariota (Ryan Succop kick), 10:37. Titans 7–0. Drive: 7 plays, 75 yards, 4:23.
CLE – Cody Parkey 45-yard field goal, 8:47. Titans 7–3. Drive: 5 plays, 48 yards, 1:50.
CLE – Cody Parkey 37-yard field goal, 2:08. Titans 7–6. Drive: 8 plays, 71 yards, 4:53.

Second quarter

TEN – Kendall Wright 48-yard pass from Marcus Mariota (Ryan Succop kick), 11:41. Titans 14–6. Drive: 4 plays, 59 yards, 2:16.
CLE – Terrelle Pryor 7-yard pass from Cody Kessler (Cody Parkey kick), 0:40. Titans 14–13. Drive: 9 plays, 94 yards, 3:49.

Third quarter

TEN – DeMarco Murray 3-yard run (Ryan Succop kick), 9:33. Titans 21–13. Drive: 7 plays, 70 yards, 3:36.

Fourth quarter

TEN – Anthony Fasano 15-yard pass from Marcus Mariota (Ryan Succop kick), 6:43. Titans 28–13. Drive: 12 plays, 80 yards, 6:59.
CLE – Terrelle Pryor 5-yard pass from Cody Kessler (pass failed), 2:07. Titans 28–19. Drive: 13 plays, 75 yards, 4:36.
CLE – Duke Johnson 1-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 0:27. Titans 28–26. Drive: 9 plays, 62 yards, 1:40.

Top passers

CLE – Cody Kessler – 26/41, 336 yards, 2 TD
TEN – Marcus Mariota – 17/24, 284 yards, 3 TD, INT

Top rushers

CLE – Duke Johnson – 4 rushes, 18 yards, TD
TEN – DeMarco Murray – 21 rushes, 65 yards, TD

Top receivers

CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 9 receptions, 75 yards, 2 TD
TEN – Kendall Wright – 8 receptions, 133 yards, TD

text: With the loss, the Browns dropped to 0–6 and became the first NFL team to start 0–6 since the Oakland Raiders in 2014. It was the Browns' first 0–6 start since the 1999 season. It is also the Browns' ninth consecutive loss dating back to Week 15 of last season.

text: Week 7: at Cincinnati Bengals[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Browns
0
10
7
0
17

Bengals
7
14
10
0
31

text: at Paul Brown Stadium, Cincinnati, Ohio

text:
Date: October 23
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 65 °F (18 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 65,047
Referee: Ed Hochuli
TV announcers (CBS): Andrew Catalon, Steve Beuerlein and Steve Tasker
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CIN – Giovani Bernard 5-yard run (Mike Nugent kick), 12:14. Bengals 7–0. Drive: 7 plays, 75 yards, 2:46.

Second quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 28-yard field goal, 13:26. Bengals 7–3. Drive: 10 plays, 60 yards, 5:16.
CLE – Isaiah Crowell 1-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 6:20. Browns 10–7. Drive: 9 plays, 70 yards, 5:39.
CIN – Brandon LaFell 44-yard pass from Andy Dalton (Mike Nugent kick), 4:09. Bengals 14–10. Drive: 5 plays, 80 yards, 2:11.
CIN – A. J. Green 48-yard pass from Andy Dalton (Mike Nugent kick), 0:00. Bengals 21–10. Drive: 7 plays, 85 yards, 1:03.

Third quarter

CLE – Kevin Hogan 28-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 10:43. Bengals 21–17. Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 4:17.
CIN – Jeremy Hill 74-yard run (Mike Nugent kick), 9:47. Bengals 28–17. Drive: 2 plays, 75 yards, 0:56.
CIN – Mike Nugent 36-yard field goal, 4:19. Bengals 31–17. Drive: 7 plays, 66 yards, 3:16.

Fourth quarter

No scoring plays

Top passers

CLE – Kevin Hogan – 12/24, 100 yards, 2 INT
CIN – Andy Dalton – 19/28, 308 yards, 2 TD

Top rushers

CLE – Kevin Hogan – 7 rushes, 104 yards, TD
CIN – Jeremy Hill – 9 rushes, 168 yards, TD

Top receivers

CLE – Gary Barnidge – 6 receptions, 66 yards
CIN – A. J. Green – 8 receptions, 169 yards, TD

text: With their fourth straight loss to the Bengals, the Browns started 0–7 for the first time since 1999 and became the first NFL team to start 0–7 since the 2014 Raiders.

text: Their regular season losing streak now sits at 10.

text: Week 8: vs. New York Jets[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Jets
0
7
14
10
31

Browns
10
10
0
8
28

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: October 30
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EDT
Game weather: 53 °F (12 °C), rain
Game attendance: 67,431
Referee: Pete Morelli
TV announcers (CBS): Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CLE – Andrew Hawkins 5-yard pass from Josh McCown (Cody Parkey kick), 11:45. Browns 7–0. Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 3:15.
CLE – Cody Parkey 41-yard field goal, 3:11. Browns 10–0. Drive: 8 plays, 59 yards, 3:42.

Second quarter

NYJ – Bilal Powell 35-yard run (Nick Folk kick), 12:44. Browns 10–7. Drive: 12 plays, 87 yards, 5:27.
CLE – Isaiah Crowell 1-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 1:51. Browns 17–7. Drive: 9 plays, 70 yards, 4:40
CLE – Cody Parkey 27-yard field goal, 0:00. Browns 20–7. Drive: 6 plays, 49 yards, 1:25.

Third quarter

NYJ – Quincy Enunwa 24-yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick (Nick Folk kick), 8:15. Browns 20–14. Drive: 12 plays, 78 yards, 6:45.
NYJ – Matt Forte 4-yard run (Nick Folk kick), 2:11. Jets 21–20. Drive: 8 plays, 84 yards, 3:03.

Fourth quarter

NYJ – Matt Forte 2-yard run (Nick Folk kick), 9:38. Jets 28–20. Drive: 13 plays, 81 yards, 6:27.
NYJ – Nick Folk 24-yard field goal, 4:04. Jets 31–20. Drive: 4 plays, 2 yards, 1:09.
CLE – Andrew Hawkins 1-yard pass from Josh McCown (Josh McCown–Terrelle Pryor pass), 0:12. Jets 31–28. Drive: 14 plays, 84 yards, 3:52.

Top passers

NYJ – Ryan Fitzpatrick – 16/34, 228 yards, TD
CLE – Josh McCown – 25/49, 341 yards, 2 TD, 2 INT

Top rushers

NYJ – Matt Forte – 25 rushes, 82 yards, 2 TD
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 11 rushes, 29 yards, TD

Top receivers

NYJ – Quincy Enunwa – 4 receptions, 93 yards, TD
CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 6 receptions, 101 yards

text: Hoping to stop a 10-game losing streak dating back to last year, the Browns hosted the Jets in an AFC duel. The Browns led 20–7 at halftime. However, they gave up 24 unanswered points to fall behind 31–20 in the 4th quarter. They also committed two turnovers in the 4th quarter. The Browns scored late in the 4th quarter to cut the deficit to 31–28, but a comeback could not be secured as the Jets secured the onside kick, ran out the clock, and dropped the Browns to 0–8. It was only their second 0–8 start in franchise history and the first 0–8 start since the 1975 season. With the loss, the Browns failed to have a winning record for the ninth consecutive season. They also tied a franchise record (first set in between the 2011 and 2012 seasons) for most consecutive losses (11) in franchise history. They would also be the first team to start 0–8 since the 2014 Raiders.

text: Week 9: vs. Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Cowboys
7
14
14
0
35

Browns
3
7
0
0
10

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: November 6
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 58 °F (14 °C), clear
Game attendance: 67,431
Referee: Jeff Triplette
TV announcers (Fox): Thom Brennaman, Charles Davis, Chris Spielman and Peter Schrager
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 31-yard field goal, 12:40. Browns 3–0. Drive: 6 plays, 62 yards, 2:20.
DAL – Jason Witten 26-yard pass from Dak Prescott (Dan Bailey kick), 6:47. Cowboys 7–3. Drive: 10 plays, 75 yards, 5:53.

Second quarter

DAL – Ezekiel Elliott 10-yard run (Dan Bailey kick), 10:02. Cowboys 14–3. Drive: 9 plays, 69 yards, 4:48.
DAL – Cole Beasley 6-yard pass from Dak Prescott (Dan Bailey kick), 1:50. Cowboys 21–3. Drive: 9 plays, 67 yards, 4:39.
CLE – Terrelle Pryor 12-yard pass from Cody Kessler (Cody Parkey kick), 0:23. Cowboys 21–10. Drive: 7 plays, 80 yards, 1:27.

Third quarter

DAL – Ezekiel Elliott 8-yard run (Dan Bailey kick), 11:30. Cowboys 28–10. Drive: 7 plays, 75 yards, 3:30.
DAL – Gavin Escobar 2-yard pass from Dak Prescott (Dan Bailey kick), 1:41. Cowboys 35–10. Drive: 9 plays, 64 yards, 5:30.

Fourth quarter

No scoring plays

Top passers

DAL – Dak Prescott – 21/27, 247 yards, 3 TD
CLE – Cody Kessler – 19/27, 203 yards, TD

Top rushers

DAL – Ezekiel Elliott – 18 rushes, 92 yards, 2 TD
CLE – Duke Johnson – 5 rushes, 30 yards

Top receivers

DAL – Jason Witten – 8 receptions, 134 yards, TD
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 4 receptions, 63 yards

text: Attempting to stop their 11-game losing streak, the Cleveland Browns hosted the Dallas Cowboys (led by rookies Dak Prescott and Ezekiel Elliott who had impressive performances during the year). The Cowboys routed the Browns 35–10. With the loss, the Browns dropped to 0–9 for the first time since 1975 and clinched their ninth consecutive losing season. They also lost their 12th consecutive game dating back to the end of the previous season, setting a new franchise record for most consecutive losses.

text: Week 10: at Baltimore Ravens[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Browns
0
7
0
0
7

Ravens
0
6
15
7
28

text: at M&T Bank Stadium, Baltimore, Maryland

text:
Date: November 10
Game time: 8:25 p.m. EST
Game weather: 54 °F (12 °C), fair
Game attendance: 70,921
Referee: Jerome Boger
TV announcers (NFLN): Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Heather Cox
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

No scoring plays

Second quarter

BAL – Justin Tucker 25-yard field goal, 10:29. Ravens 3–0. Drive: 8 plays, 41 yards, 3:53.
CLE – Seth DeValve 25-yard pass from Cody Kessler (Cody Parkey kick), 6:30. Browns 7–3. Drive: 7 plays, 75 yards, 3:59.
BAL – Justin Tucker 40-yard field goal, 0:00. Browns 7–6. Drive: 12 plays, 57 yards, 1:39.

Third quarter

BAL – Darren Waller 4-yard pass from Joe Flacco (Justin Tucker kick), 9:36. Ravens 13–7. Drive: 9 plays, 64 yards, 3:58.
BAL – Steve Smith Sr. 11-yard pass from Joe Flacco (Joe Flacco–Kyle Juszczyk pass), 2:05. Ravens 21–7. Drive: 6 plays, 43 yards, 2:57.

Fourth quarter

BAL – Breshad Perriman 27-yard pass from Joe Flacco (Justin Tucker kick), 6:21. Ravens 28–7. Drive: 12 plays, 90 yards, 7:27.

Top passers

CLE – Cody Kessler – 11/18, 91 yards, TD
BAL – Joe Flacco – 30/41, 296 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT

Top rushers

CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 9 rushes, 23 yards
BAL – Terrance West – 21 rushes, 65 yards

Top receivers

CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 5 receptions, 48 yards
BAL – Breshad Perriman – 3 receptions, 64 yards, TD

text: Trying to halt their 12-game losing streak that had started back during the 2015 NFL season, the Browns traveled to Baltimore to play against the Baltimore Ravens who beat them in Week 2. This was the Browns' only prime time game this year. The Browns led 7–6 at halftime, but the Ravens dominated the second half, outscoring them 22–0 and winning 28–7. The seven points scored by the Browns represented their fewest points scored in a game this season. With the loss, the Browns fell to 0–10. It was their worst 10-game start in franchise history. They also lost their 13th consecutive game, extending their current franchise record for most consecutive losses. They are also the first team to begin the season 0–10 since the 2014 Oakland Raiders. On the following Sunday, the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs won their games, which mathematically eliminated the Browns from the NFL Wild Card race.

text: Week 11: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Steelers
3
11
3
7
24

Browns
0
0
3
6
9

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: November 20
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 36 °F (2 °C), cloudy
Game attendance: 67,431
Referee: Brad Allen
TV announcers (CBS): Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

PIT – Chris Boswell 32-yard field goal, 2:28. Steelers 3–0. Drive: 16 plays, 82 yards, 9:18.

Second quarter

PIT – Chris Boswell 33-yard field goal, 4:43. Steelers 6–0. Drive: 16 plays, 68 yards, 9:28.
PIT – Le'Veon Bell 1-yard run (Ben Roethlisberger–David Johnson pass), 0:00. Steelers 14–0. Drive: 11 plays, 59 yards, 1:51.

Third quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 24-yard field goal, 8:05. Steelers 14–3. Drive: 11 plays, 48 yards, 5:00.
PIT – Chris Boswell 22-yard field goal, 0:03. Steelers 17–3. Drive: 15 plays, 71 yards, 8:02.

Fourth quarter

CLE – Gary Barnidge 14-yard pass from Josh McCown (kick failed, wide right), 9:45. Steelers 17–9. Drive: 11 plays, 75 yards, 5:18.
PIT – Javon Hargrave fumble recovery in the end zone (Chris Boswell kick), 3:36. Steelers 24–9.

Top passers

PIT – Ben Roethlisberger – 23/36, 167 yards
CLE – Cody Kessler – 7/14, 128 yards, INT

Top rushers

PIT – Le'Veon Bell – 28 rushes, 146 yards, TD
CLE – Josh McCown – 2 rushes, 11 yards

Top receivers

PIT – Antonio Brown – 8 receptions, 76 yards
CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 5 receptions, 97 yards

text: The Browns hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers, who were coming off a loss against the Cowboys. The Steelers defeated the Browns 24–9, dropping the Browns to 0–11. With the loss, the Browns were mathematically eliminated from postseason contention for the 14th consecutive season. For the second consecutive season, they were the first NFL team to be mathematically eliminated from contention. The Browns have now gone 24 consecutive seasons without winning a division title, extending the longest active streak in the NFL. They also extended their current franchise record for most consecutive games lost to 14 games. The team is also the first team to start 0–11 since the 2011 Indianapolis Colts.

text: Week 12: vs. New York Giants[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Giants
0
14
0
13
27

Browns
0
6
0
7
13

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: November 27
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 48 °F (9 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 60,034
Referee: Walt Anderson
TV announcers (Fox): Dick Stockton, Matt Millen and Peter Schrager
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

No scoring plays

Second quarter

NYG – Dwayne Harris 13-yard pass from Eli Manning (Robbie Gould kick), 7:03. Giants 7–0. Drive: 2 plays, 31 yards, 0:42.
CLE – Cody Parkey 20-yard field goal, 1:43. Giants 7–3. Drive: 10 plays, 28 yards, 3:51.
NYG – Odell Beckham Jr. 32-yard pass from Eli Manning (Robbie Gould kick), 1:13. Giants 14–3. Drive: 4 plays, 69 yards, 0:30.
CLE – Cody Parkey 25-yard field goal, 0:00. Giants 14–6. Drive: 8 plays, 68 yards, 1:13.

Third quarter

No scoring plays

Fourth quarter

NYG – Jason Pierre-Paul 48-yard fumble return (kick failed, wide right), 10:58. Giants 20–6.
CLE – Corey Coleman 21-yard pass from Josh McCown (Cody Parkey kick), 8:17. Giants 20–13. Drive: 5 plays, 75 yards, 2:41.
NYG – Odell Beckham Jr. 4-yard pass from Eli Manning (Robbie Gould kick), 5:10. Giants 27–13. Drive: 6 plays, 73 yards, 3:07.

Top passers

NYG – Eli Manning – 15/27, 194 yards, 3 TD
CLE – Josh McCown – 25/43, 322 yards, TD

Top rushers

NYG – Rashad Jennings – 15 rushes, 55 yards
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 16 rushes, 44 yards

Top receivers

NYG – Odell Beckham Jr. – 6 receptions, 96 yards, 2 TD
CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 6 receptions, 131 yards

text: The Browns took on the Giants who were on a five-game winning streak and were coming off their 22–16 win over the Bears, but the Browns suffered their 12th straight loss this season due to three touchdown passes by Eli Manning to Odell Beckham Jr. and a fumble return by Jason Pierre-Paul for a touchdown. The Browns extended their current franchise record for most consecutive losses. They have now lost 15 straight games, with their last win coming in Week 14 of 2015 over San Francisco.

text: The team went into their bye week at 0–12. They would be the first team to start with such a record since the 2011 Colts.

text: Week 14: vs. Cincinnati Bengals[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Bengals
13
7
0
3
23

Browns
0
0
7
3
10

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: December 11
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 28 °F (−2 °C), snow
Game attendance: 60,028
Referee: Gene Steratore
TV announcers (CBS): Andrew Catalon, Steve Beuerlein and Steve Tasker
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CIN – Tyler Eifert 14-yard pass from Andy Dalton (Mike Nugent kick), 12:21. Bengals 7–0. Drive: 6 plays, 73 yards, 2:39.
CIN – Jeremy Hill 1-yard run (kick short), 6:27. Bengals 13–0. Drive: 9 plays, 45 yards, 4:49.

Second quarter

CIN – Tyler Eifert 5-yard pass from Andy Dalton (Mike Nugent kick), 5:06. Bengals 20–0. Drive: 5 plays, 26 yards, 2:37.

Third quarter

CLE – Robert Griffin III 1-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 8:11. Bengals 20–7. Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 4:40.

Fourth quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 30-yard field goal, 14:14. Bengals 20–10. Drive: 10 plays, 69 yards, 4:06.
CIN – Mike Nugent 44-yard field goal, 8:38. Bengals 23–10. Drive: 11 plays, 57 yards, 5:36.

Top passers

CIN – Andy Dalton – 20/28, 180 yards, 2 TD
CLE – Robert Griffin III – 12/28, 104 yards, INT

Top rushers

CIN – Jeremy Hill – 25 rushes, 111 yards, TD
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 10 rushes, 113 yards

Top receivers

CIN – Tyler Boyd – 6 receptions, 49 yards
CLE – Gary Barnidge – 3 receptions, 27 yards

text: Coming off their bye week, the Browns hosted the Bengals in a rematch of Week 7. The Bengals jumped out to a 20–0 halftime lead and never looked back, handing Cleveland a 23–10 loss. It was the Browns' 16th consecutive defeat dating back to the 2015 season. With the loss, Cleveland became the eighth team since 1960 to start a season 0–13, and the first since the 2011 Indianapolis Colts. They became the first franchise to lose 16 in a row since the Oakland Raiders did it during the 2013 and 2014 seasons.

text: Week 15: at Buffalo Bills[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Browns
3
0
10
0
13

Bills
10
7
7
9
33

text: at New Era Field, Orchard Park, New York

text:
Date: December 18
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 25 °F (−4 °C), cloudy
Game attendance: 66,529
Referee: Clete Blakeman
TV announcers (CBS): Tom McCarthy and Adam Archuleta
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

BUF – Dan Carpenter 21-yard field goal, 10:14. Bills 3–0. Drive: 7 plays, 44 yards, 3:06.
CLE – Cody Parkey 35-yard field goal, 3:50. Tied 3–3. Drive: 12 plays, 63 yards, 6:24.
BUF – Mike Gillislee 3-yard run (Dan Carpenter kick), 0:00. Bills 10–3. Drive: 8 plays, 74 yards, 3:50.

Second quarter

BUF – Charles Clay 19-yard pass from Tyrod Taylor (Dan Carpenter kick), 0:34. Bills 17–3. Drive: 13 plays, 91 yards, 7:29.

Third quarter

CLE – Robert Griffin III 18-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 8:58. Bills 17–10. Drive: 8 plays, 80 yards, 3:54.
BUF – LeSean McCoy 3-yard run (Dan Carpenter kick), 5:50. Bills 24–10. Drive: 6 plays, 75 yards, 3:08.
CLE – Cody Parkey 40-yard field goal, 1:32. Bills 24–13. Drive: 8 plays, 45 yards, 4:18.

Fourth quarter

BUF – LeSean McCoy 8-yard run (kick failed, wide right), 12:38. Bills 30–13. Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 3:54.
BUF – Dan Carpenter 34-yard field goal, 7:21. Bills 33–13. Drive: 7 plays, 34 yards, 4:00.

Top passers

CLE – Robert Griffin III – 17/28, 196 yards
BUF – Tyrod Taylor – 17/24, 174 yards, TD

Top rushers

CLE – Robert Griffin III – 8 rushes, 48 yards, TD
BUF – LeSean McCoy – 19 rushes, 153 yards, 2 TD

Top receivers

CLE – Duke Johnson – 5 receptions, 62 yards
BUF – Charles Clay – 7 receptions, 72 yards, TD

text: The Browns headed to Buffalo to try to collect their first win of the season, but the Bills routed the Browns 33–13. With the loss, the Browns fell to 0–14 and became the first team to lose 17 consecutive regular season games since the St. Louis Rams in the 2008 and 2009 seasons. The Browns also became the fourth team to start a season 0–14, joining the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (went winless in a 14-game season), 1980 New Orleans Saints (went 1-15), and the 2008 Detroit Lions (went 0–16). The Browns also tied their franchise record for total losses in a single season. The Browns also became the first team since the 2013 Houston Texans, who lost their last 14 games after starting their season 2-0, to have 14 straight losses in a single season.

text: On December 21, OT Joe Thomas was voted to his 10th consecutive Pro Bowl. Thomas now holds the Browns record for most Pro Bowls, passing Pro Football Hall of Famers Jim Brown (nine) and Lou Groza (nine). Thomas joins Pro Football Hall of Famers Merlin Olsen (14), Mel Renfro (10), Barry Sanders (10) and Lawrence Taylor (10) as the only players in NFL history to make the Pro Bowl in each of their first 10 seasons. Thomas' streak of 10 consecutive Pro Bowls is the longest active streak in the NFL.[30]

text: Week 16: vs. San Diego Chargers[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Chargers
10
0
7
0
17

Browns
7
10
3
0
20

text: at FirstEnergy Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

text:
Date: December 24
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 38 °F (3 °C), cloudy
Game attendance: 57,272
Referee: Walt Coleman
TV announcers (CBS): Spero Dedes and Solomon Wilcots
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

SD – Antonio Gates 1-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Josh Lambo kick), 10:49. Chargers 7–0. Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 4:11.
CLE – Isaiah Crowell 8-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 5:12. Tied 7–7. Drive: 10 plays, 72 yards, 5:37.
SD – Josh Lambo 43-yard field goal, 1:49. Chargers 10–7. Drive: 7 plays, 50 yards, 3:23.

Second quarter

CLE – Isaiah Crowell 4-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 12:39. Browns 14–10. Drive: 10 plays, 75 yards, 4:10.
CLE – Cody Parkey 49-yard field goal, 4:46. Browns 17–10. Drive: 10 plays, 39 yards, 4:49.

Third quarter

CLE – Cody Parkey 27-yard field goal, 10:58. Browns 20–10. Drive: 8 plays, 57 yards, 4:02.
SD – Tyrell Williams 1-yard pass from Philip Rivers (Josh Lambo kick), 6:04. Browns 20–17. Drive: 11 plays, 75 yards, 4:54.

Fourth quarter

No scoring plays

Top passers

SD – Philip Rivers – 23/46, 322 yards, 2 TD, INT
CLE – Robert Griffin III – 17/25, 164 yards

Top rushers

SD – Kenneth Farrow – 9 rushes, 28 yards
CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 16 rushes, 54 yards, 2 TD

Top receivers

SD – Antonio Gates – 8 receptions, 94 yards, TD
CLE – Gary Barnidge – 5 receptions, 42 yards

text: In their final home game of the year, the Browns hosted the San Diego Chargers on Christmas Eve afternoon, looking to get their first win. The contest was competitive throughout the afternoon. The Chargers had a game-tying field goal attempt blocked by Jamie Meder with just under 4 minutes to go in the fourth quarter. After the Browns punted, the Chargers drove down the field and reached the Browns' 27-yard line in the final seconds. However, the Chargers had no timeouts remaining and had to rush the field goal unit out in the final seconds. Kicker Josh Lambo missed the potential game-tying field goal as time expired, allowing the Browns to pick up their first win of the season, ending a 17-game losing streak and improving to 1–14. The win also left the 2008 Detroit Lions as the only 0–16 team in NFL history. It was the first and only time this season that the Browns allowed fewer than 23 points in a single game.

text: Week 17: at Pittsburgh Steelers[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
OT
Total

Browns
7
7
0
7
3
24

Steelers
0
7
0
14
6
27

text: at Heinz Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

text:
Date: January 1, 2017
Game time: 1:00 p.m. EST
Game weather: 41 °F (5 °C), sunny
Game attendance: 55,921
Referee: John Hussey
TV announcers (CBS): Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon
Recap, Gamebook

text:
[show]Game information

First quarter

CLE – Seth DeValve 12-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Cody Parkey kick), 7:48. Browns 7–0. Drive: 8 plays, 55 yards, 4:18.

Second quarter

CLE – Gary Barnidge 4-yard pass from Robert Griffin III (Cody Parkey kick), 9:21. Browns 14–0. Drive: 11 plays, 67 yards, 5:42.
PIT – DeAngelo Williams 11-yard pass from Landry Jones (Chris Boswell kick), 0:31. Browns 14–7. Drive: 7 plays, 37 yards, 1:30.

Third quarter

No scoring plays

Fourth quarter

PIT – DeAngelo Williams 1-yard run (Chris Boswell kick), 13:21. Tied 14–14. Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 5:01.
PIT – Demarcus Ayers 11-yard pass from Landry Jones (Chris Boswell kick), 5:14. Steelers 21–14. Drive: 5 plays, 61 yards, 2:20.
CLE – George Atkinson III 5-yard run (Cody Parkey kick), 3:28. Tied 21–21. Drive: 3 plays, 68 yards, 1:46.

Overtime

CLE – Cody Parkey 34-yard field goal, 7:17. Browns 24–21. Drive: 17 plays, 65 yards, 7:43.
PIT – Cobi Hamilton 26-yard pass from Landry Jones, 2:57. Steelers 27–24. Drive: 9 plays, 75 yards, 4:20.

Top passers

CLE – Robert Griffin III – 29/40, 232 yards, 2 TD, INT
PIT – Landry Jones – 24/37, 277 yards, 3 TD, INT

Top rushers

CLE – Isaiah Crowell – 19 rushes, 152 yards
PIT – DeAngelo Williams – 23 rushes, 67 yards, TD

Top receivers

CLE – Terrelle Pryor – 7 receptions, 94 yards
PIT – Eli Rogers – 6 receptions, 61 yards

text: The Browns entered this game looking to win consecutive games for the first time since they won 3 in a row during Weeks 8-10 of the 2014 season. The Steelers entered the game locked into the AFC's #3 seed and rested most of their starters. However, the Browns would still fall to the Steelers, losing 27–24 in an overtime affair. With the loss, the Browns finished the season with a 1–15 record, their worst record in franchise history. The Browns also became the 10th team in NFL history, and the first team since the 2009 Rams, to finish 1-15. They failed to win a division game for the first time since the 2011 season and extended their losing streak within the division to 11 games. The Browns also failed to win a road game in a season for only the second time in franchise history and the first time since the 1975 season. They also extended their road losing streak to 13 games and failed to win a road game against the Steelers for the thirteenth consecutive season. The Browns finished with the worst record in the NFL and secured the #1 overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft.

text: Standings[edit]

text: Division[edit]

text:
AFC North

view
talk
edit

W
L
T
PCT
DIV
CONF
PF
PA
STK

(3) Pittsburgh Steelers
11
5
0
.688
5–1
9–3
399
327
W7

Baltimore Ravens
8
8
0
.500
4–2
7–5
343
321
L2

Cincinnati Bengals
6
9
1
.406
3–3
5–7
325
315
W1

Cleveland Browns
1
15
0
.063
0–6
1–11
264
452
L1

text: Conference[edit]

text:
AFC

v
t
e

#
Team
Division
W
L
T
PCT
DIV
CONF
SOS
SOV
STK

Division leaders

1
New England Patriots
East
14
2
0
.875
5–1
11–1
.439
.424
W7

2[a]
Kansas City Chiefs
West
12
4
0
.750
6–0
9–3
.508
.479
W2

3
Pittsburgh Steelers
North
11
5
0
.688
5–1
9–3
.494
.423
W7

4[b]
Houston Texans
South
9
7
0
.563
5–1
7–5
.502
.427
L1

Wild Cards

5[a]
Oakland Raiders
West
12
4
0
.750
3–3
9–3
.504
.443
L1

6
Miami Dolphins
East
10
6
0
.625
4–2
7–5
.455
.341
L1

Did not qualify for the playoffs

7[b][c]
Tennessee Titans
South
9
7
0
.563
2–4
6–6
.465
.458
W1

8[c]
Denver Broncos
West
9
7
0
.563
2–4
6–6
.549
.455
W1

9[d]
Baltimore Ravens
North
8
8
0
.500
4–2
7–5
.498
.363
L2

10[d]
Indianapolis Colts
South
8
8
0
.500
3–3
5–7
.492
.406
W1

11
Buffalo Bills
East
7
9
0
.438
1–5
4–8
.482
.339
L2

12
Cincinnati Bengals
North
6
9
1
.406
3–3
5–7
.521
.333
W1

13[e]
New York Jets
East
5
11
0
.313
2–4
4–8
.518
.313
W1

14[e]
San Diego Chargers
West
5
11
0
.313
1–5
4–8
.543
.513
L5

15
Jacksonville Jaguars
South
3
13
0
.188
2–4
2–10
.527
.417
L1

16
Cleveland Browns
North
1
15
0
.063
0–6
1–11
.549
.313
L1

Tiebreakers[f]

^ Jump up to: a b Kansas City clinched the AFC West division over Oakland based on head-to-head sweep.
^ Jump up to: a b Houston clinched the AFC South division title over Tennessee based on record vs. division opponents.
^ Jump up to: a b Tennessee finished ahead of Denver based on head-to-head victory.
^ Jump up to: a b Baltimore finished ahead of Indianapolis based on record vs. conference opponents.
^ Jump up to: a b The New York Jets finished ahead of San Diego based record vs. common opponents — the Jets' cumulative record against Cleveland, Indianapolis, Kansas City and Miami was 1–4, while San Diego's cumulative record against the same four teams was 0–5.
Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division.

text: Staff[edit]

text:
2016 Cleveland Browns staff

Front office

Owners – Jimmy and Dee Haslam
Chief Strategy Officer – Paul DePodesta
Executive Vice President of Football Operations – Sashi Brown
Vice President, Player Personnel – Andrew Berry
Vice President, Player Personnel – Ken Kovash
Vice President, Football Operations – Phil Dangerfield
Director of Football Administration – Chris Cooper
Director of Research & Strategy – Kevin Meers
Director of Player Personnel – Chisolm Opara
Director of College Scouting – Bobby Vega
Director of Pro Scouting – Dan Saganey
Director of Scouting – Mike Cetta
Assistant Director of Scouting – Glenn Cook
Special Advisor – Jim Brown

Head coaches

Head Coach – Hue Jackson
Associate Head Coach – Offense/QBs – Pep Hamilton

Offensive coaches

Sr. Offensive Assistant/Wide Receivers – Al Saunders
Running Backs/Run Game Coordinator – Kirby Wilson
Tight Ends – Greg Seamon
Offensive Line – Hal Hunter
Assistant Offensive Line – Mark Hutson
Offensive Quality Control/Assistant WRs – Bob Saunders
Offensive Quality Control/Assistant RBs – Rock Cartwright

Defensive coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Ray Horton
Defensive Line – Robert Nunn
Assistant Defensive Line – Ken Delgado
Outside Linebackers – Ryan Slowik
Inside Linebackers – Johnny Holland
Defensive Backs – Louie Cioffi
Assistant Defensive Backs – Cannon Matthews
Defensive Quality Control – Eric Sanders

Special teams coaches

Special Teams Coordinator – Chris Tabor
Special Teams Assistant – Shawn Mennenga
Special Teams Quality Control – Stan Watson

Strength and conditioning

Director, High Performance – Adam Beard
Strength and Conditioning Coordinator – Evan Marcus
Strength and Conditioning Coordinator – Jason Veltkamp
Assistant Stength/Skill Development – Joe Kim
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Derik Keyes
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Art Tolhurst
Sports Scientist – Jamey Mroz
Strength and Conditioning Intern – Ian Jones

text: Final roster[edit]

text:
2016 Cleveland Browns final roster

Quarterbacks

10 Robert Griffin III
 8 Kevin Hogan
 6 Cody Kessler
13 Josh McCown

Running backs

25 George Atkinson III
34 Isaiah Crowell
35 Darius Jackson
29 Duke Johnson
40 Danny Vitale FB

Wide receivers

15 Mario Alford KR/PR
19 Corey Coleman
16 Andrew Hawkins
81 Rashard Higgins
80 Ricardo Louis
11 Terrelle Pryor

Tight ends

82 Gary Barnidge
87 Seth DeValve
86 Randall Telfer

Offensive linemen

78 Alvin Bailey G
72 Shon Coleman T
66 Spencer Drango G
74 Cameron Erving C
61 Anthony Fabiano C
60 Gabe Ikard C
67 Austin Pasztor T
73 Joe Thomas T

Defensive linemen

96 Xavier Cooper DE
91 Tyrone Holmes DE
98 Jamie Meder DE
94 Carl Nassib DE
90 Emmanuel Ogbah DE
99 Stephen Paea DE
55 Danny Shelton NT
97 Gabe Wright NT

Linebackers

54 Dominique Alexander ILB
59 Tank Carder ILB
51 Jamie Collins OLB
56 Demario Davis ILB
57 Cam Johnson OLB
58 Christian Kirksey ILB
53 Joe Schobert OLB

Defensive backs

20 Briean Boddy-Calhoun CB
26 Marcus Burley CB
31 Trey Caldwell CB
24 Ibraheim Campbell SS
23 Joe Haden CB
41 Tracy Howard FS
39 Ed Reynolds FS
21 Jamar Taylor CB
22 Tramon Williams CB

Special teams

 4 Britton Colquitt P
47 Charley Hughlett LS
 3 Cody Parkey K

Reserve lists

75 Joel Bitonio G (IR)
92 Desmond Bryant DE (NF-Inj.)
12 Josh Gordon WR (Susp.)
77 John Greco G (IR)
85 Rannell Hall WR (IR)
30 Derrick Kindred SS (NF-Inj.)
70 Nile Lawrence-Stample NT (IR)
43 Rajion Neal RB (IR)
44 Nate Orchard OLB (IR)
83 Dennis Parks WR (IR)
84 Jordan Payton WR (Susp.)
33 Jordan Poyer FS (IR)
62 Austin Reiter C (IR)
28 Glenn Winston RB (IR)
97 Dylan Wynn DE (IR)

Practice squad

83 Josh Boyce WR
52 James Burgess LB
93 Trevon Coley NT
36 Justin Currie S
37 Trae Elston S
89 Connor Hamlett TE
28 Darius Hillary CB
49 J. P. Holtz TE
17 Jordan Leslie WR
79 Zach Sterup T

Rookies in italics 53 Active, 15 Inactive, 10 Practice squad


document_title: Akira Haraguchi

question_text: what is the world record for remembering pi

root

text: Akira Haraguchi

text: Akira Haraguchi (原口 證, Haraguchi Akira) (born 1946), a retired Japanese engineer, is known for memorizing and reciting digits of pi.

tag: p

text: Memorization of pi[edit]

text: He holds the current unofficial world record (100,000 digits) in 16 hours, starting at 9 a.m (16:28 GMT) on October 3, 2006 and having recited up to 83,431 digits by nightfall, stopping with digit number 100,000 at 1:28 a.m. on October 4, 2006. The event was filmed in a public hall in Kisarazu, east of Tokyo, where he had five-minute breaks every two hours to eat onigiri to keep up his energy levels. Even his trips to the toilet were filmed to prove that the exercise was legitimate. Haraguchi's previous world record (83,431), was performed from July 1, 2005 to July 2, 2005. On Pi Day, 2015, he claimed to be able to recite 111,701 digits.[1]

text: Despite Haraguchi's efforts and detailed documentation, the Guinness World Records have not yet accepted any of his records set.

text: Haraguchi views the memorization of pi as "the religion of the universe",[2] and as an expression of his lifelong quest for eternal truth.

text: Haraguchi's mnemonic system[edit]

text: Haraguchi uses a system he developed, which assigns kana symbols to numbers, allowing for the memorization of Pi as a collection of stories. The same system was developed by C.S. Lewis to assign letters from the alphabet to numbers, and creating stories to memorize numbers. This system preceded the system above which Haraguchi developed.[citation needed]

text: The same is done for each number from 2 through 9. His stories are what he used to memorize pi.


document_title: Atwater system

question_text: the atwater general factor for dietary carbohydrate is

text: Atwater system

text: Derivation[edit]

text: Available energy (as used by Atwater) is equivalent to the modern usage of the term metabolisable energy (ME).

text:
Metabolisable Energy

=

(

Gross Energy in Food

)

−

(

Energy lost in Faeces, Urine, Secretions and Gases

)

.

{\displaystyle {\text{Metabolisable Energy}}=\left({\text{Gross Energy in Food}}\right)-\left({\text{Energy lost in Faeces, Urine, Secretions and Gases}}\right).}

text: In most studies on humans, losses in secretions and gases are ignored. The gross energy (GE) of a food, as measured by bomb calorimetry is equal to the sum of the heats of combustion of the components – protein (GEp), fat (GEf) and carbohydrate (GEcho) (by difference) in the proximate system.

text:
G
E

=

G
E

p

+

G
E

f

+

G
E

c
h
o

{\displaystyle {GE}={{GE}_{p}+{GE}_{f}+{GE}_{cho}}\,}

text: Atwater considered the energy value of feces in the same way.

text:
G
E

F

=

G
E

p

F

+

G
E

f

F

+

G
E

c
h
o

F

{\displaystyle {GE}^{F}={{GE}_{p}^{F}+{GE}_{f}^{F}+{GE}_{cho}^{F}}\,}

text: By measuring coefficients of availability or in modern terminology apparent digestibility, Atwater derived a system for calculating faecal energy losses.

text:
Digestible energy

=

G
E

p

(

D

p

)

+

G
E

f

(

D

f

)

+

G
E

c
h
o

(

D

c
h
o

)

{\displaystyle {\text{Digestible energy}}={{GE}_{p}(D_{p})}+{{GE}_{f}(D_{f})}+{{GE}_{cho}(D_{cho})}\,}

text: where Dp, Df, and Dcho are respectively the digestibility coefficients of protein, fat and carbohydrate calculated as

text:
intake

−

faecal excretion

intake

{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{intake}}-{\text{faecal excretion}}}{\text{intake}}}}

text: for the constituent in question.

text: Urinary losses were calculated from the energy to nitrogen ratio in urine. Experimentally this was 7.9 kcal/g (33 kJ/g) urinary nitrogen and thus his equation for metabolisable energy became

text:
M
E

=

(

G
E

p

−

7.9
6.25

)

D

p

+

G
E

f

D

f

+

G
E

c
h
o

D

c
h
o

{\displaystyle {ME}=\left({GE}_{p}-{\frac {7.9}{6.25}}\right)D_{p}+{GE}_{f}D_{f}+{GE}_{cho}D_{cho}\,}

text: Gross energy values[edit]

text: Atwater collected values from the literature and also measured the heat of combustion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. These vary slightly depending on sources and Atwater derived weighted values for the gross heat of combustion of the protein, fat and carbohydrate in the typical mixed diet of his time. It has been argued that these weighted values are invalid for individual foods and for diets whose composition in terms of foodstuffs is different from those eaten in the USA in the early 20th century.

text: Apparent digestibility coefficients[edit]

text: Atwater measured a large number of digestibility coefficients for simple mixtures, and in substitution experiments derived values for individual foods. These he combined in a weighted fashion to derive values for mixed diets. When these were tested experimentally with mixed diets they did not give a good prediction, and Atwater adjusted the coefficients for mixed diets.

text: Urinary correction[edit]

text: The energy/nitrogen ratio in urine shows considerable variation and the energy/organic matter is less variable, but the energy/nitrogen value provided Atwater with a workable approach although this has caused some confusion and only applies for subjects in nitrogen balance.

text: Modified system[edit]

text: Based on the work of Atwater, it became common practice to calculate energy content of foods using 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and proteins and 9 kcal/g for lipids.[2] The system was later improved by Annabel Merrill and Bernice Watt of the USDA, who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed.[3] This takes cognizance of the fact that first the gross energy values of the protein, fats and carbohydrates from different food sources are different, and second, that the apparent digestibility of the components of different foods is different.

text: This system relies on having measured heats of combustion of a wide range of isolated proteins, fats and carbohydrates. It also depends on data from digestibility studies, where individual foods have been substituted for basal diets in order to measure the apparent digestibility coefficients for those foods. This approach is based on the assumption that there are no interactions between foods in a mixture in the intestine, and from a practical view point, such studies with humans are difficult to control with the required accuracy.

text: Assumptions based on the use of carbohydrates by difference and the effects of dietary fibre[edit]

text: The carbohydrate by difference approach presents several problems. First, it does not distinguish between sugars, starch and the unavailable carbohydrates (roughage, or "dietary fibre").

text: This affects first the gross energy that is assigned to carbohydrate—sucrose has a heat of combustion of 3.95 kcal/g (16.53 kJ/g) and starch 4.15 kcal/g (17.36 kJ/g).

text: Secondly it does not provide for the fact that sugars and starch are virtually completely digested and absorbed, and thus provide metabolisable energy equivalent to their heat of combustion.

text: The unavailable carbohydrates (dietary fibre) are degraded to a variable extent in the large bowel. The products of this microbial digestion are fatty acids, CO2 (carbon dioxide), methane and hydrogen. The fatty acids (acetate, butyrate and propionate) are absorbed in the large intestine and provide some metabolisable energy. The extent of degradation depends on the source of the dietary fibre (its composition and state of division), and the individual consuming the dietary fibre. There is insufficient data to give firm guidance on the energy available from this source.

text: Finally dietary fibre affects faecal losses of nitrogen and fat. Whether the increased fat loss is due to an effect on small intestinal absorption is not clear. The increased faecal nitrogen losses on high fibre diets are probably due to an increased bacterial nitrogen content of the faeces. Both these effects however lead to reductions in apparent digestibility, and therefore the Atwater system warrants small changes in the proper energy conversion factors for those diets.

text: Theoretical and practical considerations relating to the calculation of energy values[edit]

text: Variations in heats of combustion of food constituents[edit]

text: Proteins[edit]

text: The experimental evidence for the magnitude of this variation is very limited, but as the heats of combustion of the individual amino-acids are different it is reasonable to expect variations between different proteins. An observed range of from 5.48 for conglutin (from blue lupin) to 5.92 for Hordein (barley) was reported, which compares with Atwaters’ range of 5.27 for gelatin to 5.95 for wheat gluten. It is difficult to calculate expected values for a protein from amino-acid data, as some of the heats of combustion are not known accurately. Preliminary calculations on cow's milk suggest a value of around 5.5 kcal/g (23.0 kJ/g).

text: Fats[edit]

text: Analogously the experimental evidence is limited, but since the fatty acids differ in their heats of combustion one should expect fats to vary in heats of combustion. These differences are, however, relatively small – for example, breast milk fat has a calculated heat of combustion of 9.37 kcal/g (39.2 kJ/g) compared with that of cow milk fat of 9.19 kcal/g (38.5 kJ/g).

text: Carbohydrates[edit]

text: Monosaccharides have heats of combustion of around 3.75 kcal/g (15.7 kJ/g), disaccharides 3.95 kcal/g (16.5 kJ/g) and polysaccharides 4.15 to 4.20 kcal/g (17.4 to 17.6 kJ/g). The heat of hydrolysis is very small and these values are essentially equivalent when calculated on a monosaccharide basis. Thus 100 g sucrose gives on hydrolysis 105.6 g monosaccharide and 100 g starch gives on hydrolysis 110 g glucose.

text: The human digestive tract is a very efficient organ, and the faecal excretion of nitrogenous material and fats is a small proportion (usually less than 10%) of the intake. Atwater recognised that the faecal excretion was a complex mixture of unabsorbed intestinal secretions, bacterial material and metabolites, sloughed mucosal cells, mucus, and only to a small extent, unabsorbed dietary components. This might be one reason why he chose to use availability rather than digestibility. His view was that these faecal constituents were truly unavailable and that his apparent disregard of the nature of faecal excretion was justifiable in a practical context.

text:
The ratio

intake

−

faecal excretion

intake

,

{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{intake}}-{\text{faecal excretion}}}{\text{intake}}},}

 wherever faecal excretion is small, will approximate to unity and thus these coefficients have a low variance and have the appearance of constants. This is spurious since faecal excretion is variable even on a constant diet, and there is no evidence to suggest that faecal excretion is in fact related to intake in the way implied by these coefficients.

text: Practical considerations in calculations of energy value of foods and diets[edit]

text: The calculation of energy values must be regarded as an alternative to direct measurement, and therefore is likely to be associated with some inaccuracy when compared with direct assessment. These inaccuracies arise for a number of reasons

text:
Variations in food composition: Foods are biological mixtures and as such show considerable variation in composition, particularly in respect of water and fat content. This means that compositional values quoted for representative samples of foods in food composition tables do not necessarily apply to individual samples of foods. In studies where great accuracy is required, samples of the food consumed must be analysed.
Measurements of food intake: In estimating energy intakes, measurements of food intake are made, and these are known to be subject to considerable uncertainty. Even in studies under very close supervision the errors in weighing individual food items are rarely less than ±5%. A certain degree of pragmatism must therefore be used when assessing procedures for calculating energy intakes, and many authors impute greater accuracy to quoted calculated energy intakes than is justifiable.
Individual variation: Variations in individuals are seen in all human studies, and these variations are not allowed for in most calculations.

tag: ul

text: The theoretical and physiological objections to the assumptions inherent in the Atwater system are likely to result in errors much smaller than these practical matters. Conversion factors were derived from experimental studies with young infants, but these produced values for metabolisable energy intake that were insignificantly different from those obtained by direct application of the modified Atwater factors.


document_title: Ghost (Hamlet)

question_text: when confronted by horatio what causes the ghost to leave

text: Ghost (Hamlet)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Ghost appears three times in the play: in Act I, Scene i; in the continuum of Act I, Scenes iv and v; and Act III, Scene iv. The ghost arrives at 1.00 a.m. in at least two of the scenes, and in the other scene all that is known is that it is night.

text: The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers—Bernardo and Marcellus—and a visitor to Denmark, Horatio. The men draw their swords and stand in fear, requesting that Horatio, as a scholar, address the ghost. Horatio asks the ghost to speak, and reveal its secret. It is about to do so when the cock crows, signalling morning, and the ghost instead disappears. In this scene, the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King, dressed in his full armour. Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before. Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch. Francisco, who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says, "For this relief much thanks; 't is bitter cold, And I am sick at heart."[2]

text: Seeing the Ghost arrayed in a military aspect, and aware of Fortinbras marshalling his forces on the frontier, Horatio recognises that the appearance of the Ghost must portend something regarding matters of state.[2]

text: Horatio then persuades Prince Hamlet into staying up with the guards to see if the ghost returns. At midnight, it appears, and beckons Hamlet to follow. Once alone, the ghost describes his wanderings on the earth, and his harrowing life in purgatory, since he died without receiving last rites.

text:
"...but know, thou noble youth,
The serpent that did sting thy Fathers life,
Now wears his crown."

Ghost of Hamlet's Father[3]

tag: div

text: He tells the young Hamlet that he was poisoned and murdered by his brother, Claudius, the new King of Denmark, and asks the prince to avenge his death. He also expresses disgust at his wife, Gertrude, for marrying Claudius, but warns Hamlet not to confront her, but to leave that to Heaven. Later, Prince Hamlet returns to his friends and has them swear on his sword to keep what they have seen a secret. When they resist, the ghost utters the words "Swear" and "Swear on the sword", from below the stage, until his friends agree.

text: The prince Hamlet, fearing that the apparition may be a demon pretending to be King Hamlet, decides to put the ghost to the test by staging a play that re-enacts the circumstances that the spirit claims led to his death. Claudius's reaction is one of guilt and horror, and Prince Hamlet is convinced that the ghost is, in fact, his father. However, due to his over-analytical mind and the complexity of the ghost's conditions, much time passes before Hamlet can carry out his orders.

text: In the third appearance, Hamlet is confronted by the ghost in his mother's closet, and is rebuked for not carrying out his revenge and for disobeying in talking with Gertrude. Hamlet fearfully apologises. Gertrude, however, cannot see the ghost, and thinks Hamlet is mad, asking why he stares and talks to nothing. In this scene, the ghost is described as being in his nightgown. He is never mentioned again.

text: King Hamlet is described by the few who mention him—and this excludes basically all except Hamlet, Horatio and the guards—as a warrior, as he led Denmark's forces to victory against Norway, and personally defeated its King Fortinbras in hand-to-hand combat. Hamlet respects him, saying Claudius pales in comparison to him, and frequently reflecting on him in an endearing manner.

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: "The Ghost in Hamlet is essential to the plot of the play."[4] He has also been the subject of a variety of interpretations. W.W. Greg was of the opinion that the Ghost was a figment of Hamlet's overwrought imagination.[5] J. Dover Wilson and others have argued that in having the Ghost appear a number of times to others before appearing to Hamlet, Shakespeare makes clear that the apparition is not a mere illusion.[4]

text: Performances[edit]

text: About a hundred years after Shakespeare died, Nicholas Rowe reported that he had heard an anecdote that Shakespeare himself had played the Ghost, starting a story that continues to this day.[1]


document_title: Graham technique

question_text: what is a fundamental movement principle of all good concert dance

text: Graham technique

text: Characteristics[edit]

text:
"[W]heeling turns, off-center jumps, terrific falls, bodies spiralling to the floor and then surging upward again…"

Joan Acocella, on Graham's "classic style"[12]

text: Graham technique is based on "contraction and release", and uses different parts of the body in opposition to one another to create spirals for dramatic tension.[7][13] It also incorporates formal exaggerations of "natural" movements.[14]

text: Contraction and release[edit]

text: The fundamental movement of Graham technique is the cycle between "contraction" and subsequent "release", which developed as a stylized representation of breathing.[15] Along with the "fall and recovery" dualism of Doris Humphrey's technique, it is one of the most important concepts in early modern dance.[16][17]

text:
"Pull, pull on the contraction. Do not cave in. And the contraction is not a position. It is a movement into something. It is like a pebble thrown into the water, which makes rippling circles when it hits the water. The contraction moves."

Martha Graham, 1991[7][18]

text: A classic Graham contraction is a movement originating from the deep pelvic muscles. These muscles, along with the abdominal muscles, pull the spine into a concave arc from the coccyx to the nape of the neck, with the pelvis tucked and shoulders forward.[3][7] The spine grows longer, not shorter, in a contraction.[19] The force of the contraction can be used to move the body through space or change its trajectory.[20] The release may be considered a relatively passive return to a "normal" state, or alternatively an equally active outward propulsion of energy.[7][21] The contraction is associated with the exhale, and the release with the inhale, although this connection may be merely conceptual.[9]

text: The indexical meaning of the contraction in Graham's choreography is generally that the dancer is overcome with emotion, although the details depend on the specific context.[7]

text: Graham's decision to make movement originate from the core rather than distally echoes the style of Isadora Duncan, but Duncan wrote in her autobiography that movement originates in the solar plexus rather than the low abdomen.[22]

text: Spiraling[edit]

text: The second fundamental concept in Graham technique is the spiral. The basic "spiraling" position consists of rotating the spine approximately 45° around its vertical axis, so that a dancer facing the front of the stage would have their shoulders aligned with the "Via Triumphalis", an imaginary line parallel to a corner-to-corner diagonal of the stage.[9] In a "hip spiral", the movement initiates subtly from the hip and builds to maximum tension by pulling the opposing shoulder blade away from the initiating hip.[7]

text: Falls[edit]

text:
"Falling is not a literal representation of reality, but instead an embodiment of inner experience; not a reductive language, but a poetic language that derives its meaning from the layering of the physical and psychic."

Former Graham dancer Ellen Graff, 2004[23]

text: Like other early modern choreographers, Graham used floorwork to explore the themes of weight and gravity in new ways;[23] European students were "shocked" when Anna Sokolow introduced them to Graham's "percussive" falling techniques in the 1950s.[24]

text: Graham falls use contractions and manipulate the body's center of gravity, in order to control the timing and direction of a fall.[23] There are a wide range of strictly codified Graham falls, including sitting and traveling falls; falls from elevation; and standing falls, which may be directed forward, backwards, to the side, or into a split.[23] In almost all falls, the dancer exerts a strong upward force to counteract the force of gravity and suspend the body in space for artistic effect.[23]

text: Graham falls can be used for dramatic effect, taking meaning in a choreographic context from manipulating the balance between actively suspending the body and surrendering to gravity.[23]

text: Other aspects[edit]

text: Graham technique uses the hands in distinctive ways. They are generally meant to be active and purposeful, not decorative.[25] They are often held in a stylized, cupped position, with the fingers held straight and pulled towards the palm.[26][27] Arms typically move in response to impetus from the back or shoulders. Arm movements were often left unspecified in Graham's early work, and there is variation between Graham teachers' use of port de bras (carriage of the arms).[7]:12

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Graham technique is designed to make its dancers expressive and dramatic. Its movement vocabulary draws connections between the physical and emotional meanings of "power", "control", and "vulnerability".[9] Movement initiates from the core, incorporating large back movements and dancing on the floor.[3][28] The technique highlights weight and effort; according to Marian Horosko, "the body had to appear to be pushing through a heavy mass, much like the pressure confronted when walking through water."[29]

text: The technique's "earthbound" and "assertive" character initially drew strong criticism. In a "vehement" 1934 review, Lincoln Kirstein wrote: "Her jumps are jolts; her walks, limps and staggers; her runs, blind impulsive gallops; her bends, sways," and called the effect "stark, earth-ridden, gaunt, inward-eyed."[3][30] In contrast, Graham was strongly promoted by dance critic John Martin, who helped her to win a popular following.[31]

text: Graham was exceptionally flexible, and many of her technique's exaggerated movements can be difficult or painful to execute.[32]

text: Relationship to ballet[edit]

text: Graham is considered a "codified technique", like the several schools of classical ballet.[20][33] There are major differences between Graham and ballet techniques.

text: Graham dancers are trained to highlight their effort and use weight as a dramatic tool, while ballet dancers strive to appear weightless and effortless.[28] Graham technique's use of large torso movements and floorwork represent further breaks from the balletic tradition.[3] Graham explained that, although she respected the advances made in the course of ballet history, "Ballet…did not say enough, especially when it came to intense drama, to passion."[34]:56 However, her extended collaboration with ballet-trained Erick Hawkins made her technique more balletic over time.[7]:23

text: Gender[edit]

text: The technique was originally developed on an all-female company, although the company later included men.[28] Graham sometimes criticized her dancers for failing to initiate from the pelvis, or as she sometimes put it, "move from the vagina";[35] the connection between Graham technique and the female pelvis led one of Graham's male dancers to develop "vagina envy".[36] The pelvic origin of the contraction contributes to the role of sexuality in Graham technique.[37]

text: Feminist dance scholar Dee Reynolds has argued that, because Graham technique was "so large and forceful, thrusting into and conquering space," it allowed Graham and her early all-female company to "redefine femininity as powerful and autonomous."[3] Reynolds also noted that the idea of "moving from the vagina" is similar to late nineteenth-century ideas about "female hysteria," a supposed sexual disorder sometimes linked to dancing, and Graham's contractions could be seen as reclaiming the female body as an artistic medium.[3]

text: Influence on modern dance[edit]

text: Graham, along with Doris Humphrey, Helen Tamiris, Agnes de Mille, and others, was part of an artistic movement in dance which rejected both the centuries-old tradition of classical ballet and the first-generation rebels of modern dance, such as those who taught at the Denishawn school where Graham studied.[34]:47

text: The expressive force of Graham technique had a revolutionary effect on modern dance.[28] Graham is now taught in most university dance programs, and remains the "hallmark" style of contemporary concert dance; its movement vocabulary is familiar to almost all professional contemporary dancers.[2][14] It strongly influenced several other codified techniques, notably those of Merce Cunningham, Lester Horton, and Paul Taylor.[4][5][6]

text: Teaching[edit]

text: Graham developed a daily class for her company, which is still used (with some variations) to teach her technique.[38][39] The class is organized as follows:

text:
Floor work Students stand to salute the teacher as she or he enters, then work on the floor for thirty to forty minutes. Students begin with "bounces" of the torso in three seated positions, and perform contraction exercises and kneeling combinations. The floor exercises emphasize core strength and stability, explore the articulation of the spine and torso, and start to coordinate the arms, legs and head.[40]
Standing exercises The floorwork exercises transition up to standing combinations, which work the legs, feet, and torso, and train balance and control.
Across the floor These traveling combinations begin with simple walking exercises, and increase in complexity to include jumps and leaping turns. Students traditionally consider this section an opportunity for "real" dancing, in contrast to the other sections' duly executed technical training.
Falls Each fall consists of a contraction and concurrent move from the feet or knees to the back. The falls are meant to demonstrate control of the body at each of the vertical levels previously practiced.[9]

text: Trademark dispute[edit]

text: Martha Graham founded a school, the Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance, which she sold in 1956. After Graham's death, Ron Protas, her sole heir, sued the school for the rights to use Graham's trademarked name and choreography. A federal court awarded the school the rights to the names "Martha Graham" and "Graham technique" in 2001, and the rights to Graham's choreography in 2002.[11][41]


document_title: List of smart TV platforms and middleware software

question_text: what operating system does hisense smart tv use

text: Middleware providers to multiple third parties[edit]

text: For TV sets and companion boxes vendors, available under OEM license.

text: Smart TV framework platforms managed by standardization bodies or technology consortium[edit]

text:
Framework
Managed by
Comments

HbbTV
HbbTV Association
An HTML5-based application framework middle-ware software platform provided by the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV association.

CE-HTML
CEA (Consumer Electronics Association)
As part of Web4CE.

OIPF
Open IPTV Forum
As of June 2014, OIPF is now part of the HbbTV Association.

Tru2way
CableLabs

tag: table

text: Smart TV framework platforms managed by single companies or foundations[edit]

text: Available to third parties, under OEM license.

text:
Framework
Managed by
Used by
Comment

Android TV
Google

Asus
AT&T (DirecTV)
Bang & Olufsen
Bouygues Telecom (Bbox Miami)
CCC Mobile (Air Stick)[1]
ChannelMaster
Dish
Free/Iliad (Freebox Mini 4K)
Hisense
Grundig
LeEco (Super4 X Series)
NVIDIA (Shield TV Console)
Philips
RCA
Sharp
Sony
TCL/Thomson
Toshiba
Xiaomi (Mi Box)

Smart TV platform for TV sets and set-top-boxes. Gives access to Android apps through the Play Store.

Boxee
Boxee, Inc
D-Link
Popular fork of the Kodi/XBMC media center software with custom graphical user interface and some proprietary application framework for apps.[2][3]

Fire TV
Amazon

Westinghouse, Element

Smart TV platform for TV sets

Firefox OS for TV
Mozilla
Panasonic
Panasonic's Smart TVs, including their new 4K TVs, continue to feature Mozilla's open source Firefox OS, despite Mozilla lowering its development priority on developing the operating system. [4] Panasonic is continuing to develop their fork, calling it My Home Screen while Mozilla has stated that they will continue to support and work with Panasonic[5][6]

Frog
Wyplay
SFR
Used by some IPTV operators, such as SFR in France on its set-top-box

Google TV
Google
Asus
Hisense
LG
Logitech
Netgear
SFR
Sony
TCL
Vizio

Android based platform.[7] Its development stopped in 2013[8] and it is replaced by Chromecast and Android TV.

Horizon TV
Liberty Global

A cross-platform platform based fork of the Kodi/XBMC media center software with proprietary middleware framework for video on demand and handling DRM for streaming cable television channels.

httvLink
HTTV
Kaon
Pace
Sagemcom
Smit

An HbbTV compliant TV Operating System for Connected TV receivers, addressing all Digital TV platforms.

Inview
Inview Technology Ltd
Digifusion
Thomson
Sony

Connects an ordinary TV (or set-top box) to get IPTV.[9][10]

Kodi Entertainment Center (formerly XBMC Media Center)
XBMC Foundation

Open source cross-platform media center and DVR/PVR frontend software.

MeeGo
Nokia, The Linux Foundation

Middleware for smart TV. Now split into Tizen, Mer, and Sailfish OS)[11] (Linux Foundation, Intel, AMD[12]) currently based on a derivative fork of Kodi/XBMC media center software[13][14][15][16]

Mediaroom
Ericsson (former: Microsoft)
Ericsson Mediaroom TV platforms are offered by 90 operators around the world.
Middleware for Pay-TV operators[17][18][19]

OpenTV
Nagravision
BSkyB (UK)
Sky Italia (Italy)
Digital+ (Spain)
Numericable (France)
EchoStar (USA)

Middleware for Pay-TV operators.

Vewd formerly Opera TV
Vewd
Hisense
Mediatek
Humax
Samsung
Sony
Swisscom
Vestel

TV solution for operators, OEMs, and brands.

Oregan Media Browser 5
Oregan Networks
British Telecom
Telefónica
NTT

Middleware for Pay-TV operators, deployed by large telecoms and cable operators such as BT and Telefónica on Hybrid STBs

Plex
Plex, Inc

Closed source cross-platform media center with proprietary streaming functionality to numerous devices, (started out as a popular fork of the Kodi/XBMC media center software.

PowerUp Suite

Zodiac Interactive

Cablevision (Altice USA)
Charter Communications
Rogers

Middleware, presentation engine, low level adaptation, back office mediation for Tier 1 through Tier 3 pay TV operators

Roku TV [20]
Roku
Hisense
JVC
Roku
TCL
Sharp
Insignia
LG
Haier

RDK (Reference Development Kit)
RDK Management, LLC
Cisco
Humax
Pace

TV solution for operators, OEMs, and brands.

Smart TV Alliance
Smart TV Alliance
LG
Panasonic (VierraConnect)
Philips / TP Vision
Toshiba (CloudTV)

A common SDK for TV app development and publishing for TV vendors.

ToFu Media Platform
Pivos
Pivos
PlayJam

Cross-platform fork of Kodi/XBMC media center licensed to third parties and other commercial partners as OEM.

Ubuntu TV
Canonical

Ubuntu operating system[21][22][23] based platform, with Unity Next user interface for TV.

Yahoo! Smart TV (formerly Yahoo! Connected TV)
Yahoo!
Mediatek
Samsung
Sony
Trident
Toshiba
Vizio (Internet Apps Plus)

Available on some TV sets.[24]

Shijiu TV

Shijiu, Inc

Samsung
LG
TCL
Skyworth
Alibaba
and various OTT boxes

Middleware for internet TV. A cross-platform high-performance OpenGL based HTML5 engine licensed to third parties and other commercial partners as OEM. Also known as 'QCast'.

text: Smart TV platforms utilized by vendors[edit]

text: Includes first and third-party solutions.

text:
Vendor
Platform
Devices

Amazon
Fire TV
For Fire TV devices, including Fire TV Stick.

Apple
tvOS
iOS-based, with an app store. For Apple TV generation 4 and later.

Apple
Apple TV Software
iOS-based. For AppleTV generations 1 to 3. Initially based on Mac OS X Tiger and Front Row.

Google
Chromecast
For Chromecast HDMI dongles.

Haier
Roku TV
For TV sets.

Hisense
Android TV
For TV sets.

Hisense
VIDAA / VIDAA U
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Hisense
Roku TV
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Hitachi
Roku TV

Insigna
Roku TV
For TV sets.

LG
webOS Smart TV
Current solution for TV sets.[25]

LG
NetCast
Former solution for TV sets.[26][27][28][29][30]

Microsoft
Xbox One
For Xbox One game console. More Smart TV features and TV apps expected with the Windows 10 update, that include the Windows Universal App Store.

Microsoft
Xbox 360
For Xbox 360 game console, with smart TV features.

Netgear
NeoTV
For NeoTV streaming players.

Nvidia
Android TV
For Nvidia Shield TVs.

Panasonic
Viera Cast and Viera Connect
For TV sets. The newer TV models now use the Firefox OS TV platform (no longer vendor specific).

Panasonic
Life+Screen
For TV sets.

Philips
Android TV
For TV sets.

Philips
Net TV
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Samsung
Tizen OS for TV
For newer TV sets.

Samsung
Samsung Smart TV (Orsay OS)
Former solution for TV sets and connected Blu-ray players. Now replaced by Tizen OS.[31][32][33]

Sharp
Android TV
For TV sets.

Sharp
AQUOS NET+
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Sharp
Roku TV
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Sharp
SmartCentral
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Sony
Android TV
For TV sets.

Sony
PlayStation TV with Sony Entertainment Network
For PlayStation game console.[34][35]

Sony
Sony Internet TV (Sony Apps)
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform (no longer vendor specific).

TCL/Thomson
Android TV
For TV sets.

TCL/Thomson
Roku TV
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

TCL/Thomson
Smart TV 2
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

TiVo
TiVo
For TiVo DVR box.

Toshiba
Android TV
For TV sets.

Toshiba
Toshiba Places
Former solution for TV sets. The newer TV models use the Android TV platform

Sling Media
Slingbox
For Slingbox set-top-boxes.

Western Digital
WD TV
For WD TV boxes.

Westinghouse
Fire TV
For TV sets.

Westinghouse
SAMBA
For TV sets. A very limited system with apps you cannot change.


document_title: Purple martin

question_text: where do purple martins go for the winter

text: Purple martin

text: Description and taxonomy[edit]

text: Purple martins are a kind of swallow, of the genus Progne. Like other members of this genus, they are larger than most of the other swallows. The average length from bill to tail is 20 cm (7.9 in). Adults have a slightly forked tail. Adult males are entirely black with glossy steel blue sheen, the only swallow in North America with such coloration. Adult females are dark on top with some steel blue sheen, and lighter underparts. Subadult females look similar to adult females minus the steel blue sheen and browner on the back. Subadult males look very much like females, but solid black feathers emerge on their chest in a blotchy, random pattern as they molt to their adult plumage.[2]

text: This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Hirundo subis.[3] The current genus name refers to Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow to save her from her husband. She had killed their son to avenge the rape of her sister. The specific subis is Latin and refers to a type of bird that breaks eagles’ eggs; it may have been applied to this species because of its aggression towards birds of prey when it is nesting.[4]

text: The species of this genus are very closely related, and some view the purple martin, gray-breasted martin, snowy-bellied martin, and southern martin, as a superspecies.[5]

text: Subspecies[edit]

text:
P. s. subis, is the nominate form, with the typical features of the species, breeds in eastern and mid-western North America.
P. s. hesperia of the Mexico and the southwestern United States, is distinguished primarily by its nesting habits.
P. s. arboricola of western mountains is large with females paler on underparts.

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: Purple martins' breeding range is throughout temperate North America.[6] Their breeding habitat is open areas across eastern North America, and also some locations on the west coast from British Columbia to Mexico.[7] Martins make their nests in cavities, either natural or artificial. In many places, humans put up real or artificial hollow gourds, or houses for martins, especially in the east, where purple martins are almost entirely dependent on such structures. As a result, this subspecies typically breeds in colonies located in proximity to people, even within cities and towns. This makes their distribution patchy, as they are usually absent from areas where no nest sites are provided. Western birds often make use of natural cavities such as old woodpecker holes in trees or saguaro cacti.[2][5]

text: The purple martin migrates to the Amazon basin in winter. Its winter range extends into Ecuador[8] but does not seem to ascend far up the Andean foothills.

text: The first record of this species in Europe was a single bird on Lewis, Scotland, on 5–6 September 2004, and the second was on the Azores on 6 September 2004.

text: Conservation status[edit]

text:
Purple martins suffered a severe population crash in the 20th century widely linked to the release and spread of European starlings in North America. Starlings and house sparrows compete with martins for nest cavities. Where purple martins once gathered by the thousands, by the 1980s they had all but disappeared.
[9]

text: Relationship with humans[edit]

text: The population of eastern purple martins (nominate form P. s. subis) is dependent on artificial martin houses of wood or aluminum and fake plastic gourds, supplied by individuals and organizations fond of the bird. This tradition was in place even before the population crash; Native Americans are said to have hollowed out gourds and erected them for this purpose. The situation requires continual maintenance, as European starlings and house sparrows compete with martins as cavity-nesters, and will fight with martins over nest sites. Starlings have even been known to kill purple martins, especially nestling young, and house sparrows have been known to evict purple martins from their nests. Thus, unmonitored purple martin houses are often overtaken by more aggressive, non-native species.[2] The wide-spread adoption of a semi-eliptical entrance in purple martin houses has been effective in reducing starling predation. This entrance style was first patented in the 1990s by Frank Prekep, an avid Purple Martin enthusiast from Milton, Delaware. Purple martin proponents are motivated by the concern that the purple martin would likely vanish from eastern North America were it not for this assistance.[10]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Migration[edit]

text: Wintering in South America, purple martins migrate to North America in spring to breed. Spring migration is somewhat staggered, with arrivals in southern areas such as Florida and Texas in January, but showing up in the northern United States in April and in Canada as late as May. Males usually arrive at a site before females.[2]

text: Fall migration is also staggered, as birds head south when the breeding season is over. Some birds leave as early as July and others stay as late as October. Martins generally migrate over land, through Mexico and Central America. When not breeding, martins form large flocks and roost together in great numbers. This behavior begins just prior to the southern migration and continues on the wintering grounds.[2]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: Males arrive in breeding sites before females, and establish their territory. A territory can consist of several potential nest sites. After forming a pair, both the male and female inspect available nest sites. This process is complicated by the fact that artificial nest sites could be houses with many rooms, clustered gourds, or single gourds. The nest is made inside the cavity of such artificial structures and retains a somewhat flat appearance. The nest is a structure of primarily three levels: the first level acts as a foundation and is usually made up of twigs, mud, small pebbles and in at least a few reported cases, small river mollusk shells were used; the second level of the nest is made up of grasses, finer smaller twigs; the third level of construction composing the nest, is a small compression usually lined with fresh green leaves where the eggs are laid. Three to six eggs are laid, and the female is the main incubator, with some help from the male. Purple martins are generally known to raise only a single brood. Fledging, when the young leave the nest, occurs at about one month, after which the parents continue to feed the fledgling young.[2]

text: Diet[edit]

text: Purple martins are aerial insectivores, meaning that they catch insects from the air. The birds are agile hunters and eat a variety of winged insects. Rarely, they will come to the ground to eat insects. They usually fly relatively high, so, contrary to popular opinion, mosquitoes do not form a large part of their diet.[2] Recent research, however, does indicate that the Purple Martin feeds on invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and that they may make up a significant portion of their diet.[11]

text: Vocalization[edit]

text: Purple martins are fairly noisy, chirping and making sounds that have been described as chortles, rattles, and croaks.[5] The various calls are said to be "throaty and rich" and can be rendered as tchew-wew, pew pew, choo, cher, zweet and zwrack. The males have a gurgling and guttural courtship song, a dawn song, and even a subsong used at the end of the breeding season.[5][12] Tapes of purple martin song are sold to attract martins to newly established birdhouses.

text:
Purple martin

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Progne subis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Brown, Charles R.  Purple Martin (Progne subis); The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, eds. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna. Retrieved 1 November 2009.  Missing or empty |title= (help)

Jump up ^ Linnaeus (1758

Jump up ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 317, 371. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

^ Jump up to: a b c d
Turner, Angela K.; Rose, Chris (1989). Swallows & Martins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 7, 123–126. ISBN 0-395-51174-7.

Jump up ^ Attenborough, D. The Life of Birds. 1998. BBC p 297. ISBN 0563-38792-0

Jump up ^ See AOU (2000) for details.

Jump up ^ Guayas and Orellana Provinces: Cisneros-Heredia (2006).

Jump up ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1982). Birding in Seattle and King County. Seattle Audubon Society. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0914516051.

Jump up ^ "Purple Martin Conservation Association". Archived from the original on 2012-07-30.

Jump up ^ Helms IV, Jackson A., Bridge, Eli S., Godfrey, Aaron P, and Ames, Tayna. (2015): The Purple Martin Update. "Fire Ant Exterminators". 24-27.

Jump up ^ Peterson (1980): p.202

tag: ol