document_title: I Will Always Love You

question_text: who plays the sax solo in i will always love you

text: I Will Always Love You

text: Dolly Parton original version[edit]

text: Background and composition[edit]

text:
"I Will Always Love You"

An 18 second sample of Parton's 1982 recording of "I Will Always Love You".

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership.[8][9] She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973.[2] "I Will Always Love You" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, Jolene (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.[10] In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, and the 1996 film It's My Party. The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards.

text: Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song "speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect – because of the initiative of the woman".[1] According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto/Adagio)[11] Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton's manager Danny Nozel said that "one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people don't know that Dolly Parton wrote [the track]".[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: During its original release in 1974, "I Will Always Love You" reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974.[13]

text: When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs — making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song.[1] After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995, "I Will Always Love You" re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15.[14] Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema.

text: When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded.[15] Parton refused. She recalls:

text: I said, 'I'm really sorry,' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it's like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley.' And other people were saying, 'You're nuts. It's Elvis Presley.' ...I said, 'I can't do that. Something in my heart says, 'Don't do that. And I just didn't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he didn't. Then when Whitney [Houston's version] came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland.[16]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In Curtis W. Ellison's book Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven (1995), he stated: "In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market."[1] Ken Knight, author of The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable-TV "Guy-Flicks" of the '80s (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing "I Will Always Love You" and "make it memorable".[17] Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to "soften the blow" of Parton and Wagoner's split.[18]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: 7" vinyl[2]

text:
"I Will Always Love You" – 2:53
"Lonely Comin' Down" – 3:09

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
Dolly Parton – vocals, guitar
Jimmy Colvard – guitar
Chip Young – guitar
Stu Basore – pedal steel guitar
Bobby Dyson – bass
Larrie Londin – drums
Ralph Gallant – drums
Buck Trent – banjo
Bobby Thompson – banjo
Mack Magaha – fiddle
Johnny Gimble – fiddle
Hargus "Pig" Robbins – piano
Dolores Edgin – background vocals
Hershel Winginton – background vocals
Joe Babcock – background vocals
June Page – background vocals

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Weekly Chart (1974)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM) [19]
4

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
1

Weekly Chart (1982)

Australia (Kent Music Report)[20]
72

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[19]
8

Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[19]
2

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[19]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[21]
53

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[22]
17

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
1

Weekly Chart (1995)

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[19]
22

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
15

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After Whitney Houston's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a 'feud' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews.[23][24] Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this.

text: When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.

text: In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston's death in February 2012, Parton said:

text: Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.'[25]

text: Whitney Houston cover version[edit]

text:
"I Will Always Love You"

US CD single

Single by Whitney Houston

from the album The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album

B-side

"Jesus Loves Me"
"Do You Hear What I Hear?"

Released
November 3, 1992 (1992-11-03)

Format

CD single
cassette single
7" single
12" single

Recorded
Spring 1992

Genre
Soul, R&B, pop, jazz

Length
4:31

Label
Arista

Songwriter(s)
Dolly Parton

Producer(s)
David Foster

Whitney Houston singles chronology

"We Didn't Know"
(1992)
"I Will Always Love You"
(1992)
"I'm Every Woman"
(1993)

"We Didn't Know"
(1992)
"I Will Always Love You"
(1992)
"I'm Every Woman"
(1993)

Audio sample

file
help

The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album track listing

"I Will Always Love You"
(1)
"I Have Nothing"
(2)

Music video

"I Will Always Love You" on YouTube

text: Background[edit]

text: In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of "I Will Always Love You" for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard, her film debut. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin's "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" as the lead single from The Bodyguard. However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes, Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested "I Will Always Love You", playing her Linda Ronstadt's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise.[26][27] Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad.[28] Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox.

text: Houston's version appears at No. 9 on NME's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list.[29] In 2004, Houston's version of "I Will Always Love You" finished at #65 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.[30] It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian's list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002.[31] In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on Billboard's list of the Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time.[32]

text: A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live '99, and on the 2014 CD/DVD release of Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances, a 1994 performance of the song was included as well.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100, which at the time was a record.[34][35] It became Houston's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the "Greatest Love of All" in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album.

text: It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, and became Houston's tenth number one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other Billboard charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks.[36][37][38] It became Arista Records' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record-equaling five weeks; Ray Charles' "I Can't Stop Loving You" in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts.[39]

text: The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston's "I Will Always Love You" was also the year-end single of 1993 in the US.[40] Similarly, in the UK, Houston's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year-end review two years in a row.[41] In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993.[42][43]

text: Houston's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia,[44] five weeks in Austria,[45] seven weeks for Belgium,[46] eight weeks in France,[47] six weeks in Germany,[48] eight weeks in Ireland,[49] two weeks in Italy,[50] six weeks in Netherlands,[51] 11 weeks in New Zealand,[52] nine weeks in Norway,[53] one week in Spain, six weeks in Sweden,[54] eight weeks in Switzerland,[55] and ten weeks in the United Kingdom.[56] Houston's 10-week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart.[57][58][59] It is the only single to have topped the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks.[35][44][56]

text: Only a few hours after Houston's death on February 11, 2012, "I Will Always Love You" topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since "The Twist" by Chubby Checker.[60] It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25, 2012, with over 195,000 copies downloaded.[61] In the United Kingdom, the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston's death.[62]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: Houston's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts, making it the best-selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams' "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". It broke its own record in the following three weeks, peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27, 1992. The January 9, 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era. This record was broken by Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997/Something About the Way You Look Tonight", which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997.[63] "I Will Always Love You" was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 12, 1993, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history.[64][65] According to Nielsen SoundScan, as of 2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best-selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John's single in 1997.[66]

text: In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best-selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993.[67][68][69] It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany.[70] In Japan, "I Will Always Love You" sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best-selling single by a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts.[71][72]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Houston's version was later called her "signature song". Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a "magnificent rendition", commenting

text: Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop-gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full-out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.[73]

text: Writing for USA Today on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones IV called it a "tour-de-force", and added "[Houston] gives a 3 1⁄2-star [out of four] performance. Where Dolly Parton's original 'I Will Always Love You' was plaintive and tear- stained, Houston's is gospel-infused and dramatic."[74] Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated: "Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it – until the finale, when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart-rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival."[75] Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston's version "is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird."[76] Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston's cover "repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self-approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton's song is lost in the mire".[77]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: "I Will Always Love You" won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year-end charts simultaneously, becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince's "When Doves Cry" in 1984. In addition, it received Favorite Pop/Rock Single and Favorite Soul/R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards, which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories, and the third overall in AMA history behind "Endless Love" by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and "Beat It" by Michael Jackson in 1984. "I Will Always Love You" won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units.[78]

text: In 2015, "I Will Always Love You" was named the #1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955-2015.[79]

text:
Year
Awards ceremony
Award description(s)
Results

1993
The 19th People's Choice Awards
Favorite New Music Video[80]
Won

The 7th Soul Train Music Awards
Best R&B/Soul Single, Female[81]
Won

The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards
Song of the Year (International)[82]
Won

The 2nd MTV Movie Awards
Best Song from a Movie[83][84]
Won

The 4th Billboard Music Awards
#1 Hot 100 Single (Hot 100 Single of the Year)[85][86]
Won

#1 Hot R&B Single (R&B Single of the Year)[85][86]
Won

Special Award: Single Most Weeks at No. 1 (14 weeks)[85][86]
Won

No. 1 World Single[85][86]
Won

No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales[85]
Won

No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales[85]
Won

1994
The 21st American Music Awards
Favorite Pop/Rock Single[87]
Won

Favorite Soul/R&B Single[87]
Won

36th Grammy Awards
Record of the Year[88]
Won

Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female[88]
Won

The 8th Soul Train Music Awards
Best R&B Song of the Year[89][90]
Won

The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards
Special Award[82]
Won

text: Music video[edit]

text: The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard. The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her, singing of her love. The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer. At the time of the video's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes.[91]

text: Formats and track listings[edit]

text:
'UK / Europe 12" vinyl single[92][93]

A "I Will Always Love You" ― 4:31
B1 "Jesus Loves Me" ― 5:11
B2 "Do You Hear What I Hear?" ― 3:31

UK / Europe / US 7" vinyl single[94][95][96]

A "I Will Always Love You" ― 4:31
B "Jesus Loves Me" ― 5:11

US / Europe Maxi-CD single[97][98]

"I Will Always Love You" ― 4:31
"Jesus Loves Me" ― 5:11
"Do You Hear What I Hear?" ― 3:31

Maxi-CD singles (1999 Remixes)

"I Will Always Love You" (Hex Hector Radio Edit) ― 4:50
"I Will Always Love You" (Hex Hector 12" Club Mix) ― 9:51
"I Will Always Love You" (Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix) – 5:44

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
Performed by Whitney Houston
Produced and arranged by David Foster
Vocal arrangement – Whitney Houston
Directed by Rickey Minor
Keyboards – David Foster
Sax solo – Kirk Whalum
Drums – Ricky Lawson
Guitars – Dean Parks, Michael Landau
Bass – Neil Stubenhaus
Synth programmers – Tony Smith, Claude Gaudette
String arrangements – Ronn Huff
Recording engineers – Bill Schnee, Dave Reitzas, Peter J. Yianilos
Mixing engineer – Dave Reitzas

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Weekly chart (1992–93)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[44]
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[45]
1

Belgium (VRT Top 30)[46]
1

Canada (RPM)[99]
1

Europe (European Hot 100)[100]
1

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[101]
2

France (SNEP)[47]
1

Germany (Media Control Charts)[48]
1

Ireland (IRMA)[49]
1

Italy (Musica e dischi)[50]
1

Japan (Oricon Charts)[102][103]
5

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[51]
1

New Zealand (RIANZ)[52]
1

Norway (VG-lista)[53]
1

Spain (AFYVE)[104]
1

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[54]
1

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[55]
1

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[105]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[106]
1

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[107]
1

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[108]
1

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[109]
1

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[110]
1

Weekly chart (2012)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[111]
8

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[112]
10

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[113]
6

Denmark (Tracklisten)[114]
10

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[115]
17

France (SNEP)[116]
2

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[113]
5

Ireland (IRMA)[117]
13

Israel (Media Forest)[118]
3

Italy (FIMI)[119]
7

Luxembourg (Billboard)[120]
4

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[121]
17

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[122]
5

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[123]
7

Norway (VG-lista)[124]
12

Portugal (Billboard)[125]
2

Russia (Russia Top 10)[126]
3

Scotland (The Official Charts Company)[127]
19

South Korea International Singles (Gaon)[128]
23

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[129]
2

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[130]
56

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[131]
3

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[132]
10

US Billboard Hot 100[133]
3

Weekly chart (2013)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[134]
132

Weekly chart (2014)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[135]
68

Weekly chart (2015)

France (SNEP)[136]
83

Weekly chart (2016)
Position

France (SNEP)[137]
182

Year-end chart (1992)
Position

Australian Singles Chart[42]
17

Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks[138]
97

Dutch Top 40[139]
61

Italian Singles Chart[140]
7

UK Singles Chart[41]
1

Year-end chart (1993)
Position

Australian Singles Chart[43]
2

Austrian Singles Chart[141]
8

Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)[142]
16

Canadian Singles Chart[143]
1

Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles[144]
7

Dutch Top 40[145]
13

Dutch Single Top 100[146]
5

Finnish Singles Chart[147]
5

Japanese Singles Chart[148]
31

New Zealand Singles Chart[149]
2

Swiss Singles Chart[150]
7

UK Singles Chart[41]
9

US Billboard Hot 100[151]
1

US Adult Contemporary[152]
18

US Hot Pop Singles[153]
1

US Hot R&B Singles[154]
1

Year-end chart (2012)
Position

Spanish Singles Chart[155]
49

Decade-end chart (1990–1999)
Position

Dutch Top 40[156]
14

UK Singles Chart[41]
10

US Billboard Hot 100[157]
7

All-time chart (2015)
Rank

US Billboard Hot 100[158]
51

text: Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Category
Position
Source

1998
Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40
The Top 10 Remakes
No. 2
[159]

The Top 10 "Love" Songs
No. 2
[159]

Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100: Top Songs of Four Decades
No. 6
[160]

The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs
No. 1
[161]

Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 (14 weeks)
No. 2
[161]

2008
Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary
The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs
No. 68
[162]

The All-Time Top R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
No. 27
[163]

Hot 100 Song of the Year – 1993
No. 1
[164]

2013
Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary
The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs
No. 49
[165]

The All-Time Top R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
No. 27
[166]

Hot 100 Song of the Year – 1993
No. 1
[167]

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[168]
4× Platinum
280,000[169]

Austria (IFPI Austria)[170]
Gold
25,000*

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[171]
Gold
30,000^

France (SNEP)[172]
Gold
332,000[173]

Germany (BVMI)[174]
Platinum
500,000^

Italy (FIMI)[175]
Platinum
15,000*

Japan

810,080[72]

Japan (RIAJ)[176]
Platinum
250,000^

Netherlands (NVPI)[177]
Platinum
75,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[178]
Platinum
10,000*

Mexico (AMPROFON)[179]
Gold
30,000

Sweden (GLF)[180]
Platinum
50,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[181]
2× Platinum
1,638,000[182]

United States (RIAA)[183]
6× Platinum
5,166,000[184]

Digital

Japan (RIAJ)[176]
Platinum
250,000^

United States (RIAA)[183]
2× Platinum
2,016,000[66]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Tributes[edit]

text: Since Houston's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer's version of the song.

text: Beyoncé[edit]

text: In 2012, following Whitney Houston's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort.[185][186] She began the performance of her song "Halo" singing the first verse of "I Will Always Love You" a cappella.[186][187]

text: Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of "I Will Always Love You" prior to the performance of "Halo" as the final song of the tour.[188]

text: Jennifer Hudson[edit]

text: Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010. On February 12, 2012, Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,

text: I was brought to tears again last night, as I'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang "I Will Always Love You" on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you.[189][190]

text: Jessica Sanchez[edit]

text: On March 7, 2012, on the eleventh season of American Idol, during the Top 13 week, Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song. She received a standing ovation for her performance. She performed the song again on the season finale, where she would finish as the eventual runner-up.

text: Edyta Górniak[edit]

text: During the festival TOP trends in 2012, Edyta Górniak performed "I Will Always Love You" as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26.

text: Will Ferrell[edit]

text: At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang "I Will Always Love You" to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary:[191]

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
In 2002, English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of "I Will Always Love You" into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 6.[192] It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series.
Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country (2014).
"Forever Country", released in September 2016, is a medley of the song along with "Take Me Home, Country Roads" and "On the Road Again".[193]


document_title: Mercantilism

question_text: who benefits most in the economic system of mercantilism

root

text: Mercantilism

text: Influence[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Mercantilism was the dominant school of economic thought in Europe throughout the late Renaissance and early modern period (from the 15th to the 18th century). Mercantilism encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism—both in Europe and throughout the rest of the world—until the 19th century or early 20th century.

tag: p

text: Evidence of mercantilistic practices appeared in early modern Venice, Genoa, and Pisa regarding control of the Mediterranean trade of bullion. However, as a codified school of economic theories, mercantilism's real birth was marked by the empiricism of the Renaissance, which first began to quantify large-scale trade accurately.[7]

text: England began the first large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era (1558–1603). An early statement on national balance of trade appeared in Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England, 1549: "We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them, for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them."[8] The period featured various but often disjointed efforts by the court of Queen Elizabeth to develop a naval and merchant fleet capable of challenging the Spanish stranglehold on trade and of expanding the growth of bullion at home. Queen Elizabeth promoted the Trade and Navigation Acts in Parliament and issued orders to her navy for the protection and promotion of English shipping. A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun's argument England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure. It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664.[9]

text: These efforts organized national resources sufficiently in the defense of England against the far larger and more powerful Spanish Empire, and in turn paved the foundation for establishing a global empire in the 19th century.[citation needed] The authors noted most for establishing the English mercantilist system include Gerard de Malynes and Thomas Mun, who first articulated the Elizabethan system, which in turn was then developed further by Josiah Child. Numerous French authors helped cement French policy around mercantilism in the 17th century. This French mercantilism was best articulated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert (in office, 1665–1683), though policy liberalized greatly under Napoleon.

text: In Europe, academic belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century, especially in Britain, in light of the arguments of Adam Smith and the classical economists. The repeal of the Corn Laws by Robert Peel symbolized the emergence of free trade as an alternative system.

text: Neomercantilism is a 20th-century economic policy that uses the ideas and methods of neoclassical economics. The new mercantilism has different goals and focuses on more rapid economic growth based on advanced technology. It promotes such policies as substitution state taxation, subsidies, expenditures, and general regulatory powers for tariffs and quotas, and protection through the formation of supranational trading blocs.[10]

text: Theory[edit]

text: Most of the European economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists; this term was initially used solely by critics, such as Mirabeau and Smith, but was quickly adopted by historians. Originally the standard English term was "mercantile system". The word "mercantilism" was introduced into English from German in the early 19th century.

text: The bulk of what is commonly called "mercantilist literature" appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain.[11] Smith saw the English merchant Thomas Mun (1571–1641) as a major creator of the mercantile system, especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664), which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement.[12] Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuart's Principles of Political Economy, published in 1767.[11]

text: Mercantilist literature also extended beyond England. Italy and France produced noted writers of mercantilist themes, including Italy's Giovanni Botero (1544–1617) and Antonio Serra (1580–?) and, in France, Jean Bodin and Colbert. Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List, as well as followers of the American system and British free-trade imperialism, thus stretching the system into the 19th century. However, many British writers, including Mun and Misselden, were merchants, while many of the writers from other countries were public officials. Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations, Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters.[13]

text: The Austrian lawyer and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick, one of the pioneers of Cameralism, detailed a nine-point program of what he deemed effective national economy in his Austria Over All, If She Only Will of 1684, which comprehensively sums up the tenets of mercantilism:[14]

text:
That every little bit of a country's soil be utilized for agriculture, mining or manufacturing.
That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials.
That a large, working population be encouraged.
That all export of gold and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation.
That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as much as possible.
That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand, in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver.
That as much as possible, imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished [in the home country].
That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a country's surplus manufactures to foreigners, so far as necessary, for gold and silver.
That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home.

tag: ul

text: Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist writers presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy, as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics. Rather, each mercantilist writer tended to focus on a single area of the economy.[15] Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these "diverse" ideas into what they called mercantilism. Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely, arguing that it gives "a false unity to disparate events". Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers, a view that has led some authors, especially Robert E. Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison, to call mercantilism "a rent-seeking society". To a certain extent, mercantilist doctrine itself made a general theory of economics impossible.[16] Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another.[17] Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other, and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the commonwealth, or common good.[18] Mercantilists' writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies.[19]

text: Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy. While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict controls over the economy, many mercantilists disagreed. The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies; some mercantilists supported these, but others acknowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems. Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets. One notion that mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population; laborers and farmers were to live at the "margins of subsistence". The goal was to maximize production, with no concern for consumption. Extra money, free time, and education for the lower classes were seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness, and would result in harm to the economy.[20]

text: Infinite growth[edit]

text: The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth that made possible the development of bigger markets and armies. Opposite to mercantilism was the doctrine of physiocracy, which predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources. The idea of mercantilism was to protect the markets as well as maintain agriculture and those who were dependent upon it.

text: Origins[edit]

text: Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years.[21] One group, represented by Jacob Viner, sees mercantilism as simply a straightforward, common-sense system whose logical fallacies remained opaque to people at the time, as they simply lacked the required analytical tools.

text: The second school, supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund, portrays mercantilism not as a mistake, but rather as the best possible system for those who developed it. This school argues that rent-seeking merchants and governments developed and enforced mercantilist policies. Merchants benefited greatly from the enforced monopolies, bans on foreign competition, and poverty of the workers. Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants. Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers, almost all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials.[22]

text: Monetarism offers a third explanation for mercantilism. European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity. The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the British economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, when paper money came into vogue.

text: A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds (in the prospect of war) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business.

text: Mercantilism developed at a time of transition for the European economy. Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power. Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade.[23] Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states. Another important change was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and modern accounting. This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade, contributing to the close scrutiny given to the balance of trade.[24] Of course, the impact of the discovery of America cannot be ignored.[citation needed] New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable volumes, resulting in "the great upward movement in prices" and an increase in "the volume of merchant activity itself".[25]

text: Prior to mercantilism, the most important economic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists. The goal of these thinkers was to find an economic system compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice. They focused mainly on microeconomics and on local exchanges between individuals. Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that began to replace the medieval worldview. This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison d'état in international relations. The mercantilist idea of all trade as a zero-sum game, in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes. This dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Ordinance of 1651, was enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell.[26]

text: Jean-Baptiste Colbert's work in 17th-century France came to exemplify classical mercantilism. In the English-speaking world its ideas were criticized by Adam Smith with the publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776 and later by David Ricardo with his explanation of comparative advantage. Mercantilism was rejected by Britain and France by the mid-19th century. The British Empire embraced free trade and used its power as the financial centre of the world to promote the same. The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney describes mercantilism as the period of the worldwide development of European commerce, which began in the 15th century with the voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers to Africa, Asia, and the New World.

text: Policies[edit]

text: Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern period, and most states embraced it to a certain degree. Mercantilism was centred on England and France, and it was in these states that mercantilist polices were most often enacted.

text: France[edit]

text: Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics. In 1539, an important decree banned the import of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders. The next year, a number of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion.[27]

text: Over the rest of the 16th century, further protectionist measures were introduced. The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century, to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism. Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports. Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of more than one thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced.[28]

text: To encourage industry, foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported. Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade, reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals. Colbert's policies were quite successful, and France's industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power. He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power, and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field.[28]

text: New France[edit]

text: France imposed its mercantilist philosophy on its colonies in North America, especially New France. It sought to derive the maximum material benefit from the colony, for the homeland, with a minimum of imperial investment in the colony itself. The ideology was embodied in New France through the establishment under Royal Charter of a number of corporate trading monopolies including La Compagnie des Marchands, which operated from 1613 to 1621, and the Compagnie de Montmorency, from that date until 1627. It was in turn replaced by La Compagnie des Cent-Associés, created in 1627 by King Louis XIII, and the Communauté des habitants in 1643. These were the first corporations to operate in what is now Canada.

text: Great Britain[edit]

text: In England, mercantilism reached its peak during the Long Parliament government (1640–60). Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with Robert Walpole being another major proponent. In Britain, government control over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent, limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament.[29] Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil War, but were often controversial.[30]

text: With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—through trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling, which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish, or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.[31]

text: British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary. British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade. A wide array of regulations were put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports. Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports, and the export of some raw materials was banned completely. The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England's domestic trade. The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control, regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain. This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies, and mercantilist policies (such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution.[32]

text: Mercantalism taught that trade was a zero-sum game, with one country's gain equivalent to a loss sustained by the trading partner. Overall, however, mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world's dominant trader and the global hegemon.[33] One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of "waste lands" to agricultural use. Mercantilists believed that to maximize a nation's power, all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens.[34]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees. The Netherlands, which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader, had little interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies. Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, and Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult.

text: Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism, most notably Prussia, which under Frederick the Great had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe. During the economic collapse of the 17th century, Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempted to pursue mercantilism, but had little success because of Russia's lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base.

text: Wars and imperialism[edit]

text: Mercantilism was the economic version of warfare using economics as a tool for warfare by other means backed up by the state apparatus, and was well suited to an era of military warfare.[35] Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed, it followed that the only way to increase a nation's trade was to take it from another. A number of wars, most notably the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch Wars, can be linked directly to mercantilist theories. Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy, and justified damage to the enemy's economy.

text: Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era, as many nations expended significant effort to conquer new colonies that would be sources of gold (as in Mexico) or sugar (as in the West Indies), as well as becoming exclusive markets. European power spread around the globe, often under the aegis of companies with government-guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions, such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson's Bay Company (operating in present-day Canada).

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: Adam Smith and David Hume were the founding fathers of anti-mercantilist thought. A number of scholars found important flaws with mercantilism long before Adam Smith developed an ideology that could fully replace it. Critics like Hume, Dudley North, and John Locke undermined much of mercantilism, and it steadily lost favor during the 18th century.

text: In 1690, John Locke argued that prices vary in proportion to the quantity of money. Locke's Second Treatise also points towards the heart of the anti-mercantilist critique: that the wealth of the world is not fixed, but is created by human labor (represented embryonically by Locke's labor theory of value). Mercantilists failed to understand the notions of absolute advantage and comparative advantage (although this idea was only fully fleshed out in 1817 by David Ricardo) and the benefits of trade.[36]

text: For instance, imagine that Portugal was a more efficient producer of wine than England, yet in England cloth could be produced more efficiently than it could in Portugal. Thus if Portugal specialized in wine and England in cloth, both states would end up better off if they traded. This is an example of the reciprocal benefits of trade (whether due to comparative or absolute advantage). In modern economic theory, trade is not a zero-sum game of cutthroat competition, because both sides can benefit.

text: Hume famously noted the impossibility of the mercantilists' goal of a constant positive balance of trade.[citation needed] As bullion flowed into one country, the supply would increase, and the value of bullion in that state would steadily decline relative to other goods. Conversely, in the state exporting bullion, its value would slowly rise. Eventually it would no longer be cost-effective to export goods from the high-price country to the low-price country, and the balance of trade would reverse. Mercantilists fundamentally misunderstood this, long arguing that an increase in the money supply simply meant that everyone gets richer.[37]

text: The importance placed on bullion was also a central target, even if many mercantilists had themselves begun to de-emphasize the importance of gold and silver. Adam Smith noted that at the core of the mercantile system was the "popular folly of confusing wealth with money", that bullion was just the same as any other commodity, and that there was no reason to give it special treatment.[11] More recently, scholars have discounted the accuracy of this critique. They believe Mun and Misselden were not making this mistake in the 1620s, and point to their followers Josiah Child and Charles Davenant, who in 1699 wrote, "Gold and Silver are indeed the Measure of Trade, but that the Spring and Original of it, in all nations is the Natural or Artificial Product of the Country; that is to say, what this Land or what this Labour and Industry Produces."[38] The critique that mercantilism was a form of rent seeking has also seen criticism, as scholars such Jacob Viner in the 1930s pointed out that merchant mercantilists such as Mun understood that they would not gain by higher prices for English wares abroad.[39]

text: The first school to completely reject mercantilism was the physiocrats, who developed their theories in France. Their theories also had several important problems, and the replacement of mercantilism did not come until Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776. This book outlines the basics of what is today known as classical economics. Smith spent a considerable portion of the book rebutting the arguments of the mercantilists, though often these are simplified or exaggerated versions of mercantilist thought.[22]

text: Scholars are also divided over the cause of mercantilism's end. Those who believe the theory was simply an error hold that its replacement was inevitable as soon as Smith's more accurate ideas were unveiled. Those who feel that mercantilism amounted to rent seeking hold that it ended only when major power shifts occurred. In Britain, mercantilism faded as the Parliament gained the monarch's power to grant monopolies. While the wealthy capitalists who controlled the House of Commons benefited from these monopolies, Parliament found it difficult to implement them because of the high cost of group decision making.[40]

text: Mercantilist regulations were steadily removed over the course of the 18th century in Britain, and during the 19th century the British government fully embraced free trade and Smith's laissez-faire economics. On the continent, the process was somewhat different. In France, economic control remained in the hands of the royal family, and mercantilism continued until the French Revolution. In Germany mercantilism remained an important ideology in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when the historical school of economics was paramount.[41]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Adam Smith rejected the mercantilist focus on production, arguing that consumption was paramount to production. He added that mercantilism was popular among merchants because it was what is now called rent seeking.[42] However, John Maynard Keynes argued that encouraging production was just as important as encouraging consumption, and he favoured the "new mercantilism". Keynes also noted that in the early modern period the focus on the bullion supplies was reasonable. In an era before paper money, an increase in bullion was one of the few ways to increase the money supply. Keynes said mercantilist policies generally improved both domestic and foreign investment—domestic because the policies lowered the domestic rate of interest, and investment by foreigners by tending to create a favorable balance of trade.[43]

text: Keynes and other economists of the 20th century also realized that the balance of payments is an important concern. Keynes also supported government intervention in the economy as necessity, as did mercantilism.[44]

text: As of 2010[update], the word "mercantilism" remains a pejorative term, often used to attack various forms of protectionism.[45] The similarities between Keynesianism (and its successor ideas) and mercantilism have sometimes led critics to call them neo-mercantilism. Paul Samuelson, writing within a Keynesian framework, wrote of mercantilism, "With employment less than full and Net National Product suboptimal, all the debunked mercantilist arguments turn out to be valid."[46]

text: Some other systems that copy several mercantilist policies, such as Japan's economic system, are also sometimes called neo-mercantilist.[47] In an essay appearing in the 14 May 2007 issue of Newsweek, business columnist Robert J. Samuelson wrote that China was pursuing an essentially neo-mercantilist trade policy that threatened to undermine the post–World War II international economic structure.[48]

text: Murray Rothbard, representing the Austrian School of economics, describes it this way:

text: Mercantilism, which reached its height in the Europe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was a system of statism which employed economic fallacy to build up a structure of imperial state power, as well as special subsidy and monopolistic privilege to individuals or groups favored by the state. Thus, mercantilism held exports should be encouraged by the government and imports discouraged.[49]

text: In specific instances, protectionist mercantilist policies also had an important and positive impact on the state that enacted them. Adam Smith, for instance, praised the Navigation Acts, as they greatly expanded the British merchant fleet and played a central role in turning Britain into the world's naval and economic superpower from the 18th century onward.[50] Some economists thus feel that protecting infant industries, while causing short-term harm, can be beneficial in the long term.


document_title: Love It or List It

question_text: where does love it or list it too take place

text: Love It or List It

text: Format[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.

text: Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.

text: At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.

text: Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.

text: After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.

text: After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.

text: Host and crew[edit]

text: Hosts

text:
Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto, Ontario. She has lived in Australia, England, California, and New York City. Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to "stage" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties.[3]
David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited. He has been practicing since 1987.[4]

text: Assistant Designer

text: Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House. She soon became the Design Stylist for the show.[5]

text: Contractors

text:
Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's "Love It or List It" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its "Brother vs. Brother" reality show.
Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business. Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman.
Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago.

text: Behind the Scenes

text:
Architect: Simon West
Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone
Construction Coordinator: David Violante
Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George
Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Start date
End date
Episodes
Hilary wins
David wins

1
September 8, 2008
January 5, 2009
12
9
3

2
April 6, 2009
December 7, 2009
18
10
8

3
May 3, 2010
November 8, 2010
21
9
12

4
March 14, 2011
November 11, 2011
19
12
7

5
February 20, 2012
November 19, 2012
18
10
8

6
January 19, 2013
July 1, 2013
14
8
6

7
January 8, 2014
April 9, 2014
14
11
3

8
September 8, 2014
January 19, 2015
16
8
8

9
March 9, 2015
December 7, 2015
22
13
9

Total

154
90
64

text: Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home.

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]

text: International syndication[edit]

text:
Country / Region
Name
Television Network
Dubbing / Subtitles

Australia
Love It or List It
Lifestyle Home
N/A

Canada
Love It or List It
W Network
N/A

USA
Love It or List It
HGTV[11]
N/A

Spain
Tu casa a juicio
Divinity
Spanish

Brazil
Ame-a ou Deixe-a
Discovery Home & Health
Portuguese

Norway
Bolighjelpen
TV 2 (Norway)
Norwegian

Bulgaria
Podnovi ili proday
Fox Life (Bulgaria)
Bulgarian

Italy
Prendere o lasciare
Cielo
dubbed in Italian

text: Reception[edit]

text: On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]

text: In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show "very calming"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]

text: In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]

text: According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they "do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations."[25]

text: The suit was settled in April 2017.[26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement.[27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed.[28]


document_title: American Crime (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes in season 1 of american crime

text: American Crime (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The first season takes place in Modesto, California, where a war veteran becomes the victim of a home invasion gone wrong and the lives of four people are forever changed after each one is connected to the crime.

text: The second season takes place in Indianapolis, Indiana, where the co-captains of a private school's basketball team are accused of sexually assaulting a male classmate and posting photographs of the incident online.

text: The third season takes place in Alamance County, North Carolina, where five people struggle to survive in a place where the American Dream comes with a price.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Felicity Huffman as Barbara "Barb" Hanlon
Timothy Hutton as Russ Skokie
W. Earl Brown as Thomas "Tom" Carlin
Richard Cabral as Hector Tontz
Caitlin Gerard as Aubry Taylor
Benito Martinez as Alonzo Gutiérrez
Penelope Ann Miller as Eve Carlin
Elvis Nolasco as Carter Nix
Johnny Ortiz as Anthony "Tony" Gutiérrez

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Regina King as Aliyah Shadeed[16] (born Doreen Nix), Carter Nix's sister and a convert to Islam
David Hoflin as Mark Skokie, Barb and Russ' younger son, on leave from the Army
Gwendoline Yeo as Richelle, Mark's fiancée
Gleendylis Inoa as Jennifer "Jenny" Gutiérrez, the sister of Tony and daughter of Alonzo Gutiérrez
Lili Taylor as Nancy Straumberg[17]
Kira Pozehl as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Skokie, Matt's wife who is in a coma after being beaten during a home invasion
Grant Merritt as Matt Skokie, Gwen's husband who was killed during a home invasion
Bob Hess as Michael Taylor, Aubry's father
Jennifer Savidge as Ruth Taylor, Aubry's mother
Joe Nemmers as Deputy D.A. Rick Soderbergh
Brent Anderson as Detective Chuck Palmer
Todd Terry as Jackson, defense attorney for Hector Tontz

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Felicity Huffman as Leslie Graham, the private school's manipulative principal[18][19]
Timothy Hutton as Dan Sullivan, the school's basketball coach[18][19]
Lili Taylor as Anne Blaine, Taylor's mother[10][18]
Elvis Nolasco as Chris Dixon, a public school's principal[18][20]
Trevor Jackson as Kevin LaCroix, a private school student and captain of the basketball team[21]
Connor Jessup as Taylor Blaine, the sexual assault accuser[18][22]
Joey Pollari as Eric Tanner, the gay basketball player accused of sexual assault by Taylor[23]
Angelique Rivera as Evy Dominguez, Taylor's girlfriend and a witness to the crime[22]
Regina King as Terri LaCroix, Kevin's strict mother[18][24]

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Hope Davis as Steph Sullivan, Coach Sullivan's wife[25]
Faran Tahir as Rhys Bashir, the chairman of the board at Leyland[26]
André L. Benjamin as Michael LaCroix, Kevin's father[27]
Emily Bergl as Lillah Tanner, Eric's mother who seems to have a hard time accepting her son's homosexuality after he is outed.[28]
Christopher Stanley as Charles, a businessman and Dr. Graham's boyfriend[29]
Brent Anderson as Curt Tanner, Eric's father. Unlike his wife he tries to make an effort to come to terms with Eric being gay.
Stephanie Sigman as Monica Salazar, an administrator at a public school and colleague of Dixon[30]
Richard Cabral as Sebastian De La Torre, a white hat computer hacker[20]
Lynn Blackburn as Cammy Ross, a reporter for a local media outlet
Sky Azure Van Vliet as Becca Sullivan, Coach Sullivan's daughter and a cheerleader
Michael Seitz as Wes Baxter, a basketball player at Leyland
Ty Doran as Peter Tanner, Eric's brother and a student at Marshall

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Felicity Huffman as Jeanette Hesby[12][31]
Timothy Hutton as Nicholas Coates[32][33]
Lili Taylor as Clair Coates, Nicholas' wife[34][33]
Connor Jessup as Coy Henson, a young American who is addicted to drugs[35][36]
Richard Cabral as Isaac Castillo, a farm crew chief[37][36]
Benito Martinez as Luis Salazar, a father from Mexico who wants to find his missing son[38][36]
Regina King as Kimara Walters, a social worker who wants to have a baby[13]

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Sandra Oh as Abby Tanaka[39]
Cherry Jones as Laurie Ann Hesby, the matriarch of Hesby Farms[40][36]
Tim DeKay as JD Hesby, Laurie Ann's brother.[41]
Janel Moloney as Raelyn, Jeanette's sister, a single mother recently abandoned by her husband.[42]
Dallas Roberts as Carson Hesby, Jeanette's husband[31]
Ana Mulvoy-Ten as Shae Reese, a 17-year-old sex worker[43][36]
Mickaëlle X. Bizet as Gabrielle Durand, a Haitian woman, the nanny of the Coates' son[33][36]
Clayton Cardenas as Diego Castillo[36]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: In October 2013, ABC announced it was developing a drama pilot created by John Ridley.[44] In January 2014, ABC greenlighted the pilot, and signed a deal with Ridley to direct.[45][46]

text: Elvis Nolasco and Caitlin Gerard were the first regular members to be cast, as announced on February 14, 2014.[47] Later Richard Cabral, Johnny Ortiz, Benito Martinez and W. Earl Brown were cast for regular supporting roles in the pilot.[48][49] In early March, Timothy Hutton was cast in a lead role as Russ, and Penelope Ann Miller signed on in a supporting role of the mother of the murdered man's wife.[50][51] Soon thereafter, it was announced that Felicity Huffman was cast in the lead role of Barb Skokie, Russ' stoic ex-wife and mother of the murdered young man.[52][53]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The pilot episode, along with further episodes, was filmed in Austin, Texas, which substitutes for the California Central Valley city of Modesto.[54] On May 8, 2014, ABC picked up the pilot to the series for the 2014–15 television season.[3][4]

text: Filming for the series moved to Los Angeles with the third season, as the show's production was awarded a California tax credit.[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
11
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)

2
10
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)
March 9, 2016 (2016-03-09)

3
8
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: American Crime has been met with wide acclaim from critics with many praising the writing, directing, and the acting abilities of its cast, particularly Felicity Huffman and Regina King. Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a rating of 95% based on 42 reviews with an average rating of 8.32 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Raw, emotional portrayals of diverse characters in dire pain, mashed up with chilling narratives and a gutsy attitude make American Crime a must-see."[55] Metacritic gave the first season a score of 85 out of 100, based on 35 reviews.[56] Deadline.com critic Dominic Patten said in his review: "the 11-episode limited series marks a resounding flag planting by network television and tells cable that it doesn’t own poignant drama on our small screens."[57] Critic Ed Bark praised the performance of Felicity Huffman and wrote that she would be a favorite to win at next year's Primetime Emmy Awards.[58]

text: The second season continued to receive critical acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a 97% rating based on 35 reviews with an average score of 8.34 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "American Crime's intense second season infuses a complicated, topical story with genuine emotion, and patiently allows its narrative arc to develop without sacrificing momentum."[59] On Metacritic, it has a score of 85 out of 100 based on 26 reviews.[60]

text: The third season has received even higher acclaim than its first two seasons. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 100% rating, based on 27 reviews with an average score of 8.9 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "American Crime offers a unique anthology series filled with surprising revelations and compelling inter-connected narratives that opt for original, emotional human commentary instead of tired arguments over current events."[61] On Metacritic, it has a score of 90 out of 100, based on 26 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[62] Verne Gay of Newsday calls it "Another brilliant, powerful, moving season of one of TV's best."[63]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV
season
Rank
18–49
average
Overall viewership (including DVR)

Date
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Viewers
(in millions)

1
Thursday 10:00 p.m.
11

March 5, 2015

8.37[64]

May 14, 2015

4.21[65]
2014–15
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
Wednesday 10:00 p.m.
10

January 6, 2016

4.74[66]

March 9, 2016

3.70[67]
2015–16
#73[68]
1.6[68]
6.03[68]

3
Sunday 10:00 p.m.
8

March 12, 2017

2.67[69]

April 30, 2017

2.00[70]
2016–17
#121[71]
TBA
3.33[71]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Ceremony
Category
Recipient
Result

Season 1

5th Critics' Choice Television Awards[72]
Best Limited Series
American Crime
Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie or Limited Series
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie or Limited Series
Elvis Nolasco
Nominated

67th Primetime Emmy Awards[73][74]
Outstanding Limited Series
American Crime
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie
Timothy Hutton
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie
Richard Cabral
(Episode: "Episode Ten")
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie
Regina King
(Episode: "Episode Four")
Won

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or a Dramatic Special
John Ridley
(Episode: "Episode One")
Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie or a Special
Kim Coleman and Beth Sepko Lindsay
Nominated

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or a Movie
Luyen Vu
(Episode: "Episode One")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series, Movie or a Special
Gregg Barbanell, Catherine Harper, Walter Newman, Pete Reynolds, Louie Schultz, Darleen Stoker, Bruce Tanis and Kenneth Young
(Episode: "Episode One")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or a Movie
Ryan Davis, Ben Lowry and Rick Norman
(Episode: "Episode Eleven")
Nominated

20th Satellite Awards[75]
Best Television Series – Drama
American Crime
Nominated

Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama
Timothy Hutton
Nominated

Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Elvis Nolasco
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Regina King
Nominated

Best Ensemble – Television Series
Felicity Huffman, Timothy Hutton, W. Earl Brown, Regina King, Richard Cabral, Caitlin Gerard, Benito Martinez, Penelope Ann Miller, Elvis Nolasco, and Johnny Ortiz
Won

47th NAACP Image Awards[76]
Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
American Crime
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Regina King
Won

Outstanding Director in a Drama Series
John Ridley
(Episode: "Episode One")
Won

Millicent Shelton
(Episode: "Episode Ten")
Nominated

Outstanding Writer in a Drama Series
John Ridley
(Episode: "Episode One")
Nominated

73rd Golden Globe Awards[77]

Best Miniseries or Television Film
American Crime
Nominated

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Regina King
Nominated

Season 2

68th Primetime Emmy Awards[78]
Outstanding Limited Series
American Crime
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Lili Taylor
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Regina King
(Episode: "Season Two: Episode Eight")
Won

7th Critics' Choice Television Awards[79]
Best Actress in a Movie or Limited Series
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Lili Taylor
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series
Regina King
Won

74th Golden Globe Awards[80]
Best Miniseries or Television Film
American Crime
Nominated

Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards[81]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

69th Writers Guild of America Awards[82]
Long Form – Original
Julie Hébert, Sonay Hoffman, Keith Huff, Stacy A. Littlejohn, Kirk A. Moore, Davy Perez, Diana Son
Nominated

Season 3

69th Primetime Emmy Awards[83]
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Felicity Huffman
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Regina King
Nominated


document_title: Lift Every Voice and Sing

question_text: who wrote the black national anthem lift every voice

text: Lift Every Voice and Sing

text: "Lift Every Voice and Sing" – often referred to as the "Black/African-American National Anthem" – is a song written as a poem by James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) in 1900 and set to music by his brother John Rosamond Johnson (1873–1954) in 1905.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: "Lift Every Voice and Sing" was publicly performed first as a poem as part of a celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birthday on February 12, 1900, by 500 school children at the segregated Stanton School in Jacksonville, Florida. Its principal, James Weldon Johnson, wrote the words to introduce its honored guest Booker T. Washington. The poem was set to music in 1905 by Johnson's brother John. In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) dubbed it "The Negro National Anthem"[2] for its power in voicing the cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people.[1]

text: In 1939, Augusta Savage received a commission from the New York World's Fair and created a 16-foot (5 m) plaster sculpture called Lift Every Voice and Sing which was destroyed by bulldozers at the close of the fair.[3]

text: In Maya Angelou's 1969 autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the song is sung by the audience and students at Maya's eighth grade graduation, after a white school official dashes the educational aspirations of her class.[4]

text: In 1990, singer Melba Moore released a modern rendition of the song, which she recorded along with others including R&B artists Stephanie Mills, Freddie Jackson, Anita Baker, Dionne Warwick, Bobby Brown, Stevie Wonder, Jeffrey Osborne, and Howard Hewett; and gospel artists BeBe & CeCe Winans, Take 6, and The Clark Sisters, after which, "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" was entered into the Congressional Record by Del. Walter Fauntroy (D-DC).[5]

text: In 2008, jazz singer Rene Marie was asked to perform the national anthem at a civic event in Denver, Colorado, where she caused a controversy by substituting the words of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" into the song. This arrangement of the words of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" with the melody of "The Star Spangled Banner" became part of the titular suite on her 2011 CD release, "The Voice of My Beautiful Country".[6]

text: On January 20, 2009, the Rev. Joseph Lowery, who was formerly president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, used a near-verbatim recitation of the song's third stanza to begin his benediction at the inauguration ceremony for President Barack Obama.

text: On September 24, 2016, this song was sung by mezzo-soprano Denyce Graves and chorus at the conclusion of the opening ceremonies of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, at which Obama delivered the keynote address.

text: On October 19, 2017, when white nationalist leader Richard Spencer spoke at the University of Florida, the university's carillon played "Lift Every Voice and Sing" to convey a message of unity.[7]

text: On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé included the song in the set list of her widely-acclaimed concert at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.