document_title: 1990 FIFA World Cup

question_text: who knocked out england in 1990 world cup

question_tokens: who knocked out england in 1990 world cup

text: 1990 FIFA World Cup

text: Host selection[edit]

text: The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich, Switzerland. Here, the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid, the USSR, by 11 votes to 5.[10] This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments, after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging. Italy had previously had the event in 1934, where they had won their first championship.

text: Austria, England, France, Greece, West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline.[11] A month later, only England, Greece, Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew.[12] All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983, with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved.[13] In early 1984, England and Greece also withdrew, leading to a two-horse race in the final vote. The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games, announced on the eve of the World Cup decision, was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively,[14] although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange.[10]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup, including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions, who were both granted automatic qualification. Thus, the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations, with 114 initially entering the qualification competition. Due to rejected entries and withdrawals, 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages.

text: Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), two by CONMEBOL teams (South America), two by CAF teams (Africa), two by AFC teams (Asia), and two by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining place was decided by a play-off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC (Oceania).

text: Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament,[15] the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands, which caused the match to be abandoned. Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence.

text: Three teams made their debuts, as this was the first World Cup to feature Costa Rica and the Republic of Ireland, and the only one to date to feature the United Arab Emirates.

text: Returning after long absences were Egypt, who appeared for the first time since 1934, the United States, who competed for the first time since 1950, Colombia, who appeared for the first time since 1962, Romania, who last appeared at the Finals in 1970 and Sweden and the Netherlands, both of which last qualified in 1978. Austria, Cameroon, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament.

text: Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France (missing out their first World Cup since 1974), Denmark, Poland (for the first time since 1970), Portugal and Hungary.

text: List of qualified teams[edit]

text: The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament.

text:
AFC (2)
 South Korea
 United Arab Emirates
CAF (2)
 Egypt
 Cameroon
OFC (0)
None qualified

CONCACAF (2)
 Costa Rica
 United States
CONMEBOL (4)
 Argentina
 Brazil
 Colombia
 Uruguay

UEFA (14)
 Austria
 Belgium
 Czechoslovakia
 England
 Italy (hosts)
 Netherlands
 Republic of Ireland
 Romania
 Scotland
 Soviet Union
 Spain
 Sweden
 West Germany
 Yugoslavia

   Countries qualified for World Cup   Country failed to qualify   Countries that did not enter the World Cup or were expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match   Country not a FIFA member

tag: table

text: Venues[edit]

text: Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup. The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup.

text: The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament, forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes. Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia, with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid. Due to structural constraints, several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required.

text: Like Espana '82, the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other. Group A only played in Rome and Florence (Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome, except for their semi-final and third place matches, which were played in Naples and Bari, respectively), Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari (except for Argentina vs. Cameroon, which was the opening match of the tournament, played in Milan), Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa, Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna, Group E played only in Udine and Verona, and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo. The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the two biggest cities in Italy: Rome and Milan, each hosting six matches, and Bari, Naples and Turin each hosted five matches. Cagliari, Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches.

text: The England national team, at the British government's request, were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari on the island of Sardinia. Hooliganism, rife in English football in the 1980s, had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent – the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland. Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Colin Moynihan's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match, security around Cagliari during England's three matches there was extremely heavy – in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri, highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises. The Italian authorities' heavy presence proved to be justified as there were several riots during the time England were playing their matches in Cagliari, leading to a number of injuries, arrests and even deportations.[16][17]

text: Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates and total costs ended up being over £550 million (approximately $935 million). Rome's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall, while Udine's Stadio Friuli, the newest of the existing stadia (opened 14 years prior), cost the least to redevelop.

text:
Milan

Rome

Turin

Naples

San Siro

Stadio Olimpico

Stadio delle Alpi

Stadio San Paolo

45°28′40.89″N 9°7′27.14″E / 45.4780250°N 9.1242056°E / 45.4780250; 9.1242056 (San Siro)

41°56′1.99″N 12°27′17.23″E / 41.9338861°N 12.4547861°E / 41.9338861; 12.4547861 (Stadio Olimpico)

45°06′34.42″N 7°38′28.54″E / 45.1095611°N 7.6412611°E / 45.1095611; 7.6412611 (Stadio delle Alpi)

40°49′40.68″N 14°11′34.83″E / 40.8279667°N 14.1930083°E / 40.8279667; 14.1930083 (Stadio San Paolo)

Capacity: 74,559[18][19]

Capacity: 73,603[18][19]

Capacity: 62,628[18][19]

Capacity: 59,978[18][19]

Bari

RomeMilanNaplesTurinBariVeronaFlorenceCagliariBolognaUdinePalermoGenoa

Florence

Stadio San Nicola

Stadio Comunale

41°5′5.05″N 16°50′24.26″E / 41.0847361°N 16.8400722°E / 41.0847361; 16.8400722 (Stadio San Nicola)

43°46′50.96″N 11°16′56.13″E / 43.7808222°N 11.2822583°E / 43.7808222; 11.2822583 (Stadio Artemio Franchi)

Capacity: 51,426[18][19]

Capacity: 38,971[18][19]

Verona

Udine

Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi

Stadio Friuli

45°26′7.28″N 10°58′7.13″E / 45.4353556°N 10.9686472°E / 45.4353556; 10.9686472 (Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi)

46°4′53.77″N 13°12′0.49″E / 46.0816028°N 13.2001361°E / 46.0816028; 13.2001361 (Stadio Friuli)

Capacity: 35,950[18][19]

Capacity: 35,713[18][19]

Cagliari

Bologna

Palermo

Genoa

Stadio Sant'Elia

Stadio Renato Dall'Ara

Stadio La Favorita

Stadio Luigi Ferraris

39°11′57.82″N 9°8′5.83″E / 39.1993944°N 9.1349528°E / 39.1993944; 9.1349528 (Stadio Sant'Elia)

44°29′32.33″N 11°18′34.80″E / 44.4923139°N 11.3096667°E / 44.4923139; 11.3096667 (Stadio Renato Dall'Ara)

38°9′9.96″N 13°20′32.19″E / 38.1527667°N 13.3422750°E / 38.1527667; 13.3422750 (Stadio Renzo Barbera)

44°24′59.15″N 8°57′8.74″E / 44.4164306°N 8.9524278°E / 44.4164306; 8.9524278 (Stadio Luigi Ferraris)

Capacity: 35,238[18][19]

Capacity: 34,520[18][19]

Capacity: 33,288[18][19]

Capacity: 31,823[18][19]

text: Squads[edit]

text: Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players, as for the previous tournament in 1986. Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA's discretion. Two goalkeepers – Argentina's Ángel Comizzo and England's Dave Beasant – entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players (Nery Pumpido and David Seaman).

text: Match officials[edit]

text: 41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees. Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament. Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup (a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts).

text:
showList of match officials

Africa
 Mohamed Hansal
 Neji Jouini
 Jean-Fidèle Diramba
Asia
 Jamal Al Sharif
 Jassim Mandi
 Shizuo Takada
Europe
 Luigi Agnolin
 Emilio Soriano Aladrén
 George Courtney
 Pietro D'Elia
 Erik Fredriksson
 Siegfried Kirschen
 Helmut Kohl
 Tullio Lanese
 Michał Listkiewicz
 Rosario Lo Bello
 Carlo Longhi
 Pierluigi Magni
 Peter Mikkelsen
 Pierluigi Pairetto
 Zoran Petrović
 Joël Quiniou
 Kurt Röthlisberger
 Aron Schmidhuber
 Carlos Silva Valente
 George Smith
 Alan Snoddy
 Alexey Spirin
 Marcel Van Langenhove
 Michel Vautrot

North and Central America
 Edgardo Codesal
 Vincent Mauro
 Berny Ulloa Morera
Oceania
 Richard Lorenc
South America
 Juan Daniel Cardellino
 Armando Pérez Hoyos
 Elías Jácome
 Juan Carlos Loustau
 Carlos Maciel
 Hernán Silva
 José Roberto Wright

text: Groups[edit]

text: Seedings[edit]

text: The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989.[20] The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank (1st seed to Group A, 2nd seed to Group B, etc.).

text: The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations' performance in, primarily, the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence. Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament, the missing nations being Mexico (quarter-final in 1986) and France (third place). Italy – who were seeded first as hosts – had not reached the final eight in 1986 and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three (qualified) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter-finals: Brazil, England or Spain.

text: Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record, Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings. FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain. Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties, albeit by fourth-placed Belgium, while England had been defeated in 90 minutes by eventual winners Argentina; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event, playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain, but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event, while England had failed to qualify. FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded.

text: Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F, the group to be held off the Italian mainland, in a bid to contain England's hooliganism problems. Their coach Luis Suárez said, "We feel we've been cheated...they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs. So they invented this formula".[20] FIFA countered that "the formula was based on the teams' respective showings during the previous two World Cups. England merited the sixth position. This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism".[20]

text: Meanwhile, the Netherlands also had an argument that on grounds of recent footballing form, they should be seeded, as the winners of the 1988 European Championship, in which both Spain and England had been eliminated in the group stages, while Belgium (fourth in the 1986 World Cup after beating Spain, and thus seeded in 1990) had failed to even qualify: but this argument was countered by the fact that the Netherlands had themselves failed to qualify for both the 1982 and 1986 World Cups, which was considered the most important factor in the decision not to seed them.[21]

text: As it happened, the two teams considered the most unlucky not to be seeded, namely Spain and the Netherlands, were both drawn in groups against the two teams considered the weakest of the seeded nations, namely Belgium and England: and the arguments over the seeding positions fizzled out.  England could be said to have justified their seeded position by narrowly winning their group ahead of the Netherlands: while Spain seemed to have made their own point about being worth a seeded position, by defeating Belgium to top their own group, in doing so gaining a measure of revenge for the fact that it was Belgium who had eliminated them in 1986.

text:
Seeds

Pot 1[22]

Pot 2[22]

Pot 3[22]

 Italy (1st)
 Argentina (2nd)
 Brazil (3rd)
 West Germany (4th)
 Belgium (5th)
 England (6th)

 Cameroon
 Costa Rica
 Egypt
 South Korea
 United Arab Emirates
 United States

 Colombia
 Czechoslovakia
 Republic of Ireland
 Romania
 Sweden
 Uruguay

 Austria
 Netherlands
 Scotland
 Spain
 Soviet Union
 Yugoslavia

text: Final draw[edit]

text: On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome, where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups. The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams.[22] The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo, with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter.[23]

text: The draw show was FIFA's most ambitious yet with Pelé, Bobby Moore and Karl-Heinz Rummenigge appearing, as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament's official song "To Be Number One" by Giorgio Moroder, performed as "Un'estate italiana" by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini.[24]

text: The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup, Ciao, a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word "ITALIA" when deconstructed and reconstructed.[25] Its name is a greeting in Italian.

text: Tournament review[edit]

text: The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July. The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986: 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four. The top two teams and four best third-place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage, which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged. In total, 52 games were played.

text: Negative tactics[edit]

text: The tournament generated a record low goals-per-game average and a then-record of 16 red cards were handed out.[5] In the knockout stage, many teams played defensively for 120 minutes, with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot-out, rather than risk going forward. Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy, the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time. There were four penalty shoot-outs, a record subsequently equalled in the 2006, 2014 and 2018 tournaments. Eight matches went to extra time, a record equalled in the 2014 tournament.

text: Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play; the Irish team fell behind in two of their three group matches and only equalised late in both games. Losing finalists Argentina, meanwhile, scored only five goals in the entire tournament (a record low for a finalist). Argentina also became the first team to advance twice on penalty shoot-outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final.[1]

text: Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back-pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time-waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up. Three, rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play.

text: Emergence of Cameroon[edit]

text: Cameroon reached the quarter-finals, where they were narrowly defeated by England.[1] They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina, before topping the group ahead of them, Romania and European Championship runners-up the Soviet Union. Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla, a 38-year-old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya. Milla's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight.[1] Most of Cameroon's squad was made up of players who played in France's premier football league, Ligue 1- French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon, it being a former French territory. In reaching this stage, they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before; a feat only equalled twice since (by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010). Their success was African football's biggest yet on the world stage and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament.

text: All-champion final four[edit]

text: Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon, Colombia, Ireland, Romania and Costa Rica, the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina, England, Italy and West Germany, all previous World Cup winners, with eight previous titles between them. After the 1970 tournament, this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred. The teams which finished first, second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves.

text: Results[edit]

text: Group stage[edit]

text: All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

text: Champion   Runner-up    Third place   Fourth place    Quarter-finals   Round of 16    Group stage

text: In the following tables:

text:
Pld = total games played
W = total games won
D = total games drawn (tied)
L = total games lost
GF = total goals scored (goals for)
GA = total goals conceded (goals against)
GD = goal difference (GF−GA)
Pts = total points accumulated

text: The Group stage saw the twenty-four teams divided into six groups of four teams. Each group was a round-robin of six games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16. The four best third-placed teams would also advance to the next stage.

text: Typical of a World Cup staged in Europe, the matches all started at either 5:00 or 9:00 in the evening; this allowed for the games to avoid being played in the heat of an Italian summer, which would soar past 86F (30C) all over Italy.

text: If teams were level on points, they were ranked on the following criteria in order:

text:
Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches
Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches
If teams remained level after those criteria, a mini-group would be formed from those teams, who would be ranked on:
Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie
Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie
Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie
If teams remained level after all these criteria, FIFA would hold a drawing of lots

tag: ol

text: Group A[edit]

text: Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record. They beat Austria 1–0 thanks to substitute Salvatore 'Totò' Schillaci, who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament. A second 1–0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5–1 by Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovaks ended runners-up in the group, while the USA's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats.

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Italy (H)

3

3

0

0

4

0

+4

6

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Czechoslovakia

3

2

0

1

6

3

+3

4

3

 Austria

3

1

0

2

2

3

−1

2

4

 United States

3

0

0

3

2

8

−6

0

text:
9 June 1990

Italy
1–0
 Austria
Stadio Olimpico, Rome

10 June 1990

United States
1–5
 Czechoslovakia
Stadio Comunale, Florence

14 June 1990

Italy
1–0
 United States
Stadio Olimpico, Rome

15 June 1990

Austria
0–1
 Czechoslovakia
Stadio Comunale, Florence

19 June 1990

Italy
2–0
 Czechoslovakia
Stadio Olimpico, Rome

Austria
2–1
 United States
Stadio Comunale, Florence

text: Group B[edit]

text: Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina. Despite ending the match with only nine men, the African team held on for a shock 1–0 win, with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik: François Omam scoring the winning goal, shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul. In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2–1 win over Romania, Milla scoring twice from the bench (making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament). With progression assured, Cameroon slumped to a 4–0 defeat in their final group game to the Soviet Union (in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union), who were striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2–0 defeats.  Argentina lost their veteran goalkeeper, Nery Pumpido, to a broken leg during their victory over the USSR: his replacement, Sergio Goycochea, proved to be one of the stars of their tournament.  In the final match, a 1–1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through, equal on points and on goal difference but Romania having the advantage on goals scored: Romania were thus second, Argentina qualified as one of the best third-placed teams.

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Cameroon

3

2

0

1

3

5

−2

4

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Romania

3

1

1

1

4

3

+1

3

3

 Argentina

3

1

1

1

3

2

+1

3

4

 Soviet Union

3

1

0

2

4

4

0

2

text:
8 June 1990

Argentina
0–1
 Cameroon
San Siro, Milan

9 June 1990

Soviet Union
0–2
 Romania
Stadio San Nicola, Bari

13 June 1990

Argentina
2–0
 Soviet Union
Stadio San Paolo, Naples

14 June 1990

Cameroon
2–1
 Romania
Stadio San Nicola, Bari

18 June 1990

Argentina
1–1
 Romania
Stadio San Paolo, Naples

Cameroon
0–4
 Soviet Union
Stadio San Nicola, Bari

text: Group C[edit]

text: Costa Rica beat Scotland 1–0 in their first match, lost 1–0 to Brazil in their second, then saw off Sweden 2–1 to claim a place in the second round. Brazil took maximum points from the group. They began with a 2–1 win over Sweden, then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1–0. Scotland's 2–1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest-ranked third-placed teams.

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Brazil

3

3

0

0

4

1

+3

6

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Costa Rica

3

2

0

1

3

2

+1

4

3

 Scotland

3

1

0

2

2

3

−1

2

4

 Sweden

3

0

0

3

3

6

−3

0

text:
10 June 1990

Brazil
2–1
 Sweden
Stadio delle Alpi, Turin

11 June 1990

Costa Rica
1–0
 Scotland
Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa

16 June 1990

Brazil
1–0
 Costa Rica
Stadio delle Alpi, Turin

Sweden
1–2
 Scotland
Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa

20 June 1990

Brazil
1–0
 Scotland
Stadio delle Alpi, Turin

Sweden
1–2
 Costa Rica
Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa

text: Group D[edit]

text: Group D featured the most goals of all the groups, most due to two large wins of West Germany and defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2–0 to Colombia, 5–1 to West Germany and 4–1 to Yugoslavia. The West Germans topped the group after a 4–1 opening victory over group runners-up Yugoslavia.

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 West Germany

3

2

1

0

10

3

+7

5

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Yugoslavia

3

2

0

1

6

5

+1

4

3

 Colombia

3

1

1

1

3

2

+1

3

4

 United Arab Emirates

3

0

0

3

2

11

−9

0

text:
9 June 1990

United Arab Emirates
0–2
 Colombia
Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, Bologna

10 June 1990

West Germany
4–1
 Yugoslavia
San Siro, Milan

14 June 1990

Yugoslavia
1–0
 Colombia
Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, Bologna

15 June 1990

West Germany
5–1
 United Arab Emirates
San Siro, Milan

19 June 1990

West Germany
1–1
 Colombia
San Siro, Milan

Yugoslavia
4–1
 United Arab Emirates
Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, Bologna

text: Group E[edit]

text: The winners of Group E were Spain, for whom Michel hit a hat-trick as they beat South Korea 3–1 in an unbeaten group campaign. Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress; Uruguay's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third-placed sides to remain in the tournament.

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Spain

3

2

1

0

5

2

+3

5

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Belgium

3

2

0

1

6

3

+3

4

3

 Uruguay

3

1

1

1

2

3

−1

3

4

 South Korea

3

0

0

3

1

6

−5

0

text:
12 June 1990

Belgium
2–0
 South Korea
Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi, Verona

13 June 1990

Uruguay
0–0
 Spain
Stadio Friuli, Udine

17 June 1990

Belgium
3–1
 Uruguay
Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi, Verona

South Korea
1–3
 Spain
Stadio Friuli, Udine

21 June 1990

Belgium
1–2
 Spain
Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi, Verona

South Korea
0–1
 Uruguay
Stadio Friuli, Udine

text: Group F[edit]

text: Group F, featured the Netherlands, England, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt. In the six group games, no team managed to score more than once in a match. England beat Egypt 1–0, the only match with a decisive result, and that was enough to win the group. The group containing England, Ireland and the Netherlands was remarkably similar to the group stage of the 1988 European Championship, which had eventually been won by the Netherlands, with England crashing out with three losses (to Ireland, the Netherlands and the USSR) and Ireland also narrowly failing to progress after losing to the Netherlands and drawing with the USSR. The results of the 1990 group, however, were different: England took the lead with an early goal for Lineker against Ireland, but Sheedy's late equalizer gave them a share of the spoils. The Netherlands failed to replicate their form of two years earlier, only drawing against Egypt: they had taken a 1-0 lead, but without impressing, and Egypt were well worth their equalizer courtesy of a penalty by Abdelghani.  England then had much the better of their goalless draw with the Netherlands: indeed they had the ball in the net once, from a free-kick by Pearce, but it was disallowed. For the second World Cup in succession, however, England lost their captain Bryan Robson to an injury which put him out of the tournament, just over halfway through their second match. Ireland and Egypt barely registered a shot on goal between them in the other 0-0 draw: after the first four matches all four teams had equal records with 2 draws, 1 goal for and 1 goal against. England's victory over Egypt, thanks to a 58th-minute goal from Mark Wright, put them top of the group: in the other match, Gullit gave the Netherlands the lead against Ireland, but Niall Quinn scored a second-half equalizer and the two teams finished in second and third, still with identical records. Both teams qualified but they had to draw lots to place the teams in second and third place.

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 England

3

1

2

0

2

1

+1

4

Advance to knockout stage

2

 Republic of Ireland

3

0

3

0

2

2

0

3

3

 Netherlands

3

0

3

0

2

2

0

3

4

 Egypt

3

0

2

1

1

2

−1

2

text: The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records. With both teams assured of progressing, they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place.

text:
11 June 1990

England
1–1
 Republic of Ireland
Stadio Sant'Elia, Cagliari

12 June 1990

Netherlands
1–1
 Egypt
Stadio La Favorita, Palermo

16 June 1990

England
0–0
 Netherlands
Stadio Sant'Elia, Cagliari

17 June 1990

Republic of Ireland
0–0
 Egypt
Stadio La Favorita, Palermo

21 June 1990

England
1–0
 Egypt
Stadio Sant'Elia, Cagliari

Republic of Ireland
1–1
 Netherlands
Stadio La Favorita, Palermo

text: Ranking of third-placed teams[edit]

text:
Pos

Grp

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

B

 Argentina

3

1

1

1

3

2

+1

3

Advance to knockout stage

2

D

 Colombia

3

1

1

1

3

2

+1

3

3

F

 Netherlands

3

0

3

0

2

2

0

3

4

E

 Uruguay

3

1

1

1

2

3

−1

3

5

A

 Austria

3

1

0

2

2

3

−1

2

6

C

 Scotland

3

1

0

2

2

3

−1

2

text: Ireland won the drawing of lots against the Netherlands for second place in Group F: the Netherlands were the only third-placed team not to have won any matches - or lost any: they progressed with three draws (3 points), ahead of Austria and Scotland who each had one win and two losses (2 points).

text: Knockout stage[edit]

text: The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament. There were four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds were: round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, final. There was also a play-off to decide third/fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot-out (five penalties each, if neither team already had a decisive advantage, and more if necessary) to determine who progressed to the next round. Scores after extra time are indicated by (aet) and penalty shoot-outs are indicated by (p).

text:
Round of 16Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal                24 June – Turin   Brazil0 30 June – Florence  Argentina1
  Argentina (p)0 (3) 26 June – Verona  Yugoslavia0 (2)
  Spain1 3 July – Naples  Yugoslavia (aet)2
  Argentina (p)1 (4) 25 June – Genoa  Italy1 (3)
  Republic of Ireland (p)0 (5) 30 June – Rome  Romania0 (4)
  Republic of Ireland0 25 June – Rome  Italy1
  Italy2 8 July – Rome  Uruguay0
  Argentina0 23 June – Bari  West Germany1
  Czechoslovakia4 1 July – Milan  Costa Rica1
  Czechoslovakia0 24 June – Milan  West Germany1
  West Germany2 4 July – Turin  Netherlands1
  West Germany (p)1 (4) 23 June – Naples  England1 (3)
Third place  Cameroon (aet)2 1 July – Naples7 July – Bari  Colombia1
  Cameroon 2 Italy2 26 June – Bologna  England (aet)3
 England1
  England (aet)1   Belgium0

text: All times listed are local (UTC+2)

text: Round of 16[edit]

text: Two of the ties – Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay – pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final.

text: The all-South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea. It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time, to slow him down in the second half. Initially discredited by the press, Branco would be publicly proven right years later, when Maradona confessed the episode on a TV show in Argentina.[26] As for Italy, a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2–0, thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena.

text: The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan, and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs (Germans Andreas Brehme, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale, and Dutchmen Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan). After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents between the two players (including Rijkaard spitting on Völler) left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off. As the players walked off the pitch together, Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time. Early in the second half, Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left. A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2–1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship.

text: Meanwhile, the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia. Milla was introduced as a second-half substitute with the game goalless, eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time. Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper, René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal, leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net. Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2–1, Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter-finals. Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4–1 by Czechoslovakia, for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament's second and final hat-trick.

text: The Republic of Ireland's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time and the Irish side won 5–4 on penalties. David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland's place in the quarter-finals. Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright. Yugoslavia beat Spain 2–1 after extra time, with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs' goals. England were the final qualifier against Belgium, as midfielder David Platt's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot-out.

text:
Cameroon

2–1 (a.e.t.)

 Colombia

Milla  106', 108'

Report

Redín  115'

text:
Czechoslovakia

4–1

 Costa Rica

Skuhravý  12', 63', 82'Kubík  75'

Report

González  54'

text:
Brazil

0–1

 Argentina

Report

Caniggia  80'

text:
West Germany

2–1

 Netherlands

Klinsmann  51'Brehme  82'

Report

R. Koeman  89' (pen.)

text:
Republic of Ireland

0–0 (a.e.t.)

 Romania

Report

Penalties

Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary

5–4

 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte

text:
Italy

2–0

 Uruguay

Schillaci  65'Serena  83'

Report

text:
Spain

1–2 (a.e.t.)

 Yugoslavia

Salinas  83'

Report

Stojković  78', 92'

text:
England

1–0 (a.e.t.)

 Belgium

Platt  119'

Report

text: Quarter-finals[edit]

text: The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side, reduced to 10 men after only half an hour, play out a goalless stalemate. The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot-out 3–2, despite Maradona having his penalty saved. A second Argentine miss (by Pedro Troglio) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea – playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage – rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs' final two spotkicks.

text: The Republic of Ireland's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter-final with hosts Italy. West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty.

text: The quarter-final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter-final to produce more than one goal. Despite Cameroon's heroics earlier in the tournament, David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute. At half-time, Milla was brought on. In the second half, the game was turned on its head during a five-minute stretch: first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead. Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before they conceded a penalty, which Gary Lineker converted. Midway through extra time, England were awarded another penalty and Lineker again scored from the spot. England were through to the semi-finals for the first time since the days of Bobby Moore 24 years prior.

text:
Argentina

0–0 (a.e.t.)

 Yugoslavia

Report

Penalties

Serrizuela  Burruchaga  Maradona Troglio Dezotti

3–2

 Stojković Prosinečki Savićević Brnović Hadžibegić

text:
Republic of Ireland

0–1

 Italy

Report

Schillaci  38'

text:
Czechoslovakia

0–1

 West Germany

Report

Matthäus  25' (pen.)

text:
Cameroon

2–3 (a.e.t.)

 England

Kundé  61' (pen.)Ekéké  65'

Report

Platt  25'Lineker  83' (pen.), 105' (pen.)

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: The first semi-final featured the host nation, Italy, and the world champions, Argentina in Naples. 'Toto' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute, but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half, breaking Walter Zenga's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament. There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona (who played for Naples in Serie A at the time) showing glimpses of magic, but there was a sending-off: Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time. Argentina went through on penalties, winning the shoot-out 4–3 after more heroics from Goycochea.

text: The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half-time. Then, in the 60th minute, a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net. England equalised with ten minutes left; Gary Lineker was the scorer. The game ended 1–1. Extra time yielded more chances. Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post. England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside. The match went to penalties, and West Germany went on to win the shoot-out 4–3.[27]

text:
Argentina

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 Italy

Caniggia  67'

Report

Schillaci  17'

Penalties

Serrizuela Burruchaga Olarticoechea Maradona

4–3

 Baresi Baggio De Agostini Donadoni Serena

text:
West Germany

1–1 (a.e.t.)

 England

Brehme  60'

Report

Lineker  80'

Penalties

Brehme Matthäus Riedle Thon

4–3

 Lineker Beardsley Platt Pearce Waddle

text: Third-place play-off[edit]

text: The game saw three goals in a 15-minute spell. Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England's goalkeeper Peter Shilton, in his final game before international retirement, presented a simple opportunity. A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later, leading to a penalty. Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament's Golden Boot for his six-goal tally. Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later, but the hosts claimed third place. England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award, having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match.

text:
Italy

2–1

 England

Baggio  71'Schillaci  86' (pen.)

Report

Platt  81'

text: Final[edit]

text: The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest-quality of all World Cup Finals.[1][2][28][29][30] In the 65th minute, Argentina's Pedro Monzon - himself only recently on as a substitute - was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann. Monzon was the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final.

text: Argentina, weakened by suspension and injury, offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans, who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities. The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany, after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini leading to Argentinian protests.[31] Andreas Brehme converted the spot kick to settle the contest. In the closing moments, Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti, who had already been yellow carded earlier in the match, received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play. The 1–0 scoreline provided another first: Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final.

text: With its third title (and three second-place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before national reunification – became the most successful World Cup nation at the time. West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain (in 1974) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after Mário Zagallo of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager. It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.

text:
West Germany

1–0

 Argentina

Brehme  85' (pen.)

Report

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup. This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour, after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982. In total, 115 goals were scored by 75 players (none credited as own goals).

text: Salvatore Schillaci

text:
5 goals
 Tomáš Skuhravý

4 goals
 Roger Milla
 Gary Lineker
 Míchel
 Lothar Matthäus

3 goals
 David Platt
 Andreas Brehme
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Rudi Völler

text:
Claudio Caniggia
 Careca
 Müller
 Bernardo Redín

 Michal Bílek
 Roberto Baggio
 Gabi Balint
 Marius Lăcătuș

 Davor Jozić
 Darko Pančev
 Dragan Stojković

text:
Andreas Ogris
 Gerhard Rodax
 Jorge Burruchaga
 Pedro Monzón
 Pedro Troglio
 Jan Ceulemans
 Lei Clijsters
 Michel De Wolf
 Marc Degryse
 Enzo Scifo
 Patrick Vervoort
 Eugène Ekéké
 Emmanuel Kundé
 François Omam-Biyik
 Freddy Rincón
 Carlos Valderrama
 Juan Cayasso
 Róger Flores

 Rónald González
 Hernán Medford
 Ivan Hašek
 Luboš Kubík
 Milan Luhový
 Magdi Abdelghani
 Mark Wright
 Giuseppe Giannini
 Aldo Serena
 Ruud Gullit
 Wim Kieft
 Ronald Koeman
 Niall Quinn
 Kevin Sheedy
 Mo Johnston
 Stuart McCall
 Hwangbo Kwan
 Igor Dobrovolski

 Oleh Protasov
 Oleksandr Zavarov
 Andrei Zygmantovich
 Alberto Górriz
 Julio Salinas
 Tomas Brolin
 Johnny Ekström
 Glenn Strömberg
 Khalid Ismaïl
 Ali Thani Jumaa
 Paul Caligiuri
 Bruce Murray
 Pablo Bengoechea
 Daniel Fonseca
 Uwe Bein
 Pierre Littbarski
 Robert Prosinečki
 Safet Sušić

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Golden Boot winner

Golden Ball winner

Best Young Player

FIFA Fair Play Trophy

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Salvatore Schillaci

 Robert Prosinečki

 England

text: All-star team[edit]

text:
Goalkeeper

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

 Sergio Goycochea
 Luis Gabelo Conejo

 Andreas Brehme
 Paolo Maldini
 Franco Baresi

 Diego Maradona
 Lothar Matthäus
 Dragan Stojković
 Paul Gascoigne

 Salvatore Schillaci
 Roger Milla
 Jürgen Klinsmann

text: Final standings[edit]

text: After the tournament, FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.[33][34]

text:
R

Team

G

P

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts.

1
 West Germany
D
7
5
2
0
15
5
+10
12

2
 Argentina
B
7
2
3
2
5
4
+1
7

3
 Italy
A
7
6
1
0
10
2
+8
13

4
 England
F
7
3
3
1
8
6
+2
9

Eliminated in the quarter-finals

5
 Yugoslavia
D
5
3
1
1
8
6
+2
7

6
 Czechoslovakia
A
5
3
0
2
10
5
+5
6

7
 Cameroon
B
5
3
0
2
7
9
-2
6

8
 Republic of Ireland
F
5
0
4
1
2
3
−1
4

Eliminated in the round of 16

9
 Brazil
C
4
3
0
1
4
2
+2
6

10
 Spain
E
4
2
1
1
6
4
+2
5

11
 Belgium
E
4
2
0
2
6
4
+2
4

12
 Romania
B
4
1
2
1
4
3
+1
4

13
 Costa Rica
C
4
2
0
2
4
6
−2
4

14
 Colombia
D
4
1
1
2
4
4
0
3

15
 Netherlands
F
4
0
3
1
3
4
−1
3

16
 Uruguay
E
4
1
1
2
2
5
−3
3

Eliminated in the group stage

17
 Soviet Union
B
3
1
0
2
4
4
0
2

18
 Austria
A
3
1
0
2
2
3
−1
2

 Scotland
C
3
1
0
2
2
3
−1
2

20
 Egypt
F
3
0
2
1
1
2
−1
2

21
 Sweden
C
3
0
0
3
3
6
−3
0

22
 South Korea
E
3
0
0
3
1
6
−5
0

23
 United States
A
3
0
0
3
2
8
−6
0

24
 United Arab Emirates
D
3
0
0
3
2
11
−9
0

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Most wins: Italy (6)
Most defeats: South Korea, Sweden, UAE, United States (3)
First goal: François Omam Biyik (for Cameroon vs Argentina; Group B, 8 June)
Fastest goal in a match: 3 minutes 59 seconds – Safet Sušić (for Yugoslavia vs UAE; Group D, 19 June)
Latest goal scored in a match (apart from penalty shoot-outs): 119 minutes – David Platt (for England vs Belgium; Round of 16, 26 June)
Biggest win: 5–1 – by Czechoslovakia vs United States, and by West Germany vs UAE
Most goals in the tournament (team): West Germany (15)
Most goals in the tournament (player): Salvatore Schillaci (Italy) (6)
Fewest goals in the tournament (team): Egypt and South Korea (1)
Most goals in a game: 6 (United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5; West Germany 5 UAE 1)
Most goals in a game (player): 3, by Míchel (for Spain vs South Korea) and Tomáš Skuhravý (for Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica)
Fewest goals conceded: Brazil, Egypt and Italy (2)
Total goals scored: 115 (average 2.21 goals per game, a record low in World Cup history)
Most clean sheets: Italy (5)
Total penalties awarded: 18 (13 scored, 5 missed)[35]
Most yellow cards in a game: 9 – Austria vs United States (Group A, 19 June)
Most yellow cards in the tournament: Argentina (22)
Total yellow cards: 162[36]
Most red cards in the tournament: Argentina (3)
Total red cards: 16 (a record high for a 24 team World Cup)
Highest attendance: 74,765 – West Germany vs Yugoslavia (Group D, 10 June)
Lowest attendance: 27,833 – Yugoslavia vs UAE (Group D, 19 June)
Average attendance: 48,391 (5th highest in World Cup history)
Oldest player: Peter Shilton (England) (40 years 292 days)
Youngest player: Rónald González Brenes (Costa Rica) (19 years 307 days)
Italy's performance of 6 wins, 1 draw and 0 losses is the highest ever winning percentage for a team that did not win the World Cup.[37]
The Republic of Ireland became the second team in World Cup history to reach the last eight without winning a match (Sweden progressed to the last eight by default in 1938 when Austria withdrew).


document_title: Professor's Cube

question_text: how many cubes are in a 5x5x5 cube

question_tokens: how many cubes are in a 5x5x5 cube

root

text: Professor's Cube

text: Naming[edit]

text: Early versions of the 5×5×5 cube sold at Barnes & Noble were marketed under the name "Professor's Cube" but currently, Barnes and Noble sells cubes that are simply called "5×5." Mefferts.com offers a limited edition version of the 5×5×5 cube called the Professor's Cube. This version has colored tiles rather than stickers.[1] Verdes Innovations sells a version called the V-Cube 5.[2]

tag: p

text: Workings[edit]

text: The original Professor's Cube design by Udo Krell works by using an expanded 3×3×3 cube as a mantle with the center edge pieces and corners sticking out from the spherical center of identical mechanism to the 3×3×3 cube. All non-central pieces have extensions that fit into slots on the outer pieces of the 3×3×3, which keeps them from falling out of the cube while making a turn. The fixed centers have two sections (one visible, one hidden) which can turn independently. This feature is unique to the original design.[3]

text: The Eastsheen version of the puzzle uses a different mechanism. The fixed centers hold the centers next to the central edges in place, which in turn hold the outer edges. The non-central edges hold the corners in place, and the internal sections of the corner pieces do not reach the center of the cube.[4]

text: The V-Cube 5 mechanism, designed by Panagiotis Verdes, has elements in common with both. The corners reach to the center of the puzzle (like the original mechanism) and the center pieces hold the central edges in place (like the Eastsheen mechanism). The middle edges and center pieces adjacent to them make up the supporting frame and these have extensions which hold rest of the pieces together. This allows smooth and fast rotation and creating arguably the fastest and most durable version of the puzzle. Unlike the original 5×5×5 design, the V-Cube 5 mechanism was designed with speedcubing in mind.[5]

text:
A disassembled Professor's Cube

A disassembled V-Cube 5

A disassembled Eastsheen cube

tag: ul

text: Durability[edit]

text: The original Professor's Cube is inherently more delicate than the 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube because of the much greater number of moving parts. Because of the fragile design the Professor's Cube is not suitable for speedcubing. Applying excessive force to the cube when twisting it may result in broken pieces.[6]  Both the Eastsheen 5×5×5 and the V-Cube 5 are designed with different mechanisms in an attempt to remedy the fragility of the original design.

text: Permutations[edit]

text: There are 98 pieces on the exterior of the cube: 8 corners, 36 edges, and 54 centers (48 movable, 6 fixed).

text: Any permutation of the corners is possible, including odd permutations, giving 8! possible arrangements. Seven of the corners can be independently rotated, and the orientation of the eighth depends on the other seven, giving 37 (or 2,187) combinations.

text: There are 54 centers. Six of these (the center square of each face) are fixed in position. The rest consist of two sets of 24 centers. Within each set there are four centers of each color. Each set can be arranged in 24! different ways. Assuming that the four centers of each color in each set are indistinguishable, the number of permutations of each set is reduced to 24!/(246) arrangements, all of which are possible. The reducing factor comes about because there are 24 (4!) ways to arrange the four pieces of a given color. This is raised to the sixth power because there are six colors. The total number of permutations of all movable centers is the product of the permutations of the two sets, 24!2/(2412).

text: The 24 outer edges cannot be flipped, since the interior shape of those pieces is asymmetrical. Corresponding outer edges are distinguishable, since the pieces are mirror images of each other. Any permutation of the outer edges is possible, including odd permutations, giving 24! arrangements. The 12 central edges can be flipped. Eleven can be flipped and arranged independently, giving 12!/2 × 211 or 12! × 210 possibilities (an odd permutation of the corners implies an odd permutation of the central edges, and vice versa, thus the division by 2). There are 24! × 12! × 210 possibilities for the inner and outer edges together.

text: This gives a total number of permutations of

text: The full number is precisely 282 870 942 277 741 856 536 180 333 107 150 328 293 127 731 985 672 134 721 536 000 000 000 000 000 possible permutations[7] (about 283 duodecillion on the long scale or 283 tresvigintillion on the short scale).

text: Some variations of the Professor's Cube have one of the center pieces marked with a logo, which can be put into four different orientations. This increases the number of permutations by a factor of four to 1.13×1075, although any orientation of this piece could be regarded as correct. By comparison, the number of  atoms in the observable universe is estimated at about 1080. Other variations increase the difficulty by making the orientation of all center pieces visible. An example of this is shown below.

text: Solution[edit]

text: People able to rapidly solve puzzles like this usually favour the reduction method of grouping similar edge pieces into solid strips, and centers into one-colored blocks.  This allows the cube to be quickly solved with the same methods one would use for a 3×3×3 cube. As illustrated to the right, the fixed centers, middle edges and corners can be treated as equivalent to a 3×3×3 cube. As a result, once reduction is complete the parity errors sometimes seen on the 4×4×4 cannot occur on the 5×5×5, or any cube with an odd number of edges for that matter.

text: Another frequently used strategy is to solve the edges of the cube first. The corners can be placed just as they are in any previous order of cube puzzle, and the centers are manipulated with an algorithm similar to the one used in the 4×4×4 cube.

text: A less frequently used strategy is to solve one side and one rim first, then the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rim, and finally the last side and rim. That is, like building a  building. First the basement, then each floor, and finally the roof.[8]

text: World records[edit]

text: The world record fastest 5×5×5 solve is 37.28 seconds, set by Max Park of the United States at 'SacCubing IV 2018'. The world record for average of five solves (excluding fastest and slowest) is 42.56 seconds, also set by Max Park at the 'WCCT Reno 2018' competition.[9] The record for solving a 5×5×5 cube blindfolded is 3 minutes, 45.42 seconds (including inspection), set by Stanley Chapel of the United States on 27 July 2018 at CubingUSA Nationals 2018.[10]

text: Top 5 solvers by single solve[edit]

text:
Name
Fastest solve
Competition

Max Park
37.28s
SacCubing IV 2018

Feliks Zemdegs
37.93s
Canberra Autumn 2018

Pedro Alejandro Condo Tellez
42.40s
WCA Euro 2018

Seung Hyuk Nahm (남승혁)
42.47s
China's 10th Anniversary 2017

Ciarán Beahan
42.88s
Peterborough Open 2018

text: Top 5 solvers by average of 5 solves[edit]

text:
Name
Fastest average
Competition

Max Park
42.56s
WCCT Cupertino 2018

Feliks Zemdegs
43.21s
Melbourne Cube Days 2017

Seung Hyuk Nahm (남승혁)
46.84s
China's 10th Anniversary 2017

Sebastian Weyer
48.26s
Elsass Open 2018

Ciarán Beahan
48.54s
Peterborough Open 2018

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A Filipino TV series from ABS-CBN Entertainment named Little Big Shots, shows a 10-year old cuber named Franco, who solved a Professor's Cube in 1:47.12 minutes


document_title: New England Patriots Radio Network

question_text: what radio station is the patriots game on in maine

text: New England Patriots Radio Network

text: Network stations[edit]

text: Flagship[edit]

text: WBZ-FM, 98.5 FM Boston, Massachusetts

text: Connecticut[edit]

text:
WGCH 1490 A.M. Greenwich
WTIC 1080 A.M. Hartford
WINY 1350 A.M. Stereo Putnam
WMOS 102.3 F.M. Stonington/New London
WINE 940 A.M. Brookfield, Connecticut

text: Maine[edit]

text:
WBLM 102.9 FM Portland
WEBB 98.5 FM Augusta
WWMJ 95.7 FM Ellsworth/Bangor
WSHK/105.3 Kittery
WEGP 1390 AM Presque Isle

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
WAQY 102.1 FM Longmeadow/Springfield
WBEC 1420 AM Pittsfield
WPKZ 1280 AM Fitchburg
WNAW 1230 AM North Adams
WBSM 1420 AM New Bedford
WPVQ 95.3 FM Greenfield
WSAR 1480 AM Fall River
WSBS 860 AM Great Barrington
WWFX 100.1 FM Southbridge
WXTK 95.1 FM West Yarmouth

text: New Hampshire[edit]

text:
WFNQ 106.3 FM Nashua
WPKQ 103.7 FM North Conway
WSAK 102.1 FM Hampton
WNNH 99.1 FM Concord
WZEI 101.5 FM Meredith
W256BJ 99.1 FM Keene (translator of WKNE-HD2)

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text:
WPRO 630 AM Providence
WEAN-FM 99.7 FM Wakefield-Peacedale

text: Vermont[edit]

text:
WBTN 1370 AM Bennington
WEAV 960 AM Burlington
WMOO 92.1 FM Derby
WEXP 101.5 FM Rutland
WRFK 107.1 FM Barre
WKVT 92.7 FM Brattleboro
WSTJ 1340 AM St. Johnsbury
WWOD 93.9 FM Woodstock

text: New York[edit]

text:
WEAV 960 AM Plattsburgh
WUSP 1550 AM Utica (also heard via translator W238BA/95.5 Utica)
WHTK 1280 AM Rochester
WINU 104.9 FM Albany
WENU 1410 AM Glens Falls


document_title: Gravity (John Mayer song)

question_text: what is the meaning of gravity by john mayer

text: Gravity (John Mayer song)

text: Background and production[edit]

text: Mayer suggested in an interview with the magazine Performing Songwriter that "Gravity" was the song he was always trying to write, using the example of "Come Back to Bed" (from Heavier Things) as being an early attempt at "writing Gravity". Along with "Vultures", the song is one of only two songs featured on the John Mayer Trio's debut album, Try!, that carried over into the release of Continuum. Alicia Keys provides background vocals at the end of the song.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Mayer - singing, lead guitar
Pino Palladino - bass, backing vocals
Steve Jordan - drums, percussion
Mehdi Marjan - keyboards

text: Song meaning[edit]

text: This section contains too many or too-lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally-worded summary with appropriate citations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote. (April 2011)

text: In a concert performed in December 2005, Mayer explained the significance and meaning of the song:

text:
“
This is the most important song I’ve ever written, it's a time capsule song. I will listen to it every day of my life if I need to. It's honest to God the most important song I’ve ever written in my life, and it has the fewest words. I was in LA, and I was there for the summer, just writing tunes, and I was in the shower. And I don't know where it came from, but it's the damn truth you know, and I just sang, "gravity...is working against me."
And I just want to say that my full-time job, being—this is true—being a musician is almost a side job to my full-time job of not screwing up. Because the world was devised to be pretty damn even, except for terminal illness, and things that people just absolutely... They're just flukes and they're... You know, I don't know if they're making up for something else way far away that they don't deserve, but it all pretty much evens out.
And if you're gonna do this thing and get paid, and you know, get a car over the phone, if you're gonna do this stuff, something else is gonna happen that is gonna be a temptation to pull you off of it because the people that don't have that going on, they're hoping for that, cause that makes the world even. That makes them even, it makes you even, and where I am now in my life, I’m on a track where as soon as you get in a room, the room is full of things to take you out of the room. "Now that you've made it, here are a plethora of things you can do to not make it. Here are a... Here's the Out door..." and... It's a fill-in-the-blank you know. It's like mad libs. It's like:
[puts hand up to ear like a telephone] "Oh hey John, this is [person that plays... person in the room]... Umm, [person's name, famous person's name] wants to meet you, they want to meet at the top of [famous restaurant] umm, they're really into ya, come on down, you know, in [number] minutes"
and you go... "no." And inside you go... "yeah," but outside you go, "n-n-no." Because those are all ways to take you out. They exist as soon as you get... Even if you're not successful, when you get successful... It's like...
I got successful when I was 23, and that's a crazy looking arc if you chart it out... And all I gotta do is stay up. And sometimes coming down is something to do, because staying up is really boring. If I go out to a party, most people who ask me to a party ask me there so I can be the famous guy at the party, not so I can meet famous people at the party. I am now... When I’m on a plane from New York to LA or LA to New York, and I go [looking around the room], "there are no famous people on the plane, there's usually always one famous person on a plane from New York to LA..." and I go, "ahh shit that's me!! That's not right!"
Umm, this is a song about... making sure you still love yourself... making sure you still have your head on, making sure you still say no the way your mom would say no. And I will need it every damn day of my life because it's easier to mess up than it is to stay here.[1][2]

”

text: Reception[edit]

text: Billboard called the single "an easygoing, bluesy number, convincingly conjuring the spirit of his idol Buddy Guy."[3]

text: On February 22, 2007, "Gravity" entered Billboard's Hot 100 singles chart at #71;[4] at that time, Mayer had two singles charting on the Hot 100 (the other song was "Waiting on the World to Change"). It also entered Billboard's Hot 100 Digital Songs Chart at #63

text: Grammy Awards performance[edit]

text: At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards on February 11, 2007, Mayer performed "Gravity" with Corinne Bailey Rae and John Legend as the end of a medley. The set began with Rae's "Like a Star", and continued with Legend's "Coming Home", before concluding with "Gravity".

text: Stevie Wonder introduced the trio's performance, and each artist performed some aspect of every song through the entire medley. For Rae's "Like a Star", Mayer performed various backing guitar licks, while during Legend's "Coming Home" he performed little. For "Gravity", both Rae and Legend performed backing vocals and Legend played piano.

text: At the awards, Mayer won Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for the first single from Continuum, "Waiting on the World to Change".

text: At the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, the live version of "Gravity" that appears on Mayer's Where The Light Is: John Mayer Live In Los Angeles won the award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance.

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The tune was #84 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs Of All Time.[5] The family of astronaut Pilot Charles O. Hobaugh chose "Gravity" as the wake-up call for the astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on August 11, 2007.[6] (The wake-up call is a tradition for NASA spaceflights since the days of Project Gemini.)[7]

text: The song was featured in the House episode, Cane and Able, that aired on September 12, 2006, the day Continuum was released in the United States.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
Overboard (Stranded, 2008)
Steph Jones on his album "Gravity" 2009
On season 13 of American Idol; C.J. Harris performed Gravity for his song in the Top 7 theme Competitor's choice
On season 7 of The Voice, Chris Jamison auditioned with "Gravity" before choosing Adam Levine as his coach.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2007)
Peak
position

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[8]
66

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[9]
39

US Billboard Hot 100[10]
71

US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[11]
18

US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[12]
10