document_title: List of best-selling music artists

question_text: who has sold the most hip hop albums of all time

root

text: List of best-selling music artists

text: Definitions

text: All artists included on this list, which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20% in certified units. That is why Cliff Richard, Diana Ross, Scorpions, Bing Crosby, Gloria Estefan, Deep Purple, Iron Maiden, Tom Jones, The Jackson 5, Dionne Warwick, the Spice Girls, Dolly Parton, Ozzy Osbourne, Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list. The more recent the artist, the higher the required percentage of certified units, so artists such as Rihanna, Chris Brown, Taylor Swift, Flo Rida, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Adele, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75% in certified units. The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations. All certified units are converted from Gold/Platinum/Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies. The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts.[a]

tag: p

text: The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures, which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes.[1][2] The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources. For clarity, the sources used, say the term "records" (singles, albums, videos) and not "albums". However, if all available sources for an artist or band say "albums", such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount. This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists' available certified units: inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high, are not used.

text: The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists' certified units. In other words, the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones.

text: The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification.[3][4][5] For this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over certified figures, however, are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications, one such example is Rihanna's single "We Found Love", which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA, yet during the time of the certification, it had sold 5.4 million downloads.[6][7]

text: The certified units for some artists/bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification.

text: Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist's total amount of certified units, as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song. For example "This Is What You Came For" and "Where Them Girls At" include Rihanna and Flo Rida, Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively, so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists. However, the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles, examples of such songs are Kanye West's "Monster" and/or "All Day".[b]

text: Artists by reputed sales

text: 250 million or more records

text:
The Beatles

Elvis Presley

Michael Jackson

Elton John

Madonna

Led Zeppelin

Pink Floyd

tag: ul

text:
To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control, this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV, VH1, Billboard and Rolling Stone.
The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums, singles (including digital downloads) and videos.
Markets' order within the tables is based on Retail Value: each market generates respectively, the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom.[8][9]

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

The Beatles
United Kingdom
1960–1970[10]
1962[10]
Rock / Pop[10]
7002271300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 271.4 million

US: 212.250 million[11]
JPN: 4.950 million[c][12]
UK: 18.245 million[c][13]
GER: 8 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.890 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 14.455 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.060 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 380,000[c][20]
BRA: 550,000[c][21]
SWE 485,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.250 million[c][23][24]
SWI: 350,000[c][25]
BEL: 390,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.606 million[c][28][29]
DEN: 270,000[c][30][31][32]
AUT: 500,000[c][33]
POL: 175,000[c][34]
NZ: 660,000[c][35][36]

600 million[37][38]
500 million[39]

Elvis Presley
United States
1954–1977[40]
1954[40]
Rock and roll / Pop / Country[40]
7002223100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 223.1 million

US: 199.150 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 13.145 million[c][13]
GER: 1.2 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.590 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.925 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.797 million[c][18][41]
ITA: 105,000[c][20]
BRA: 125,000[c][21]
SWE 380,000[c][22]
SPA: 300,000[c][23][42][43]
MEX: 105,000[c][44]
SWI: 185,000[c][25]
BEL: 115,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 110,000[c][28]
DEN: 120,000[c][45][46][47]
AUT: 205,000[c][33]
FIN: 213,945[c][48]
NZ: 117,500[c][35][36]

600 million[49][50]
500 million[51]

Michael Jackson
United States
1964–2009[52]
1971[52]
Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[52]
7002185600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 185.6 million

US: 104.5 million[11]
JPN: 4.650 million[c][12][53]
UK: 28.245 million[13]
GER: 11.275 million[14]
FRA: 11.375 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 4.670 million[17]
AUS: 6.670 million[c][18][19][55][56][57]
ITA: 1.195 million[c][20]
BRA: 280,000[c][21]
SWE: 1.230 million[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.995 million[c][23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 3.670 million[c][44]
SWI: 910,000[c][25]
BEL: 665,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 124,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 1.224 million[c][60][61][32]
AUT: 1.197 million[c][33]
POL: 530,000[c][34]
FIN: 384,127[48]
NZ: 902,500[35][36]

350 million[62][63]
300 million[64][65]

Madonna
United States
1979–present[66]
1982[66]
Pop / Dance / Electronica[66]
7002171000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 171 million

US: 85.675 million[11]
JPN: 6.450 million [c][12][53]
UK: 29.045 million[13]
GER: 12.4 million[14]
FRA: 12.81 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 6.030 million[17]
AUS: 4.787 million[c][18][67][68]
ITA: 465,000[c][20]
BRA: 3.440 million[c][21]
SWE: 1.070 million[c][22][58]
SPA: 2.815 million[23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 510,000[c][44]
SWI: 1.080 million[c][25]
BEL: 715,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.098[28][29]
DEN: 407,000[c][60][61][69][32][70][71]
AUT: 602,500[c][33]
POL: 530,000[c][34]
FIN: 652,686[48]
NZ: 417,500[35][36]

300 million[72][73]
275 million[74]

Elton John
United Kingdom
1964–present[75]
1969[75]
Pop / Rock[75]
7002181000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 181 million

US: 129.350 million[11]
JPN: 1.1 million [c][12]
UK: 22.595 million[c][13]
GER: 7.9 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.825 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 5.975 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.947 million[c][18][76]
BRA: 835,000[c][21]
SWE: 740,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.2 million[c][23][24][43][59]
MEX: 100,000[c][44]
SWI: 1.313 million[c][25]
BEL: 390,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 128,000[28][29]
DEN: 150,000[c][46][61][77]
AUT: 765,000[c][33]
POL: 150,000[c][34]
FIN: 163,481[48]
NZ: 255,000[c][35][36]

300 million[78][79]
250 million[80][81]

Led Zeppelin
United Kingdom
1968–1980[82]
1969[82]
Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[82]
7002140000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 140 million

US: 114.1 million[11]
JPN: 400,000 [c][12]
UK: 9.530 million[c][13]
GER: 3.775 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.310 million[c][15][16][83]
CAN: 4.710 million[17]
AUS: 2.8 million[c][18][84][85]
ITA: 420,000[c][20]
BRA: 820,000[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][43][59]
SWI: 211,000[c][25]
ARG: 360,000[c][28]
POL: 120,000[c][34]

300 million[86][87]
200 million[88][89]

Pink Floyd
United Kingdom
1965–1996, 2014[90][91]
1967[90]
Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock[90]
7002119600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 119.6 million

US: 78 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][92]
UK: 11.520 million[c][13]
GER: 7.5 million[c][14]
FRA: 6.360 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 6.790 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.932 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 1.910 million[c][20]
BRA: 540,000[c][21]
SWE: 220,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 625,000[c][23][24][42][59]
SWI: 390,000[c][25]
BEL: 115,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 582,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 460,000[c][33]
POL: 590,000[c][34]
NZ: 787,500[c][35][36]

250 million[93][94]
200 million[95]

tag: table

text: The column for certified sales includes markets, the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more.

text: 200 million to 249 million records

text:
Rihanna

Eminem

Mariah Carey

Queen

Celine Dion

Whitney Houston

AC/DC

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Rihanna
Barbados
United States
2005–present[96]
2005[96]
R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip-hop[96]
7002256000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 256 million

US: 188.55 million[11]
JPN: 1.4 million[12][53]
UK: 31.5 million[13]
GER: 10.075 million[14]
FRA: 1.465 million[16]
CAN: 3.120 million[17]
AUS: 9.325 million[18]
ITA: 1.550 million[c][20]
BRA: 705,000[21]
SWE: 2.480 million[22][58]
SPA: 1.470 million[23]
MEX: 410,000[44][97]
SWI: 840,000[25]
BEL: 660,000[27]
DEN: 1.127[60][61][32][69][77][98][99][100]
AUT: 135,000[33]
POL: 500,000[34]
IRE: 240,000[101]
NZ: 682,500[35][36]

230 million[102][103]

Eminem
United States
1996–present[104]
1999[104]
Hip-hop[104]
7002215500000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 215.5 million

US: 163.2 million[11]
JPN: 2.9 million [12][53]
UK: 23.825 million[13]
GER: 6.6 million[14]
FRA: 3.288 million[16][83]
CAN: 3.930 million[17]
AUS: 5.807 million[18]
ITA: 675,000[c][20]
BRA: 220,000[21]
SWE: 910,000[22][58]
SPA: 290,000[23][59]
MEX: 365,000[44]
SWI: 805,000[25]
BEL: 505,000[26][27]
DEN: 656,000[c][60][32]
AUT: 362,500[33]
PL: 250,000[34]
FIN: 124,547[48]
IRE: 285,000[c][101]
NZ: 600,000[35][36]

220 million[105]
200 million[106]

Mariah Carey
United States
1988–present[107]
1990[107]
R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip-hop[107]
7002137300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 137.3 million

US: 92.6 million[11]
JPN: 14.5 million [c][12][53][108]
UK: 10.220 million[13]
GER: 3.750 million[14]
FRA: 4.690 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 4.1 million[17]
AUS: 3.515 million[c][18][109]
ITA: 200,000[c][20]
BRA: 835,000[21]
SWE: 425,000[22]
SPA: 1 million[23][24][43][59]
SWI: 515,000[25]
BEL: 175,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 280,000[32][110]
AUT: 200,000[33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
NZ: 240,000[c][35]

200 million[111][112]
175 million[113][114]

Queen
United Kingdom
1971–present[115]
1973[115]
Rock[115]
7002126200000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 126.2 million

US: 65 million[11]
JPN: 2.850 million[c][12][53][116]
UK: 29.075 million[c][13]
GER: 12.375 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.495 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 1.870 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.167 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 545,000[c][20]
BRA: 970,000[c][21]
SWE: 190,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.720 million[c][23][24][42][43]
SWI: 1.256 million[c][25]
BEL: 150,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 205,000[32]
ARG: 1.080 million[c][28][29]
AUT: 900,000[c][33]
POL: 810,000[c][34]
FIN: 366,152[48]
NZ: 275,000[c][35][36]

200 million[117]
170 million[118]

Celine Dion
Canada
1981–present[119]
1981[119]
Pop[119]
7002125700000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 125.7 million

US: 56.550 million[11]
JPN: 7.150 million[c][12][120][121]
UK: 13.915 million[13]
GER: 8 million[14]
FRA: 15.768 million[15][16][54][83]
CAN: 12.245 million[17]
AUS: 3.302 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 505,000[c][21]
SWE: 1.105 million[c][22]
SPA: 1 million[43][59]
SWI: 1.685 million[c][25]
BEL: 2.110 million[c][26][27]
ARG: 340,000[28]
DEN: 370,000[c][46][122][123][124][32]
AUT: 440,000[c][33]
POL: 680,000[c][34]
FIN: 356,183[48]
NZ: 192,500[35][36]

200 million[125][126]
175 million[127][128]

Whitney Houston
United States
1977–2012[129]
1984[129]
R&B / Soul / Pop[129]
7002114900000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 114.9 million

US: 76.775 million[11]
JPN: 4.3 million[c][12][130]
UK: 15.205 million[13]
GER: 5.6 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.275 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.430 million[17]
AUS: 1.755 million[c][18][19][131]
ITA: 140,000[c][20]
BRA: 1.025[c][21]
SWE: 1.035 million[c][22]
SPA: 1.260 million[23][24][42][43]
SWI: 845,000[c][25]
BEL: 215,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 140,000[61][32]
AUT: 535,000[c][33]
POL: 180,000[c][34]
FIN: 247,222[48]

200 million[132][133]
170 million[134][135]

AC/DC
Australia
1973–present[136]
1975[136]
Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll[136]
7002114900000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 114.9 million

US: 79.7 million[11]
UK: 5.5 million[13]
GER: 10.3 million[c][14]
FRA: 4.180 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.490 million[c][17]
AUS: 7.740 million[c][18]
ITA: 775,000[c][20]
SWE: 350,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.355 million[c][23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 894,000[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][27]
ARG: 594,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 130,000[61][32][137]
AUT: 380,000[c][33]
FIN: 321,169[48]
NZ: 140,000[c][35][36]

200 million[138][139]
150 million[140][141]

The Rolling Stones
United Kingdom
1962–present[142]
1963[142]
Rock / Blues rock [142]
7001983000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 98.3 million

US: 74.750 million[11]
JPN: 950,000[c][12]
UK: 8.970 million[c][13]
GER: 3.8 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.377 million[c][15][16][54]
AUS: 417,500[c][18]
CAN: 3.025 million[c][17]
ITA: 205,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 310,000[c][22]
SPA: 690,000[c][23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 238,000[c][25]
BEL: 120,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 718,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 300,000[c][33]
POL: 140,000[c][34]
NZ: 190,000[c][35][36]

200 million[143][144]

ABBA
Sweden
1972–1982[145]
1972[145]
Pop / Disco[145]
7001609000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 60.9 million

US: 12.7 million[11]
JPN: 1.5 million[c][53][146][147]
UK: 19.170 million[c][13]
GER: 10.450 million[c][14]
FRA: 2.750 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 2.785 million[c][17]
AUS: 6.127 million[c][18][148]
BRA: 275,000[c][21][58]
SWE: 800,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.005 million[c][23][42]
MEX: 260,000[c][44]
SWI: 600,000[c][25]
BEL: 380,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 238,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 600,000[c][149][150][151]
AUT: 175,000[c][33]
POL: 150,000[c][34]
FIN: 656,319[48]
NZ: 297,500[c][36][152][153]

200 million[154][155]
100 million[156]

text: 120 million to 199 million records

text:
Taylor Swift

Garth Brooks

Justin Bieber

Eagles

Bruno Mars

Ed Sheeran

Kanye West

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Taylor Swift
United States
2006–present[157]
2006[157]
Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop-rock[157]
7002185300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 185.3 million

US: 159 million[11]
JPN: 2.950 million[12][53]
UK: 8.9 million[13]
GER: 1.750[14]
FRA: 300,000[16]
CAN: 4.820 million[17]
AUS: 5.530 million[18]
ITA: 285,000[c][20]
BRA: 440,000[21]
SWE: 280,000[58]
MEX: 510,000[44][97][158]
DEN: 140,000>[32]
AUT: 100,000[33]
NZ: 382,500[35][36]

175 million[159]

Garth Brooks
United States
1989–present[160]
1989[160]
Country[160]
7002156100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 156.1 million

US: 149.4 million[11]
UK: 520,000[13]
CAN: 5.730 million[17]
AUS: 350,000[c][18][161]
IRE: 120,000[c][101]

160 million[162]

Eagles
United States
1971–1980, 1994–present[163]
1972[163]
Rock[163]
7002129600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 129.6 million

US: 108.9 million[11]
JPN: 600,000[c][12]
UK: 8.035 million[c][13]
GER: 925,000[c][14]
FRA: 2.040 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 4.2 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.395 million[c][18][164]
SWE: 140,000[c][22]
SPA: 500,000[c][23][24]
SWI: 290,000[c][25]
DEN: 185,000[c][61]>[32]
FIN: 124,749[48]
NZ: 352,500[c][35][36]

150 million[165]

U2
Ireland
1976–present[166]
1980[166]
Rock[166]
7002107500000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 107.5 million

US: 53.1 million[11]
JPN: 1.450 million[c][12]
UK: 18.720 million[13]
GER: 5.525 million[14]
FRA: 5.125 million[15][16]
CAN: 7.155 million[17]
AUS: 4.412 million[c][18][19][167]
ITA: 855,000[c][20]
BRA: 2.675 million[c][21]
SWE: 515,000[c][22]
SPA: 2.295 million[23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 835,000[c][44]
SWI: 696,000[c][25]
BEL: 750,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 806,000[28][29]
DEN: 473,000[c][60][61][32][77][168]
AUT: 522,500[c][33]
POL: 370,000[c][34]
FIN: 235,460[48]
IRE: 316,000[c][101]
NZ: 765,000[35][36]

150 million[169]

Billy Joel
United States
1964–present[170]
1971[170]
Pop / Rock[170]
7002102600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 102.6 million

US: 87.950 million[11]
JPN: 2 million[c][12][171]
UK: 5.655 million[c][13]
GER: 1.250 million[c][14]
FRA: 925,000[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 3.275 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.267[c][18][19]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
NZ: 162,500[c][35]

150 million[172]

Phil Collins
United Kingdom
1980–2011, 2015–present[173]
1981[173]
Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary[173]
7001884000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 88.4 million

US: 39.850 million[11]
JPN: 800,000[c][12]
UK: 15.850 million[13]
GER: 13.8 million[14]
FRA: 6.410 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.375 million[17]
AUS: 1.522[c][18][19]
BRA: 1.370 million[c][21]
SWE: 245,000[c][22]
SPA: 2.150 million[23][24][43][59]
SWI: 973,000[c][25]
BEL: 305,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.044 million[28][29]
AUT: 440,000[c][33]
FIN: 182,581[48]
NZ: 122,500[35][36]

150 million[174]

Aerosmith
United States
1970–present[175]
1973[175]
Hard rock[175]
7001847000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 84.7 million

US: 70.250 million[11]
JPN: 2.7 million[c][12][53]
UK: 3.230 million[13]
GER: 2 million[c][14]
FRA: 225,000[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.950 million[c][17]
AUS: 225,000[c][18][176]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
BRA: 600,000[c][21]
SWE: 260,000[c][22]
SPA: 200,000[c][23][43]
MEX: 230,000[c][44]
SWI: 145,000[c][25]
ARG: 338,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
FIN: 101,722[48]

150 million[177]

Frank Sinatra
United States
1935–1995[178]
1939[178]
Pop / Swing[178]
7001375000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 37.5 million

US: 28.2 million[c][11]
UK: 5.645 million[c][13]
GER: 1 million[c][14]
FRA: 600,000[c][15]
CAN: 650,000[c][17]
AUS: 315,000[c][18][179]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SWE: 130,000[c][22]
SPA: 500,000[c][24][43][59]
ARG: 188,000[c][28][29]

150 million[180]

Barbra Streisand
United States
1960–present[181]
1963[181]
Pop / Adult contemporary[181]
7001975000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 97.5 million

US: 82.450 million[11]
UK: 5.765 million[c][13]
GER: 750,000[c][14]
FRA: 3.150 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 2.650 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.152 million[c][18]
SWE: 120,000[22][58]
SPA: 150,000[c][59]
FIN: 186,501[c][48]
NZ: 137,500[c][35]

145 million[182]

Justin Bieber
Canada
United States
2008–present[183]
2009[183]
Pop / Teen pop, Dance pop[183]
7002149000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 149 million

US: 101.5 million[11]
JPN: 750,000 [12][53]
UK: 18.285 million[13]
GER: 4.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.098[16]
CAN: 5.780 million[17]
AUS: 4.795 million[18]
ITA: 1.895 million[20]
BRA: 810,000[21]
SWE: 2.020 million[22][58]
SPA: 880,000[23]
MEX: 2.970 million[44][97]
BEL: 450,000[27]
DEN: 2.250 million[32]
POL: 370,000[34]
AUT: 140,000[33]
NZ: 615,000[35]

140 million[184]

Bruno Mars
United States
2004–present[185]
2010[185]
Pop rock / R&B[185]
7002126300000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 126.3 million

US: 89.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.2 million[12][53]
UK: 14.5 million[13]
GER: 3.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.950 million[16]
CAN: 5.240 million[17]
AUS: 5.810 million[18]
ITA: 710,000[c][20]
SWE: 440,000[22][58]
SPA: 490,000[23]
MEX: 810,000[44][158]
SWI: 405,000[25]
BEL: 360,000[27]
DEN: 435,000[c][32][186]
AUT: 180,000[33]
NZ: 577,500[35]
PHL: 330,000[187]

130 million[188]

Ed Sheeran
United Kingdom
2004–present[189]
2011[189]
Pop / Folk pop [189]
7002123100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 123.1 million

US: 54 million[11]
JPN: 350,000[12][53]
UK: 36.160 million[13]
GER: 7.2 million[14]
FRA: 1.691 million[16]
CAN: 6.440 million[17]
AUS: 7.490 million[18]
ITA: 2.465 million[20]
SWE: 1.360 million[58]
SPA: 730,000[23]
MEX: 180,000[44]
SWI: 475,000[25]
BEL: 615,000[27]
DEN: 2.160 million[32]
AUT: 340,000[33]
POL: 360,000[34]
NZ: 1.140 million[35]

126 million[190]

Kanye West
United States
1996–present[191]
2004[191]
Hip-hop / Electronic / Pop rock[191]
7002115500000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 115.5 million

US: 98.750 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[192]
UK: 11.260 million[13]
GER: 1.350[14]
CAN: 1.180 million[17]
AUS: 2.135 million[18]
ITA: 160,000[c][20]
SWE: 160,000[58]
DEN: 424,000[61][32][69][193]

121 million[194]

Bruce Springsteen
United States
1972–present[195]
1973[195]
Rock[195]
7002101800000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 101.8 million

US: 76.150 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12]
UK: 7.345 million[13]
GER: 4.325 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.887 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.2 million[c][17]
AUS: 3.362 million[c][18]
ITA: 575,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 810,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.730 million[c][23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 400,000[c][25]
DEN: 255,000[c][60][32][69][196]
AUT: 290,000[c][33]
FIN: 449,800[48]
IRE: 189,500[c][101]
NZ: 375,000[35][36]

120 million[197]

Metallica
United States
1981–present[198]
1983[198]
Heavy metal / Thrash metal[198]
7001952000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 95.2 million

US: 73.3 million[11]
JPN: 900,000[c][12]
UK: 3.535 million[13]
GER: 4.025 million[14]
FRA: 940,000[15][16]
CAN: 3.885 million[17]
AUS: 2.637 million[c][18][19][199]
ITA: 180,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[c][21]
SWE: 675,000[c][22]
SPA: 420,000[23][43][59]
MEX: 430,000[c][44][97]
SWI: 560,000[c][25]
BEL: 360,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 180,000[32][61]
ARG: 874,000[28][29]
AUT: 340,000[c][33]
POL: 735,000[c][34]
FIN: 530,676[48]
NZ: 315,000[35][36]

120 million[200]

Bee Gees
United Kingdom
Australia[201][202]
1963–2003
2009–2012[203]
1963[203]
Pop / Disco[203]
7001688000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 68.8 million

US: 42.5 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12][204][205]
UK: 9.525 million[c][13]
GER: 6.675 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.4 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 3.215 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.187 million[c][18]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][42][59]
SWI: 415,000[c][25]
ARG: 188,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
NZ: 380,000[c][35][36]

120 million[206]

text: 100 million to 119 million records

text:
Katy Perry

Adele

Lady Gaga

Jay-Z

Lil Wayne

B'z

Bon Jovi

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Lady Gaga
United States
2005–present[207]
2008[207]
Pop / Dance / Electronic[207]
7002102100000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 102.1 million

US: 69.5 million[11]
JPN: 5.4 million[12][53]
UK: 11.585 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 1.647 million[16]
CAN: 2.4 million[17]
AUS: 2.890 million[18]
ITA: 840,000[c][20]
BRA: 470,000[21]
SWE: 680,000[22][58]
SPA: 410,000[23]
MEX: 420,000[44][97][158]
SWI: 445,000[25]
BEL: 270,000[27]
DEN: 340,000[61][32][100]
AUT: 182,500[33]
POL: 130,000[34]
IRE: 165,000[101]
NZ: 277,500[35][36]

114 million[208]

Katy Perry
United States
2001–present[209]
2008[209]
Pop[209]
7002137800000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 137.8 million

US: 104 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[12][53]
UK: 13.010 million[13]
GER: 3.8 million[14]
FRA: 867,000[16]
CAN: 6.160 million[17]
AUS: 5.3 million[18]
ITA: 780,000[c][20]
BRA: 625,000[21]
SWE: 600,000[22][58]
SPA: 180,000[23]
MEX: 960,000[44][97][158]
SWI: 160,000[25]
BEL: 135,000[27]
DEN: 235,000[60][32]
AUT: 247,500[33]
NZ: 360,000[35][36]

100 million[210]

Adele
United Kingdom
2006–present[211]
2008[211]
Pop, soul[211]
7002105400000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 105.4 million

US: 61 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[12]
UK: 21.050 million[13]
GER: 4.7 million[14]
CAN: 6.120 million[17]
AUS: 3.955 million[18]
ITA: 1.570 million[c][20]
BRA: 1.310 million[21]
SWE: 240,000[22][58]
SPA: 800,000[23]
MEX: 1.490 million[44]
SWI: 510,000[25]
BEL: 795,000[27]
DEN: 812,500[60][32]
POL: 300,000[c][34]
FIN: 151,639[48]
NZ: 577,500[35]

100 million[212]

Jay-Z
United States
1996–present[213]
1996[213]
Hip-hop[213]
7002100600000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 100.6 million

US: 84.7 million[11]
JPN: 1.050 million[53]
UK: 9.320 million[13]
GER: 2 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[16]
CAN: 1.6 million[17]
AUS: 1.260[18]
ITA: 205,000[c][20]
SWE: 130,000[22][58]

100 million[214]

Lil Wayne
United States
1996–present[215]
1999[215]
Hip-hop[215]
7001913000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 91.3 million

US: 87.7 million[11]
UK: 2.460 million[13]
GER: 300,000[14]
CAN: 280,000[17]
AUS: 630,000[18]

100 million[216]

B'z
Japan
1988–present[217]
1988[217]
Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock[217]
7001857000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 85.7 million

JPN: 85.75 million[c][12][53][108]

100 million[218]

Bon Jovi
United States
1983–present[219]
1983[219]
Hard rock / Glam metal[219]
7001842000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 84.2 million

US: 49.9 million[11]
JPN: 4.400 million[c][12][53]
UK: 9.490 million[13]
GER: 5.650 million[14]
FRA: 825,000[15][16][54]
CAN: 4.735 million[17]
AUS: 3.030 million[c][18][220][221]
ITA: 135,000[c][20]
BRA: 435,000[c][21]
SWE: 365,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 1.620 million[23][24][42][43][59]
MEX: 250,000[c][44]
SWI: 1.275 million[c][25]
AUT: 725,000[c][33]
BEL: 290,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 358,000[28][29]
POL: 110,000[c][34]
FIN: 422,500[48]
NZ: 210,000[35][36]

100 million[222]

Beyoncé
United States
1997–present[223]
2002[223][224]
R&B / Pop[223]
7001832000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 83.2 million

US: 57.150 million[11]
JPN: 1.7 million [12][53]
UK: 15.145 million[13]
GER: 1.550 million[14]
FRA: 560,000[16][83]
CAN: 1.395 million[17]
AUS: 2.975 million[18]
ITA: 270,000[c][20]
BRA: 390,000[21]
SWE: 120,000[22][58]
SPA: 1.030 million[c][23][225]
MEX: 110,000[44]
SWI: 165,000[25]
BEL: 115,000[27]
DEN: 312,500[61][32][69][100][226][227]
POL: 100,000[34]
NZ: 210,000[35][36]

100 million[228]

Linkin Park
United States
1996–present[229]
2000[229]
Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock[229]
7001828000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 82.8 million

US: 61.6 million[11]
JPN: 1.550 million[12][53]
UK: 6.605 million[13]
GER: 5.850 million[14]
FRA: 1.025[16]
CAN: 1.330 million[17]
AUS: 1.485 million[18]
ITA: 690,000[c][20]
BRA: 595,000[21]
SWE: 165,000[22][58]
SPA: 175,000[23]
MEX: 225,000[44]
SWI: 435,000[25]
BEL: 140,000[27]
DEN: 175,000[60][32]
AUT: 252,500[33]
POL: 220,000[34]
FIN: 120,469[48]
NZ: 252,500[35][36]

100 million[230]

Coldplay
United Kingdom
1996–present[231]
1999[231]
Alternative rock, Pop rock, Pop[231]
7001819000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 81.9 million

US: 30.6 million[11]
JPN: 750,000[12][53]
UK: 25.445 million[13]
GER: 4.350 million[14]
FRA: 3.013[16]
CAN: 3.525 million[17]
AUS: 3.795 million[18]
ITA: 2.795 million[c][20]
BRA: 340,000[21]
SWE: 750,000[22][58]
SPA: 1.030 million[23]
MEX: 1.890 million[44][97]
SWI: 510,000[25]
BEL: 765,000[27]
ARG: 528,000[28][29]
DEN: 894,000[60][32]
AUT: 197,500[33]
POL: 240,000[c][34]
IRE: 210,000[c][101]
NZ: 345,000[35]

100 million[232]

Britney Spears
United States
1998–present[233]
1998[233]
Pop / Dance / Dance-pop[233]
7001815000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 81.5 million

US: 46.2 million[11]
JPN: 2.1 million[12][130]
UK: 10.750 million[13]
GER: 5.350 million[14]
FRA: 3.732 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 3.680 million[17]
AUS: 3.165 million[18]
ITA: 200,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[21]
SWE: 1.010 million[22][58]
SPA: 990,000[23][43][59]
MEX: 1.175 million[c][44]
SWI: 485,000[25]
AUT: 365,000[33]
BEL: 935,000[26][27]
ARG: 248,000[28][29]
DEN: 187,500[c][60][61][234][235]
POL: 210,000[34]
FIN: 143,627[48]
NZ: 240,000[35][36]

100 million[236]

Rod Stewart
United Kingdom
1964–present[237]
1969[237]
Rock / Pop[237]
7001781009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 78.1 million

US: 43.650 million[11]
JPN: 450,000[c][12]
UK: 18.630 million[c][13]
GER: 3.8 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.8 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 4.055 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.610 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 980,000[c][21]
SWE: 440,000[c][22]
SPA: 290,000[c][23][24][42]
SWI: 100,000[c][25]
ARG: 524,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]
POL: 220,000[c][34]
IRE: 195,000[c][101]
NZ: 280,000[c][35][36]

100 million[238]

Fleetwood Mac
United Kingdom
United States
1967–present[239]
1968[239]
Rock / Pop[239]
7001771009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 77.1 million

US: 51.250 million[11]
UK: 14.585 million[c][13]
GER: 3.5 million[c][14]
FRA: 800,000[c][15][16]
AUS: 2.767 million[c][18][19]
CAN: 2.950 million[c][17]
SPA: 300,000[c][43][59]
SWI: 100,000[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][27]
NZ: 572,500[c][36][240][241]

100 million[242]

Guns N' Roses
United States
1985–present[243]
1987[243]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[243]
7001747000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 74.7 million

US: 48.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.7 million[c][12]
UK: 6.550 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 1 million[16]
CAN: 3.520 million[17]
AUS: 2.410[c][18][19][164]
ITA: 685,000[c][20]
BRA: 1.9 million[c][21]
SWE: 485,000[22]
SPA: 450,000[23][24][42]
MEX: 760,000[c][44]
SWI: 365,000[c][25]
BEL: 165,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 1.248 million[c][28][29]
AUT: 365,000[33]
POL: 160,000[c][34]
IRE: 105,000[c][101]
NZ: 270,000[35][36]

100 million[244]

George Strait
United States
1981–present[245]
1984[245]
Country[245]
7001728000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 72.8 million

US: 72.150 million[11]
CAN: 705,000[17]

100 million[246]

Backstreet Boys
United States
1993–present[247]
1995[247]
Pop[247]
7001720000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 72 million

US: 41.5 million[11]
JPN: 5.4 million[12][53][248]
UK: 4.875 million[13]
GER: 7 million[14]
FRA: 325,000[15][16]
CAN: 3.430 million[17]
AUS: 1.4 million[c][18]
BRA: 1.625 million[21]
SWE: 655,000[22]
SPA: 1.850 million[43][59]
MEX: 1.475 million[c][44]
SWI: 415,000[25]
BEL: 450,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 740,000[28]
AUT: 325,000[33]
POL: 300,000[34]
FIN: 171,390[48]
NZ: 132,500[35]

100 million[249]

Neil Diamond
United States
1966–present[250]
1966[250]
Pop / Rock[250]
7001686009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 68.6 million

US: 55.9 million[11]
UK: 7.330 million[c][13]
GER: 1 million[c][14]
FRA: 400,000[c][15]
CAN: 1.725 million[c][17]
AUS: 2.085 million[c][18][251]
SPA: 100,000[c][42]
NZ: 127,500[c][35][36]

100 million[252]

Santana
United States
1966–present[253]
1969[253]
Rock[253]
7001645999999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.6 million

US: 50.295 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12]
UK: 2.980 million[c][13]
GER: 2.4 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.510 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 1.660 million[c][17]
AUS: 855,000[c][18]
BRA: 375,000[c][21]
SWE: 125,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000[c][43][59]
MEX: 405,000[c][44]
SWI: 375,000[c][25]
BEL: 190,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 158,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 145,000[c][33]
POL: 205,000[c][34]
NZ: 135,000[c][35][36]

100 million[254]

Prince
United States
1976–2016[255]
1978[255]
Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock[255]
7001642000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.2 million

US: 48.950 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 7.045 million[13]
GER: 2.4 million[14]
FRA: 2.110 million[15][16]
CAN: 1 million[17]
AUS: 1.120[c][18][19]
SWE: 100,000[22]
SPA: 700,000[c][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 250,000[c][25]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
NZ: 177,500[c][35]

100 million[256]

Kenny Rogers
United States
1958–present[257]
1975[257]
Country / Pop[257]
7001601000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 61.4 million

US: 54.050 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][258]
UK: 2.520 million[13]
CAN: 4.6 million[17]
AUS: 100,000[c][259][260]
SPA: 100,000[c][42]

100 million[261]

Paul McCartney
United Kingdom
1960–present[262]
1970[262]
Rock[262]
7001606000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 60.6 million

US: 41.450 million[11]
JPN: 500,000[c][12]
UK: 12.425 million[c][13]
GER: 1.525 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.305 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 1.955 million[c][17]
AUS: 465,000[c][18][19]
SWE: 210,000[c][58][263]
SPA: 640,000[c][24][42]
DEN: 210,000[c][61][32]

100 million[264]

Simon & Garfunkel
United States
1956–present[265]
1964[265]
Folk rock[265]
7001589000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 58.9 million

US: 42.6 million[11]
JPN: 700,000[c][12]
UK: 6.620 million[c][13]
GER: 2.325 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.9 million[c][15]
CAN: 1.425 million[c][17]
AUS: 390,000[c][18][19]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
SWE: 150,000[c][22]
SWI: 450,000[c][25]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]
FIN: 163,350[c][48]

100 million[266]

Janet Jackson
United States
1982–present[267]
1982[267]
R&B / Pop[267]
7001521000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 52.1 million

US: 39.750 million[11]
JPN: 1.6 million [c][12]
UK: 4.760 million[13]
GER: 1.4 million[14]
FRA: 1.475 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 1.460 million[17]
AUS: 1.155[c][18][19]
SWE: 105,000[c][22]
SPA: 150,000[43][59]
SWI: 170,000[c][25]
BEL: 125,000[c][26]

100 million[268]

Julio Iglesias
Spain
1968–present[269]
1968[269]
Latin[269]
7001510000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 51 million

US: 11 million[11]
JPN: 800,000[c][270]
UK: 1.620 million[c][13][270]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 6.1 million[15][16][54][270]
CAN: 1.5 million[17]
AUS: 505,000[c][18][270]
ITA: 400,000[c][20][270]
NLD:950,000[c][270]
BRA: 12.475 million[c][21][270]
SWE: 290,000[c][22][270]
SPA: 8.7 million[c][23][24][42][43][59][270]
MEX: 2.975 million[c][44][270]
BEL: 125,000[c][270]
ARG: 3.220 million[c][28][270]
FIN: 131,636[c][48]

100 million[271]

Chicago
United States
1967–present[272]
1969[272]
Rock / Pop[272]
7001483000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 48.3 million

US: 44.150 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[c][12][273]
UK: 1.490 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 100,000[c][15]
CAN: 1.865 million[17]
SPA: 100,000[c][24]

100 million[274]

Dire Straits
United Kingdom
1977–1995[275]
1978[275]
Rock [275]
7001456000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 45.6 million

US: 15.5 million[11]
UK: 11.8 million[13]
GER: 3.750 million[14]
FRA: 5.3 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.575 million[17]
AUS: 2.190 million[c][18][19]
ITA: 385,000[c][20]
BRA: 175,000[c][21]
SWE: 360,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.380 million[c][23][24][42][43]
SWI: 1 million[c][25]
BEL: 100,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 195,000[c][61][60][32]
AUT: 300,000[c][33]
FIN: 471,530[48]
NZ: 155,000[c][36]

100 million[276]

Bob Dylan
United States
1959–present[277]
1963[277]
Folk / Rock[277]
7001453000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 45.3 million

US: 35.6 million[11]
UK: 6.025 million[c][13]
GER: 625,000[c][14]
FRA: 800,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 1.5 million[c][17]
AUS: 480,000[c][18]
SWI: 175,000[c][25]
NZ: 105,000[c][35]

100 million[278]

Def Leppard
United Kingdom
1977–present[279]
1979[279]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[279]
7001418009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 41.8 million

US: 35.650 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 1.960 million[13]
FRA: 200,000[15]
CAN: 2.995 million[17]
AUS: 385,000[19][280]
SWE: 150,000[c][22]
MEX: 200,000[c][44]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]

100 million[281]

Cher
United States
1964–present[282]
1965[282]
Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk[282]
7001410000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 41 million

US: 21.9 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 6.510 million[c][13]
GER: 4.175 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.525 million[c][16][54]
CAN: 1.340 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.530 million[c][18][283]
ITA: 300,000[c][284]
NLD: 375,000[c][285][286][287]
BRA: 125,000[c][21]
SWE: 850,000[c][22][58]
SPA: 600,000[c][43][59][284]
MEX: 200,000[c][44]
SWI: 295,000[c][25]
BEL: 275,000[c][26]
ARG: 106,000[c][28][270]
DEN: 370,000[c][284][288][32]
AUT: 250,000[c][33]
POL: 100,000[c][34]
NZ: 150,000[35][289]

100 million[290]

Genesis
United Kingdom
1967–1999
2006–present[291]
1969[291]
Progressive rock / Pop rock[291]
7001399000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 39.9 million

US: 21.650 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 7.325 million[c][13]
GER: 5.875 million[c][14]
FRA: 3.460 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 805,000[c][17]
SWE: 100,000[c][22]
SPA: 250,000[c][23][24][42]
SWI: 400,000[c][25]

100 million[292]

Olivia Newton-John
Australia
1966–present[293]
1966[293]
Pop[293]
7001357000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 35.7 million

US: 27 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 3.950 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 1 million[54]
CAN: 3.025 million[c][17]
AUS: 450,000[c][18][19][294]

100 million[295]

James Taylor
United States
1968–present[296]
1970[296]
Rock / Pop[296]
7001355000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 35.5 million

US: 34.650 million[11]
UK: 655,000[c][13]
CAN: 100,000[c][17]
AUS: 100,000[c][18]

100 million[297]

Stevie Wonder
United States
1961–present[298]
1962[298]
Funk / R&B / Soul[298]
7001346000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 34.6 million

US: 21.650 million[11]
JPN: 1.050 million[c][12]
UK: 8.285 million[c][13]
GER: 500,000[c][14]
FRA: 1.4 million[c][15][54]
CAN: 1.550 million[17]
SPA: 250,000[c][42]

100 million[299]

David Bowie
United Kingdom
1962–2016[300]
1967[300]
Art rock / Glam rock / Pop[300]
7001335000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 33.5 million

US: 13.7 million[11]
JPN: 200,000[c][12]
UK: 13.095 million[c][13]
GER: 525,000[c][14]
FRA: 2.380 million[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 2.315 million[c][17]
AUS: 635,000[c][18][76]
ITA: 345,000[c][20]
SPA: 170,000[c][23][24][42]
NZ: 142,500[c][35]

100 million[301]

Tina Turner
United States
1955–present[302]
1975[302]
Rock / Pop[302]
7001328009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 32.8 million

US: 12.7 million[11]
UK: 8.145 million[13]
GER: 6.050 million[14]
FRA: 1.135 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 1.560 million[17]
AUS: 480,000[c][18][19]
SWE: 330,000[c][22]
SPA: 700,000[c][23][24][42][43]
SWI: 565,000[c][25]
BEL: 190,000[c][26][27]
AUT: 630,000[c][33]
POL: 120,000[c][34]
FIN: 241,954[48]

100 million[303]

Linda Ronstadt
United States
1967–present[304]
1968[304]
Rock / Folk / Country[304]
7001325000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 32.5 million

US: 31.5 million[11]
UK: 435,000[c][13]
FRA: 100,000[c][15]
CAN: 500,000[c][17]

100 million[305]

Donna Summer
United States
1968–2012[306]
1974[306]
Pop / Disco / R&B[306]
7001308000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 30.8 million

US: 24.5 million[11]
UK: 3.735 million[c][13]
FRA: 900,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 1.550 million[c][17]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SPA: 100,000[c][43]

100 million[307]

The Beach Boys
United States
1961–present[308]
1962[308]
Rock / Pop / Surf Rock[308]
7001307000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 30.7 million

US: 25.6 million[11]
UK: 3.610 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
FRA: 400,000[c][15][16][54]
CAN: 100,000[c][17]
AUS: 492,500[c][18][19]
SPA: 250,000[c][42][43]

100 million[309]

The Who
United Kingdom
1964–present[310]
1965[310]
Rock / Hard rock[310]
7001271000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 27.1 million

US: 22.150 million[11]
UK: 4.105 million[c][13]
FRA: 300,000[c][15]
CAN: 425,000[c][17]
ITA: 125,000[c][20]

100 million[311]

Barry White
United States
1972–2003[312]
1973[312]
R&B / Soul[312]
7001217000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 21.7 million

US: 16.5 million[11]
UK: 3.665 million[c][13]
FRA: 1.1 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 150,000[c][17]
SPA: 200,000[c][59]
BEL: 175,000[c][27]

100 million[313]

text: 80 million to 99 million records

text:
Chris Brown

Nicki Minaj

Shania Twain

Flo Rida

Pink

Justin Timberlake

Van Halen

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

Shania Twain
Canada
1993–present[314]
1993[314]
Country pop[314]
7001765000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 76.5 million

US: 54.5 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[12]
UK: 7.395 million[13]
GER: 1.750 million[14]
FRA: 975,000[16][54]
CAN: 6.880 million[17]
AUS: 2.360 million[c][18]
BRA: 475,000[21]
SWE: 330,000[22]
SPA: 100,000[59]
MEX: 100,000[c][44]
SWI: 310,000[25]
BEL: 250,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 120,000[28]
DEN: 210,000[c][60][32]
AUT: 115,000[33]
NZ: 402,500[35][36]

90 million[315]

Pink
United States
1995–present[316]
2000[316]
Pop, Pop rock, R&B[316]
7001687000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 68.7 million

US: 32.225 million[11]
JPN: 400,000[12]
UK: 13.575 million[13]
GER: 5.725 million[14]
FRA: 1.198 million[16][54]
CAN: 4.130 million[17]
AUS: 8.295 million[18]
ITA: 425,000[c][20]
SWE: 530,000[22]
MEX: 360,000[44]
SWI: 545,000[25]
BEL: 235,000[27]
DEN: 281,500[60][32]
AUT: 417,500[33]
NZ: 450,000[35][36]

90 million[317]

The Carpenters
United States
1969–1983[318]
1969[318]
Pop[318]
7001460000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46 million

US: 34.6 million[11]
JPN: 2.9 million[c][12][121][319]
UK: 7.950 million[c][13]
GER: 250,000[c][14]
CAN: 275,000[c][17]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]

90 million[320]

Lionel Richie
United States
1968–present[321]
1981[321]
Pop / R&B[321]
7001404000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 40.4 million

US: 28.650 million[11]
UK: 6.355 million[c][13]
GER: 1.050 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.4 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.380 million[c][17]
AUS: 260,000[c][18][322]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SPA: 150,000[24][42]
SWI: 145,000[c][25]

90 million[323]

Earth, Wind & Fire
United States
1969–present[324]
1971[324]
Funk / R&B / Soul[324]
7001358009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 35.8 million

US: 31.8 million[11]
JPN: 500,000[c][12][325][326]
UK: 2.725 million[13]
FRA: 500,000[15][16]
CAN: 360,000[17]

90 million[327]

Johnny Cash
United States
1954–2003[328]
1956[328]
Country/ Rock and roll/ Gospel[328]
7001311000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 31.1 million

US: 25.7 million[11]
UK: 3.910 million[c][13]
GER: 550,000[c][14]
CAN: 490,000[c][17]
AUS: 522,500[c][18]

90 million[329]

Justin Timberlake
United States
1992–present[330]
2002[330]
Pop, R&B, Neo soul[330]
7001656009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 65.6 million

US: 43.2 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[12]
UK: 11.720 million[13]
GER: 3.050 million[14]
FRA: 578,000[16][54]
CAN: 2.480 million[17]
AUS: 2.310 million[18]
ITA: 295,000[c][20]
SWE: 210,000[22]
SPA: 120,000[59]
MEX: 330,000[44]
SWI: 230,000[25]
BEL: 300,000[27]
DEN: 430,000[60][32]
POL: 170,000[34]
NZ: 185,000[35]

88 million[331]

Chris Brown
United States
2005–present[332]
2005[332]
Pop / R&B, Hip-hop [332]
7001995000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 99.5 million

US: 84.050 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[53]
UK: 9.840 million[13]
GER: 450,000[14]
CAN: 770,000[17]
AUS: 2.555 million[18]
ITA: 140,000[20]
BRA: 570,000[21]
SWE: 310,000[58]
MEX: 150,000[44]
DEN: 152,500[32]
NZ: 245,000[35]

86 million[333]

Nicki Minaj
United States
2008–present[334]
2010[334]
Hip-hop, Pop[334]
7001828000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 82.8 million

US: 66.5 million[11]
JPN: 450,000[53]
UK: 8.3 million[13]
GER: 1.150 million[14]
FRA: 566,000[16]
CAN: 720,000[17]
AUS: 3.115 million[18]
ITA: 485,000[20]
BRA: 250,000[21]
SWE: 420,000[22][58]
SPA: 220,000[23]
MEX: 150,000[44][97]
SWI: 120,000[25]
DEN: 220,000[32]
NZ: 232,500[35]

85 million[335]

R.E.M.
United States
1980–2011[336]
1983[336]
Alternative rock[336]
7001427000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 42.7 million

US: 21.150 million[11]
UK: 8.765 million[13]
GER: 4.275 million[14]
FRA: 1.450 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.650 million[17]
AUS: 1.030[c][18][19]
ITA: 225,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 500,000[c][22]
SPA: 1.1 million[23][24][43][59]
SWI: 450,000[c][25]
BEL: 185,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 158,000[c][28][29]
DEN: 155,000[c][60][61]
AUT: 350,000[c][33]
IRE: 127,500[c][101]
NZ: 105,000[35]

85 million[337]

Flo Rida
United States
2007–present[338]
2007[338]
Hip-hop, Hip house, EDM[338]
7001708000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 70.8 million

US: 49 million[11]
JPN: 650,000[c][12][53]
UK: 7.960 million[13]
GER: 3.7 million[14]
FRA: 225,000[16]
CAN: 3.090 million[17]
AUS: 3.605 million[c][18]
ITA: 360,000[c][20]
SWE: 780,000[22]
SPA: 140,000[59]
MEX: 330,000[c][44]
SWI: 420,000[25]
DEN: 205,000[c][32]
AUT: 180,000[33]
NZ: 247,500[35][36]

80 million[339]

Ayumi Hamasaki
Japan
1998–present[340]
1998[340]
J-pop / Pop / dance / electronic[340]
7001643000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.3 million

JPN: 64.3 million[12][53][108]

80 million[341][342]

Van Halen
United States
1978–present[343]
1978[343]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[343]
7001643000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 64.3 million

US: 57.8 million[11]
JPN: 1.3 million[c][12][130]
UK: 740,000[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[15]
CAN: 2.450 million[17]
BRA: 200,000[c][21]

80 million[344]

Red Hot Chili Peppers
United States
1983–present[345]
1987[345]
Funk rock / Alternative rock[345]
7001586000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 58.6 million

US: 32.250 million[11]
JPN: 2.6 million[c][12][53]
UK: 10.595 million[13]
GER: 2.650 million[14]
FRA: 1.420 million[16]
CAN: 2.020 million[17]
AUS: 2.625 million[c][18][19][346]
ITA: 570,000[c][20]
BRA: 515,000[c][21]
SWE: 390,000[c][22]
SPA: 640,000[23][43][59]
MEX: 150,000[c][44]
SWI: 405,000[c][25]
BEL: 195,000[c][27]
ARG: 406,000[28][29]
DEN: 227,000[c][60][61][69][32]
AUT: 247,500[c][33]
POL: 245,000[c][34]
FIN: 171,951[48]
NZ: 285,000[35][36]

80 million[347]

Foreigner
United States
United Kingdom
1976–present[348]
1977[348]
Rock / Hard Rock[348]
7001496000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 49.6 million

US: 45.1 million[11]
UK: 1.300 million[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 400,000[15][16]
CAN: 700,000[17]
AUS: 105,000[c][18]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]

80 million[349]

The Doors
United States
1965–1973[350]
1967[350]
Psychedelic rock[350]
7001469000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46.9 million

US: 36.6 million[11]
UK: 2.040 million[c][13]
GER: 1.750 million[c][14]
FRA: 1.9 million[c][15][16]
CAN: 2.780 million[c][17]
AUS: 1.022 million[c][18]
ITA: 130,000[c][20]
BRA: 100,000[21]
SPA: 300,000[c][42][59]
SWI: 125,000[c][25]
ARG: 150,000[c][28]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]

80 million[351]

George Michael
United Kingdom
1981–2016[352]
1984[352]
Pop[352]
7001469000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46.9 million

US: 20.8 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12]
UK: 12.850 million[13]
GER: 2.4 million[14]
FRA: 3.217 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 1.870 million[17]
AUS: 2.205 million[c][18][19]
BRA: 350,000[c][21]
SWE: 310,000[c][22]
SPA: 850,000[23][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 335,000[c][25]
BEL: 290,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 118,000[28][29]
DEN: 400,000[60][32][69][353]
AUT: 140,000[c][33]
POL: 340,000[c][34]
NZ: 140,000[35][36]

80 million[354]

Reba McEntire
United States
1975–present[355]
1987[355]
Country / Country Pop[355]
7001427000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 42.7 million

US: 41.9 million[11]
CAN: 850,000[17]

80 million[356]

Meat Loaf
United States
1968–present[357]
1977[357]
Rock / Hard rock[357]
7001418009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 41.8 million

US: 23.6 million[11]
UK: 9.665 million[13]
GER: 2.350 million[14]
CAN: 3.380 million[17]
AUS: 2.522 million[c][18][19]
SWE: 100,000[c][22]
SWI: 115,000[c][25]
AUT: 100,000[c][33]

80 million[358]

Tom Petty
United States
1976–2017[359]
1977[359]
Rock[359]
7001346000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 34.6 million

US: 31.250 million[11]
UK: 1 million[13]
GER: 500,000[14]
CAN: 1.7 million[17]
SWE: 200,000[c][22]

80 million[360]

Johnny Hallyday
France
1957–2017[361]
1960[361]
Rock / Pop[361]
7001250000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 25 million

FRA: 24.272 million[c][15][16][54][83][362]
SWI: 268,000[c][25]
BEL: 485,000[c][26][27]

80 million[363]

text: 75 million to 79 million records

text:
Maroon 5

Journey

The Black Eyed Peas

R. Kelly

Usher

Kenny G

Robbie Williams

text:
Artist
Country / Market
Period active
Release-year of first charted record
Genre
Total certified units
(from available markets)[c]
Claimed sales

The Black Eyed Peas
United States
1995–present[364]
1998[364]
Hip-hop / R&B / Dance[364]
7001565000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 56.5 million

US: 29.4 million[11]
JPN: 1.250 million[12][53]
UK: 10.8 million[13]
GER: 3.150 million[14]
FRA: 2.650 million[16]
CAN: 2.7 million[17]
AUS: 3.270 million[18]
ITA: 365,000[c][20]
BRA: 255,000[21]
SWE: 300,000[22][58]
SPA: 460,000[c][23]
MEX: 390,000[c][44]
SWI: 460,000[25]
BEL: 460,000[27]
DEN: 161,000[c][32][69][100][365][365][366]
IRE: 135,000[c][101]
NZ: 340,000[35][36]

76 million[367]

Maroon 5
United States
1994–present[368]
2002[368]
Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance-pop[368]
7001656009999900000♠
show

Total available certified units: 65.6 million

US: 37.2 million[11]
JPN: 2 million[12][53]
UK: 9.960 million[13]
GER: 2.550[14]
FRA: 792,000[16]
CAN: 3.925 million[17]
AUS: 2.975 million[18]
ITA: 760,000[c][20]
BRA: 380,000[21]
SWE: 770,000[22][58]
SPA: 230,000[c][23]
MEX: 3.365[44]
DEN: 472,500[c][32][61][60]
NZ: 300,000[35]

75 million[369]

Journey
United States
1973–present[370]
1975[370]
Rock / Soft rock[370]
7001621000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 62.1 million

US: 59.7 million[11]
JPN: 300,000[c][12][371]
UK: 1.4 million[13]
CAN: 725,000[17]

75 million[372]

R. Kelly
United States
1989–present[373]
1991[373]
R&B / Soul / Hip-pop[373]
7001553000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 55.3 million

US: 46.9 million[11]
UK: 5.420 million[13]
GER: 1.4 million[14]
FRA: 825,000[16]
CAN: 300,000[17]
AUS: 105,000[18]
SWI: 100,000[25]
BEL: 250,000[26]

75 million[374]

Usher
United States
1991–present[375]
1994[375]
R&B / Pop[375]
7001552000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 55.2 million

US: 40.435 million[11]
JPN: 750,000 [12][53]
UK: 8.725 million[13]
GER: 1.150[14]
FRA: 210,000[16]
CAN: 1.330 million[17]
AUS: 2.112 million[18]
SWE: 105,000[22][58]
SWI: 170,000[25]
DEN: 137,500[c][32][61]
NZ: 150,000[35]

75 million[376]

Kenny G
United States
1982–present[377]
1984[377]
Smooth jazz[377]
7001521000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 52.1 million

US: 48.1 million[11]
JPN: 700,000[c][12]
UK: 360,000[13]
CAN: 950,000[17]
AUS: 245,000[c][18][179]
BRA: 1.350 million[c][21]
SPA: 450,000[24][43]

75 million[378]

Robbie Williams
United Kingdom
1990–present[379]
1996[379]
Pop rock[379]
7001516000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 51.6 million

US: 500,000[11]
UK: 27.550 million[13]
GER: 10.275 million[14]
FRA: 2.695 million[16][54]
CAN: 250,000[17]
AUS: 2.905 million[18]
ITA: 385,000[c][20]
SWE: 445,000[22][58]
SPA: 440,000[c][23][59]
MEX: 1.595 million[c][44]
SWI: 983,000[25]
BEL: 600,000[26][27]
ARG: 462,000[28][29]
DEN: 676,500[c][60][61][32][69][77]
AUT: 917,500[33]
POL: 140,000[34]
FIN: 235,743[48]
IRE: 135,000[c][101]
NZ: 445,000[35]

75 million[380]

Tupac Shakur
United States
1991–1996[381]
1991[381]
Hip-hop[381]
7001515000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 51.5 million

US: 46.2 million[11]
UK: 3.435 million[13]
GER: 650,000[14]
CAN: 820,000[17]
AUS: 430,000[18][382]

75 million[383]

Enya
Ireland
1982–present[384]
1987[384]
New-age / Celtic[384]
7001501000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 50.1 million

US: 26.5 million[11]
JPN: 4.6 million[c][12]
UK: 5.250 million[13]
GER: 4.2 million[14]
FRA: 775,000[15][16]
CAN: 1.540 million[17]
AUS: 1.505[c][18][19]
BRA: 1.650 million[c][21]
SWE: 390,000[22]
SPA: 1.760 million[23][43]
MEX: 125,000[c][44]
SWI: 370,000[c][25]
BEL: 510,000[c][27]
ARG: 390,000[28]
DEN: 100,000[c][30][385][386][387]
AUT: 185,000[c][33]
POL: 120,000[c][34]
NZ: 135,000[35]

75 million[388]

Alabama
United States
1972–present[389]
1980[389]
Country / Pop rock[389]
7001480000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 48 million

US: 46.8 million[11]
CAN: 1.2 million[17]

75 million[390]

Nirvana
United States
1987–1994[391]
1989[391]
Grunge / Alternative rock[391]
7001467000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 46.7 million

US: 26.5 million[11]
JPN: 1.3 million[c][12]
UK: 5.970 million[13]
GER: 1.5 million[14]
FRA: 2.5 million[15][16]
CAN: 2.970 million[17]
AUS: 1.362[c][18][199][392][251][393]
ITA: 600,000[c][20]
BRA: 725,000[c][21]
SWE: 380,000[22]
SPA: 450,000[23][24][43]
MEX: 475,000[c][44]
SWI: 190,000[25]
BEL: 375,000[c][26][27]
ARG: 522,000[28][29]
DEN: 160,000[c][32]
AUT: 230,000[c][33]
POL: 335,000[c][34]
NZ: 215,000[35][36]

75 million[394]

Bryan Adams
Canada
1979–present[395]
1979[395]
Rock[395]
7001450000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 45 million

US: 21 million[11]
JPN: 600,000[c][12]
UK: 8.735 million[13]
GER: 4.1 million[14]
FRA: 650,000[15][16][54]
CAN: 5.120 million[17]
AUS: 2.010 million[c][18][396]
BRA: 100,000[c][21]
SWE: 440,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000 [c][24][43][59]
SWI: 805,000[c][25]
BEL: 350,000[c][26][27]
DEN: 105,000[c][61][32]
AUT: 375,000[c][33]
FIN: 183,444[48]

75 million[397]

Bob Marley
Jamaica
1962–1981[398]
1975[398]
Reggae[398]
7001394000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 39.4 million

US: 21.850 million[11]
JPN: 200,000[c][12]
UK: 7.7 million[13]
GER: 1.750 million[14]
FRA: 4.735 million[16]
CAN: 600,000[17]
AUS: 350,000[399][400]
ITA: 250,000[c][20]
SWE: 120,000[c][22]
SPA: 450,000[c][24][42][43][59]
SWI: 303,000[c][25]
BEL: 225,000[27]
ARG: 376,000[c][28][29]
AUT: 125,000[c][33]
NZ: 427,500[c][35][36]

75 million[401]

The Police
United Kingdom
1977–1986
2007–2008[402]
1978[402]
Pop / Rock[402]
7001392000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 39.2 million

US: 23.150 million[11]
JPN: 100,000[c][12]
UK: 8.560 million[13]
GER: 1.775 million[14]
FRA: 3.340 million[15][16][54]
CAN: 875,000[17]
AUS: 407,500[c][18]
ITA: 100,000[c][20]
BRA: 140,000[c][21]
SPA: 300,000[c][24][42]
MEX: 100,000[c][44]
BEL: 115,000[c][403][404][405]
ARG: 228,000[c][28][29]

75 million[406]

Barry Manilow
United States
1973–present[407]
1973[407]
Pop / Soft rock[407]
7001365000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 36.5 million

US: 33.3 million[11]
UK: 2.825 million[13]
CAN: 400,000[c][17]

75 million[408]

Kiss
United States
1972–present[409]
1974[409]
Hard rock / Heavy metal[409]
7001278000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 27.8 million

US: 26 million[11]
CAN: 1.495 million[c][17]
UK: 100,000[13]
AUS: 130,000[c][18]
ARG: 112,000[c][28]

75 million[410]

Aretha Franklin
United States
1956–present[411]
1961[411]
Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B[411]
7001247000000000000♠
show

Total available certified units: 24.7 million

US: 23.5 million[11]
UK: 840,000[c][13]
FRA: 275,000[c][15][16]
CAN: 150,000[c][17]

75 million[412]


document_title: The Elephant Man (film)

question_text: who played the elephant man in the 1980 movie

text: The Elephant Man (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: London Hospital surgeon Frederick Treves finds John Merrick in a Victorian freak show in London's East End, where he is kept by a Mr. Bytes. His head is kept hooded, and his "owner", who views him as retarded, is paid by Treves to bring him to the hospital for exams. Treves presents Merrick to his colleagues and highlights his monstrous skull, which forces him to sleep with his head on his knees, since if he were to lie down, he would asphyxiate. On Merrick’s return he is beaten so badly by Bytes that he has to call Treves for medical help. Treves brings him back to the hospital.

text: John is tended to by Mrs. Mothershead, the formidable matron, as the other nurses are too frightened of Merrick. Mr. Carr-Gomm, the hospital's Governor, is against housing Merrick, as the hospital does not accept "incurables". To prove that Merrick can make progress, Treves trains him to say a few conversational sentences. Carr-Gomm sees through this ruse, but as he is leaving, Merrick begins to recite the 23rd Psalm, and continues past the part of the Psalm that Treves taught him. Merrick tells the doctors that he knows how to read, and has memorized the 23rd Psalm because it is his favorite. Carr-Gomm permits him to stay, and Merrick spends his time practicing conversation with Treves and building a model of a cathedral he sees from his window.

text: Merrick has tea with Treves and his wife, and is so overwhelmed by their kindness that he shows them his mother's picture. He believes he must have been a "disappointment" to his mother, but hopes she would be proud to see him with his "lovely friends". Merrick begins to take guests in his rooms, including the actress Madge Kendal, who introduces him to the work of Shakespeare. Merrick quickly becomes an object of curiosity to high society, and Mrs. Mothershead expresses concerns that he is still being put on display as a freak. Treves begins to question the morality of his actions. Meanwhile, a night porter named Jim starts selling tickets to locals, who come at night to gawk at the "Elephant Man".

text: The issue of Merrick's residence is challenged at a hospital council meeting, but he is guaranteed permanent residence by command of the hospital’s royal patron, Queen Victoria, who sends word with her daughter-in-law Alexandra. However, Merrick is shortly kidnapped by Mr. Bytes during one of Jim's raucous late night showings. Mr. Bytes leaves England and takes Merrick on the road as a circus attraction once again. Treves confronts Jim about what he has done, and Mrs. Mothershead fires him.

text: Merrick escapes from Bytes with the help of his fellow freakshow attractions. Upon returning to London, he is harassed through Liverpool Street station by several young boys and accidentally knocks down a young girl. Merrick is chased, unmasked, and cornered by an angry mob. He cries, "I am not an elephant! I am not an animal! I am a human being! I ... am ... a ... man!" before collapsing. Policemen return Merrick to the hospital and Treves. He recovers some of his health, but is dying of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Treves and Mrs. Mothershead take Merrick to see one of Mrs. Kendal's shows at the theatre, and Kendal dedicates the performance to him. A proud Merrick receives a standing ovation from the audience. Back at the hospital, Merrick thanks Treves for all he has done, and completes his church model. He lies down on his back in bed, imitating a sleeping child in a picture on his wall, and dies in his sleep. Merrick is consoled by a vision of his mother, who quotes Lord Tennyson's "Nothing Will Die".

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Hurt as John Merrick, an intelligent, friendly and kind-hearted man who is feared by most people in his society because of his severe deformity
Anthony Hopkins as Frederick Treves, a doctor who takes John from the freakshow to work in the hospital
Anne Bancroft as Madge Kendal
John Gielgud as Francis Carr-Gomm
Wendy Hiller as Mrs Mothershead
Freddie Jones as Mr. Bytes, the ringmaster (based on Tom Norman[3])
Dexter Fletcher as Bytes’ boy
Michael Elphick as Jim, the night porter
Hannah Gordon as Ann Treves
Helen Ryan as Alexandra, Princess of Wales
John Standing as Fox
Lesley Dunlop as Nora, Merrick’s nurse
Phoebe Nicholls as Mary Jane Merrick
Morgan Sheppard as man in pub
Kenny Baker as plumed dwarf

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Jonathan Sanger, the film's producer, optioned the script from the writers Christopher Devore and Eric Bergen after receiving the script from his babysitter. Sanger had been working as Mel Brooks' assistant director on High Anxiety. Sanger showed Brooks the script, which he read and decided to help finance the film through Brooksfilms, his new company. Brooks' personal assistant, Stuart Cornfeld, suggested David Lynch to Sanger.

text: Sanger met Lynch and they shared scripts they were working on (The Elephant Man and Lynch's Ronnie Rocket). Lynch told Sanger that he would love to direct the script after reading it, and Sanger endorsed him after hearing Lynch's ideas. However, Brooks had not heard of David Lynch at the time. Sanger and Cornfeld set up a screening of Eraserhead at a screening room at 20th Century Fox, and Brooks loved it and enthusiastically let Lynch direct the film. By his own request, Brooks was not credited as executive producer to ensure that audiences would not expect a comedy after seeing his name attached to the film.[4]

text: For his second feature and first studio film albeit independently financed,[5] David Lynch provided the musical direction and sound design. Lynch tried to design the make-up himself too, but the design didn't work.[4] The makeup, now supervised by Christopher Tucker, was directly designed from casts of Merrick’s body, which had been kept in the Royal London Hospital’s private museum. The makeup took seven to eight hours to apply each day and two hours to delicately remove. John Hurt would arrive on set at 5am and shoot his scenes from noon until 10pm. When Hurt was having his first experiences with the inconveniences of applying make-up and having to perform with it, he called his wife saying "I think they finally managed to make me hate acting."

text: Because of the strain on the actor, he worked alternate days.[4] Lynch originally wanted Jack Nance for the title character. "But it just wasn't in the cards," Lynch says; the role went to John Hurt after Brooks, Lynch and Sanger saw his performance in The Naked Civil Servant as Quentin Crisp.[6]

text: Lynch bookended the film with surrealist sequences centered around Merrick's mother and her death. Lynch used Samuel Barber’s Adagio for Strings to underline the end of the film and Merrick's own death. When Lynch and Sanger screened The Elephant Man for Brooks after they returned from England with a cut, Brooks suggested some minor cuts but told them that the film would be released as they made it.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Elephant Man was met with critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 90% rating, based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 8.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "David Lynch's relatively straight second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassion and restraint in treating its subject, and features outstanding performances by John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins."[7]

text: Vincent Canby wrote: "Mr. Hurt is truly remarkable. It can't be easy to act under such a heavy mask ... the physical production is beautiful, especially Freddie Francis's black-and-white photography."[8]

text: A small number of critics were less favorable. Roger Ebert gave it 2/4 stars, writing: "I kept asking myself what the film was really trying to say about the human condition as reflected by John Merrick, and I kept drawing blanks."[9] In the book The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture, Nadja Durbach describes the work as “much more mawkish and moralising than one would expect from the leading postmodern surrealist filmmaker” and “unashamedly sentimental”. She blamed this mawkishness on the use of Treves’s memoirs as source material.[10]

text: The Elephant Man has since been ranked among the best films of the 1980s in Time Out (where it placed 19th)[11] and Paste (56th).[12] The film also received five votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls.[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Elephant Man was nominated for eight Academy Awards,[14] tying with Raging Bull at the 53rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Actor in a Leading Role (John Hurt),[15] Art Direction-Set Decoration (Stuart Craig, Robert Cartwright, Hugh Scaife), Costume Design, Director, Film Editing, Music: Original Score, and Writing: Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.[16] However, the film did not win any.

text: People in the industry were appalled that the movie was not going to be honored for its make up effects when the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced its nominations at the time. A letter of protest was sent to the Academy's Board of Governors to requesting to give the film an honorary award. The Academy refused, but in response to the outcry, they decided to give the make-up artists their own category. A year later, the Academy Award for Best Makeup category was introduced with An American Werewolf in London as its first recipient.[4][17]

text: It did win the BAFTA Award for Best Film, as well as other BAFTA Awards for Best Actor (John Hurt) and Best Production Design, and was nominated for four others: Direction, Screenplay, Cinematography and Editing.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

John Merrick: "I am not an animal! I am a human being. I am a man." – Nominated[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: There have been many releases of the film on both VHS and DVD. The version released as part of the David Lynch Lime Green Box includes several interviews with John Hurt and David Lynch and a Joseph Merrick documentary.[19] This material is also available on the exclusive treatment on the European market as part of Optimum Releasing’s StudioCanal Collection.[20] The film has only been released on Blu-ray Disc in the UK, however this disc will play in both Region A and B players.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Elephant Man

Cover of the original vinyl edition

Film score by John Morris

Released
1980, 1981, 1994, 2008

Genre
Classical

Label
20th Century Fox

Producer
John Morris

John Morris chronology

In God We Tru$t
(1980)In God We Tru$t1980
The Elephant Man
(1980)
History of the World, Part I
(1981)History of the World, Part I1981

text: The musical score of The Elephant Man was composed and conducted by John Morris, and it was performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1980, the company 20th Century Fox Records published this film's original musical score as both an LP album and as a Cassette in the United States. Its front cover artwork features the mask of John Merrick against a backdrop of smoke, as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film.

text: In 1994, the first Compact disc (CD) issue of the film score was made by the company Milan, which specializes in film scores and soundtrack albums.[21]

text: Track listing for the first U.S. release on LP[edit]

text: Side one

text:
"The Elephant Man Theme" - 3:46
"Dr. Treves Visits the Freak Show and Elephant Man" - 4:08
"John Merrick and Psalm" - 1:17
"John Merrick and Mrs. Kendal" - 2:03
"The Nightmare" - 4:39

tag: ol

text: Side two

text:
"Mrs. Kendal's Theater and Poetry Reading" - 1:58
"The Belgian Circus Episode" - 3:00
"Train Station" - 1:35
"Pantomime" - 2:20
"Adagio for Strings" - 5:52
"Recapitulation" - 5:35

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The Jam's former bassist Bruce Foxton was inspired strongly by the film, and in response wrote the song "Freak" with the single's cover even making a reference to the film.[22] Produced by the multiple-award-winning Steve Lillywhite[23] and released as a single, it became his biggest hit to date and remains his only Top 40 hit. Actor Bradley Cooper credits watching the movie with his father as a child as his inspiration to become an actor. Cooper played the character on Broadway in 2013.[24] British TV presenter Karl Pilkington often has cited it as his favorite film. Pilkington's love for the film brought many new features to his various podcasts and radio shows, made with Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant.[25][26] Rock band The Mars Volta pays homage to The Elephant Man by having singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala dressed as John Hurt's version of the Elephant Man in mask and hat in the video for their song "Goliath". The 1990s animated TV show The Critic also references the scene in Lynch's movie where the Elephant Man is shown to the room of surgeons by having film critic Jay Sherman being displayed as an obese youth being exhibited. In the "L.A. Jay" episode of The Critic, the Elephant Man is seen driving a sports car with two women mocking Jay Sherman as "a freak".


document_title: When Someone Stops Loving You

question_text: who wrote little big town when someone stops loving you

text: When Someone Stops Loving You

text:
"When Someone Stops Loving You"

Single by Little Big Town

from the album The Breaker

Released
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)

Format
Digital download

Genre
Country

Length
3:49

Label
Capitol Nashville

Songwriter(s)

Hillary Lindsey
Chase McGill
Lori McKenna

Producer(s)
Jay Joyce

Little Big Town singles chronology

"Happy People"
(2017)
"When Someone Stops Loving You"
(2017)

"Happy People"
(2017)
"When Someone Stops Loving You"
(2017)

text: "When Someone Stops Loving You" is a song recorded by American country group Little Big Town from their eighth studio album, The Breaker (2017). The song was released to country radio as the album's third single on June 26, 2017. "When Someone Stops Loving You" was written by Hillary Lindsey, Chase McGill, and Lori McKenna.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

US Country Airplay (Billboard)[1]
37

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]
36


document_title: United States territorial acquisitions

question_text: in the first half of the nineteenth century the united states gained the most territory through

text: United States territorial acquisitions

text: History of the United States of America[edit]

text: Control over North America (1750–2008)

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris with Great Britain defined the original borders of the United States. It generally stretched from the Eastern Seaboard to the Mississippi River in the west. There were ambiguities in the treaty regarding the exact border with Canada to the north that led to disputes that were resolved by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842.[1] Beginning in the late 18th century, the new nation organized areas west of the Original thirteen states into several United States territories, setting a template for future expansion.

text: Louisiana Purchase[edit]

text: The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $245 million in present-day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession.[2]

text: West Florida[edit]

text: West Florida was declared to be a U.S. possession in 1810 by President James Madison after the territory had declared its independence from Spain.[3] Madison ordered the U.S. Army to take control. Six weeks later, the army entered and occupied the capital, St. Francisville, putting an end to the republic after 74 days of independence. Spain did not relinquish its claim to sovereignty (see West Florida Controversy) until ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty. General Andrew Jackson personally accepted the delivery of West Florida from its Spanish governor on July 17, 1821.[4]

text: Red River[edit]

text: The parts of Rupert's Land and the Red River Colony south of the 49th parallel in the basin of the Red River of the North were acquired in 1818 from Britain under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.

text: East Florida[edit]

text: The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 with Spain resulted in Spain's cession of East Florida and the Sabine Free State and Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country. Article III of the treaty, when properly surveyed, resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central Colorado.[5]

text: Along Canada–US border[edit]

text: Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Britain split the disputed territory in Maine and New Brunswick and finalized the border with Canada,[6] including the disputed Indian Stream territory. In 1850 Britain ceded to the U.S. less than one acre of underwater rock (Horseshoe Reef) in Lake Erie near Buffalo for a lighthouse.[7]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Texas Annexation of 1845: The independent Republic of Texas long sought to join the U.S., despite Mexican claims and the warning by Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna that this would be "equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic." Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Texas had claimed New Mexico east of the Rio Grande but had only made one unsuccessful attempt to occupy it; New Mexico was captured by the U.S. Army in August 1846 and then administered separately from Texas. Mexico acknowledged the loss of territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.

text: Oregon Territory[edit]

text: Oregon Country, the territory of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific, was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain following the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 until June 15, 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel (see Oregon boundary dispute). The San Juan Islands were claimed and jointly occupied by the U.S. and the U.K. from 1846–72 due to ambiguities in the treaty (see Northwestern Boundary Dispute). Arbitration led to the sole U.S. possession of the San Juan Islands since 1872.

text: Mexican Cession[edit]

text: Mexican Cession lands were captured in the Mexican–American War in 1846–48, and ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where Mexico agreed to the present Mexico–United States border except for the later Gadsden Purchase. The United States paid $15 million (equivalent to $394 million in present-day terms) and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico which amounted to more than $3 million (equivalent to $79 million today).

text: Gadsden Purchase[edit]

text: In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States purchased a strip of land along the Mexico–United States border for $10 million (equivalent to $294 million in present-day terms), now in New Mexico and Arizona. The territory was also bought as Americans were passing through the land west to California. After the American Mexican War, over the dispute of border claims, American bought the land to prevent future conflict. Few historians would argue the territory was intended for a southern transcontinental railroad.

text: Since 1853[edit]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre)[8] on March 30, 1867 (equivalent to $126 million in present-day terms), as a vital refueling station for ships trading with Asia. The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.

text: Hawaii[edit]

text:
Hawaii and Outlying Islands

In 1959, 94% of Hawaii's residents voted to relinquish all land claims (proposition 2) to the United States and become a state.

Today's United States Minor Outlying Islands excluding Caribbean

text: The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s. In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation. President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved, so Hawaii set up an independent republic, the Republic of Hawaii. Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition. President William McKinley, a Republican, secured a Congressional resolution in 1898, and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens. One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions.[citation needed] The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900. Following 94% voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act, on August 21, 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii, the 50th state.

text: With Hawaii came two remote coral atolls: the Palmyra Atoll which had been annexed by the U.S. in 1859, abandoned, then claimed in 1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and the Stewart Islands, which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra. At Hawaiian statehood in 1959, Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state. Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory, while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands.[9]

text: Spanish colonies[edit]

text: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $588 million in present-day terms), were ceded by Spain after the Spanish–American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it to the United States, so it became a protectorate. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government (USMG) for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902, and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.

text: This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism. Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures. Opponents of the war, including Twain and Andrew Carnegie, organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League.

text: During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism. The Second Boer War was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo-American relations. The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels between the U.S. in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer War.[10]

text: Cuba[edit]

text: Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba, with the island to be occupied by the United States. Under the Teller Amendment Congress had already decided against annexation. Cuba gained formal independence on 20 May 1902. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations through the Platt Amendment;[11] this, however, was later renounced as part of Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy.[11] Under the Platt Amendment (1901), Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantánamo Bay.

text: The naval base occupies land which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903 "... for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations." The two governments later agreed that, "So long as the United States of America shall not abandon the said naval station of Guantanamo or the two Governments shall not agree to a modification of its present limits, the station shall continue to have the territorial area that it now has, with the limits that it has on the date of the signature of the present Treaty."[12][13]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, the Jones–Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S.[14] A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic.[15][16]

text: Guam[edit]

text: In Guam, settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first. After World War II showed the strategic value of the island, construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of the world. Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000. The indigenous Chamorros make up 37% of the population. The rest of the population consists mostly of white Americans and Filipinos, with smaller groups of Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians, Vietnamese and Indians. Guam today is almost totally Americanized. The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii, but attempts to change Guam's status as an 'unincorporated' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896. The Spanish–American War came to the Philippines on May 1, 1898, when the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron, commanded by Commodore George Dewey, defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during the Battle of Manila Bay. On June 12, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and establishment of the First Philippine Republic. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War was signed. The treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries, who declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899.[17] The Philippine–American War ensued. In 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the Malolos Republic, was captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government.[18] The U.S. unilaterally declared an end to the conflict in 1902. Scattered fighting continued, however, until 1913.

text: The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission, an appointed body with both American and Filipino members. and a popularly elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe's New Imperialism,[citation needed] with benevolent colonial practices. English joined Spanish as an official language, and English language education was made compulsory. In 1916, the United States passed the Philippine Autonomy Act and committed itself to granting independence to the Philippines "as soon as a stable government can be established therein."[19] As a step to full independence in 1946, partial autonomy as a Commonwealth was granted in 1935.

text: Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. The United States suffered a total of 62,514 casualties, including 13,973 deaths in its attempt to liberate the Philippines from Imperial Japanese rule during the hard-fought Philippines campaign from 1944–1945. Full independence came with the recognition of Philippine sovereignty by the U.S. in 1946.

text: Wake Island[edit]

text: Wake Island was annexed as empty territory by the United States in 1899 (the claim is currently disputed by the Marshall Islands).

text: American Samoa[edit]

text: Germany, the United States, and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands. The nations came into conflict in the Second Samoan Civil War and the nations resolved their issues, establishing American Samoa as per the Treaty of Berlin, 1899. The U.S. took control of its allotted region on June 7, 1900, with the Deed of Cession. Tutuila Island and Aunuu Island were ceded by their chiefs in 1900, then added to American Samoa. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), then added to American Samoa. (The claim is currently disputed by Tokelau, a colonial territory of New Zealand.) American Samoa was under the control of the U.S. Navy from 1900 to 1951. American Samoa was made a formal territory in 1929. From 1951 until 1977, Territorial Governors were appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Immigration of Americans was never as strong as it was, for instance, in Hawaii; indigenous Samoans make up 89% of the population. The islands have been reluctant to separate from the U.S. in any manner.

text: Dominican Republic[edit]

text: The Annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era, initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, to annex "Santo Domingo" (as the Dominican Republic was then commonly known) as a United States territory, with the promise of eventual statehood. President Grant feared some European power would take the island in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US, but he did not include this in his official messages. Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere. Militarily he wanted a US naval port in the Dominican Republic which would also serve as protection for a projected canal across Nicaragua.

text: On January 10, 1870 President Grant formally submitted Sec. Fish's Dominican Republic annexation treaty to the U.S. Senate. The treaty was stalled in the Senate until Sen. Sumner's Foreign Relations Committee started hearings in mid February, 1870. On 19 February, a referendum was held in the Dominican Republic, in which nearly 99% of the votes cast were in favor of the annexation. Sec. Fish noted that the Senate was reluctant to pass any measures initiated by the Executive Branch. Sen. Sumner allowed the treaty to be debated openly on the Committee without giving his own opinion. However, on March 15, Senator Sumner's Foreign Relations Committee in a closed session voted to oppose the treaty 5 to 2. On March 24, in another closed session, Sen. Sumner came out strongly against the treaty. Sen. Sumner opposed the treaty believing annexation would be expensive, launch an American empire in the Caribbean, and would diminish independent Afro-Hispanic and African creole republics in the Western Hemisphere. Grant met with many Senators on Capitol Hill hoping to rally support for the Treaty, however, to no avail. Grant refused the suggestion that the treaty drop the Dominican statehood clause. Finally on June 30, 1870 the Senate defeated the Dominican Republic Annexation treaty by a vote of 28 to 28. Eighteen Senators had joined Sen. Sumner to defeat the Dominican annexation treaty.

text: The first United States occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924. It was one of the many interventions in Latin America undertaken by the military forces of the United States. On May 13, 1916, Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment.

text: From the start of the intervention until the Marines withdrew in 1924, they were in almost continuous actions on both the squad and platoon levels, fighting numerous small-unit actions with elusive bandits. Despite the ability of the Marines to bring a large amount of firepower to bear against the bandits from both the ground and the air, the leathernecks had their share of problems as well. Sometimes the enemy would successfully ambush a lone Marine patrol, killing all or most of its members, and would scatter before reinforcements arrived on the scene.

text: Panama Canal Zone[edit]

text: The Panama Canal Zone was an unorganized US territory located within the Republic of Panama. It was established under the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903 and disestablished in 1979 under the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Panama gained full control over the Panama Canal in 1999.

text: Virgin Islands[edit]

text: A referendum on transferring ownership from Denmark to the United States was held on 9 January 1868 on the islands of Sankt Jan and Sankt Thomas, two of three main islands in the Danish West Indies. Of the votes cast, 98% were in favor of the transfer, but it never materialized. A second referendum was held in all three islands on 17 August 1916, once again with overwhelming support for the transfer.

text: In 1917, the United States purchased the former Danish colony of St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas, which is now the U.S. Virgin Islands. The United States—which had made an earlier approach in 1902—purchased these islands because they feared that the islands might be seized as a submarine base during World War I. After several months of secret negotiations, a sales price of $25 million was agreed. A non-binding referendum in Denmark held in late 1916 confirmed the decision to sell by a wide margin. The U.S. took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 a few days before the U.S entered the war. The deal was ratified and finalized on January 17, 1917, when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications. The territory was renamed the U.S. Virgin Islands.[20] U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927.

text: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands[edit]

text: The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia (western Pacific) administered by the United States from July 18, 1947, comprising the former League of Nations Mandate administered by Japan and taken by the U.S. in 1944. The various island groupings in the Trust Territory were later divided up. The Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence on October 21, 1986. Palau did so in 1994. All three nations signed Compacts of Free Association with the United States.

text: Mexican boundary[edit]

text:
The Boundary Treaty of 1970 transferred 823 acres (3.33 km2) of Mexican territory to the U.S., in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo, Texas, to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres (8.81 km2) to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the Horcon Tract containing the little town of Rio Rico, Texas, and Beaver Island near Roma, Texas. The last of these transfers occurred in 1977.
On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 107.81 acres (0.4363 km2). At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 cuts to the U.S., totaling 63.53 acres (0.2571 km2). This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.
The Chamizal Treaty of 1963, which ended a hundred-year dispute between the two countries near El Paso, Texas, transferred 630 acres (2.5 km2) from the U.S. to Mexico in 1967. In return, Mexico transferred 264 acres (1.07 km2) to the U.S.
The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the 155 miles (249 km) of river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez Valley. Numerous parcels of land (174) were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land (2,560.5 acres (10.362 km2)) to the other.[21][22]
The Banco Convention of 1905 resulted in many exchanges of bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel) between the two nations, most often in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Under the treaty, the following transfers involving Texas occurred from 1910–1976:[23]

text:
Year
# Bancos
Acres to USA
Acres to Mexico
Net total

Year
# Bancos
Acres to USA
Acres to Mexico
Net total

1910
57
5,357.2
3,101.2
2,256

1942
1
63.3
0
63.3

1912
31
1,094.4
2,343.0
−1,248.6
1943
4
482.9
100.5
382.4

1928
42
3,089.9
1,407.8
1,682.1
1944
14
253.7
166.2
87.5

1930
31
4,685.6
984.3
3,701.3
1945
16
240.9
333.5
−92.6

1931
4
158.4
328.7
−170.3
1946
1
185.8
0
185.8

1932
2
159.7
0
159.7
1949
2
190.2
281.9
−91.7

1933
1
0
122.1
−122.1
1956
1
508.3
0
508.3

1934
1
278.1
0
278.1
1968
1
0
154.6
−154.6

1939
1
240.2
0
240.2
1970
21
449.8
1,881.8
−1,432

1940
2
0
209.5
−209.5
1976
6
49.2
0
49.2

1941
6
224.5
246.9
−22.4
Total
245
17,712 acres (71.68 km2)
11,662 acres (47.19 km2)
6,050 acres (24.5 km2)

text:
In 1927 under the same 1905 Convention, the U.S. acquired two bancos from Mexico at the Colorado River border with Arizona. Farmers Banco, covering 583.4 acres (2.361 km2), a part of the Cocopah Indian Reservation at 32°37′27″N 114°46′45″W / 32.62417°N 114.77917°W / 32.62417; -114.77917, was ceded to the U.S. with controversy.[24] Fain Banco (259 acres (1.05 km2)) at 32°31′32″N 114°47′28″W / 32.52556°N 114.79111°W / 32.52556; -114.79111 also became U.S. soil.
Proposed: Based on aerial surveys in 2008, there are 138 cases where the widest channel of normal flow of the Rio Grande has shifted from previous surveys. Therefore, the International Boundary Line is to be changed under Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty. The result is 138 proposed transfers of territory that remain pending further evaluation and approval by the International Boundary and Water Commission and the two governments. Upon resolution, the U.S. is to cede 7 islands and 60 cuts in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 1,251.2 acres (5.063 km2), while Mexico is to cede 3 islands and 68 cuts to the U.S., totaling 1,275.9 acres (5.163 km2).

text: Canada[edit]

text: In 1925, to correct an unintended effect from an earlier treaty, the U.S. ceded to Canada two enclaves comprising two and one-half acres of water territory in the Lake of the Woods.[7][25]

text: Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

text: The Northern Mariana Islands were part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands but decided in the 1970s not to seek independence. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States was established in 1978.

text: Ryukyu Islands[edit]

text: The United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島米国軍政府 Ryūkyū-rettō Beikoku Gunseifu) was the government in Okinawa, Japan from 1945 to 1950, whereupon it was replaced by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1950 until 1972.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK; Korean: 재조선 미육군 사령부 군정청; Hanja: 在朝鮮美陸軍司令部軍政廳) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from September 8, 1945 to August 15, 1948.