document_title: Origins of the blues

question_text: blues music originated as a mixture of ___ and ____

question_tokens: blues music originated as a mixture of -- -- -- and -- -- -- --

text: Origins of the blues

text: African roots[edit]

text: There are few characteristics common to all blues, as the genre takes its shape from the peculiarities of each individual performance.[4] Some characteristics, however, were present prior to the creation of the modern blues, and are common to most styles of African American music. The earliest blues-like music was a "functional expression, rendered in a call-and-response style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure".[5] This pre-blues music was adapted from the field shouts and hollers performed during slave times, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".[6]

text: Many of these blues elements, such as the call-and-response format, can be traced back to the music of Africa. The use of melisma and a wavy, nasal intonation also suggests a connection between the music of West and Central Africa and the blues. The belief that blues is historically derived from the West African music including from Mali is reflected in Martin Scorsese’s often quoted characterization of Ali Farka Touré’s tradition as constituting "the DNA of the blues".[7]

text: Perhaps the most compelling African instrument that is a predecessor to an African-American instrument is the "Akonting", a folk lute of the Jola tribe of Senegambia. It is a clear predecessor to the American banjo in its playing style, the construction of the instrument itself and in its social role as a folk instrument. The Kora is played by a professional caste of praise singers for the rich and aristocracy (called griots or jalis) and is not considered folk music. Jola music was actually not influenced much by Islamic and North African/Middle Eastern music, and this may give us an important clue as to how African American music does not, according to many scholars such as Sam Charters, bear hardly any relation to kora music. Rather, African-American music may reflect a hold over from a pre-Islamicized form of African music. The music of the Akonting and that played by on the banjo by elder African-American banjo players, even into the mid 20th century is easily identified as being very similar. The akonting is perhaps the most important and concrete link that exists between African and African-American music.

text: However, while the findings of Kubik and others also clearly attest to the essential Africanness of many essential aspects of blues expression, studies by Willie Ruff and others have situated the origin of "black" spiritual music inside enslaved peoples' exposure to their masters' Hebridean-originated gospels.[8] African-American economist and historian Thomas Sowell also notes that the southern, black, ex-slave population was acculturated to a considerable degree by and among their Scots-Irish "redneck" neighbours. Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might share its origins with the Native American tradition of pow wow drumming.[9]

text: Influence of spirituals[edit]

text: The most important American antecedent of the blues was the spiritual, a form of religious song with its roots in the camp meetings of the Great Awakening of the early 19th century. Spirituals were a passionate song form, that "convey(ed) to listeners the same feeling of rootlessness and misery" as the blues.[4] Spirituals, however, were less specifically concerning the performer, instead about the general loneliness of mankind, and were more figurative than direct in their lyrics.[4] Despite these differences, the two forms are similar enough that they can not be easily separated — many spirituals would probably have been called blues had that word been in wide use at the time.[10]

text: Social and economic aspects[edit]

text: The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known.[11] Blues has evolved from an unaccompanied vocal music of poor black laborers into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. African American work songs were an important precursor to the modern blues; these included the songs sung by laborers like stevedores and roustabouts, and the field hollers and "shouts" of slaves.[3][12] The first appearance of the blues is not well defined and is often dated between 1870 and 1900, a period that coincides with the emancipation of the slaves and the transition from slavery to sharecropping and small-scale agricultural production in the southern United States.

text: Several scholars characterize the early 1900s development of blues music as a move from group performances to a more individualized style. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the slaves. According to Lawrence Levine,[13] "there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues." Levine states that "psychologically, socially, and economically, Negroes were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did."

text: An important reason for the lack of certain knowledge about the origins of the blues is the earliest blues musicians' tendency to wander through communities, leaving little or no record of precisely what sort of music they played or where it came from. Blues was generally regarded as lower-class music, unfit for documentation, study or enjoyment by the upper- and middle-classes[14]

text: Blues around 1900[edit]

text: Blue notes pre-date their use in blues. English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor's "A Negro Love Song", from his The African Suite for Piano composed in 1898, contains blue third and seventh notes.[15]

text: African American composer W. C. Handy wrote in his autobiography of the experience of sleeping on a train traveling through (or stopping at the station of) Tutwiler, Mississippi around 1903, and being awakened by:

text: ... a lean, loose-jointed Negro who had commenced plucking a guitar beside me while I slept. His clothes were rags; his feet peeped out of his shoes. His face had on it some of the sadness of the ages. As he played, he pressed a knife on the strings in a manner popularized by Hawaiian guitarists who used steel bars. ... The effect was unforgettable. His song, too, struck me instantly... The singer repeated the line ("Going' where the Southern cross' the Dog") three times, accompanying himself on the guitar with the weirdest music I had ever heard.

text: Handy had mixed feelings about this music, which he regarded as rather primitive and monotonous,[16] but he used the "Southern cross' the Dog" line in his 1914 "Yellow Dog Rag", which he retitled "Yellow Dog Blues" after the term blues became popular.[17] "Yellow Dog" was the nickname of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad.

text: Blues later adopted elements from the "Ethiopian (here, meaning "black") airs" of minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment.[18] The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music".[19]

text: Since the 1890s, the American sheet music publishing industry had produced a great deal of ragtime music. The first published ragtime song to include a 12-bar section was "One o' Them Things!" in 1904. Written by James Chapman and Leroy Smith, it was published in St. Louis, Missouri, by Jos. Plachet and Son.[20] Another early rag/blues mix was "I Got the Blues" published in 1908 by Anthony Maggio of New Orleans [21]

text: In a long interview conducted by Alan Lomax in 1938, Jelly Roll Morton recalled that the first blues he had heard, probably around 1900, was played by a singer and prostitute, Mamie Desdunes, in Garden District, New Orleans. Morton sang the blues: "Can’t give me a dollar, give me a lousy dime/ You can’t give me a dollar, give me a lousy dime/ Just to feed that hungry man of mine". The interview was released as The Complete Library of Congress Recordings.[22]

text: Continued development of the blues in the 1910s[edit]

text: In 1912 the sheet music industry published another blues composition—"Dallas Blues" by Hart A. Wand of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[23] Two other blues-like compositions, precipitating the Tin Pan Alley adoption of blues elements, were also published in 1912: "Baby Seals' Blues" by Baby F. Seals (arranged by Artie Matthews) and "Memphis Blues", another ragtime arrangement with a single 12-bar section,[24] by W. C. Handy.[25] Also in 1912 (on November 9), another song, "The Blues", was copyrighted by LeRoy "Lasses" White, but not actually published until 1913.[26]

text: Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues"; however, his compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Afro-Cuban habanera rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime;[27][28] Handy's signature work was the St. Louis Blues.

text: Songs from this period had many different structures. A testimony of those times can be found for instance in Henry Thomas's recordings. However, the twelve-, eight-bar, or sixteen-bar structure based on tonic, subdominant and dominant chords became the most common.[29] Melodically, blues music is marked by the use of the lowered third and dominant seventh (so-called blue notes) of the associated major scale.[30] The standard 12-bar blues form is noted in uncorroborated oral histories as appearing communities throughout the region along the lower Mississippi River during the decade of the 1900s (and performed in New Orleans at least since 1908). One of these early sites of blues evolution was along Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee. However, author Eileen Southern has pointed out several contrasting statements by old-time musicians. She cites Eubie Blake as saying "Blues in Baltimore? Why, Baltimore is the blues!" and Bunk Johnson as claiming that the blues was around in his childhood, in the 1880s.[1]

text: Growth of the blues (1920s onward)[edit]

text: One of the first professional blues singers was Ma Rainey, who claimed to have coined the term blues. Classic female urban or vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them Mamie Smith, Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Victoria Spivey. Mamie Smith, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African- American to record a blues in 1920; her "Crazy Blues" sold 75,000 copies in its first month.[31]

text: The musical forms and styles that are now considered the "blues" as well as modern "country music" arose in the same regions during the nineteenth century in the southern United States. Recorded blues and country can be found from as far back as the 1920s, when the popular record industry developed and created marketing categories called "race music" and "hillbilly music" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the race of the performer, and even that sometimes was documented incorrectly by record companies.[32]


document_title: Mensa International

question_text: what iq do you need to be in mensa

question_tokens: what iq do you need to be in mensa

root

text: Mensa International

text: Membership requirement[edit]

text: Mensa's requirement for membership is a score at or above the 98th percentile on certain standardised IQ or other approved intelligence tests, such as the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales. The minimum accepted score on the Stanford–Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148.[14] Most IQ tests are designed to yield a mean score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15; the 98th-percentile score under these conditions is 131, assuming a normal distribution.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: Most national groups test using well established IQ test batteries, but American Mensa has developed its own application exam. This exam is proctored by American Mensa and does not provide a score comparable to scores on other tests; it serves only to qualify a person for membership.[citation needed] In some national groups, a person may take a Mensa-offered test only once, although one may later submit an application with results from a different qualifying test. The Mensa test is also available in developing countries like India, Pakistan, Brazil etc. and societies in developing countries have been growing at rapid pace.[14]

text: Mission[edit]

text: Mensa's constitution lists three purposes: "to identify and to foster human intelligence for the benefit of humanity; to encourage research into the nature, characteristics, and uses of intelligence; and to provide a stimulating intellectual and social environment for its members".[15]

text: To these ends, the organization is involved with programs for gifted children, literacy, and scholarships, and it holds numerous gatherings including an annual summit.[citation needed]

text: Organizational structure[edit]

text: Mensa International consists of around 134,000 members,[2] in 100 countries,[16] in 51 national groups.[17] Individuals who live in a country with a national group join the national group, while those living in countries without a recognized chapter may join Mensa International directly.[citation needed]

text: The largest national groups are:[18]

text:
American Mensa, with more than 57,000 members,[19]
British Mensa, with over 21,000 members,[20] and
Mensa Germany, with more than 13,000 members.[21]

tag: ul

text: Larger national groups are further subdivided into local groups. For example, American Mensa has 134 local groups, with the largest having over 2,000 members and the smallest having fewer than 100.

text: Members may form Special Interest Groups (SIGs) at international, national, and local levels; these SIGs represent a wide variety of interests, both commonplace and obscure, ranging from motorcycle clubs to entrepreneurial co-operations. Some SIGs are associated with various geographic groups, whereas others act independently of official hierarchy. There are also electronic SIGs (eSIGs), which operate primarily as e-mail lists, where members may or may not meet each other in person.[citation needed]

text: The Mensa Foundation, a separate charitable U.S. corporation, edits and publishes its own Mensa Research Journal, in which both Mensans and non-Mensans are published on various topics surrounding the concept and measure of intelligence. The national groups also issue periodicals, such as Mensa Bulletin, the monthly publication of American Mensa,[22] and Mensa Magazine, the monthly publication of British Mensa.[23]

text: Gatherings[edit]

text: Mensa has many events for members, from the local to the international level. Several countries hold a large event called the Annual Gathering (AG). It is held in a different city every year, with speakers, dances, leadership workshops, children's events, games, and other activities. The American and Canadian AGs are usually held during the American Independence Day (4 July) or Canada Day (1 July) weekends respectively.[citation needed]

text: Smaller gatherings called Regional Gatherings (RGs), which are held in various cities, attract members from large areas. The largest in the United States is held in the Chicago area around Halloween, notably featuring a costume party for which many members create pun-based costumes.[citation needed]

text: In 2006, the Mensa World Gathering[24] was held from 8–13 August in Orlando, Florida to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of Mensa. An estimated 2,500 attendees from over 30 countries gathered for this celebration. The International Board of Directors had a formal meeting there.[citation needed]

text: In 2010, a joint American-Canadian Annual Gathering was held in Dearborn, Michigan, to mark the 50th anniversary of Mensa in North America, one of several times the US and Canada AGs have been combined. Other multinational gatherings are the European Mensas Annual Gathering (EMAG) and the Asian Mensa Gathering (AMG).[citation needed]

text: Since 1990, American Mensa has sponsored the annual Mensa Mind Games competition, at which the Mensa Select award is given to five board games that are "original, challenging, and well designed".[25][26]

text: Individual local groups and their members host smaller events for members and their guests. Lunch or dinner events, lectures, tours, theatre outings, and games nights are all common.[citation needed]

text: Publications[edit]

text: All Mensa groups publish members-only newsletters or magazines, which include articles and columns written by members, and information about upcoming Mensa events. Examples include the American Mensa Bulletin,[27] the British Mensa magazine,[28] Serbian MozaIQ,[29] the Australian TableAus,[30] the Mexican El Mensajero,[31] and the French Contacts.[32] Some local or regional groups have their own newsletter, such as those in the United States, UK, Germany, and France.[citation needed]

text: Mensa International publishes a Mensa World Journal, which "contains views and information about Mensa around the world". This journal is generally included in each national magazine.[33][34][35]

text: Mensa also publishes the Mensa Research Journal, which "highlights scholarly articles and recent research related to intelligence". Unlike most Mensa publications, this journal is available to non-members.[36]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: All national and local groups welcome children; many offer activities, resources, and newsletters specifically geared toward gifted children and their parents. Both American Mensa's youngest member (Christina Brown)[37] and British Mensa's youngest member (Adam Kirby) joined at the age of two.[38] The current youngest member of Mensa is Adam Kirby, from Mitcham, London, UK who was invited to join at the age of two years and four months and gained full membership at the age of two years five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test.[38][39] Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months.[38][40]

text: American Mensa's oldest member is 102,[41] and British Mensa had a member aged to 103.[7]

text: According to American Mensa's website (as of  2013[update]), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800 families in the United States with two or more Mensa members.[41] In addition, the American Mensa general membership is "66 percent male, 34 percent female". The aggregate of local and national leadership is distributed equally between the sexes.[41]


document_title: Missouri Valley Conference

question_text: when did loyola chicago join the missouri valley

text: Missouri Valley Conference

text: History[edit]

text: The MVC was founded in 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association or MVIAA, 12 years after the Big Ten, the only Division I conference that is older. However, some consider the MVC to have been formed from a split of the MVIAA in 1928. Most of the larger schools formed a conference that retained the MVIAA name and ultimately became the Big Eight Conference. The smaller schools, plus Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, which joined the Big Eight in 1957), formed the MVC, which retained the old MVIAA's administrative staff. During the Big Eight's existence, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date, as well as the same history through 1927. It was never definitively established which conference was the original, but given that the Big Eight merged with four Texas schools of the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996,[1] only the MVC continues to have a claim to the original heritage.

text: During the 2006–07 college basketball season, MVC teams held a 74–27 non-conference record, including a record of 44–1 at home. The Valley finished in the top six of the RPI and ahead of a BCS conference for the second consecutive year, while also garnering multiple NCAA bids for the ninth straight year and 12th of 14.[2]

text: The MVC has not sponsored football since 1985, when it was a hybrid I-A/I-AA (now FBS and FCS), respectively. However, five members have football programs in the Missouri Valley Football Conference (known as the Gateway from 1985 to 2008) of Division I FCS, and a sixth and a seventh compete in another FCS conference, the Pioneer Football League. The Missouri Valley Conference shares its name with the Missouri Valley Football Conference, and the two also operate from the same headquarters complex in St. Louis. However, the two are separate administratively.

text: After weeks of speculation,[3][4] it was announced on April 7, 2017 that Wichita State would be leaving the conference to join the American Athletic Conference starting with the 2017–18 season.[5] On May 9, 2017, the Conference announced it had extended an invitation to Valparaiso University,[6] and on May 25, the MVC announced that Valparaiso would officially join the following July 1.[7]

text: Member schools[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment[8]
Nickname
Colors

Bradley University
Peoria, Illinois
1897
1948,
1955[a]
Private
5,451
Braves

Drake University
Des Moines, Iowa
1881
1907,
1956[a]
Private
5,270
Bulldogs

University of Evansville
Evansville, Indiana
1854
1994
Private
2,526
Purple Aces

Illinois State University
Normal, Illinois
1857
1981
Public
20,706
Redbirds

Indiana State University
Terre Haute, Indiana
1865
1977
Public
13,584
Sycamores

Loyola University Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
1870
2013[9]
Private
16,437[10]
Ramblers

Missouri State University
Springfield, Missouri
1905
1990
Public
26,000 [11]
Bears
Lady Bears

University of Northern Iowa
Cedar Falls, Iowa
1876
1991
Public
12,273
Panthers

Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Illinois
1869
1975
Public
15,987[12]
Salukis

Valparaiso University
Valparaiso, Indiana
1859
2017[13][b]
Private
4,500
Crusaders

tag: table

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Bradley and Drake both withdrew from the MVC during the 1951–52 academic year in protest over the Johnny Bright incident, a racially motivated on-field attack by an Oklahoma A&M football player against Drake player Johnny Bright in a 1951 game. Bradley returned to the MVC for non-football sports in the 1955–56 school year, with Drake doing the same a year later. However, Bradley never returned to MVC football, dropping the sport in 1970, and Drake did not return for football until 1971.
Jump up ^ Valparaiso had been an MVC affiliate in women's soccer in the 1996–1998 seasons (ending with the 1998–99 school year).

tag: ol

text: Affiliate members[edit]

text: Note: In the case of spring sports, the year of joining is the calendar year before the start of competition.

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Primary
Conference
MVC sports

University of Central Arkansas
Conway, Arkansas
1907
2010
Public
13,863
Bears
Southland
men's soccer

Dallas Baptist University
Dallas, Texas
1898
2013
Private
5,545
Patriots
Heartland
(NCAA Division II)
baseball

University of Arkansas
at Little Rock
Little Rock, Arkansas
1927
2013
Public
13,167
Trojans
Sun Belt
women's swimming

Stony Brook University
Stony Brook, New York
1957
2016
Public
24,594
Seawolves
America East
women's tennis

text: Former members[edit]

text: Former full members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Left
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Current Conference

Butler University
Indianapolis, Indiana
1855
1932
1934
Private
4,667
Bulldogs
Big East

Cincinnati !University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
1819
1957
1969
Public
42,421
Bearcats
American !The American

Creighton University
Omaha, Nebraska
1878
1928,
1976[n 1]
1948,
2013
Private
7,730
Bluejays
Big East

Detroit !University of Detroit[n 2]
Detroit, Michigan
1877
1949
1956
Private
5,450
Titans
Horizon

Grinnell College
Grinnell, Iowa
1846
1918
1939
Private
1,688
Pioneers
Midwest
(NCAA Division III)

Houston !University of Houston
Houston, Texas
1927
1951
1959
Public
39,820
Cougars
American !The American

Iowa !University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
1847
1907
1908
Public
30,328
Hawkeyes
Big Ten

Iowa State College[n 3]
Ames, Iowa
1858
1907
1928
Public
29,887
Cyclones
Big 12

Kansas !University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
1865
1907
1928
Public
29,462
Jayhawks
Big 12

Kansas State College[n 4]
Manhattan, Kansas
1863
1913
1928
Public
23,863
Wildcats
Big 12

Louisville !University of Louisville
Louisville, Kentucky
1798
1963
1974
Public
19,743
Cardinals
ACC

Memphis State University[n 5]
Memphis, Tennessee
1912
1968
1973
Public
23,031
Tigers
American !The American

Missouri !University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
1839
1907
1928
Public
33,805
Tigers
SEC

Nebraska !University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska
1869
1907,
1921
1919,
1928
Public
24,593
Cornhuskers
Big Ten

New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico
1888
1970
1983
Public
18,497
Aggies
WAC

North Texas State University[n 6]
Denton, Texas
1890
1957
1974
Public
35,694
Mean Green
C-USA

Oklahoma !University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma
1890
1919
1928
Public
30,303
Sooners
Big 12

Oklahoma A&M College[n 7]
Stillwater, Oklahoma
1890
1925
1956
Public
21,419
Aggies/Cowboys[n 8]
Big 12

Saint Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
1818
1937
1974
Private
13,785
Billikens
Atlantic 10

Tulsa !University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma
1894
1935
1996
Private
4,165
Golden Hurricane
American !The American

Washburn University
Topeka, Kansas
1865
1935
1942
Public
7,303
Ichabods
MIAA
(NCAA Division II)

Washington University in St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
1853
1907
1942
Private
14,070
Bears
UAA
(NCAA Division III)

West Texas State University[n 9]
Canyon, Texas
1910
1972
1985
Public
7,843
Buffaloes
Lone Star
(NCAA Division II)

Wichita State University
Wichita, Kansas
1895
1949
2017
Public
14,495
Shockers
American !The American

text:
Jump up ^ Creighton previously withdrew from the MVC from 1948–49 to 1975–76
Jump up ^ Currently known as the University of Detroit Mercy.
Jump up ^ Currently known as Iowa State University.
Jump up ^ Currently known as Kansas State University.
Jump up ^ Currently known as the University of Memphis.
Jump up ^ Currently known as the University of North Texas.
Jump up ^ Currently known as Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.
Jump up ^ During Oklahoma A&M's tenure in the MVC, the nicknames "Aggies" and "Cowboys" were used interchangeably. When the school adopted its current name in 1957, the "Cowboys" nickname was exclusively adopted.
Jump up ^ Currently known as West Texas A&M University.

text: Former affiliate members[edit]

text: This list does not include current full member Valparaiso. As noted above, the Crusaders played women's soccer in the MVC from 1996 to 1998 (ending in the 1998–99 school year).

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Left
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Primary Conference
MVC Sports

Little Rock !University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Little Rock, Arkansas
1927
1998–99
1999–2000
Public
13,167
Trojans
Sun Belt
women's soccer

Belmont University
Nashville, Tennessee
1890
2000–01
2000–01
Private
6,374
Bruins
OVC
(Horizon League for men's soccer)
men's soccer

Drury University
Springfield, Missouri
1873
1999–2000
2004–05
Private
5,474
Panthers
GLVC
(NCAA Division II)
women's soccer

Eastern Illinois University
Charleston, Illinois
1895
1996–97
2010–11
Public
11,651
Panthers
OVC
(Summit League for men's soccer)
men's soccer

Hartford !University of Hartford
Hartford, Connecticut
1877
2014–15
2015–16
Private
6,935
Hawks
America East
men's tennis[a]

Southern Illinois University
Edwardsville
Edwardsville, Illinois
1957
2010–11
2016–17
Public
14,142
Cougars
OVC
(MAC for men's soccer)
men's soccer

Southern Methodist University
University Park, Texas
1911
2000–01
2004–05
Private
12,000
Mustangs
The American
men's soccer

Stony Brook University
Stony Brook, New York
1957
2014–15
2016–17
Public
24,594
Seawolves
America East
men's tennis[b]

Texas Christian University
Fort Worth, Texas
1873
2000–01
2000–01
Private
9,518
Horned Frogs
Big 12
men's soccer[c]

Tulsa !University of Tulsa[d]
Tulsa, Oklahoma
1894
2000–01
2004–05
Private
4,165
Golden Hurricane
American !The American
men's soccer

UMBC !University of Maryland,
Baltimore County
Catonsville, Maryland
1966
2014–15
2015–16
Public
13,908
Retrievers
America East
men's tennis[e]

Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
1873
1997–98
2005–06
Private
12,714
Commodores
SEC
men's soccer[f]

Western Kentucky University
Bowling Green, Kentucky
1906
1997–98
2007–08
Public
21,048
Hilltoppers
C-USA
men's soccer[g]

text:
Jump up ^ Hartford dropped men's tennis after the 2015–16 season.
Jump up ^ Stony Brook dropped men's tennis after the 2016–17 season. The school's women's tennis team remains an MVC affiliate.[14]
Jump up ^ TCU dropped men's soccer after the 2002 season.
Jump up ^ Tulsa, a full member from 1935 to 1996, rejoined the MVC as a men's soccer associate from 2000 to 2005.
Jump up ^ UMBC dropped men's tennis after the 2015–16 season.
Jump up ^ Vanderbilt dropped men's soccer after the 2005 season.
Jump up ^ WKU dropped men's soccer after the 2007 season.

text: Membership timeline[edit]

text: Full members (non-football) (Full members) Assoc. members (football only) Assoc. member (other sports)

text: Commissioners[edit]

text:
C. E. McClung (1907–19??)[15]
Arthur (Artie) E. Eilers (1925–1957)[15]
Norvell Neve (1957–1969)[15][16]
DeWitt T. Weaver (1969–1972)[15]
Mickey Holmes (1972–1979)[17][15]
David Price (1979–1981)[18][15]
Richard D. Martin (1981–1985)[15]
James A. Haney (1985–1988)[19][15]
Doug Elgin (1988 – present)[15][20]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Missouri Valley Conference sponsors championship competition in seven men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports.[21] Central Arkansas is an affiliate member for men's soccer, Dallas Baptist is an affiliate for baseball, Little Rock is an affiliate for swimming and diving, and Stony Brook is an affiliate in women's tennis.

text: The most recent change to the roster of sports was the dropping of men's tennis after the 2016–17 school year due to a lack of participating teams. Two of the four full conference members that sponsored the sport in that season no longer play men's tennis in the MVC. Southern Illinois dropped both men's and women's tennis,[22] and Wichita State joined the American Athletic Conference. Affiliate member Stony Brook dropped men's tennis after the 2016–17 season. The two remaining MVC men's tennis schools from 2016–17, Drake and Illinois State, joined the Summit League for that sport,[23] and incoming MVC member Valparaiso also joined the Summit League in men's tennis.

text:
Teams in Missouri Valley Conference competition

Sport
Men's
Women's

Baseball

8

-

Basketball

10

10

Cross country

9

10

Golf

9

10

Soccer

7

8

Softball

-

10

Swimming & Diving

-

8

Tennis

-

8

Track and field (indoor)

9

10

Track and field (outdoor)

9

10

Volleyball

-

10

text: Men's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text:
School
Baseball
Basketball
Cross
Country
Golf
Soccer
Track & Field
(Indoor)
Track & Field
(Outdoor)
Total MVC
Sports

Bradley
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
7

Drake
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
6

Evansville
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
7

Illinois State
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
6

Indiana State
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
5

Loyola
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
6

Missouri State
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
4

UNI
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
5

Southern Illinois
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
6

Valparaiso
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
7

Totals
7+1[a]
10
9
9
6+1[b]
9
9
59+2

text:
Jump up ^ Baseball associate Dallas Baptist.
Jump up ^ Soccer associate Central Arkansas.

text: Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Missouri Valley Conference which are played by Valley schools:

text:
School
Football
Swimming & Diving
Tennis
Volleyball
Wrestling

Drake
Pioneer League
No
Summit
No
No

Evansville
No
MAC
No
No
No

Illinois State
MVFC
No
Summit
No
No

Indiana State
MVFC
No
No
No
No

Loyola
No
No
No
MIVA
No

Missouri State
MVFC
MAC
No
No
No

UNI
MVFC
No
No
No
Big 12

Southern Illinois
MVFC
MAC
No
No
No

Valparaiso
Pioneer League
Summit[a]
Summit
No
No

text: Jump up ^ Valparaiso does not include diving in its intercollegiate aquatics program.

text: Women's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text:
School
Basketball
Cross
Country
Golf
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
Tennis
Track & Field
(Indoor)
Track & Field
(Outdoor)
Volleyball
Total MVC
Sports

Bradley
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
8

Drake
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Evansville
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y[24]
Y
Y
Y
10

Illinois State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

Indiana State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
9

Loyola
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
8

Missouri State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

UNI
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

Southern Illinois
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
8

Valparaiso
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y[a]
Y
Y
Y
Y
10

Totals
10
10
10
8
10
7+1[b]
7+1[c]
10
10
10
92+2

text:
Jump up ^ Valparaiso does not include diving in its intercollegiate aquatics program for either men or women.
Jump up ^ Swimming & diving associate Little Rock.
Jump up ^ Tennis associate Stony Brook.

text: Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Missouri Valley Conference which are played by Valley schools:

text:
School
Bowling
Field hockey
Gymnastics
Rowing

Drake
No
No
No
MAAC

Illinois State
No
No
MIC
No

Missouri State
No
MAC
No
No

Valparaiso
Southland Bowling
No
No
No

text: Facilities[edit]

text:
School
Soccer stadium
Capacity
Basketball arena
Capacity
Softball field
Capacity
Baseball field
Capacity

Bradley
Shea Stadium
3,800
Peoria Civic Center (men)
Renaissance Coliseum (women)
11,164
4,200
Petersen Hotels Field [25]
1,000
Dozer Park
7,500

Drake
James W. Cownie Soccer Complex
2,000
Knapp Center
7,152
Ron Buel Field
500
Non-baseball school

Evansville
Arad McCutchan Stadium
2,500
Ford Center
10,000
James & Dorothy
Cooper Stadium
650
Charles H. Braun Stadium
1,200

Illinois State
Adelaide Street Field
1,000
Redbird Arena
10,200
Marian Kneer
Softball Stadium
1,050
Duffy Bass Field
1,200

Indiana State
Non-soccer school
Hulman Center
10,200
Price Field At
Eleanor Forsythe St. John
Softball Complex
700
Sycamore Stadium
1,000

Loyola
Loyola Soccer Park
500
Joseph J. Gentile Arena
4,486
Loyola Softball Park
500
Non-baseball school

Missouri State
Betty and Bobby Allison South Stadium
1,000
JQH Arena
11,000
Killian Softball Stadium
1,200
Hammons Field
7,986

UNI
Cedar Valley Soccer Complex
N/A
McLeod Center
7,018
Robinson-Dresser
Sports Complex
N/A
Non-baseball school

Southern Illinois
Non-soccer school
SIU Arena
8,339
Charlotte West Stadium
502
Abe Martin Field
2,000

Valparaiso
Brown Field
5,000
Athletics–Recreation Center
5,000
Valpo Softball Complex
N/A
Emory G. Bauer Field
500

Affiliate members

Central Arkansas
Bill Stephens Track/Soccer Complex
400–bleachers
+ lawn seating
Soccer-only member

Dallas Baptist
Baseball-only member
Horner Ballpark
2,000

text: For the football venues of schools who participate in the sport, see Facilities of the Missouri Valley Football Conference and Facilities of the Pioneer Football League.

text: Basketball tournament champions by year[edit]

text: The Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Championship is often referred to as Arch Madness, in reference to the Gateway Arch at the tournament's present location of St. Louis, Missouri, and a play on "March Madness".

text:
Season
Men's Champion
Women's Champion

1977
Southern Illinois
No Tournament

1978
Creighton
No Tournament

1979
Indiana State
No Tournament

1980
Bradley
No Tournament

1981
Creighton
No Tournament

1982
Tulsa
No Tournament

1983
Illinois State
Illinois State

1984
Tulsa
No Tournament

1985
Wichita State
No Tournament

1986
Tulsa
No Tournament

1987
Wichita State
Southern Illinois

1988
Bradley
Eastern Illinois

1989
Creighton
Illinois State

1990
Illinois State
Southern Illinois

1991
Creighton
Missouri State

1992
Missouri State
Missouri State

1993
Southern Illinois
Missouri State

1994
Southern Illinois
Missouri State

1995
Southern Illinois
Drake

1996
Tulsa
Missouri State

1997
Illinois State
Illinois State

1998
Illinois State
Illinois State

1999
Creighton
Evansville

2000
Creighton
Drake

2001
Indiana State
Missouri State

2002
Creighton
Creighton

2003
Creighton
Missouri State

2004
UNI
Missouri State

2005
Creighton
Illinois State

2006
Southern Illinois
Missouri State

2007
Creighton
Drake

2008
Drake
Illinois State

2009
UNI
Evansville

2010
UNI
UNI

2011
Indiana State
UNI

2012
Creighton
Creighton

2013
Creighton
Wichita State

2014
Wichita State
Wichita State

2015
UNI
Wichita State

2016
UNI
Missouri State

2017
Wichita State

Drake

2018
Loyola–Chicago

Drake

text: NB: Missouri State was known as Southwest Missouri State until August 2005.

text: National team titles by institution[edit]

text: School – Number – NCAA Championships

text:
Bradley – 0 [26]
Drake – 3 [26]
Evansville – 0+5* [26]
Illinois State – 0+1* [26]
Indiana State – 1 [26]
Loyola University Chicago – 3 [26]
Missouri State – 0 +2* [26]
UNI – 1+2* [26]
Southern Illinois – 5+3* [26]
Valparaiso – 0[26]

text: NCAA Championships as of March, 2013

text: (*-Titles won by schools in Division II/College Division prior to their moving to Division I in the late 1960s or early 1970s.)

text: Football poll, Helms and AIAW titles are not included in the NCAA Championship count.

text: Men's basketball attendance[edit]

text:
2015–16 Men's Basketball Avg. Attendance

School
Average Attendance

Wichita State
10,805

Bradley
5,953

UNI
5,378

Southern Illinois
5,277

Illinois State
5,199

Evansville
5,147

Missouri State
4,140

Indiana State
3,672

Drake
3,087

Loyola Chicago
1,831

text: The Valley is well known for having some of the most dedicated fanbases in all of college basketball, with several members regularly selling out their large arenas on a nightly basis throughout the year. One member (Wichita State) sold out every single game for the 2006–07 season and in 2012–13 averaged 10,312 attendees in their 10,506 seat arena. Former member (Creighton) had the sixth highest attendance for Division I in 2012–13 while Wichita State, Bradley, Illinois State, Missouri State, and Indiana State were all among the NCAA's top 100 teams in home attendance.

text: In 2010–11, 2011–12, and 2012–13, the Valley maintained its position as the eighth ranked conference in average attendance.

text: The Valley made history in March 2007 with record attendance for four days at St. Louis' Scottrade Center as 85,074 fans turned out to watch the five sessions of the tournament. The two sellout crowds of 22,612 for the semifinals and final of the 2007 State Farm Tournament set an all-time attendance record for basketball at the arena and also gave The Valley the distinction of having the largest championship crowd for any of the 30 NCAA conference tournaments in 2007.[30]

text: Football champions by year[edit]

text: All MVC schools that currently play football are part of the Missouri Valley Football Conference except for Drake and Valparaiso, which play in the Pioneer Football League.


document_title: Finance Commission

question_text: who constitutes the finance commission after every five years

text: Finance Commission

text: History[edit]

text: As a federal state, India suffers from both vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances. Vertical imbalances between the central and state governments result from states incurring expenditures disproportionate to their sources of revenue, in the process of fulfilling their responsibilities. However, states are better able to gauge the needs and concerns of their inhabitants and therefore more efficient at addressing them. Horizontal imbalances among state governments result from differing historical backgrounds or resource endowments, and can widen over time.

text: The Finance Commission was established in 1951 by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the then-incumbent Law Minister, to address these imbalances. Several provisions to bridge the fiscal gap between the Centre and the States were already enshrined in the Constitution of India, including Article 268, which facilitates levy of duties by the Centre but equips the States to collect and retain the same. Similarly, Articles 269, 270, 275, 282 and 293, among others, specify ways and means of sharing resources between the Union and States. In addition to the above provisions, the Finance Commission serves as an institutional framework to facilitate Centre-State Transfers.[citation needed]

text: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution defines the scope of the Commission:

text:
The President will constitute a Finance Commission within two years from the commencement of the Constitution and thereafter at the end of every fifth year or earlier, as the deemed necessary by him/her, which shall include a chairman and four other members.
Parliament may by law determine the requisite qualifications for appointment as members of the Commission and the procedure of selection.
The Commission is constituted to make recommendations to the president about the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the Union and States and also the allocation of the same amongst the States themselves. It is also under the ambit of the Finance Commission to define the financial relations between the Union and the States. They also deal with devolution of non-plan revenue resources.

text: Functions[edit]

text:
Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between Center and the States, to be divided as per their respective contributions to the taxes.
Determine factors governing Grants-in Aid to the states and the magnitude of the same.
To make recommendations to president as to the measures needed to augment the Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the panchayats and municipalities in the state on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the state.
any other matter related to it by the president in the interest of sound finance
finance commission is antonomous body which is governed by the government of india

text: The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951[edit]

text: The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951 was passed to give a structured format to the Finance Commission and to bring it to par with world standards, by laying down rules for the qualification and disqualification of members of the Commission, and for their appointment, term, eligibility and powers.[2]

text: Qualifications of the members[edit]

text: The Chairman of the Finance Commission is selected from people with experience of public affairs. The other four members are selected from people who:

text:
Are, or have been, or are qualified, as judges of High Court,
Have knowledge of Government finances or accounts, or
Have had experience in administration and financial expertise; or
Have special knowledge of economics

text: Procedure and Powers of the Commission[edit]

text: The Commission has the power to determine their own procedure and:

text:
Has all powers of the civil court as per the Civil Procedure Code, 1908
Can summon and enforce the attendance of any witness or ask any person to deliver information or produce a document, which it deems relevant.
Can ask for the production of any public record or document from any court or office.
Shall be deemed to be a civil court for purposes of Sections 480 and 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

text: Disqualification from being a member of the Commission[edit]

text: A member may be disqualified if:

text:
He is mentally unsound;
He is an undischarged insolvent;
He has been convicted of an immoral offence;
His financial and other interests are such that it hinders smooth functioning of the Commission.

text: Terms of Office of Members and Eligibility for Reappointment[edit]

text: Every member will be in office for the time period as specified in the order of the President, but is eligible for reappointment provided he has, by means of a letter addressed to the president, resigned his office.

text: Salaries and Allowances of the members[edit]

text: The members of the Commission shall provide full-time or part-time service to the Commission, as the President specifies in his order. The members shall be paid salaries and allowances as per the provisions made by the Central Government.

text: List of Finance Commissions[edit]

text: So far 14 Finance Commissions have been appointed which are as follows:[3]

text:
Finance Commission
Year of Establishment
Chairman
Operational Duration

First
1951
K. C. Neogy
1952–57

Second
1956
K. Santhanam
1957–62

Third
1960
A. K. Chanda
1962–66

Fourth
1964
P. V. Rajamannar
1966–69

Fifth
1968
Mahaveer Tyagi
1969–74

Sixth
1972
K. Brahmananda Reddy
1974–79

Seventh
1977
J. M. Shelat
1979–84

Eighth
1983
Y. B. Chavan
1984–89

Ninth
1987
N. K. P. Salve
1989–95

Tenth
1992
K. C. Pant
1995–2000

Eleventh
1998
A. M. Khusro
2000–2005

Twelfth
2002
C. Rangarajan
2005–2010

Thirteenth
2007
Dr. Vijay L. Kelkar
2010–2015

Fourteenth[4]
2013
Dr. Y. V Reddy
2015–2020

text: 14th Finance Commission[edit]

text: Major Recommendations of 14th Finance Commission headed by Prof. Y V Reddy

text:
The share of states in the net proceeds of the shareable Central taxes should be 42%. This is 10 percentage points higher than the recommendation of 13th Finance Commission.
Revenue deficit to be progressively reduced and eliminated.
Fiscal deficit to be reduced to 3% of the GDP by 2017–18.
A target of 62% of GDP for the combined debt of centre and states.
The Medium Term Fiscal Plan(MTFP) should be reformed and made the statement of commitment rather than a statement of intent.
FRBM Act need to be amended to mention the nature of shocks which shall require targets relaxation.
Both centre and states should conclude 'Grand Bargain' to implement the model Goods and Services Act(GST).
Initiatives to reduce the number of Central Sponsored Schemes(CSS) and to restore the predominance of formula based plan grants.
States need to address the problem of losses in the power sector in time bound manner.

text: Finance Commission versus Planning Commission[edit]

text: It is alleged[by whom?] that Planning Commission (India) (PC) which is neither a constitutional nor a statutory body has usurped the role of Finance Commission(FC). PC has restricted FC's role to mere recommend grants to states on revenue account only under article 275 of Indian constitution. However, after the formation of NITI Aayog (National Institute of Transforming India), which comes to replace the Planning Commission seeks to empower FC with the originally envisaged task of distribution of revenue to the states.[citation needed]


document_title: Super-G

question_text: how long is the men's super g course

question_tokens: how long is the men 's super g course

text: Super-G

text: History[edit]

text: Super-G was run as a World Cup test event during the 1982 season, with two men's races and a women's race that did not count in the season standings.[1] Approved by the International Ski Federation (FIS) that summer, it was first officially run at the World Cup level in December 1982 at Val-d'Isère, France; the winner was Peter Müller of Switzerland. The first official women's super-G was run a month later in early January 1983, with consecutive events at Verbier, Switzerland. The first winner was Irene Epple of West Germany, and Cindy Nelson of the United States won the next day on a different course.[2] These were the only two races for women in super-G during the 1983 season; the men had three. The event was not universally embraced during its early years,[3] which included a boycott by two-time defending overall champion Phil Mahre in December 1982.[4][5]

text: For the first three seasons, super-G results were added into the giant slalom discipline for the season standings; it gained separate status for a crystal globe for the 1986 season with five events for both men and women; the first champions were Markus Wasmeier and Marina Kiehl, both of West Germany.

text: It was added to the World Championships in 1987, held at Crans-Montana, Switzerland. Swiss skiers Pirmin Zurbriggen and Maria Walliser won gold medals to become the first world champions in the event. Super-G made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Calgary, where Franck Piccard of France and Sigrid Wolf of Austria took gold at Nakiska.

text: Top racers[edit]

text: Hermann Maier of Austria (nicknamed 'The Hermannator') is widely regarded as the greatest male super-G racer, with 24 World Cup victories and five World Cup titles (1998–2001, 2004). He won the world championship in 1999 and an Olympic gold medal in 1998, three days after a crash in the downhill. Maier's proficiency in super-G was attributed to his thorough course inspection and his aggressive course tactics; he opted for the most direct and dangerous line down the hill. A serious motorcycle accident in August 2001 nearly resulted in an amputation of his lower right leg and sidelined him for the 2002 season, including the 2002 Olympics. After his return to the World Cup circuit in January 2003, Maier won eight more World Cup super-G events and his fifth season title in 2004.

text: Aksel Lund Svindal of Norway is second on the list with 15 wins in World Cup super-G races, Pirmin Zurbriggen third with his 10 wins. Svindal won Olympic gold in 2010 and his fifth season title in 2014, while Zurbriggen won four consecutive season titles (1987–90) and the first world championship in 1987. Another notable specialist was Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway, a triple gold medalist in Olympic super-G races, winning in 1992, 2002 and 2006. Aamodt won five World Cup races and two world championship medals (silver and bronze) in the discipline. Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg, a five-time overall World Cup champion, won nine World Cup super-G events. He won season titles in every discipline except super-G, where he was a runner-up three times. Girardelli was the silver medalist in the super-G at the 1987 World Championships and the 1992 Olympics.

text: On the women's side, Lindsey Vonn of the U.S. leads with 27 World Cup victories in super-G and has won five season titles (2009–2012, 2015). Katja Seizinger of Germany won five season titles in the 1990s, with 16 World Cup wins in the discipline. While neither won gold in the super-G in the Olympics (both won a bronze), they both won a world title, Vonn in 2009 and Seizinger in 1993. Renate Götschl of Austria won 17 World Cup events in super-G, three season titles (four as runner-up), and two medals (silver and bronze) in the world championships.

text: Course[edit]

text: The vertical drop for a Super-G course must be between 350–650 m (1,150–2,130 ft) for men, 350–600 m (1,150–1,970 ft) for women, and 250–450 m (820–1,480 ft) for children. In the Olympic Winter Games, FIS World Ski Championships, and FIS World Cups, minimums are raised to 400 m (1,300 ft) for both men and women. Courses are normally at least 30 m (98 ft) in width, but sections with lower widths are permissible if the line and terrain before and after allow it. Higher widths can also be required if deemed necessary. Gates must be between 6 m (20 ft) and 8 m (26 ft) in width for open gates, and between 8 m (26 ft) and 12 m (39 ft) in width for vertical gates. The distance between turning poles of successive gates must be at least 25 m (82 ft). The number of direction changes must be at least 7% of the course drop in meters (6% for Olympic Winter Games, FIS World Ski Championships and FIS World Cups).[6]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: In an attempt to increase safety, the 2004 season saw the FIS impose minimum ski lengths for the super-G for the first time; to 205 cm (80.7 in) for men, 200 cm (78.7 in) for women. The minimum turning radius was increased to 45 m (148 ft) for the 2014 season.

text: Men's World Cup podiums[edit]

text: The following table contains the men's Super-G (from 2007 Super combined) World Cup podiums since the first edition in 1986.

text:
Season
1st
2nd
3rd

1986
 Markus Wasmeier
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Marc Girardelli

1987
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Marc Girardelli
 Markus Wasmeier

1988
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Markus Wasmeier
 Franck Piccard

1989
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Lars-Börje Eriksson
 Franck Piccard

1990
 Pirmin Zurbriggen
 Günther Mader
 Lars-Börje Eriksson

1991
 Franz Heinzer
 Stephan Eberharter
 Atle Skaardal

1992
 Paul Accola
 Marc Girardelli
 Günther Mader

1993
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Günther Mader
 Franz Heinzer

1994
 Jan Einar Thorsen
 Marc Girardelli
 Tommy Moe

1995
 Peter Runggaldier
 Günther Mader
 Werner Perathoner

1996
 Atle Skaardal
 Hans Knauß
 Lasse Kjus

1997
 Luc Alphand
 Josef Strobl
 Andreas Schifferer

1998
 Hermann Maier
 Hans Knauß
 Stephan Eberharter

1999
 Hermann Maier
 Stephan Eberharter
 Andreas Schifferer

2000
 Hermann Maier
 Werner Franz
 Fritz Strobl

2001
 Hermann Maier
 Christoph Gruber
 Josef Strobl

2002
 Stephan Eberharter
 Didier Cuche
 Fritz Strobl

2003
 Stephan Eberharter
 Marco Büchel
 Didier Cuche

2004
 Hermann Maier
 Daron Rahlves
 Stephan Eberharter

2005
 Bode Miller
 Hermann Maier
 Daron Rahlves

2006
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Hermann Maier
 Daron Rahlves

2007
 Bode Miller
 Didier Cuche
 John Kucera

2008
 Hannes Reichelt
 Didier Cuche
 Benjamin Raich

2009
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Werner Heel
 Didier Defago

2010
 Erik Guay
 Michael Walchhofer
 Aksel Lund Svindal

2011
 Didier Cuche
 Georg Streitberger
 Ivica Kostelic

2012
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Didier Cuche
 Beat Feuz

2013
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Matteo Marsaglia
 Matthias Mayer

2014
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Kjetil Jansrud
 Patrick Küng

2015
 Kjetil Jansrud
 Dominik Paris
 Matthias Mayer

2016
 Aleksander Aamodt Kilde
 Kjetil Jansrud
 Aksel Lund Svindal

2017
 Kjetil Jansrud
 Hannes Reichelt
 Aleksander Aamodt Kilde

text: Super G at the major competitions[edit]

text: Men

text:
Competition
Course setter
1st
2nd
3rd

1987 WCH

1988 WOG

 Franck Piccard
 Helmut Mayer
 Lars-Borje Eriksson

1989 WCH

1991 WCH

1992 WOG

 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Marc Girardelli
 Jan Einar Thorsen

1993 WCH

1994 WOG

 Markus Wasmeier
 Tommy Moe
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt

1996 WCH

1997 WCH

1998 WOG

 Hermann Maier
 Didier Cuche
 Hans Knauß

1999 WCH

2001 WCH

 Daron Rahlves
 Stephan Eberharter
 Hermann Maier

2002 WOG
 F. Zueger
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Stephan Eberharter
 Andreas Schifferer

2003 WCH
 M. Arnesen
 Stephan Eberharter
 Bode Miller
 Hermann Maier

2005 WCH
 M. Arnesen
 Bode Miller
 Michael Walchhofer
 Benjamin Raich

2006 WOG
 A. Evers
 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
 Hermann Maier
 Ambrosi Hoffmann

2007 WCH
 H. Flatscher
 Patrick Staudacher
 Fritz Strobl
 Bruno Kernen

2009 WCH
 G. L. Rulfi
 Didier Cuche
 Peter Fill
 Aksel Lund Svindal

2010 WOG
 G. L. Rulfi
 Aksel Lund Svindal
 Bode Miller
 Andrew Weibrecht

2011 WCH
 H. Flatscher
 Christof Innerhofer
 Hannes Reichelt
 Ivica Kostelic

2013 WCH
 T. Moger
 Ted Ligety
 Gauthier de Tessières
 Aksel Lund Svindal

2014 WOG
 P. Morisod
 Kjetil Jansrud
 Andrew Weibrecht
 Bode Miller

2015 WCH
 F. Winkler
 Hannes Reichelt
 Dustin Cook
 Adrien Theaux

2017 WCH
 A. Ghidoni
 Erik Guay
 Kjetil Jansrud
 Manuel Osborne-Paradis

2018 WOG
 A. Ghidoni
 Matthias Mayer
 Beat Feuz
 Kjetil Jansrud

text: Women

text:
Competition
Course setter
1st
2nd
3rd

1987 WCH

1988 WOG

 Sigrid Wolf
 Michela Figini
 Karen Percy

1989 WCH

1991 WCH

1992 WOG

 Deborah Compagnoni
 Carole Merle
 Katja Seizinger

1993 WCH

1994 WOG

 Diann Roffe Steinrotter
 Svetlana Gladysheva
 Isolde Kostner

1996 WCH

1997 WCH

1998 WOG

 Picabo Street
 Michaela Dorfmeister
 Alexandra Meissnitzer

1999 WCH

2001 WCH

 Regine Cavagnoud
 Isolde Kostner
 Hilde Gerg

2002 WOG
 P. Endrass
 Daniela Ceccarelli
 Janica Kostelić
 Karen Putzer

2003 WCH
 B. Zobel
 Michaela Dorfmeister
 Kristen Clark
 Jonna Mendes

2005 WCH
 X. Fournier
 Anja Pärson
 Lucia Recchia
 Julia Mancuso

2006 WOG
 J. Graller
 Michaela Dorfmeister
 Janica Kostelić
 Alexandra Meissnitzer

2007 WCH
 J. Graller
 Anja Pärson
 Lindsey Vonn
 Renate Götschl

2009 WCH
 U. Emilsson
 Lindsey Vonn
 Marie Marchand-Arvier
 Andrea Fischbacher

2010 WOG
 J. Kriechbaum
 Andrea Fischbacher
 Tina Maze
 Lindsey Vonn

2011 WCH
 J. Kriechbaum
 Elisabeth Görgl
 Julia Mancuso
 Maria Riesch

2013 WCH
 D. Petrini
 Tina Maze
   Lara Gut
 Julia Mancuso

2014 WOG
 F. Winkler
 Anna Fenninger
 Maria Hoefl-Riesch
 Nicole Hosp

2015 WCH
 R. Assinger
 Anna Fenninger
 Tina Maze
 Lindsey Vonn

2017 WCH
 A. Ghezze
 Nicole Schmidhofer
 Tina Weirather
   Lara Gut

2018 WOG
 M. Tatschl
 Ester Ledecká
 Anna Veith
 Tina Weirather

text: WOG - Winter Olympic Games, WCH - FIS World Ski Championships