document_title: Dhyan Chand

question_text: who is known as the wizard of hockey

question_tokens: who is known as the wizard of hockey

text: Dhyan Chand

text: Early life[edit]

text: Dhyan Chand was born on 29 August 1905 in Allahabad.[7] He was the elder brother of another hockey player Roop Singh. He was born to mother Sharadha Singh and father Sameshwar Singh. His father was in the British Indian Army, and he played hockey in the army. Dhyan Chand had two brothers – Mool Singh and Roop Singh.Because of his father's numerous army transfers, the family had to move to different cities and as such Chand had to terminate his education after only six years of schooling. The family finally settled in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Being in the military, his father got a small piece of land for a house.

text: Young Chand had no serious inclination towards sports, though he loved wrestling. He stated that he did not remember whether he played any hockey worth mentioning before he joined the Army, though he said that he occasionally indulged in casual games in Jhansi with his friends.[8]

text: Chand joined the Indian Army at the age of 16. The Hindi word Chand literally means the moon. Since Dhyan Singh used to practice a lot during the night after his duty hours, he used to wait for the moon to come out so that the visibility in the field (during his era there were no flood lights) improved. He was hence called "Chand", by his fellow players, as his practice sessions at night invariably coincided with the coming out of the moon.

text: Between 1922 and 1926, Chand exclusively played army hockey tournaments and regimental games. Chand was ultimately selected for the Indian Army team which was to tour New Zealand. The team won 18 matches, drew 2 and lost only 1, receiving praise from all spectators. Following this, in the two Test matches against the New Zealand squad, the team won the first and narrowly lost the second. Returning to India, Chand was immediately promoted to Lance Naik.

text: After successfully lobbying for reintroducing field hockey in the Olympics, the newly formed Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) made preparations to send its best possible team for the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. In 1925, an Inter-Provincial Tournament was held to select India's national field hockey team. Five teams participated in the inaugural nationals – United Provinces (UP), Punjab, Bengal, Rajputana and Central Provinces. Chand got permission from the Army to play for the United Provinces team.

text: In its first game in the tournament. Dhyan Chand as the centre-forward, and Marthins, their inside-right, were particularly happy in their understanding of each other. Dhyan Chand attracted much attention by his clever stick-work. His penetrating runs and judicious passes seemed to assure for him a position in the team that is to take part in the Olympic Games.

text: Quite early in the game, it became evident that Dhyan Chand was again at his best. In combination with Marthins he took the ball away to the right and Marthins did well to give him a good pass. Quick as lightning, Dhyan Chand shot a goal. The ball struck one of the defenders' stick and went into the net, giving goalkeeper Collie no chance. A goal within 3 minutes of the start was more than what the most optimistic of the UP supporters could expect. At the interval, UP led by three goals to nil.

text: On their part, Rajputana put every ounce of their efforts to score. The UP goal had more than one narrow escape, but were the winners of a fine exhibition match (3-1).

text: Buoyed by the success of the Tournament, it was decided that it would be held every two years. After two more trial matches between various hopefuls, the Olympic team (including Chand as center-forward) was announced and assembled in Bombay. Center-half Broome Eric Pinniger was selected as the captain. The IHF was initially low on funds since the provinces of Bombay, Madras and Burma had turned a deaf ear to their financial appeal, but they managed to scrape enough money. The Olympic team then played a match against the Bombay XI, and amazingly lost 3-2, even though Singh scored both his team's goals. With a quiet send-off, the team left for England on 10 March, to play 11 matches against local sides as well in the London Folkestone Festival in 1927, winning all. It was also said that the Great Britain did not send a team in 1928 Amsterdam Olympics after their national team was defeated by the Indian team at Folkestone. This is best cited in Kapur's book "Romance of Hockey" where a despatch of H. Sutherland Stark, London representative of "Sports", a magazine of Lahore, tells the story better than any other comment : "For reasons it is difficult to understand the English Hockey Association have taken up a very stiff attitude towards Indian Hockey in recent years and have repeatedly been twitted about it by even their own supporters. The Editor of a leading sports newspaper described them to me as an intensely conservative body, but there seems to be something more than conservative behind their unwillingness apparently ever to meet India ina full international encounter" [9] Finally, on 24 April, the team arrived in Amsterdam to embark on a tour of the Low Countries. In all the pre-Olympic matches against local Dutch, German and Belgian teams, the Indian team won by large margins.

text: In the 1928 Amsterdam Summer Olympics, the Indian team was put in the division A table, with Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland . On 17 May the Indian national hockey team made its Olympic debut against Austria, winning 6-0, with Chand scoring 3 goals. The next day India defeated Belgium 9-0; however Chand only scored once. On 20 May, Denmark lost to India 5-0, with Chand netting 3. Two days later, he scored 4 goals when India defeated Switzerland 6-0 in the semi-finals.

text: The final match took place on 26 May, with India facing the home team of the Netherlands. The Indian team's better players Feroze Khan, Ali Shaukat and Kher Singh were on the sick list and Chand himself was ill. However, even with a skeletal side, India managed to defeat the hosts 3-0 (with Singh scoring 2), and the Indian team won its country's first Olympic gold medal. Keeper Richard Allen did not concede any goals. Chand was the top scorer of the tournament, scoring 14 goals in 5 matches. A newspaper report about India's triumph said,[10]

text:
“
This is not a game of hockey, but magic. Dhyan Chand is in fact the magician of hockey.
”

text: On returning to India, the team was received by thousands of people at the Bombay harbor, compared to the three people who had seen them off.

text: Posted in Waziristan in the North-West Frontier Province (now in Pakistan) with his new 2/14 Punjab Regiment, Chand was cut off from the IHF, which was by now controlled by civilians. The Inter-Provincial Tournament was being held to select the new Olympic team; the IHF wrote to the Army Sports Control Board to grant Singh leaves to participate in the nationals. His platoon refused. Chand received news that he had been selected by the IHF for the Olympic team without any formalities. The rest of his teammates however, had to prove their skills in the Inter-Provincial Tournament, which was won by Punjab. As such, seven players from Punjab were selected for the Olympic team. Apart from Chand, Broome Eric Pinnigar, Leslie Hammond and Richard Allen were the other 1928 Olympians retained in the team. Chand's brother Roop Singh was also included in the squad as a left-in. Lal Shah Bokhari was selected as captain.

text: The Olympic team then played practice matches in India before heading for Colombo. In two matches in Ceylon, the Olympic team beat the All Ceylon XI 20-0 and 10-0. Wrote one newspaper on the first match,[11] "Perfection is perilous, for it tempts the gods. For once, this was proved wrong for even the god of weather paid tribute to the genius of the Indian players. Rain clouds, which had threatened to ruin the game, vanished into the blue, and thousands of spectators spent a happy hour marveling at the incomparable artistry of the Indian team."

text: The India team set sail for San Francisco on 30 May, and arrived on 6 July. They reached Los Angeles three weeks before the opening ceremony of the Olympics, which took place on 30 July. On 4 August 1932, India played its first match against Japan and won 11-1. Chand, Roop Singh, Gurmit Singh each scored thrice, and Dickie Carr once. In the final on 11 August, India played against hosts USA. India won 24-1, a world record at that time (until it was broken in 2003), and once again clinched the gold medal. Chand scored 8 times, Roop Singh 10, Gurmit Singh 5 and Pinniger once. In fact, Chand along with his brother Roop, scored 25 out of the 35 goals scored by India. This led to them being dubbed the 'hockey twins'.

text: One Los Angeles newspaper wrote,[12] "The All-India field hockey team which G. D. Sondhi brought to Los Angeles to defend their 1928 Olympic title, was like a typhoon out of the east. They trampled under their feet and all but shoved out of the Olympic stadium the eleven players representing the United States."

text: The team then embarked on a tour of the United States. They played a match on 20 August against a United States XI, almost the same team that they had faced in Los Angeles. Even after loaning its second keeper Arthur Hind, for a half, the team won 24-1.

text: After setting sail from New York, the team arrived at England. The then embarked on a hectic tour, playing nine matches in various countries in a fortnight, commencing on 2 September. They played four internationals-against the Netherlands, Germany, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. The team then reached Ceylon and India, playing a number of matches to pay for their expenses. At the end of the tour, India had played 37 matches, winning 34, drawing 2, with one abandoned. Chand scored 133 of the 338 Indian goals.

text: In India he is often referred to as 'Hockey ka Jaadugar' with translates to "Magician of the game of Hockey". It is also rumored Chand used to practice ball control by sprinting along the length of railway tracks while balancing the ball on the track rail.

text: He has studied at Aligarh Muslim University.[13]

text: Captaincy and 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics[edit]

text: In 1933, Chand's home team, the Jhansi he Heroes participated in and won the Beighton Cup, which he considered the most prestigious of Indian hockey tournaments. Later, he would state,[14]

text:
“
If anybody asked me which was the best match that I played in, I will unhesitatingly say that it was the 1933 Beighton Cup final between Calcutta Customs and Jhansi Heroes. Calcutta Customs was a great side those days; they had Shaukat Ali, Asad Ali, Claude Deefholts, Seaman, Mohsin, and many others who were then in the first flight of Indian hockey.
I had a very young side. Besides my brother Roop Singh, and Ismail, who played for the Great Indian Peninsular Railway in Mumbai, I had no other really great player in the team. But I had a team which was determined to do or die. It was a great match, full of thrills, and it was just opportunism that gave us the victory. Customs were pressing hard and our goal was at their mercy. Suddenly I broke through and from midfield gave a long through pass to Ismail, who ran with Jesse Owens' speed half the length of the ground. A misunderstanding occurred between the Customs left-half and the goalkeeper, and Ismail, taking every advantage of it, cut through and netted the only goal of the match. We felt very proud of our triumph.

”

text: In Kolkata, the Heroes also won the Lakshmibilas Cup tournament, which was open only to Indian teams. In 1935, they successfully defended their Beighton Cup title, though lost the subsequent year.

text: In December 1934, the IHF decided to send a team to New Zealand in the new year. Chand and his brother were immediately selected. When the Nawab of Manavadar declined to play, Chand was appointed captain. In the subsequent tour, the team played a total of 48 matches on this tour, with 28 in New Zealand and the remainder in India, Ceylon and Australia. India won every match, scoring 584 goals and conceding only 40. Of these 48 matches, Chand played 23 and scored a total of 201 goals.

text: Upon returning to India, Chand resumed his duties in the barracks. In December 1935, the IHF decided to stage the Inter-Provincial tournament to select the Olympic team. Chand was again denied permission to leave his platoon, though once again he was selected without formalities. The final team assembled in Delhi on 16 June and played against the Delhi Hockey XI. Incredibly, they lost 4-1. After this inauspicious start, the team went on a successful tour of the subcontinent, finally departing for Marseilles on 27 June. They arrived on 10 July, and after an uncomfortable journey in third-class compartments, reached Berlin on 13 July. On 17 July, the Indian team played a practice match against Germany and lost 4-1. As such, manager Pankaj Gupta informed the IHF that Ali Dara had to be sent immediately to replace the out of form Mirza Masood.

text: On 5 August, India won its first match against Hungary 4-0. India won the rest of the group matches against USA (7-0, with Chand scoring 2 goals) and Japan (9-0, with Chand scoring 4). On 10 August, Ali Dara arrived. Their fourth match was the semi-final against France, whom they defeated 10-0, with Chand scoring 4 goals. Meanwhile, Germany had beaten Denmark 6-0, beaten Afghanistan 4-1 and in the play-offs, had defeated the Netherlands 3-0. Thus, India and Germany were to clash in the 1936 Berlin Olympics field hockey final on 19 August.

text: On the morning of the final, the entire team was nervous since they had been defeated the last time they had faced Germany. In the locker room, Pankaj Gupta produced a Congress tricolour. Reverently the team saluted it, prayed and marched onto the field. The German team was successful in restricting the India side to a single goal until the first interval. After the interval, the Indian team launched an all-out attack, easily defeating Germany 8-1, incidentally the only goal scored against India in that Olympic tournament. Chand top-scored with 3 goals, Dara scored 2 and Roop Singh, Tapsell and Jaffar one each. Describing the game, the Special Correspondent of The Hindu wrote,[15]

text:
“
Every member of the team was feeling the strain of the defeat to the Germans in the practice match, and no one was in his usual self. I never saw a hockey team from India, where the game is definitely of a superior standard compared to the rest of the world, being so obsessed on the eve of the match. The players were nervous as to what the result of the match would be, which was heightened by the feeling that the burden of the country's honour was on their shoulders.
The game was played at a fast pace and was packed with thrilling incidents. The Germans undercut and lifted the ball, but the Indian team countered with brilliant half-volleying and amazing long shots. Twice Dara attempted to score but was declared offside. Dhyan Chand discarded his spiked shoes and stockings and played with bare legs and rubber soles and became speedier in the second half.
The vigorous German attacks were brilliantly saved by Allen and Tapsell. The goal scored by Weiss of Germany was the only goal scored against the Indians throughout the tournament. The whole Indian team put up a splendid display. Dhyan Chand and Dara impressed by their combination, Tapsell by his reliability and Jaffar by his tremendous bursts of speed.

”

text: There have been many erroneous media reports over the years claiming that Dhyan Chand scored 6 goals in India's 8-1 victory over Germany in the 1936 Olympic final. However, Major Dhyan Chand in his autobiography titled “Goal!” published in 1952 by Sport & Pastime, Chennai, writes as follows:

text: “When Germany was four goals down, a ball hit Allen's pad and rebounded. The Germans took full advantage of this and made a rush, netting the ball before we could stop it. That was the only goal Germany would score in the match against our eight, and incidentally the only goal scored against India in the entire Olympic tournament. India's goal-getters were Roop Singh, Tapsell and Jaffar with one each, Dara two and myself three.”

text: The record for most goals by an individual in an Olympic final has belonged to Balbir Singh, Sr. another famous Indian hockey hero since the 1952 Helsinki Olympic games. He set this record by scoring 5 goals in India's 6-1 victory over the Netherlands for the gold medal win. The previous holder of this record was England's Reggie Pridmore with his 4 goals in England's 8-1 victory over Ireland in the 1908 Olympic final.

text: International Hockey Federation records also attribute only 3 of the 8 goals to Dhyan Chand in the Berlin Olympic final.

text: The final was included in the Leni Riefenstahl film on the 1936 Olympics, Olympia. Overall, in 3 Olympic tournaments, Chand had scored 33 goals in 12 matches.

text: East African tour and final tournaments[edit]

text: After returning from Berlin, Chand joined his regiment. Between 1936 and the commencement of the War in 1939, he largely confined himself to army hockey, with one visit to Kolkata to take part in the Beighton Cup tournament in 1937. before the beighton Cup, Chand spent four months in a military camp in Pachmarhi to attend military classes. Later, he was promoted to Lieutenant.

text: Towards the closing phases of the war, Chand led an army hockey team which toured around the battlefields in Manipur, Burma, the Far East and Ceylon. When the war ended in 1945, Chand decided that the Indian hockey team needed new young players. In 1947, the IHF was requested by the Asian Sports Association (ASA) of East Africa to send a team to play a series of matches. The ASA made a condition that Chand should be included in the team. Once again, Chand was chosen as captain.

text: The team assembled in Bombay on 23 November 1947, and reached Mombasa on 15 December and played 9 matches in British East Africa winning all. Chand, though now in his forties, still managed to score 61 goals in 22 matches.

text: After returning from the East African tour in early 1948, Chand decided to gradually phase out his involvement in 'serious hockey'. He played exhibition matches, leading a Rest of India side against state teams and the 1948 Olympic team which defeated Chand's side 2-1, even though an aging Chand scored his side's lone goal. Chand's last match was leading the Rest of India team against the Bengal side. The match ended in a draw after which the Bengal Hockey Association organized a public function to honor Chand's services to Indian hockey.

text: Last days[edit]

text: In 1951, Captain Dhyan Chand was honored at the National Stadium—with Dhyan Chand tournament. Satinder Mullick remembers that Dhyan Chand took him and children of Capt. Kashmira Lal, Sports secretary of Army Hockey Federation. Dhyan Chand was staying in Jodhpur Mess. He was admired by all at the National Stadium.[16]

text: In 1956, at the age of 51, he retired from the army with the rank of Major. The Government of India honoured him the same year by conferring him the Padma Bhushan (India's third highest civilian honour).[17]

text: After retirement, he taught at coaching camps at Mount Abu, Rajasthan. Later, he accepted the position of Chief Hockey Coach at the National Institute of Sports, Patiala, a post he held for several years. Chand spent his last days in his hometown of Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. M Dhyan Chand died on 3 December 1979 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.[18] He was cremated at the Jhansi Heroes ground in his hometown, after some initial problems in getting clearance. His regiment, the Punjab Regiment, accorded him full military honours.[19]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dhyan Chand remains a legendary figure in Indian and world hockey. His astounding skills have been glorified in various apocryphal stories and anecdotes. A number of such these revolve around the fact that Singh had an extraordinary control over dribbling the ball. Chand's birthday, 29 August, is celebrated as National Sports Day in India. The President gives away sport-related awards such as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award on this day at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, India.

text: The 20th National Award 2012, the Gem of India, awarded by the Union Minister of India, was given to Dhyan Chand. The award was received by Dhyan Chand’s son, Ashok Dhyan Chand (a hockey Olympian in his own right) on behalf of his deceased father. The award was given by Journalist Association of India under the flagship of Journalists Federation of India, Sirifort Auditorium, New Delhi, India, on 22 September 2012.

text: India's highest award for lifetime achievement in sports is the Dhyan Chand Award which has been awarded annually from 2002 to sporting figures who not only contribute through their performance but also contribute to the sport after their retirement. The National Stadium, Delhi was renamed Dhyan Chand National Stadium in 2002 in his honour.[20]

text: A hostel at Aligarh Muslim University of which he was an alumnus, has been named after him.[21]

text: He scored over 400 goals in his career, from 1926 to 1948.[22]

text: An Astroturf hockey pitch, at the Indian Gymkhana Club in London, has been named after Indian hockey legend Dhyan Chand.[23]

text: Government of India has issued a commemorative postage stamp and a First Day Cover in honour of Dhyan Chand. He remains the only Indian hockey player to have a stamp in his honour.[24]

text: In 1956, at the age of 51, he retired from the army with the rank of Major. After he retired he coached for a while, then settled in his beloved Jhansi. However, the last days of Dhyan Chand were not very happy, as he was short of money and was badly ignored by the nation. Once he went to a tournament in Ahmedabad and they turned him away not knowing who he was. He developed liver cancer, and was sent to a general ward at the AIIMS, New Delhi.

text:
Once, while playing a hockey game, Major Dhyan Chand was not able to score a goal against the opposition team. After several misses, he argued with the match referee regarding the measurement of the goal post, and amazingly, it was found to not be in conformation with the official width of a goal post under international rules.[25]
After India played its first match in the 1936 Olympics, Dhyan Chand's magical stickwork drew crowds from other venues to the hockey field. A German newspaper carried a banner headline: 'The Olympic complex now has a magic show too.' The next day, there were posters all over Berlin: Visit the hockey stadium to watch the Indian magician Dhyan Chand in action.[25]
Legend has it that the Fuhrer was so impressed by Dhyan Chand's wizardry with the stick that he offered the Indian a chance to move to Germany and the post of Colonel in his army, which the Indian is said to have declined with a smile.[26]
During a match with Germany in the 1936 Olympics, Dhyan Chand lost a tooth in a collision with the particularly aggressive Germany goalkeeper Tito Warnholtz. Returning to the field after medical attention, Dhyan Chand reportedly told the players to "teach a lesson" to the Germans by not scoring. The Indians repeatedly took the ball to the German circle only to backpedal.[27]
Australian cricket legend Don Bradman and Dhyan Chand once came face to face at Adelaide in 1935, when the Indian hockey team was in Australia. After watching Dhyan Chand in action, Bradman remarked "He scores goals like runs in cricket"[25][28]
Residents of Vienna, Austria, honoured him by setting up a statue of him with four hands and four sticks, depicting his control and mastery over the ball. This however has turned out to be an exaggeration, with no such statue and its presence being documented anywhere.[29][30][31]
A tube station has been named after him in London, along with 358 other past and present Olympic heroes, in the run-up to the Games, starting on 27 July 2012. The Transport for London has brought out a special 'Olympic Legends Map', detailing all 361 tube stations. Only six stops have been named after hockey players, with the three Indians – Dhyan Chand, Roop Singh and Leslie Claudius – cornering the majority.[32]
In the Netherlands, the authorities broke his hockey stick to check if there was a magnet inside.

text: Dhyan Chand was among the nominees considered for India's highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, for 2014 and there was support for it.[33][34][35] The award was then given to Sachin Tendulkar and C. N. R. Rao.[36] The family members of Dhyan Chand were disappointed with government decision.[37] The RTI was filed which suggested that the Prime Minister's Office had ignored the recommendation from sports ministry on giving the award over Sachin Tendulkar.[38]

text: Autobiography[edit]

text: "Goal!", the autobiography of Hockey wizard Dhyan Chand, was published by Sport & Pastime, Madras (now Chennai) in 1952.[39]


document_title: de Havilland DH 108

question_text: british pilot crashed and was killed while trying to break the sound barrier on september 27th 1946

root

text: de Havilland DH 108

text: Design and development[edit]

text: Employing the main fuselage section and engine of the de Havilland Vampire mated to a longer fuselage with a single tailfin and swept wings, the de Havilland DH 108 was proposed in 1944 as a test "mule" for the DH 106 Comet which had initially been considered a tailless, swept-wing concept.[1] Despite the Comet design taking on more conventional features, the value of testing the unique configuration to provide basic data for the DH.110 [2] spurred de Havilland to continue development of the DH 108. Selecting two airframes from the English Electric Vampire F 1 production line, the new aircraft had unmistakable similarities to its fighter origins, especially in the original forward fuselage which retained the nose, cockpit and other components of the Vampire. The Ministry of Supply named the DH 108 the "Swallow", a name that was never officially adopted by the company.[3]

tag: p

text: The new metal wing incorporating a 43˚ sweepback was approximately 15% greater in area than the standard Vampire wing.[2] Control was based on the conventional rudder in combination with elevons that were part elevator and ailerons, fitted outboard of the split trailing edge flaps.[2] Although the Vampire fuselage was retained, as development continued, a revised nose and streamlined, reinforced canopy were incorporated.[4]

text: Testing[edit]

text: The first DH 108 prototype, serial number TG283, utilising the Vampire fuselage and a 43° swept wing, flew on 15 May 1946 at RAF Woodbridge. Designed to investigate low-speed handling, it was capable of only 280 mph (450 km/h). The de Havilland Chief Test Pilot Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., son of de Havilland company owner-designer Geoffrey de Havilland, gave a display flight in the DH 108 during the 1946 Society of British Aircraft Constructors (SBAC) airshow at Radlett.[5] In later low-speed testing designed to clear the rear fuselage at high angles of attack, the first prototype was fitted with longer Sea Vampire landing gear.[6]

text: The second, high-speed prototype, TG306, with a 45° swept wing incorporating automatic leading-edge Handley Page slats and powered by a de Havilland Goblin 3 turbojet, flew soon after in June 1946. Modifications to the design included a more streamlined, longer nose and a smaller canopy (framed by a strengthened metal fairing) facilitated by lowering the pilot's seat.[4] While being used to evaluate handling characteristics at high speed, on 27 September 1946 TG306 suffered a catastrophic structural failure that occurred in a dive from 10,000 ft (3,050 m) at Mach 0.9 and crashed in the Thames Estuary. The pilot, Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., was killed in the accident. Early wind tunnel testing had pointed to potentially dangerous flight behaviours, but pitch oscillation at high speed had been unexpected. The subsequent accident investigation centred on a structural failure that occurred as air built up at Mach 0.9, pitching the aircraft into a shock stall that placed tremendous loads on the fuselage and wings. The main spar cracked at the roots causing the wings to immediately fold backwards.[7]

text: After the loss of the second prototype, VW120 became the third and final prototype based on the newer Vampire F.5 fighter built at Hatfield. It differed from the first test aircraft in that it featured an even more streamlined pointed nose and smaller reinforced canopy (lowering the pilot's seat allowed for a more aerodynamic canopy shape to be employed). Power-boosted elevators had been specified as a means to control the pitch oscillations at the root of the earlier disaster. A more powerful Goblin 4 of 3,738 lbf (16.67 kN) thrust had the potential to push the DH 108 into the supersonic range. VW120 first flew on 24 July 1947 flown by John Cunningham, the wartime nightfighter ace.

text: Considered an important testbed for high-speed flight, VW120 was readied for an attempt at the World Speed Record then held by a Gloster Meteor at 616 mph (991 km/h). The second prototype, TG306, was a "backup" for the attempt before it fatally crashed.[7] On 12 April 1948, VW120 established a new World Air Speed Record of 604.98 mph (974.02 km/h) on a 62-mile (100 km) circuit. Then, on 6 September 1948, John Derry is thought to have probably exceeded the speed of sound in a shallow dive from 40,000 ft (12,195 m) to 30,000 ft (9,145 m). The test pilot Captain Eric "Winkle" Brown, who escaped a crash in 1949, described the DH 108 as "a killer".[8]

text: In 1949, VW120 put on an aerial display at Farnborough and scored third place in the Society of British Aircraft Constructors Challenge Trophy Air Race before being turned over to the Ministry of Supply and test flown at RAE Farnborough.[9] It was destroyed on 15 February 1950 in a crash near Brickhill, Buckinghamshire, killing its test pilot, Squadron Leader Stuart Muller-Rowland. The accident investigation pointed to a faulty oxygen system that incapacitated the pilot.[9]

text: A coroner's report published in the local newspaper one month later confirmed that the pilot died from a broken neck. The failure of the left wing as the plane dived, occurred just above the garage at Brickhill. This failure was presumed to be the source of a "bang" described by witnesses at Brickhill. Swishing sounds which were reported came from the aircraft spinning at a high rate due to it having only one wing. It came down in the woods after glancing off an oak tree; the traces of the impact were still visible 50 years later. The airframe and right wing were dismantled by the military, and removed very quickly. The left wing was also recovered from the fields just north of Brickhill.

text: A nearby German field worker ran over to the crash site and was met by the mechanic from Brickhill garage who had rushed to the crash site in his car to offer assistance. The pilot was already dead. A search for the crash site in 2001 by a local using a metal detector was successful. He found some of the mounting bolts "cone shaped" that were removed when the remains had been dismantled on site. The tree that the DH 108 had hit was also found, with the scar still visible. The earlier theory that a faulty oxygen system was the cause was ruled out by the coroner in his later report.[citation needed]

text: Finally, on 1 May 1950, during low-speed sideslip and stall tests, the first prototype, TG283, was lost in a crash at Hartley Wintney killing the pilot, Sqn Ldr George E.C. Genders AFC DFM. After abandoning the aircraft at low altitude in an inverted spin, his parachute failed to open in time. In all, 480 flights had been made by the three Swallows.[10]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The DH108 established a number of "firsts" for a British aircraft: it was the first British swept-winged jet aircraft and the first British tailless jet aircraft.

text: Operators[edit]

text: Royal Aircraft Establishment

tag: ul

text: Specifications (DH 108 VW120: third prototype)[edit]

text: General characteristics

text:
Length: 29 ft 9.5 in (9.081 m)
Wingspan: 39 ft (12 m)
Wing area: 327.86 sq ft (30.459 m2)
Empty weight: 8,940 lb (4,055 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × de Havilland Goblin 4 centrifugal compressor jet engine, 3,738 lbf (16.63 kN) thrust

text: Performance

text:
Maximum speed: 677 mph (1,090 km/h; 588 kn)
Range: 730 mi (634 nmi; 1,175 km)
Service ceiling: 35,425 ft (10,798 m)
Wing loading: 27 lb/sq ft (130 kg/m2)
Thrust/weight: 0.42


document_title: The Road Not Taken

question_text: when was two roads diverged in a yellow wood published

text: The Road Not Taken

text: History[edit]

text: Frost spent the years 1912 to 1915 in England, where among his acquaintances was the writer Edward Thomas. Thomas and Frost became close friends and took many walks together. After Frost returned to New Hampshire in 1915, he sent Thomas an advance copy of "The Road Not Taken".[1] Frost later expressed annoyance that most audiences took the poem more seriously than he had intended; in particular, Thomas took it seriously and personally, and it may have been the last straw in Thomas' decision to enlist in World War I.[1] Thomas was killed two years later in the Battle of Arras.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: "The Road Not Taken" is a narrative poem consisting of four stanzas of 5 lines each in iambic tetrameter (though it is hypermetric by one beat – there are nine syllables per line instead of the strict eight required for tetrameter) and is one of Frost's most popular works. Besides being among the best known poems, some claim that it is one of the most misunderstood.[2][3]

text: Frost's biographer Lawrance Thompson is cited as saying that the poem's narrator is "one who habitually wastes energy in regretting any choice made: belatedly but wistfully he sighs over the attractive alternative rejected".[4] According to the Thompson biography, Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph (1971), in his introduction in readings to the public, Frost would say that the speaker was based on his friend Edward Thomas. In Frost's words, Thomas was "a person who, whichever road he went, would be sorry he didn't go the other".[5]

text: While a case could be made for the sigh being one of satisfaction, the critical "regret" analysis supports the interpretation that this poem is about the human tendency to look back and attribute blame to minor events in one's life, or to attribute more meaning to things than they may deserve.[6] In 1961, Frost commented that "The Road Not Taken" is "a tricky poem, very tricky", implying that people generally misinterpret this poem as evidence of the benefit of free thinking and not following the crowd, while Frost's intention was to comment about indecision and people finding meaning in inconsequential decisions.[2][3] A New York Times Sunday book review on Brian Hall's 2008 biography Fall of Frost states: "Whichever way they go, they're sure to miss something good on the other path."[7]


document_title: War for the Planet of the Apes

question_text: who played donkey in planet of the apes

question_tokens: who played donkey in planet of the apes

text: War for the Planet of the Apes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two years after the U.S. military was called to fight off an increasingly intelligent and dangerous tribe of apes, starting a devastating war between the two species, the apes' clan, led by the chimpanzee Caesar, are attacked in the woods by a rogue paramilitary faction known as Alpha-Omega, led by a mysterious Colonel. Alpha-Omega also has in its service apes they call "donkeys" that had previously followed Koba, a maniacal, human-hating bonobo who led a failed coup against Caesar and started the war after leading a vengeful attack against human survivors in San Francisco. During the attack, the Alpha-Omega soldiers are met by heavy ape resistance, and four soldiers, including a "donkey" gorilla named Red, are captured by the apes. Caesar arrives and orders the human soldiers to be released, with a message to the Colonel that he did not start the war and he killed Koba for doing so, and that he desires peace between the humans and apes. Caesar, out of spite, orders that Red is to be imprisoned but he escapes, injuring albino gorilla Winter.

text: Soon after, Caesar's son, Blue Eyes, and his lieutenant Rocket return from a journey to find a safe haven for the apes. They report that they have found a place across the desert that is perfect for the clan. Winter, still frightened from the soldiers' attack, wants to leave immediately, but Caesar does not think they are prepared to leave so soon. That night, a group of Alpha-Omega soldiers, led by the Colonel, infiltrates the apes' home behind a waterfall. The apes discover their presence and kill them all except the Colonel, whom Caeser encounters preparing to escape. Discovering that the Colonel has killed his wife Cornelia along with Blue Eyes, an enraged Caesar lunges at the Colonel but fails to prevent him from escaping out of the waterfall. Upon discovering that Winter has disappeared, Luca, a gorilla and Caesar's secondary lieutenant, believes that he has betrayed them out of cowardice.

text: Leaving his younger son Cornelius in the care of Blue Eyes' mate Lake, Caesar departs to exact revenge on the Colonel for the deaths of his wife and oldest son. He is accompanied by Maurice, a orangutan and Caesar's adviser, Luca, and Rocket, while the other apes head for the desert. During their journey, the apes enter an abandoned village, encounter a soldier, and kill him. Caesar, Maurice, Luca, and Rocket search the dead soldier's home. Maurice discovers the soldier's daughter who is apparently unable to speak. Maurice befriends and adopts the girl, giving her a small rag doll.

text: Along the way, Caesar's party encounters Winter in an Alpha-Omega camp on the beach where he has volunteered to become a "donkey" for the soldiers in return for sparing his life. He tells Caesar's group that the Colonel has departed for a location referred to as the "border." Winter tries to call out to the Alpha-Omega soldiers to save him, but Caesar and the others struggle to keep him quiet. While restraining Winter, Caesar accidentally smothers and kills him. Caesar begins to worry that he is becoming like Koba by killing his fellow apes and seeking revenge. While following the soldiers to the border, they discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead. Their examination of a soldier who survived reveals that he, like the girl, cannot speak. At the soldier's urging, Caesar mercifully kills him. Later the group encounters Bad Ape, a reclusive chimpanzee hermit who lived in the Sierra Zoo before the Simian Flu pandemic. Bad Ape reveals that the human soldiers are encamped at the border and hesitantly agrees to lead them there.

text: When the group arrives at the border, they see hundreds of apes held captive inside a former quarantine facility. While getting a closer look, Luca is killed protecting Caesar from an Alpha-Omega patrol, angering Caesar and causing him to proceed alone. Caesar discovers the rest of his ape clan has been captured, and are being forced to build a wall with no food or water; he is captured by Red. The Colonel reveals to Caesar that the Simian Flu virus has mutated and now causes humans who survived the original strain to become mute, which he believes is a sign of devolution to a primitive state. Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading himself in the facility to fend off remnants of the U.S. Army from the north who are coming to execute him because he favors massacring any infected humans, including his own son, to stop the spread of the virus. Caesar is commended by the Colonel for his intelligence, and the Colonel explains that he is fighting a "holy war" for humanity's survival.

text: While Caesar is tortured with starvation, the mute girl, whom Maurice names Nova, sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food, water, and her rag doll (originally given to her by Maurice). To prevent Nova from being discovered, Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion. The next day, the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive, and confiscates Nova's doll upon discovering it. Together Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility. Maurice and Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes, and Caesar orders the others to escape while he goes to confront the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army. Caesar reaches the Colonel and prepares to kill him, but discovers that Nova's doll has infected him with the mutated virus, rendering him unable to speak. Caesar spares the Colonel and watches as he uses his pistol to commit suicide, rather than regressing to a primitive state.

text: During the battle between Alpha-Omega and the northern army, the escaping apes come under fire from Alpha-Omega. Caesar attempts to attack Alpha-Omega forces from behind, but is shot with a crossbow by Preacher, one of the Alpha-Omega soldiers he had previously set free. In an act of redemption, Red saves Caesar's life by killing Preacher with a grenade launcher, and gets shot by an Alpha-Omega superior as a result. Caesar blows up a large fuel tank, causing a cascade of explosions which destroys the Alpha-Omega facility, allowing the northern army to win the battle. However, the army is subsequently devastated by an avalanche, which Caesar and the other apes, carrying Nova, survive by climbing nearby trees.

text: The remaining apes depart the facility and cross the desert to find an oasis. While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home, Maurice discovers Caesar's wound. Maurice then speaks, telling the dying Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was, what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes. Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds, dying peacefully while Maurice mourns his passing as the other apes look on.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Apes[edit]

text:
Andy Serkis as Caesar, an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes.[7]
Steve Zahn as "Bad Ape", a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak, and was a hermit before joining Caesar's group.[8][9]
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar's adviser.[7]
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee who is Caesar's brother-figure.[10]
Ty Olsson as Red, a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba, now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar. Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise.[citation needed]
Michael Adamthwaite as Luca, a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe.[citation needed]
Toby Kebbell reprises his role as Koba from Dawn, appearing in Caesar's hallucinations.
Judy Greer as Cornelia, Caesar's wife.[7]
Sara Canning as Lake, a common chimpanzee in Caesar's tribe, who is also Blue Eyes' mate and later Cornelius's caretaker.[11]
Max Lloyd-Jones as Blue Eyes, Caesar and Cornelia's oldest son.[12]
Devyn Dalton as Cornelius, Caesar and Cornelia's youngest son, and Blue Eyes' younger brother. Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise.
Aleks Paunovic as Winter, an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear.[13]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Woody Harrelson as Colonel McCullough, the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha-Omega, who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species.[14][15]
Amiah Miller as Nova, a mute orphan whom Maurice adopts as his daughter.[16][17]
Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher, a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha-Omega.[18]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. In January 2014, the studio announced the third film, with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, and Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers.[19][20] During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV, Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film's setting. "...It could be five years after the event. It could be the night after the events of where we left 'Dawn.'"[21] In May 2015, the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[22] By October 2015, it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[8]

text: When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn, the film already had a release date, which led to an accelerated production schedule. However, with the third installment, Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film. Taking advantage of this, the two bonded with each other more than before.[23]

text: In interviews for Dawn, Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans: "As this story continues, we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn. That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with. Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never, ever wanted to deal with, and was hoping he could avoid. And now he is right in the middle of it. The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways, in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply. It’s going to be an epic story. I think you’ve probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary. The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times. This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history, and sort of leads to an almost biblical status. He is going to become like a mythic ape figure, like Moses."[24]

text: Toby Kebbell, who portrayed Koba in Dawn, had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters.[25] Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early, with Bomback saying, "If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, you hear Koba’s breathing. We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to. Very early on in spitballing, we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba – certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story. But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea. In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film, Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother. That would have resonance, and we wanted to make sure that didn’t get lost. So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar’s mind at this point and revisit Koba that way."[26]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film.[27] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was supporting.[14] In October 2015, TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film.[8] It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film's humans, with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice,[7][16] while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes.[13][11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[28][29] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[30] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[31] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[32]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: As with Rise and Dawn, the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital; the apes were created with a mixture of motion-capture and CGI key-frame animation, as they were performed in motion-capture technology and animated in CGI.

text: Influences[edit]

text: At New York Comic-Con 2016, Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing. He said, "One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies. We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does. We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie. We watched every Planet of the Apes movie, war movies, westerns, Empire Strikes Back... We just thought, 'We have to pretend we have all the time in the world,' even though we had limited time. We got really inspired."[33]

text: Additionally, during production, Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape. Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements, they also watched Biblical epics like Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments. The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson's Colonel, a military leader with pretensions toward godhood. Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai. Another comparison is in Caesar's journey to find the Colonel, flanked by a posse of close friends – a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood's war-weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales.[23] Influences from the film Apocalypse Now, notably Harrelson's character and his Alpha-Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz's renegade army, were also noted by several journalists.[34][35][36] Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration.[37]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
War for the Planet of the Apes

Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino

Released
July 7, 2017 (Digital)
July 21, 2017 (Physical)

Recorded
2017

Genre
Film score

Label
Sony Masterworks

Michael Giacchino film scores chronology

Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017)Spider-Man: Homecoming2017
War for the Planet of the Apes
(2017)
Coco
(2017)Coco2017

tag: table

text: On October 17, 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino, the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn, would return to compose War's score.[38] The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7, 2017,[39] and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21, 2017.[40]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Apes’ Past is Prologue"
10:53

2.
"Assault of the Earth"
5:29

3.
"Exodus Wounds"
4:23

4.
"The Posse Polonaise"
1:39

5.
"The Bad Ape Bagatelle"
1:13

6.
"Don’t Luca Now"
3:53

7.
"Koba Dependent"
2:54

8.
"The Ecstasy of the Bold"
1:57

9.
"Apes Together Strong"
7:12

10.
"A Tide in the Affairs of Apes"
5:31

11.
"Planet of the Escapes"
2:42

12.
"The Hating Game"
2:04

13.
"A Man Named Suicide"
5:32

14.
"More Red Than Alive"
2:41

15.
"Migration"
2:03

16.
"Paradise Found"
5:35

17.
"End Credits"
9:30

Total length:
75:11

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was initially set for a July 29, 2016, release. However, in January 2015, Fox postponed the film's release date to July 14, 2017.[41][6]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Special behind-the-scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22, 2015, as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis.[42] The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC.[43][44] The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance-capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape.[45] The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page later the same day.[46]

text: At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6, Reeves, Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film.[47]

text: Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game, for which he performed motion capture.[48] Titled Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier, the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC in fall 2017.[49]

text: Home media[edit]

text: War for the Planet of the Apes will be released on Digital HD on October 10, 2017 and on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[50]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of October 1, 2017[update], War for the Planet of the Apes has grossed $146.5 million in the United States and Canada and $334.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $484.8 million, against a production budget of $150 million.[5]

text: In North America, the film was projected to gross $50–60 million in its opening weekend,[51] however, given its acclaimed status and strong word-of-mouth, rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70–80 million.[4][52][53] War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales, a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots (such as Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Transformers: The Last Knight and The Mummy). However, box office analysts noted that well-reviewed films have tended to perform in-line with estimates (Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Wonder Woman and Spider-Man: Homecoming).[54][55][56] The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters, up 22% from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor, and $22.1 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $56.3 million, topping the box office, albeit with a 22% drop from Dawn's $72.6 million debut.[57][58] In its second weekend, the film grossed $20.9 million (a drop of 62.9%, more than the 50.4% fall Dawn saw), finishing 4th at the box office.[59] In its third weekend, the film made $10.5 million (dropping another 49.9%), finishing 6th at the box office. It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ($16.1 million) and Dawn ($16.8 million).[60]

text: Outside North America, War for the Planet of the Apes is receiving a scattered release in a span of three months (July–September). The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14, albeit only in two major markets, and was projected to have an opening of $50–60 million, with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform, as they have for recent tent poles.[4] The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million, including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom.[61]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)

text: War for the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim for the performances of its cast (particularly Serkis), direction, musical score, visual effects, cinematography and morally complex storyline.[62] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93%, based on 268 reviews, with a rating average of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful, poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful – and truly blockbuster – note."[63] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[64] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors.[57] Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10, saying: "War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy, but also one that does enough world-building that the series can potentially continue from here – and it’s a rare case where, after three movies, we’re left wanting more."[citation needed]

text: Future[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)

text: During an interview with MTV News in mid-November 2014, Andy Serkis talked about possible sequels: "It might be three films, it could be four. It could be five. Who knows? The journey will continue."[21] In October 2016, it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is being planned.[65][66]


document_title: The Rain (TV series)

question_text: where was the netflix show the rain filmed

text: The Rain (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide the answers and the cure.[5]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alba August as Simone Andersen
Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen as Rasmus Andersen
Mikkel Følsgaard as Martin
Lukas Løkken as Patrick
Jessica Dinnage as Lea
Sonny Lindberg as Jean
Angela Bundalovic as Beatrice

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Johannes Bah Kuhnke as Sten, Frederik's boss
Lars Simonsen as Dr. Frederik Andersen, Simone and Rasmus' father
Jacob Luhmann as Thomas, Apollon "stranger"
Iben Hjejle as Ellen Andersen, Simone and Rasmus' mother
Bertil De Lorenzi as Young Rasmus

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Stay Inside"Kenneth KainzJannik Tai MosholtMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
A deadly virus spread by rainfall forces siblings Simone and Rasmus and their parents to seek refuge in a well-equipped underground bunker. The siblings’ father, Dr. Frederik Andersen, is a scientist who works for Apollon, the company that crafted the bunkers. He leaves the siblings with their mother in the bunker, saying he'll be back.  Before he leaves, he instructs Simone to protect Rasmus, as he is the key to curing the virus. On hearing someone attempting to get inside the bunker, Simone opens the bunker door, assuming it is her father. Her mother, knowing that it is not Frederick and that their family will be infected if anyone else comes in, runs outside the bunker and tackles the stranger before he can enter. She is exposed to the virus and quickly dies, leaving Simone and Rasmus alone. At first the children are able to contact someone by radio, but the communication eventually stops. Simone has flashbacks to her parents' arguing about treating a sick Rasmus with some sort of virus.  Six years pass. With their food supply dwindling, Rasmus wants to leave. Simone agrees, but first goes out alone in a contagion suit while Rasmus sleeps and finds only collapsed, desolate ruins. Later, back at the bunker, the air control alarms go off, signaling that oxygen is depleted. When Rasmus and Simone open the hatch to escape, they are confronted at gunpoint by other survivors who had covered the vents to force the siblings out.
2"Stay Together"Kenneth KainzJannik Tai MosholtMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
Simone shows the group's leader, Martin, a map of other bunkers and promises them food. She then destroys the map, telling them they need to keep her alive to find it. In a flashback, Martin is revealed to have been a soldier tasked with holding the quarantine line at the onset of the virus. Unable to shoot a woman who is walking the highway holding an infant, Martin allows her to pass the checkpoint. He later finds his patrol dead, infected by the woman. In the present, the group encounter two men, referred to as ‘Strangers’, who are hunting survivors. Martin and Patrick (another member of Martin's group) kill the men. As the group travels, they struggle between doing what is needed to survive and holding on to their humanity.  Finally, they arrive at the second bunker. Simone finds her father's phone in the bunker and learns, via information she finds on the device, that her father has likely traveled to Apollon headquarters in Sweden. Simone tells Martin that she and Rasmus are going to find their father.
3"Avoid the City"Kenneth KainzJannik Tai MosholtMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
Simone and Rasmus venture into the city of Copenhagen as they travel toward Sweden. They are soon joined by Beatrice, Lea, and Jean. Lea believes that Simone's search represents hope and calls Simone "their guiding star." Emotionally connected to Beatrice, Martin later follows along with a frustrated Patrick. Separated, each finds shelter during a rain storm. Simone helps a small child, only to later see him attacked and killed by a desperate group of starving scavengers. Beatrice and Rasmus take shelter in an expensive house, with Beatrice claiming that it is the house she was born in. Martin and Patrick take shelter inside a bus. Playing with a piece of tech he took off the dead ‘strangers’, the device activates--revealing itself to be a map. Martin's group meets up after the storm, but a scavenger follows them and takes Rasmus hostage. The scavenger threatens to slit Rasumus's throat if the group doesn't give up their food supply to him. Martin and Patrick arrive and the scavenger stabs Rasmus before escaping with a bag of food supplies. The group arrive at a third bunker only to find it stripped bare. In a flashback, Beatrice tells Martin a story about her family house, similar to the one she told Rasmus, revealing that she is not being truthful. In the present, Martin shows Simone the map and they determine it is of the quarantine zone. Because the map shows a wall to the north, Martin concludes the spread of the virus was stopped. The wall, he declares, is where they need to go.
4"Trust No One"Kenneth KainzPoul BergMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
Rasmus, suffering from the stab wound he sustained earlier, is unable to walk, so Simone plans with the group to steal a vehicle from one of the quarantine patrols run by the ‘strangers’. The group manage to successfully intercept a quarantine patrol and incapacitate a group of ‘strangers’. As Martin interrogates the captured ‘strangers’ for information, Jean spots a snake tattoo on one of the men and recalls a memory that haunts him. He urges Martin to kill the men, and Patrick agrees. Martin seemingly does so, upsetting Simone. In a flashback, Jean stays with a kind family in the early days of the virus. One day, a quarantine patrol arrives and a group of strangers confront the father of the family instructing him to come with them. When the father refuses, he is killed by a man with a snake tattoo and the mother is taken away. Trying to quiet the shocked daughter to protect them from discovery by the ‘strangers’, Jean accidentally smothers her to death. After the ‘strangers’ leave, Jean buries the family and is introduced to Beatrice and Lea, who had come upon him as he stood before the graves he had just dug. In the present, the group has moved north and meets a doctor who operates on Rasmus’ stab wound. After Simone reveals who their father is, the doctor tells them she, too, used to work for Apollon. The doctor lures Simone and Rasmus away from the rest of the group and to her own bunker, confessing that she blames Dr. Andersen, the siblings’ father, for the death of her children. The doctor attempts to inject Rasmus with a fatal poison. The ‘strangers’ arrive and, seeing the man with the snake tattoo, Jean shoots him in the head and is then captured by the rest of the ‘strangers’. The others flee to the bunker. Patrick goes in alone and shoots the doctor, declaring that this is how things will be done from now on. Later, Patrick asks Martin why he listens to Simone and not him. Martin tells Patrick that the latter made the choice not to help Jean, and so is partially responsible for his fate. Patrick breaks down in tears. The group takes shelter as the rain falls during the night.
5"Have Faith"Natasha Arthy, Kenneth KainzMette HeenoMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
Lost in the woods, the survivors stumble upon a mansion where residents invite them to stay the night. Martin is distrustful of the residents, who appear very cult-like. The others enjoy the accommodations, including showers, fresh food and clean clothes.  They are asked to forget their past and live in the now. In a flashback, Lea, a devout Christian, goes to a teen party against her mother's wishes. As a prank, her school peers spike her drink, and Lea's drunken behavior is caught on video and shared. Her mother sees the video, which has gone viral, and disowns Lea. Inside the house of the party, Lea prays for God to save her, and moments later the rain begins. Her partying peers die from the virus (having all gathered outside except for Lea herself). Lea’s mother dies from the virus also, having stepped outside during the rain in an attempt to pick Lea up. In the present, Lea bonds with an older woman, Karen, who teaches her to let go of the guilt she carries. Simone discovers that an Apollon employee is a resident of the mansion and seeks information from him. That night, all residents of the mansion are invited to a monthly "ceremony". It is revealed that every month a member is randomly chosen to be killed and eaten for the next month's ceremony, allowing them to be one with the group. Lea is "chosen", but Karen takes her place and the survivors are allowed to leave. Because he will not let go of the past, the Apollon employee is forced out of the mansion against his will.  When he catches up with the survivors he tells them Apollon is responsible for ending the world before injecting himself with the virus and dying. Simone collects the syringe and the group walks into the night.
6"Keep Your Friends Close"Natasha Arthy, Kenneth KainzJannik Tai MosholtMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
As the group squats in a cabin, Patrick is hurt when Martin states the two are not friends during a casual conversation. Needing supplies, the group prepares to go to the next bunker, but Rasmus says he is too sick to move. Simone, Martin, Patrick and Lea go, planning to return with supplies. In fact, Rasmus faked illness to spend more time with Beatrice. It rains and the four are stuck in the bunker. They find videos of Apollon testing vaccines on random individuals. Depressed and alone, Patrick gets drunk. In a flashback to before the rain, Patrick is a loser who cannot hold a job or a girlfriend and his father disowns him. He is getting high in his car when the rain comes, sparing his life. In the present, a drunk Patrick tries to kiss Simone. When she rejects him, he staggers towards the rain, they tussle and Simone is pushed into the rain. Patrick tells Martin to shoot her, assuming she is infected. Martin hesitates, and Lea stands between the gun and Simone. Lea then backs up into the rain with Simone. When neither has a reaction, they both go into the bunker. Martin realizes he should have stood with Simone and runs into the rain, too. Back at the cabin, Beatrice and Rasmus enjoy their intimate day together and eventually kiss. Later, at the bunker, Martin tells Patrick he needs to leave and not come back, because he had pushed Simone into the rain. In a flashback, Patrick meets Martin for the first time, Martin telling him he's lucky they met when Patrick gives him a lighter. Patrick says it is the first time anyone has said that. In the present, Patrick returns to Rasmus and Beatrice, only to find Rasmus in a state of panic carrying Beatrice’s corpse --she had been hit with a drop of water from the leaking roof during the night before as she and Rasmus slow danced together. Patrick panics and runs away, only to trip and be captured by the ‘strangers’.
7"Don't Talk to Strangers"Natasha Arthy, Kenneth KainzPoul BergMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
A band of armed ‘strangers’ torture Patrick in order to extract information from him. Patrick discloses to the ‘strangers’ about the bunker, where Simone and Lea and Martin are at, and about Rasmus not having been infected by Beatrice. Meanwhile, Rasmus arrives at the bunker carrying Beatrice's corpse. In the bunker's quarantine room, Rasmus begins to unravel, refusing to leave her side. Eventually he does, but he contacts the ‘strangers’ and allows himself to be captured. In a flashback, Sten, the head of Apollon, briefs the mission to the ‘strangers’, and then reveals to them that they have ingested the virus, which will be triggered if they leave the zone before finding an immune survivor. Like the survivors, the Strangers are trapped. In the present, the leader of the ‘strangers’, Thomas, feels Rasmus is the one they are looking for. After burying Beatrice, Simone, Martin and Lea capture a ‘stranger’. They try to trade him for Rasmus, but a depressed Rasmus takes the syringe with the virus and injects himself. However, he does not die. Martin makes up with Patrick, setting him free.  Everyone leaves for Apollon headquarters, hoping Rasmus is the cure. As they leave, a ‘stranger’ kisses Rasmus on the forehead for good luck. He dies of the virus soon after the rest of the group is gone.
8"Trust Your Instincts"Natasha Arthy, Kenneth KainzJannik Tai MosholtMay 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
Arriving at Apollon headquarters, the group is separated. Rasmus and Simone meet their father while Martin, Patrick and Lea wait in a bunker. In the bunker they are reunited with Jean, much to Lea’s joy. Simone's father, Dr. Andersen, tells her that they need to get away. To get the antidote, he tells her, they will need to access Rasmus' brain and bone marrow, killing him. In a flashback, Dr. Andersen lies to Apollon, claiming his children are dead in order to save them. Dr. Andersen has been exposing people to the virus in an attempt to find someone to replace Rasmus, and brutally killed a colleague who found out the lie. In the present, a doctor taking a swab from Rasmus is infected and dies. Dr. Andersen realizes the virus has mutated and that Rasmus is now a carrier, needing to be stopped to save the world. As the lab goes on lockdown, Lea, Jean, Martin and Patrick are reunited with Simone and Rasmus and plan to flee.  However, Dr. Andersen shoots Martin in an attempt to stop the group from leaving with Rasmus. Patrick arrives with a stolen vehicle and the group reaches the wall. The ‘strangers’ block their path, and Thomas tells  them that the nutritional supplements Jean, Lea, Martin and Patrick were given were really the unactivated virus. The four cannot leave, except Simone with Rasmus. The group encourages her to go. However, Simone cannot bear leaving her friends behind so the group back away from the wall and drive away. Thomas tells Simone that he’ll be after her. In a final scene, Sten is making a sales pitch to a select group of investors, telling them the virus can be controlled and weaponized.

text: Production[edit]

text: Production on Season 1 commenced in late June 2017 in Denmark and Sweden.[6]