document_title: The Addams Family (film)

question_text: who plays wednesday in the addams family movie

text: The Addams Family (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Gomez Addams laments the 25-year absence of his brother Fester, who disappeared after the two had a falling-out. Gomez's lawyer Tully Alford owes money to loan shark and con artist Abigail Craven, and notices that her son Gordon closely resembles Fester. Tully proposes that Gordon pose as Fester to infiltrate the Addams household and find the hidden vault where they keep their vast riches. Tully and his wife Margaret attend a séance at the Addams home led by Grandmama in which the family tries to contact Fester's spirit. Gordon arrives, posing as Fester, while Abigail poses as a German psychiatrist named Dr. Greta Pinder-Schloss and tells the family that Fester had been lost in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 25 years.

text: Gomez, overjoyed to have Fester back, takes him to the family vault to view home movies from their childhood. Gordon learns the reason for the brothers' falling-out: Gomez was jealous of Fester's success with women, and wooed the conjoined twins Flora and Fauna Amor away from him out of envy. Gomez starts to suspect that "Fester" is an impostor when he is unable to recall important details about their past. Gordon attempts to return to the vault, but is unable to get past a booby trap. Gomez's wife Morticia reminds "Fester" of the importance of family amongst the Addamses and of their vengeance against those who cross them. Fearing that the family is getting wise to their con, Abigail (under the guise of Dr. Pinder-Schloss) convinces Gomez that his suspicions are due to displacement.

text: Gordon grows closer to the Addams family, particularly the children Wednesday and Pugsley, whom he helps to prepare a swordplay sequence for a school play. The Addamses throw a large party with their extended family and friends to celebrate Fester's return, during which Abigail plans to break into the vault. Wednesday overhears Abigail and Gordon discussing their scheme, and escapes them by hiding in the family cemetery. Tully learns that Fester, as the eldest brother, is the executor of the Addams estate and therefore technically owns the entire property. With the help of the Addamses' neighbor Judge George Womack, who Gomez has repeatedly angered by hitting golf balls at his house, Tully procures a restraining order against the family, banning them from the estate. Gomez attempts to fight the order in court, but Judge Womack rules against him out of spite.

text: While Abigail, Gordon, and Tully try repeatedly and unsuccessfully to get past the booby trap blocking access to the vault, the Addams family is forced to move into a motel and find jobs. Morticia tries her hand as a preschool teacher, Wednesday and Pugsley sell toxic lemonade, and Thing—the family's animate disembodied hand—becomes a courier. Gomez, despondent, sinks into depression and lethargy.

text: Morticia returns to the Addams home to confront Fester and is captured by Abigail and Tully, who torture her in an attempt to learn how to access the vault. Thing observes this and informs Gomez using Morse code, who gathers the family and rushes to Morticia's rescue. Abigail threatens Morticia's life if Gomez does not surrender the family fortune. Fed up with his mother's behavior and constant berating, Gordon turns against Abigail. Using a magical book which projects its contents into reality, he unleashes a hurricane in the house, which strikes his own head with lightning and launches Tully and Abigail out of a window and into open graves dug for them by Wednesday and Pugsley.

text: Gordon turns out to actually have been Fester all along, having suffered amnesia after being lost in the Bermuda Triangle and turning up in Miami, where Abigail had taken him in. The lightning strike has restored his memory and he is enthusiastically welcomed back into the Addams household. With the family whole again, Morticia informs Gomez that she is pregnant.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anjelica Huston as Morticia Addams
Raúl Juliá as Gomez Addams
Christopher Lloyd as "Gordon Craven" / Uncle Fester Addams
Christina Ricci as Wednesday Addams
Jimmy Workman as Pugsley Addams
Judith Malina as Grandmama
Carel Struycken as Lurch
Christopher Hart's hand as Thing
Elizabeth Wilson as Abigail Craven / "Dr. Greta Pinder-Schloss"
Dan Hedaya as Tully Alford
Dana Ivey as Margaret Alford
Paul Benedict as Judge George Womack
John Franklin as Cousin Itt
Mercedes McNab as Girl Scout
Sally Jessy Raphael as Herself

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack for The Addams Family was released on December 3, 1991 and features most of Marc Shaiman's film score. The complete version of "Mamushka" was cut from the film after a key audience demographic from test screenings complained the song brought the movie to a stand-still.[2] The film also features a video from American rap artist MC Hammer called "Addams Groove".[3]

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Anjelica Huston said she based aspects of her performance on her friend Jerry Hall to give the character more warmth. Huston said she would have expected the role to go to Cher but was a longtime fan of Morticia.[4]

text: Most of the film was shot on Stage 3/8 at the Hollywood Center Studios in LA, the same studio where the original TV series was filmed.[5]

text: Makeup and animatronic effects for the film were handled by Tony Gardner (designer) and his company Alterian, Inc.

text: After the film's release, David Levy, the producer of the 1964 Addams Family TV series, filed a lawsuit against Paramount Pictures. Levy claimed that many elements of the film which were taken from the TV show were his original ideas and not part of the Charles Addams cartoons. These ideas included the characters of Thing and Cousin Itt, Gomez's fencing expertise and toy trains, Morticia's sizzling bedroom talk and the passionate tangos danced by her and Gomez, Fester's lightbulb trick and Lurch's harpsichord playing. The lawsuit was later settled out of court.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Addams Family grossed $113,502,246 in the United States and $191,502,246 worldwide. The film's budget was $30 million.[6]

text: Critical response [edit]

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives The Addams Family a 60% "fresh" rating based on reviews from 40 critics.[7][8][9]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying it was mildly entertaining but did not add up to much.[10]

text: Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called the film a "collection of one-liners and not much more".[11]

text: Variety magazine wrote, "Despite inspired casting and nifty visual trappings, the eagerly awaited Addams Family figures a major disappointment."[12]

text: Accolades [edit]

text: The Addams Family was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year in 1991 by the Horror Hall of Fame. Carel Struycken appeared at the award ceremony to receive the award on behalf of the cast.[13]

text: Huston was nominated for the 1992 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance as Morticia.[14]

text: Additionally, the pinball machine based on the film is the best-selling and the highest produced pinball machine of all time.[15][16]

text: The film was nominated for an Academy Award for achievement in costume design.[17]

text: The film won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song for the song "Addams Groove" by MC Hammer.

text: The Making of The Addams Family[edit]

text: A documentary, The Making of The Addams Family, was produced to promote the film in 1991.[18]

text: In a 2012 interview, Sonnenfeld stated that he originally intended that it be unclear whether Fester really was an imposter or not, but all the other actors rebelled and chose 10-year-old Christina Ricci to speak on their behalf, who "gave this really impassioned plea that Fester shouldn't be an imposter.... so we ended up totally changing that plot point to make the actors happy. And they were right — it was the better way to go."[19]

text: Blu-ray and DVD[edit]

text: The film was released first time on Blu-ray in UK on October 2013. In 2006, The Addams Family and Addams Family Values were released together on DVD as a double feature in the US.[citation needed]

text: Video game[edit]

text: A game based on the film was released for various handheld and home computer platforms.[citation needed]

text: Addams Family pinball machine[edit]

text: The Addams Family pinball machine was a commercial arcade pinball machine made by Bally/Williams and was released in March 1992. It became the best selling pinball machine of all time, with more than 20,000 units sold.[20]


document_title: Cohabitation

question_text: how long do you live with someone to be common law married uk

question_tokens: how long do you live with someone to be common law married uk

root

text: Cohabitation

text: Social changes leading to increase[edit]

text: Today, cohabitation is a common pattern among people in the Western world.

tag: p

text: In Europe, the Scandinavian countries have been the first to start this leading trend, although many countries have since followed.[3] Mediterranean Europe has traditionally been very conservative, with religion playing a strong role. Until the mid-1990s, cohabitation levels remained low in this region, but have since increased.[4]

text: During the past decades, in Western countries, there has been an increase in unmarried couples cohabiting. Historically, many Western countries have been influenced by Christian doctrines on sex, which opposes unmarried cohabitation. As social mores have changed, such beliefs have become less widely held by the population and some Christian denominations today view cohabitation as a precursor to marriage.[5] Pope Francis has married a cohabiting couple who had children,[6] while former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams[7] and the Archbishop of York John Sentamu have expressed tolerance of cohabitation.[8]

text: In recent decades high rates of participation of women in the workforce, and the widespread availability of highly effective long acting reversible contraceptives[9] has led to women making individual choices over their reproduction with decreased reliance on male partners for financial stability. All these changes favored living arrangement alternatives to marriage.[10]

text: In Central and Eastern Europe, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, there were major political changes, such as the fall of Communist governments. These societies entered a new era of increased social freedom, less rigid rules, and less authoritarian governments. They interacted with Western Europe and some became members of the European Union. As a result, the patterns of family life have started to change: marriage rates have declined, and marriage was postponed to a later age. Cohabitation and births to unmarried mothers increased, and in some countries the increase was very quick.[11]

text: The deinstitutionalization of marriage refers to the weakening of the social and legal norms that regulate peoples' behavior in regard to marriage.[12] The rise in cohabitation is part of other major social changes such as: higher divorce rate, older age at first marriage and childbearing, and more births outside marriage. Factors such as secularization, increased participation of women in the labor force, changing in the meaning of marriage, risk reduction, individualism, and changing views on sexuality have been cited as contributing to these social changes.[13] There has also been a change in modern sexual ethics, with a focus on consent, rather than marital status (i.e. decriminalization of adultery and fornication; criminalization of marital rape), reflecting new concepts about the role and purpose of sexual interaction, and new conceptualizations of female sexuality and of self-determination.[14] There have been objections against the legal and social regulation of female sexuality; with such regulations being often seen as violations of women's rights.[15] In addition, some individuals may feel that marriage is unnecessary or outdated, leading to couples not formalizing their relation.[16] For instance, in the European Values Study (EVS) of 2008, the percentage of respondents who agreed with the assertion that "Marriage is an outdated institution" was 37.5% in Luxembourg, 35.4% in France, 34.3% in Belgium, 31.2% in Spain, 30.5% in Austria, 29.2% in Germany, 27.7% in Switzerland, 27.2% in Bulgaria, 27.0% in the Netherlands, 25.0% in Slovenia.[17]

text: The fact that many couples choose to live together without formalizing their relation is also recognized by the European Union. A 2004 directive forbids EU members from denying entry or residence of partners "with whom the Union citizen has a durable relationship, duly attested."[18]

text: A reason for the more permissive and less traditional views on cohabiting would be a low sex ratio. A low sex ratio would mean there are many more women than men, resulting in differing societal values and acceptable behaviors.[19]

text: Reasons for cohabitation in the United States[edit]

text: Today, cohabitation in the United States is often seen as a natural step in the dating process.[20] In fact, "cohabitation is increasingly becoming the first coresidential union formed among young adults."[21] More than two-thirds of married couples in the US say that they lived together before getting married.[22] "In 1994, there were 3.7 million cohabiting couples in the United States."[23] This is a major increase from a few decades ago. According to Dr. Galena Rhoades, "Before 1970, living together outside marriage was uncommon, but by the late 1990s at least 50% to 60% of couples lived together premaritally.[24]

text: People may live together for a number of reasons. Cohabitants could live together in order to save money, because of the convenience of living with another, or a need to find housing.[20] Lower income individuals facing financial uncertainty may delay or avoid marriage, not only because of the difficulty of paying for a wedding[25] but also because of fear of financial hardship if a marriage were to end in divorce.[26]

text: When given a survey of the reasons why they cohabit, most couples listed reasons such as spending more time together, convenience based reasons, and testing their relationships, while few gave the reason that they do not believe in marriage.[27] The extremely high costs of housing and tight budgets of today's economy are also factors that can lead a couple to cohabitation.[22]

text: Today sixty percent of all marriages are preceded by a period of cohabitation.[28] Researchers suggest that couples live together as a way of trying out marriage to test compatibility with their partners, while still having the option of ending the relationship without legal implications.[29] "More than three-quarters of all cohabitors report plans to marry their partners, which implies that most of them view cohabitation as a prelude to marriage.[30] Cohabitation shares many qualities with marriage, often couples who are cohabiting share a residence, personal resources, exclude intimate relations with others and, in more than 10% of cohabiting couples, have children.[30] "Many young adults believe cohabitation is a good way to test their relationships prior to marriage.[31] Couples who have plans to marry before moving in together or who are engaged before cohabiting typically marry within two years of living together.[32] The state of cohabitation of a couple often ends either in marriage or in break-up; according to a 1996 study about 10% of cohabiting unions remained in this state more than five years.[33] According to a survey done by The National Center for Health Statistics, "over half of marriages from 1990-1994 among women began as cohabitation.[21]

text: Cohabitation can be an alternative to marriage in situations where marriage is not possible for financial or family reasons (such as same-sex, interracial or interreligious marriages).[32]

text: Cohabitation, sometimes called de facto marriage, is becoming more commonly known as a substitute for conventional marriage.[34] Common-law marriage in the United States can still be contracted in nine US states, and in two others under restriction.[35] This helps provide the surviving partner a legal basis for inheriting the deceased's belongings in the event of the death of their cohabiting partner. In today's cohabiting relationships, forty percent of households include children, giving us an idea of how cohabitation could be considered a new normative type of family dynamic.[28] As of 2012, 41% of all births in the US were to unmarried women.[36] In three states (Mississippi - 55%, Louisiana - 53%, and New Mexico - 52%) births outside marriage were in the majority; the lowest percentage of births outside marriage was in Utah, at 19%.[37] During the period 2006 - 2010, 58% of births outside marriage were to cohabiting parents.[38]

text: Contemporary objections to cohabitation[edit]

text: Contemporary objections to cohabiting couples include religious opposition to non-marital unions, social pressure for couples to get married, and potential effects of cohabitation on a child's development.

text: The rise in the number of cohabiting couples and children born out of wedlock in the Western world has made cohabitation a strong focus of sociological research.[39] The rise in cohabiting couples in the United States, from around 450,000 in 1960 to 7.5 million in 2011[40] has been accompanied by US research performed on child development within cohabiting households.[41] Opponents of cohabitation say non-marital parenting is an unsuitable environment for a child's development. One study from 2002 correlated lower numeracy skills and higher delinquency to children of cohabiting couples,[41] however, recent studies that control for factors including poverty, the educational level of parents and violence in the home show children of cohabiting couples are developmentally similar to peers of comparable married couples.[42]

text: Effect on children[edit]

text: In 2001, researchers compared teenage children living in a cohabiting household against peers in single-parent households. The results showed Caucasian and Hispanic teenagers had lower performance in school, greater risk of suspension or expulsion than peers from single-parent households, and the same rate behavioral and emotional problems.[43]

text: A study on the 1995 and 2002 National Survey of Family Growth found increases in both the prevalence and duration of unmarried cohabitation.[44] The study found that 40% of children in the United States would live in a cohabiting household by age 12, and children born to single mothers were more likely than those born to married mothers to live in a cohabiting household. The percentage of women ages 19−44 who had ever cohabited increased from 45% in 1995 to 54% in 2002.[44]

text: In 2002, 63% of women who graduate from high school were found to spend some time cohabiting, compared to only 45% of women with a 4-year college degree.[44] Cohabiting couples who have children often get married. One study found that children born of parents who cohabit are 90% more likely to end up living in households with married parents than children born to single mothers. 67% of unmarried Hispanic mothers are expected to marry, while 40% of African American mothers are expected to marry.[44]

text: Religious views[edit]

text: Studies have found that religious affiliation correlates with cohabitation and marriage entry.[45] People frequently cite religious reasons for their opposition to cohabitation. The Roman Catholic Church and nearly all mainstream Protestant denominations around the world oppose cohabitation and consider it to be the sin of fornication.[46][47][48] However, others, such as the Anglican Church "welcome cohabiting couples in the Church and encourage them to regard cohabitation as a prelude to Christian marriage."[49]

text: Religion can also lead to societal pressures against cohabitation especially within highly religious communities.[50] Some couples may refrain from cohabitation because one or both partners fear disappointing or alienating conservative family members.[45] Young adults who grew up in families that oppose cohabitation have lower rates than their peers.[51] The increase in cohabitation in the United States and other developed nations has been linked to the secularization of those countries.[52] Researchers have noted that changes in the religious demographics of a society have accompanied the rise in cohabitation.[53]

text: Non-marital and same-sex relationships are forbidden by the Islamic law of Zina,[54] and cohabitation is against the law in many Muslim majority countries including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[55] Afghanistan,[56][57] Iran,[57] Kuwait,[58] Maldives,[59] Morocco,[60] Oman,[61] Mauritania,[62] United Arab Emirates,[63][64] Sudan,[65] and Yemen.[66]

text: Effects on marriage and family life[edit]

text: Likelihood of split[edit]

text: As premarital cohabitation occurs more frequently, there are more research participants which has led to a greater understanding of the factors of stable, lasting relationships. This has led to more possibilities and studies. The early studies, performed decades ago, did not account for the multiple factors that comprise the stability of a relationship. Researchers have found evidence that previous research into the effects of premarital cohabitation does not apply to modern relationships. New results have shown there are many factors that lead to divorce that are not cohabitation.

text: Conflicting studies on the effect of cohabitation on subsequent marriage have been published. In countries where the majority of people disapprove of unmarried individuals living together, or a minority of the population cohabits before marriage, marriages resulting from cohabitation are more prone to divorce. But in a study on European countries, those where around half of the population cohabits before marriage, cohabitation is not selective of divorce-prone individuals, and no difference in couples that have cohabited before and after marriage is observed.[67][68] In countries such as Italy, the increased risk of marital disruption for people who experienced premarital cohabitation can be entirely attributed to the selection of the most divorce-prone into cohabitation.[69]

text: In 2002 the CDC found that for married couples the likelihood percentage of the relationship ending after 5 years is 20%, for unmarried cohabitators the likelihood percentage is 49%. After 10 years the likelihood percentage for the relationship to end is 33% for married couples and 62% for unmarried cohabitators. [70] [71] One German study found that in regions with high rates of childbirth to cohabitating parents, no negative effect is observed in cohabitation. The study states "union stability of cohabiting mothers is positively related to their prevalence."[39]

text: A 2004 study of 136 couples (272 individuals) from researchers at the University of Denver found differences among couples that cohabited before engagement, after engagement, or not until marriage. The longitudinal study collected survey data collected before marriage and 10 months into marriage, with findings suggesting those who cohabit before engagement are at greater risk for poor marital outcomes than those who cohabit only after engagement or at marriage.[72] A follow-up survey by the researches of over 1,000 married men and women married in the past 10 years found those who moved in with a lover before engagement or marriage reported significantly lower quality marriages and a greater possibility of a separation than other couples. [73] About 20 percent of those who cohabited before getting engaged had since suggested splitting - compared with only 12 percent of those who only moved in together after getting engaged and 10 percent who did not cohabit prior to marriage.[74]

text: The researchers from Denver suggest that relationships with pre-engagement cohabitation "may wind up sliding into marriage",[74] whereas those that only cohabit post engagement or marriage make a more clear decision. This could explain their 2006 study of 197 heterosexual couples finding that men who cohabited with their spouse before engagement were less dedicated than men who cohabited only after engagement or not at all before marriage.[75] In some heterosexual couples, women are more likely to understand cohabitation as an intermediary step preceding marriage, and men more likely to perceive it without an explicit connection to marriage.[76][77][78]

text: An analysis of data from the CDC's National Survey of Family Growth data from 1988, 1995, and 2002 suggests that the positive relationship between premarital cohabitation and marital instability has weakened for more recent birth and marriage cohorts, as the total number of couples cohabiting before marriage has increased.[79]

text: Later CDC work found that between 2002 and 2006-2010, the number of couples in opposite-sex cohabiting relationships increased from 9.0% to 11.2% for women, and from 9.2% to 12.2% for men.[80] Drawing on the 2006-2008 data, Princeton university researchers examined whether and to what extent variation in premarital cohabitation experiences influence marital stability. They found that the relationship between cohabitation and marital instability is complex and depends in part on marriage cohort, race/ethnicity, and marriage plans. Their analyses reveal that a 'cohabitation effect' exists only for women married prior to 1996, and that, until marriage plans are considered, there is no cohabitation effect among women married since 1996.[81]

text: Recent research from 2011 by the Pew Research Center has found that the number of couples that cohabit before marriage has increased. 44% of adults (and more than half of 30- to 49-year-olds) say they have cohabited at some point. Nearly two-thirds of adults who ever cohabited (64%) say they thought about it as a step toward marriage. The report also notes a trend toward rising public acceptance of cohabiting couples over the years. Most Americans now say the rise in unmarried couples living together either makes no difference to society (46%) or is good for society (9%).[82]

text: A 2012 study found that, among cohabiting individuals, those who were engaged prior to cohabitation or had "definite plans for marriage" were linked to lower risks of marital instability among women, but the relationship was not observed with men.[83]

text: One study on low to moderate income couples living with minor children found that respondents who became sexually involved within the first month of their relationship were correlated to lower scores of relationship quality among women.[84] Another study found respondents to a mail-in survey self-reported higher levels of commitment in the cohabiting group, as well as lower relationship satisfaction and more negative communication.[85]

text: Abuse and infidelity[edit]

text: University of Chicago sociologist Linda Waite[86] found that "16 percent of cohabiting women reported that arguments with their partners became physical during the past year, while only 5 percent of married women had similar experiences." Most cohabiting couples have a faithful relationship, but Waite's surveys also demonstrated that 20 percent of cohabiting women reported having secondary sex partners, compared to only 4 percent of married women. A 1992 study found that male members of heterosexual couples with children are less likely to be a part of the childcare but half the time they are responsible for child abuse.[87]

text: According to an article by Judith Treas and Deirdre Giesen, cohabiting couples are twice as likely to experience infidelity within the relationship than married couples.[88]

text: Fertility[edit]

text: Regarding cohabitation as a fertility factor, a large survey in the United States came to the result that married women had an average of 1.9 children, compared to 1.3 among those cohabiting. The corresponding numbers for men were 1.7 and 1.1, respectively. The difference of 0.6 children for both sexes was expected to decrease to between 0.2 and 0.3 over the lifetime when correcting for the confounder that married people have their children earlier in life.[89]

text: A study of the United States and multiple countries in Europe came to the result that women who continue to cohabit after birth have significantly lower probability of having a second child than married women in all countries except those in Eastern Europe.[90] Another study, on the contrary, came to the result that cohabiting couples in France have equal fertility as married ones.[91] Also, Russians have a higher fertility within cohabitation, while Romanians rather tend to have childless marriages.[92]

text: Survey data from 2003 in Romania came to the result that marriage equalized the total fertility rate among both highly educated and low educated people to approximately 1.4. Among those cohabiting, on the other hand, lower level of education increased fertility rate to 1.7, and a higher level of education decreased it to 0.7.[93] On the other hand, another study came to the result that Romanian women with little education have about equal fertility in marital and cohabiting partnerships.[94]

text: Financial effects[edit]

text: In the United States, married couples that submit a combined tax return may face a marriage penalty, where tax credits for low-income single earners are not applied to the combined income. In October 1998, Senate GOP leader Trent Lott decided to pull a bill to abolish "the marriage penalty," "which in the tax code reflects the fact that married couples who both work for wages frequently pay more in taxes than if they earned the same amount of income but weren't married. And the more equal the incomes of the couple, the steeper the marriage tax penalty." [95] The earned income tax credit (EITC) is cash welfare for low-income workers, but the problem is the EITC is not for married couples because they have to combine their wages, which again leads to "the marriage penalty." If couples do not get married then their wages do not have to combine and the EITC in a way is "paying for" low-income couples not to marry. Opponents of cohabitation believe that some cohabiting couples choose not to marry because they would suffer a tax penalty.[95]

text: Despite the perceived disincentive to marry that the EITC provides, cohabiting couples suffer many financial losses as their unions are not recognized with the same legal and financial benefits as those who are legally married. These financial penalties can include the costs of separate insurance policies and the costs of setting up legal protections similar to those that are automatically granted by the state upon marriage.[96]

text: No effect[edit]

text: A conflicting study, published by the National Center for Health Statistics, with a sample of 12,571 people, concludes that "those who live together after making plans to marry or getting engaged have about the same chances of divorcing as couples who never cohabited before marriage."[97]

text: Additionally, William Doherty, a professor in the Department of Family Social Science at the University of Minnesota has remarked that in his research he has found that "committed cohabiting relationships seem to confer many of the benefits of marriage."[98]

text: A 2003 study by the Australian Institute of Family Studies found that "The differences in measured outcomes for those from direct and indirect marriages appear to be entirely attributable to other factors." [99] The study concluded that the evidence suggests that premarital cohabitation has "little impact one way or the other" on the chances of any subsequent marriage surviving.

text: By region[edit]

text: Americas[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canadian laws on the recognition of unmarried cohabitation for legal purposes vary significantly by province/territory; and in addition to this, federal regulations also have an impact across the country.[101][102] (see Common-law marriage#Canada) Family formation has undergone significant changes in Canada during the last decades of the 20th century, but the patterns vary widely across the country, suggesting differing cultural norms in different regions. Since the mid 1990s, births to cohabiting parents have increased, particularly in Quebec.[103] In Canada, it is difficult to obtain exact data on the percentage of births outside marriage, due to the fact that data on the marital status of mothers is collected differently across the provinces and territories of Canada, and in some (such as Alberta) it is not broken down in detail in regard to whether the mother was legally married or not at the birth of her child.[104] As of 2012, the statistical category of "single mothers"(defined as never married at the time of the birth) encompassed 28.3% of mothers, the category "divorced" (i.e. mothers who were unmarried at the time of birth, but had been previously married during their lives) encompassed 1%, while for 10% of mothers the marital status was unknown ("not stated").[105] There are, however, very significant differences by province/territory; for example in 2012, 77.8% of births in Nunavut were listed to "single mothers", by contrast, less than 20% of mothers in Ontario were listed in this category.[105] Latest data from the Quebec Statistical Institute shows that as of 2015, in Quebec, 63% of children were born to unmarried women.[106] In Canada, legal issues regarding cohabitation are very complicated by the fact that family law in this regard differs by province/territory, which is very confusing to the public,[107] especially as this contrasts to criminal law which is the same across Canada, as well as to marriage and divorce law, which is also the same across the country, under the 1986 Divorce Act (Canada) (although provinces/territories have jurisdiction over some marital issues, including the solemnization of marriage, spousal and child support, and property division).[108] The marital status of Canadians also varies by province/territory: in 2011, 46.4% of the population aged 15 and over was legally married; ranging from the lowest percentage of married people being in Nunavut (29.7%), Northwest Territories (35.0%), Quebec (35.4%), and Yukon (37.6%); to highest being in Newfoundland and Labrador (52.9%), Prince Edward Island (51.7%), Ontario (50.3%) and Alberta (50.2%).[109] While today Quebec is known for liberal family formation and cohabitation, this is a recent development: during the first half of the 20th century, family life in the province was conservative and strongly dominated by Roman Catholicism; before 1968, there was no provincial divorce legislation in Quebec, and spouses could only end their marriage if they obtained a private Act of Parliament.[110] One of the explanations of the current high rates of cohabitation in Quebec is that the traditionally strong social control of the church and the Catholic doctrine over people's private relations and sexual morality has led the population to rebel against traditional and conservative social values.[111] While some provinces were early to modernize family law, in others this only happened in the 1990s and the 21st century, such as in Alberta, through the Family Law Act (Alberta) which came into force in 2005. This Act overhauled family legislation, replacing the Domestic Relations Act, the Maintenance Order Act, the Parentage and Maintenance Act, and parts of the Provincial Court Act and the Child, Youth and Family Enhancement Act, which were seen as outdated. Also, the Adult Interdependent Relationships Act (S.A. 2002, c. A-4.5) amended 69 Alberta laws.[112] The Canadian Prairies provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan have strong common-law spouses regulations, imposing rights and obligations on common-law couples.[113] Nova Scotia has also been very slow to advance family law - it was only in 1999 that this province abolished discrimination against "illegitimate" children with regard to inheritance (through section 16 of NS Intestate Succession Act amended in 1999).[114] In general, today, provinces in Western Canada give more rights to common-law spouses than those in Atlantic Canada and in Quebec. This may seem quite paradoxical, because it is the eastern provinces which have the strongest tradition of cohabitation; according to a study "unmarried cohabitation seems to be more common in Eastern Canada than in Western Canada, which might be related to internal and international migration".[115] (as of 2012, 48% of births in New Brunswick, 47.1% in Newfoundland and Labrador, and 45.2% in Nova Scotia, were listed to "single mothers", way above the national average).[105] In British Columbia, the Family Law Act came into force in 2013.[116]

text: United States[edit]

text: Cohabitation in the United States became common in the late 20th century. As of 2005[update], 4.85 million unmarried couples were living together, and as of 2002[update], about half of all women aged 15 to 44 had lived unmarried with a partner. In 2007, it is estimated that 6.4 million households were maintained by two opposite sex persons who said they were unmarried. [119] In 2012, the General Social Survey found that public disapproval of cohabitation had dropped to 20% of the population.[118]

text: Researchers at the National Center for Family and Marriage Research estimated in 2011 that 66% of first marriages are entered after a period of cohabitation.[120] According to the 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the Census Bureau, the proportion of 30- to 44-year-olds living together has almost doubled since 1999, from 4% to 7%. Fifty-eight percent of women aged 19 to 44 had ever cohabited in data collected in 2006-08, while in 1987 only 33% had. Cohabitation is more prevalent among those with less education. "Among women ages 19 to 44, 73% of those without a high school education have ever cohabited, compared with about half of women with some college (52%) or a college degree (47%)," note the Pew study's authors, Richard Fry and D'Vera Cohn.[121]

text: Before the mid-20th century, laws against cohabitation, fornication, adultery and other such behaviors were common in the US (especially in Southern and Northeastern states), but these laws have been gradually abolished or struck down by courts as unconstitutional.[122][123][124]

text: Cohabitation was almost impossible in the United States prior to the 1960s. Laws prevented unmarried couples from registering in hotels and it was very difficult for an unmarried couple to obtain a home mortgage. From 1960 to 1998, cohabitation moved from disreputable and difficult to normal and convenient.

text: As of April 2016, cohabitation of unmarried couples remains illegal in three states (Mississippi, Michigan, and North Carolina),[125] while fornication remains illegal in six states (Idaho,[126] Utah,[127] South Carolina,[128] Minnesota,[129] Massachusetts,[130] Illinois[131]). These laws are almost never enforced and are now believed to be unconstitutional since the legal decision Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.[132] However, these laws may have indirect effects. For example, one consequence may be that one may not claim their boyfriend/girlfriend as a dependent (for a tax exemption), whereas in the other states it may be possible to do so after meeting 4 criteria: residency, income, support and status.[133]

text: In 2006, in North Carolina, Pender County Superior Court judge Benjamin G. Alford ruled that North Carolina's cohabitation law is unconstitutional.[134] However, the Supreme Court of North Carolina has never had the opportunity to rule on it, so the law's statewide constitutionality remains unclear.

text: On 13 December 2013, US Federal Judge Clark Waddoups ruled in Brown v. Buhman that the portions of Utah's anti-polygamy laws which prohibit multiple cohabitation were unconstitutional, but also allowed Utah to maintain its ban on multiple marriage licenses.[135][136][137] Unlawful cohabitation, where prosecutors did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place (only that a couple had lived together), had been a major tool used to prosecute polygamy in Utah since the 1882 Edmunds Act.[138]

text: Latin America[edit]

text: Cohabitation in Latin America is becoming more common. Indeed, although this is a largely Roman Catholic region, it has the highest rates of non-marital childbearing in the world (55–74% of all children in this region are born to unmarried parents).[139] In Mexico, 18.7% of all couples were cohabiting as of 2005[update]. Among young people, the figures are much higher.[140]

text: As of 2000, in Argentina 58% of births were to unmarried women.[141][142] The percentage of births outside marriage has increased throughout Latin America during the past decades, and there is also a relation to place of residence: women living in the capital city are more likely to have children outside marriage than those living in other parts of the country.[143] Recent data shows figures for non-marital childbearing to be 74% for Colombia, 69% for Peru, 68% for Chile, 66% for Brazil and 55% for Mexico.[141][144]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Nepal[edit]

text: In Nepal, living together is socially acceptable only after marriage.[145] However, cohabitation is an emerging trend in urban areas of Nepal. Reports have shown that there may be significant number of unmarried couples cohabiting in cities, especially in the capital, Kathmandu. Even when the unmarried couples cohabit they either prefer to remain anonymous or pose themselves as married couple.[146] Cohabitation is not recognized by the law of Nepal and there is no special provision to secure the right of cohabitants in Nepalese law.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: In Bangladesh cohabitation after divorce is frequently punished by the salishi system of informal courts, especially in rural areas.[147]

text: In Bangladesh, cohabitation is considered both socially and legally unacceptable, although legal grounds are not clear. An unmarried couple will feel immense pressure to marry, will probably choose to live as if they were married and, if exposed, can be expelled from housing or university[148]

text: India[edit]

text: Cohabitation in India had been taboo since British rule. However, this is no longer true in large cities, but is not often found in rural areas which are more conservative. Live-in relationships are legal in India. Recent Indian court rulings have ascribed some rights to long-term cohabiting partners. Female live-in partners have economic rights under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 subject to following conditions as laid by Honourable Supreme Court of India in case of D. Velusamy v D. Patchaiammal:

text:
The couple must hold themselves out to society as being akin to spouses.
They must be of legal age to marry.
They must be otherwise qualified to enter into a legal marriage, including being unmarried.
They must have voluntarily cohabited and held themselves out to the world as being akin to spouses for a significant period of time.

tag: ol

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, an Islamic penal code proposed in 2005 would have made cohabitation punishable by up to two years in prison.[149] The practice is still frowned upon, and many hotels and boarding houses have been raided by police for allowed unmarried couples to share a room.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, according to M. Iwasawa at the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, less than 3% of females between 25-29 are currently cohabiting, but more than 1 in 5 have had some experience of an unmarried partnership, including cohabitation. A more recent Iwasawa study has shown that there has been a recent emergence of non-marital cohabitation. Couples born in the 1950s cohort showed an incidence of cohabitation of 11.8%, where the 1960s and 1970s cohorts showed cohabitation rates of 30%, and 53.9% respectively. The split between urban and rural residence for people who had cohabited is indicates 68.8% were urban and 31.2% were rural.[150]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, around 2.4 million Filipinos were cohabiting as of 2004[update]. The 2000 census placed the percentage of cohabiting couples at 19%. The majority of individuals are between the ages of 20-24. Poverty was often the main factor in decision to cohabit.[151]

text: Europe[edit]

text: In the European Union, cohabitation is very common. In 2012, 40% of all births in the EU 28 countries were extramarital.[152] The percentage of births outside marriage has increased dramatically in many European countries during the last few decades, as can be seen in the figure. The majority of births occur outside marriage (figures as of 2012,[153] except where otherwise stipulated) in the following European countries: Iceland (66.9%), Estonia (59% in 2014[154]), Bulgaria (58.8% in 2014[155]), Slovenia (58.3% - in 2014[156]), France (57.1% in 2013[157]), Norway (55.2% in 2013[152]), Sweden (54.6% in 2014[158]), Belgium (52.3%), Denmark (52.5% in 2014[158]), and Portugal (50.7% in 2015[159]).

text: While couples of all ages cohabit, the phenomenon is much more common among younger people. In late 2005, 21% of families in Finland consisted of cohabiting couples (all age groups). Of couples with children, 18% were cohabiting.[160] Of ages 18 and above in 2003, 13.4% were cohabiting.[161] Generally, cohabitation amongst Finns is most common for people under 30. Legal obstacles for cohabitation were removed in 1926 in a reform of the Criminal Code, while the phenomenon was socially accepted much later on. In France, 17.5% of couples were cohabiting as of 1999.[140]

text: Britain[edit]

text: In Britain today, nearly half of babies are born to people who are not married (in the United Kingdom 47.3% in 2011;[162] in Scotland in 2012 the proportion was 51.3%[163]). It is estimated that by 2016, the majority of births in the UK will be to unmarried parents.[164] The Victorian era of the late 19th century is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards and rejected cohabitation. They have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as Henry Mayhew decried high levels of cohabitation without marriage and illegitimate births in London slums. However new research using computerized matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation were quite low—under 5% -- for the working class and the urban poor.[165]

text: In response to the increase in cohabitation, several legal changes were made in the UK in recent years. In Scotland, the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 provides cohabitants with some limited rights.[166] In addition, since 2003 in England and Wales, 2002 in Northern Ireland, and 2006 in Scotland, an unmarried father has parental responsibility if he is listed on the birth certificate.[167]

text: There are differences in extramarital births by region; in 2012, the highest percentage of births to unmarried women were in North East of England at 59%, and in Wales at 58%; and the lowest in London (36%) and in Northern Ireland (42%).[168] One of the reasons cited for the lower percentage of extramarital births in London is the high number of immigrants from conservative world regions who reside in the city.[169] Younger mothers are more likely to be unmarried: in 2011, 96% of mothers aged under 20 were unmarried, compared to only 31% of mothers in their 30s.[170] A study dealing with births that occurred in the year 2000 found several social and personal characteristics of cohabiting vs. married parents: married mothers are most likely to be Asian and least likely Black Caribbean; married mothers are more religious; married mothers and fathers are more educated (they are more than twice as likely to have a degree than cohabiting parents); married fathers are twice as likely to have a professional occupation as cohabiting fathers; married parents have a better financial situation; married mothers are older and are more likely to have had the birth planned.[171] A 2006 study found that cohabiting couples, with and without children, are the fastest-growing family type in the UK.[172] Cohabiting couples who live with their children are more common in the North of England than in the South.[173]

text: In the UK, in recent years, the falling marriage rates and increased births outside marriage have become a political issue, with questions of whether the government should promote marriage (i.e. though tax benefits or public campaigns) or whether it should focus on the status of a parent, rather than that of a spouse; with the former view being endorsed by the Conservative Party, and the latter by the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats.[174] There are also differences between England and Wales and Scotland, with the latter being more accepting of cohabitation.[175][176]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: In Bulgaria, there has been a rapid increase in cohabitation after the fall of Communism. The transition from communism to market economy had a great impact on the demographic behavior of the population. After the fall of Communism, the legal and social pressure to get married has declined, and the population has started to experience new life styles.[16] As of 2014, 58.8% of children were born to unmarried mothers.[155]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: The marriage rates in Czech Republic have fallen dramatically during the past decades. In the 1970s to 1980s, about 96%-97% of women got married; in 2000 it was estimated that only 75% of women would ever get married.[177] The age at first marriage for women has increased from being in the range of 21.4 - 21.8 years in the 1970s and 1980s,[177] to being 29.6 in 2011.[178] In the early 1990s, predictions were made by some Czech demographers that cohabitation would increase during the next decades; and indeed, there has been a marked increase in the number of people who live in non-marital couple relations.[179] In 2015, 47.8% of births were to unmarried women.[180]

text: Germany[edit]

text: As in other western societies, patterns of family life have been changing in Germany during the past decades. This has not created a moral panic, but has been seen more as an ongoing social evolution.[181] Cohabitation, divorce rates, lone parents, and people's reluctance to marry or to have children have increased.[181] However, when it comes to family formation and long term cohabitation instead of marriage, there are very strong differences between the regions of former West Germany and East Germany (which was formally Communist). Significantly more children are born out of wedlock in eastern Germany than in western Germany. In 2012, in eastern Germany 61.6% of births were to unmarried women, while in western Germany only 28.4% were.[182] A longitudinal survey found that union stability was significantly higher for cohabiting mothers in eastern Germany than western Germany, due to differences in German society.[39]

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, family dynamics remain conservative. The principal form of partnership is marriage, and extramarital childbearing and long term cohabitation are not widespread. For instance, in 2015 only 8.8% of births were outside marriage, which is the lowest percentage among the European Union member states.[183] Religion in Greece plays a very important role in society; it was only in 1983 that civil marriage was introduced in the country. The new laws modernized family law, abolished dowry, and provided for equal rights for "illegitimate" children.[184][185][186] According to a 2008 study: "Greek society still remains conservative and birthing outside marriage, although protected by law, remains in many ways socially unacceptable."[187] Despite this, there have been further legal changes providing for a modern "western" outlook on family life, including Law 3719/2008 dealing with family issues, including Article 14 of the law, which reduced the separation period (necessary before a divorce in certain circumstances) from 4 years to 2 years.[188]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: The literature on second demographic transition argues as well that highly educated women are more prone to engage in cohabitation, although the reasons are different: they are less concerned with respecting the societal norms.[189] Some scholars argued that cohabitation is very similar to being single in the sense of not giving up independence and personal autonomy.[190]

text: In Hungary, cohabitation was an uncommon phenomenon until the late 1980s and it was largely confined to the divorced or widowed individuals.[191] Among the ethnic groups, Gypsy/Rroma tended to have higher rates of cohabitation, mainly due to their reluctance to register their marriages officially.[192] Since the 1980s, cohabitation became much more frequent among all ethnic groups and it has been argued to have strongly influenced the decline in fertility.[193] As of 2015, 47.9% of births were to unmarried women.[183]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Cohabitation in Ireland has increased in recent years, and 36.3% of births were to unmarried women in 2014.[194] Until a few decades ago, women who had children outside marriage were severely stigmatized and often detained in Magdalene laundries. The Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 gives some rights to unmarried cohabitants (under this act same-sex couples can enter into civil partnerships, while long term unmarried couples - both heterosexual and same sex - who have not registered their relation have some limited rights and obligations).

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, where Roman Catholicism had a historically strong presence, cohabitation is not as common as in other countries of Europe, yet it has increased in recent years. There are significant regional differences, with non-marital unions being more common in the North of the country than in Southern Italy. A study published in 2006 found that long term cohabitation was still novel to Italy, though more common among young people.[195] As of 2015, the share of births outside marriage was 28.7%, but this varied by statistical regions as follows: Central Italy (33.8%), Northeast Italy (33.1%), Northwest Italy (31.3%), Insular Italy (24.2%), and South Italy (20.3%).[196]

text: The Netherlands[edit]

text: Dutch researchers have found that research participants see cohabitation as a risk-reduction strategy in a country with high relationship instability.[197] As of 2015, 49.8% births were to unmarried women.[183]

text: Norway[edit]

text: Cohabitation is a common type of partnership in Norway. Cohabitants have some rights if they have joint children, or if they have lived together for five years. Cohabitants can also regulate their relationship through a cohabitation agreement.[198] In Norway, in 2013, 55.2% of children were born outside marriage.[152]

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, after the fall of Communism, the influence of religion has increased. Indeed, Poland has one of the most religious populations in Europe (see Religion in Europe). Cohabitation in Poland has traditionally been associated with the lower social classes, but in recent years an increase has been seen among the more educated. Family structure in Poland remains traditional: Marriages are contracted at relatively young ages, and the incidence of divorce is relatively low (by European standards). The exact incidence of cohabitation is not well established, but it is quite low compared to other Western countries. However, Poland is not completely 'immune' to Western influence and, in 2015, 24.6% of children were born outside marriage.[183][199]

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: Slovakia is more conservative and religious than neighboring Czech Republic. The principal form of partnership is marriage, but extramarital childbearing and cohabitation are slowly spreading, yet this trend is not without criticism; and some view these phenomena as a threat to traditional values.[200][201] In 2015, 39.2% of births were to unmarried women.[183] Fertility in Slovakia has been described in a 2008 study as "between tradition and modernity".[200]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Switzerland has a tradition of strong conservatism; which can be seen in its legal and social history: in Europe, Switzerland was one of the last countries to establish gender equality in marriage: married women's rights were severely restricted until 1988, when legal reforms providing gender equality in marriage, abolishing the legal authority of the husband, come into force (these reforms had been approved in 1985 by voters in a referendum, who narrowly voted in favor with 54.7% of voters approving).[202][203][204][205] Adultery was decriminalized in 1989.[206] Until the late 20th century, most cantons had regulations banning unmarried cohabitation of couples; the last canton to end such prohibition was Valais, in 1995.[207][208] As of 2015, 22.5% of births were to unmarried women.[209] Births outside marriage are most common in the French speaking part (highest percentage in the cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel, Geneva, Jura) and least common in the eastern German speaking cantons (lowest percentage in the cantons of St. Gallen, Zug, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden).[210]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Spanish society has undergone major changes since the fall of the Franco regime. Important legal changes which have occurred throughout the 1970s and 1980s include legalization of divorce, decriminalization of adultery, gender equality in family law, and removing the ban on contraception.[211] The liberalization of the political climate has allowed for alternative family formation. In the mid-1990s, cohabitation in Spain was still described as a "marginal" phenomenon, but since the 1990s, cohabitation has increased dramatically in Spain.[212] In Spain, in 2015, 44.4% of births were outside marriage.[213] As in other countries, there are regional differences: in 2011, in Catalonia the figure was 42% - highest in mainland Spain in that year (Canary Islands 59% and Balearic Islands 43.5% were highest) while in Murcia it was only 30.7% (lowest).[214]

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, many couples express a desire to cohabit before marriage, then register a civil marriage, and then at a later stage have a large church wedding.[215]

text: Middle East[edit]

text: The cohabitation rate in West Asian countries is much lower than in European countries. In some parts of the continent it is however becoming more common for young people. As of 1994, the rate of premarital cohabitation in Israel was 25%.[216]

text: Cohabitation is illegal according to Sunni sharia law.[217][218][better source needed] Cohabitation, Bi'ah, is a legal status, "Yadua BetTzibbur", by the Jews Halakha or Halacha religious Law[219][220]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, 22% of couples were cohabiting as of 2005[update]. 78% of couples who marry have lived together beforehand in 2008,[221] rising from 16% in 1975.[222] As of 2013, of all births, 34% were to unmarried women.[223] Australia recognizes de facto relationships. The proportion of births outside marriage varies by state/territory, being, in 2009, lowest in Victoria (at 28%), Australian Capital Territory (at 29%), and New South Wales (at 30%); and highest in Northern Territory (at 63%) and Tasmania (at 51%).[224]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, 23.7% of couples were cohabiting as of 2006.[225] In 2010, 48% of births were outside marriage.[226] Like Australia, New Zealand recognizes de facto relationships.[227]


document_title: 2018–19 Canadian network television schedule

question_text: what canadian network is a million little things on

text: Legend[edit]

text: Schedule[edit]

text:
New series are highlighted in bold. Series that have changed network are not highlighted as new series.
All times given are in Canadian Eastern Time and Pacific Time (except for some live events or specials, including most sports, which are given in Eastern Time).

tag: ul

text: Sunday[edit]

text:
Network

7:00 PM

7:30 PM

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Fall

Anne

The Nature of Things

The Fifth Estate

The National

Winter

Heartland

Citytv

CityNews

The Simpsons

Bob's Burgers

Family Guy

Rel

Encore Programming

CTV

NFL overrun (continued to game completion)

SportsCentre

God Friended Me

Shark Tank

The Alec Baldwin Show

CTV Two

The Big Bang Theory (R)

The Big Bang Theory (R)

Football Night in America (joined in progress)

Sunday Night Football (continued to game completion)

Global

Border Security: Canada's Front Line

Dancing with the Stars: Juniors

NCIS: Los Angeles

Madam Secretary

tag: table

text: Monday[edit]

text:
Network

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Fall

Murdoch Mysteries

Frankie Drake Mysteries

The National

Winter

Coroner

Citytv

Dancing with the Stars

Manifest

CTV

The Resident

Magnum P.I.

The Good Doctor

CTV Two

The Voice

The Goldbergs (R)

Seinfeld (R)

Global

The Neighborhood

Happy Together

9-1-1

Bull

text: Tuesday[edit]

text:
Network

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Fall

Still Standing

22 Minutes

Baroness Von Sketch Show

The National

Winter

Kim's Convenience

Schitt's Creek

Workin' Moms

Citytv

The Gifted

Lethal Weapon

Encore Programming

CTV

The Conners[5]

The Kids Are Alright[5]

This Is Us

The Rookie

CTV Two

The Voice[5]

The Big Bang Theory (R)

Splitting Up Together

The Goldbergs (R)

Seinfeld (R)

Global

NCIS

FBI

New Amsterdam

text: Note: Global will air NCIS: New Orleans at 7 p.m. Eastern, outside of primetime hours.

text: Wednesday[edit]

text:
Network

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Fall

The Great Canadian Baking Show

Vanity Fair

The National

Late Fall

Canada's Smartest Person Junior

Mr. D

Halifax Comedy Festival

Citytv

Black-ish

The Cool Kids

Modern Family

Single Parents

A Million Little Things

CTV

The Goldbergs

American Housewife

Grey's Anatomy

Criminal Minds

CTV Two

Carter

The Detail

The Goldbergs (R)

Seinfeld (R)

Global

Survivor: David vs. Goliath

SEAL Team

Chicago P.D.

text: Thursday[edit]

text:
Network

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Fall

Dragons' Den

The Detectives

The National

Citytv

Bad Blood

Mom

Murphy Brown

Encore Programming

CTV

The Big Bang Theory

Young Sheldon

Station 19

Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

CTV Two

Thursday Night Football Pregame Show(7:30 p.m. ET)

Thursday Night Football (continued to game completion)

Global

Superstore

The Good Place

Will & Grace

I Feel Bad

S.W.A.T.

text: Friday[edit]

text:
Network

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Fall

Marketplace

In The Making

Firsthand

The National

Citytv

The Bletchley Circle: San Francisco

Hell's Kitchen

Encore Programming

CTV

Blindspot

How to Get Away with Murder

Blue Bloods

CTV Two

CTV Movie

The Goldbergs (R)

Seinfeld (R)

Global

MacGyver

Hawaii Five-0

Chicago Fire[6]

text: Saturday[edit]

text:
Network

7:00 PM

7:30 PM

8:00 PM

8:30 PM

9:00 PM

9:30 PM

10:00 PM

10:30 PM

CBC

Hockey Night in Canada (doubleheader game 1)

Hockey Night in Canada (doubleheader game 2; continued to game completion)

Citytv

Hockey Night in Canada

Encore Programming

CTV

W5

CTV Movie

The Big Bang Theory (R)

The Big Bang Theory (R)

Global

Encore Programming

Chicago Med[7]

Encore Programming

text: By network[edit]

text: Cancellations/series endings[edit]


document_title: The Returned (U.S. TV series)

question_text: where was the tv show the returned filmed

text: The Returned (U.S. TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Alejandro as Sheriff Tommy Solano
Agnes Bruckner as Deputy Nikki Banks
India Ennenga as Camille Winship
Sandrine Holt as Dr. Julie Han
Dylan Kingwell as Victor
Sophie Lowe as Lena Winship
Mark Pellegrino as Jack Winship
Jeremy Sisto as Peter Lattimore
Mat Vairo as Simon Moran
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Rowan Blackshaw
Tandi Wright as Claire Winship

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Aaron Douglas as Tony Darrow
Terry Chen as Deputy Mark Bao
Dakota Guppy as Chloe Blackshaw
Keenan Tracey as Ben Lowry
Carl Lumbly as Pastor Leon Wright
Leah Gibson as Lucy McCabe
Chelah Horsdal as Kris
Michelle Forbes as Helen Goddard
Rhys Ward as Adam Darrow
Alexander Calvert as Hunter
Giacomo Baessato as Deputy Shane Slater
Renn Hawkey as Paul Koretsky
Roger Cross as Matt

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Camille"
Keith Gordon
Carlton Cuse
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
1.54[3]

The Winship family is shocked when their daughter Camille, killed in a bus accident four years earlier, returns home unharmed, believing it is the same day as the accident. Simon attempts to find his fiancée, Rowan, unaware that he's been dead six years and she is now engaged to another man. Helen Goddard goes to her husband's apartment, 30 years after her death; her husband initially calls local doctor Julie Han but decides, instead, to jump off a local dam. Julie brings home a small boy who refuses to speak, and, improvising, she names him "Victor" when her nosy neighbor questions her. Lucy, a local waitress, is seemingly fatally stabbed while out walking, after arguing with and being sexually assaulted by Jack Winship. In a flashback to the day of the crash, Lena feigns illness to avoid the bus trip, in order to stay home and secretly meet with her boyfriend, and Camille becomes distressed when she "senses" her twin's first sexual encounter. As Camille tries to get the bus to stop, the distracted driver notices Victor standing in the road and swerves, causing the bus to plummet over the cliff edge.

2
"Simon"
Vincenzo Natali
Raelle Tucker
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
1.08[4]

Camille's family, including her twin sister Lena, attempts to deal with her reintegration into their lives. Rowan, who has begun arrangements to marry Tommy, makes peace with what she believes are visions of Simon, who has finally located her. The police realize Lucy's stabbing matches the modus operandi of a serial killer from seven years ago who was believed dead; bar owner Tony is considered a suspect, and he takes note of the stabbing patterns in the victims' photos. Julie becomes affected by Victor's presence and breaks down in her bathroom, revealing healed wounds resembling those of the murder victims in the police photos.

3
"Julie"
Charles Martin
Raelle Tucker
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)
1.05[5]

Her parents discuss moving elsewhere, and in public, Camille pretends to be Lena's cousin, "Alice", in order to be accepted. Meanwhile, Lena develops a wound on her back. Simon gets released to Peter, who explains to him that Simon died and has returned like some others. Simon plans to say goodbye to Rowan, until she shows him Chloe, their child conceived shortly before his death. Lena informs Rowan that Simon had been looking for her, confirming he is alive. Tony goes to his family's cabin and is shocked to find his brother Adam, thought to have been dead for several years. Deputy Nikki Banks visits Julie to tell her of Lucy's murder, which resembles the attack on Julie seven years ago, when she and Nikki were in a relationship. Julie is threatened by her neighbor, Annie, who believes Julie has illegally adopted Victor; when Julie leaves to get food, Victor knocks on Annie's door.

4
"Victor"
Charles Martin
Regina Corrado
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
1.12[6]

Following Annie's death, Nikki forces Julie to release Victor into Peter's care at the shelter, where Victor soon realizes that Peter is one of the two men who burgled his house and shot him, 29 years ago. Tommy uses his home surveillance equipment and sees Rowan and Simon having sex. Rowan introduces Simon to Chloe, who thinks he is an "angel". Rowan makes a painful decision about Tommy. Helen meets with a minister to discuss being returned; she then goes to the shelter. Lena is rushed to hospital for the wound on her back, which has become life-threatening. She later recalls visiting the morgue to view Camille's body, which bore the same wound that killed her in the bus crash.

5
"Tony and Adam"
Jennifer Getzinger
Graham Roland
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
1.05[7]

Seven years ago, Tony sets out to look for his brother Adam. Tony finds his brother after Adam's attacked Julie and is now feeding on her unconscious body. Tony knocks him out, carries him off, and leaves Julie to be found by others who are coming his way. Tony then begins to bury him in the woods. Adam wakes up and starts screaming for their mother, and Tony kills him with the shovel. In the present, Adam realizes that Tony had killed him and then attacks tony. Tony suggests Adam's "sickness" was caused by their mother. Simon wishes to leave town with Rowan and Chloe, but Rowan throws out his things and, for now, chooses Tommy. Victor disappears from the shelter after telling Peter that he knows his secret: Peter was involved in the killings of Victor and his mother. After seeing a herd of dead deer floating down the river, Helen finds Victor in town and calls him by his real name, Henry. She takes him to dinner and tells him the town is cursed, comparing it to the world at the time of the Biblical flood. She talks of the local dam's breaking 29 years ago, when she died. Victor escapes Helen, only to be found by Peter. A medical examiner suggests all the deer committed suicide. Lena leaves the hospital after sensing Camille drunkenly kissing a guy. Lena tells everyone at the bar that "Alice" is her dead sister, who is now trying to kill her. Camille claims that Lena is heavily medicated. Lena runs off into the woods and stumbles into Adam.

6
"Lucy"
Jennifer Getzinger
Bronwyn Garrity
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
1.05[8]

Lena wakes in Adam's cabin, where he tends to the wound on her back. After seeing him talk to Tony, who previously told her that Adam was dead, she accepts that Adam is "like the others" (returned). Back home, her family worries about her having gone missing, which leads Jack and Claire to fight over Jack's not intervening in Lena's partying at the bar and Claire's constant state of mourning Camille. Peter takes Victor to the grave of his partner who shot Victor and his mother. He begs Victor's forgiveness and offers his gun for revenge. Victor causes Peter to envision his partner pulling the trigger, but the gun misfires, and Peter envisions holding the gun to his own head. Julie talks to Helen about her death in the town flood, only to learn Victor also died and returned. Julie then questions her own existence. Camille tries to seduce Ben, who is repulsed when she admits to not being "Alice". Lucy is declared dead but revives minutes later. She begins to hear voices and later tells Jack about his father's death in a drunken car accident.

7
"Rowan"
Stephen Williams
Gianna Sobol
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
0.87[9]

Lena finds Lucy's necklace in Adam's shed and realizes who he is. She attempts to escape, but is caught and bound by Tony. Adam arrives to release her, saying he has been "healed" since returning. Ben exhumes Camille's grave and finds that her coffin is filled with water but otherwise empty. Tommy interrogates Ben at the station and learns about Camille's return. Before Tommy can reveal the news to the public, Camille, Claire, Peter, and Jack inform the bus victims' parents about the returned. It is revealed that Rowan attempted to kill herself a year ago. She realizes she wasted time mourning Simon, who still tries to get back together with her. She tells him about his suicide, which he wasn't aware of. He tries to take her away, and Tommy shoots him dead, seeing him as a threat.

8
"Claire"
Stephen Williams
Raelle Tucker
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
0.82[10]

It is revealed that Claire and Peter's affair started before the bus crash. Nikki reads a file from 1986 about Henry's (Victor's) death and his reappearing during the year leading up to the bus crash, only to be abandoned, just days before it, near the spot where the driver swerves off the road. Nikki tells Julie, who still keeps Victor around. Lena returns home and relates her captivity to Camille, who tells their parents. Jack confronts Tony, thinking he is the killer, but Peter stops Jack from killing him. With Tony in custody, Julie goes to identify found evidence. Victor, accompanying her, causes Tony to imagine his mother shaming him, and Tony kills himself, as Adam arrives in an attempt to confess. Meanwhile, Rowan and Tommy resume their wedding plans, but Chloe wants her angel back. Simon returns again in the morgue.

9
"Helen"
Deran Sarafian
Graham Roland
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
0.93[11]

In a flashback to 29 years ago, Helen is shown in a mental institution, where she predicts the demise of the town. Subsequently, the dam collapse engulfs the town in a torrential flood, killing many of the town's residents, including Helen. In present day, Helen engages intimately with and kills a dam worker in order to procure information for her plan to blow up the dam. Simon kidnaps Chloe. He decides to return his daughter to Rowan's custody at the place he left Rowan when he committed suicide years ago. Camille struggles with the town's perception of her return. Nikki deepens her investigation into Victor's past. Peter reveals his true identity at the unveiling of the memorial for the children lost in the bus crash.

10
"Peter"
Deran Sarafian
Raelle Tucker
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
0.94[12]

Peter recalls in a flashback, to 29 years ago, that he was killed by gunshot in an accident. Back in the present, Peter intends to leave town after revealing that he, like Camille, had died and come back to life. He is later arrested by Tommy for fraud, identity theft, and accessory to kidnapping. Meanwhile, Lucy claims she's hearing warnings that "Something bad is going to happen" from the people who died 29 years ago. A journalist, Kara (Joanne Kelly), comes looking to speak to Camille but speaks to Peter instead. Kara claims Caldwell is not the only town to have people coming back from the dead, and all the other towns that did ceased to exist. Camille and Lena go swimming in the river as Hunter and Ben apologize for their actions. After getting high on mushrooms, Hunter cuts Camille to prove she's not real. Camille runs off in distress and is found by Ben. They have sex in the woods, which ends up with Ben dead. In the dark, Lena sees Adam lurking behind a tree. Nikki recovers in the hospital as Julie confronts Henry and brings him to his old house, now abandoned. As Tommy and Rowan's wedding proceeds, Simon hitchhikes with Helen, and she tells him to get out of town. They blow a tire, and while grabbing the spare, Simon sees the dynamite Helen carries in the trunk. She knocks him out and goes to Rawlins Lake Dam to plant the dynamite, intending to destroy the town to end the "curse". At the wedding dinner, Lucy gives Rowan a message, "He'll be here soon. When he's here, you need to listen." Lucy implies to Rowan that she is pregnant with Simon's baby. Simon runs back into town but sees a vision of the dam breaking and the water destroying the town. He continues running as the scene fades to black.

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2013, it was revealed that an English-language adaptation of the 2012 series was being developed by Paul Abbott and FremantleMedia, with the working title They Came Back.[13] In September 2013, it was revealed that Abbott was no longer involved with the project, which A&E would develop.[14] In April 2014, A&E ordered 10 episodes for the first season.[15] On March 5, 2015, it was announced Netflix had acquired global rights to the show and would air it internationally each week, via its streaming service, following A&E's airing.[16]

text: Production[edit]

text: The show, set in the fictional Cascades Mountains town of Caldwell,[17] in Caldwell County, Washington, is actually filmed in and around Squamish, British Columbia.[18]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Returned has received mostly positive responses from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 66% approval rating, with a rating average of 7.6/10, based on reviews from 29 critics. The site's consensus states: "Though overshadowed by its superior source material, the US version of The Returned retains enough of the creep factor and character drama to appease fans of the genre."[19] Metacritic scored it 67 out of 100, based on 24 "generally favorable" reviews.[20]


document_title: Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)

question_text: what town in italy was everybody loves raymond filmed

text: Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank (Peter Boyle) and Marie (Doris Roberts) announce to their family that they're all going to Italy for two weeks. The latter reasons that with her birthday coming up, she is using the money she had kept aside for 45 years to pay for the family to meet her cousin Colletta (Silvana De Santis), who lives in a small village outside of Rome. Everyone is excited to go, except Raymond (Ray Romano). Ray informs Debra (Patricia Heaton) that he doesn't want to go on the trip because he has no interest in other cultures. Debra replies that she doesn't want his "dumbness" to ruin the vacation.

text: The family arrive at Colleta's home, who welcomes them along with her husband Giorgio. Ray begins developing a cold which he claims he got from the air conditioning on the van they rode. Robert (Brad Garrett), also becomes miserable, due to his "dilemma"; because he plans to marry Amy but keeps focusing on his ex-wife Joanne, he claims that he is unable to sort out his feelings. At a gelato parlor, he becomes attracted to a waitress named Stefania Fogagnolo (Alex Meneses), whose father Signore Fog[2]agnolo (David Proval) is also the owner. He visits Rome with Stefania, but she tells him she doesn't want her dad to know she is dating. Meanwhile, Ray also goes to the city with the rest of the family, but while Debra, Frank and Marie are apparently having a great time, Ray is not.

text: After some time visiting Rome, Debra finally bursts out about Ray's attitude towards the trip and compares his behavior to Frank and Marie's; she argues that while his parents are at least trying to make the best out of things, he has been "a grumpy pain-in-the-ass". Angered, Ray tells her he "will not be a pain in anyone's ass anymore" and gets away from the three. Meanwhile, Signore Fogagnolo catches Stefania and Robert about to make out in her room, and goes after Robert. It also appears that the trip is starting to go downhill for Frank, Marie and Debra. Marie decides Ray should take a walk with her to lighten him up and release her stress from Debra's behavior towards him moping and not wanting to have fun. It seems with the walk, he is starting to become positive and enjoying the vacation.

text: At lunch, Robert, who confronts Marco again, decides to talk with him so he can convince him to be with Stefania. Meanwhile, Ray gives flowers to some of the women, including Colleta, Marie and Debra. Ray shows Debra that he is starting to enjoy being in the country, which makes Debra happy, and the two go on their own date around Rome, as well and Marie and Frank. Colleta and Giorgio give a farewell to the family, while Robert and Stefania say goodbye to each other with Marco watching them. During the van ride, all the family members together sing "C'è La Luna Mezzo Mare" by Lou Monte.

text: The episode ends with Ray annoying his fellow passengers by singing loudly in Italian on the plane back to New York.

text: Production[edit]

text: After the first season of Everybody Loves Raymond ended in 1997, the series' creator, Philip Rosenthal, asked Ray Romano what he was going to do over the summer. When Rosenthal suggested he go to Italy, Romano did not accept because he was "not really interested in other cultures." According to Rosenthal, "After I got up off the floor, I realized: Here's an episode."[3] Directed by Gary Halvorson, "Italy" guest stars Silvana De Santis as Colletta, Pierrino Mascarino as Giorgio, Alex Meneses as Stefania, David Proval as Signore Fogagnolo, Enzo Vitagliano as the Bocce player, Sergio Sivori, Vanni Bramat, Luca Francucci and Alessandro Francucci.[1] It was filmed in July 2000 in the town Anguillara Sabazia outside of Rome.[3] Romano first hinted of the episode in an interview published that same month in the Rome News-Tribune.[4]

text: According to the Los Angeles Times, Brad Garrett threatened not to participate in the two-part episode unless he got a raise, which he was given.[5]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: "Italy" initially aired on the American television network CBS, part one on October 2, 2000 and part two on October 9.[6] In 2005, it was released to DVD as part of the official DVD release for the fifth season, which also came with an audio commentary for both parts of the episode by Phil Rosenthal and Ray Romano.[7] "Italy" has been positively received by critics. Former DVD Verdict writer Russell Engebretson said that while the episode "veers into sentimentality, it provides a dose of sweetness to counter a few of the more darkly comic episodes [of season five], especially the funny but bitter "Christmas Present." He also praised the impressive cinematography.[8] DVD Talk's Jeffrey Robinson called it "a fun way to start the season. It was a nice change of pace after the same settings and atmospheres." He also highlighted the introduction of a new love interest for Robert.[7] However, in a mixed review published in The Gadsden Times, David Kronke opined that in keeping with the nature of usual "special" episodes, "it's not quite up to the series' usual laugh quotient."[9] On March 2, 2002, Rosenthal won the Writers Guild of America Award for Episodic Comedy for writing "Italy".[10] He has cited the episode to be one of his favorites of Everybody Loves Raymond.[11]


document_title: Snowball (Animal Farm)

question_text: who is snowball in animal farm represented as

text: Snowball (Animal Farm)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
SnowballFirst appearance
Animal FarmLast appearance
Animal Farm (only appearance)Created by
George OrwellVoiced by
Maurice Denham (1954 film)  Kelsey Grammer (1999 film)InformationSpecies
PigGender
MaleOccupation
Past leader of Animal Farm

text: Snowball is a character in George Orwell's Animal Farm. He is largely based on Leon Trotsky and describes how he led the opposition against Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), though he also includes elements of Vladimir Lenin. He is shown as a pink pig on the movie poster for the 1999 film Animal Farm, and is voiced by Kelsey Grammer.

text: Snowball's ideas[edit]

text: Snowball believes in a continued revolution: he argues that in order to defend Animal Farm, he must strengthen the reality of Old Major's dream of a life without humans and that they must stir up rebellions in other farms throughout England. However, Napoleon always disagrees with any ideas that Snowball has because he does not want Snowball to lead Animal Farm and gain more popularity than himself.

text: Snowball also writes the first version of the Seven Commandments. They are later altered by Squealer under the orders of Napoleon, to accommodate the actions of the pigs. For example, the commandment stating "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess", and that which states "No animal shall sleep in a bed" is changed to "No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets". Later all the commandments are replaced with one phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others".

text: Snowball is eventually forced out of the farm when Napoleon uses his guard dogs to attack Snowball. After that, he is blamed for problems on the farm, and it is believed he was in support of Jones from the start as well as sowing seeds with weeds. Though he fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed, the facts are altered to say he openly fought for Jones and that the shot wounds are changed to wounds Napoleon inflicted on him. Those accused of supporting him are executed after being forced to confess, and a reward is offered for his capture.

text: Snowball is an inventive pig who influences others to his side with intelligence and compassion. It is never revealed what happens to him after his escape. In the 1954 animated adaptation it is implied that the dogs kill him. However, in the 1999 live action film adaption, he is shown escaping the dogs and surviving, though Napoleon declares him banished under pain of death.

text: CIA-made character changes[edit]

text: When the novel Animal Farm was adapted for screen in the 1950s, the CIA investors were initially greatly concerned that Snowball was presented too sympathetically in early script treatments and that Batchelor's script implied Snowball was "intelligent, dynamic, courageous". A memo declared that Snowball must be presented as a "fanatic intellectual whose plans if carried through would have led to disaster no less complete than under Napoleon." De Rochemont subsequently implemented these changes.[1]