document_title: Birth control in the United States

question_text: when was the pill legalized in the us

question_tokens: when was the pill legalized in the us

text: Birth control in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: Birth control before 20th century[edit]

text: The practice of birth control was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914, when the movement to legalize contraception began. Longstanding techniques included the rhythm method, withdrawal, diaphragms, contraceptive sponges, condoms, prolonged breastfeeding, and spermicides.[1] Use of contraceptives increased throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to a 50 percent drop in the fertility rate in the United States between 1800 and 1900, particularly in urban regions.[2] The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women's contraceptive habits was performed by Clelia Mosher from 1892 to 1912.[3] The survey was based on a small sample of upper-class women, and shows that most of the women used contraception (primarily douching, but also withdrawal, rhythm, condoms and pessaries) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation.[4]

text: Although contraceptives were relatively common in middle-class and upper-class society, the topic was rarely discussed in public.[5] The first book published in the United States which ventured to discuss contraception was Moral Physiology; or, A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question, published by Robert Dale Owen in 1831.[6] The book suggested that family planning was a laudable effort, and that sexual gratification – without the goal of reproduction – was not immoral.[7] Owen recommended withdrawal, but he also discussed sponges and condoms.[8] That book was followed by Fruits of Philosophy: The Private Companion of Young Married People, written in 1832 by Charles Knowlton, which recommended douching.[9] Knowlton was prosecuted in Massachusetts on obscenity charges, and served three months in prison.[10]

text: Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant,[11] with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws.[12] They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the Malthusian League – the world's first birth control advocacy group – which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus' dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine.[13] By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France.[14] As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs.[15] The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London.[16]

text: Contraception outlawed[edit]

text: Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a social purity movement grew in strength, aimed at outlawing vice in general, and prostitution and obscenity in particular.[17] Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the Victorian-era campaign also attacked contraception, which was viewed as an immoral practice that promoted prostitution and venereal disease.[18] Anthony Comstock, a postal inspector and leader in the purity movement, successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1873 Comstock Act, a federal law prohibiting mailing of "any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion" as well as any form of contraceptive information.[19] Many states also passed similar state laws (collectively known as the Comstock laws), sometimes extending the federal law by outlawing the use of contraceptives, as well as their distribution. Comstock was proud of the fact that he was personally responsible for thousands of arrests and the destruction of hundreds of tons of books and pamphlets.[20]

text: Comstock and his allies also took aim at the libertarians and utopians who comprised the free love movement – an initiative to promote sexual freedom, equality for women, and abolition of marriage.[21] The free love proponents were the only group to actively oppose the Comstock laws in the 19th century, setting the stage for the birth control movement.[22]

text: The efforts of the free love movement were not successful and, at the beginning of the 20th century, federal and state governments began to enforce the Comstock laws more rigorously.[22] In response, contraception went underground, but it was not extinguished. The number of publications on the topic dwindled, and advertisements, if they were found at all, used euphemisms such as "marital aids" or "hygienic devices". Drug stores continued to sell condoms as "rubber goods" and cervical caps as "womb supporters".[23]

text: Birth control movement[edit]

text: World War II - 1960[edit]

text: After World War II, the birth control movement had accomplished the goal of making birth control legal, and advocacy for reproductive rights began to focus on abortion, public funding, and insurance coverage.[25]

text: Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization.[26] In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council.[27] Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well-funded birth control campaigns around the world.[28] The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies.[29]

text: 1960s and after - Sexual revolution and 'The Pill'[edit]

text: In the early 1950s, philanthropist Katharine McCormick had provided funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1960.[30] The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture. It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women.[31] New forms of intrauterine devices were introduced in the 1960s, increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives.[32]

text: In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that it was unconstitutional for the government to prohibit married couples from using birth control.

text: Also in 1965, 26 states prohibited birth control for unmarried women.[33] In 1967 Boston University students petitioned Bill Baird to challenge Massachusetts's stringent "Crimes Against Chastity, Decency, Morality and Good Order" law.[34] On April 6, 1967 he gave a speech to 1,500 students and others at Boston University on abortion and birth control.[35] He gave a female student one condom and a package of contraceptive foam.[35] Baird was arrested and convicted as a felon, facing up to ten years in jail.[36] He spent three months in Boston's Charles Street Jail.[37] During his challenge to the Massachusetts law, the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts stated that "there is nothing to be gained by court action of this kind. The only way to remove the limitations remaining in the law is through the legislative process."[38] Despite this opposition, Baird fought for five years until Eisenstadt v. Baird legalized birth control for all Americans on March 22, 1972. Eisenstadt v. Baird, a landmark right to privacy decision, became the foundation for such cases as Roe v. Wade and the 2003 gay rights victory Lawrence v. Texas.

text: In 1970, Congress removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws;[39] and in 1973, the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy.[40]

text: Also in 1970, Title X of the Public Health Service Act was enacted as part of the war on poverty, to make family planning and preventive health services available to low-income and the uninsured.[41] Without publicly funded family planning services, according to the Guttmacher Institute, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher; the number of unintended pregnancies among poor women would nearly double.[42] According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, publicly funded family planning saves nearly $4 in Medicaid expenses for every $1 spent on services.[43]

text: In 1982, European drug manufacturers developed mifepristone, which was initially utilized as a contraceptive, but is now generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation.[44] To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories, a company formed by pro-choice advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts.[45]

text: In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available over the counter in 2006.[46] In 2010, ulipristal acetate, an emergency contraceptive which is more effective after a longer delay was approved for use up to five days after unprotected sexual intercourse.[47] Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used.[48] These emergency contraceptives, including Plan B and EllaOne, became another reproductive rights controversy.[49] Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion, because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized embryo to implant in the uterus; while proponents contend that it is not abortion, because the absence of implantation means that pregnancy never commenced.[50]

text: In 2000, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[51]

text: President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) on 23 March 2010. As of 1 August 2011, female contraception was added to a list of preventive services covered by the ACA that would be provided without patient co-payment. The federal mandate applied to all new health insurance plans in all states from 1 August 2012.[52][53] Grandfathered plans did not have to comply unless they changed substantially.[54] To be grandfathered, a group plan must have existed or an individual plan must have been sold before President Obama signed the law; otherwise they were required to comply with the new law.[55] The Guttmacher Institute noted that even before the federal mandate was implemented, twenty-eight states had their own mandates that required health insurance to cover the prescription contraceptives, but the federal mandate innovated by forbidding insurance companies from charging part of the cost to the patient.[56]

text: In 2017, the Trump administration issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions".[57]

text: Current practices[edit]

text: There are many types of contraceptive methods available. Hormonal methods which contain the hormones estrogen and progestin include oral contraceptive pills (there is also a progestin only pill), transdermal patch (OrthoEvra), and intravaginal ring (NuvaRing). Progestin only methods include an injectable form (Depo-Provera), a subdermal implant (Nexplanon), and the intrauterine device (Mirena). Non-hormonal contraceptive methods include the copper intrauterine device (ParaGard), male and female condoms, male and female sterilization, cervical diaphragms and sponges, spermicides, withdrawal, and fertility awareness.

text: In 2006-2008, the most popular contraceptive methods among those at risk of unintended pregnancy were oral contraceptive pills (25%), female sterilization (24.2%), male condoms (14.5%) and male sterilization (8.8%).[58] Intrauterine device (4.9%), Withdrawal (4.6%).[58] Depo-Provera is used by 2.9%, primarily younger women (7.5% of those 15-19 and about 4.5% of those 20-30).[58]

text: A 2013 Lancet systematic literature review found that among reproductive aged women in a marriage or union, 66% worldwide and 77% in the United States use contraception. Despite this unintended pregnancy remains high; just under half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. 10.6% of women at risk of unintended pregnancy did not use a contraceptive method, including 18.7% of teens and 14.3% of those 20-24.[58] Women of reproductive age (15 to 44) who are not regarded as at risk for unintended pregnancy include those who are sterile, were sterilized for non-contraceptive reasons, were pregnant or trying to become pregnant, or had not had sex in the 3 months prior to the survey.[58] When examining reasons why women do not use birth control, s 2007 Pregnancy Risk Monitoring Assessment System (PRAMS) survey of over 8000 women with a recent unintended pregnancy found that 33% felt they could not get pregnant at the time of conception, 30% did not mind if they got pregnant, 22% stated their partner did not want to use contraception, 16% cited side effects, 10% felt they or their partner were sterile, 10% reported access problems, and 18% selected "other".

text: Cost savings[edit]

text: Contraceptive use saves almost US $19 billion in direct medical costs each year.[59]

text: Additional Benefits[edit]

text: Contraception has many benefits beyond preventing pregnancy. Combination estrogen-progestin contraceptives can successfully treat dysmenorrhea (painful periods), provide symptom relief from endometriosis, reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and improve anemia related to menstrual blood loss, reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, reduce ovarian and colon cancer risk, reduce moderate acne, prevent of menstrual migraines, and reduce hirsutism (abnormal hair growth). The progestin containing intrauterine device can reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and protect against pre-cancerous changes or cancer in the uterus. Condoms (male or female) are the only contraceptive method which protects against acquisition of sexually transmitted infections.[43]

text: Government and policy[edit]

text: Domestic[edit]

text:
Funding

Title X
Medicaid

Take Charge

Contraceptive mandates

Goals

Healthy people

text: International[edit]

text: United States Agency for International Development

text: Legislation[edit]

text: 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

text: In two major legal cases that were planned in 2014, the attorneys made an issue of whether a for-profit corporation can be required to provide coverage for contraceptive services to its employees.[60] As of 1 January 2016, women in Oregon will be eligible to purchase a one-year supply of oral contraceptive; this is the first such legislation in the United States and has attracted the attention of California, Washington state and New York.[61]

text: Notable organizations[edit]

text:
Planned Parenthood Federation of America
EngenderHealth
Guttmacher Institute
American Social Health Association
Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States

text: Influence of religion[edit]

text: In 2014, the Supreme Court decided that for-profit corporations may offer insurance plans that do not cover contraception, by the rationale that the owners may hold that certain contraceptives violate their religious beliefs. This was a setback for the federal government's attempt to create a uniform set of health care insurance benefits.[62][63]


document_title: Blue Bloods (season 8)

question_text: who plays the mayor on season eight of bluebloods

root

text: Blue Bloods (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Donnie Wahlberg (Danny Reagan), Bridget Moynahan (Erin Reagan), Will Estes (Jamie Reagan), and Len Cariou (Henry Reagan) are first credited. Then Sami Gayle (Nicky Reagan-Boyle) is credited next, marking the fourth season she has been included in the opening credits. Tom Selleck (Frank Reagan) receives an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Amy Carlson (Linda Reagan) left between Seasons 7 and 8.

tag: p

text: Marisa Ramirez, as Danny's partner Detective Maria Baez, and Vanessa Ray, as Jamie's partner Eddie Janko, continue to receive "also starring" billing for season 8. Appearing regularly and receiving "special guest star" billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore, Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley, and Abigail Hawk as Detective Abigail Baker, Frank's primary aide.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

156
1
"Cutting Losses"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
801
10.04[3]

Erin pleads with Danny, who has been contemplating retirement since Linda's death in a rescue helicopter crash, to help her with a case involving her ex-husband, Jack (Peter Hermann); Jamie and Eddie go undercover as a couple to bust a shady drug dealer; new mayor Margaret Dutton (Lorraine Bracco) butts heads with Frank.

157
2
"Ghosts of the Past"
John Behring
Kevin Riley
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
803
9.49[4]

Frank receives an order from the mayor to attend the annual West Indies parade, which this year is honoring a man who served time for conspiring in an attack against the police. Meanwhile, Danny and Maria investigate the return of Selena Moore (Caroline Pluta), who suspiciously disappeared as a teen 13 years ago. Also, Jamie and Eddie try to help a young woman they believe is being exploited by Congressman Richard Walters (Richard Thomas).

158
3
"The Enemy of My Enemy"
Robert Harmon
Ian Biederman
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
802
8.98[5]

Erin's case against human trafficker Chao Lin (Tia Carrere) faces difficulty when the presiding judge falls off a roof to his death. Danny and Baez investigate, while also trying to protect a key witness for the prosecution. Elsewhere, Frank's enhanced public safety initiative is opposed by Mayor Dutton, but gains a surprising ally, City Council Speaker Regina Thomas (Whoopi Goldberg).

159
4
"Out of the Blue"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
804
9.08[6]

Danny and Baez work the case of a detective who was gunned down prior to testifying against a career criminal. Also, Frank personally investigates when Garrett is attacked by a SWAT team outside his home, and Erin brings in a confidential informant against Anthony's wishes.

160
5
"The Forgotten"
Ralph Hemecker
Allie Solomon
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
805
8.29[7]

Danny and Baez investigate the murder of a single mother whose ex-husband has a documented history of violence. Also, Frank deals with the fallout when Mayor Dutton eliminates solitary confinement in prisons, while Jamie's effort to save a young woman who overdosed on heroin has unexpected consequences.

161
6
"Brushed Off"
Eric Laneuville
Daniel Truly
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
806
9.27[8]

When a famous basketball player is found dead of an apparent drug overdose, Danny and Maria look into his possible ties to a local drug gang. Also, Erin revisits the case of a man she may have wrongfully convicted nine years ago, and Frank is approached by Archbishop Kearns (Stacey Keach) regarding an eviction matter Jamie and Eddie are working on.

162
7
"Common Ground"
David M. Barrett
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
807
9.94[9]

A case turns personal for Danny when he works to protect a nurse, Faith Madson (Jessie Mueller), from her violent ex-boyfriend. Meanwhile, Shelly Wayne (Cassandra Freeman), an acquaintance of Frank's, comes to him with a theory regarding the death of an inmate. Also, Jamie and Eddie help deliver a baby, only to learn that the mother and her family are undocumented immigrants living in deplorable conditions.

163
8
"Pick Your Poison"
Heather Cappiello
Kevin Wade
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
808
9.25[10]

Eddie makes a questionable arrest of a man revealed to be a college acquaintance who once humiliated her in a frat house. Frank learns one of his best lieutenants tested positive for marijuana after a trip to Colorado, and gets caught between department regulations and Mayor Dutton's stance on making pot legal. Meanwhile, Danny and Baez investigate a murder linked to a white supremacist group.

164
9
"Pain Killers"
John Behring
Ian Biederman
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
809
8.84[11]

As Danny and Baez join a narcotics task force to track down a drug supplier at a prep school, Baez comes into contact with fentanyl and is soon fighting for her life from an accidental overdose. Also, Jamie and Eddie work to protect a rehabilitated sex offender whose neighbors are angry he lives in their apartment building, and Frank forms an unlikely alliance with Mayor Dutton when the Governor refuses to involve the NYPD during a major state trooper initiative.

165
10
"Heavy Is the Head"
David M. Barrett
Brian Burns
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
810
9.40[12]

Erin is conflicted when Jamie and Eddie ask her to help drop old charges against a man, Parker Mack (Spencer House), who just bravely rescued a woman from a local hostage situation. Meanwhile, Danny and Baez work a case involving car thieves and discover the leader is Victor Lugo (Nick Cordero), a mobster they've dealt with before. Also, Baker receives a job offer which Frank learns may have strings attached.

166
11
"Second Chances"
Deran Sarafian
Kevin Riley
January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05)
811
9.98[13]

When a journalist disappears while working on an exposé about an innocent man serving time for murder, Danny and Baez hope that reexamining the original case will help find her. Also, Frank reluctantly speaks out against an initiative led by Erin's office to consider drug abuse as a disease first, and a crime second.

167
12
"The Brave"[14]
Tom Moore
Siobhan Byrne O'Connor
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)
812
TBD

168
13
"Erasing History"[15]
Jane Raab
Daniel Truly
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
813
TBD

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Cutting Losses"
September 29, 2017
1.1/5
10.04[3]
0.7
4.57
1.8
14.60[16]

2
"Ghosts of the Past"
October 6, 2017
1.0/4
9.49[4]
0.7
4.18
1.7
13.67[17]

3
"The Enemy of My Enemy"
October 13, 2017
0.9/4
8.98[5]
0.6
4.13
1.5
13.11[18]

4
"Out of the Blue"
October 20, 2017
0.9/4
9.08[6]
0.7
4.12
1.6
13.20[19]

5
"The Forgotten"
October 27, 2017
0.9/4
8.29[7]
N/A
4.14
N/A
12.43[20]

6
"Brushed Off"
November 3, 2017
0.9/4
9.27[8]
N/A
3.97
N/A
13.24[21]

7
"Common Ground"
November 10, 2017
1.0/5
9.94[9]
0.7
3.84
1.7
13.78[22]

8
"Pick Your Poison"
November 17, 2017
0.9/4
9.25[10]
N/A
4.14
N/A
13.40[23]

9
"Pain Killers"
December 1, 2017
0.8/4
8.84[11]
0.7
4.54
1.5
13.41[24]

10
"Heavy is the Head"
December 8, 2017
0.9/4
9.40[12]
0.7
4.07
1.6
13.47[25]

11
"Second Chances"
January 5, 2018
1.0/4
9.98[13]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"The Brave"
January 12, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"Erasing History"
January 19, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Equations for a falling body

question_text: how far does a human fall in 3 seconds

question_tokens: how far does a human fall in 3 seconds

text: Equations for a falling body

text: History[edit]

text: Galileo was the first to demonstrate and then formulate these equations. He used a ramp to study rolling balls, the ramp slowing the acceleration enough to measure the time taken for the ball to roll a known distance.[1][2] He measured elapsed time with a water clock, using an "extremely accurate balance" to measure the amount of water.[note 1]

text: The equations ignore air resistance, which has a dramatic effect on objects falling an appreciable distance in air, causing them to quickly approach a terminal velocity. The effect of air resistance varies enormously depending on the size and geometry of the falling object — for example, the equations are hopelessly wrong for a feather, which has a low mass but offers a large resistance to the air. (In the absence of an atmosphere all objects fall at the same rate, as astronaut David Scott demonstrated by dropping a hammer and a feather on the surface of the Moon.)

text: The equations also ignore the rotation of the Earth, failing to describe the Coriolis effect for example. Nevertheless, they are usually accurate enough for dense and compact objects falling over heights not exceeding the tallest man-made structures.

text: Overview[edit]

text: Near the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2 (meters per second squared; which might be thought of as "meters per second, per second", or 32.2 ft/s2 as "feet per second per second") approximately. For other planets, multiply g by the appropriate scaling factor. A coherent set of units for g, d, t and v is essential. Assuming SI units, g is measured in meters per second squared, so d must be measured in meters, t in seconds and v in meters per second.

text: In all cases, the body is assumed to start from rest, and air resistance is neglected. Generally, in Earth's atmosphere, all results below will therefore be quite inaccurate after only 5 seconds of fall (at which time an object's velocity will be a little less than the vacuum value of 49 m/s (9.8 m/s2 × 5 s) due to air resistance). Air resistance induces a drag force on any body that falls through any atmosphere other than a perfect vacuum, and this drag force increases with velocity until it equals the gravitational force, leaving the object to fall at a constant terminal velocity.

text: Atmospheric drag, the coefficient of drag for the object, the (instantaneous) velocity of the object, and the area presented to the airflow determine terminal velocity.

text: Apart from the last formula, these formulas also assume that g negligibly varies with height during the fall (that is, they assume constant acceleration). The last equation is more accurate where significant changes in fractional distance from the center of the planet during the fall cause significant changes in g. This equation occurs in many applications of basic physics.

text: The equations[edit]

text:
Distance

d

{\displaystyle \ d\ }

 (in meters) travelled by an object falling for time

t

{\displaystyle \ t\ }

(in seconds):

d
=

1
2

g

t

2

{\displaystyle \ d={\frac {1}{2}}gt^{2}}

Time

t

{\displaystyle \ t\ }

 taken for an object to fall distance

d

{\displaystyle \ d\ }

:

t
=

2
d

g

{\displaystyle \ t=\ {\sqrt {\frac {2d}{g}}}}

Instantaneous velocity

v

i

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}\ }

 of a falling object after elapsed time

t

{\displaystyle \ t\ }

:

v

i

=
g
t

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}=gt}

Instantaneous velocity

v

i

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}\ }

 of a falling object that has travelled distance

d

{\displaystyle \ d\ }

:

v

i

=

2
g
d

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}={\sqrt {2gd}}\ }

Average velocity

v

a

{\displaystyle \ v_{a}\ }

 of an object that has been falling for time

t

{\displaystyle \ t\ }

 (averaged over time):

v

a

=

1
2

g
t

{\displaystyle \ v_{a}={\frac {1}{2}}gt}

Average velocity

v

a

{\displaystyle \ v_{a}\ }

 of a falling object that has travelled distance

d

{\displaystyle \ d\ }

 (averaged over time):

v

a

=

2
g
d

2

{\displaystyle \ v_{a}={\frac {\sqrt {2gd}}{2}}\ }

Instantaneous velocity

v

i

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}\ }

 of a falling object that has travelled distance

d

{\displaystyle \ d\ }

 on a planet with mass

M

{\displaystyle \ M\ }

, with the combined radius of the planet and altitude of the falling object being

r

{\displaystyle \ r\ }

, this equation is used for larger radii where

g

{\displaystyle \ g\ }

 is smaller than standard

g

{\displaystyle \ g\ }

 at the surface of Earth, but assumes a small distance of fall, so the change in

g

{\displaystyle \ g\ }

 is small and relatively constant:

v

i

=

2
G
M
d

r

2

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}={\sqrt {\frac {2GMd}{r^{2}}}}\ }

Instantaneous velocity

v

i

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}\ }

 of a falling object that has travelled distance

d

{\displaystyle \ d\ }

 on a planet with mass

M

{\displaystyle \ M\ }

 and radius

r

{\displaystyle \ r\ }

 (used for large fall distances where

g

{\displaystyle \ g\ }

 can change significantly):

v

i

=

2
G
M

(

1
r

−

1

r
+
d

)

{\displaystyle \ v_{i}={\sqrt {2GM{\Big (}{\frac {1}{r}}-{\frac {1}{r+d}}{\Big )}}}\ }

text: Examples[edit]

text: The first equation shows that, after one second, an object will have fallen a distance of 1/2 × 9.8 × 12 = 4.9 meters. After two seconds it will have fallen 1/2 × 9.8 × 22 = 19.6 meters; and so on. The second to last equation becomes grossly inaccurate at great distances. If an object fell 10,000 meters to Earth, then the results of both equations differ by only 0.08%; however, if it fell from geosynchronous orbit, which is 42,164 km, then the difference changes to almost 64%.

text: Based on wind resistance, for example, the terminal velocity of a skydiver in a belly-to-earth (i.e., face down) free-fall position is about 195 km/h (122 mph or 54 m/s). This velocity is the asymptotic limiting value of the acceleration process, because the effective forces on the body balance each other more and more closely as the terminal velocity is approached. In this example, a speed of 50% of terminal velocity is reached after only about 3 seconds, while it takes 8 seconds to reach 90%, 15 seconds to reach 99% and so on.

text: Higher speeds can be attained if the skydiver pulls in his or her limbs (see also freeflying). In this case, the terminal velocity increases to about 320 km/h (200 mph or 90 m/s), which is almost the terminal velocity of the peregrine falcon diving down on its prey. The same terminal velocity is reached for a typical .30-06 bullet dropping downwards—when it is returning to earth having been fired upwards, or dropped from a tower—according to a 1920 U.S. Army Ordnance study.

text: Competition speed skydivers fly in the head down position and reach even higher speeds. The current world record is 1,357.6 km/h (843.6 mph/Mach 1.25) by Felix Baumgartner who skydived from 38,969.4 m (127,852.4 ft) above earth on 14 October 2012. The record was set due to the high altitude where the lesser density of the atmosphere decreased drag.

text: For astronomical bodies other than Earth, and for short distances of fall at other than "ground" level, g in the above equations may be replaced by G(M+m)/r2 where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the astronomical body, m is the mass of the falling body, and r is the radius from the falling object to the center of the body.

text: Removing the simplifying assumption of uniform gravitational acceleration provides more accurate results. We find from the formula for radial elliptic trajectories:

text: The time t taken for an object to fall from a height r to a height x, measured from the centers of the two bodies, is given by:

text:
where

μ
=
G
(

m

1

+

m

2

)

{\displaystyle \mu =G(m_{1}+m_{2})}

 is the sum of the standard gravitational parameters of the two bodies. This equation should be used whenever there is a significant difference in the gravitational acceleration during the fall.

text: Acceleration relative to the rotating Earth[edit]

text: Centripetal force causes the acceleration measured on the rotating surface of the Earth to differ from the acceleration that is measured for a free-falling body: the apparent acceleration in the rotating frame of reference is the total gravity vector minus a small vector toward the north-south axis of the Earth, corresponding to staying stationary in that frame of reference.


document_title: America's Got Talent

question_text: when is the americas got talent live shows

question_tokens: when is the americas got talent live shows

text: America's Got Talent

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Duration
Winner's prize
Finalists
Presenter
Judges

Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runner-up
Third place

1
June 21, 2006
August 17, 2006
$1,000,000
Bianca Ryan

All That & The Millers

Regis
Philbin
David Hasselhoff
Piers Morgan
Brandy Norwood
N/A1

2
June 5, 2007
August 21, 2007
Terry Fator
Cas Haley
Butterscotch
Jerry
Springer
Sharon Osbourne

3
June 17, 2008
October 1, 2008
Neal E. Boyd
Eli Mattson
Nuttin' But Stringz

4
June 23, 2009
September 16, 2009
Kevin Skinner
Bárbara Padilla
Recycled Percussion
Nick
Cannon

5
June 1, 2010
September 15, 2010
Michael Grimm
Jackie Evancho
Fighting Gravity
Howie Mandel

6
May 31, 2011
September 14, 2011
Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.
Silhouettes
Team iLuminate

7
May 14, 2012
September 13, 2012
Olate Dogs
Tom Cotter
William Close
Howard Stern

8
June 4, 2013
September 18, 2013
Kenichi Ebina
Taylor Williamson
Jimmy Rose
Mel B
Heidi Klum

9
May 27, 2014
September 17, 2014
Mat Franco
Emily West
AcroArmy

10
May 26, 2015
September 16, 2015
Paul Zerdin
Drew Lynch
Oz Pearlman

11
May 31, 2016
September 14, 2016
Grace VanderWaal
The Clairvoyants
Jon Dorenbos
Simon Cowell

12
May 30, 2017
September 20, 2017
Darci Lynne Farmer
Angelica Hale
Light Balance
Tyra
Banks

text:
^ A fourth judge was added in season eight.
^ Beginning with season three, the prize includes the one million dollars, payable in a financial annuity over 40 years, and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. The length of the headlining stint has varied, with season four's prize including a 10-week schedule[6] and season eleven's lasting three days.[6]
A book was released in 2013 titled, Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America's Got Talent. It describes the seasons, contestants, judges, and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons.[7]

tag: ol

text: Guest judges[edit]

text: Starting with the tenth season, each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition. The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows. The first guest judge, Neil Patrick Harris, appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten, which aired on July 14, 2015. Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten, which aired on July 21, 2015. Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten, which aired on July 28, 2015. Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten, which aired on August 4, 2015.[8] Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges.[9] This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets.[10][11][12]

text:
Season
Guest Judge (in order of appearance)

10
Neil Patrick Harris
Michael Bublé
Marlon Wayans
Piers Morgan

11
Ne-Yo
Reba McEntire
George Lopez
Louis Tomlinson

12
Chris Hardwick[13]
DJ Khaled[14]
Laverne Cox[15]
Seal[16]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Producers' auditions[edit]

text: The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers' auditions held in various cities across the United States, some of which host only the producers' auditions, and some of which also host judges' auditions held in theaters. This round is held several months before the judges' audition. Acts that have made it through the producers' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience. [17]

text: Judges' Auditions[edit]

text: Following the producers' auditions, acts audition in front of (as of 2013) four celebrity judges. These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised. Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer, which lights up their corresponding X above the stage. Any performer who receives X's (3 from season 1-7, or 4 from season 8-) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated. Since season three (2008), large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process, as their reaction to an act's performance may swing or influence a judge's vote. If an act receives three or more "yes" votes, they advance to the next round of competition. However, in the majority of seasons, several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance.

text: Golden Buzzer[edit]

text: Introduced in season nine, the "Golden Buzzer" is located on the center of the judges' desk and may be used once per season by each judge. In season 9, a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination, regardless of the number of X's earned from the other judges. Starting in season 10 and onward, any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show; and in season 11, the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer. The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format.

text:
Season
Nick Cannon
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Howard Stern

9
N/A
Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson
N/A
Dustin's Dojo

10
Drew Lynch
Sharon Irving
Arielle Baril
Freckled Sky

Season
Nick Cannon
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell

11
Dorothy Williams
Grace VanderWaal
Laura Bretan
Sal Valentinetti
Calysta Bevier

Season
Tyra Banks
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell

12
Light Balance
Christian Guardino
Darci Lynne Farmer
Angelina Green
Mandy Harvey

text: Judge cuts[edit]

text: From season two (2007) to season eight (2013), Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows. This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip. Names for this round in previous seasons have included "Las Vegas Callbacks" and "Vegas Verdicts". The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges (except for season four in 2009), who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows. An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition, as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as "wild card" acts.

text: Prior to the inclusion of this round, the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show. The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week, leaving several acts without the chance to perform.

text: In season nine (2014), acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows.[18]

text: YouTube auditions[edit]

text: From season five (2010) to season seven (2012), acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho, who went on to place second in season five.

text: Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace. [19]

text: Live shows[edit]

text: During the live shows, a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 (season two), to as many as 60, compete for viewers' and judges' votes. In the first season, the judges could not end an act's performance, but could either "check" or "X" the performance during their critique. Since season two (2007), judges have been able to end an act's performance early, and the "check" was removed. Generally, acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals. In seasons with YouTube auditions, the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then, as part of these quarterfinals. Then there may be additional shows for "Wild Card" acts—acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination. From these shows, the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and/or the judges (depending on the season). Acts then move on to a semifinal round, and even further rounds (such as a "Top 8" or a "Top 10", depending on the season) through a series of weekly shows, which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote. In the majority of seasons, judges have had no vote from the semifinals. All these rounds culminate in a live final, which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons. The act with the most votes is declared the winner, given $1 million, and, since season three (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip.

text: During seasons one through six (2006–11), the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles. In season seven (2012), the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. From seasons eight through ten (2013–15), live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York. From season eleven (2016) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre.[20]

text: For seasons five through eight (2010–13), the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities.[21][22] For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner-up acts.[23] (See #America's Got Talent Live, below.)

text: Season synopses[edit]

text: Season 1 (2006)[edit]

text: In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two-hour broadcast was the night's most-watched program on U.S. television and the highest-rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime-time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.[24]

text: On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.

text: In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.

text: The winner of the season was 11-year-old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners-up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.

text: Season 2 (2007)[edit]

text: After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.

text: In AGT's place, another reality-based talent show, Grease: You're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January.[25] In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host,[26] with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.

text: The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner-up was singer Cas Haley.

text: Season 3 (2008)[edit]

text: Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.

text: Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well-known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X's matched the ones on Britain's Got Talent as did the judges' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two-and-a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.

text: Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner-up.

text: Season 4 (2009)[edit]

text: Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29–31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7–8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.[27]

text: The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the 'Las Vegas Callbacks' was renamed 'Vegas Verdicts'. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America's Got Talent logo.

text: On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10-week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner-up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.[28]

text: Season 5 (2010)[edit]

text: For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009.[29] NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.

text: Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.

text: David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show[30] and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show.[31] The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.[32]

text: On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25-city America's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner-up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.[21][22]

text: Season 6 (2011)[edit]

text: Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two-hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three-year contract to stay on Talent.[33]

text: The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.

text: On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra-style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner-up.

text: Season 7 (2012)[edit]

text: Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012.[34] The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.

text: Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight,[35] and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey.[36] In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top-to-bottom makeover", confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark.[37] On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two-and-a-half-hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges' desk and a refreshed design of the "X".

text: On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.[38]

text: On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner-up.

text: Season 8 (2013)[edit]

text: Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013.[39] The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season,[40] but later said that she was staying with the show "for now."[41] Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.[42][43]

text: On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added.[44] On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge.[45]

text: An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before.[46] America's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight.[47] Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.[47]

text: On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner-up.

text: Season 9 (2014)[edit]

text: Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET.[48] The producers' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online.[49] Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20–22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.[50]

text: The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept.[18] This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer," which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.[51]

text: For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.

text: On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner-up.

text: Season 10 (2015)[edit]

text: Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.[52]

text: Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return,[53] but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host.[54] On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten[55] and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well.[56] It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.[57]

text: It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout.[58] He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center.[59][60] They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.

text: During NBC's summer press tour, it was announced that America's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer" more like Britain's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows.[61] An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.

text: On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I’ve told you, I’m just too f*cking busy…something's got to give… NBC's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I’d come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season".[62]

text: On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner-up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.

text: Season 11 (2016)[edit]

text: America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015.[63] The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[64] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.[65]

text: On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11.[3] On January 12, 2016, it was announced that Mel B, Heidi Klum, and Howie Mandel would all return as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Howard Stern's departure.[66] The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre.[67]

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California.[68] The season premiered on May 31, 2016.[69]

text: On September 14, 12-year-old opera-singer-songwriter and ukulele player, Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1, and the second child act to win the competition. Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner-up, and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place. Comedian Tape Face was named the most memorable act this season.

text: Season 12 (2017)[edit]

text: On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12.[70] Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).[71]

text: On February 13, 2017, Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special, Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[72] Cannon, however, was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract, though this was ultimately considered unlikely. NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return, but ultimately began the search for a new host.[73][74]

text: NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12, 2017 after Cannon's departure.[4]

text: The season premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[75]

text: On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place, deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place.

text: Season 13 (2018)[edit]

text: Season 13 auditions are set to begin in November.

text: Post-show[edit]

text: America's Got Talent Live[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: America's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America's Got Talent as the main performance.

text: In 2009, America's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten-week run from October through January. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self-named show and Las Vegas.[76]

text: In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25-city tour that featured the season's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show.[77]

text: In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.

text: In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca.[78] Tone hosted the tour.

text: In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.[23]

text: In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.

text: In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.[79]

text: In 2017, four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They will feature winner Darci Lynne, runner-up Angelica Hale, third-placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.[80]

text: Holiday Spectacular[edit]

text: NBC broadcast the two-hour America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti.[81] The special drew 9.5 million viewers.[82]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.

text: Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.

text: The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating.

text:
Season
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Timeslot (ET)
Season
viewers
Season
ranking

Date
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Viewers
(in millions)

1
June 21, 2006
12.41
Final Performances: August 16, 2006

2005–06
Wednesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale: August 17, 2006
12.05
Thursday 9:00 pm

1

2
June 5, 2007
12.93
Final Performances: August 20, 2007

2006–07
Tuesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale: August 21, 2007
13.87

3
June 17, 2008
12.80
Final Performances: September 30, 2008
10.23
2007–08
Tuesday 9:00 pm (June 17 – August 5)
Tuesday 8:00 pm (after August 26)

1

Season Finale: October 1, 2008
12.55
Wednesday 9:00 pm
(after August 27)

1

4[83][84][85]
June 23, 2009
11.30
Final Performances: September 15, 2009
13.84
2008–09
Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2009
15.53
Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

5[86][87]
June 1, 2010
12.35
Final Performances: September 14, 2010
14.60
2009–10
Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 15, 2010
16.41
Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

6[88][89][90]
May 31, 2011
15.28
Final Performances: September 13, 2011
13.67
2010–11
Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 31 – July 5)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 5)
12.65
1

Season Finale: September 14, 2011
14.37
Wednesday 9:00 pm
(after June 22)
11.49[91]
1

7[92][93][94]
May 14, 2012
10.48
Final Performances: September 12, 2012
11.05
2011-12
Monday 8:00 pm (May 14 – July 3)
Tuesday 8:00 pm (after July 3)
10.48[95]
1

Season Finale: September 13, 2012
10.59
Tuesday 9:00 pm (May 14 – July 3)
Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 3)
10.58[91]
1

8[96][97][98]
June 4, 2013
12.41
Final Performances: September 17, 2013
11.19
2012–13
Tuesday 8:00 pm
11.22[99]
1

Season Finale: September 18, 2013
11.49
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after July 10)
10.34[100]
1

9[101][102][103]
May 27, 2014
12.00
Final Performances: September 16, 2014
11.46
2013–14
Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 27 – July 15)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 22)
10.31[104]
1

Season Finale: September 17, 2014
12.21
Wednesday 9:00 pm
(after July 23)
10.37[105]
1

10[106][107][108]
May 26, 2015
11.09
Final Performances: September 15, 2015
11.33
2014–15
Tuesday 8:00 pm
10.70[109]
1

Season Finale: September 16, 2015
9.54
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after August 12)
9.07[110]
1

11[111][112][113]
May 31, 2016
11.67
Final Performances: September 13, 2016
13.97
2015–16
Tuesday 8:00 pm
11.71[114]
1

Season Finale: September 14, 2016
14.41
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after July 5)
10.97[115]
1

12[116][117][118]
May 30, 2017
12.37
Final Performances: September 19, 2017
14.70
2016–17
Tuesday 8:00 pm
TBA
TBA

Season Finale: September 20, 2017
15.64
Wednesday 8:00 pm
(after August 9)
TBA
TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Result
Ref.

2011
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Competition Show
Nominated
[119]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[120]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special
Nominated
[121]

2012
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[122]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Show
Nominated
[123]

Choice Male TV Personality: Nick Cannon
Nominated
[124]

2013
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[125]

2014
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Nominated
[126]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Nominated
[127]

2015
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Nominated
[128]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Talent Competition Show
Nominated
[129]

2016
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Won
[130]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Talent Competition Show
Nominated
[131]

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Competition Show
Nominated
[130]

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Reality Show
Won

text: Top-selling albums by former contestants[edit]

text: Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.

text:
Rank
Former contestant
Total US sales
Albums

1
Jackie Evancho
(season 5, runner-up)
3,000,000+[132]

Prelude to a Dream (2009) #121[133]
O Holy Night (2010) #2 (Platinum certification)[134]
Dream with Me (2011) #2 (Gold certification)[134][135]
Heavenly Christmas (2011) #11[134][136]
Songs from the Silver Screen (2012) #7[137]
Awakening (2014) #17[138][139]
Someday at Christmas (2016) #93[140]
Two Hearts (2017) #100[141] (Evancho's 7th consecutive #1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart)[142]

2
Lindsey Stirling
(season 5 quarterfinalist)
856,000+[143]

Lindsey Stirling (2012) #23
Shatter Me (2014) #2
Brave Enough (2016) #5

3
Grace VanderWaal
(season 11 winner)
500,000+[144]

Perfectly Imperfect (2016) #4

4
The Texas Tenors
(season 4, 4th place)
250,000+[145]

The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound (2009) did not chart
The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound: Remastered Special Edition (2011) did not chart
O Night Divine (2013) did not chart on Billboard 200; #22 on the Classical Albums chart[146]
You Should Dream (2013) did not chart on Billboard 200; #5 on the Classical Albums chart[147]
First 5 Years Live (2014) did not chart on Billboard 200; #11 on the Classical Albums chart[148]

5
Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.
(season 6 winner)
156,000+[149]

That's Life (2011) #34[150]
Christmas Made for Two (2013) did not chart

6
Bianca Ryan
(season 1 winner)
150,000+[151]

Bianca Ryan (2006) #57
Christmas Everyday (2007) did not chart
The True Meaning of Christmas (2009) did not chart

7
Cas Haley
(season 2 runner-up)
40,000+[152][153]

Cas Haley (2008) #8
Connection (2010) did not chart
La Si Dah (2013) did not chart

8
Michael Grimm
(season 5 winner)
22,000+[154]

Michael Grimm Live (2007) did not chart
I Am Michael Grimm (2009) did not chart
Leave Your Hat On (2010) #101
Michael Grimm (2011) #13

9
Neal E. Boyd
(season 3 winner)
6,000+[155]

My American Dream (2009) #195

text: Contestants who have competed on other reality shows[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many acts which have competed on America's Got Talent, but were ultimately eliminated before the final round, have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America's Best Dance Crew.

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):

text:
AGT
Season
Year
Contestant
AI
Season
Year
Outcome

1
2006
Jessica Sanchez
11
2012
Runner-up

3
2008
Holli Harden
9
2010
Appeared

4
2009
Thia Megia
10
2011
Finished in the Top 11

4, 9
2009, 2014
Kelli Glover
1
2002
Appeared

6
2011
Shevonne Phillidor
15
2016
Appeared

9
2014
Nick Fradiani, member of Beach Avenue
14
2015
Winner

10
2015
Jenna Renae
15
2016
Top 24

11
2016
Sal Valentinetti
14
2015
Appeared

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):

text:
AGT
Season
Year
Contestant
ABDC
Season
Year
Outcome

2
2007
Jabbawockeez
1
2008
Champions

3
2008
Extreme Dance FX
5
2010
Competed as Blended Projekt

3, 4
2008, 2009
SQ Entertainment
1
2008
Runner-up

4
2009
BreakSk8
1
2008
Finished in fourth place

4
2009
FootworKINGz
6
2011
Competed

5
2010
Rated Next Generation (RNG)
7
2012
Finished in Top Four

5
2010
Strikers All-Stars
3
2009
Finished in Top Four

7
2012
787 Crew
6
2011
Competed

9
2014
Flight Crew Jump Rope
5
2010
Finished in fifth place, and competed as Saltare

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:

text:
AGT
Season
Year
Contestant
Show
Season
Year
Network
Outcome

1
2006
Tonya Kay, member of Trey Knight's Stilt World
Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
1
2006
SyFy
5th Place

2
2007
Tammie Brown
RuPaul's Drag Race
1
2009
Logo
8th Place

2
2007
Tika "Sweetie" Rainn
Flavor of Love
1
2006
VH1
8th Place

3
2008
Derrick Barry
RuPaul's Drag Race
8
2016
Logo
5th Place

5
2010
Justin Hopkins
The Voice
2
2012
NBC
Advanced to Battle Rounds

5
2010
Murray SawChuck
Celebracadabra
1
2008
VH1
Appeared

5
2010
Alice Tan Ridley
30 Seconds to Fame
Pilot
2002
Fox
Winner

6
2011
Dani Shay
The Glee Project
2
2012
Oxygen
Appeared

7
2012
Trisha Paytas
Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
2
2007
SyFy
7th Place

7
2012
Horse
American Ninja Warrior
4
2012
G4 and NBC
Competed

7
2012
Bria Kelly
The Voice
6
2014
NBC
Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher

7
2012
Academy of Villains
Fake Off
2
2015
TruTV
Appeared

7
2012
Lightwire Theatre
Fake Off
1
2014
TruTV
Winners

7, 8
2012, 2013
D'Angelo and Amanda
Live to Dance
1
2011
CBS
Winners

7
2015
Ben Blaque
Britain's Got Talent
10
2010
ITV
Advanced to the semi-finals

8
2015
Alexandr Magala
Britain's Got Talent
10
2010
ITV
9th place

8
2013
Kennedy Davenport
RuPaul's Drag Race
7
2015
Logo
4th Place

8
2013
Tummy Talk
The Gong Show
1
2017
ABC
Appeared

8
2013
Angela Hoover
First Impressions
1
2016
USA Network
Appeared

8
2013
KriStef Brothers
Fake Off
1
2014
TruTV
7th Place

8
2013
Taylor Williamson
Last Comic Standing
7
2010
NBC
Semifinalist

9
2014
Adrian Romoff
Child Genius
2
2016
Lifetime
Winner

10
2015
Leroy Patterson
Solitary
2
2007
Fox Reality
7th Place

10
2015
Myq Kaplan
Last Comic Standing
7
2010
NBC
Finalist

10
2015
Freelusion Dance Company
Fake Off
1
2014
TruTV
Fourth place, appeared as Freelusion USA

10
2015
Piff the Magic Dragon
Penn & Teller: Fool Us
1
2011
2014
ITV (U.K.)
The CW (U.S.)
Appeared

10
2015
Stevie Starr
Britain's Got Talent
4
2010
ITV
Advanced to the semi-finals[156]

11
2016
Cory Kahaney
Last Comic Standing
1
2003
NBC
Finalist

11
2016
Laura Bretan
Romania's Got Talent
6
2016
Pro TV
Winner[157]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB.[158] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.[159]


document_title: Letterman (sports)

question_text: where does the letter go on a letterman jacket

text: Letterman (sports)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The term comes from the practice of awarding each such participant a cloth "letter", which is usually the school's initial or initials, for placement on a "letter sweater" or "letter jacket" intended for the display of such an award. In some instances, the sweater or jacket itself may also be awarded, especially for the initial award to a given individual.

text: Today, in order to distinguish "lettermen" from other team participants, schools often establish a minimum level of participation in a team's events or a minimum level of performance in order for a letter to be awarded.

text: A common threshold in American football and basketball is participation in a set level, often half, of all quarters in a season.

text: In individual sports such as tennis and golf, the threshold for lettering is generally participation in one half or sometimes two-thirds of all matches contested. Frequently, other members of the team who fail to meet requirements for a letter are awarded a certificate of participation or other award considered to be of lesser value than a letter.

text: Some schools continue to base the awarding of letters according to performance, in team sports requiring a certain number of scores, steals, baskets or tackles, according to position and sport. In individual sports letters are often determined according to qualification for state meets or tournaments. Other schools award letters on a more subjective basis, with the head coach, usually with the input of other coaches and sometimes student team leaders who have already lettered, awarding letters for substantial improvement as well as significant performance on or off the field. This places much more emphasis on character, commitment and teamwork as well as, and often in place of, simply playing enough or meeting some other time or performance requirement. Sometimes in high schools academic performance in classes can also be an element. This philosophy gives more focus to developing and rewarding a well rounded and balanced player, where other methods focus strictly on athletic performance and on the field victories.

text: This term is not gender-specific; a qualifying participant in women's basketball or other women's sports is properly referred to as a letterman, as would be a qualifying female participant on a co-educational sports team.

text: An athlete who is awarded a letter (or letters in multiple sports) is said to have "lettered" when they receive their letter.

text: In recent years, some schools have expanded the concept of letterman beyond sports, providing letters for performance in performing arts, academics, or other school activities.

text: Letter jacket[edit]

text: A letter jacket is a jacket traditionally worn by high school and college students in the United States to represent school and team pride as well as to display personal awards earned in athletics, academics or activities. Letter jackets are also known as "varsity jackets" and "baseball jackets" in reference to their American origins.

text: Appearance and style[edit]

text: The body (i.e., torso) is usually of boiled wool and the sleeves of leather with banded wrists and waistband. Letter jackets are usually produced in the school colors with the body of the jacket in the school's primary color and sleeves in the secondary color. Although sometimes, the colors of the Jacket may be customized to a certain extent by the student. There could be cases where a student could change the color so much that it doesn't differentiate too much from school colors. They usually feature a banded collar for men or a hood for women.

text: Decorations[edit]

text: The letter jacket derives its name from the varsity letter chenille patch on its left breast, which is almost always the first letter or initials of the high school or college the jacket came from. The letter itself can also be custom fitted to the particular sport or activity (ex. Cross Country- a symbol or sign in the middle of the letter).

text: The name of the owner usually appears either in chenille (matching the letter) or is embroidered on the jacket itself. The owner's graduation year typically appears in matching chenille. Placement of the name and year of graduation depends on school traditions. The year is most often sewn on the right sleeve or just above the right pocket. The school logo and symbols representing the student's activities may also be ironed on to the jacket.

text: Lettermen who play on a championship team often receive a large patch commemorating their championship that is worn on the back of the jacket.

text: Lettermen who participate in a sport in which medals are awarded often sew the medals onto their jackets to display their accomplishments.

text: History[edit]

text: Varsity jackets trace their origins to letter sweaters, first introduced by the Harvard University baseball team in 1865.[1] The letter was usually quite large and centered (if the sweater was a pullover); stripes on one sleeve designated the number of letters won, with a star indicating a team captain.

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Letter jackets are almost never purchased before a student has earned a letter. In schools where only varsity letters are awarded this is usually the practice in a student's junior or senior year. Recently, however, many student athletes have been awarded letters during their sophomore and sometimes freshman year, leading to the need for a jacket much sooner. Still, the actual jacket isn't usually purchased until the sophomore year at least. In schools where junior varsity letters are awarded, the jacket may be purchased by junior varsity letter recipients, though the letter is placed just above the left pocket, leaving space for a future varsity letter.

text: Some schools may award letter jackets to letter winners at the award ceremony, but more often the school only provides the letter. Some schools will have fund raising activities or other programs to provide jackets to students who cannot afford them.

text: While it is commonly done, removing one's letter from the letter jacket upon graduation is not firmly held as protocol. Many graduates keep the letter on the jacket after graduation as a symbol of accomplishment and school pride and commitment, especially with college lettermen.