document_title: Islam

question_text: how many acts of worship we have in islam

question_tokens: how many acts of worship we have in islam

text: Islam

text: Etymology and meaning

text: Islam (Arabic: إسلام, IPA: [alʔɪsˈlaːm] ( listen)) is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness, and peace.[43] In a religious context it means "voluntary submission to God".[44][45] Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means "submission" or "surrender". Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and means "submitter" or "one who surrenders". The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal spiritual state: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He opens his heart to Islam."[46] Other verses connect Islam and religion (dīn) together: "Today, I have perfected your religion (dīn) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."[47] Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith.[48] In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence).[49][50]

text: Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims' religion, parallel to Buddha in Buddhism.[51] Some authors, however, continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a technical term for the religious system as opposed to the theological concept of Islam that exists within that system.[52]

text: Articles of faith

text: Faith (Iman) in the Islamic creed (Aqidah) is often represented as the six articles of faith, notably spelled out in the Hadith of Gabriel.

text: Concept of God

text: Islam is often seen as having the simplest doctrines of the major religions.[42] Its most fundamental concept is a rigorous monotheism, called tawḥīd (Arabic: توحيد). God is described in chapter 112 of the Quran as: "Say, He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him" (112:1–4).[53] Muslims repudiate polytheism and idolatry, called Shirk, and reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension and thus Muslims are not expected to visualise or anthropomorphise him.[54][55][56][57] God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes, the most common being Al-Rahmān, meaning "The Compassionate" and Al-Rahīm, meaning "The Merciful" (See Names of God in Islam).[58]

text: Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God's sheer command, "Be, and it is"[59] and that the purpose of existence is to worship or to know God.[60][61] He is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him.[62] There are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God who states, "I am nearer to him than (his) jugular vein."[63] God consciousness is referred to as Taqwa.

text: Allāh is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to reference God, while ʾilāh (Arabic: إله) is the term used for a deity or a god in general.[64] Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah, for instance "Tanrı" in Turkish,[citation needed] "Khodā" in Persian or "Ḵẖudā" in Urdu.

text: Angels

text: Belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam. The Arabic word for angel (Arabic: ملك malak) means "messenger", like its counterparts in Hebrew (malʾákh) and Greek (angelos). Angels do not possess any bodily desire and are not subject to temptations such as eating, drinking or procreation. Angels' duties include communicating revelations from God, glorifying God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. Muslims believe that angels are made of light. They are described as "messengers with wings—two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases..."[65] Some scholars have emphasized a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels.[66] Pictorial depictions of angels are generally avoided in Islamic art, as the idea of giving form to anything immaterial is not accepted.[67][self-published source] Muslims therefore do not generally share the perceptions of angelic pictorial depictions, such as those found in Western art.

text: Revelations

text: The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets. Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the Tawrat (Torah) and the Injil (Gospel), had become distorted—either in interpretation, in text, or both.[68] The Quran (literally, "Recitation") is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest literary work in the classical Arabic language.[69][70]

text: Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God through the archangel Gabriel (Jibrīl) on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8, 632.[71] While Muhammad was alive, all of these revelations were written down by his companions (sahabah), although the prime method of transmission was orally through memorization.[72]

text: The Quran is divided into 114 chapters (suras) which combined, contain 6,236 verses (āyāt). The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and legal issues relevant to the Muslim community.[73]

text: The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legislation, and is considered the "sourcebook of Islamic principles and values".[74] Muslim jurists consult the hadith ("reports"), or the written record of Prophet Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir.[75] The set of rules governing proper elocution of recitation is called tajwid.

text: Muslims usually view "the Quran" as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that any translations are necessarily deficient, which are regarded only as commentaries on the Quran.[76]

text: Prophets and sunnah

text: Muslims identify the 'prophets' (Arabic: أنبياء anbiyāʾ ) of Islam as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers. According to the Quran, the prophets were instructed by God to bring the "will of God" to the peoples of the nations. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic theology says that all of God's messengers preached the message of Islam—submission to the will of God. The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others.[77]

text: Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the last law-bearing prophet (Seal of the prophets) to convey the divine message to the whole world (to sum up and to finalize the word of God). In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the Sunnah (literally "trodden path"). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran.[78] This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith, which recount his words, his actions, and his personal characteristics. Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran.

text: A hadith involves two elements: a chain of narrators, called sanad, and the actual wording, called matn. Hadiths can be classified, by studying the narration, as "authentic" or "correct", called Sahih (Arabic: صَحِيْح), "good", called Ḥasan (Arabic: حَسَن) or "weak", called Ḍaʻīf (Arabic: ضَعِيْف) among others. Muhammad al-Bukhari[79] collected over 300,000 hadith, but only included 2,602 distinct hadith that passed veracity tests that codified them as authentic into his book Sahih al-Bukhari,[79] which is considered by Sunnis to be the most authentic source after the Quran.[80][81] Another famous source(s) of hadiths is known as The Four Books, which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference.[82][83][84]

text: Resurrection and judgment

text: Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabic: يوم القيامة) is also crucial for Muslims. They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man. The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of scholars. The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death.[85]

text: On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds and consigned to Jannah (paradise) or Jahannam (hell). The Qurʼan in Surat al-Zalzalah describes this as, "So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it (99:7) and whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it (99:8)." The Qurʼan lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief in God (Arabic: كفر kufr), and dishonesty; however, the Qurʼan makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he so wills. Good deeds, such as charity, prayer and compassion towards animals,[86][87] will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings, with Qurʼanic references describing its features. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.[88] Yawm al-Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm ad-Dīn (Arabic: يوم الدين), "Day of Religion";[89] as-sāʿah (Arabic: الساعة), "the Last Hour";[90] and al-Qāriʿah (Arabic: القارعة), "The Clatterer".[91]

text: Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitna or malahim. A common expectation depicts Armageddon with the arrival of the Mahdi (prophesied redeemer) who will be sent and with the help of Jesus, to battle the Antichrist. They will triumph, liberating Islam from cruelty, and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values.[92]

text: Divine will

text: The concept of divine will is referred to as al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar, which literally derives from a root that means to measure. Everything, good and bad, is believed to have been decreed.[93]

text: Acts of worship

text: There are five basic religious acts in Islam, collectively known as 'The Pillars of Islam' (arkan al-Islam; also arkan ad-din, "pillars of religion"), which are considered obligatory for all believers. The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the creed (Shahada), (2) daily prayers (Salah), (3) almsgiving (Zakat), (4) fasting during Ramadan (Sawm) and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[94] Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts.[95] Apart from these, Muslims also perform other religious acts. Notable among them are charity (Sadaqah) and recitation of the Quran.

text: Testimony

text: The Shahadah,[96] which is the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath with the specific statement: "ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh", or "I testify that there is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God"[97] (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأن محمدا رسول الله). This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed.[98]

text: Prayer

text: Ritual prayers are called Ṣalāh or Ṣalāt (Arabic: صلاة). Salat is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Performing prayers five times a day is compulsory but flexibility in the timing specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Quran.[99] The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the kaaba though in the early days of Islam, they were done in direction of Jerusalem. The act of supplicating is referred to as dua.

text: A Mosque is a place of worship for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name masjid. A large mosque for gathering for Friday prayers or Eid prayers are called masjid jāmi.[100] Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study. In Medina, Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, or the Prophet's Mosque, was also a place of refuge for the poor.[101] Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century, and contain a variety of architectural elements such as minarets.[102] The means used to signal the approach of prayer time is a vocal call, known as the adhan.

text: Charity

text: "Zakāt" (Arabic: زكاة zakāh "alms") is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat; also, for bringing hearts together, freeing captives, for those in debt (or bonded labour) and for the (stranded) traveller.[103][104] It is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a "trust from God's bounty". Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions.[105] The amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets (e.g. money) is 2.5% (1/40) per year,[106] for people who are not poor.

text: Sadaqah means optional charity which is practiced as religious duty and out of generosity.[107] Both the Quran and the hadith have put much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of needy people,[108] and have urged the Muslims to give more as an act of optional charity.[109] The Quran says: "Spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you" (63:10). One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that God expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly (Quran 107:1–7).[110] Accumulating wealth without spending it to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished.[111] Another kind of charity in Islam is waqf which means perpetual religious endowment.

text: Fasting

text: Fasting (Arabic: صوم ṣawm) from food and drink, among other things, must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, develop self-control and restraint and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts must be compensated for later.[112]

text: Pilgrimage

text: The obligatory Islamic pilgrimage, called the ḥajj (Arabic: حج), has to be performed during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Rituals of the Hajj include: spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina, then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God, following the foot steps of Abraham; then spending a night out in the open, sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah; then moving to Jamarat, symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham's actions;[113][114][115] then going to Mecca and walking seven times around the Kaaba which Muslims believe was built as a place of worship by Abraham; then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Abraham's wife, while she was looking for water for her son Ismael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement.[116] Another form of pilgrimage, Umrah, can be undertaken at any time of the year.

text: Quranic recitation and memorisation

text: Muslims recite and memorize the whole or part of the Quran as acts of virtue. Reciting the Quran with elocution has been described as an excellent act of worship.[117] Pious Muslims recite the whole Quran at the month of Ramadan.[118] In Islamic societies, any social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran.[118] One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz who, it is said, will be able to intercede for ten people on the Last Judgment Day.[117] Apart from this, almost every Muslim memorizes some portion of the Quran because they need to recite it during their prayers.

text:
Al-Ikhlas

Sincerity is the Quran's 112th chapter as recited by Imam Mishary Rashid Alafasy
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text: Law

text:
Part of a series onIslamic jurisprudence(fiqh)
Ritual[show]
Shahada
Salat

Raka'ah
Qibla
Turbah

Sunnah salat (TahajjudTarawih)
Witr
Nafl salat

Sawm
Zakat
Hajj

Ihram (clothing
Mut'ah)
Tawaf
Umrah (and Hajj)

Political[show]
Islamic leadership

Caliphate
Majlis-ash-Shura
Imamah
Wilayat al-faqih
Bay'ah
Dhimmi

Marital[show]
Marriage

Contract
Mahr

Misyar
Halala
Urfi
Mut‘ah

Polygyny
Divorce
Khula
Zihar
Iddah
Kafa'ah

Adoption

Sexual[show]
Masturbation
Hygiene
Sexual violation
Zina
Awrah

Criminal[show]
Hudud
Blasphemy
Maisir  (gambling)
Zina  (illicit sex)
Hirabah  (unlawful warfare and banditry)
Fasad  ("mischief")
Mofsed-e-filarz  ("spreading corruption")
Fitna  ("sedition")
Rajm  (stoning)

Tazir  (discretionary)
Qisas  (retaliation)
Diya  (compensation)

Etiquette[show]
Adab
Gender segregation (Purdah)
Mahram
Honorifics
Rada
Toilet

Economic[show]
History

Zakat

Jizya
Nisab
Khums
Sadaqah (Waqf)

Bayt al-mal

Banking

Riba
Murabaha
Takaful
Sukuk

Inheritance

Hygiene[show]

Sexual
Toilet
Taharah
Ihram
Wudu
Masah
Ghusl
Tayammum
Miswak
Najis

Dietary

Dhabihah
Alcohol
Pork

Comparison with kashrut

Military[show]
Jihad
Hudna
Istijarah (asylum)
Prisoners of war

Islamic studiesvte

text: Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.[119] It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its scholarly interpretations.[120][121] The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists.[119]

text: Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia: the Quran, sunnah (Hadith and Sira), qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (juridical consensus).[122] Different legal schools developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad (inference).[120] Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law, ʿibādāt (rituals) and muʿāmalāt (social relations), which together comprise a wide range of topics.[120] Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories: mandatory, recommended, permitted, abhorred, and prohibited.[120][121] Thus, some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God's will.[121]

text: Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (muftis). Their legal opinions (fatwas) were taken into account by ruler-appointed judges who presided over qāḍī's courts, and by maẓālim courts, which were controlled by the ruler's council and administered criminal law.[120][121] In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models.[121] While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status (family) laws.[121] Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence.[121][123] The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia.[121][123] The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and women's rights.[124][125][126]

text: Scholars

text: Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. However, there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam. In the broadest sense, the term ulema (Arabic: علماء) is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences. A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti (Arabic: مفتي) and often issues judicial opinions, called fatwas. A scholar of jurisprudence is called a faqih (Arabic: فقيه). Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a muhaddith. A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court. Honorific titles given to scholars include shiekh, mullah and maulvi. Imam (Arabic: إمام) is a leadership position, often used in the context of conducting Islamic worship services.

text: Schools of jurisprudence

text: A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a madhab (Arabic: مذهب). The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali and sometimes Ẓāhirī while the two major Shia schools are Ja'fari and Zaidi. Each differ in their methodology, called Usul al-fiqh. The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision's reasoning is called taqlid. The term ghair muqallid literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a madhab.[127] The practice of an individual interpretating law with independent reasoning is called ijtihad.[128]

text: Economics

text: To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade,[129] discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest-bearing loans (usury; the term is riba in Arabic).[130][131] Therefore, wealth is taxed through Zakat, but trade is not taxed. Usury, which allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk, is forbidden in Islam. Profit sharing and venture capital where the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable.[132] Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged.[133]

text: Grabbing other people's land is also prohibited. The prohibition of usury has resulted in the development of Islamic banking. During the time of Muhammad, any money that went to the state, was immediately used to help the poor. Then in 634, Umar formally established the welfare state Bayt al-mal. The Bayt al-mal or the welfare state was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Pensions for the children and the elderly.[134][135][136][137]

text: Jihad

text: Jihad means "to strive or struggle" (in the way of God). Jihad, in its broadest sense, is "exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation". Depending on the object being a visible enemy, the Devil, and aspects of one's own self (such as sinful desires), different categories of jihad are defined.[138] Jihad also refers to one's striving to attain religious and moral perfection.[139] When used without any qualifier, Jihad is understood in its military form.[140][141]  Some Muslim authorities, especially among the Shi'a and Sufis, distinguish between the "greater jihad", which pertains to spiritual self-perfection, and the "lesser jihad", defined as warfare.[142]

text: Within Islamic jurisprudence, jihad is usually taken to mean military exertion against non-Muslim combatants.[143][144] Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, apostates, and leaders or states who oppress Muslims.[145][146] Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare.[147] Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. For the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a general mobilization.[146] For most Twelver Shias, offensive jihad can only be declared by a divinely appointed leader of the Muslim community, and as such is suspended since Muhammad al-Mahdi'soccultation in 868 AD.[148][149]

text: Society

text: Family life

text:
In a Muslim family, the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies. Immediately after the birth, the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child.[150] In the seventh day, the aquiqa ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor.[151] The head of the child is also shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child's hair is donated to the poor.[151] Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter, and education, the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities, religious knowledge, and religious practices to the children.[152] Marriage, which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family, is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (mahr) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract.[153]
Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous.[154][155] Polyandry, a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands is prohibited in Islam.[156] However, Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four, per Sura 4 Verse 3. A man does not need approval of his first wife for a second marriage as there is no evidence in the Qur'an or hadith to suggest this.[157][158][159] The testimony of a woman is deemed in Islam to be worth half that of a man.[160] With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings. Generally in a Muslim family, a woman's sphere of operation is the home and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. However, in practice, this separation is not as rigid as it appears.[161] With regard to inheritance, a son's share is double that of a daughter's.[162]

text: Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim. Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith. After the death, the body is appropriately bathed by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan.[163] Placing the body on a bier, it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person, and then to the graveyard for burial.

text: Etiquette and diet

text: Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with "as-salamu 'alaykum" ("peace be unto you"), saying bismillah ("in the name of God") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah ("funeral prayer") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave. Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food.[164]

text: Social responsibilities

text: In a Muslim society, various social service activities are performed by the members of the community. As these activities are instructed by Islamic canonical texts, a Muslim's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity.[165] In fact, In Islamic tradition, the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values.[165] The 2:177 verse of the Quran is often cited to encapsulate the Islamic idea of social welfare.[166][note 2] Similarly, duties to parents, neighbors, relatives, sick people, the old, and minorities have been defined in Islam. Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age have been made a religious obligation.[152][167] A two-fold approach is generally prescribed with regard to duty to relatives: keeping good relations with them, and offering them financial help if necessary.[168] Severing ties with them has been admonished. Regardless of a neighbor's religious identity, Islam teaches Muslims to treat neighboring people in the best possible manner and not to cause them any difficulty.[169][170] Concerning orphaned children, the Quran forbids harsh and oppressive treatment to them while urging kindness and justice towards them. It also rebukes those who do not honor and feed orphaned children (Quran 89:17–18).

text: Character

text: The Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, and religious life. Proper moral conduct, good deeds, righteousness, and good character come within the sphere of the moral guidelines.[171] In Islam, the observance of moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it elevates the religious status of a believer[172] and is often seen as a supererogatory act of worshipping.[173] One typical Islamic teaching on morality is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just; but forgiving the offender is better. To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence.[172] The Quran says: 'Repel (evil) with what is best' (41:34). Thus, a Muslim is expected to act only in good manners as bad manners and deeds earn vices.[174] The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are justice, forgiveness, righteousness, kindness, honesty, and piety.[171] Other mostly insisted moral virtues include but not limited to charitable activities, fulfillment of promise, modesty and humility, decency in speech, tolerance, trustworthiness, patience, truthfulness, anger management, and sincerity of intention.

text: As a religion, Islam emphasizes the idea of having a good character as Muhammad said: 'The best among you are those who have the best manners and character' (Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:73:56). In Islam, justice is not only a moral virtue but also an obligation to be fulfilled under all circumstances.[175] The Quran and the hadith describe God as being kind and merciful to His creatures, and tell people to be kind likewise. As a virtue, forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam, and is regarded as an important Muslim practice.[176] About modesty, Muhammad is reported as saying: ' Every religion has its characteristic, and the characteristic of Islam is modesty'.[177]

text: Government

text: Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between "matters of church" and "matters of state"; the scholars function as both jurists and theologians. Currently no government conforms to Islamic economic jurisprudence, but steps have been taken to implement some of its tenets.[178][179][180]

text: History

text: Muhammad (610–632)

text:
Part of a series onMuhammad
Life[show]
Life in Mecca
Migration to Medina
Life in Medina
Farewell Pilgrimage
Milestones and records

Career[show]
First revelation
Military career
Diplomatic career
Conquest of Mecca
Hadith

Miracles[show]
Quran
Isra and Mi'raj
Splitting of the moon
Miracles of Muhammad

Views[show]
Jews
Christians

Succession[show]
Event of Ghadir Khumm
Hadith (Pen and Paper)
Saqifah
Ahl al-Bayt
Sahaba
History

Praise[show]
Durood
Naat
Mawlid

Perspectives[show]
Islamic
Muhammad and the Bible
Jewish
Medieval Christian
Historicity
Criticism

Related[show]
Mosque of the prophet
Possessions
Relics

 Muhammad portal
 Islam portalvte

text: Muslim tradition views Muhammad (c. 570 – June 8, 632) as the seal of the prophets.[181] During the last 22 years of his life, beginning at age 40 in 610 CE, according to the earliest surviving biographies, Muhammad reported revelations that he believed to be from God, conveyed to him through the archangel Gabriel (Jibril). Muhammad's companions memorized and recorded the content of these revelations, known as the Quran.[182]

text: During this time, Muhammad in Mecca preached to the people, imploring them to abandon polytheism and to worship one God. Although some converted to Islam, the leading Meccan authorities persecuted Muhammad and his followers. This resulted in the Migration to Abyssinia of some Muslims (to the Aksumite Empire). Many early converts to Islam were the poor, foreigners and former slaves like Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi who was black. The Meccan élite felt that Muhammad was destabilising their social order by preaching about one God and about racial equality, and that in the process he gave ideas to the poor and to their slaves.[183][184][185][186]

text: After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the Meccan boycott of the Hashemites, Muhammad's relatives, Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ("emigration") to the city of Medina (formerly known as Yathrib) in 622. There, with the Medinan converts (Ansar) and the Meccan migrants (Muhajirun), Muhammad in Medina established his political and religious authority. The Constitution of Medina was formulated, instituting a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, Christian and pagan communities of Medina, bringing them within the fold of one community—the Ummah.[187][188]

text: The Constitution established:

text:
the security of the community
religious freedoms
the role of Medina as a sacred place (barring all violence and weapons)
the security of women
stable tribal relations within Medina
a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict
parameters for exogenous political alliances
a system for granting protection of individuals
a judicial system for resolving disputes where non-Muslims could also use their own laws and have their own judges.[189][190][191]

text: All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves. Within a few years, two battles took place against the Meccan forces: first, the Battle of Badr in 624 – a Muslim victory, and then a year later, when the Meccans returned to Medina, the Battle of Uhud, which ended inconclusively.

text: The Arab tribes in the rest of Arabia then formed a confederation and during the Battle of the Trench (March–April 627) besieged Medina, intent on finishing off Islam. In 628, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed between Mecca and the Muslims and was broken by Mecca two years later. After the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah many more people converted to Islam. At the same time, Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control.[192] By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless conquest of Mecca, and by the time of his death in 632 (at the age of 62) he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity.[193]

text: The earliest three generations of Muslims are known as the Salaf, with the companions of Muhammad being known as the Sahaba. Many of them, such as the largest narrator of hadith Abu Hureyrah, recorded and compiled what would constitute the sunnah.

text: Caliphate and civil strife (632–750)

text: With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr, a companion and close friend of Muhammad, was made the first caliph. Under Abu Bakr, Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars, or "Wars of Apostasy".[194] The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time.

text: Abu Bakr's death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al-Khattab as the caliph, followed by Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali. The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn ("Rightly Guided Caliphs").[195] Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories.[196]

text: When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644, the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition. The standard copies of the Quran were also distributed throughout the Islamic State. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. This led to the first civil war (the "First Fitna") over who should be caliph. Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. To avoid further fighting, the new caliph Hasan ibn Ali signed a peace treaty, abdicating to Mu'awiyah, beginning the Umayyad dynasty, in return that he not name his own successor.[197] These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the first four leaders and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule; they became known as the Shia.[198] Mu'awiyah appointed his son, Yazid I, as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680, the "Second Fitna" broke out, where Husayn ibn Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala, a significant event in Shia Islam.

text: The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh.[199] Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests.[200][201]

text: The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the Tabi'un, followed by the Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in. The Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz set up the influential committee, "The Seven Fuqaha of Medina",[202][203] headed by Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr.[204] Malik ibn Anas wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence, the Muwatta,[205] as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists.[206][207][208]

text: The descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib rallied discontented non-Arab converts (mawali), poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them, inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750.[209]

text: Classical era (750–1258)

text: During this time, the Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent. Religious missions converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam. Many Muslims also went to China to trade, virtually dominating the import and export industry of the Song dynasty.[210]

text: This era is sometimes called the "Islamic Golden Age".[211] Public hospitals established during this time (called Bimaristan hospitals), are considered "the first hospitals" in the modern sense of the word,[212][213] and issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors.[214][215] The Guinness World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine, founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university.[216] The doctorate is argued to date back to the licenses to teach in Muslim law schools.[217] Standards of experimental and quantification techniques, as well as the tradition of citation,[218] were introduced. An important pioneer in this, Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".[219][220][221][222] The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today.[218] It is argued that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was gathered and that Al-Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection.[223][224] Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine,[225] and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials.[226] His two most notable works, The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in the Muslim world and later in Europe. Amongst his contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases,[225] and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.[227] In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr.[228] Rumi wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America.[229][230] Legal institutions introduced include the trust and charitable trust (Waqf).[231][232]

text: Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith.[233] During the early Abbasid era, the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled. The Ja'fari jurisprudence was formed from the teachings of Ja'far al-Sadiq while the four Sunni Madh'habs, the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i, were established around the teachings of Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad bin Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas and al-Shafi'i respectively. In the 9th century, al-Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book ar-Risālah.[234] Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir completed the most commonly cited commentaries on the Quran, the Tafsir al-Tabari in the 9th century and the Tafsir ibn Kathir in the 14th century, respectively. Philosophers Al-Farabi and Avicenna sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like Al-Ghazali argued against them and ultimately prevailed.[235]

text: Caliphs such as Mamun al Rashid and Al-Mu'tasim made the mutazilite philosophy an official creed and imposed it upon Muslims to follow. Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school of speculative theology called kalam, which refers to dialectic.[236] Many orthodox Muslims rejected mutazilite doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran. In inquisitions, Imam Hanbal refused to conform and was tortured and sent to an unlit Baghdad prison cell for nearly thirty months.[237] The other branch of kalam was the Ash'ari school founded by Al-Ash'ari.

text: Some Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life and emphasised poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as Hasan al-Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf (Sufism).[238] Beginning in the 13th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely because of efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by Al-Ghazali, who developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students.[239]

text: The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Revolt (739/740-743). In 930, the Ismaili group known as the Qarmatians unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids, sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone, which was eventually retrieved.[240] The Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty in 1258.[241]

text: Pre-Modern era (1258–20th century)

text: Islam spread with Muslim trade networks and Sufi orders activity that extended into Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and the Malay archipelago.[242][243] Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe.[244] Throughout this expanse, Islam blended with local cultures everywhere, as illustrated when the prophet Mohammed showed up in Hindu epics and folklore.[245] Conversion to Islam, however, was not a sudden abandonment of old religious practices; rather, it was typically a matter of "assimilating Islamic rituals, cosmologies, and literatures into... local religious systems."[246] The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier immigration began to assimilate by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study.[247][248]

text: The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers. This decline was evident culturally; while Taqi al-Din founded an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century, there was not a single Muslim-majority country with a major observatory by the twentieth century.[249] The Reconquista, launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia, succeeded in 1492. By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India.[250] The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924.[251]

text: The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time, the Zaydis, named after the great grandson of Ali, the scholar Zayd ibn Ali, used the Hanafi jurisprudence, as did most Sunnis.[252][253][254] The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran.[255] The ensuing mandatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidi and Ismaili sects.[256] Nader Shah, who overthrew the Safavids, attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Shiism by calling it the Jaafari Madh'hab.[257]

text: A revival movement during this period was an 18th-century Salafi movement led by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in today's Saudi Arabia. Referred to as Wahhabi, their self-designation is Muwahiddun (unitarians). Building upon earlier efforts such as those by Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim, the movement allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism and purify Islam of what they see as later innovations. Their zeal against idolatrous shrines led to the desecration of shrines around the world, including that of Muhammad and his companions in Mecca and Medina.[258][259] In the 19th century, the Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated.

text:
Ahle Sunnat movement or more popularly known as Barelwi movement emphasize the primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to the prophet Muhammad.[260] It grew from the writings of muhaddith and jurist Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri, Allama Fazle Haq Khairabadi,
Shah Ahmad Noorani and Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi in the backdrop of an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India.[261] The movement was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism and reforming its practices, grew in response to the radical Deobandi movement in South Asia and the Wahhabi movement elsewhere.[262]
The movement opposed Ahmadiyya Movement and is famous for the celebration of Mawlid. Today the movement is spread across the globe with followers in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Turkey, Afghanistan, Iraq, Sri Lanka, South Africa, United States, and UK among other countries. The movement now has over 200 million followers.[263]

text: Modern times (20th century–present)

text: Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants, from mostly India and Indonesia, to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas.[264] The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith, likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914.[265] Muslim immigrants began arriving, many as guest workers and largely from former colonies, in several Western European nations since the 1960s.

text:
There are more and more new Muslim intellectuals who increasingly separate perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions.[266] Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and they stress the need to leave room for "independent thought on religious matters".[267]
Women's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam.[268]

text: Secular powers such as the Chinese Red Guards closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans,[269] and Communist Albania became the first country to ban the practice of every religion.[270] About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists who, it is argued, viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god.[271] In Turkey, the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were banned in official buildings, as also happened in Tunisia.[272][273]

text: Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani, along with his acolyte Muhammad Abduh, have been credited as forerunners of the Islamic revival.[274] Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam.[275] Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution, often in spite of being banned.[276] In Iran, revolution replaced a secular regime with an Islamic state. In Turkey, the Islamist AK Party has democratically been in power for about a decade, while Islamist parties did well in elections following the Arab Spring.[277] The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of Muslim-majority countries, was established in 1969 after the burning of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.[278]

text: Piety appears to be deepening worldwide.[279][280][281] In many places, the prevalence of the hijab is growing increasingly common[282] and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased.[283] With religious guidance increasingly available electronically, Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges.[280]

text: It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, "driven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world's major religions, as well as by people switching faiths."[5] Perhaps as a sign of these changes, most experts agree that Islam is growing faster than any other faith in East and West Africa.[284][285]

text: Denominations

text: Sunni

text:
show
 Part of a series on Sunni Islam
Beliefs[show]
Monotheism
Prophets and messengers
Holy books
Angels
Judgement Day
Predestination

Five Pillars[show]
Declaration of Faith
Prayer
Charity
Fasting
Pilgrimage

Rightly-Guided Caliphs[show]
Abu Bakr
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Uthman ibn Affan
Ali ibn Abi Talib

Sunni schools of law[show]
Hanafi
Maliki
Shafi‘i
Hanbali
Others

Ẓāhirī
Awza'i
Thawri
Laythi
Jariri

Sunni schools of theology[show]
Ash'ari
Maturidi
Traditionalist
Others:

Muʿtazila
Murji'ah

Contemporary movements[show]
al-Ahbash
Ahl-i Hadith
Barelvi
Deobandi
Islamic Modernism
Salafi movement
Wahhabism

Holy sites[show]
Jerusalem
Mecca
Medina
Mount Sinai

Lists[show]
Literature
Kutub al-Sittah

 Islam portalvte

text: The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam, which makes up 75%–90% of all Muslims[28] and is arguably the world's largest religious denomination.[286] Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as-Sunnah which means "people of the tradition [of Muhammad]".[42][287][288][289][290]

text: Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected. Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph but they have to act according to the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad and give the people their rights.

text: The Sunnis follow the Quran and the Hadith, which are recorded in sunni traditions known as Al-Kutub Al-Sittah (six major books). For legal matters derived from the Quran or the Hadith, many follow four sunni madh'habs (schools of thought): Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki and Shafi'i. All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim may choose any one that he or she finds agreeable.[291] Ahl al-Hadith is a movement that deemphasized sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and hadith, such as informed opinion (ra'y).

text:
The Salafi movement claim to take the first three generations of Muslims, known as the salaf, as exemplary models.[292]
In the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led a salafi movement, referred by outsiders as Wahhabism, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. The Deobandi movement is a reformist movement originating in South Asia, influenced by the Wahhabi movement.[293]

text: Shia

text:
show
 Part of a series on Shia Islam
Beliefs and practices[show]
Monotheism
Holy Books
Prophethood
Succession to Muhammad
Imamate
Angels
Judgment Day
Mourning of Muharram
Intercession
Clergy
The Four Companions
Arba'een Pilgrimage

Holy days[show]
Ashura
Arba'een
Mawlid
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Adha
Eid al-Ghadeer

History[show]
The verse of purification
Two things
Mubahala
Khumm
Fatimah's house
First Fitna
Second Fitna
Battle of Karbala

Branches of Shi‘i Islam[show]
Zaydi Shia
Imami Shia
Twelvers
Ja'faris
Batinis
Alevism
Bektashism
Ghulat
Alawites
Hurufism
Qizilbash
Ismāʿīlīs
Nizaris
Taiyabi-Musta‘līs
Dawoodi
Sulaymani
Alavi
Batiniyya
Druze
Pamiris
Extinct sects

Ahl al-Kisa[show]
Muhammad
Ali
Fatimah
Hasan
Hussein

Holy women[show]
Fatimah
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
Umm Salama
Zaynab bint Ali
Umm Kulthum bint Ali
Umm ul-Banin
Fatimah bint Hasan
Sukayna bint Husayn
Rubab
Shahrbanu
Fātimah bint Mūsā
Hakimah Khātūn
Narjis
Fatimah bint Asad
Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim

 Shia Islam portalvte

text: The Shia constitute 10–20% of Islam and are its second-largest branch.[29]

text: While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community, Shia's believe that Muhammad appointed his son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams. As a result, they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam (leader), rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr, Uthman ibn al-Affan and Umar ibn al-Khattab. Other points of contention include certain practices viewed as innovating the religion, such as the mourning practice of tatbir, and the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis. However, Jafar al-Sadiq himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father Abu Bakr and Zayd ibn Ali revered Abu Bakr and Umar.[294][295] More recently, Ali Khamenei[296] and Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani[297] condemned the practice.

text: Shia Islam has several branches, the most prominent being the Twelvers (the largest branch), Zaidis and Ismailis. Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams. After the death of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers and the Ismaili's, the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia's (Ithna Asheri) followed his other son Musa al-Kadhim as the seventh Imam. The Zaydis consider Zayd ibn Ali, the uncle of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, as their fifth Imam, and follow a different line of succession after him. Other smaller groups include the Bohra as well as the Alawites and Alevi.[298] Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as Ghulat.

text: Sufism

text: Sufism, or tasawwuf (Arabic: تصوف), is a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God. It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations. Classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.[299][300][301] Hasan al-Basri was inspired by the ideas of piety and condemnation of worldliness preached by Muhammad and these ideas were later developed by the influential theologian Al-Ghazali. Traditional Sufis, such as Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, and Al-Ghazali, argued for Sufism being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of the prophet.[302][303][304][305] Sufi practices such as veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers of Salafism and Wahhabism, who have sometimes physically attacked Sufi places of worship, leading to deterioration in Sufi–Salafi relations.

text: The Barelvi movement is a Sufi-influenced revivalist movement within Sunni Islam with over 200 million followers,[306] largely in South Asia.[307][308] Sufism enjoyed a strong revival in central Asia and South Asia. Central Asia is considered to be a center of Sufism. Sufism has played a significant role in fighting against Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization.[citation needed] Here, Sufis and their different orders are the main religious sources.[309][310] Sufism is also strong in African countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Chad and Niger.[311][312]

text: Other denominations

text:
Ahmadiyya is an Islamic reform movement (with Sunni roots) founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[313] that began in India in 1889 and is practiced by 10 to 20 million[314] Muslims around the world. Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies concerning the arrival of the 'Imam Mahdi' and the 'Promised Messiah'.
The Ibadi is a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam and is a branch of Kharijite and is practiced by 1.45 million Muslims around the world.[315] Unlike most Kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers.
Mahdavia is an Islamic sect that believes in a 15th-century Mahdi, Muhammad Jaunpuri
The Quranists are Muslims who generally reject the Hadith.

text: Non-denominational Muslims

text: Non-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific Islamic denomination.[316][317][318][319] Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani,[320] Muhammad Iqbal[321] and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[322] Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.[311][323][324][325] The Pew Research Center reports that respondents self-identifying as "just Muslim" make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others), with the highest proportion in Kazakhstan at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self-identify in this way.[311]

text: Derived religions

text: Some movements, such as the Druze, Berghouata and Ha-Mim, either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam and whether each is separate a religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial. Yazdânism is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to Kurdistan by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir in the 12th century. Bábism stems from Twelver Shia passed through Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab while one of his followers Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah founded the Bahai Faith.[326] Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in late-fifteenth-century Punjab, incorporates aspects of both Islam and Hinduism. African American Muslim movements include the Nation of Islam, Five-Percent Nation and Moorish scientists.

text: Demographics

text: A comprehensive 2015 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 24.1% of the global population, or 1.8 billion people, are Muslims. Of those, it is estimated that over 75–90% are Sunni and 10–20% are Shia[36][287][327] with a small minority belonging to other sects. Approximately 57 countries are Muslim-majority,[328] and Arabs account for around 20% of all Muslims worldwide.[329] The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551 million in 1970,[330] and tripled to 1.8 billion by 2015.[5]

text: The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa.[331] Approximately 62% of the world's Muslims live in Asia, with over 683 million adherents in Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.[332][333] In the Middle East, non-Arab countries such as Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities.[334][335]

text: Most estimates indicate that the China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).[336][337][338][339] However, data provided by the San Diego State University's International Population Center to U.S. News & World Report suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims.[340] Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries,[341] and is slowly catching up to that status in the Americas, with between 2,454,000, according to Pew Forum, and approximately 7 million Muslims, according to the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR), in the United States.[36][342]

text: According to the Pew Research Center, Islam is set to equal Christianity worldwide in number of adherents by the year 2050. Islam is set to grow faster than any other major world religion, reaching a total number of 2.76 billion (an increase of 73%). Causes of this trend involve high fertility rates as a factor, with Muslims having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5, and the minimum replacement level for a population at 2.1. Another factor is also due to fact that Islam has the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total religion) of any major religion, compared with Christianity's 27%. 60% of Muslims are between the ages of 16 and 59, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). Countries such as Nigeria and the Republic of Macedonia are expected to have Muslim majorities by 2050. In India, the Muslim population will be larger than any other country. Europe's non-Muslim population is set to decline as opposed to their Muslim population which is set to grow to 10% of Europe's total.[5] Growth rates of Islam in Europe was due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates of Muslims in 2005.[343]

text: Culture

text: The term "Islamic culture" could be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as festivals and dress code. It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people.[344] Finally, "Islamic civilization" may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates, including that of non-Muslims,[345] sometimes referred to as "Islamicate".

text: Architecture

text: Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic architecture is that of the mosque.[346] Varying cultures have an effect on mosque architecture. For example, North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan contain marble and porphyry columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings,[347] while mosques in Indonesia often have multi-tiered roofs from local Javanese styles.

text:
Great Mosque of Djenné, in the west African country of Mali

Great Mosque of Xi'an in Xi'an, China

Dome in Po-i-Kalyan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan

Interior of domes in the Alabaster Mosque in Cairo, Egypt

Makkah Masjid in Hyderabad is one of the largest and oldest mosque in India.

text: Art

text: Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by Muslim populations.[348] It includes fields as varied as architecture, calligraphy, painting, and ceramics, among others.

text: While not condemned in the Quran, making images of human beings and animals is frowned on in many Islamic cultures and connected with laws against idolatry common to all Abrahamic religions, as 'Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood reported that Muhammad said, "Those who will be most severely punished by Allah on the Day of Resurrection will be the image-makers" (reported by al-Bukhaari, see al-Fath, 10/382). However this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods, and there are examples of paintings of both animals and humans in Mughal, Persian and Turkish art. The existence of this aversion to creating images of animate beings has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy, tessellation and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture.[349]

text:
Islamic calligraphy representing various planets

Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in Shiraz, Iran

The Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, the largest museum of Islamic arts in South East Asia

text: Music

text: Poetry

text: Calendar

text:
Islamic calendar
Months
Muharram
Safar
Rabi' al-awwal
Rabi' al-Thani
Jumada al-awwal
Jumada al-Thani
Rajab
Sha'ban
Ramadan
Shawwal
Dhu al-Qidah
Dhu al-Hijjah
vte

text: The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen, reportedly by Caliph Umar, to be the Hijra in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. It is a lunar calendar with days lasting from sunset to sunset.[350] Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar. The most important Islamic festivals are Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر) on the 1st of Shawwal, marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan, and Eid al-Adha (عيد الأضحى) on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah, coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage.[351]

text: Criticism

text: Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam's formative stages. Early criticism came from Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian heresy or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms.[352] Later there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself, and also from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians.[353][354][355]

text: Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad, the last law bearing prophet of Islam, both in his public and personal life,[355][356] as seen in medieval Christian views on Muhammad. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran, the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics.[357][358]

text: Other criticisms focus on the question of human rights in modern Muslim-majority countries, and the treatment of women in Islamic law and practice.[359][360] In wake of the recent multiculturalism trend, Islam's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been criticized.[361]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders

question_text: who scored the most points in warriors history

root

text: The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional men's basketball league, consisting of 30 teams in North America (29 in the United States and one in Canada). The NBA was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] It adopted the name National Basketball Association at the start of the 1949–50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL).[1] The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball, which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) as the National Governing Body (NGB) for basketball in the country.[2] The league is considered to be one of the four major professional sports leagues of North America.[3] There have been 15 defunct franchises in NBA history.

tag: p

text: In basketball, points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal.[4] The NBA introduced three-point field goals in the 1979–80 season as a bonus for field goals made from a longer distance.[5][6] Karl Malone scored 36,374 points with the Utah Jazz, the most points by a player for a single franchise.[7] Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the NBA's all-time leading scorer, is the Milwaukee Bucks leader with 14,211 points.[8][9] He scored more points with the Los Angeles Lakers (24,176), where he ranks third in Lakers' history.[10] Kobe Bryant leads the Lakers, scoring the most points in the NBA while playing for only one team in an entire career.[10][11] Dirk Nowitzki of the Dallas Mavericks is second behind Bryant in scoring while playing for only one team.

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[note 1]

Franchise with scoring leader on its current roster

tag: table

text:
Franchise [note 2]
Player
Points
Ref

Atlanta Hawks[note 3]

Dominique Wilkins*

23,292

[12]

Boston Celtics

John Havlicek*

26,395

[13]

Brooklyn Nets[note 4]

Brook Lopez^

10,444

[14]

Charlotte Hornets[note 5]

Kemba Walker^

9,907

[15]

Chicago Bulls

Michael Jordan*

29,277

[16]

Cleveland Cavaliers

LeBron James^

23,119

[17]

Dallas Mavericks

Dirk Nowitzki^

31,187

[18]

Denver Nuggets

Alex English*

21,645

[19]

Detroit Pistons[note 6]

Isiah Thomas*

18,822

[20]

Golden State Warriors[note 7]

Wilt Chamberlain*

17,783

[21]

Houston Rockets[note 8]

Hakeem Olajuwon*

26,511

[22]

Indiana Pacers

Reggie Miller*

25,279

[23]

Los Angeles Clippers[note 9]

Randy Smith

12,735

[24]

Los Angeles Lakers[note 10]

Kobe Bryant†

33,643

[10]

Memphis Grizzlies[note 11]

Marc Gasol^

10,850

[25]

Miami Heat‡

Dwyane Wade^

20,473

[26]

Milwaukee Bucks

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*

14,211

[8]

Minnesota Timberwolves

Kevin Garnett†

19,201

[27]

New Orleans Pelicans[note 12]

Anthony Davis^

9,607

[28]

New York Knicks

Patrick Ewing*

23,665

[29]

Oklahoma City Thunder[note 13]

Gary Payton*

18,207

[30]

Orlando Magic

Dwight Howard^

11,435

[31]

Philadelphia 76ers[note 14]

Hal Greer*

21,586

[32]

Phoenix Suns

Walter Davis

15,666

[33]

Portland Trail Blazers

Clyde Drexler*

18,040

[34]

Sacramento Kings[note 15]

Oscar Robertson*

22,009

[35]

San Antonio Spurs

Tim Duncan†

26,496

[36]

Toronto Raptors

DeMar DeRozan^

13,296

[37]

Utah Jazz[note 16]

Karl Malone*

36,374

[38]

Washington Wizards[note 17]

Elvin Hayes*

15,551

[39]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).

Jump up ^ This list only includes active NBA franchises.

Jump up ^ Formerly St. Louis Hawks, Milwaukee Hawks, Tri-Cities Blackhawks

Jump up ^ Formerly New York Nets, New Jersey Nets

Jump up ^ Formerly Charlotte Bobcats (2004–14)

Jump up ^ Formerly Fort Wayne Pistons

Jump up ^ Formerly San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia Warriors

Jump up ^ Formerly San Diego Rockets

Jump up ^ Formerly Buffalo Braves (1970–78), San Diego Clippers (1978–84)

Jump up ^ Formerly Minneapolis Lakers (1947–60)

Jump up ^ Formerly Vancouver Grizzlies (1995–2001)

Jump up ^ Formerly New Orleans Hornets (2002–04, 2007–13), New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2005–07)

Jump up ^ Formerly Seattle SuperSonics (1967–2008)

Jump up ^ Formerly Syracuse Nationals

Jump up ^ Formerly Kansas City Kings, Kansas City-Omaha Kings, Cincinnati Royals, Rochester Royals

Jump up ^ Formerly New Orleans Jazz (1974–79)

Jump up ^ Formerly Washington Bullets, Capital Bullets, Baltimore Bullets, Chicago Zephyrs, Chicago Packers

tag: ol


document_title: Dutch East India Company in Indonesia

question_text: the dutch east india company expected what export from indonesia

text: Dutch East India Company in Indonesia

text: Background[edit]

text: A 1596 Dutch expedition lost half its crew, killed a Javanese prince and lost a ship but returned to the Dutch Republic with a load of spices, the profit from which encouraged other expeditions.

text: Recognising the potential of the East Indies spice trade, and to prevent competition eating into Dutch profits, the Dutch Government amalgamated the competing merchant companies into the United East India Company (VOC). In 1602, the States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly in the spice trade in Asia. It was awarded quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts,[1] negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies.[2]

text: Early settlements[edit]

text: In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Banten (town), northwest Java[3] and in 1611, another was established at Jayakarta (later renamed 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').

text: VOC headquarters were in Ambon Island from 1610 to 1619, and although it was located centrally in the spice production areas, it was far from the Asian trade routes and other VOC activity ranging from Africa to Japan.[4] A location in the west of the archipelago was thus sought; while the Straits of Malacca were strategic, the Portuguese conquest had made them dangerous, and the first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was difficult due to control by a powerful local ruler and competition from Chinese and English traders.[4]

text: In 1604, a second British East India Company voyage to Maluku, and subsequent establishments of trading posts between 1611 and 1617 across the archipelago began Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices as the Dutch monopolistic ambitions were threatened.[3] Diplomatic agreements and co-operation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade ended with the Amboyna massacre where ten Englishmen were tortured and killed for conspiracy against the Dutch government, following which the English withdrew from their Indonesian activities (except in Banten).[3]

text: In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen was appointed Governor-General of the VOC. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta, driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes, established Batavia as the VOC headquarters.

text: Expansion[edit]

text: Coen's plans had included making Batavia the centre of intra-Asian trade spanning from Japan to China, Burma, Indonesian archipelago, and Ceylon as far as Persia, by employing Ambonese mercenary and Chinese labour to develop the spice trade. Although this plan was never realised, Coen managed to establish a Dutch monopoly of the spice trade through an alliance with Ternate Sultanate in 1607 to control the production of cloves, and the occupation of the Banda Islands gave control of the nutmeg trade. The Dutch captured Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641 giving them control of the region's seas.

text: By the mid-17th century, Batavia had become an important trade centre. It had repelled attacks from the Javanese Mataram kingdom. The Dutch defeated the Sulawesi city of Makassar in 1667 thus bringing its trade under VOC control. Sumatran ports were also brought under VOC control and the last of the Portuguese were expelled in 1660. In return for monopoly control over the pepper trade and the expulsion of the British, the Dutch helped the son of the ruler of Banten overthrow his father in 1680.

text: VOC policy at this time was to concentrate on its trading posts and to not become involved in costly territorial conquest. However, the company became deeply involved in the internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in a number of wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten (Bantam). The VOC reached an accord with the susuhunan (king) of Mataram, Java's dominant kingdom, that only allowed Dutch ships to trade within the archipelago.

text: Although they failed to gain complete control of the Indonesian spice trade, they had much more success than the previous Portuguese efforts. They exploited the factionalisation of the small kingdoms in Java that had replaced Majapahit, establishing a permanent foothold in Java, from which grew a land-based colonial empire which became one of the world's richest colonial possessions.[5]

text: Impacts[edit]

text: The most profound VOC's impact on Indonesian native polities was their technology, especially in weaponry and shipping. With this technology they were able to assert relative superiority upon native kingdoms, especially in the Mollucas and Java. Although firearms and cannons are already brought by previous European coloniser, the Portuguese, it was the Dutch VOC that used them quite extensively in their conquest on the Indonesian archipelago, as well as wrestled some of Portuguese ports and colonies in Asia, such as Malacca, Ceylon and Ambon. VOC involved deeper into the Mataram court's intrigue and exploited the Javanese royalties tendencies to disintegrate, allowing them to gain a firm foothold in Java.

text: Another VOC tremendous impact was the change of trade systems in Indonesian archipelago. By enforcing the monopoly policy on spice trade, VOC had to eradicate the previous trading system where large numbers of ports, kingdoms and traders participates. This has led to the opposition of Asian trading polities, which has made VOC involved in a series of battle and conquest.

text: VOC personnel lived separate to indigenous Indonesians, and Dutch people ranked low in indigenous status systems. As such, while the VOC introduced objects, techniques, corporate organisation into Indonesian society, its impact on Indonesian thinkers was minimal. Rather, at a time when Europe was denouncing autocratic rule, hierarchy and hereditary rights, the VOC borrowed these values from Indonesian societies. Governors-general acted like royalty and did not leave the enclaves they had established, and like Indonesian royalty, they employed the local nobility and Chinese agents to organise labour.[6]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500-1700. pp. 102–103.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ricklefs, p. 29
^ Jump up to: a b Ricklefs, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs (1991), pages 22 to 26
Jump up ^ * Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.


document_title: List of Olympic Games host cities

question_text: what cities in the us have hosted the olympics

text: List of Olympic Games host cities

text: Olympic host cities[edit]

text:
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S005I
—
1896
000000002017-04-06-0000April 6
000000002017-04-15-0000April 15

Paris
 France
Europe
S005II
—
1900
000000002017-05-14-0000May 14
000000002017-10-28-0000October 28

St. Louis[a]
 United States
North America
S005III
—
1904
000000002017-07-01-0000July 1
000000002017-11-23-0000November 23

London[c]
 United Kingdom
Europe
S005IV
—
1908
000000002017-04-27-0000April 27
000000002017-10-31-0000October 31

Stockholm
 Sweden
Europe
S005V
—
1912
000000002017-05-05-0000May 5
000000002017-07-22-0000July 22

Berlin
 Germany
Europe
S006VI
—
1916
Cancelled due to WWI[4]

Antwerp[d]
 Belgium
Europe
S007VII
—
1920
000000002017-04-20-0000April 20
000000002017-09-12-0000September 12[5]

Chamonix
 France
Europe
—
W001I
1924
000000002017-01-25-0000January 25
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4[6]

Paris
 France
Europe
S008VIII
—
000000002017-05-04-0000May 4
000000002017-07-27-0000July 27[7]

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W002II
1928
000000002017-02-11-0000February 11
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19[8]

Amsterdam
 Netherlands
Europe
S009IX
—
000000002017-05-17-0000May 17
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12[9]

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W003III
1932
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-15-0000February 15[10]

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S010X
—
000000002017-07-30-0000July 30
000000002017-08-14-0000August 14[11]

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Nazi Germany
Europe
—
W004IV
1936
000000002017-02-06-0000February 6
000000002017-02-16-0000February 16[12]

Berlin
 Nazi Germany
Europe
S011XI
—
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1
000000002017-08-16-0000August 16[13]

Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e]
 Empire of Japan
 Nazi Germany
Asia
Europe
—
W005aV
1940
Cancelled due to WWII[4]

Tokyo
Helsinki[f]
 Empire of Japan
 Finland
Asia
Europe
S012XII
—

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W005bV
1944

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S013XIII
—

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W005cV
1948
000000002017-01-30-0000January 30
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S014XIV
—
000000002017-07-29-0000July 29
000000002017-08-14-0000August 14

Oslo
 Norway
Europe
—
W006VI
1952
000000002017-02-14-0000February 14
000000002017-02-25-0000February 25

Helsinki
 Finland
Europe
S015XV
—
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-03-0000August 3

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W007VII
1956
000000002017-01-26-0000January 26
000000002017-02-05-0000February 5

Melbourne
Stockholm[g]
 Australia
 Sweden
Oceania
Europe
S016XVI
—
000000002017-11-22-0000November 22
000000002017-06-10-0000June 10
000000002017-12-08-0000December 8
000000002017-06-17-0000June 17

Squaw Valley
 United States
North America
—
W008VIII
1960
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

Rome
 Italy
Europe
S017XVII
—
000000002017-08-25-0000August 25
000000002017-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W009IX
1964
000000002017-01-29-0000January 29
000000002017-02-09-0000February 9

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S018XVIII
—
000000002017-10-10-0000October 10
000000002017-10-24-0000October 24

Grenoble
 France
Europe
—
W010X
1968
000000002017-02-06-0000February 6
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18

Mexico City
 Mexico
North America
S019XIX
—
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12
000000002017-10-27-0000October 27

Sapporo
 Japan
Asia
—
W011XI
1972
000000002017-02-03-0000February 3
000000002017-02-13-0000February 13

Munich
 West Germany
Europe
S020XX
—
000000002017-08-26-0000August 26
000000002017-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W012XII
1976
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-15-0000February 15

Montreal
 Canada
North America
S021XXI
—
000000002017-07-17-0000July 17
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W013XIII
1980
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-24-0000February 24

Moscow
 Soviet Union
Europe[h]
S022XXII
—
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-03-0000August 3

Sarajevo
 Yugoslavia
Europe
—
W014XIV
1984
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S023XXIII
—
000000002017-07-28-0000July 28
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12

Calgary
 Canada
North America
—
W015XV
1988
000000002017-02-13-0000February 13
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

Seoul
 South Korea
Asia
S024XXIV
—
000000002017-09-17-0000September 17
000000002017-10-02-0000October 2

Albertville
 France
Europe
—
W016XVI
1992
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
000000002017-02-23-0000February 23

Barcelona
 Spain
Europe
S025XXV
—
000000002017-07-25-0000July 25
000000002017-08-09-0000August 9

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe
—
W017XVII
1994
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-27-0000February 27

Atlanta
 United States
North America
S026XXVI
—
1996
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-04-0000August 4

Nagano
 Japan
Asia
—
W018XVIII
1998
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-22-0000February 22

Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
S027XXVII
—
2000
000000002017-09-15-0000September 15
000000002017-10-01-0000October 1

Salt Lake City
 United States
North America
—
W019XIX
2002
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
000000002017-02-24-0000February 24

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S028XXVIII
—
2004
000000002017-08-13-0000August 13
000000002017-08-29-0000August 29

Turin
 Italy
Europe
—
W020XX
2006
000000002017-02-10-0000February 10
000000002017-02-26-0000February 26

Beijing[i]
 China
Asia
S029XXIX
—
2008
000000002017-08-08-0000August 8
000000002017-08-24-0000August 24

Vancouver
 Canada
North America
—
W021XXI
2010
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S030XXX
—
2012
000000002017-07-27-0000July 27
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12

Sochi
 Russia
Europe[h]
—
W022XXII
2014
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-23-0000February 23

Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
South America
S031XXXI
—
2016
000000002017-08-05-0000August 5
000000002017-08-21-0000August 21

Pyeongchang
 South Korea
Asia
—
W023XXIII
2018
000000002017-02-09-0000February 9
000000002017-02-25-0000February 25

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S032XXXII
—
2020
000000002017-07-24-0000July 24
000000002017-08-09-0000August 9

Beijing
 China
Asia
—
W024XXIV
2022
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-20-0000February 20

Paris
 France
Europe
S033XXXIII
—
2024
000000002017-08-02-0000August 2
000000002017-08-18-0000August 18

TBD
TBD

—
W025XXV
2026
(TBD)

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S034XXXIV
—
2028
000000002017-07-21-0000July 21
000000002017-08-06-0000August 6

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]

text:
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games

City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1948, 2012)
0
3

Paris
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
0

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
0

Athens
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

Beijing
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
2 (1964, 2020)
0

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
0
2 (1932, 1980)

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1948)

text: The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.

tag: ul

text: Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]

text:
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games

Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
 United States
North America
5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028)
4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002)
9

2
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
3 (1924, 1968, 1992)
6

3
 Japan
Asia
2 (1940, 1964, 2020)
2 (1940, 1972, 1998)
4

4
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
0
3

5
 Canada
North America
1 (1976)
2 (1988, 2010)
3

6
 Italy
Europe
1 (1960)
2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
3

7
 Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany
Europe
2 (1916, 1936, 1972)
1 (1936, 1940)
3

8
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
2

9
 South Korea
Asia
1 (1988)
1 (2018)
2

10
 Soviet Union/ Russia
Europe
1 (1980)
1 (2014)
2

11
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

12
 Australia
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

13
 Norway
Europe
0
2 (1952, 1994)
2

14
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)
2

15
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
2

16
 Brazil
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

17
 Spain
Europe
1 (1992)
0
1

18
 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
0
1 (1984)
1

19
 Mexico
Central America
1 (1968)
0
1

20
 Finland
Europe
1 (1940, 1952)
0
1

21
 Netherlands
Europe
1 (1928)
0
1

22
 Belgium
Europe
1 (1920)
0
1

23
 Sweden
Europe
1 (1912)
0
1

text: Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]

text:
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
Europe
17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940
1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024)
13 (1924, 1928, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956
1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014)
30

2
North America
7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028)
6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010)
13

3
Asia
4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020)
4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022)
8

4
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

5
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

6
Africa
0
0
0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
j Calgary is actively working with the Canadian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
k Innsbruck is actively working with the Austrian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
l Lillehammer is actively working with the Norwegian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
m Sion is actively working with the Swiss Olympic Association in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.


document_title: Metal mining in Wales

question_text: where in wales did copper mining take place

text: Metal mining in Wales

text: Lead and silver[edit]

text: The principal areas were centred on the upland areas of the River Ystwyth and River Rheidol with some outliers to the east in the catchment of the River Severn and some to the south in the headwaters of the River Teifi. The largest of these mines were the Cwmystwyth and Rheidol United mines in Cwm Rheidol. The ore extracted was galena which in many cases had a high silver content, especially at Cwm Ystwyth. It also occurred alongside large quantities of sphalerite, the principal ore of zinc. However, the zinc was only occasionally processed and much remains on the very extensive discard heaps around the mines.

text: Amongst the very many mines that have existed the following list identifies those known to have existed between the 17th and 19th centuries in north Cardiganshire and west Montgomeryshire:

text: Aberffrwd, Alma, Blaenceunant, Blaencwmsymlog, Bron floyd, Bryn Glas, Bwa Drain, Bwlch, Cwm Mawr, Cwmystwyth, Cwm Ystwyth South, Cwm Ystwyth West, Cwmbryno, Cwmdarren, Cwmsymlog, De Broke, Dyffryn Castell, Elgar, Esgair Lle, Esgairmwyn, Fron Goch, Fron Goch East, Gelli, Glog fach, Glog Fawr, Goginan, Goginan west, Graig Goch, Grogwynion, Gwaith coch, Lisburne South, Llwynmalus, Logau Las, Melindwr, Mynyddgorddu, Nanteos, Pen Rhiw, Powell, Rheidol United, Temple, Ystumtuen

text: Metal mining in the Gwydir Forest dates back to the 17th century, but its heyday came in the latter half of the 19th century. These mines predominantly produced lead and zinc, and the last mine to close – Park Mine – closed in the 1960s.[2]

text: Smaller areas of lead exploitation included Halkyn Mountain in Flintshire and in the Clyne valley in west Swansea.

text: Arsenic[edit]

text: Although arsenic is not a metal it has been mined in association with metals and in Wales commercial extraction has probably only occurred in the Clyne valley near Swansea

text: Copper[edit]

text: Copper mining is probably the oldest known mining activity in Wales with documented evidence of Bronze Age mining on the Great Orme near Llandudno and at Copa Hill in the valley of the River Ystwyth in Ceredigion. Further copper discoveries were exploited in Snowdonia just to the east of Beddgelert where the Sygun Copper Mine, within the Snowdonia National Park, gives an idea of the conditions faced by copper miners and is a popular tourist attraction. In the 18th century the massive deposits of copper together with a range of other metals was discovered and exploited at Parys Mountain on Anglesey.

text: Gold[edit]

text: Gold was mined as early as the Roman period at Dolaucothi in Carmarthenshire and possibly elsewhere. In the 19th century gold was being extracted from a number of small mines at the southern end of Snowdonia with most activity centred in the valley of the River Mawddach and its tributaries.

text: Iron[edit]

text: Commercial iron ore exploitation has been relatively uncommon in Wales during the last hundred years, despite the dominance of the iron and steel industry in South Wales. However ironstone is a component of the Lower Coal Measures rock sequence and where it outcrops along the northern edge of the South Wales Coalfield, it was extensively worked for the production of iron and was important in the initiation of the Industrial Revolution in South Wales.[3] Commercial exploitation also took place in the Vale of Glamorgan. The Forest of Dean was an important source of iron for many centuries, and dates from at least the Roman period.

text: Lead[edit]

text: Lead ore was first mined in North Wales during Roman times at Pentre Halkyn to be smelted at Flint. The lead that was produced there was stamped with the inscription Deceangli, which was the name of the Celtic tribe occupying the area. In the 17th century an intensive period of Welsh lead mining commenced, bringing a large number of miners from Derbyshire into Wales. There are substantial reserves of the metal in Cardiganshire, probably first exploited in the Roman period, and extensively during the revival of metal mining in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.