document_title: Tubular Bells II

question_text: who announces the instruments in tubular bells 2

text: Tubular Bells II

text: Album development[edit]

text: Virgin Records had been pushing Oldfield to create a sequel to Tubular Bells for many years prior to his departure from the label, but Oldfield was hesitant to do so, although his penultimate album for the label, Amarok, was in several respects a conceptual sequel to his 1975 album Ommadawn.

text: For Tubular Bells II Oldfield enlisted the help of Tom Newman, who had helped produce the original, as well as established producer Trevor Horn (known for his work with The Buggles, Yes and Art of Noise). "Early Stages" which is an early version of what would become "Sentinel" was included as a B-side to the single version of "Sentinel". "Early Stages" has a somewhat darker mood and is from the pre-Trevor Horn development of the album, possibly showing the kind of influence that Horn had.

text: At the Tubular Bells 45th Anniversary convention in the UK on 9th June 2018, Tom Newman stated that when Horn was brought in, he immediately started insisting that instruments be sequenced rather than played by hand. This led to a major falling-out between Newman and Horn.

text: Tubular Bells comparisons[edit]

text: Tubular Bells II partly follows musical structures of the original Tubular Bells (1973). Themes of the original Bells are taken and then completely re-composed and played with mostly new instruments. The result is an album that has the same kind of thematic variation but is still new musically. Some themes can be seen as variations of themes taken from the original Bells, while some other parts of Tubular Bells II do not have much in common with the themes of the original album except their overall mood or feeling.

text: Unlike Tubular Bells there is a recurring theme, first appearing at the end of "Sentinel" that reappears throughout the album, though it is most obvious at the end of "The Bell". Also unlike the original ending coda, "The Sailor's Hornpipe", "Moonshine" is an original composition by Oldfield.

text: In 1998 another sequel followed, Tubular Bells III, and in 2003 Oldfield recorded a new version of the original Tubular Bells, as Tubular Bells 2003.

text: Master of Ceremonies[edit]

text: The introduction of the instruments at the end of the first half of the album was done by British actor Alan Rickman, although his role was credited merely to "a strolling player" because the voice had not been picked when the artwork was produced. The Master of Ceremonies at the premiere concert in Edinburgh was John Gordon Sinclair.

text: On alternative mixes of "The Bell" released as single B-sides, Billy Connolly and Vivian Stanshall (the voice in the original Tubular Bells) each played the Master of Ceremonies. On two alternative language B-sides of "The Bell", MC Otto and MC Carlos Finally played the Master of Ceremonies in German and Spanish respectively.

text: Track titles[edit]

text: Some of the track titles for the album were taken from Arthur C. Clarke's short stories, including "The Sentinel" and "Sunjammer". Other track titles could just be references to science-fiction or space in general, such as "Dark Star" and "Weightless". Dark Star is also the title of a sci-fi film by John Carpenter which was released in the same year as the original Tubular Bells, 1973.

text: Oldfield has occasionally called some of the tracks on the album by different names in interviews, such as once when he performed "Red Dawn" on BBC Radio 2 he called it "Russian". The title "Russian" was also later given to the equivalent piece on the re-recorded version of the original Tubular Bells, Tubular Bells 2003.

text: Album artwork[edit]

text: Tubular Bells II again uses the bent metallic tube (representing a bent tubular bell) as the focus of the album artwork. The bell is a golden colour on a dark blue background as opposed to Tubular Bells' grey/silver bell on top of a sea/skyscape. Both the photos for Tubular Bells and Tubular Bells II were produced by Trevor Key.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1]

text: Critical reception to the album was mixed, although the album reached number 1 in the album charts in a number of countries.[2][3] Writing in Q magazine, Mat Snow described it as a "more consistent but less tune-happy musical sequence than TBI" and praised "producer Trevor Horn's fairy dust" as an advantage.[4]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1992)

Position

UK Albums Chart

1

Spain

1 [5]

text: Live concerts[edit]

text: The album was premiered with a live performance on the esplanade at Edinburgh Castle on 4 September 1992 with John Gordon Sinclair as Master of Ceremonies.[6] The North American premiere was held at Carnegie Hall in New York City on 1 March 1993; a world tour then followed. Following this Oldfield did not perform live in concert for nearly five years, until the premiere of Tubular Bells III in 1998 and then his Then & Now Tour in 1999.[7]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All songs written and composed by Mike Oldfield.

text: Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Sentinel"8:072."Dark Star"2:163."Clear Light"5:484."Blue Saloon"2:595."Sunjammer"2:326."Red Dawn"1:507."The Bell"6:59

text: Side twoNo.TitleLength8."Weightless"5:439."The Great Plain"4:4710."Sunset Door"2:2311."Tattoo"4:1512."Altered State"5:1213."Maya Gold"4:0114."Moonshine"1:42

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Mike Oldfield – acoustic guitars, twelve-string guitar, banjo, classical guitar, electric guitar, bass guitar, flamenco guitar, glockenspiel, Lowrey organ, Hammond organ, Farfisa organ, mandolin, percussion, piano, synthesisers, timpani, tubular bells, vocals
Alan Rickman (credited as "A Strolling Player") – Master of Ceremonies
Sally Bradshaw – vocals
Celtic Bevy Band – bagpipes
Eric Caudieux – programming and digital sounds
Edie Lehmann – vocals
Susannah Melvoin – vocals
Jamie Muhoberac – keyboards, special effects
Steve Payne – Bass Guitar
Pipers from the Los Angeles Police Department (credited as P.D. Scots Pipe Band to avoid controversy following the 1992 Los Angeles riots)[8] – bagpipes
John Robinson – drums on "Altered State"

text: Instruments[edit]

text: Instruments on the album include, among others:

text:
Fender Stratocaster guitar (pink)
Fender Stratocaster guitar (sunburst)
PRS Custom Artist (amber)
Korg M1 synthesizer
Ensoniq SD1 synthesizer
Kurzweil K2000 synthesizer
Eventide H3000 harmonizer
Premier tubular bells
Wal Midibass
Violin in "Moonshine"
Farfisa Professional organ in "Sentinel", "Dark Star", "The Bell" and "The Great Plain"
Hammond organ in "Clear Light", "Maya Gold", "Altered State" and "Tattoo".
Lowrey organ in "Sunset Door" and "Tattoo"


document_title: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)

question_text: who did snow white fall in love with

question_tokens: who did snow white fall in love with

root

text: Plot

text: Snow White is a lonely princess living with her stepmother, a vain and wicked Queen. The Queen fears that Snow White's beauty surpasses her own, so she forces Snow White to work as a scullery maid and asks her Magic Mirror daily "who is the fairest one of all". For several years the mirror always answered that the Queen was, pleasing her.

tag: p

text: One day, the Magic Mirror informs the Queen that Snow White is now the fairest in the land. The jealous Queen orders her Huntsman to take Snow White into the forest and kill her. She further demands that the huntsman return with Snow White's heart in a jeweled box as proof of the deed. However, the Huntsman cannot bring himself to kill Snow White. He tearfully begs for her forgiveness, revealing the Queen wants her dead and urges her to flee into the woods and never look back. Lost and frightened, the princess is befriended by woodland creatures who lead her to a cottage deep in the woods. Finding seven small chairs in the cottage's dining room, Snow White assumes the cottage is the untidy home of seven orphaned children.

text: In reality, the cottage belongs to seven adult dwarfs, named Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey, who work in a nearby mine. Returning home, they are alarmed to find their cottage clean and suspect that an intruder has invaded their home. The dwarfs find Snow White upstairs, asleep across three of their beds. Snow White awakes to find the dwarfs at her bedside and introduces herself, and all of the dwarfs eventually welcome her into their home after they learn she can cook and clean beautifully. Snow White keeps house for the dwarfs while they mine for jewels during the day, and at night they all sing, play music and dance.

text: Meanwhile, the Queen discovers that Snow White is still alive when the mirror again answers that Snow White is the fairest in the land and reveals that the heart in the jeweled box is actually that of a pig. Using a potion to disguise herself as an old hag, the Queen creates a poisoned apple that will put whoever eats it into the "Sleeping Death", a curse that can only be broken by "love's first kiss", but dismisses that Snow White will be buried alive. The Queen goes to the cottage while the dwarfs are away, but the animals are wary of her and rush off to find the dwarfs. Faking a potential heart attack, the Queen tricks Snow White into bringing her into the cottage to rest. The Queen fools Snow White into biting into the poisoned apple under the pretense that it is a magic apple that grants wishes. As Snow White falls asleep the Queen proclaims that she is now the fairest of the land. The dwarfs return with the animals as the Queen leaves the cottage and give chase, trapping her on a cliff. She tries to roll a boulder over them, but before she can do so, lightning strikes the cliff, causing her to fall to her death.

text: The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead, being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison. Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground, they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest. Together with the woodland creatures, they keep watch over her. A year later, a prince, who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White, learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin. Saddened by her apparent death, he kisses her, which breaks the spell and awakens her. The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle.

text: Cast

text:
Adriana Caselotti as Snow White: Snow White is a young princess. Her wicked stepmother has forced her to work as a scullery maid in the castle. Despite this, she retains a cheerful but naïve demeanor.
Lucille La Verne as Evil Queen Grimhilde / Witch: The Queen is the stepmother of Snow White. Once her magic mirror tells her that Snow White is fairer than she is, she immediately enlists Humbert the huntsman to kill her in the woods. After she discovers that Snow White did not die, she disguises herself as an old hag and uses a poisoned apple to remove Snow White from her path without killing her.
Harry Stockwell as The Prince. The prince first sees Snow White singing at her wishing well. He immediately falls in love with her and her voice. He later reappears to revive her.
Roy Atwell as Doc: The leader of the seven dwarfs, Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words. He is self-appointed and funny.
Pinto Colvig as Grumpy and Sleepy in a dual role: Grumpy initially disapproves of Snow White's presence in the dwarfs' home, but later warns her of the threat posed by the Queen and rushes to her aid upon realizing that she is in danger, leading the charge himself. He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs and is frequently seen with one eye shut. Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations. Sterling Holloway, who would later voice many other characters for future Disney films was originally considered to voice Sleepy by Walt Disney.
Otis Harlan as Happy: Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing.
Scotty Mattraw as Bashful: Bashful is the shyest of the dwarfs, and is often embarrassed by the presence of any attention directed at him.
Billy Gilbert as Sneezy:[4] Sneezy's name is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes (caused by hay fever), which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room.
Eddie Collins as Dopey (vocal effects and live-action reference only):[4] Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have a beard. He is clumsy and mute, with Happy explaining that he has simply "never tried" to speak. In the movie's trailer, Walt Disney describes Dopey as "nice, but sort of silly". Mel Blanc was considered to voice Dopey by Walt Disney.[5]
Moroni Olsen as The Magic Mirror: The Slave of the Magic Mirror appears as a green mask in clouds of smoke. The Queen regularly asks him who is the fairest in the land.
Stuart Buchanan as Humbert the Huntsman: Despite his status as the Queen's assassin, the Huntsman cannot bear to kill Snow White, even when the Queen orders him to take the princess's heart.

tag: ul

text: Production

text: Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions,[6] to The New York Times.[7] One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature-length film.[8]

text: Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series. Disney hoped to expand his studio's prestige and revenues by moving into features,[9] and estimated that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US$250,000; this was ten times the budget of an average Silly Symphony.[7]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full-length cel animated feature in motion picture history,[6] and as such Walt Disney had to fight to get the film produced. Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to talk him out of it,[9] and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as "Disney's Folly" while it was in production. He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film's production, which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74, a massive sum for a feature film in 1937.[1]

text: Story development

text: On August 9, 1934, twenty-one pages of notes—entitled "Snowwhite suggestions"—were compiled by staff writer Richard Creedon, suggesting the principal characters, as well as situations and 'gags' for the story. As Disney had stated at the very beginning of the project, the main attraction of the story for him was the Seven Dwarfs, and their possibilities for "screwiness" and "gags"; the three story meetings held in October and attended by Disney, Creedon, Larry Morey, Albert Hurter, Ted Sears and Pinto Colvig were dominated by such subjects. At this point, Disney felt that the story should begin with Snow White's discovery of the Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs.[7] Walt Disney had suggested from the beginning that each of the dwarfs, whose names and personalities are not stated in the original fairy tale, could have individual personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy.[10] The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh dwarf.[1]

text: Along with a focus on the characterizations and comedic possibilities of the dwarfs, Creedon's eighteen-page outline of the story written from the October meetings, featured a continuous flow of gags as well as the Queen's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb, an element taken from the Grimms' original story. After persuading Snow White to use the comb, the disguised Queen would have escaped alive, but the dwarfs would have arrived in time to remove it. After the failure of the comb, the Queen was to have the Prince captured and taken to her dungeon, where she would have come to him (story sketches show this event both with the Queen and the Witch) and used magic to bring the dungeon's skeletons to life, making them dance for him and identifying one skeleton as "Prince Oswald", an example of the more humorous atmosphere of this original story treatment.[7] It is written in story notes that the Queen has such magical power only in her own domain, the castle. With the Prince refusing to marry her, the Queen leaves him to his death (one sketch shows the Prince trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water)[11] as she makes her way to the dwarfs' cottage with the poisoned apple. The forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen's minions and find his horse. The Prince was to ride to the cottage to save Snow White but took the wrong road (despite warnings from the forest animals and his horse, whom he, unlike Snow White, could not understand). He, therefore, would not have arrived in time to save her from the Queen but would have been able to save her with love's first kiss. This plot was not used in the final film, though many sketches of the scene in the dungeon were made by Ferdinand Hovarth.

text: Other examples of the more comical nature of the story at this point include suggestions for a "fat, batty, cartoon type, self-satisfied" Queen.[7] The Prince was also more of a clown, and was to serenade Snow White in a more comical fashion. Walt Disney encouraged all staff at the studio to contribute to the story, offering five dollars for every 'gag'; such gags included the dwarfs' noses popping over the foot of the bed when they first meet Snow White.[12]

text: Disney became concerned that such a comical approach would lessen the plausibility of the characters and, sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen, advised in an outline circulated on November 6 that attention be paid exclusively to "scenes in which only Snow White, the Dwarfs, and their bird and animal friends appear". The names and personalities of the dwarfs, however, were still "open to change". A meeting of November 16 resulted in another outline entitled 'Dwarfs Discover Snowwhite', which introduced the character of Dopey,[7] who would ultimately prove to be the most successful and popular of the dwarf characterisations.[10] For the rest of 1934 Disney further developed the story by himself, finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen, who he felt could no longer be "fat" and "batty", but a "stately beautiful type", a possibility already brought up in previous story meetings. Disney did not focus on the project again until the autumn of 1935. It is thought that he may have doubted his, and his studio's ability, and that his trip to Europe that summer restored his confidence. At this point, Disney and his writers focused on the scenes in which Snow White and the dwarfs are introduced to the audience and each other. He laid out the likely assignments for everyone working on the film in a memorandum of November 25, 1935, and had decided on the personalities of the individual dwarfs.[7]

text: It had first been thought that the dwarfs would be the main focus of the story, and many sequences were written for the seven characters. However, at a certain point, it was decided that the main thrust of the story was provided by the relationship between the Queen and Snow White.[12] For this reason, several sequences featuring the dwarfs were cut from the film. The first, which was animated in its entirety before being cut, showed Doc and Grumpy arguing about whether Snow White should stay with them. Another, also completely animated, would have shown the dwarfs eating soup noisily and messily; Snow White unsuccessfully attempts to teach them how to eat 'like gentlemen'. A partially animated sequence involved the dwarfs holding a "lodge meeting" in which they try to think of a gift for Snow White; this was to be followed by the elaborate 'bed building sequence', in which the dwarfs and the forest animals construct and carve a bed for the princess. This also was cut, as it was thought to slow down the movement of the story.[12] The soup-eating and bed-building sequences were animated by Ward Kimball, who was sufficiently discouraged by their removal to consider leaving the studio, however Disney persuaded him to stay by promoting him to supervising animator of Jiminy Cricket in his next feature Pinocchio (1940).[13]

text: Animation

text: The primary authority on the design of the film was concept artist Albert Hurter. All designs used in the film, from characters' appearances to the look of the rocks in the background, had to meet Hurter's approval before being finalized.[11] Two other concept artists — Ferdinand Hovarth and Gustaf Tenggren — also contributed to the visual style of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Hovarth developed a number of dark concepts for the film, although many other designs he developed were ultimately rejected by the Disney team as less easily translated into animation than Hurter's. Tenggren was used as a color stylist and to determine the staging and atmosphere of many of the scenes in the film, as his style borrowed from the likes of Arthur Rackham and John Bauer and thus possessed the European illustration quality that Walt Disney sought. He also designed the posters for the film and illustrated the press book. However, Hovarth didn't receive a credit for the film. Other artists to work on the film included Joe Grant, whose most significant contribution was the design for the Queen's Witch form.[11]

text:
Don Graham really knew what he was teaching, and he "showed" you how to do something – he didn't just talk. He taught us things that were very important for animation. How to simplify our drawings – how to cut out all the unnecessary hen scratching amateurs have a habit of using. He showed us how to make a drawing look solid. He taught us about tension points – like a bent knee, and how the pant leg comes down from that knee and how important the wrinkles from it are to describe form. I learned a hell of a lot from him!

Art Babbitt[14]

tag: div

text: Art Babbit, an animator who joined the Disney studio in 1932, invited seven of his colleagues (who worked in the same room as him) to come with him to an art class that he himself had set up at his home in the Hollywood Hills. Though there was no teacher, Babbit had recruited a model to pose for him and his fellow animators as they drew. These "classes" were held weekly; each week, more animators would come. After three weeks, Walt Disney called Babbit to his office and offered to provide the supplies, working space and models required if the sessions were moved to the studio. Babbit ran the sessions for a month until animator Hardie Gramatky suggested that they recruit Don Graham; the art teacher from the Chouinard Institute taught his first class at the studio on November 15, 1932, and was joined by Phil Dike a few weeks later.[7] These classes were principally concerned with human anatomy and movement, though instruction later included action analysis, animal anatomy and acting.[14]

text:
The first duty of the cartoon is not to picture or duplicate real action or things as they actually happen — but to give a caricature of life and action — to picture on the screen things that have run thru the imagination of the audience to bring to life dream-fantasies and imaginative fancies that we have all thought of during our lives or have had pictured to us in various forms during our lives [...] I definitely feel that we cannot do the fantastic things, based on the real, unless we first know the real. This point should be brought out very clearly to all new men, and even the older men.

Walt Disney in 1935[15]

text: Though the classes were originally described as a "brutal battle", with neither instructor nor students well-versed in the other's craft,[7] the enthusiasm and energy of both parties made the classes stimulating and beneficial for all involved. Graham often screened Disney shorts and, along with the animators, provided critique featuring both strengths and weaknesses. For example, Graham criticised Babbit's animation of Abner the mouse in The Country Cousin as "taking a few of the obvious actions of a drunk without coordinating the rest of the body", while praising it for maintaining its humour without getting "dirty or mean or vulgar. The country mouse is always having a good time".[14]

text: Very few of the animators at the Disney studio had had artistic training (most had been newspaper cartoonists); among these few was Grim Natwick, who had trained in Europe. The animator's success in designing and animating Betty Boop for Fleischer Studios showed an understanding of human female anatomy, and when Walt Disney hired Natwick he was given female characters to animate almost exclusively. Attempts to animate Persephone, the female lead of The Goddess of Spring, had proved largely unsuccessful; Natwick's animation of the heroine in Cookie Carnival showed greater promise, and the animator was eventually given the task of animating Snow White herself. Though live action footage of Snow White, the Prince and the Queen was shot as reference for the animators, the artists' animators disapproved of rotoscoping, considering it to hinder the production of effective caricature. None of Babbit's animation of the Queen was rotoscoped;[16] despite Graham and Natwick's objections, however, some scenes of Snow White and the Prince were directly traced from the live-action footage.[14]

text: The studio's new multiplane camera gave a three-dimensional feeling in many sequences and was also used to give a rotating effect in the scene where the Queen transforms into a witch.

text: Music

text: The songs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs were composed by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey. Paul J. Smith and Leigh Harline composed the incidental music score. Well-known songs from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs include "Heigh-Ho", "Some Day My Prince Will Come", and "Whistle While You Work". Since Disney did not have its own music publishing company at the time, the publishing rights for the music and songs were administered through Bourne Co. Music Publishers, which continues to hold these rights. In later years, the studio was able to acquire back the rights to the music from many of the other films, but not Snow White. Snow White became the first American film to have a soundtrack album, released in conjunction with the feature film. Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, a film soundtrack recording was unheard of and of little value to a movie studio.

text: Cinematic influences

text: At this time, Disney also encouraged his staff to see a variety of films. These ranged from the mainstream, such as MGM's Romeo and Juliet (1936) — to which Disney made direct reference in a story meeting pertaining to the scene in which Snow White lies in her glass coffin — to the more obscure, including European silent cinema. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as well as the two Disney films to follow it, were also influenced by such German expressionist films as Nosferatu (1922) and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), both of which were recommended by Disney to his staff. This influence is particularly evident in the scenes of Snow White fleeing through the forest and the Queen's transformation into the Witch. The latter scene was also inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), to which Disney made specific reference in story meetings.[14]

text: Release

text: Original theatrical run

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, to a wildly receptive audience, many of whom were the same naysayers who dubbed the film "Disney's Folly".[1] The film received a standing ovation at its completion[17] from an audience that included Judy Garland and Marlene Dietrich.[18] Six days later, Walt Disney and the seven dwarfs appeared on the cover of Time magazine.[19] The New York Times said: "Thank you very much, Mr. Disney".[20] Variety suggested that "[so] perfect is the illusion, so tender the romance and fantasy, so emotional are certain portions when the acting of the characters strikes a depth comparable to the sincerity of human players, that the film approaches real greatness."[21]

text: Following successful exclusive runs at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and a theater in Miami in January 1938,[1] RKO Radio Pictures put the film into general release on February 4. It became a major box-office success, making four times more money than any other motion picture released in 1938.[22] In its original release, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada,[23] and by May 1939 its total international gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film of all time, displacing Al Jolson's The Singing Fool (1928) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was soon displaced from this position by Gone with the Wind in 1940).[23][24] By the end of its original run, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had earned $7,846,000 in international box office receipts.[25] This earned RKO a profit of $380,000.[26]

text: Re-releases

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was first re-released in 1944, to raise revenue for the Disney studio during the World War II period. This re-release set a tradition of re-releasing Disney animated features every seven to ten years, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was re-released to theaters in 1952, 1958, 1967, 1975, 1983, 1987 and 1993.[27] Coinciding with the fiftieth-anniversary release in 1987, Disney released an authorized novelization of the story, written by children's author Suzanne Weyn.[28][29]

text: In 1993, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files, manipulated, and recorded back to film. The restoration project was carried out entirely at 4K resolution and 10-bit color depth using the Cineon system to digitally remove dirt and scratches and restore faded colors.[30]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has had a lifetime gross of $418.2 million across its original release and several reissues.[2][3] Adjusted for inflation, and incorporating subsequent releases, the film still registers one of the top ten American film moneymakers of all time.[31]

text: Reception

text: The film was a tremendous critical success, with many reviewers hailing it as a genuine work of art, recommended for both children and adults.[32] Although film histories often state that the animation of the human characters was criticized, more recent scholarship finds that most reviewers praised the realistic style of the human animation, with several stating that audiences will forget that they are watching animated humans rather than real ones.[32] At the 11th Academy Awards, the film won an Academy Honorary Award for Walt Disney "as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field". Disney received a full-size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones, presented to him by 10-year-old child actress Shirley Temple. The film was also nominated for Best Musical Score.[33] "Some Day My Prince Will Come" has become a jazz standard that has been performed by numerous artists, including Buddy Rich, Lee Wiley, Oscar Peterson, Frank Churchill,[34] and Oliver Jones.[35] Albums by Miles Davis, by Wynton Kelly, and Alexis Cole.[36]

text: Noted filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein and Charlie Chaplin praised Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as a notable achievement in cinema; Eisenstein went so far as to call it the greatest film ever made.[37] The film inspired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to produce its own fantasy film, The Wizard of Oz, in 1939.[38] Another animation pioneer, Max Fleischer, decided to produce his animated feature film Gulliver's Travels in order to compete with Snow White. The 1943 Merrie Melodies short Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs, directed by Bob Clampett, parodies Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by presenting the story with an all-black cast singing a jazz score.

text: Snow White's success led to Disney moving ahead with more feature-film productions. Walt Disney used much of the profits from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to finance a new $4.5 million studio in Burbank – the location on which The Walt Disney Studios is located to this day.[22] Within two years, the studio completed Pinocchio and Fantasia and had begun production on features such as Dumbo, Bambi, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan.[39]

text: The American Film Institute (AFI), an independent non-profit organization created in the United States by the National Endowment for the Arts,[40] releases a variety of annual awards and film lists recognizing excellence in filmmaking. The AFI 100 Years... series, which ran from 1998 to 2008, created categorized lists of America's best movies as selected by juries composed from among over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians. A film's inclusion in one of these lists was based on the film's popularity over time, historical significance and cultural impact.[41] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was selected by juries for inclusion on many AFI lists, including the following:

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – No. 49[42]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 34[43]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 1 Animated film[44]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains: The Queen – No. 10 Villain[45]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs:

"Someday My Prince Will Come" – No. 19[46]
"Whistle While You Work" – Nominated[47]

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes: "Magic Mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" – Nominated[48]
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[49]

text: Home media

text: On October 28, 1994, the film was released for the first time on home video on VHS and LaserDisc as the first release in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.[6]

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on DVD on October 9, 2001, the first in Disney's Platinum Editions, and featured, across two discs, the digitally restored film, a making-of documentary narrated by Angela Lansbury, an audio commentary by John Canemaker and, via archived audio clips, Walt Disney.[50]. A VHS release followed on November 27, 2001. Both versions were returned to the Disney Vault on January 31, 2002[51].

text: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on Blu-ray Disc on October 6, 2009, the first of Disney's Diamond Editions, and a new DVD edition was released on November 24, 2009. The Blu-ray includes a high-definition version of the movie sourced from a new restoration by Lowry Digital, a DVD copy of the film, and several bonus features not included on the 2001 DVD. This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30, 2011.[52]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu-ray and DVD on February 2, 2016, as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line. It was released on Digital HD on January 19, 2016, with bonus material.[53]

text: Appearances in other media

text: Theme parks

text: Snow White's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland (an opening day attraction dating from 1955),[54] Tokyo Disneyland,[55] and Disneyland Paris.[56] Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom[57] underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014. The Snow White's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall, where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet. Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster.[58] Snow White, her Prince, the Queen, and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks. Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater hosted Snow White: An Enchanting Musical from 2004 to 2006.

text: Video games

text:
The first attempt at a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs video game was for the Atari 2600 as part of their line of children's games.[59] It was never officially released, although a "homebrew" version was made available on a limited basis.[60]
Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released for the Game Boy Color system in 2001.[61]
Snow White also makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as one of the seven fabled Princesses of Heart.[62] A world based on the movie, Dwarf Woodlands, appears in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep for the PSP.[63]
In 2013's free-to-play mobile game Snow White: Queen's Return (also known as Seven Dwarfs: The Queen's Return),[64] an uncanonical continuation of the film, the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film and then reverted to her youthful form to cast a curse on Snow White and the dwarfs and their entire forest.[65]

text: Broadway musical

text: Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney-produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (also known as Snow White Live!) at the Radio City Music Hall.[66] Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook, respectively; titles included "Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time" and "Will I Ever See Her Again?".[67] It ran from October 18 to November 18, 1979, and January 11 to March 9, 1980, a total of 106 performances.[68]

text: Canceled prequel

text: In the 2000s, DisneyToon Studios began development on a computer-animated prequel to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, titled The Seven Dwarfs. Director Mike Disa and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos pitched a story explaining how the Dwarfs met, and how the Evil Queen killed Snow White's father and took the throne. According to Disa, DisneyToon management changed the prequel to center around how Dopey lost his voice upon witnessing the death of his mother. After Disney purchased Pixar in 2006, John Lasseter, DisneyToons' new Chief Creative Officer, canceled Dwarfs.[69]

text: Live-action adaptations

text: In March 2016, the studio announced a new film in development titled Rose Red, a live-action spin-off film which will be told from the perspective of Snow White's sister, Red Rose.[70] In late October that year, a live-action feature-length Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was announced, with Erin Cressida Wilson in negotiations to write the script and Pasek and Paul writing new songs for the film.[71]

text: Other appearances

text: The Seven Dwarfs made rare appearances in shorts, despite their popularity; they simply were too numerous to animate efficiently. Commissioned shorts The Standard Parade (1939), The Seven Wise Dwarfs (1941, using mostly recycled footage), All Together (1942) and The Winged Scourge (1943) all include appearances.[72]

text: The animated television series House of Mouse, which included many Disney character animated cameos, included the characters in the special Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse. The Evil Queen appeared in a starring role in the film Once Upon a Halloween as well. In the arena of live action, the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time (produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios) regularly includes live-action interpretations of these characters including Snow White, the Evil Queen and Grumpy.

text: An animated television series featuring the seven dwarfs titled The 7D premiered on Disney XD on July 7, 2014, and ended its run on November 5, 2016. The show takes place 30 years before the events of the original film.

text: A 1937–1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book, most recently in 1995.[73]


document_title: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

question_text: who plays the neighbor in stuck in the middle

text: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired117February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)220February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)320December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23)

tag: table

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz, the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy. She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor. Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table, the Slushinator, the Skate Kite, the Pick-Me-Up, and a snow machine. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is revealed it is her 13th birthday. A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation.
Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz (seasons 1–2; special guest, season 3), the oldest of the seven children and Harley's vain older sister. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that she is 16. In the third season episode "Stuck with Rachel's Secret", Rachel leaves the family to attend college in Paris, France, while interning at a fashion company there. She returns in the series finale to help the family celebrate Harley's quinceañera.
Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz, Harley's oldest brother and her partner-in-crime; she refers to him as her best friend in the family. He is an aspiring musician and filmmaker. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven, behind Rachel and Georgie.
Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz, the youngest of the seven children and Harley's younger sister. She enjoys having tea time with her dolls and sleeps in her indoor dollhouse. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first.
Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz, one of Harley's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in "Stuck in the Sweet Seat". She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports.
Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz,[Note 1] one of Harley's two younger brothers and Beast's twin. It is revealed in "Stuck in the Beast-Day Party" that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes.
Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz,[Note 1] one of Harley's two younger brothers and Lewie's twin.
Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz, Harley's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places. Suzy is the one who usually punishes the kids from grounding them to even putting them on lockdown for higher violations.
Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz, Harley's father who is the proprietor of a marina store called "Tom's Bait and Bite" which sells camping and fishing equipment. While he is a loving and caring father, he does tend to get upset when his kids let him down in any way.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters, a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast. She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in "Stuck in the Block Party".
Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters, Bethany's daughter and Harley's best friend who is on the same basketball team as Georgie. In "Stuck in Harley's Comet", it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights, darkness, and birds. In "Stuck with a Bad Influence", Ellie is sent to a boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother.
Brett Pierce as Cuff (season 1), an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom. When Cuff works briefly at "Tom's Bait and Bite" in "Stuck with My Sister's Boyfriend", his real first name is revealed to be Warren. While mainly in the first season, he also appears in the third season episode "Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery", where it confirms that he and Rachel broke up.
Joshua Bassett as Aidan (season 3), Bethany Peters' nephew and Ellie's cousin. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and has a tendency to annoy Harley. Aidan is staying with Bethany while his father is away.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode, but Bechtel is later credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with "Stuck in the Sweet Seat".

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Production on the series began in November 2015.[2] Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15, 2016.[3] The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31, 2017.[4] On March 30, 2018, Disney Channel announced that the series would end after three seasons.[5]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14, 2016.[6] The series was later released on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15, 2016. The series began airing regularly on March 11, 2016.[7] The first season concluded on July 22, 2016. The second season premiered on February 3, 2017, and concluded on October 27, 2017. The third season premiered on December 8, 2017, and concluded on July 23, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1

17

February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)

2.81[8]

July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)

2.06[9]
1.60

2

20

February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

2.13[10]

October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)

1.31[11]
1.19

3

20

December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)

1.36[12]

July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23)

0.92[13]
0.95

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

Ref.

2017

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[14]

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[15]

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina

Favorite International Program

Nominated

[16]


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States

question_text: last president that was not a democrat or republican

text: List of Presidents of the United States

text: Presidents

text:
Unaffiliated (2)       Federalist (1)       Democratic-Republican (4)       Democratic (15)       Whig (4)       Republican (19)       National Union (2)

Presidency[a]

President

Prior office[b]

Party[c]

Term[d]

Vice President

1

April 30, 1789[e]–March 4, 1797

George Washington1732–1799(Lived: 67 years)[3][4][5]

Commander-in-Chiefof theContinental Army(1775–1783)

Unaffiliated[2]

(1788–89)1(1789)

John Adams[f][g]

(1792)2(1793)

2

March 4, 1797–March 4, 1801

John Adams1735–1826(Lived: 90 years)[6][7][8]

1stVice President of the United States

Federalist

(1796)3(1797)

Thomas Jefferson[h]

3

March 4, 1801–March 4, 1809

Thomas Jefferson1743–1826(Lived: 83 years)[9][10][11]

2ndVice President of the United States

Democratic-Republican

(1800)4(1801)

Aaron BurrMarch 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805

(1804)5(1805)

George ClintonMarch 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809

4

March 4, 1809–March 4, 1817

James Madison1751–1836(Lived: 85 years)[12][13][14]

5thUnited States Secretary of State(1801–1809)

Democratic-Republican

(1808)6(1809)

George ClintonMarch 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Clinton's term)

(1812)7(1813)

Elbridge GerryMarch 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Gerry's term)

5

March 4, 1817–March 4, 1825

James Monroe1758–1831(Lived: 73 years)[15][16][17]

7thUnited States Secretary of State(1811–1817)

Democratic-Republican

(1816)8(1817)

Daniel D. Tompkins

(1820)9(1821)

6

March 4, 1825–March 4, 1829

John Quincy Adams1767–1848(Lived: 80 years)[18][19][20]

8thUnited States Secretary of State(1817–1825)

Democratic-Republican

(1824)10(1825)

John C. Calhoun

7

March 4, 1829–March 4, 1837

Andrew Jackson1767–1845(Lived: 78 years)[21][22][23]

U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee(1797–1798 & 1823–1825)

Democratic

(1828)11(1829)

John C. Calhoun[i]March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832(Resigned from office)

Office vacant(Balance of Calhoun's term)

(1832)12(1833)

Martin Van BurenMarch 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837

8

March 4, 1837–March 4, 1841

Martin Van Buren1782–1862(Lived: 79 years)[24][25][26]

8thVice President of the United States

Democratic

(1836)13(1837)

Richard M. Johnson

9

March 4, 1841–April 4, 1841(Died in office)

William Henry Harrison1773–1841(Lived: 68 years)[27][28][29]

United States Minister to Colombia(1828–1829)

Whig

(1840)14(1841)(1841)[j]

John Tyler(Succeeded to presidency)

10

April 4, 1841[k]–March 4, 1845

John Tyler1790–1862(Lived: 71 years)[30][31][32]

10thVice President of the United States

WhigApril 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841

Office vacant

UnaffiliatedSeptember 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845[l]

11

March 4, 1845–March 4, 1849

James K. Polk1795–1849(Lived: 53 years)[33][34][35]

9thGovernor of Tennessee(1839–1841)

Democratic

(1844)15(1845)

George M. Dallas

12

March 4, 1849–July 9, 1850(Died in office)

Zachary Taylor1784–1850(Lived: 65 years)[36][37][38]

Major General of the 1st Infantry RegimentUnited States Army (1846–1849)(No prior elected office)

Whig

(1848)16(1849)(1850)[j]

Millard Fillmore(Succeeded to presidency)

13

July 9, 1850[m]–March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore1800–1874(Lived: 74 years)[39][40][41]

12thVice President of the United States

Whig

Office vacant

14

March 4, 1853–March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce1804–1869(Lived: 64 years)[42][43][44]

Brigadier General of the 9th InfantryUnited States Army(1847–1848)

Democratic

(1852)17(1853)

William R. KingMarch 4 – April 18, 1853(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of King's term)

15

March 4, 1857–March 4, 1861

James Buchanan1791–1868(Lived: 77 years)[45][46][47]

United States Minister to theCourt of St James's(1853–1856)

Democratic

(1856)18(1857)

John C. Breckinridge

16

March 4, 1861–April 15, 1865(Died in office)

Abraham Lincoln1809–1865(Lived: 56 years)[48][49][50]

U.S. Representative for Illinois's 7th District(1847–1849)

Republican(National Union)[n]

(1860)19(1861)

Hannibal HamlinMarch 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865

(1864)20(1865)(1865)[j]

Andrew JohnsonMarch 4 – April 15, 1865(Succeeded to presidency)

17

April 15, 1865–March 4, 1869

Andrew Johnson1808–1875(Lived: 66 years)[51][52][53]

16thVice President of the United States

National UnionApril 15, 1865 – c. 1868

Office vacant

Democraticc. 1868 – March 4, 1869[o]

18

March 4, 1869–March 4, 1877

Ulysses S. Grant1822–1885(Lived: 63 years)[54][55][56]

Commanding General of the U.S. Army(1864–1869)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(1868)21(1869)

Schuyler ColfaxMarch 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873

(1872)22(1873)

Henry WilsonMarch 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Wilson's term)

19

March 4, 1877–March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes1822–1893(Lived: 70 years)[57][58][59]

29th & 32ndGovernor of Ohio(1868–1872 & 1876–1877)

Republican

(1876)23(1877)

William A. Wheeler

20

March 4, 1881–September 19, 1881(Died in office)

James A. Garfield1831–1881(Lived: 49 years)[60][61][62]

U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District(1863–1881)

Republican

(1880)24(1881)(1881)[j]

Chester A. Arthur(Succeeded to presidency)

21

September 19, 1881[p]–March 4, 1885

Chester A. Arthur1829–1886(Lived: 57 years)[63][64][65]

20thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacant

22

March 4, 1885–March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland1837–1908(Lived: 71 years)[66][67]

28thGovernor of New York(1883–1885)

Democratic

(1884)25(1885)

Thomas A. HendricksMarch 4 – November 25, 1885(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Hendricks's term)

23

March 4, 1889–March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison1833–1901(Lived: 67 years)[68][69][70]

U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana(1881–1887)

Republican

(1888)26(1889)

Levi P. Morton

24

March 4, 1893–March 4, 1897

Grover Cleveland1837–1908(Lived: 71 years)[66][67]

22ndPresident of the United States(1885–1889)

Democratic

(1892)27(1893)

Adlai Stevenson

25

March 4, 1897–September 14, 1901(Died in office)

William McKinley1843–1901(Lived: 58 years)[71][72][73]

39thGovernor of Ohio(1892–1896)

Republican

(1896)28(1897)

Garret HobartMarch 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Hobart's term)

(1900)29(1901)(1901)[j]

Theodore RooseveltMarch 4 – September 14, 1901(Succeeded to presidency)

26

September 14, 1901–March 4, 1909

Theodore Roosevelt1858–1919(Lived: 60 years)[74][75][76]

25thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacantSeptember 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905

(1904)30(1905)

Charles W. FairbanksMarch 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909

27

March 4, 1909–March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft1857–1930(Lived: 72 years)[77][78][79]

42ndUnited States Secretary of War(1904–1908)

Republican

(1908)31(1909)

James S. ShermanMarch 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912(Died in office)

Office vacant(Balance of Sherman's term)

28

March 4, 1913–March 4, 1921

Woodrow Wilson1856–1924(Lived: 67 years)[80][81][82]

34thGovernor of New Jersey(1911–1913)

Democratic

(1912)32(1913)

Thomas R. Marshall

(1916)33(1917)

29

March 4, 1921–August 2, 1923(Died in office)

Warren G. Harding1865–1923(Lived: 57 years)[83][84][85]

U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio(1915–1921)

Republican

(1920)34(1921)(1923)[j]

Calvin Coolidge(Succeeded to presidency)

30

August 2, 1923[q]–March 4, 1929

Calvin Coolidge1872–1933(Lived: 60 years)[86][87][88]

29thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacantAugust 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925

(1924)35(1925)

Charles G. DawesMarch 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929

31

March 4, 1929–March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover1874–1964(Lived: 90 years)[89][90][91]

3rdUnited States Secretary of Commerce(1921–1928)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(1928)36(1929)

Charles Curtis

32

March 4, 1933–April 12, 1945(Died in office)

Franklin D. Roosevelt1882–1945(Lived: 63 years)[92][93][94]

44thGovernor of New York(1929–1932)

Democratic

(1932)37(1933)

John N. GarnerMarch 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941[r]

(1936)38(1937)

(1940)39(1941)

Henry A. WallaceJanuary 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945

(1944)40(1945)(1945)[j]

Harry S. TrumanJanuary 20 – April 12, 1945(Succeeded to presidency)

33

April 12, 1945–January 20, 1953

Harry S. Truman1884–1972(Lived: 88 years)[95][96][97]

34thVice President of the United States

Democratic

Office vacantApril 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949

(1948)41(1949)

Alben W. BarkleyJanuary 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953

34

January 20, 1953–January 20, 1961

Dwight D. Eisenhower1890–1969(Lived: 78 years)[98][99][100]

Supreme Allied Commander Europe(1949–1952)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(1952)42(1953)

Richard Nixon

(1956)43(1957)

35

January 20, 1961–November 22, 1963(Died in office)

John F. Kennedy1917–1963(Lived: 46 years)[101][102][103]

U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts(1953–1960)

Democratic

(1960)44(1961)(1963)[j]

Lyndon B. Johnson(Succeeded to presidency)

36

November 22, 1963–January 20, 1969

Lyndon B. Johnson1908–1973(Lived: 64 years)[104][105]

37thVice President of the United States

Democratic

Office vacantNovember 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965

(1964)45(1965)

Hubert HumphreyJanuary 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969

37

January 20, 1969–August 9, 1974(Resigned from office)

Richard Nixon1913–1994(Lived: 81 years)[106][107][108]

36thVice President of the United States(1953–1961)

Republican

(1968)46(1969)

Spiro AgnewJanuary 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973(Resigned from office)

(1972)47(1973)(1974)[j]

Office vacantOctober 10 – December 6, 1973

Gerald FordDecember 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974(Succeeded to presidency)

38

August 9, 1974–January 20, 1977

Gerald Ford1913–2006(Lived: 93 years)[109][110][111]

40thVice President of the United States

Republican

Office vacantAugust 9 – December 19, 1974

Nelson RockefellerDecember 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977

39

January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981

Jimmy CarterBorn 1924(94 years old)[112][113][114]

76thGovernor of Georgia(1971–1975)

Democratic

(1976)48(1977)

Walter Mondale

40

January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989

Ronald Reagan1911–2004(Lived: 93 years)[115][116][117]

33rdGovernor of California(1967–1975)

Republican

(1980)49(1981)

George H. W. Bush

(1984)50(1985)

41

January 20, 1989–January 20, 1993

George H. W. BushBorn 1924(94 years old)[118][119][120]

43rdVice President of the United States

Republican

(1988)51(1989)

Dan Quayle

42

January 20, 1993–January 20, 2001

Bill ClintonBorn 1946(72 years old)[121][122][123]

40th & 42ndGovernor of Arkansas(1979–1981 & 1983–1992)

Democratic

(1992)52(1993)

Al Gore

(1996)53(1997)

43

January 20, 2001–January 20, 2009

George W. BushBorn 1946(72 years old)[124][125]

46thGovernor of Texas(1995–2000)

Republican

(2000)54(2001)

Dick Cheney

(2004)55(2005)

44

January 20, 2009–January 20, 2017

Barack ObamaBorn 1961(57 years old)[126][127]

U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois(2005–2008)

Democratic

(2008)56(2009)

Joe Biden

(2012)57(2013)

45

January 20, 2017–Incumbent

Donald TrumpBorn 1946(72 years old)[128][129]

Chairman ofThe Trump Organization(1971–2017)(No prior elected office)

Republican

(2016)58(2017)

Mike Pence

text: Subsequent public office

text: Three presidents held another U.S. federal office after serving as president.

text:
President

Presidency[a]

Subsequent service

John Quincy Adams

6

1825–1829

U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)

Andrew Johnson

17

1865–1869

U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)

William Howard Taft

27

1909–1913

10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)

text: Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after serving as president.

text:
President

Presidency[a]

Office sought unsuccessfully

John Quincy Adams

6

1825–1829

Governor of Massachusetts (1833)

Martin Van Buren

8

1837–1841

President of the United States (1844)

President of the United States (1848)

Millard Fillmore

13

1850–1853

President of the United States (1856)

Andrew Johnson

17

1865–1869

U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)

U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)

Ulysses S. Grant

18

1869–1877

President of the United States (1880)

Theodore Roosevelt

26

1901–1909

President of the United States (1912)

Herbert Hoover

31

1929–1933

President of the United States (1940)

text: Additionally, one former president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.


document_title: List of highest individual scores in ODIs

question_text: who has the highest score in odi cricket

text: One Day International (ODI) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members.[1] Unlike Test matches, ODIs consist of one innings per team, having a limit in the number of overs.

text: The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings, although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs.[2] ODI cricket is List-A cricket, so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List-A records. The earliest match now recognized as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971;[3] since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams. The frequency of matches has steadily increased, partly because of the increase in the number of ODI-playing countries, and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue.[4]

text: Before breaking the 200 mark, the highest ODI score was 194 jointly held by Pakistani Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwean Charles Coventry. In One Day Internationals, the first man to score a double century was Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar, who scored 200 not out against South Africa at Captain Roop Singh Stadium in Gwalior, India. Rohit Sharma is the only player in history to score 3 double centuries.[5] The following table lists scores of 180 or higher.

text: Highest ODI individual scores[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Score
4s
6s
Strike rate
Innings
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Result

1
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
264
33
9
152.60
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
13 November 2014
Won[6]

2
Guptill, MartinMartin Guptill
237*
24
11
145.39
1
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
21 March 2015
Won[7]

3
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
219
25
7
146.97
1
 India
 West Indies
Holkar Cricket Stadium, Indore
8 December 2011
Won[8]

4
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
215
10
16
146.25
1
 West Indies
 Zimbabwe
Manuka Oval, Canberra
24 February 2015
Won[9]

5
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
209
12
16
132.28
1
 India
 Australia
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2 November 2013
Won[10]

6
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
208*
13
12
135.94
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
PCA IS Bindra Stadium, Mohali
13 December 2017
Won[11]

7
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
200*
25
3
136.05
1
 India
 South Africa
Captain Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior
24 February 2010
Won[12]

8
Charles Coventry
194*
16
7
124.36
1
 Zimbabwe
 Bangladesh
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
16 August 2009
Lost[13]

8
Saeed Anwar
194
22
5
132.88
1
 Pakistan
 India
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
21 May 1997
Won[14]

10
Vivian Richards
189*
21
5
111.18
1
 West Indies
 England
Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester
31 May 1984
Won[15]

10
Martin Guptill
189*
19
2
121.94
1
 New Zealand
 England
Rose Bowl, Southampton
2 June 2013
Won[16]

10
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
189
21
4
117.39
1
 Sri Lanka
 India
Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium, Sharjah
29 October 2000
Won[17]

13
Kirsten, GaryGary Kirsten
188*
13
4
118.24
1
 South Africa
 United Arab Emirates
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi
16 February 1996
Won[18]

14
Sachin Tendulkar
186*
20
3
124.00
1
 India
 New Zealand
Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad
8 November 1999
Won[19]

15
Watson, ShaneShane Watson
185*
15
15
192.71
2
 Australia
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
11 April 2011
Won[20]

15
du Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis
185
16
3
131.20
1
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
7 February 2017
Won[21]

17
Dhoni, MSMS Dhoni
183*
15
10
126.21
2
 India
 Sri Lanka
Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur
31 October 2005
Won[22]

17
Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly
183
17
7
115.82
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
County Ground, Taunton
26 May 1999
Won[23]

17
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
183
22
1
123.65
2
 India
 Pakistan
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
18 March 2012
Won[24]

20
Taylor, RossRoss Taylor
181*
17
6
123.12
2
 New Zealand
 England
University of Otago Oval, Dunedin
7 March 2018
Won[25]

20
Hayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden
181*
11
10
109.03
1
 Australia
 New Zealand
Seddon Park, Hamilton
20 February 2007
Lost[26]

20
Richards, VivViv Richards
181
16
7
144.80
1
 West Indies
 Sri Lanka
National Stadium, Karachi, Karachi
13 October 1987
Won[27]

21
Roy, JasonJason Roy
180
16
5
119.20
2
 England
 Australia
MCG, Melbourne, Melbourne
14 January 2018
Won[28]

text: * indicates not out


document_title: History of hypnosis

question_text: the physician who pioneered the study of the human subconscious was

question_tokens: the physician who pioneered the study of the human subconscious was

text: History of hypnosis

text: Early history[edit]

text: According to Patricia Fanthorpe, hypnosis "dates back for millennia."[1]

text: Temple sleep[edit]

text: According to Will Durant, hypnotism as a tool for health seems to have originated with the Hindus of ancient India, who often took their sick to the temples to be cured by hypnotic suggestion or "temple sleep,"[1][2] a practice of staying at night at a temple for meditational self-observance and communication with the gods, called Nidra in India.[3]

text: Avicenna[edit]

text: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037), a Persian psychologist and physician, was the earliest to make a distinction between sleep and hypnosis. In The Book of Healing, which he published in 1027, he referred to hypnosis in Arabic as al-Wahm al-Amil, stating that one could create conditions in another person so that he/she accepts the reality of hypnosis.[4]

text: Magnetism & Mesmerism[edit]

text: Hypnotism evolved out of a sometimes skeptical reaction to the much earlier work of magnetists and Mesmerists.

text: Paracelsus[edit]

text: Paracelsus (1493–1541), a Swiss, was the first physician to use magnets in his work. Many people claimed to have been healed after he had passed magnets (lodestones) over their bodies.

text: Valentine Greatrakes[edit]

text: An Irishman by the name of Valentine Greatrakes (1628–1682) was known as "the Great Irish Stroker" [5] for his ability to heal people by laying his hands on them and passing magnets over their bodies.

text: Johann Joseph Gassner[edit]

text: Johann Joseph Gassner (1727–1779), a Catholic priest of the time, believed that disease was caused by evil spirits and could be exorcised by incantations and prayer.

text: Father Maximilian Hell[edit]

text: Around 1771, a Viennese Jesuit named Maximilian Hell (1720–1792) was using magnets to heal by applying steel plates to the naked body.  One of Father Hell's students was a young medical doctor from Vienna named Franz Anton Mesmer.

text: Franz Anton Mesmer[edit]

text: Western scientists first became involved in hypnosis around 1770, when Franz Mesmer (1734–1815), a physician from Austria, started investigating an effect he called "animal magnetism" or "mesmerism" (the latter name still remaining popular today).

text: The use of the (conventional) English term animal magnetism to translate Mesmer's magnétisme animal can be misleading and needs to be seen in this context:

text:
Mesmer chose his term to clearly distinguish his variant of magnetic force from those referred to at the time as mineral magnetism, cosmic magnetism and planetary magnetism.
Mesmer felt that this particular force/power only resided in the bodies of animals, including humans.

text: Mesmer developed his own theory and was himself inspired by the writings of the English physician Richard Mead, the father of our understanding of transmissible diseases. Mesmer found that, after opening a patient's vein and letting the patient bleed for a while, passing magnets over the wound appeared to be an active force making the bleeding stop.  Mesmer additionally discovered that using a stick instead also "worked."

text: After moving to Paris and becoming popular with the French aristocracy for his magnetic cures, the medical community challenged him.  The French king put together a Board of Inquiry that included chemist Lavoisier, Benjamin Franklin, and a medical doctor who was an expert in pain control named Joseph Ignace Guillotin. Mesmer refused to cooperate with the investigation and this fell to his disciple Dr d'Eslon. Franklin constructed an experiment in which a blindfolded patient was shown to respond as much to a non-prepared tree as to one that had been "magnetised" by d'Eslon. This  is considered perhaps the first placebo-controlled trial of a therapy ever conducted. The commission later declared that Mesmerism worked by the action of the imagination.[6]

text: Although Mesmerism remained popular and "magnetic therapies" are still advertised as a form of "alternative medicine" even today, Mesmer himself retired to Switzerland in obscurity, where he died in 1815.

text: Abbé Faria[edit]

text: Many of the original mesmerists were signatories to the first declarations that proclaimed the French revolution in 1789. Far from surprising, this could perhaps be expected, in that mesmerism opened up the prospect that the social order was in some sense suggested and could be overturned. Magnetism was neglected or forgotten during the Revolution and the Empire.

text: An Indo-Portuguese priest,  Abbé Faria, revived public attention to animal magnetism. In the early 19th century, Abbé Faria introduced oriental hypnosis to Paris. Faria came from India[7] and gave exhibitions in 1814 and 1815 without manipulations or the use of Mesmer's baquet (medical).

text: Unlike Mesmer, Faria claimed that hypnosis 'generated from within the mind’ by the power of expectancy and cooperation of the patient. Faria's approach was significantly extended by the clinical and theoretical work of Hippolyte Bernheim and Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault of the Nancy School. Faria's theoretical position, and the subsequent experiences of those in the Nancy School, made significant contributions to the later autosuggestion techniques of Émile Coué and the autogenic training techniques of Johannes Heinrich Schultz.

text: Marquis de Puységur[edit]

text: A student of Mesmer, Marquis de Puységur, first described and coined the term for "somnambulism."

text: Followers of Puységur called themselves "Experimentalists" and believed in the Paracelsus-Mesmer fluidism theory.

text: Récamier and Reichenbach[edit]

text: Récamier, in 1821, prior to the development of hypnotism, was the first physician known to have used something resembling hypnoanesthesia and operated on patients under mesmeric coma.

text: In the 1840s and 1850s, Carl Reichenbach began experiments to find any scientific validity to "mesmeric" energy, which he called Odic force after the Norse god Odin. Although his conclusions were quickly rejected in the scientific community, they did undermine Mesmer's claims of mind control.  In 1846, James Braid published an influential article, The Power of the Mind over the Body, attacking Reichenbach's views as pseudoscientific.

text: James Esdaile[edit]

text: James Esdaile (1805–1859) reported on 345 major operations performed using mesmeric sleep as the sole anesthetic in British India. The development of chemical anesthetics soon saw the replacement of hypnotism in this role.

text: John Elliotson[edit]

text: John Elliotson (1791–1868), an English surgeon, in 1834 reported numerous painless surgical operations that had been performed using mesmerism.

text: 19th century hypnotism[edit]

text: James Braid[edit]

text: Hypnotism and monoideism[edit]

text:
James Braid (26 March 1851)
    I shall conclude this [lecture] by a very simple mode of illustration,
as respects the different points of view in which the mesmerists, the
electro-biologists, and myself, stand toward each other in theory,
by referring to the two theories of light contended for at the present time.
Some believe in a positive emission from the sun of a subtile material, or
imponderable influence, as the cause of light; whilst others deny this
emission theory, and contend that light is produced by simple vibration
excitedby the sun, without any positive emission from that luminary. I
may, therefore, be said to have adopted the vibratory theory, whilst the
mesmerists and electro-biologists contend for the emission theory. But
my experiments have proved that the ordinary phenomena of mesmer-
ism may be realised through the subjective or personal mental and
physical acts of the patient alone; whereas the proximity, acts, or in-
fluence of a second party, would be indispensably requisite for their
production, if the theory of the mesmerists were true. Moreover, my
experiments have proved that audible, visible, or tangible suggestions
of another person, whom the subject believes to possess such power
over him, is requisite for the production of the waking phenomena;
whereas no audible, visible, or tangible suggestion from a second
party ought to be required to produce these phenomena, if the theory
of the electro-biologists were true.
    There is, therefore, both positive and negative proof in favour of
my mental and suggestive theory, and in opposition to the magnetic,
occult, or electric theories of the mesmerists and electro-biologists.
My theory, moreover, has this additional recommendation, that it is
level to our comprehension, and adequate to account for all which
is demonstrably true, without offering any violence to reason and
common sense, or being at variance with generally admitted
physiological and psychological principles. Under these circum-
stances, therefore, I trust that you will consider me entitled to your

verdict in favour of my MENTAL THEORY.[8]

text: The Scottish surgeon James Braid coined the term "hypnotism" in his unpublished Practical Essay on the Curative Agency of Neuro-Hypnotism (1842) as an abbreviation for "neuro-hypnotism," meaning "sleep of the nerves."  Braid fiercely opposed the views of the Mesmerists, especially the claim that their effects were due to an invisible force called "animal magnetism," and the claim that their subjects developed paranormal powers such as telepathy.  Instead, Braid adopted a skeptical position, influenced by the philosophical school of Scottish Common Sense Realism, attempting to explain the Mesmeric phenomena on the basis of well-established laws of psychology and physiology. Hence, Braid is regarded by many as the first true "hypnotist" as opposed to the Mesmerists and other magnetists who preceded him.

text: Braid ascribed the "mesmeric trance" to a physiological process resulting from prolonged attention to a bright moving object or similar object of fixation. He postulated that "protracted ocular fixation" fatigued certain parts of the brain and caused a trance—a "nervous sleep" or "neuro-hypnosis."

text: Later Braid simplified the name to "hypnotism" (from the Greek ὕπνος hypnos, "sleep"). Finally, realizing that "hypnotism" was not a kind of sleep, he sought to change the name to "monoideism" ("single-thought-ism"), based on a view centred on the notion of a single, dominant idea; but the term "hypnotism" and its later, misleading (circa 1885) Nancy-centred derivative "hypnosis," have persisted.

text: Braid is credited with writing the first ever book on hypnotism, Neurypnology (1843).  After Braid's death in 1860, interest in hypnotism temporarily waned, and gradually shifted from Britain to France, where research began to grow, reaching its peak around the 1880s with the work of Hippolyte Bernheim and Jean-Martin Charcot.

text: Braid on Yoga[edit]

text: According to his writings, Braid began to hear reports concerning the practices of various meditation techniques immediately after the publication of his major book on hypnotism, Neurypnology (1843).  Braid first discusses hypnotism's historical precursors in a series of articles entitled Magic, Mesmerism, Hypnotism, etc., Historically & Physiologically Considered.  He draws analogies between his own practice of hypnotism and various forms of Hindu yoga meditation and other ancient spiritual practices.  Braid’s interest in meditation really developed when he was introduced to the Dabistān-i Mazāhib, the “School of Religions”, an ancient Persian text describing a wide variety of Oriental religious practices:

text: Last May [1843], a gentleman residing in Edinburgh, personally unknown to me, who had long resided in India, favoured me with a letter expressing his approbation of the views which I had published on the nature and causes of hypnotic and mesmeric phenomena.  In corroboration of my views, he referred to what he had previously witnessed in oriental regions, and recommended me to look into the “Dabistan,” a book lately published, for additional proof to the same effect.  On much recommendation I immediately sent for a copy of the “Dabistan”, in which I found many statements corroborative of the fact, that the eastern saints are all self-hypnotisers, adopting means essentially the same as those which I had recommended for similar purposes.[9]

text: Although he disputed the religious interpretation given to these phenomena throughout this article and elsewhere in his writings, Braid seized upon these accounts of Oriental meditation as proof that the effects of hypnotism could be produced in solitude, without the presence of a magnetiser, and therefore saw this as evidence that the real precursor of hypnotism was the ancient practices of meditation rather than in the more recent theory and practice of Mesmerism.  As he later wrote,

text: Inasmuch as patients can throw themselves into the nervous sleep, and manifest all the usual phenomena of Mesmerism, through their own unaided efforts, as I have so repeatedly proved by causing them to maintain a steady fixed gaze at any point, concentrating their whole mental energies on the idea of the object looked at; or that the same may arise by the patient looking at the point of his own finger, or as the Magi of Persia and Yogi of India have practised for the last 2,400 years, for religious purposes, throwing themselves into their ecstatic trances by each maintaining a steady fixed gaze at the tip of his own nose; it is obvious that there is no need for an exoteric influence to produce the phenomena of Mesmerism. […] The great object in all these processes is to induce a habit of abstraction or concentration of attention, in which the subject is entirely absorbed with one idea, or train of ideas, whilst he is unconscious of, or indifferently conscious to, every other object, purpose, or action.[10]

text: Holy See[edit]

text: Objections had been raised by some theologians stating that, if not applied properly, hypnosis could deprive a person of their faculty of reason. Saint Thomas Aquinas specifically rebutted this, stating that "The loss of reason is not a sin in itself but only by reason of the act by which one is deprived of the use of reason. If the act that deprives one of his use of reason is licit in itself and is done for a just cause, there is no sin; if no just cause is present, it must be considered a venial sin."

text: On 28 July 1847, a decree from the Sacred Congregation of the Holy office (Roman Curia) declared that "Having removed all misconception, foretelling of the future, explicit or implicit invocation of the devil, the use of animal magnetism (Hypnosis) is indeed merely an act of making use of physical media that are otherwise licit and hence it is not morally forbidden, provided it does not tend toward an illicit end or toward anything depraved."

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: Hypnosis was used by field doctors in the American Civil War and was one of the first extensive medical application of hypnosis.[11]  Although hypnosis seemed  effective in the field,[12] with the introduction of the hypodermic needle and the general chemical anesthetics of ether in 1846 and chloroform in 1847 to America, it was much easier for the war's medical community to use chemical anesthesia than hypnosis.

text: Jean-Martin Charcot[edit]

text: The neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) endorsed hypnotism for the treatment of hysteria. La méthode numérique("The numerical method") led to a number of systematic experimental examinations of hypnosis in France, Germany, and Switzerland. The process of post-hypnotic suggestion was first described in this period. Extraordinary improvements in sensory acuity and memory were reported under hypnosis.

text: From the 1880s the examination of hypnosis passed from surgical doctors to mental health professionals. Charcot had led the way and his study was continued by his pupil, Pierre Janet. Janet described the theory of dissociation, the  splitting of mental aspects under hypnosis (or hysteria) so skills and memory could be made inaccessible or recovered. Janet provoked interest in the subconscious and laid the framework for reintegration therapy for dissociated personalities.

text: Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault[edit]

text: Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault (1864–1904), the founder of the Nancy School, first wrote of the necessity for cooperation between the hypnotizer and the participant, for rapport. Along with Bernheim, he emphasized the importance of suggestibility.

text: Hippolyte Bernheim[edit]

text: Some experts consider Hippolyte Bernheim the most important figure in the history of hypnotism.[14]  Along with Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault he founded the Nancy School, which became the dominant force in hypnotherapeutic theory and practice in the last two decades of the 19th century.

text: William James[edit]

text: William James (1842–1910) the pioneering American psychologist discussed hypnosis in some detail in his Principles of Psychology.

text: First International Congress, 1889[edit]

text: The First International Congress for Experimental and Therapeutic Hypnotism was held in Paris, France, on 8–12 August 1889. Attendees included Jean-Martin Charcot, Hippolyte Bernheim, Sigmund Freud and Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault. The second congress was held on 12–16 August 1900.

text: British Medical Association, 1892[edit]

text: The Annual Meeting of the BMA, in 1892, unanimously endorsed the therapeutic use of hypnosis and rejects the theory of Mesmerism (animal magnetism).  Even though the BMA recognized the validity of hypnosis, Medical Schools and Universities largely ignored the subject.[citation needed]

text: 20th century hypnotism[edit]

text: Emile Coué[edit]

text: Emile Coué (1857–1926), a French pharmacist — and, according to Charles Baudouin, the founder of the "New Nancy School"[15][16] — having studied with Liébeault in 1885 and 1886, discarded the 'hypnosis' of Bernheim and Liébeault (c.1886), adopted the 'hypnotism' of Braid (c.1901), and created what became known as the Coué method (la méthode Coué), centred on the promotion of conscious autosuggestion.[17] His method was an ordered sequence of rational, systematic, intricately constructed, subject-centred hypnotherapeutic interactions that stressed the significance of both unconscious and conscious autosuggestion, delivered a collection of well-polished common-sense explanations, a persuasive set of experiential exercises, a powerfully efficacious hypnotism-centred ego-strengthening intervention and, finally, detailed instruction in the specific ritual through which his empirically determined formula “Every day, in every way, I’m getting better and better” was to be self-administered twice daily. Much of the work of early 20th century self-help teachers (such as such as Norman Vincent Peale, Robert H. Schuller, and W. Clement Stone) was derived from that of Coué.

text: Boris Sidis[edit]

text: Boris Sidis (1867–1923), a Ukraine-born American psychologist and psychiatrist who studied under William James at Harvard University, formulated this law of suggestion:

text: Johannes Schultz[edit]

text: The German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz adapted the theories of Abbe Faria and Emile Coué and identifying certain parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. He called his system of self-hypnosis Autogenic training.

text: Gustave Le Bon[edit]

text: Gustave Le Bon's study of crowd psychology compared the effects of a leader of a group to hypnosis. Le Bon made use of the suggestibility concept.

text: Sigmund Freud[edit]

text: Hypnosis, which at the end of the 19th century had become a popular phenomenon, in particular due to Charcot's public hypnotism sessions, was crucial in the invention of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, a student of Charcot. Freud later witnessed a small number of the experiments of Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim in Nancy. Back in Vienna he developed abreaction therapy using hypnosis with Josef Breuer. When Sigmund Freud discounted its use in psychiatry, in the first half of the last century, stage hypnotists kept it alive more than physicians.

text: Platanov and Pavlov[edit]

text: Russian medicine has had extensive experience with obstetric hypnosis. Platanov, in the 1920s, became well known for his hypno-obstetric successes. Impressed by this approach, Stalin later set up a nationwide program headed by Velvoski, who originally combined hypnosis with Pavlov's techniques, but eventually used the latter almost exclusively. Fernand Lamaze, having visited Russia, brought back to France "childbirth without pain through the psychological method," which in turn showed more reflexologic than hypnotic inspiration.

text: 20th century wars[edit]

text: The use of hypnosis in the treatment of neuroses flourished in World War I, World War II and the Korean War.  Hypnosis techniques were merged with psychiatry and was especially useful in the treatment of what is known today as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.[citation needed]

text: William McDougall[edit]

text: William McDougall (1871–1944), an English psychologist, treated soldiers with "shell shock" and criticised certain aspects of Freudian theory such as the concept of abreaction.

text: Clark L. Hull[edit]

text: The modern study of hypnotism is usually considered to have begun in the 1920s with Clark Leonard Hull (1884–1952) at Yale University. An experimental psychologist, his work Hypnosis and Suggestibility (1933) was a rigorous study of the phenomenon, using statistical and experimental analysis. Hull's studies emphatically demonstrated once and for all that hypnosis had no connection with sleep ("hypnosis is not sleep, … it has no special relationship to sleep, and the whole concept of sleep when applied to hypnosis obscures the situation").

text: The main result of Hull's study was to rein in the extravagant claims of hypnotists, especially regarding extraordinary improvements in cognition or the senses under hypnosis. Hull's experiments showed the reality of some classical phenomena such as mentally induced pain reduction and apparent inhibition of memory recall. However, Clark's work made clear that these effects could be achieved without hypnosis being seen as a distinct state, but rather as a result of suggestion and motivation, which was a forerunner of the behavioural approach to hypnosis. Similarly, moderate increases in certain physical capacities and changes to the threshold of sensory stimulation could be induced psychologically; attenuation effects could be especially dramatic.

text: Andrew Salter[edit]

text: In the 1940s, Andrew Salter (1914–1996) introduced to American therapy the Pavlovian method of contradicting, opposing, and attacking beliefs. In the conditioned reflex, he has found what he saw as the essence of hypnosis. He thus gave a rebirth to hypnotism by combining it with classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov had himself induced an altered state in pigeons, that he referred to as "Cortical Inhibition," which some later theorists believe was some form of hypnotic state.

text: Bob Neill[edit]

text: Bob Neill (1929-2006) was one of the earliest hypnotherapists in the UK. His interest in hypnosis began in 1943 when Bob, then aged 14, witnessed a stage hypnotist's act as part of a variety show at the Empire Theatre, Chatham, Kent, UK. The following day, he successfully hypnotised one of his classmates but it wasn't until 1950, during his National Service in the Royal Engineers, that he developed his skill and used hypnotherapy to help others to stop smoking. In the early 1970s, he established his hypnotherapy practice in Maidstone, Kent, UK. Using his own technique, he always expected a successful outcome after one session. In the 1990s, Bob Neill published two books on Practical Hypnotherapy.[18][19] He continued to practise hypnotherapy, professionally, until his death in 2006. His daughter, Barbara, also a hypnotherapist, is continuing his work using the technique he developed.

text: British Hypnotism Act[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, the Hypnotism Act 1952 was instituted to regulate stage hypnotists' public entertainments.

text: British Medical Association, 1955[edit]

text: On 23 April 1955, the British Medical Association (BMA) approved the use of hypnosis in the areas of psychoneuroses and hypnoanesthesia in pain management in childbirth and surgery.  At this time, the BMA also advised all physicians and medical students to receive fundamental training in hypnosis.[citation needed]

text: 1956, Pope's approval of hypnosis[edit]

text: The Roman Catholic Church banned hypnotism until the mid-20th century when, in 1956, Pope Pius XII gave his approval of hypnosis. He stated that the use of hypnosis by health care professionals for diagnosis and treatment is permitted. In an address from the Vatican on hypnosis in childbirth, the Pope gave these guidelines:

text:
Hypnotism is a serious matter, and not something to dabble in.
In its scientific use, the precautions dictated by both science and morality must be followed.
Under the aspect of anaesthesia, it is governed by the same principles as other forms of anaesthesia.

text: American Medical Association, 1958[edit]

text: In 1958, the American Medical Association approved a report on the medical uses of hypnosis. It encouraged research on hypnosis although pointing out that some aspects of hypnosis are unknown and controversial.  However, in June 1987, the AMA's policy-making body rescinded all AMA policies from 1881–1958 (other than two not relating to hypnosis).[citation needed]

text: American Psychological Association[edit]

text: Two years after AMA approval, the American Psychological Association endorsed hypnosis as a branch of psychology.[citation needed]

text: Ernest Hilgard and others[edit]

text: Studies continued after the Second World War. Barber, Hilgard, Orne and Sarbin also produced substantial studies.

text: In 1961, Ernest Hilgard and André Muller Weitzenhoffer created the Stanford scales, a standardized scale for susceptibility to hypnosis, and properly examined susceptibility across age-groups and sex.

text: Hilgard went on to study sensory deception (1965) and induced anesthesia and analgesia (1975).

text: Harry Arons[edit]

text: Template:Cleanup-needed

text: This section reads like an obituary. Wikipedia is not a memorial site and articles should have a neutral point of view. Please help edit it to help achieve neutrality, or discuss changes on the talk page. (January 2015)

text: Harry Arons was the biggest contributor to the acceptance of hypnosis as a tool for helping others with his professional training courses held in different U.S. cities every month. In these courses Arons trained tens of thousands of doctors, psychologists & psychiatrists over a 40-year period in the use of hypnosis with their patients.

text: During his five decades in the field, Harry Arons did more to influence the utilization of hypnosis by the medical community than any other individual in the 20th Century, and his training courses and techniques are legendary among professionals.

text: Arons was a writer, editor & publisher.  Also a faculty member of The National Academy of Medical Hypnosis, Atlanta, Georgia, (Emil V. Spillman, M.D., Director); Hypno-Operant Therapy Workshops, Linden, NJ (Henry S. Tugender, Ph.D., Director); Scientific Medical Hypnosis Seminars, Colfax, WA,(Maurice E. Bryant, M.D., Director);  International Institute of Hypnosis, Hollis, Queens, New York (H. Joshua Sloan, D.D.S. Director).

text: As writer, Arons was editor of Hypnosis Quarterly, author of "New Master Course in Hypnotism;"  Co-author of "Handbook of Professional Hypnosis" with Marne F. H. Bubeck, Clinical Psychologist and author of "Hypnosis in Criminal Investigation" where he pioneered in utilizing hypnosis in the judicial system.

text: Arons also traveled the country training law enforcement agencies. He developed and conducted the first training program for law enforcement officers in 1959.[20]  He also worked with attorneys, including F. Lee Bailey, in the famous Coppolino case. His teaching created national acceptance in the legal community and increased positive awareness as to the use of hypnosis to assist in trial applications.

text: He was also the founder of the Association to Advance Ethical Hypnosis and the former Executive Director of the International Society for Professional Hypnosis.

text: Dave Elman[edit]

text: Dave Elman (1900–1967) helped to promote the medical use of hypnosis from 1949 until his heart attack in 1962. Elman's definition of hypnosis is still used today by professional hypnotherapists. Although Elman had no medical training, Gil Boyne (a major teacher of hypnosis) repeatedly stated that Dave Elman trained more physicians and dentists in the use of hypnotism than anyone else in the United States.

text: Dave Elman is also known for introducing rapid inductions to the field of hypnotism.  An induction method he introduced over fifty years ago is still one of the favored inductions used by many of today's practitioners.

text: He placed great stress on what he called "the Esdaile state" or the "hypnotic coma," which, according to Elman, had not been deliberately induced since Scottish surgeon James Esdaile last attained it. This was an unfortunate and historically inaccurate choice of terminology on Elman's part. Esdaile never used what we now call hypnosis even on a single occasion; he used something loosely resembling mesmerism (also known as animal magnetism).

text: Ormond McGill[edit]

text: Ormond McGill (1913–2005), stage hypnotist and hypnotherapist, was the "Dean of American Hypnotists"[citation needed] and writer of the seminal "Encyclopedia of Genuine Stage Hypnotism" (1947). McGill died on 19 October 2005.

text: U.S. definition for hypnotherapist[edit]

text: The U.S. (Department of Labor) Directory of Occupational Titles (D.O.T. 079.157.010) supplies the following definition:

text: UK National Occupational Standards[edit]

text: National Occupational Standards (NOS) for Hypnotherapy was published in 2002 by Skills for Health, the Government's Sector Skills Council for the UK health industry.The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority started conferring optional certificates and diplomas in international level through National Awarding Bodies by assessing learning outcomes of training/accrediting-prior-experiential-learning.

text: Indian restriction[edit]

text: The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, in its letter no.R.14015/25/96-U&H(R) (Pt.) dated 25 November 2003, has categorically stated that hypnotherapy is a recommended mode of therapy in India, to be practiced only by appropriately trained personnel.

text: Contemporary researchers[edit]

text: Nicholas Spanos[edit]

text: Nicholas Spanos, who died in 1994, was Professor of Psychology and Director of the Laboratory for Experimental Hypnosis at Carleton University and a leading nonstate theorist and hypnotic skills training researcher.

text: Martin Orne[edit]

text: Martin Theodore Orne was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania who researched demand characteristics and hypnosis.

text: Graham Wagstaff[edit]

text: Graham Wagstaff is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Liverpool, England. He has published extensively on hypnosis.

text: Éva Bányai[edit]

text: Éva Bányai is a professor emeritus of affective psychology of ELTE - University of Budapest. In 1967 she published a paper on active-alert hypnosis together with Ernest Hilgard. Active-alert hypnosis, the idea of modified mental state during monotonous or extreme physical activity, is dedicated to her. Éva Bányai has published a great number of studies in connection with the therapeutic use of hypnosis. Her most recent research focuses on the use of hypnosis among oncologycal patients.[21]