document_title: Victoria, British Columbia

question_text: when did victoria became the capital of bc

question_tokens: when did victoria became the capital of bc

text: Victoria, British Columbia

text: History[edit]

text: Early history (1770–1871)[edit]

text: Prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late 1700s, the Victoria area was home to several communities of Coast Salish peoples, including the Songhees. The Spanish and British took up the exploration of the northwest coast, beginning with the visits of Juan Pérez in 1774, and of James Cook in 1778.  Although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not penetrated until 1790, Spanish sailors visited Esquimalt Harbour (just west of Victoria proper) in 1790, 1791, and 1792.

text: In 1841 James Douglas was charged with the duty of setting up a trading post on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, upon the recommendation by George Simpson a new more northerly post be built in case Fort Vancouver fell into American hands (see Oregon boundary dispute). Douglas founded Fort Victoria on the site of present-day Victoria in anticipation of the outcome of the Oregon Treaty in 1846, extending the British North America/United States border along the 49th parallel from the Rockies to the Strait of Georgia.[citation needed]

text: Erected in 1843 as a Hudson's Bay Company trading post on a site originally called Camosun (the native word was "camosack", meaning "rush of water")[citation needed] known briefly as "Fort Albert", the settlement was renamed Fort Victoria in November 1843, in honour of Queen Victoria.[10][11] The Songhees established a village across the harbour from the fort. The Songhees' village was later moved north of Esquimalt.The crown colony was established in 1849. Between the years 1850-1854 a series of treaty agreements known as the Douglas Treaties were made with indigenous communities to purchase certain plots of land in exchange for goods.[12] These agreements contributed to a town being laid out on the site and made the capital of the colony, though controversy has followed about the ethical negotiation and upholding of rights by the colonial government.[13] The superintendent of the fort, Chief Factor James Douglas was made the second governor of the Vancouver Island Colony (Richard Blanshard was first governor, Arthur Edward Kennedy was third and last governor), and would be the leading figure in the early development of the city until his retirement in 1864.

text: When news of the discovery of gold on the British Columbia mainland reached San Francisco in 1858, Victoria became the port, supply base, and outfitting centre for miners on their way to the Fraser Canyon gold fields, mushrooming from a population of 300 to over 5000 within a few days. Victoria was incorporated as a city in 1862.[14] In 1865, the North Pacific home of the Royal Navy was established in Esquimalt and today is Canada's Pacific coast naval base. In 1866 when the island was politically united with the mainland, Victoria was designated the capital of the new united colony instead of New Westminster – an unpopular move on the Mainland – and became the provincial capital when British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871.

text: Modern history (1871–present)[edit]

text: In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North America's largest importers of opium, serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade was legal and unregulated until 1865, then the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import and sale. The opium trade was banned in 1908.

text: In 1886, with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus on Burrard Inlet, Victoria's position as the commercial centre of British Columbia was irrevocably lost to the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. The city subsequently began cultivating an image of genteel civility within its natural setting, aided by the impressions of visitors such as Rudyard Kipling, the opening of the popular Butchart Gardens in 1904 and the construction of the Empress Hotel by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1908. Robert Dunsmuir, a leading industrialist whose interests included coal mines and a railway on Vancouver Island, constructed Craigdarroch Castle in the Rockland area, near the official residence of the province's Lieutenant Governor. His son James Dunsmuir became Premier and subsequently Lieutenant Governor of the province and built his own grand residence at Hatley Park (used for several decades as Royal Roads Military College, now civilian Royal Roads University) in the present City of Colwood.

text: A real-estate and development boom ended just before World War I, leaving Victoria with a large stock of Edwardian public, commercial and residential buildings that have greatly contributed to the city's character. With the economic crash and a surplus of single men, Victoria became a target-rich environment for recruiting. Two militia infantry battalions, the 88th Victoria Fusiliers and the 50th Gordon Highlanders, formed in the immediate pre-war period. Victoria was the home of Sir Arthur Currie. He had been a high-school teacher and real-estate agent prior to the war and was the Commanding Officer of the Gordon Highlanders in the summer of 1914. Before the end of the war he would command the Canadian Corps.[15] A number of municipalities surrounding Victoria were incorporated during this period, including the Township of Esquimalt, the District of Oak Bay, and several municipalities on the Saanich Peninsula.[16]

text: Since World War II the Victoria area has seen relatively steady growth, becoming home to two major universities. Since the 1980s the western suburbs have been incorporated as new municipalities, such as Colwood and Langford, which are known collectively as the Western Communities.

text:
Greater Victoria periodically experiences calls for the amalgamation of the thirteen municipal governments within the Capital Regional District.[17]
The opponents of amalgamation state that separate governance affords residents a greater deal of local autonomy.[citation needed] The proponents of amalgamation argue it would reduce duplication of services, while allowing for more efficient use of resources and the ability to better handle broad, regional issues and long-term planning.[citation needed]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Topography[edit]

text: The landscape of Victoria was formed by water in various forms. Pleistocene glaciation put the area under a thick ice cover, the weight of which depressed the land below present sea level. These glaciers also deposited stony sandy loam till. As they retreated, their melt water left thick deposits of sand and gravel. Marine clay settled on what would later become dry land. Post-glacial rebound exposed the present-day terrain to air, raising beach and mud deposits well above sea level. The resulting soils are highly variable in texture, and abrupt textural changes are common. In general, clays are most likely to be encountered in the northern part of town and in depressions. The southern part has coarse-textured subsoils and loamy topsoils. Sandy loams and loamy sands are common in the eastern part adjoining Oak Bay. Victoria's soils are relatively unleached and less acidic than soils elsewhere on the British Columbia Coast. Their thick dark topsoils denoted a high level of fertility which made them valuable for farming until urbanization.

text: Climate[edit]

text:
Victoria

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

94

7
3

72

9
4

47

11
5

29

13
6

26

16
8

21

18
10

14

20
11

20

20
12

27

19
11

51

14
8

99

9
5

109

7
3

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mmSource: Environment Canada[18]

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

3.7

45
37

2.8

47
39

1.8

51
40

1.1

56
43

1

61
47

0.8

64
50

0.6

68
52

0.8

68
53

1.1

65
51

2

57
46

3.9

49
41

4.3

45
38

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text: Victoria has a mild warm summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb)[19] with mild, rainy winters and cool, dry and sunny summers.[20] Other climate classification systems, such as Trewartha, place it in the Oceanic zone (Do).[21] Although Victoria is farther north than such "winter" cities as Ottawa, Quebec City, and Minneapolis, westerly winds and Pacific Ocean currents keep Victoria's winter temperatures substantially higher, with an average January temperature of 5.0 °C (41 °F) compared to Ottawa, the nation's capital, with −10.2 °C (14 °F).

text: At the Victoria Gonzales weather station, daily temperatures rise above 30 °C (86 °F) on average less than one day per year and fall below 0 °C (32 °F) on average only ten nights per year. Victoria has recorded completely freeze-free winter seasons four times (in 1925/26, 1939/40, 1999/2000, and 2002/03). 1999 is the only calendar year on record without a single occurrence of frost. During this time the city went 718 days without freezing, starting on 23 December 1998 and ending 10 December 2000. The second longest frost-free period was a 686-day stretch covering 1925 and 1926, marking the first and last time the city has gone the entire season without dropping below 1 °C (34 °F).[22]

text: During the winter, the average daily high and low temperatures are 8 and 4 °C (46.4 and 39.2 °F), respectively. The summer months are also relatively mild, with an average high temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) and low of 11 °C (51.8 °F), although inland areas often experience warmer daytime highs. The highest temperature ever recorded at Victoria Gonzales was 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) on 11 July 2007,[23] however the University of Victoria reached 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on 29 July 2009.[24] The coldest temperature on record is −15.6 °C (4 °F) on 29 December 1968.[25] The average annual temperature varies from a high of 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) that was set in 2004 to a low of 8.6 °C (47.5 °F) set in 1916.[22]

text: Due to the rain shadow effect of the nearby Olympic Mountains, Victoria is the driest location on the British Columbia coast and one of the driest in the region. Average precipitation amounts in the Greater Victoria area range from 608 mm (23.9 in) at the Gonzales observatory in the City of Victoria to 1,124 mm (44.3 in) in nearby Langford.[26] The Victoria Airport, 25 km (16 mi) north of the city, receives about 45% more precipitation than the city proper. Regional average precipitation amounts range from as low as 406 mm (16.0 in) on the north shore of the Olympic Peninsula[27] to 3,505 mm (138.0 in) in Port Renfrew just 80 km (50 mi) away on the more exposed southwest coast of Vancouver Island. Vancouver measures 1,589 mm (63 in) annually and Seattle is at 952 mm (37.5 in).

text: One feature of Victoria's climate is it has distinct dry and rainy seasons. Nearly two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls during the four wettest months, November to February. Precipitation in December, the wettest month (109 mm or 4.3 in) is nearly eight times as high as in July, the driest month (14 mm or 0.55 in). Victoria experiences the driest summers in Canada (outside of the extreme northern reaches of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut).[28]

text: Victoria averages just 26 cm (10.2 in) of snow annually, about half that of Vancouver. Roughly one third of winters see virtually no snow, with less than 5 cm (1.97 in) falling during the entire season. When snow does fall, it rarely lasts long on the ground. Victoria averages just two or three days per year with at least 5 cm (1.97 in) of snow on the ground.  Every few decades Victoria receives very large snowfalls including the record breaking 100 cm (39.4 in) of snow that fell in December 1996. That amount places Victoria 3rd for biggest snowfall among major cities in Canada.

text: With 2,193 hours of bright sunshine annually during the last available measurement period, Victoria was the second sunniest city in British Columbia after Cranbrook. In July 2013, Victoria received 432.8 hours of bright sunshine, which is the most sunshine ever recorded in any month in British Columbia history.[29]

text: Victoria's equable climate has also added to its reputation as the "City of Gardens". The city takes pride in the many flowers that bloom during the winter and early spring, including crocuses, daffodils, early-blooming rhododendrons, cherry and plum trees. Every February there is an annual "flower count" in what for the rest of the country and most of the province is still the dead of winter.

text: Due to its mild climate, Victoria and its surrounding area (southeastern Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands, and parts of the Lower Mainland and Sunshine Coast) are also home to many rare, native plants found nowhere else in Canada, including Quercus garryana (Garry oak), Arctostaphylos columbiana (hairy manzanita), and Canada's only broad-leaf evergreen tree, Arbutus menziesii (Pacific madrone). Many of these species exist here, at the northern end of their range, and are found as far south as southern California and parts of Mexico.

text: Non-native plants grown in Victoria include the cold-hardy palm Trachycarpus fortunei,  which can be found in gardens and public areas of Victoria. One of these Trachycarpus palms stands in front of City Hall.[30]

text:
showClimate data for Victoria (Gonzales), 1971–2000 normals, extremes 1898–present[a]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high humidex

13.8

16.0

18.3

22.4

29.1

33.8

36.1

35.0

32.3

24.7

19.7

15.1

36.1

Record high °C (°F)

17.1 (62.8)

17.4 (63.3)

23.6 (74.5)

27.0 (80.6)

31.6 (88.9)

35.0 (95)

36.0 (96.8)

33.4 (92.1)

31.7 (89.1)

25.0 (77)

18.9 (66)

15.0 (59)

36.0 (96.8)

Average high °C (°F)

7.0 (44.6)

8.6 (47.5)

10.6 (51.1)

13.1 (55.6)

15.9 (60.6)

17.9 (64.2)

19.8 (67.6)

20.1 (68.2)

18.5 (65.3)

13.8 (56.8)

9.4 (48.9)

7.1 (44.8)

13.5 (56.3)

Daily mean °C (°F)

5.0 (41)

6.2 (43.2)

7.6 (45.7)

9.6 (49.3)

12.1 (53.8)

14.0 (57.2)

15.6 (60.1)

15.9 (60.6)

14.6 (58.3)

10.9 (51.6)

7.2 (45)

5.2 (41.4)

10.3 (50.5)

Average low °C (°F)

3.0 (37.4)

3.7 (38.7)

4.5 (40.1)

6.0 (42.8)

8.2 (46.8)

10.0 (50)

11.3 (52.3)

11.7 (53.1)

10.7 (51.3)

7.9 (46.2)

5.0 (41)

3.2 (37.8)

7.1 (44.8)

Record low °C (°F)

−14.2 (6.4)

−12.8 (9)

−7.1 (19.2)

−2.2 (28)

1.1 (34)

3.9 (39)

6.1 (43)

4.4 (39.9)

1.7 (35.1)

−2.8 (27)

−11.1 (12)

−15.6 (3.9)

−15.6 (3.9)

Record low wind chill

−22.1

−18.6

−13.6

−4.6

−1.8

3.1

4.3

6.5

1.0

−9.1

−20.8

−27.0

−27.0

Average precipitation mm (inches)

94.3 (3.713)

71.7 (2.823)

46.5 (1.831)

28.5 (1.122)

25.8 (1.016)

20.7 (0.815)

14.0 (0.551)

19.7 (0.776)

27.4 (1.079)

51.2 (2.016)

98.9 (3.894)

108.9 (4.287)

607.6 (23.921)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

85.2 (3.354)

68.1 (2.681)

45.3 (1.783)

28.5 (1.122)

25.8 (1.016)

20.7 (0.815)

14.0 (0.551)

19.7 (0.776)

27.4 (1.079)

51.1 (2.012)

95.5 (3.76)

101.9 (4.012)

583.1 (22.957)

Average snowfall cm (inches)

9.7 (3.82)

3.5 (1.38)

1.1 (0.43)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.1 (0.04)

4.1 (1.61)

7.8 (3.07)

26.3 (10.35)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm (0.008 in))

17.0

15.4

13.6

10.4

9.0

7.1

4.9

4.8

7.9

11.9

16.1

17.5

135.6

Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm (0.008 in))

14.6

14.3

12.9

10.4

9.0

7.1

4.9

4.8

7.9

11.9

15.3

16.1

129.2

Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm (0.08 in))

2.6

1.7

0.7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.1

0.8

1.9

7.8

Mean monthly sunshine hours

74.1

93.7

149.5

201.5

266.6

273.8

327.8

297.3

204.1

153.4

83.1

68.7

2,193.3

Percent possible sunshine

27.1

32.6

40.6

49.2

56.6

56.9

67.5

66.9

53.9

45.6

29.9

26.4

46.1

Source: Environment Canada[31][32][33][23][25]

text:
showClimate data for University of Victoria, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1992–present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

15.2 (59.4)

16.5 (61.7)

21.0 (69.8)

25.0 (77)

28.8 (83.8)

32.2 (90)

37.6 (99.7)

34.5 (94.1)

29.3 (84.7)

23.5 (74.3)

19.0 (66.2)

16.5 (61.7)

37.6 (99.7)

Average high °C (°F)

8.5 (47.3)

9.3 (48.7)

11.4 (52.5)

14.4 (57.9)

17.9 (64.2)

20.9 (69.6)

23.8 (74.8)

23.6 (74.5)

20.4 (68.7)

14.6 (58.3)

10.6 (51.1)

8.6 (47.5)

15.3 (59.5)

Daily mean °C (°F)

6.1 (43)

6.3 (43.3)

7.9 (46.2)

10.1 (50.2)

13.0 (55.4)

15.7 (60.3)

17.9 (64.2)

17.8 (64)

15.2 (59.4)

11.0 (51.8)

7.8 (46)

6.2 (43.2)

11.2 (52.2)

Average low °C (°F)

3.6 (38.5)

3.2 (37.8)

4.3 (39.7)

5.8 (42.4)

8.1 (46.6)

10.4 (50.7)

12.0 (53.6)

11.9 (53.4)

10.0 (50)

7.3 (45.1)

4.9 (40.8)

3.6 (38.5)

7.1 (44.8)

Record low °C (°F)

−7.5 (18.5)

−7.2 (19)

−4.1 (24.6)

−0.5 (31.1)

0.2 (32.4)

5.2 (41.4)

6.2 (43.2)

7.3 (45.1)

4.4 (39.9)

−2.1 (28.2)

−7.4 (18.7)

−11.2 (11.8)

−11.2 (11.8)

Source: Environment Canada[34][24][35]

text: Neighbourhoods[edit]

text: The following is a list of neighbourhoods in the City of Victoria, as defined by the city planning department.[36] For a list of neighbourhoods in other area municipalities, see Greater Victoria, or the individual entries for those municipalities.

text:
Burnside/Gorge
Downtown
Fairfield
Fernwood
Gonzales (Foul Bay)
Uptown
Harris Green
Hillside-Quadra
James Bay
Jubilee (North/South)
North Park
Oaklands
Rockland
Victoria West

text: Informal neighbourhoods include:

text:
Chinatown
Rock Bay
Oak Bay Border (Foul Bay Road)
Songhees (part of Victoria West)
Selkirk

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The population of Victoria was 80,017 in 2011. The Victoria Census Metropolitan Area, comprising thirteen municipalities informally referred to as Greater Victoria, has a population of 344,615 and is the largest urban area on Vancouver Island.[38] By population, Greater Victoria is the 15th largest metropolitan area in Canada. The Capital Regional District, which includes additional rural areas, has a total population of 345,164.

text: Victoria is known for its disproportionately large retiree population. Some 6.4 percent of the population of Victoria and its surrounding area are more than 80 years of age—the highest proportion for any of Canada's metropolitan areas. The city also boasts the country's third-highest concentration of people 65 and older (17.8 per cent), behind only Peterborough, Ontario, and Kelowna, British Columbia.[39] Retirees throughout Canada are drawn to Victoria's mild climate, beautiful scenery, year-round golf season, and generally easy-going pace of life. A historically popular cliché referring to the city was it is for "the newly wed and nearly dead".[40]

text: Ethnic origins[edit]

text: Population by ethnic origin[edit]

text: Note: These categories are those used by Statistics Canada.

text:
showEthnic Origin[41]

Population[42]

Proportion[43]

English

31,545

41.84%

Scottish

21,205

28.12%

Irish

16,785

22.26%

Canadian

14,500

19.23%

German

10,365

13.75%

French

7,935

10.52%

Dutch (Netherlands)

3,395

4.50%

Chinese

3,315

4.40%

Ukrainian

3,285

4.40%

North American Indigenous

3,230

4.29%

Welsh

2,920

3.87%

Polish

2,660

3.53%

Norwegian

2,440

3.24%

British Isles, n.i.e.[44]

2,360

3.13%

Italian

2,280

3.02%

Swedish

2,080

2.76%

American

1,920

2.55%

Russian

1,840

2.44%

Danish

1,320

1.75%

Austrian

1,180

1.57%

Filipino

1,055

1.40%

Spanish

1,050

1.39%

Métis

1,015

1.35%

Jewish

990

1.31%

Japanese

985

1.31%

East Indian

915

1.21%

Hungarian (Magyar)

890

1.18%

Swiss

660

0.88%

Belgian

635

0.84%

Finnish

630

0.84%

Czech

585

0.78%

Portuguese

550

0.73%

Romanian

500

0.66%

Icelandic

485

0.64%

Korean

400

0.53%

Croatian

295

0.39%

African, n.i.e.

275

0.36%

Australian

270

0.36%

Greek

265

0.35%

Mexican

255

0.34%

European, n.i.e.

235

0.31%

Vietnamese

225

0.30%

Scandinavian, n.i.e.

210

0.29%

Serbs

210

0.29%

Iranian

195

0.26%

Lebanese

190

0.25%

South African

185

0.25%

Acadian

175

0.23%

Lithuanian

170

0.23%

Yugoslav, n.i.e.

160

0.21%

Jamaican

155

0.21%

Chilean

155

0.21%

Latvian

155

0.21%

Black

155

0.21%

Taiwanese

150

0.20%

Slovenian

140

0.19%

Ethiopian

130

0.17%

Czechoslovak

115

0.15%

Slovak

115

0.15%

New Zealander

115

0.15%

Argentinian

95

0.13%

Turk

95

0.13%

Barbadian

90

0.12%

Trinidadian/Tobagonian

90

0.12%

Estonian

90

0.12%

Arab, n.i.e.

90

0.12%

Cambodian

85

0.11%

Indonesian

80

0.11%

West Indian

75

0.10%

Flemish

75

0.10%

Egyptian

75

0.10%

Thai

75

0.10%

Inuit

70

0.09%

Guyanese

65

0.09%

Salvadoran

65

0.09%

Oromo

65

0.09%

Punjabi

65

0.09%

Hawaiian

65

0.09%

Maltese

55

0.07%

Armenian

55

0.07%

Colombian

50

0.07%

Gypsy (Roma)

50

0.07%

Manx

45

0.06%

Brazilian

45

0.06%

Maya

45

0.06%

Venezuelan

45

0.06%

Albanian

45

0.06%

Ghanaian

45

0.06%

Somali

45

0.06%

Belarusian

40

0.05%

Syrian

40

0.05%

Pakistani

40

0.05%

Sri Lankan

40

0.05%

Laotian

40

0.05%

Fijian

40

0.05%

Aboriginal from Central/South America

35

0.05%

Bulgarian

35

0.05%

Sicilian

35

0.05%

Burmese

35

0.05%

Malaysian

35

0.05%

Māori

35

0.05%

Newfoundlander

30

0.04%

Peruvian

30

0.04%

Tigrian

30

0.04%

South Asian, n.i.e.

30

0.04%

Mongolian

30

0.04%

Québécois

25

0.03%

Dominican, n.o.s.[45]

25

0.03%

Caribbean, n.i.e.

25

0.03%

Belizean

25

0.03%

Guatemalan

25

0.03%

Panamanian

25

0.03%

Latin, Central or South American, n.i.e.

25

0.03%

Frisian

25

0.03%

Bosnian

25

0.03%

Eritrean

25

0.03%

Moroccan

25

0.03%

Cornish

20

0.03%

Other provincial or regional groups

20

0.03%

Basque

20

0.03%

Zimbabwean

20

0.03%

Afghan

20

0.03%

Ecuadorian

15

0.02%

Luxembourger

15

0.02%

Slav (European)

15

0.02%

Amhara

15

0.02%

Zulu

15

0.02%

Libyan

15

0.02%

Azerbaijani

15

0.02%

Bengali

15

0.02%

Grenadian

10

0.01%

Puerto Rican

10

0.01%

Kosovar

10

0.01%

Montenegrin

10

0.01%

Guinean, n.o.s.

10

0.01%

Kenyan

10

0.01%

Mauritian

10

0.01%

Rwandan

10

0.01%

Tatar

10

0.01%

Bangladeshi

10

0.01%

text: Visible minorities and Indigenous population[edit]

text:
Canada 2016 Census
Population
% of Total Population

Visible minority group[citation needed]
Chinese
3,280
7000400000000000000♠4%

Black
1,130
7000140000000099999♠1.4%

South Asian
1,750
7000210000000000000♠2.1%

Filipino
1,700
7000210000000000000♠2.1%

Latin American
765
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

Arab
575
6999700000000000000♠0.7%

Southeast Asian
720
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

West Asian
445
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

Korean
580
6999700000000000000♠0.7%

Japanese
855
7000100000000000000♠1%

Other visible minority
135
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

Mixed visible minority
445
6999500000000000000♠0.5%

Total visible minority population
12,370
7001152000000000000♠15.2%

Aboriginal group[citation needed]
First Nations
2,145
7000260000000000000♠2.6%

Métis
1,455
7000180000000000000♠1.8%

Inuit
25
5000000000000000000♠0%

Total Aboriginal population
3,780
7000460000000099999♠4.6%

European
65,500
7001802000000000000♠80.2%

Total population
81,650
100%

text: Economy[edit]

text: The city's chief industries are technology, food products, tourism, education, federal and provincial government administration and services.[citation needed] Other nearby employers include the Canadian Forces (the Township of Esquimalt is the home of the Pacific headquarters of the Royal Canadian Navy), and the University of Victoria (in the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich) and Camosun College (which have over 33,000 faculty, staff and students combined). Other sectors of the Greater Victoria area economy include: investment and banking, online book publishing, various public and private schools, food products manufacturing, light aircraft manufacturing, technology products, various high tech firms in pharmaceuticals and computers, engineering, architecture and telecommunications.

text: Retail industry[edit]

text: There are three major shopping malls in the City of Victoria, including the Bay Centre, Hillside Shopping Centre, and Mayfair Shopping Centre. Mayfair, one of the first major shopping centres in Victoria, first opened as an outdoor strip mall on 16 October 1963 with 27 stores.[46][47] It was built on the site of a former brickyard in the Maywood district, a then-semi-rural area in the northern part of Victoria.[47][48] Woodward's was Mayfair's original department store anchor upon the mall's opening.[47][49]

text: Mayfair was enclosed and renovated into an indoor mall in 1974.[50][51] The mall underwent three later expansions in 1984 (with the addition of Consumers Distributing), 1985 (expansion of the mall food court) and a major expansion in 1990 that saw the addition of more retail space.[50] The Bay (now Hudson's Bay) replaced Woodward's as Mayfair's department store anchor in 1993 following Hudson's Bay Company's acquisition of the Woodward's chain.[52] Mayfair now offers 117 stores and services including Hudson's Bay and Toys "R" Us.[53] It has 454,213 square feet (42,197.8 m2) of retail space and it also provides customers with rooftop parking.[53]

text: Technology industry[edit]

text: Advanced technology is Victoria's largest revenue producing private industry with $3.15 billion in annual revenues generated by more than 880 tech companies that have over 15,000 direct employees.[54] The annual economic impact of the sector is estimated at more than $4.03 billion per year.[54]  With three post secondary institutions, eight federal research labs, and Canada's Pacific Navy Base, Victoria has many of the elements required for a strong technology sector. Victoria has Canada's highest household internet usage and is ranked as "Canada's Smartest City" by Macleans Magazine.[55]

text: Tourism industry[edit]

text: Victoria is a major tourism destination with over 3.5 million overnight visitors per year who add more than a billion dollars to the local economy.[56] As well, an additional 500,000 daytime visitors arrive via cruise ships which dock at Ogden Point near the city's Inner Harbour. Many whale watching tour companies operate from this harbour due to the whales often present near its coast. The city is also close to Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt, the Canadian Navy's primary Pacific Ocean naval base.

text: Downtown Victoria also serves as Greater Victoria's regional downtown, where many night clubs, theatres, restaurants and pubs are clustered, and where many regional public events occur. Canada Day fireworks displays, Symphony Splash, and many other music festivals and cultural events draw tens of thousands of Greater Victorians and visitors to the downtown core. The Rifflandia and Electronic Music Festival are other music events that draw crowds to the downtown core.

text: The city and metro region has hosted high-profile sports events including the 1994 Commonwealth Games, the 2009 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship tournament, and 2006 Skate Canada. Victoria co-hosted the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup at Royal Athletic Park, and is the venue for the Bastion Square Grand Prix Criterium road cycling race. The city is also a destination for conventions, meetings, and conferences, including a 2007 North Atlantic Treaty Organization military chief of staff meeting held at the Hotel Grand Pacific. Every year, the Swiftsure International Yacht Race attracts boaters from around the world to participate in the boat race in the waters off of Vancouver Island, and the Victoria Dragon Boat Festival brings over 90 teams from around North America. The Tall Ships Festival brings sailing ships to the city harbour. Victoria also hosts the start of the Vic-Maui Yacht Race, the longest offshore sailboat race on the West Coast.[citation needed]

text: The Port of Victoria consists of three parts, the Outer Harbour, used by deep sea vessels, the Inner and Upper Harbours, used by coastal and industrial traffic. It is protected by a breakwater with a deep and wide opening. The port is a working harbour, tourist attraction and cruise destination. Esquimalt Harbour is also a well-protected harbour with a large graving dock and shipbuilding and repair facilities.

text: Social conditions[edit]

text: In January 2005, a volunteer study by the Victoria Cool Aid Society found the homeless population to be approximately 700 individuals.[57] This was the first homeless count in the city. In 2006, a Times-Colonist news article estimated the homeless population to have increased by 30% in just a few weeks due to the anticipated tourism boom of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[58] In early 2008, an anti-homelessness programme based on a successful Italian programme was introduced to Victoria.[59] As of February 2013, no residents live there yet.[60]

text: Despite Victoria's reputation as a tourist destination, pervasive homelessness and panhandling are serious problems in the downtown area as is "open-air" drug use.[61][62][63][64][65]

text: The homeless survey conducted by the Victoria Cool-Aid Society found 50% of the homeless population identify themselves as being of First Nations origin, and the majority of people living on the streets do not receive income assistance from the government.[57]

text: Culture[edit]

text: The Victoria Symphony, led by Tania Miller, performs at the Royal Theatre and the Farquhar Auditorium of the University of Victoria from September to May. Every BC Day weekend, the Symphony mounts Symphony Splash, an outdoor event that includes a performance by the orchestra sitting on a barge in Victoria's Inner Harbour. Streets in the local area are closed, as each year approximately 40,000 people attend a variety of concerts and events throughout the day. The event culminates with the Symphony's evening concert, with Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture as the grand finale, complete with cannon fire from Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Gunners from HMCS QUADRA, a pealing carillon and a fireworks display to honour BC Day. Pacific Opera Victoria, Victoria Operatic Society, Victoria Philharmonic Choir, Canadian Pacific Ballet and Ballet Victoria stage two or three productions each year at the Macpherson or Royal Theatres.

text: The Bastion Theatre, a professional dramatic company, functioned in Victoria through the 1970s and 1980s and performed high quality dramatic productions but ultimately declared bankruptcy in 1988. Reborn as The New Bastion Theatre in 1990 the company struggled for two more years before closing operations in 1992. The Belfry Theatre started in 1974 as the Springridge Cultural Centre in 1974. The venue was renamed the Belfry Theatre in 1976 as the company began producing its own shows. The Belfry's mandate is to produce contemporary plays with an emphasis on new Canadian plays. Other regional theatre venues include: Phoenix Theatre student theatre at the University of Victoria, Kaleidoscope Theatre and Intrepid Theatre, producers of the Victoria Fringe Theatre Festival and The Uno Festival of Solo Performance.

text: The only Canadian Forces Primary Reserve brass/reed band on Vancouver Island is in Victoria. The 5th (British Columbia) Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery Band traces its roots back to 1864, making it the oldest, continually operational military band west of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Its mandate is to support the island's military community by performing at military dinners, parades and ceremonies, and other events. The band performs weekly in August at Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site where the Regiment started manning the guns of the fort in 1896, and also performs every year at the Cameron Bandshell at Beacon Hill Park.

text: The annual multi-day Rifflandia Music Festival is one of Canada's largest modern, rock and pop music festivals.

text: A number of well-known musicians and bands are from Victoria, including Nelly Furtado, David Foster, The Moffatts, Frog Eyes, Johnny Vallis, Jets Overhead, Bryce Soderberg, Swollen Members, Armchair Cynics, Nomeansno, The New Colors, Wolf Parade, The Racoons, Dayglo Abortions and Hot Hot Heat.

text: Due to the proximity to Vancouver and a 6% distance location tax credit, Victoria is used as a filming location for many films, television series, and television movies. Some of these films include X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, In the Land of Women, White Chicks, Scary Movie, Final Destination, Excess Baggage and Bird on a Wire. Television series such as Smallville, The Dead Zone and Poltergeist: The Legacy were also filmed there. Canadian director Atom Egoyan was raised in Victoria. Actors Cameron Bright (Ultraviolet, X-Men: The Last Stand, Thank You for Smoking, New Moon) and Ryan Robbins (Stargate Atlantis, Battlestar Galactica, Sanctuary) were born in Victoria. Actor Cory Monteith from the television series Glee was raised in Victoria. Actor, artist, and athlete Duncan Regehr of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was raised in the region.

text: Nobel laureate Alice Munro lived in Victoria during the years when she published her first story collections and co-founded Munro's Books. Victoria resident Stanley Evans has written a series of mysteries featuring a Coast Salish character, Silas Seaweed, who works as an investigator with the Victoria Police Department. Other Victoria writers include Kit Pearson, Esi Edugyan, Robert Wiersema, W. D. Valgardson, Elizabeth Louisa Moresby, Madeline Sonik, Jack Hodgins, Dave Duncan, Bill Gaston, David Gurr, Ken Steacy, Sheryl McFarlane, Carol Shields and Patrick Lane. Gayleen Froese's 2005 novel Touch is set in Victoria.

text: Attractions[edit]

text:
Beacon Hill Park is the central city's main urban green space. Its area of 75 hectares (190 acres) adjacent to Victoria's southern shore includes numerous playing fields, manicured gardens, exotic species of plants and animals such as wild peacocks, a petting zoo, and views of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Olympic Mountains in Washington across it. The sport of cricket has been played in Beacon Hill Park since the mid-19th century.[66] Each summer, the City of Victoria presents dozens of concerts at the Cameron Band Shell in Beacon Hill Park.
[67]

text: The extensive system of parks in Victoria also includes a few areas of natural Garry oak meadow habitat, an increasingly scarce ecosystem that once dominated the region.

text: In the heart of downtown are the British Columbia Parliament Buildings, The Empress Hotel, Victoria Police Department Station Museum, the gothic Christ Church Cathedral, and the Royal British Columbia Museum/IMAX National Geographic Theatre, with large exhibits on local Aboriginal peoples, natural history, and modern history, along with travelling international exhibits. In addition, the heart of downtown also has the Emily Carr House, Victoria Bug Zoo, and Market Square. The oldest (and most intact) Chinatown in Canada is within downtown. The Art Gallery of Greater Victoria is close to downtown in the Rockland neighbourhood several city blocks from Craigdarroch Castle built by industrialist Robert Dunsmuir and Government House, the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.

text:
Numerous other buildings of historic importance or interest are also in central Victoria, including: the 1845 St. Ann's Schoolhouse; the 1852 Helmcken House built for Victoria's first doctor; the 1863 Congregation Emanu-El, the oldest synagogue in continuous use in Canada; the 1865 Angela College built as Victoria's first Anglican Collegiate School for Girls, now housing retired nuns of the Sisters of St. Ann; the 1871 St. Ann's Academy built as a Catholic school; the 1874 Church of Our Lord, built to house a breakaway congregation from the Anglican Christ Church cathedral; the 1890 St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church;[68] the 1890 Metropolitan Methodist Church (now the Victoria Conservatory of Music),
[69] which is publicly open for faculty, student, and guest performances, also acts as Camosun College Music Department; the 1892 St. Andrew's Cathedral; and the 1925 Crystal Gardens, originally a saltwater swimming pool, restored as a conservatory and most recently a tourist attraction called the B.C. Experience, which closed down in 2006.

text: Outside the city[edit]

text: CFB Esquimalt navy base, in the adjacent municipality of Esquimalt, has a base museum dedicated to naval and military history, in the Naden part of the base. [2]

text: North of the city on the Saanich Peninsula are the marine biology Shaw Ocean Discovery Centre, Butchart Gardens, one of the biggest tourist and local resident attractions on Vancouver Island, as well as the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, part of the National Research Council of Canada, Victoria Butterfly Gardens and Centre of the Universe planetarium.[70]

text: Notable museums located just outside of Victoria include the Maritime Museum of British Columbia, and the British Columbia Aviation Museum on the north edge of the Victoria International Airport. There are also numerous National Historic Sites in close proximity to Victoria, such as the Fisgard Lighthouse, Craigflower Manor and Schoolhouse, Hatley Castle and Hatley Park and Fort Rodd Hill, which is a coastal artillery fort built in the late 1890s west of the city in Colwood. Also west of the city is Western Speedway, a 640-metre (4⁄10 mi) oval vehicular race track and the largest in Western Canada.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Victoria's climate, location and variety of facilities make it ideal for many recreational activities including rock climbing, hiking, kayaking, golf, water sports, informal team sports and jogging.

text: Victoria is also known as the Cycling Capital of Canada,[71] with hundreds of kilometres of bicycle paths, bike lanes and bike routes in the city, including the Galloping Goose Regional Trail. There are mountain biking trails at Mount Work Regional Park,[72] and Victoria is quickly becoming a bike tourism destination.[73] Cycling advocacy groups including Greater Victoria Cycling Coalition (GVCC) and the Bike To Work Society have worked to improve Victoria's cycling infrastructure and facilities, and to make cycling a viable transportation alternative, attracting 5% of commuters in 2005.[74]

text: Greater Victoria also has a rich motorsports history, and is home to a 4/10ths mile oval race track called Western Speedway.  Opened in 1954, Western Speedway is the oldest speedway in western Canada, and features stock car racing, drag racing, demolition derbies and other events.  Western Speedway is also home to the Victoria Auto Racing Hall of Fame and Museum.

text: The Greater Victoria area also serves as a headquarters for Rugby Canada, based out of Westhills Stadium in Langford, as well as a headquarters for Rowing Canada, based out of Victoria City Rowing Club at Elk Lake in Saanich. The Greater Victoria Sports Hall of Fame is at the Save-on-Foods Memorial Centre, and features numerous displays and information on the sporting history of the city.

text: The major sporting and entertainment complex, for Victoria and Vancouver Island Region, is the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre arena. It replaced the former Victoria Memorial Arena, which was constructed by efforts of World War II veterans as a monument to fallen comrades. World War I, World War II, Korean War, and other conflict veterans are also commemorated. Fallen Canadian soldiers in past, present, and future wars and/or United Nations, NATO missions are noted, or will be noted by the main lobby monument at the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre. The arena was the home of the ECHL (formerly known as the East Coast Hockey League) team, Victoria Salmon Kings, owned by RG Properties Limited, a real estate development firm that built the Victoria Save On Foods Memorial Centre, and Prospera Place Arena in Kelowna. The arena is the home of the Victoria Royals Western Hockey League (WHL) team that replaced the Victoria Salmon Kings (ECHL).

text: Events[edit]

text: Victoria has also been a destination for numerous high-profile international sporting events. It hosted the 1994 Commonwealth Games and the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. The 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup was co-hosted by Victoria along with five other Canadian cities; (Burnaby, Toronto, Edmonton, Ottawa, Montreal).  Victoria was also the first city location of the cross Canada 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay that occurred before the start of the 2010 Winter Olympics.  Victoria will co-host the 2019 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships  along with Vancouver, British Columbia.

text: Sports teams[edit]

text: The city has also been home to numerous high-profile sports teams in its history.  The Victoria Cougars are perhaps the most famous sports franchise the city has known, winning the Stanley Cup as members of the PCHA in 1925. Today a Junior 'B' team of that name plays in the Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League. From 1971 until 1994 there was also a team called the Victoria Cougars in the Western Hockey League, before they moved to Prince George to become the Prince George Cougars. The Victoria Salmon Kings played in the ECHL from 2004 to 2011, and were a minor league affiliate of the Vancouver Canucks.  In baseball, Victoria was also once home of the Victoria Athletics of the Western International League, a Class 'A' minor league baseball affiliate of the New York Yankees.

text: Victoria has been home to many accomplished athletes that have participated in professional sports or the Olympics.  Notable professional athletes include Steve Nash, twice Most Valuable Player in the National Basketball Association, who grew up in Victoria and played youth basketball at St. Michael's University School and Mount Douglas Secondary School.  Furthermore, there are several current NHL hockey players from Greater Victoria, including brothers Jamie Benn and Jordie Benn of the Dallas Stars and Montreal Canadiens, respectively; Tyson Barrie of the Colorado Avalanche, and Matt Irwin of the Nashville Predators. Michael Saunders, current outfielder for the Philadelphia Phillies was born in Victoria and still lives there during the off season. Nick Pivetta was born in Victoria and is currently a pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization who debuted this year as of 2017. Professional racing cyclist and 2012 Giro d'Italia winner, Ryder Hesjedal was born in Victoria and still calls the city home.  Victoria has also been home to numerous Olympic Games athletes, including, but not limited to, multi-time medalists such as Silken Laumann, Ryan Cochrane, and Simon Whitfield.

text: Sports teams presently operating in Victoria include:

text:
Club

Sport

League

Venue

Victoria Royals

Ice hockey

Western Hockey League

Save on Foods Memorial Centre

Victoria HarbourCats

Baseball

West Coast League

Royal Athletic Park

UVic Vikes

Various

U Sports

Various

Camosun Chargers

Various

Canadian Colleges Athletic Association

Various

Victoria Shamrocks

Box lacrosse

Western Lacrosse Association

The Q Centre

Victoria Grizzlies

Ice hockey

British Columbia Hockey League

The Q Centre

Westshore Rebels

Canadian football

Canadian Junior Football League

Westhills Stadium

Victoria Highlanders

Soccer

Premier Development League

Centennial Stadium

Eves of Destruction

Roller Derby

Women's Flat Track Derby Association

Various

text: Notable defunct teams that operated in Victoria include:

text:
Victoria Capitals (Canadian Baseball League)
Victoria Cougars (Western Hockey League)
Victoria Vistas (Canadian Soccer League)
Victoria Seals (Golden Baseball League)
Victoria Salmon Kings (ECHL)
Victoria United FC (Pacific Coast Soccer League)

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: The Jordan River Diversion Dam is Vancouver Island's main hydroelectric power station. It was built in 1911.[75]

text:
The city's water is supplied by the Capital Regional District's Water Services Department from its Sooke Lake Reservoir. The lake is connected to a treatment plant at Japan Gulch by the 8.8 km (5.5 mi) Kapoor Tunnel.  The lake water is very soft and requires no filtering. It is treated with chlorine, ammonia and ultraviolet light to control micro-organisms.
[76]
Until the tunnel was completed in 1967, water flowed from the lake through the circuitous, leaky and much smaller 44 km (27 mi) Sooke Flowline.

text: The Hartland landfill is the waste disposal site for Greater Victoria area. Since 1985, it has been run by the Capital Regional District environmental services. It is on top of a hill, between Victoria and Sidney, at the end of Hartland Avenue.48°32′17″N 123°27′48″W / 48.538148°N 123.463368°W / 48.538148; -123.463368 There is a recycling centre, a sewer solid waste collection, hazardous waste collection, and an electricity generating station. This generating station now creates 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough for 1,600 homes.[77] The site has won international environmental awards.[78] The CRD conducts public tours of the facility. It is predicted to be full by 2045.

text: Victoria discharges 81.7 megalitres (2,890,000 cubic feet)[79] per day of screened wastewater that has undergone preliminary treatment into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The wastewater treatment facilities at Clover Pt. and Macaulay Pt. serve seven municipalities composing the core area of the CRD. At these two facilities, wastewater is screened to exclude objects larger than 6 mm (0.24 in) then pumped through diffusers at the end of deep marine outfalls.[80] The CRD is building an upgrade of its wastewater treatment infrastructure to full tertiary level.

text: The Saanich Peninsula wastewater treatment plant serves North Saanich, Central Saanich and the Town of Sidney as well as the Victoria International Airport, the Institute of Ocean Sciences and the Tseycum and Pauquachin First Nations communities. This is a secondary level treatment plant which produces Class A biosolids.[80]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: The Victoria International Airport has non-stop flights to and from Toronto, San Francisco, Seattle and many cities throughout Western Canada. Multiple scheduled helicopter and seaplane flights are available daily from Victoria's Inner Harbour to Vancouver International Airport, Vancouver Harbour, and Seattle.

text: Direct flights between Victoria and the San Francisco Bay Area (San Francisco, Oakland, Silicon Valley) began service on 5 June 2008.[81] Trips will be 2 hours instead of the usual 6 hours because there will be no stop overs in Seattle, as with other flights. The service will be operated by United Airlines, using Bombardier CRJ-200 aircraft. The same newspaper article also mentions the Victoria Airport Authority's plans for further capacity expansions at the Victoria International Airport. These are expected to offer extended economic benefits to the region, especially the Tourism and High Tech industries. West Jet started a direct flight service to Las Vegas, Nevada, three times per week, on 9 September 2008 (Victoria Times Colonist, 29 May 2008).

text: Victoria is also home to the world's largest all-seaplane airline, Harbour Air.[82]  Harbour air offers flights during daylight hours at least every 30 minutes between Victoria's inner harbour and Vancouver's downtown terminal or YVR south terminal. Harbour Air also operate scenic tour flights over the Victoria harbour and gulf islanSports eams presentds area.[83]

text: Cycling[edit]

text: Due to Victoria's mild year round weather with mostly rainy winters, commuting by bicycle is practical year-round compared to other Canadian cities. For this reason, the Greater Victoria area had the highest rate of bicycle commuting to work of any census metropolitan area in Canada in the 2011 and 2016 census.[84][85] Greater Victoria also has an expanding system designed to facilitate bicycles and electrically assisted bicycles via bike lanes on many roads as well as separated multi-use paths for bicycles and pedestrians known as the Galloping Goose Regional Trail, Lochside Regional Trail and the E&N rail trail. These multi-use trails are designed exclusively for foot traffic and cyclists and pass through many communities in the Greater Victoria area, beginning at the downtown core and extending into areas such as Langford and Central and North Saanich.

text: Bike to Work Week Victoria[86][87][88] is a bi-annual event held in communities throughout greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is organized by the Greater Victoria Bike to Work Society with a Spring bike to work week scheduled in late May every year and a Fall bike to work week scheduled in October. The purpose of the event is to encourage bicycle commuting. Bike to Work Week began in 1995 in Victoria and has expanded to include other communities in BC through their local bicycle advocacy groups all supported by the Bike to Work BC Society. In 2008, the Bike to Work BC Society was formed as a legal entity to run the event in other communities around BC.  Since its inception ridership in the yearly event has steadily increased, and in 2017 over 7000 people participated in Greater Victoria.[89] Bike to Work Week is first a marketing initiative and secondarily a cycling event that aims to attract new daily riders to commuting by bicycle. The behaviour change (public health) model, relying on research conducted by both the provincial and federal governments that identified barriers to cycling and reasons for choosing cycling, was applied as a way to accomplish the goal of recruiting employees to bicycle to work.[90]

text: Victoria is building a protected bike lane network. The first lane opened in Spring 2017 on Pandora Avenue, between Store Street and Cook Street in the downtown core.[91] The protected lane makes for an easy cycling connection for commuters across the new (April 2018) Johnson Street bridge, to the Galloping Goose Trail and E&N rail trail. The second protected bike lane in the network opened on Fort Street May 27, 2018.[92] The next two roads in the downtown area bike network have been approved by city council for Humboldt and Wharf streets with construction planned to start October 2018 .[93][94]

text: Ferries[edit]

text: Victoria is served by several ferries with the Lower Mainland, Gulf Islands and the United States. BC Ferries provides service between Swartz Bay, up the Saanich peninsula from Victoria, to Tsawwassen on the Lower Mainland for cars, bus, trucks, pedestrians and cyclists. The Coho ferry operates as a car and pedestrian/cyclist ferry between the inner harbour of Victoria and Port Angeles, Washington. The Victoria Clipper is a passenger-only (no vehicles) ferry which operates daily, year-round between downtown Seattle and the inner harbour of Victoria. The Washington State Ferries runs a ferry for cars, pedestrians and cyclists between Friday Harbour, Orcas Island and Anacortes in Washington State from the port at Sidney, up the Saanich peninsula from Victoria.[95]

text: Public transit[edit]

text: Local public transportation is run by the Victoria Regional Transit System, which is part of BC Transit. Since 2000, double-decker buses have been introduced to the fleet, and have become an icon for the city. Rider fare payments can be made in cash, monthly bus passes, disability yearly passes, day-passes purchased from the driver or tickets purchased from a store. As of April 1, 2016 bus drivers do not provide transfers as proof of payment. Transfers were a source of disagreement and delay on the bus, due to improper transfer use, and disagreements over expired transfers or transfers used for return trips.[96] Instead, a day-pass was added that can be purchased from the bus driver for $5, or two bus tickets (purchased from a retailer) for the equivalent of $4.50.[96] To improve bus reliability and reduce delays, a bike and bus priority lane was opened in 2014 during peak traffic periods with fines for motorists operating in the bus/bike lane who are not turning in the same block.[97] The dedicated bike and bus lane on Douglas street is being expanded from Downtown to near Uptown and may be changed to be restricted to only buses and bikes 24/7 rather than just during peak traffic periods depending on direction of travel.[98] Most buses operating in the Greater Victoria area have a bike rack installed at the front of the bus that can accommodate two bicycles.[99]

text: Rail[edit]

text: Passenger rail service previously operated by Via Rail provided a single daily return trip along between Victoria – Courtenay, along the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, to the cities of Nanaimo, Courtenay, and points between. The service was discontinued along this line indefinitely on 19 March 2011, due to needed track replacement work.[100][101] Prior to further inspection of the track, service along the segment between Nanaimo and Victoria was originally planned to resume on 8 April, but lack of funding has prevented any of the work from taking place and it is unclear when or if the service will resume.

text: Roads[edit]

text: Local roadways, although showing signs of increasing congestion due to increasing population, are relatively easy to travel via a variety of means. However, roads in Victoria are not based on a grid system as in Vancouver or Edmonton, and even most major streets do not follow a straight line from beginning to end as they wind around hills, parks, coastlines, and historic neighbourhoods, often changing names two or three times. There is little distinction between "streets" and "avenues" in Victoria as there is in other cities such as Vancouver or Edmonton where "streets" run north-south and "avenues" run east-west, and Victorians are unlikely to use the terms "north", "south", "east", or "west" when giving directions.

text: The compact size of the city lends itself readily to smaller, fuel efficient alternatives to full size passenger cars, such as scooters, as areas with significantly steep hills, such as one would find in San Francisco, are very few. Victoria is also in the process of making the use of such methods of transportation more desirable (in a push towards a more "green", eco-friendly environment), by offering incentives to use such modes of transport, such as parking spaces in the downtown core specifically designed for vehicles "3 m (9 ft 10 in) or less" in wheelbase size, thus fostering the desirability for ownership of vehicles such as Smart Cars, motorcycles and small displacement scooters. Generally speaking, one can expect to reach most destinations within Greater Victoria within a time span of 20 – 30 minutes, perhaps approximately 60 minutes, dependent on traffic conditions, road construction or other reasons for blockage, where you are coming from, going to, and mode of transport. Travel time is longer during rush hour times due to large volume of traffic entering the downtown core in the morning and departing at evening rush hour.

text: Victoria also serves as the western terminus (Mile Zero) for Canada's Trans-Canada Highway, the longest national highway in the world. The Mile Zero is in the city's southern part at the corner of Douglas Street and Dallas Road, where there is a small sign to mark the spot and a statue to honour Terry Fox.

text: Within the Greater Victoria area, private cars, SUVs, and light trucks together make up the majority of trips.[citation needed] However, the city boasts an excellent public transit system using a fleet of modern buses, and is beginning to plan for a rapid transit link to the suburban/rural western communities of Langford, Colwood, Metchosin and Sooke.

text: Other services[edit]

text: Coach bus service between downtown Victoria and downtown Vancouver or the Vancouver International Airport that includes the ferry fare is called the BC Ferries Connector run by Wilson's Transportation Limited. The coach bus travels on the ferry to Vancouver with separate trips for the bus to downtown and a bus to the Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Average travel time between the two cities is under 4 hours with an hour and half of that time spent on the ferry crossing.

text: Bus service from Victoria to points up island is run by Island Link Bus or Tofino Bus. Both bus services depart from the Victoria bus terminal at 700 Douglas Street, behind the Fairmont Empress Hotel and offer trips to destinations further up island and the west coast of the island.

text: Education[edit]

text: The city of Victoria lies entirely within the Greater Victoria School District. There is one public high school within the city boundaries, Victoria High School, founded in 1876, making it the oldest High School in North America north of Portland, Oregon and west of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Most of the elementary schools in Victoria now offer the popular French immersion programmes in addition to programmes in English. The educational needs of the Francophone community in Victoria are served by École Victor-Brodeur in the adjacent municipality of Esquimalt. In addition, within the city proper there are several smaller schools serving segments of the community such as the Chinese School in Chinatown and Christ Church Cathedral School. The senior campus of Glenlyon-Norfolk School is in the Oak Bay neighbourhood.

text: The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique, operates one Francophone school in the Victoria area: école Victor-Brodeur in Esquimalt. It is a M-12 primary and secondary school.[102]

text: Victoria is served by three public post secondary educational institutions outside the city in the Greater Victoria area: University of Victoria (UVic), Camosun College, and Royal Roads University (RRU). The University of Victoria is on the Saanich, Oak Bay border. Camosun College has two campuses, both of which are in Saanich. Royal Roads University is in Colwood.

text: Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific is an international school, in Metchosin, a municipality to the west of Victoria. There are also several private vocational and English (ESL) training schools available for people who want to learn the English language or upgrade new job market skills. Sprott Shaw College is a private career training institution that has had a campus in Victoria since 1913.

text: Media[edit]

text: Victoria is the only Canadian provincial capital without a local CBC Television station, owned-and-operated or affiliate, although it does host a small CBC Radio station in the 700 block of Kings Road. The region is considered to be a part of the Vancouver television market, receiving most stations that broadcast from across the Strait of Georgia, including the CBC, CTV, City and Global affiliates. The two television stations based in Victoria are CHEK-DT (an independent station) and CIVI-DT (a CTV Two affiliate).

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Tyson Barrie – NHL hockey player
Merle Barwis – Supercentenarian
Jamie Benn – NHL hockey player
Jordie Benn – NHL hockey player
Cameron Bright – actor
Rowland Bourke – Commander, Victoria Cross recipient
Kathryn Calder – indie rock musician
Warren Cann – drummer and member of British New Wave band Ultravox
Emily Carr – artist and writer
Ryan Cochrane – swimmer, 2 time Olympic medalist
Sir Arthur Currie – Lieutenant General, commanded the Canadian Corps in the First World War
Megan Danso – actress
Esi Edugyan – Giller Prize-winning writer
Atom Egoyan – film director
Erin Fitzgerald – voice actress
David Foster – musician and record producer
Nelly Furtado – Grammy Award-winning singer, actress
Leah Gibson – actress
Lori Hallier – actress
Rich Harden – Major League baseball player
Ted Harrison – artist
Ryder Hesjedal – World Tour pro cyclist for Garmin- Sharp and 2012 Giro d'Italia winner
Sarah Kaufman – mixed martial artist
Daniel Mainguy – Vice Chief of the Defence Staff
Rollo Mainguy – first Canadian captain of HMCS Quebec
Jeff Mallett – President and COO of Yahoo!
Beau Mirchoff – actor
Cory Monteith – actor
Alice Munro – winner of the Nobel Prize for literature
Steve Nash – NBA basketball player
Ryan O'Byrne – former NHL hockey player
Meghan Ory – actress
Lester Patrick – former professional hockey player and coach
George Pearkes – soldier, politician, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia
Nick Pivetta – Major League Baseball pitcher
Derek Porter – gold medal-winning Olympic rower
Lillian Powell – dancer, teacher and television actress
Mike Pyke – Australian Rules Footballer, 2012 Premiership Ruckman for the Sydney Swans
Duncan Regehr – actor, artist, former athlete
Ryan Robbins – actor
Andrew Sabiston – Canadian TV Series developer
Michael Saunders – Major League baseball player
Guy Simonds – commander of II Canadian Corps in the Second World War
John Alexander Sinton – recipient of the Victoria Cross and authority on malaria
Gabriel Varga – kickboxer
Roy Henry Vickers - artist
Simon Whitfield – Canadian triathlete, Olympic gold medalist
Robert William Service – poet & writer, he worked in Victoria in 1904[103]
Calum Worthy – Disney star

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Victoria has four Sister Cities:[104]

text:
Khabarovsk, Russia
 Napier, New Zealand
 Morioka, Japan
 Suzhou, People's Republic of China


document_title: Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren

question_text: how many mercedes slr stirling moss were made

root

text: Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren

text: History[edit]

text: At the 1999 North American International Auto Show, Mercedes-Benz presented their Vision SLR concept, inspired both by the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR Uhlenhaut Coupé of 1955,[3] which was a modified Mercedes-Benz W196S race car, and the design of closed-wheel Formula One cars, a field in which Mercedes had prior experience, providing engines for McLaren bodies. The car was presented as "Tomorrow Silver Arrow" in a clear reference to the Silver Arrows of the golden age of Mercedes in competition during the fifties. Later that year, during the Frankfurt Motor Show it was presented the roadster version. The concept car was presented with an AMG 5.5 litre V8 engine supercharged with a mechanical compressor able to deliver 557 HP and 720 Nm at 4,000 rpm, mated with a 5-speed automatic gearbox with Touchshift control.

tag: p

text: Wanting to bring the concept to production, Mercedes joined with their Formula One partner, McLaren, thus creating the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The final production model was presented on 17 November 2003 featuring some minor design adjustments respect the initial design, like a more complex vents in both sides, a redesign of the front part, with the three pointed star plunged in the nose and red tinted rear lights sets.

text: The Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren saw a production run of over six years. On 4 April 2008, Mercedes announced it would discontinue the SLR. The last of the coupés rolled off the production line at the end of 2009 and the roadster version was dropped in early 2010. Due to the automatic gear box, front mid-engined arrangement, and its driving characteristics, some commentators classify the SLR McLaren as a GT, whose rivals would include vehicles such as the Aston Martin DBS V12 and Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano.

text: Technical highlights[edit]

text: Brakes[edit]

text: The SLR features Sensotronic Brake Control, a type of brake-by-wire system.[4] The brake discs are carbon-ceramic and provide better stopping power and fade resistance than steel discs when operating under ideal working temperature. Mercedes-Benz claims these discs are fade resistant to 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). The front discs are internally vented and 370 mm (15 in) diameter eight-piston calipers are used. Rear discs are 360 mm (14 in) in diameter with four-piston calipers. During wet conditions the calipers automatically skim the surface of the discs to keep them dry.

text: To improve braking performance an automatic air brake deploys at a 65 degree angle at high speed.

text: Aerodynamics[edit]

text: The SLR features active aerodynamics; there is a spoiler mounted on the rear integral air brake flap. The spoiler increases downforce depending on its angle of elevation (angle of attack). At a set speed, the spoiler/brake automatically raises to 10 degrees (15 degrees in the 722 edition), when demanded via the driver's switch, the elevation can be increased to 30 degrees (35 degrees in the 722 edition) for increased rear downforce, at the cost of increased steady state drag.

text: Engine[edit]

text: The SLR sports a 232 kg (511 lb) hand-built 5,439 cc (5.439 L; 331.9 cu in), supercharged, all-aluminium, SOHC, V8 engine. The cylinders are angled at 90 degrees with three valves per cylinder and lubricated via a dry sump system. The compression ratio is 8.8:1 and the bore and stroke is 97 mm × 92 mm (3.8 in × 3.6 in). The Lysholm-type twin-screw supercharger rotates at a maximum of 23,000 rpm and produces 0.9 bar (13 psi) of boost.[5] The compressed air is then cooled via two intercoolers. The engine generates a maximum power of 626 PS (460 kW; 617 hp) at 6,500 rpm and maximum torque of 780 N⋅m (580 lb⋅ft) at 3,250 to 5,000 rpm.[6]

text: The engine is front-mid mounted. McLaren took the original concept car designed by Mercedes and moved the engine 1 metre (39.4 in) behind the front bumper, and around 50 centimetres (19.7 in) behind the front axle. They also optimised the design of the centre firewall.

text: Transmission[edit]

text: The SLR uses AMG SPEEDSHIFT R five-speed automatic transmission with three manual modes. For durability Mercedes selected a five-speed transmission rather than their seven-speed gearbox which was more complex and used more parts.

text: Performance[edit]

text: The car uses carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) construction in an attempt to keep the weight low. Despite CFRP materials the total curb weight is 1,750 kg (3,858 lb).

text: Car and Driver achieved a 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) time of 3.4 seconds, and a quarter-mile time of 11.2 seconds at 130 mph (210 km/h) C&D suggests the times may be even lower if temperatures were lower. Motor Trend tested the SLR and achieved a 0-60 mph time of 3.3 seconds in April 2006. Car and Driver achieved top gear acceleration 30-50 mph (48-80 km/h) and 50-70 mph (80-113 km/h) times of 1.7 and 2.4 seconds, which are the fastest ever recorded by the magazine in a production car. The SLR also pulled 1.13 g on the skidpad.[7]

text: Road and Track tested the car in their July 2005 Road Test and reached 60 mph (97 km/h) from a standstill in 3.5 seconds. The 0 to 100 mph (160 km/h) sprint was achieved in 7.5 seconds and a quarter mile run was completed in 11.5 seconds at 126 mph (203 km/h).

text: Variants[edit]

text: 722 Edition[edit]

text: A new version was introduced in 2006, called the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren 722 Edition. The "722" refers to the victory by Stirling Moss and his co-driver Denis Jenkinson in a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR with the starting number 722 (indicating a start time of 7:22 a.m.) at the Mille Miglia in 1955.

text: The "722 Edition" includes an engine rated 650 PS (480 kW; 640 hp) at 6,500 rpm and 820 N⋅m (600 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm. 19-inch light-alloy wheels were used to reduce unsprung mass, while modifications were also made to the suspension, with a stiffer damper setup and 10 mm (0.39 in) lower ride height introduced for improved handling. Larger 390 mm (15 in) diameter front brakes and a revised front air dam and rear diffuser were fitted.[8]

text: Exterior changes, other than the larger 19-inch (480 mm) black light-alloy wheels, include red "722" badging, harking back to the original 722 racer, and slightly different tail lights and headlamps.

text: The SLR 722 can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.6 seconds, 200 km/h (124 mph) in 10.2 seconds and 300 km/h (186 mph) in 27.6 seconds, and can reach a top speed of 337 km/h (209 mph) faster than the standard Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren.

text: Roadster[edit]

text: A roadster version of the SLR went on sale in September 2007. It uses the same supercharged V8 AMG power plant as its coupé siblings, developing 626 PS (460 kW; 617 hp), to propel it to a top speed of 334 km/h (208 mph) and a 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration time of 3.6 seconds.

text: However, as a convertible the roadster was burdened with extra weight, which affected performance and handling. The Roadster's roof is made from a "newly developed material" and does not take the form of a folding metal arrangement, as is common on many modern cars. Following a manual unlatching, it takes ten seconds to fold away electrically. According to an official Mercedes document, the cabin of the roadster is capable of allowing conversation between driver and passenger up to a speed of 200 km/h (120 mph) with the roof retracted. This roadster is aimed to compete against other sports cars such as the Pagani Zonda F Roadster.[9]

text: Roadster 722 S (2009)[edit]

text: A limited edition (150 units) of the 722 coupé. It can reach 100 km/h (62 mph) from standstill in 3.1 seconds and has top speed of 334 km/h (208 mph). The model went on sale in January 2009.[10]

text: 722 GT (2007-)[edit]

text: The 722 GT is a tuned version of the SLR 722 which is developed for a one-make racing series. The cars are built by Ray Mallock Ltd. with approval from Mercedes-Benz. The car features new wider bodywork to accommodate 19 in (483 mm) OZ racing wheels. The front grill vents are removed and larger, free flowing air extractors sit on the hood and flank the side of the car. The rear now has a racing wing and diffuser.

text: Under the body, the car has shed 398 kg (877 lb) and reduced its dry weight to 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) . The engine remains in relatively stock specification but now produces 690 PS (510 kW; 680 hp) and 868 N⋅m (640 lb⋅ft) at 1.75 bar (175 kPa) boost. Inside, the car is stripped out with only the essential functions being available, controlled from a carbon fibre binnacle. New carbon fibre door panels and full roll cage complete the transformation.

text: Renntech announced 21 SLR McLaren 722 GT would be available to the North American market exclusively through RENNtech.[11]

text: Stirling Moss (2009)[edit]

text: Named after the British racing driver of the same name, the SLR Stirling Moss is a limited edition (75 vehicles) of the series, which uses a speedster styling that does not include roof or windscreen. The design is inspired by the 300 SLR race car, and the exterior was designed by Korean designer Yoon Il-hun, the interior by Dutch designer Sarkis Benliyan. It was to be the last series of the McLaren SLR built under the partnership between Mercedes-Benz and McLaren, until McLaren announced their own final edition of the SLR in late 2010.

text: The supercharged V8 engine is rated 650 PS (480 kW; 640 hp). The car's top speed is 350 km/h (220 mph) with acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h in less than 3.5 seconds. The car is approximately 200 kg (440 lb) lighter than the regular model.[12]

text: The SLR Stirling Moss began production in June 2009, after SLR Roadster's production ended in May 2009. All 75 cars were produced by December 2009. The SLR Stirling Moss was available only to SLR owners.[13]

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 NAIAS.[14]

text: McLaren Edition (2011)[edit]

text: In December 2010, more than a year after the SLR was discontinued, McLaren announced a final body conversion of the supercar. The 25-unit limited McLaren Edition is based on any earlier variant of the SLR besides the Stirling Moss and includes revised bodywork (front and rear bumper, grille, top shell, side grills, rear diffuser, rims) and interior parts, along with upgraded steering and suspension components and a new sports exhaust.[15]

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar Year
Total
United States

2003

370[16]

2004

45

2005
615[17]
200[18]

2006
261
189

2007
275
104[19]

2008

106

2009

110[20]

2010

7[21]

tag: table

text: Total sales were 615 units in 2005, 261 units in 2006, and 275 units in 2007, falling well below Mercedes-McLaren's goal of selling 500 units annually.[22]

text: When the SLR was first announced, Mercedes said total production would be limited to 3500 units. 1400 units had been sold by the end of 2007. The factory confirmed that production would halt at the end of 2009.[23]

text: A total of 2,157 SLR McLaren's were produced. [24]

text: Motorsports[edit]

text: Spencer Pumpelly entered an SLR McLaren in the Speed World Challenge GT class, driving for TRG Motorsports.[25]


document_title: Love, Simon

question_text: who does simon fall in love with in love simon

text: Love, Simon

text: Plot[edit]

text: Simon Spier is a closeted gay high school boy living in a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia. He has a close and loving family: parents Emily and Jack, and sister Nora, as well as three best friends: Nick and Leah, whom he has known most of his life, and newcomer Abby.

text: One day, Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school, known only by the pseudonym "Blue". Simon begins communicating with Blue via email using the pseudonym "Jacques". The two confide personal details and form a connection. However, their emails are accidentally discovered by another student, Martin, who is infatuated with Abby. After learning his secret, Martin blackmails Simon by threatening to make his emails public unless he agrees to help Martin win over Abby. Simon begins to suspect that his classmate Bram is Blue.

text: At a Halloween party, Simon attempts to connect with Bram but later walks in on him making out with a female student. Simon lies to Nick, telling him that Abby has a boyfriend in college. Leah walks an inebriated Simon home, where she speaks vaguely about how she feels that she is fated to love one person very intensely; Simon believes she is referring to Nick.

text: Simon meets up with Abby and Martin at a local diner after he convinces them to practice lines together for an upcoming musical. Simon bonds with their server, a classmate named Lyle, and believes that Lyle may be Blue. That night, Simon comes out to Abby and is relieved when she reacts positively.

text: At a school football game, Simon crosses paths with Lyle; before he can summon the courage to ask if Lyle is Blue, he finds out Lyle is interested in Abby. An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either "go big or go home" when courting Abby. Martin interrupts the national anthem and publicly declares his feelings for Abby. When Abby admits she does not share his feelings, Martin is humiliated and becomes the subject of intense ridicule.

text: On Christmas Eve, to distract people from his own humiliation, Martin outs Simon by posting his emails on the school gossip site. Simon's sister Nora tries to comfort Simon but he shuts her out and does not return his friends' frantic texts and calls. Simon comes out to his parents on Christmas morning, to their surprise but acceptance.

text: After the holidays, Nick and Abby, now a couple, angrily confront Simon about the lies he told and learn that he had tried to keep them apart due to Martin's blackmail. Leah confesses to Simon that she was in love with him, not Nick, and is upset he came out to Abby first. After being rejected by his friends, Simon receives a final email from Blue, who is upset that their emails have been leaked. Blue tells Simon that they should stop speaking and deletes his email account. Simon is devastated, having lost his friends as well as the mystery pen-pal he has fallen in love with.

text: In the cafeteria, Simon and an openly gay student, Ethan, are mocked by two classmates. Ethan and Simon bond over the difficulties they have faced coming out. After his parents reach out and comfort him, Simon apologizes to Leah. Simon posts a confession on the gossip site apologizing to his friends, seeking out Blue and asking him to meet at the school carnival.

text: After the school musical, Leah, Nick and Abby make amends with Simon and invite him to go to the carnival with them. Waiting for Blue at the carnival, Simon rides the Ferris wheel, drawing a large crowd of peers. When Simon runs out of tickets, Martin, making amends for his behavior, buys him one more ride. Just before the ride begins, Bram sits next to Simon, revealing himself as Blue; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunken misunderstanding. They ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss as their friends cheer them on.

text: Simon's life gradually returns to normal and he begins a relationship with Bram. While picking up his friends and boyfriend for school, Simon suggests that they forgo their usual morning routine and instead "go on a little adventure".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Robinson as Simon Spier
Bryson Pitts as 10-year-old Simon Spier
Nye Reynolds as 5-year-old Simon Spier
Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier, Simon's father
Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier, Simon's mother
Katherine Langford as Leah Burke, one of Simon's best friends
Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso, one of Simon's best friends
Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner, one of Simon's best friends
Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham "Bram" Greenfeld, one of Simon's classmates
Miles Heizer as Cal Price, one of Simon's classmates
Logan Miller as Martin Addison, one of Simon's classmates who blackmails him
Tony Hale as Mr. Worth, the awkward vice principal of the school Simon attends
Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier, Simon's sister
Skye Mowbray as 6-year-old Nora Spier
Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright, Simon's drama teacher
Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin, one of Simon's classmates
Clark Moore as Ethan, one of Simon's classmates who is openly gay
Joey Pollari as Lyle, a flirty server at a local diner
Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor Metternich, one of Simon's classmates

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 6, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[5] Filming officially ended on April 23, 2017, two days earlier than scheduled, an effort that Berlanti made to offset the cost of paying royalties for the most expensive songs on the film's soundtrack.[6][7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Soundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
March 16, 2018Genre
Soundtrackindie popLength
47:24Label
RCASony
Singles from Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)"Released: 16 January 2018
"Love Lies"Released: 14 February 2018

text: The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers, Troye Sivan, Amy Shark, Brenton Wood, The 1975, Normani and Khalid, among others. The first track released from the soundtrack was "Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)" by Bleachers.[8][9]

text:
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)[9]No.TitleWriter(s)Performed byLength1."Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)"
Jack Antonoff
Ilsey Juber
Harry Styles
Bleachers3:012."Rollercoaster"
Antonoff
John Hill
Bleachers3:123."Never Fall in Love"
Antonoff
Karen Marie Ørsted
Jack Antonoff and MØ 4."Strawberries & Cigarettes"
Troye Sivan
Antonoff
Alex Hope
Troye Sivan3:215."Sink In"
Ben Berger
Julia Michaels
Ryan McMahon
Amy Shark4:356."Love Lies"
Khalid Robinson
Normani
Charlie Handsome
Jamil "Digi" Chammas
Taylor Parks
Khalid and Normani3:237."The Oogum Boogum Song"
Alfred Smith
Brenton Wood3:078."Love Me"
Adam Hann
George Daniel
Matthew Healy
Ross MacDonald
The 19753:429."I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"
George Merrill
Shannon Rubicam
Whitney Houston4:5010."Someday at Christmas"
Ron Miller
Bryan Wells
Jackson 52:4411."Wings"
Nini Fabi
Benjamin Gebert
Haerts4:5812."Keeping a Secret"AntonoffJustin TranterBleachers3:2513."Wild Heart"
Antonoff
Hill
Bleachers3:21

text: Other songs that appear in the film but are not included on its soundtrack include "Waterloo Sunset" by The Kinks, "Diamond" by MONAKR, "Nobody Speak" by DJ Shadow & Run the Jewels, "Feel It Still" by Portugal. The Man, "No" by Meghan Trainor, "As Long as You Love Me" by Justin Bieber, "Add It Up" by Violent Femmes, "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga (performed by the Michigan Marching Band) and "Shine a Light" by BANNERS.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[10]

82

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[11]

24

UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[12]

11

US Billboard 200[13]

37

text: Release[edit]

text: Love, Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival.[14][15] The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2018, in Australia and New Zealand on March 29, 2018, in Brazil on April 5, 2018, in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 6, 2018, in Colombia on April 12, 2018, Mexico on April 13, 2018, and is scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018.[16]

text: Following the film's release, several celebrities, including Jennifer Garner, Kristen Bell, Neil Patrick Harris, Joey Graceffa, Matt Bomer, Robbie Rogers, Benj Pasek, Tyler Oakley, Martin Gero, Andrew Rannells, and Jesse Tyler Ferguson, bought out entire theaters so that people could see the film for free because they believed that the film conveyed an important message.[17]

text: Love Simon is the first film by a major Hollywood studio to focus on a gay teenage romance.[18][19]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17, 2018, was released digitally on May 29, 2018, and was released on 4K Blu-Ray, Blu-ray and DVD on June 12, 2018.[20][21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  9 August 2018[update], Love, Simon has grossed $40.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $25.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $66.1 million, against a production budget of $10–17 million.[2][4] It is the 14th highest-grossing teen romance film since 1980, and the third-highest by 20th Century Fox other than The Fault in Our Stars and Romeo + Juliet.[22]

text: Love, Simon held early preview screenings on March 10 before its official release on March 16, where it grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters, which Deadline Hollywood considered "strong".[23] In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine, and was projected to gross $10–12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend.[24] The film made $4.6 million on its first day (including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters).[25] The film went on to debut at $11.8 million, finishing fifth at the box office; 58% of its opening weekend audience was female and 59% was under 25.[2] In its second weekend the film dropped 33% to $7.8 million, finishing 7th,[26] and in its third weekend made $4.8 million, finishing ninth.[27]

text: In the United Kingdom, the film debuted at number four, earning $1.6 million.[28] In Australia, the film debuted at number four, earning $916,697.[29] In Brazil, the film debuted at number four, earning $804,567.[30] In Mexico, the film debuted at number three, earning $982,391.[31]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91%, based on 174 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Love, Simon hits its coming-of-age beats more deftly than many entries in this well-traveled genre – and represents an overdue, if not entirely successful, milestone of inclusion."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on reviews from 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[25]

text: Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4/5 stars, calling it a "hugely charming crowd-pleaser".[34] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4/5 stars, stating that audiences "are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet, funny coming-of-age film".[35]

text: Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4/5 stars or an Excellent rating, stating that "Love, Simon is a funny, heartfelt, and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today's generation."[36] Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4/5 stars, describing it as a "warm, sensitive and engaging coming-out-of-ager" and "one of the freshest teen-coms in ages".[37]

text: Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5/4 stars and stated, "Love, Simon is a sweet, modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes, but only the good stuff."[38] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3/4 stars and wrote, "If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming-of-age charmer, most likely it would resemble this."[39]

text: Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star also gave it 3/4 stars, stating "The casting is high quality, the script – with a tantalizing mystery at its heart – is particularly well-crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny, warm-hearted and life-affirming tale."[40] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5/4 stars and wrote, "Young and old, jocks and nerds, geeks and freaks, and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love, Simon."[41]

text: Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4/5 stars and described it as "tender, sweet, and affecting", with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal, which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience.[42][43] MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that "Love, Simon feels like an instant classic that you're going to want to watch again and again."[44]

text: Max Weiss of Baltimore gave Love, Simon 3/4 stars, calling it a "sweet, funny, warm-hearted film".[45] Kevin Scott of Exclaim! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score, noting that the film has the "expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings".[46]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety, while stating that the film is average in execution, praised the content as "groundbreaking on so many levels, not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems".[47] Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film "is touching as a gesture", but as entertainment "it's nothing Degrassi hasn't done better".[48]

text: Becky Albertalli, the author of the book, watched an early cut and praised the film, stating: "It's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic. It says exactly what I wanted the book to say."[49][50]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Golden Trailer Awards

May 31, 2018

Best Billboard

"Love, Simon LA billboard" (Works Adv)

Nominated

[51][52]

Best Romance Trailer

"Courage" (Transit)

Nominated

Best Romance TV Spot

"Digital Heart" (Aspect)

Nominated

Best Teaser Campaign

"Love, Simon Love Letter Wildposts" (Works Adv)

Won

Human Rights Campaign

May 12, 2018

Ally for Equality Award

Nick Robinson

Won

[53]

Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Mid-Season Film Awards

July 3, 2018

Best Actor

Nick Robinson

Nominated

[54][55]

Best Adapted Screenplay

Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger

Nominated

Maui Film Festival

June 14, 2018

Rising Star Award

Nick Robinson

Won

[56]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

June 18, 2018

Best Kiss

Nick Robinson and Keiynan Lonsdale

Won

[57]

Best Musical Moment

Love, Simon

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Breakout Movie Star

Nick Robinson

Won

[58][59]

Choice Movie – Comedy

Love, Simon

Won

Choice Movie Ship

Nick Robinson and Keiynan Lonsdale

Nominated

Choice Music - R&B/Hip-Hop Song

"Love Lies" – Khalid & Normani

Won

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: While the book has a sequel called Leah on the Offbeat, which features Leah as the protagonist, there are currently no official plans about a sequel to the movie. Although Berlanti indicated that, after seeing the film's success, he would not necessarily be opposed to directing a sequel, stating "God willing that the movie is successful enough that people actually ask for something like that. I loved working with these people on this film so much. I would just like to spend more time with them, that would be good!"[60] When asked about a sequel, Katherine Langford said "I mean, it's always a discussion of who would make it, but if the script was good and the filmmaker had a great vision, then I would be totally down. I'm always down to tell a good story."[61]