document_title: Magnetic circuit

question_text: what is the magnetic equivalent of electrical conductivity

root

text: Magnetic circuit

text: Magnetomotive force (MMF)[edit]

text:
Similar to the way that electromotive force (EMF) drives a current of electrical charge in electrical circuits, magnetomotive force (MMF) 'drives' magnetic flux through magnetic circuits. The term 'magnetomotive force', though, is a misnomer since it is not a force nor is anything moving. It is perhaps better to call it simply MMF. In analogy to the definition of EMF, the magnetomotive force

F

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {F}}}

 around a closed loop is defined as:

tag: p

text: The MMF represents the potential that a hypothetical magnetic charge would gain by completing the loop. The magnetic flux that is driven is not a current of magnetic charge; it merely has the same relationship to MMF that electric current has to EMF. (See microscopic origins of reluctance below for a further description.)

text: The unit of magnetomotive force is the ampere-turn (At), represented by a steady, direct electric current of one ampere flowing in a single-turn loop of electrically conducting material in a vacuum. The gilbert (Gb), established by the IEC in 1930,[1] is the CGS unit of magnetomotive force and is a slightly smaller unit than the ampere-turn. The unit is named after William Gilbert (1544–1603) English physician and natural philosopher.

text:
The magnetomotive force can often be quickly calculated using Ampère's law. For example, the magnetomotive force

F

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}

 of long coil is:

text: where N is the number of turns and I is the current in the coil. In practice this equation is used for the MMF of real inductors with N being the winding number of the inducting coil.

text: Magnetic flux[edit]

text: An applied MMF 'drives' magnetic flux through the magnetic components of the system. The magnetic flux through a magnetic component is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines that pass through the cross sectional area of that component. This is the net number, i.e. the number passing through in one direction, minus the number passing through in the other direction. The direction of the magnetic field vector B is by definition from the south to the north pole of a magnet inside the magnet; outside the field lines go from north to south.

text: The flux through an element of area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field is given by the product of the magnetic field and the area element. More generally, magnetic flux Φ is defined by a scalar product of the magnetic field and the area element vector. Quantitatively, the magnetic flux through a surface S is defined as the integral of the magnetic field over the area of the surface

text: For a magnetic component the area S used to calculate the magnetic flux Φ is usually chosen to be the cross-sectional area of the component.

text: The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the unit of magnetic field is the weber per square meter, or tesla.

text: Ohm's law for magnetic circuits[edit]

text:
In electronic circuits, Ohm's law is an empirical relation between the EMF

E

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {E}}}

 applied across an element and the current I it generates through that element. It is written as:

text: where R is the electrical resistance of that material. There is a counterpart to Ohm's law used in magnetic circuits. This law is often called Hopkinson's law, after John Hopkinson, but was actually formulated earlier by Henry Augustus Rowland in 1873.[3] It states that[4][5]

text:
where

F

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {F}}}

 is the magnetomotive force (MMF) across a magnetic element,

Φ

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Phi }

 is the magnetic flux through the magnetic element, and

R

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {R}}}

 is the magnetic reluctance of that element. (It will be shown later that this relationship is due to the empirical relationship between the H-field and the magnetic field B, B=μH, where μ is the permeability of the material). Like Ohm's law, Hopkinson's law can be interpreted either as an empirical equation that works for some materials, or it may serve as a definition of reluctance.

text: Hopkinson's law is not a correct analogy with Ohm's law in terms of modelling power and energy flow. In particular, there is no power dissipation associated with a magnetic reluctance in the same way as there is a dissipation in an electrical resistance. The magnetic resistance that is a true analogy of electrical resistance in this respect is defined as the ratio of magnetomotive force and the rate of change of magnetic flux. Here rate of change of magnetic flux is standing in for electrical current and the Ohm's law analogy becomes,

text:
where

R

m

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle R_{\mathrm {m} }}

 is the magnetic resistance. This relationship is part of an electrical-magnetic analogy called the gyrator-capacitor model and is intended to overcome the drawbacks of the reluctance model. The gyrator-capacitor model is, in turn, part of a wider group of compatible analogies used to model systems across multiple energy domains.

text: Reluctance[edit]

text: Magnetic reluctance, or magnetic resistance, is analogous to resistance in an electrical circuit (although it does not dissipate magnetic energy). In likeness to the way an electric field causes an electric current to follow the path of least resistance, a magnetic field causes magnetic flux to follow the path of least magnetic reluctance. It is a scalar, extensive quantity, akin to electrical resistance.

text: The total reluctance is equal to the ratio of the MMF in a passive magnetic circuit and the magnetic flux in this circuit. In an AC field, the reluctance is the ratio of the amplitude values for a sinusoidal MMF and magnetic flux. (see phasors)

text: The definition can be expressed as:

text:
where

R

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {R}}}

 is the reluctance in ampere-turns per weber (a unit that is equivalent to turns per henry).

text: Magnetic flux always forms a closed loop, as described by Maxwell's equations, but the path of the loop depends on the reluctance of the surrounding materials. It is concentrated around the path of least reluctance. Air and vacuum have high reluctance, while easily magnetized materials such as soft iron have low reluctance. The concentration of flux in low-reluctance materials forms strong temporary poles and causes mechanical forces that tend to move the materials towards regions of higher flux so it is always an attractive force(pull).

text: The inverse of reluctance is called permeance.

text: Its SI derived unit is the henry (the same as the unit of inductance, although the two concepts are distinct).

text: Microscopic origins of reluctance[edit]

text: The reluctance of a magnetically uniform magnetic circuit element can be calculated as:

text: where

text: This is similar to the equation for electrical resistance in materials, with permeability being analogous to conductivity; the reciprocal of the permeability is known as magnetic reluctivity and is analogous to resistivity. Longer, thinner geometries with low permeabilities lead to higher reluctance. Low reluctance, like low resistance in electric circuits, is generally preferred.[citation needed]

text: Summary of analogy between magnetic circuits and electrical circuits[edit]

text: The following table summarizes the mathematical analogy between electrical circuit theory and magnetic circuit theory. This is mathematical analogy and not a physical one. Objects in the same row have the same mathematical role; the physics of the two theories are very different. For example, current is the flow of electrical charge, while magnetic flux is not the flow of any quantity.

text:
Analogy between 'magnetic circuits' and electrical circuits

Magnetic

Electric

Name
Symbol
Units

Name
Symbol
Units

Magnetomotive force (MMF)

F

=
∫

H

⋅
d

l

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}=\int \mathbf {H} \cdot \operatorname {d} \mathbf {l} }

ampere-turn

Electromotive force (EMF)

E

=
∫

E

⋅
d

l

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}=\int \mathbf {E} \cdot \operatorname {d} \mathbf {l} }

volt

Magnetic field
H
ampere/meter

Electric field
E
volt/meter = newton/coulomb

Magnetic flux

Φ

{\displaystyle \Phi }

weber

Electric current
I
ampere

Hopkinson's law or Rowland's law

F

=
Φ

R

m

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}=\Phi {\mathcal {R}}_{m}}

ampere-turn

Ohm's law

E

=
I
R

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}=IR}

Reluctance

R

m

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}_{m}}

1/henry

Electrical resistance
R
ohm

Permeance

P

=

1

R

m

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}={\frac {1}{{\mathcal {R}}_{m}}}}

henry

Electric conductance
G = 1/R
1/ohm = mho = siemens

Relation between B and H

B

=
μ

H

{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =\mu \mathbf {H} }

Microscopic Ohm's law

J

=
σ

E

{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\sigma \mathbf {E} }

Magnetic flux density B
B
tesla

Current density
J
ampere/square meter

Permeability
μ
henry/meter

Electrical conductivity
σ
siemens/meter

tag: table

text: Limitations of the analogy[edit]

text: When using the analogy between magnetic circuits and electric circuits, the limitations of this analogy must be kept in mind. Electric and magnetic circuits are only superficially similar because of the similarity between Hopkinson's law and Ohm's law. Magnetic circuits have significant differences, which must be taken into account in their construction:

text:
Electric currents represent the flow of particles (electrons) and carry power, part or all of which is dissipated as heat in resistances. Magnetic fields don't represent a "flow" of anything, and no power is dissipated in reluctances.
The current in typical electric circuits is confined to the circuit, with very little "leakage". In typical magnetic circuits not all of the magnetic field is confined to the magnetic circuit since empty space has finite permittivity; there may be significant "leakage flux" in the space outside the magnetic cores, which must be taken into account but often difficult to calculate.
Most importantly, magnetic circuits are nonlinear; the reluctance in a magnetic circuit is not constant, as resistance is, but varies depending on the magnetic field. At high magnetic fluxes the ferromagnetic materials used for the cores of magnetic circuits saturate, limiting further increase of the magnetic flux through, so above this level the reluctance increases rapidly. In addition, ferromagnetic materials suffer from hysteresis so the flux in them depends not just on the instantaneous MMF but also on the history of MMF. After the source of the magnetic flux is turned off, remanent magnetism is left in ferromagnetic materials, creating flux with no MMF.

tag: ul

text: Circuit laws[edit]

text:
Magnetic circuits obey other laws that are similar to electrical circuit laws. For example, the total reluctance

R

T

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {R}}_{T}}

 of reluctances

R

1

,

R

2

,

…

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {R}}_{1},\ {\mathcal {R}}_{2},\ \dots }

 in series is:

text:
This also follows from Ampère's law and is analogous to Kirchhoff's voltage law for adding resistances in series. Also, the sum of magnetic fluxes

Φ

1

,

Φ

2

,

…

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Phi _{1},\ \Phi _{2},\ \dots }

 into any node is always zero:

text: This follows from Gauss's law and is analogous to Kirchhoff's current law for analyzing electrical circuits.

text: Together, the three laws above form a complete system for analysing magnetic circuits, in a manner similar to electric circuits. Comparing the two types of circuits shows that:

text:
The equivalent to resistance R is the reluctance

R

m

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathcal {R}}_{m}}

The equivalent to current I is the magnetic flux Φ
The equivalent to voltage V is the magnetomotive Force F

text: Magnetic circuits can be solved for the flux in each branch by application of the magnetic equivalent of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) for pure source/resistance circuits. Specifically, whereas KVL states that the voltage excitation applied to a loop is equal to the sum of the voltage drops (resistance times current) around the loop, the magnetic analogue states that the magnetomotive force (achieved from ampere-turn excitation) is equal to the sum of MMF drops (product of flux and reluctance) across the rest of the loop. (If there are multiple loops, the current in each branch can be solved through a matrix equation—much as a matrix solution for mesh circuit branch currents is obtained in loop analysis—after which the individual branch currents are obtained by adding and/or subtracting the constituent loop currents as indicated by the adopted sign convention and loop orientations.) Per Ampère's law, the excitation is the product of the current and the number of complete loops made and is measured in ampere-turns. Stated more generally:

text:
F
=
N

I
=

∮

H
→

⋅
d

l
→

{\displaystyle F=N\,I=\oint {\vec {H}}\cdot \operatorname {d} {\vec {l}}}

text: (Note that, per Stokes's theorem, the closed line integral of H·dl around a contour is equal to the open surface integral of curl H·dA across the surface bounded by the closed contour. Since, from Maxwell's equations, curl H = J, the closed line integral of H·dl evaluates to the total current passing through the surface. This is equal to the excitation, NI, which also measures current passing through the surface, thereby verifying that the net current flow through a surface is zero ampere-turns in a closed system that conserves energy.)

text: More complex magnetic systems, where the flux is not confined to a simple loop, must be analysed from first principles by using Maxwell's equations.

text: Applications[edit]

text:
Air gaps can be created in the cores of certain transformers to reduce the effects of saturation. This increases the reluctance of the magnetic circuit, and enables it to store more energy before core saturation. This effect is also used in the flyback transformer.
Variation of reluctance is the principle behind the reluctance motor (or the variable reluctance generator) and the Alexanderson alternator.
Multimedia loudspeakers are typically shielded magnetically, in order to reduce magnetic interference caused to televisions and other CRTs. The speaker magnet is covered with a material such as soft iron to minimize the stray magnetic field.

text: Reluctance can also be applied to variable reluctance (magnetic) pickups.


document_title: Dumb and Dumber To

question_text: who plays penny pinchelow in dumb and dumber to

text: Dumb and Dumber To

text: Plot[edit]

text: Twenty years after the events of the first film, Lloyd Christmas has been committed at Baldy View Sanitarium, a mental institution, ever since his doomed romance with Mary Swanson (from the first film). During a recent visit, Harry Dunne discovers that Lloyd pranked him into thinking he was handicapped the entire time. They both laugh and head to their apartment, where Harry reveals one of his kidneys is bad and he needs a donor soon.

text: They go to Harry's old home, but Harry can't get a kidney from his parents because he was adopted. Harry's dad gives him his mail that has been piling up since he moved out. It includes a postcard from a former girlfriend, Fraida Felcher, dating back to 1991. It says she is pregnant and needs Harry to call. Fraida admits that she had a daughter named Fanny that she gave up for adoption. She wrote Fanny a letter, only for it to be returned and instructed to never contact her again.

text: Hoping she can provide a kidney, Lloyd and Harry decide to find Fanny and drive in a hearse that Fraida gave them to Oxford, Maryland where she now lives. Dr. Bernard Pinchelow and his wife Adele are the adoptive parents of Fanny, who has taken up the new name Penny. She is going to a KEN Convention in El Paso to give a speech on her father's life work. Penny is also given a package to be given to one of the convention heads, but the dim Penny ends up forgetting the package and her phone.

text: Adele is secretly trying to poison Bernard and Penny out of jealousy, with the help of her secret lover, the family's housekeeper, Travis Lippincott. Harry and Lloyd arrive to inform the Pinchelows of their situation, at which point Bernard realizes Penny left the package, which he says is an invention worth billions. Adele suggests that Harry and Lloyd deliver the package to Penny. So that he and Adele can get the contents of the box, Travis goes with Harry and Lloyd. Travis becomes annoyed with the duo's antics and decides to kill them, but gets killed by train collision instead. Adele hears of the death from Travis's twin brother Captain Lippincott, a former military man who agrees to help her kill Harry and Lloyd.

text: The duo arrives in El Paso for the KEN Convention. While there, Harry impersonates Bernard, so he and Lloyd are invited to a seminar. They get into an argument when Harry discovers that Lloyd has developed a romantic attraction to Penny. After being escorted out of the convention due to not being on the attendance list, Lloyd gets a call from Penny to arrange a meeting after informing Penny that he is in town with her dad. They head to a restaurant, where Lloyd deduces he, not Harry, is the real biological father of Penny.

text: Adele arrives at the convention with Lippincott and exposes Harry as a fraud, telling the convention heads he is not her husband and lies that he stole the package. Fraida also arrives and tampers with the fire alarm as a diversion after she and Penny are denied entry, causing everybody to exit. Harry runs into Fraida and Penny, only to have Lippincott and Adele draw guns on them. The villains corner the trio in a bathroom. When Lloyd returns, Lippincott and Adele are about to shoot, but three FBI agents bust in with a healthy-looking Bernard, who knew that Adele was trying to poison him, and he reveals that it was Adele who wrote "do not contact again" on the letter, not Penny. There was never a priceless invention and the package he gave Penny included cupcakes. Adele attempts to shoot Penny, but Harry jumps in front of the bullet and is severely injured. Adele and Lippincott are arrested.

text: Harry is rushed to the hospital where he reveals that he was pranking Lloyd about needing a kidney and both laugh. Fraida tells Harry and Lloyd that Penny’s biological father is a dead high school friend named Pete "Pee-Stain" Stainer. As the duo leave El Paso, they spot two women walking in their direction and shove them into a bush as a joke. Harry and Lloyd run off and high-five each other.

text: After the credits, Harry and Lloyd throw their milkshakes onto the windscreen of truck behind them which is being driven by Sea Bass. Angered, he prepares to ram them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as Lloyd Christmas[9]
Jeff Daniels as Harry Dunne

Dalton E. Gray as Young Harry

Rob Riggle as Travis and Captain Lippincott[10]
Laurie Holden as Adele Pinchelow[11]
Don Lake as Doctor Roy Baker
Kathleen Turner as Fraida Felcher
Steve Tom as Dr. Bernard Pinchelow[11]
Rachel Melvin as Penny Pinchelow/Fanny Felcher, Dr. Pinchelow's adopted daughter and Fraida's biological daughter[11]
Tembi Locke as Dr. Walcott
Paul Blackthorne as Emergency Room Doctor
Brady Bluhm as Billy in 4C[12]
Swizz Beatz as Ninja Leader in Lloyd's Fantasy Sequence
Bill Murray as Ice Pick, the Meth cook
Derek Holland as patient in the asylum
Mama June as fantasy wife of Harry
Cam Neely as Sea Bass
Sean Gildea as Sea Bass's friend [13][14]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After months of speculation, the Farrelly brothers confirmed in October 2011 that they would make a sequel to Dumb and Dumber.[15][16] On October 1, 2012, it was reported that the script was complete and that Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels would reprise their roles, despite Carrey having temporarily withdrawn his involvement in June 2012 due to concerns that Warner Bros. had shown little enthusiasm for the sequel, and Daniels threatening to back out of the sequel if it did not include Carrey.[17][18][19]

text: Regarding the progress of the sequel, Peter Farrelly explained in January 2013,

text: It's going well. We have a great script and now we are just trying to get it made. I love the script. It's exactly like the first one. We pick up 20 years later. We explain what they've done for the last 17 or 18 years. We take off from that and it's just a lot of laughs. It's at Warner Bros., and right now it's being financed outside the studio, but it will be released by Warner Bros. And that's all being worked out right now. If you liked Dumb and Dumber, you'll like this because it's the same and more. It's really fun. It's being made through Warner Bros. but now we have several financiers that are negotiating with the studio and trying to make the best deal. Whichever one does will make the movie. It's going to be made through Warner Bros. and released by Warner Bros. but financed by an outside financer.[20]

text: On April 18, 2013, the Farrellys tweeted that Australian band Empire of the Sun would compose the score for the film.[21] On June 10, 2013, Warner Bros. decided not to move forward with the sequel but allowed the film to be pitched to other studios.[22] The following week, an independent company, Red Granite Pictures, agreed to finance the sequel with a $35 million budget. Universal will distribute the film in English territories, Germany and Spain.[23] Even though Warner Bros. had no involvement in making the sequel, its New Line Cinema division, which produced the first film, and its prequel, Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd, was given studio credit from Universal.[24][25]

text: On June 18, 2013, Peter Farrelly confirmed that the sequel would move forward in an interview with The Nerdist Podcast.[26] In July 2013, a lawsuit filed by Red Granite Pictures sought a declaration that Red Granite owes no contractual obligation to Dumb and Dumber producers Steve Stabler and Brad Krevoy and that the duo are not entitled to any producer fees or credits they claim they're contractually owed on the sequel.[27] In a counter claim, the producers of Dumb and Dumber accused the producers and Red Granite Pictures of racketeering.[28] On July 18, 2014, a request for dismissal was filed in a Los Angeles Superior Court and the case was officially settled. The announcement of the settlement listed the plaintiffs as executive producers, and all claims against Red Granite, Riza Aziz and Joey McFarland of racketeering were withdrawn. The plaintiffs said in a statement, "We apologize for naming Riza Aziz and Joey McFarland as individual defendants rather than just Red Granite."[29]

text: On July 9, 2013, while on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Daniels confirmed Carrey's involvement, and stated that shooting would start in September 2013 for a 2014 release.[30] On August 30, 2013, Kathleen Turner was confirmed to play the role of Fraida Felcher.[31][32] On August 31, 2013, it was announced that Brady Bluhm would reprise his role as Billy in 4C for the sequel[12][33] and that Farrelly brothers frequent collaborators Bennett Yellin and Mike Cerrone co-wrote the script.[34] Screenwriting duo Sean Anders and John Morris did work on the script as well.[35]

text: On September 8, 2013, an article reported that Cam Neely agreed to reprise his role as Sea Bass for the sequel, while Boston Bruins left winger Milan Lucic would possibly make an appearance as the son of Sea Bass.[36] Later that month, Lucic and Neely both said they have not signed on to the film, although both said they were open to do so.[37] In June 2014, Neely shot a scene for the film, which appears after the credits.[38] On September 16, 2013, The Walking Dead star Laurie Holden, Steve Tom, and Rachel Melvin joined the cast of the film as the Pinchelow family.[39] In September 2013, it was reported Jennifer Lawrence would make a cameo in the film as a younger Fraida Felcher. Lawrence has said in past interviews that she is a big fan of the original film.[40] Some sources indicate that the scene was filmed, but cut from the film after Lawrence vetoed it, a claim denied by both the Lawrence and Farrelly camps.[41] Bobby Farrelly explained that they tried to work around her schedule, "but we weren't able to do it." [42]

text: On November 18, 2013, it was announced that the film would be released on November 14, 2014.[43]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On September 4, 2013, it was announced that filming for the sequel would begin on September 24, 2013.[44] On September 8, 2013, Jim Carrey tweeted a picture of his iconic chipped front tooth, along with the caption, "GESS HUUZ BAK BICHEZ?"[45][46][47] On September 22, 2013, principal photography began in Atlanta.[48] On September 24, 2013, Daniels and Carrey posted a photo of themselves on set dressed as Harry and Lloyd.[49][50][51] On November 25, 2013, Daniels announced that principal photography had been completed.[52]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening credits are set to Apache Indian's song "Boom Shack-A-Lak", just like in the first film.

text: The soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music on November 11, 2014.[53] Empire of the Sun recorded two new tracks for the film, and used the song "Alive" from their 2013 album Ice on the Dune.[54] The rest of the soundtrack consists of previously recorded tracks, including a song by The Jane Carrey Band, a group led by Carrey's daughter Jane Carrey.[55] Another song by The Jane Carrey Band included in the film, "Breathing Without You",[55] was not included on the album itself.

text:
[show]Dumb and Dumber To: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack[56]

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Alive"
Empire of the Sun
3:25

2.
"She Got a Mind"
Natural Child
4:20

3.
"Right Action"
Franz Ferdinand
3:04

4.
"Mistakes of My Youth"
Eels
4:55

5.
"Cinderella"
Firefall
3:51

6.
"When I'm Alone"
Lissie
3:42

7.
"Me and You"
Jake Bugg
2:56

8.
"On the Dark Side"
John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band
2:42

9.
"Wandering Star"
Empire of the Sun
3:16

10.
"Periwinkle Sky"
The Dahls
3:02

11.
"Tonight"
Empire of the Sun
2:55

12.
"Sticky Situation"
The Jane Carrey Band
3:31

Total length:
41:24

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The theatrical trailer premiered on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 10, 2014.[57] In its first week, the trailer had 23.5 million views on YouTube, outpacing nine other trailers, whose combined views numbered 23 million.[58] The international trailer was released on June 25.[59]

text: On August 15, 2014, Universal released two advance posters that spoofed the theatrical release poster for Lucy, another Universal-distributed release that was then in theaters.[60] The two spoof posters, that reversed the "using more than ten percent of the brain" premise of Lucy to imply Harry and Lloyd only used one percent, were made public via Tweets from the Twitter accounts of Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels.[61] An official TV spot was released on September 25, 2014.[62]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Dumb and Dumber To was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 17, 2015.[63]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: At the end of its box office run, Dumb and Dumber To accumulated a gross of $86.2 million in North America and $83.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $169.8 million, against a budget of $50 million.[3]

text: North America[edit]

text: Early analysts predicted that the film could gross around $30–32 million in its opening weekend[64][65] and as high as $36–40 million in North America.[66][67]

text: The film earned $1.6 million from Thursday night previews[68][69] and $14.2 million on its opening day in Friday.[70][71] The film topped the box office in its opening weekend earning $38,053,000 from 3,154 theatres at an average of $12,065 per theatre.[6] The opening weekend gross is higher than the $16.1 million debut of the original film ($31 million adjusted for inflation), and is Carrey’s biggest debut weekend since Bruce Almighty in 2003 ($67.9 million). The film played 47% under the age of 25 and 55% male.[72] Universal distribution chief Nikki Rocco commented about the opening performance, "This was tricky to market,” he added, "A lot of these kids weren’t born when the first [film] came out. But it has been such a serious time in movies, we had great marketing, mindless humor, and we broadened the audience."[73]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: In its first weekend outside of North America, Dumb and Dumber To made over 13 million dollars. It opened number one in Brazil, Slovenia, Norway, Lebanon, South Africa, Iceland, Croatia, UAE, Uruguay. It opened number two in Poland, Austria, Colombia, Serbia, Spain, Finland, Sweden. It opened number three in Singapore, Germany, Nigeria, Netherlands, Mexico, Egypt.[74] The largest opening was in Brazil with $3,497,325.[75]

text: Outside North America, Dumb and Dumber To earned $3.2 million from four markets. The highest debut came from Germany ($1.4 million).[72]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 29% based on 137 reviews and an average rating of 4.3/10. The general consensus states, "Dumb and Dumber To does have its moments, but not enough of them -- and the Farrelly brothers' brand of humor is nowhere near as refreshingly transgressive as it once seemed."[76] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[77]

text:
I laughed a lot at this movie, possibly even more than I did at the original film, which I enjoyed quite a bit.

Peter Howell — Toronto Star[78]

tag: div

text: J. R. Jones of the Chicago Reader gave the film a positive review, writing: "Seeing the two fiftysomething stars in their idiot haircuts again is a little disconcerting, like watching your favorite old band on a desperate reunion tour, but this sequel to Dumb & Dumber maintains a respectable laugh quotient."[79] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune of Minnesota gave the film one out of four stars and wrote, "The result is simply stupid. This embarrassing revival plays as if the script were written in Comic Sans."[80] Andrew Barker of Variety gave the film a negative review, noting: "Sporadically funny and mostly tedious, this 18-years-too-late sequel nonetheless exhibits a puerile purity of purpose."[81] Joe Neumaier of New York Daily News gave the film zero out of five stars, writing: "From junky production values to the parade of unfunny supporting characters to its lazy energy, Dumb and Dumber To falls on its face."[82] Jason Clark of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C-, writing: "The ultimate sad realization is not that Dumb & Dumber To doesn't match the original's good-time quotient, but that it might not even be as good as - yikes - Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd."[83] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film one out of four stars, writing: "If there was any doubt that most things in society have been dumbed down in the last couple of decades, Dumb and Dumber To could be exhibit A."[84]

text:
The lengthy gestation period hasn't resulted in an appreciably upgraded experience.

James Berardinelli — ReelViews[85]

text: David Ehrlich of Time Out New York gave the film three out of five stars, writing: "Dumb and Dumber To may not be quite as funny as the first one, but it's the funniest thing the Farrellys have made since."[86] A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club, gave the film D+ and wrote: "A sequel as desperate, in its own "official" way, as the knockoff-brand origin story that previously besmirched the franchise name."[87] Critic Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle scored the film one out of four stars, asking: "Is this worse for Jim Carrey or Jeff Daniels? That's the sort of question that comes to mind while not laughing at Dumb and Dumber To."[88] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote, "The Farrellys are still not much interested in film as a visual medium, and when Lloyd and Harry aren't smacking each other or dropping their pants, you might as well be listening to a radio play."[89] The Boston Globe's critic Ty Burr gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, writing: "Everyone has piled into this dumber, sillier, more consistently funny reprise with an enthusiasm that's infectious, and not in a low-grade medical way."[90] Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B+, writing: "In a world of ISIS, Ebola, dwindling retirement funds and severe drought, somehow this film seems needed."[91]

text: Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "What felt fresh in Peter and Bobby Farrelly's original Dumb and Dumber, with the Carrey-Daniels dense duo channeling the Stooges and Jerry Lewis and something else entirely, feels strangely old-fashioned two decades later."[92] Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote, "Dumb and Dumber To is mostly just a kick in the nuts, and not the good kind -- provided there is a good kind."[93] Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out of four stars and concluded, "Over all, the movie is just funny enough to make you wish it were much better than it is."[94] The Star-Ledger's Stephen Whitty gave the film one and a half out of four stars, writing: "The majority of it isn't just dumb and dumber, or even crude and cruder. At nearly two hours, it's just dull - and duller."[95] David Edelstein of New York Magazine wrote, "I reckon four out of every five jokes played to silence at the preview screening. If Dumb and Dumber To were a live comedian, he'd have said, "Is this an audience or an oil painting?" He'd have left the stage in tears."[96] Wesley Morris of Grantland observed, "The directors Bobby and Peter Farrelly cram the movie with puns and those kinds of sight gags. Almost none of them work."[97] Critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "Time can be cruel, especially to sequels."[98]

text: For Robbie Collin in The Daily Telegraph it started promisingly but “within moments, the joke is spent ... Here, as throughout the film, every punchline is followed by a quiet pause for audience laughter, the lengths of which might kindly be described as optimistic.” He added: “There are scattered moments of inspiration ... But far more often, the comedy’s just spiteful, sour or sloppily executed -- or, in the case of a running joke about the hideous middle-agedness of Kathleen Turner’s character, the mother of Harry’s daughter, all three at once.”[99] Mark Kermode, writing in The Observer, “counted a mere three chuckles (one of which I’m fairly sure was unintentional), leaving this several smiles shy of even the widely panned 2003 prequel Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd”.[100] The Guardian’s Peter Bradshaw found “the movie does deliver some laughs, and the climactic scene in which the two low-IQ boys succeed in infiltrating the equivalent of a TED talk is enjoyably bizarre,” but concluded: “It’s a rental, rather than a visit to the cinema”.[101]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

Golden Schmoes Awards[102]
Biggest Disappointment of the Year
Dumb and Dumber To
Nominated

Golden Trailer Awards
Best Teaser Poster
Dumb and Dumber To
Nominated

Houston Film Critics Society Awards[103]
Worst Film
Dumb and Dumber To
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[104]
Choice Movie: Comedy
Dumb and Dumber To
Nominated

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Jim Carrey
Nominated

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels
Nominated

Women Film Critics Circle Awards[105]
Worst Male Images in a Movie
Dumb and Dumber To
Won