document_title: U.S. Open (golf)

question_text: how many players qualify for us open golf

text: U.S. Open (golf)

text: History[edit]

text: The first U.S. Open was played on October 4, 1895, on a nine-hole course at the Newport Country Club in Newport, Rhode Island. It was a 36-hole competition and was played in a single day. Ten professionals and one amateur entered. The winner was Horace Rawlins, a 21-year-old Englishman, who had arrived in the U.S. earlier that year to take up a position at the host club. He received $150 cash out of a prize fund of $335, plus a $50 gold medal; his club received the Open Championship Cup trophy, which was presented by the USGA.[1][2]

text: In the beginning, the tournament was dominated by experienced British players until 1911, when John J. McDermott became the first native-born American winner. American golfers soon began to win regularly and the tournament evolved to become one of the four majors.

text: Since 1911, the title has been won mostly by players from the United States. Since 1950, players from only six countries other than the United States have won the championship, most notably South Africa, which has won five times since 1965. A streak of four consecutive non-American winners occurred from 2004 to 2007 for the first time since 1910. These four players, South African Retief Goosen (2004), New Zealander Michael Campbell (2005), Australian Geoff Ogilvy (2006) and Argentine Ángel Cabrera (2007), are all from countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Northern Ireland's Graeme McDowell (2010) became the first European player to win the event since Tony Jacklin of England in 1970; three more Europeans won in the next four editions, making it only three American wins in the 11 tournaments from 2004-2014.

text: U.S. Open play is characterized by tight scoring at or around par by the leaders, with the winner usually emerging at around even par. A U.S. Open course is seldom beaten severely, and there have been many over-par wins (in part because par is usually set at 70, except for the very longest courses). Normally, an Open course is quite long and will have a high cut of primary rough (termed "Open rough" by the American press and fans); undulating greens (such as at Pinehurst No. 2 in 2005, which was described by Johnny Miller of NBC as "like trying to hit a ball on top of a VW Beetle"); pinched fairways (especially on what are expected to be less difficult holes); and two or three holes that are short par fives under regular play would be used as long par fours during the tournament (often to meet that frequently used par of 70, forcing players to have accurate long drives). Some courses that are attempting to get into the rotation for the U.S. Open will undergo renovations to develop these features. Rees Jones is the most notable of the "Open Doctors" who take on these projects; his father Robert Trent Jones had filled that role earlier. As with any professional golf tournament, the available space surrounding the course (for spectators, among other considerations) and local infrastructure also factor into deciding which courses will host the event.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The U.S. Open is open to any professional, or to any amateur with a USGA Handicap Index not exceeding 1.4.[3] Players (male or female)[3] may obtain a place by being fully exempt or by competing successfully in qualifying. The field is 156 players.

text: About half of the field is made up of players who are fully exempt from qualifying. The current exemption categories are:[4][5]

text:
Winners of the U.S. Open for the last ten years
Winner and runner-up from the previous year's U.S. Amateur and winners of the previous year's U.S. Junior Amateur and U.S. Mid-Amateur[5]
Winner of the previous year's Amateur Championship[6]
The previous year's Mark H. McCormack Medal winner for the top-ranked amateur golfer in the world[6]
Winners of each of Masters Tournament, Open Championship and PGA Championship for the last five years
Winners of the last three Players Championships
Winner of the current year's BMW PGA Championship
Winner of the last U.S. Senior Open
In the year after the Olympic golf tournament, the reigning men's gold medalist
Top 10 finishers and ties from the previous year's U.S. Open
Players who qualified for the previous year's Tour Championship
The top 60 in the Official World Golf Ranking (OWGR) as of two weeks before the start of the tournament
The top 60 in the OWGR as of the tournament date
Special exemptions selected by the USGA
All remaining spots after the second top 60 OWGR cutoff date filled by alternates from qualifying tournaments.

text: The exemptions for amateurs apply only if the players remain amateurs as of the tournament date.

text: Before 2011, the sole OWGR cutoff for entry was the top 50 as of two weeks before the tournament. An exemption category for the top 50 as of the tournament date was added for 2011, apparently in response to the phenomenon of golfers entering the top 50 between the original cutoff date and the tournament (such as Justin Rose and Rickie Fowler in 2010).[7]

text: Through 2011, exemptions existed for leading money winners on the PGA, European, Japanese, and Australasian tours, as well as winners of multiple PGA Tour events in the year before the U.S. Open. These categories were eliminated in favor of inviting the top 60 on the OWGR at both relevant dates.[7] Starting with the 2012 championship, an exemption was added for the winner of the current year's BMW PGA Championship, the European Tour's equivalent of The Players Championship.[8]

text: Potential competitors who are not fully exempt must enter the Qualifying process, which has two stages. Firstly there is Local Qualifying, which is played over 18 holes at more than 100 courses around the United States. Many leading players are exempt from this first stage, and they join the successful local qualifiers at the Sectional Qualifying stage, which is played over 36 holes in one day at several sites in the U.S., as well as one each in Europe and Japan. There is no lower age limit and the youngest-ever qualifier was 14-year-old Andy Zhang of China, who qualified in 2012 after Paul Casey withdrew days before the tournament.

text: USGA special exemptions[edit]

text: The USGA has granted a special exemption to 34 players 52 times since 1966.[9] Players with multiple special exemptions include: Arnold Palmer (1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1994), Seve Ballesteros (1978, 1994), Gary Player (1981, 1983), Lee Trevino (1983, 1984), Hale Irwin (1990, 2002, 2003), Jack Nicklaus (1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000), Tom Watson (1993, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2010).[10]

text: Irwin won the 1990 U.S. Open after accepting a special exemption. In the 2016, a special exemption was extended to former champion Retief Goosen (2001, 2004).[11] In 2018, a special exemption was extended to former U.S. Open champions Jim Furyk (2003) and Ernie Els (1994, 1997).[12]

text: Prizes[edit]

text: The purse at the 2017 U.S. Open was $12 million, and the winner's share was $2.16 million. The European Tour uses conversion rates at the time of the tournament to calculate the official prize money used in their Race to Dubai (€10,745,927 in 2017).

text: In line with the other majors, winning the U.S. Open gives a golfer several privileges that make his career much more secure if he is not already one of the elite players of the sport. U.S. Open champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the Masters, The Open Championship (British Open), and the PGA Championship) for the next five years, as well as The Players Championship, and they are exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open itself for 10 years.

text: Winners may also receive a five-year exemption on the PGA Tour, which is automatic for regular members. Non-PGA Tour members who win the U.S. Open have the choice of joining the PGA Tour either within 60 days of winning, or prior to the beginning of any one of the next five tour seasons.

text: Finally, U.S. Open winners receive automatic invitations to three of the five senior majors once they turn 50; they receive a five-year invitation to the U.S. Senior Open and a lifetime invitation to the Senior PGA Championship and Senior British Open.

text: The top 10 finishers at the U.S. Open are fully exempt from qualifying for the following year's Open, and the top four are automatically invited to the following season's Masters.

text: Playoff format[edit]

text: Up to 2017, the U.S. Open retained a full 18-hole playoff the following day (Monday). If a tie existed after that fifth round, then the playoff continued as sudden-death on the 91st hole. The U.S. Open advanced to sudden-death three times (1990, 1994, 2008), most recently when Tiger Woods defeated Rocco Mediate on the first additional playoff hole in 2008. Before sudden-death was introduced in the 1950s, additional 18-hole rounds were played (1925, 1939, and 1946) to break the tie. When the playoff was scheduled for 36 holes and ended in a tie, as in 1931, a second 36-hole playoff was required.

text: Since 2018, the USGA adopted a two-hole aggregate playoff format, after consulting fans, players and media partners. Sudden death will still be played if the playoff ends tied.[13]

text: Champions[edit]

text: Willie Anderson, Bobby Jones, Ben Hogan and Jack Nicklaus hold the record for the most U.S. Open victories, with four victories each.[14] Hale Irwin is the oldest winner of the U.S. Open at 45 years and 15 days in 1990.[15] The youngest winner of the U.S. Open is John McDermott at 19 years, 10 months, 14 days in 1911.[15]

text:
Year
Champion
Country
Venue
Location
Score
Winningmargin
Runner(s)-up
Winner'sshare ($)

2018
Brooks Koepka (2)
 United States
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills, New York
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Tommy Fleetwood
2,160,000

2017
Brooks Koepka
 United States
Erin Hills
Erin, Wisconsin
272 (−16)
4 strokes
 Hideki Matsuyama Brian Harman
2,160,000

2016
Dustin Johnson
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
276 (−4)
3 strokes
 Jim Furyk Shane Lowry Scott Piercy
1,800,000

2015
Jordan Spieth
 United States
Chambers Bay
University Place, Washington
275 (−5)
1 stroke
 Dustin Johnson Louis Oosthuizen
1,800,000

2014
Martin Kaymer
 Germany
Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2
Pinehurst, North Carolina
271 (−9)
8 strokes
 Erik Compton Rickie Fowler
1,620,000

2013
Justin Rose
 England
Merion Golf Club, East Course
Ardmore, Pennsylvania
281 (+1)
2 strokes
 Jason Day Phil Mickelson
1,440,000

2012
Webb Simpson
 United States
Olympic Club, Lake Course
San Francisco, California
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Graeme McDowell Michael Thompson
1,440,000

2011
Rory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
Congressional Country Club, Blue Course
Bethesda, Maryland
268 (−16)
8 strokes
 Jason Day
1,440,000

2010
Graeme McDowell
 Northern Ireland
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
284 (E)
1 stroke
 Grégory Havret
1,350,000

2009
Lucas Glover
 United States
Bethpage State Park, Black Course
Farmingdale, New York[N 1]
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Ricky Barnes David Duval Phil Mickelson
1,350,000

2008
Tiger Woods (3)
 United States
Torrey Pines Golf Course, South Course
La Jolla, California[N 2]
283 (−1)
Playoff
 Rocco Mediate
1,350,000

2007
Ángel Cabrera
 Argentina
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
285 (+5)
1 stroke
 Jim Furyk Tiger Woods
1,260,000

2006
Geoff Ogilvy
 Australia
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
285 (+5)
1 stroke
 Jim Furyk Phil Mickelson Colin Montgomerie
1,225,000

2005
Michael Campbell
 New Zealand
Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2
Pinehurst, North Carolina
280 (E)
2 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,170,000

2004
Retief Goosen (2)
 South Africa
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills, New York
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Phil Mickelson
1,125,000

2003
Jim Furyk
 United States
Olympia Fields Country Club, North Course
Olympia Fields, Illinois
272 (−8)
3 strokes
 Stephen Leaney
1,080,000

2002
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
Bethpage State Park, Black Course
Farmingdale, New York[N 1]
277 (−3)
3 strokes
 Phil Mickelson
1,000,000

2001
Retief Goosen
 South Africa
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
276 (−4)
Playoff
 Mark Brooks
900,000

2000
Tiger Woods
 United States
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
272 (−12)
15 strokes
 Ernie Els Miguel Ángel Jiménez
800,000

1999
Payne Stewart (2)
 United States
Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2
Pinehurst, North Carolina
279 (−1)
1 stroke
 Phil Mickelson
625,000

1998
Lee Janzen (2)
 United States
Olympic Club, Lake Course
San Francisco, California[N 3]
280 (E)
1 stroke
 Payne Stewart
535,000

1997
Ernie Els (2)
 South Africa
Congressional Country Club, Blue Course
Bethesda, Maryland
276 (−4)
1 stroke
 Colin Montgomerie
465,000

1996
Steve Jones
 United States
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
278 (−2)
1 stroke
 Tom Lehman Davis Love III
425,000

1995
Corey Pavin
 United States
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills, New York
280 (E)
2 strokes
 Greg Norman
350,000

1994
Ernie Els
 South Africa
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
279 (−5)
Playoff
 Colin Montgomerie Loren Roberts
320,000

1993
Lee Janzen
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
272 (−8)
2 strokes
 Payne Stewart
290,000

1992
Tom Kite
 United States
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
285 (−3)
2 strokes
 Jeff Sluman
275,000

1991
Payne Stewart
 United States
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minnesota
282 (−6)
Playoff
 Scott Simpson
235,000

1990
Hale Irwin (3)
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
280 (−8)
Playoff
 Mike Donald
220,000

1989
Curtis Strange (2)
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 4]
278 (−2)
1 stroke
 Chip Beck Mark McCumber Ian Woosnam
200,000

1988
Curtis Strange
 United States
The Country Club, Composite Course
Brookline, Massachusetts
278 (−6)
Playoff
 Nick Faldo
180,000

1987
Scott Simpson
 United States
Olympic Club, Lake Course
San Francisco, California[N 3]
277 (−3)
1 stroke
 Tom Watson
150,000

1986
Raymond Floyd
 United States
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills, New York
279 (−1)
2 strokes
 Chip Beck Lanny Wadkins
115,000

1985
Andy North (2)
 United States
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
279 (−1)
1 stroke
 Dave Barr Chen Tze-chung Denis Watson
103,000

1984
Fuzzy Zoeller
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
276 (−4)
Playoff
 Greg Norman
94,000

1983
Larry Nelson
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
280 (−4)
1 stroke
 Tom Watson
72,000

1982
Tom Watson
 United States
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
282 (−6)
2 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
60,000

1981
David Graham
 Australia
Merion Golf Club, East Course
Ardmore, Pennsylvania
273 (−7)
3 strokes
 George Burns Bill Rogers
55,000

1980
Jack Nicklaus (4)
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
272 (−8)
2 strokes
 Isao Aoki
55,000

1979
Hale Irwin (2)
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
284 (E)
2 strokes
 Jerry Pate Gary Player
50,000

1978
Andy North
 United States
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
285 (+1)
1 stroke
 J. C. Snead Dave Stockton
45,000

1977
Hubert Green
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
278 (−2)
1 stroke
 Lou Graham
45,000

1976
Jerry Pate
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Duluth, Georgia[N 5]
277 (−3)
2 strokes
 Al Geiberger Tom Weiskopf
42,000

1975
Lou Graham
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
287 (+3)
Playoff
 John Mahaffey
40,000

1974
Hale Irwin
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
287 (+7)
2 strokes
 Forrest Fezler
35,000

1973
Johnny Miller
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
279 (−5)
1 stroke
 John Schlee
35,000

1972
Jack Nicklaus (3)
 United States
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
290 (+2)
3 strokes
 Bruce Crampton
30,000

1971
Lee Trevino (2)
 United States
Merion Golf Club, East Course
Ardmore, Pennsylvania
280 (E)
Playoff
 Jack Nicklaus
30,000

1970
Tony Jacklin
 England
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minnesota
281 (−7)
7 strokes
 Dave Hill
30,000

1969
Orville Moody
 United States
Champions Golf Club, Cypress Creek Course
Houston, Texas
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Deane Beman Al Geiberger Bob Rosburg
30,000

1968
Lee Trevino
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 4]
275 (−5)
4 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
30,000

1967
Jack Nicklaus (2)
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
275 (−5)
4 strokes
 Arnold Palmer
30,000

1966
Billy Casper (2)
 United States
Olympic Club, Lake Course
San Francisco, California[N 3]
278 (−2)
Playoff
 Arnold Palmer
26,500

1965
Gary Player
 South Africa
Bellerive Country Club
St. Louis, Missouri[N 6]
282 (+2)
Playoff
 Kel Nagle
26,000

1964
Ken Venturi
 United States
Congressional Country Club, Blue Course
Bethesda, Maryland
278 (−2)
4 strokes
 Tommy Jacobs
17,000

1963
Julius Boros (2)
 United States
The Country Club, Composite Course
Brookline, Massachusetts
293 (+9)
Playoff
 Jacky Cupit Arnold Palmer
17,500

1962
Jack Nicklaus
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
283 (−1)
Playoff
 Arnold Palmer
17,500

1961
Gene Littler
 United States
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Bob Goalby Doug Sanders
14,000

1960
Arnold Palmer
 United States
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
280 (−4)
2 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus (a)
14,400

1959
Billy Casper
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
282 (+2)
1 stroke
 Bob Rosburg
12,000

1958
Tommy Bolt
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
283 (+3)
4 strokes
 Gary Player
8,000

1957
Dick Mayer
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
282 (+2)
Playoff
 Cary Middlecoff
7,200

1956
Cary Middlecoff (2)
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 4]
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Julius Boros Ben Hogan
6,000

1955
Jack Fleck
 United States
Olympic Club, Lake Course
San Francisco, California[N 3]
287 (+7)
Playoff
 Ben Hogan
6,000

1954
Ed Furgol
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
284 (+4)
1 stroke
 Gene Littler
6,000

1953
Ben Hogan (4)
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
283 (−5)
6 strokes
 Sam Snead
5,000

1952
Julius Boros
 United States
Northwood Club
Dallas, Texas
281 (+1)
4 strokes
 Ed Oliver
4,000

1951
Ben Hogan (3)
 United States
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
287 (+7)
2 strokes
 Clayton Heafner
4,000

1950
Ben Hogan (2)
 United States
Merion Golf Club, East Course
Ardmore, Pennsylvania
287 (+7)
Playoff
 Lloyd Mangrum (2nd), George Fazio (3rd)
4,000

1949
Cary Middlecoff
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
286 (+2)
1 stroke
 Clayton Heafner Sam Snead
2,000

1948
Ben Hogan
 United States
Riviera Country Club
Pacific Palisades, California[N 7]
276 (−8)
2 strokes
 Jimmy Demaret
2,000

1947
Lew Worsham
 United States
St. Louis Country Club
Ladue, Missouri
282 (−2)
Playoff
 Sam Snead
2,500

1946
Lloyd Mangrum
 United States
Canterbury Golf Club
Beachwood, Ohio
284 (−4)
Playoff
 Vic Ghezzi (T2) Byron Nelson (T2)
1,833

1942–1945: Cancelled due to World War II

1941
Craig Wood
 United States
Colonial Country Club
Fort Worth, Texas
284 (+4)
3 strokes
 Denny Shute
1,000

1940
Lawson Little
 United States
Canterbury Golf Club
Beachwood, Ohio
287 (−1)
Playoff
 Gene Sarazen
1,000

1939
Byron Nelson
 United States
Philadelphia Country Club, Spring Mill Course
Gladwyne, Pennsylvania
284 (−4)
Playoff
 Craig Wood (2nd), Denny Shute (3rd)
1,000

1938
Ralph Guldahl (2)
 United States
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
284 (E)
6 strokes
 Dick Metz
1,000

1937
Ralph Guldahl
 United States
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
281 (+1)
2 strokes
 Sam Snead
1,000

1936
Tony Manero
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Upper Course
Springfield, New Jersey
282 (−2)
2 strokes
 Harry Cooper
1,000

1935
Sam Parks, Jr.
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
299 (+11)
2 strokes
 Jimmy Thomson
1,000

1934
Olin Dutra
 United States
Merion Golf Club, East Course
Ardmore, Pennsylvania
293 (+13)
1 stroke
 Gene Sarazen
1,000

1933
Johnny Goodman (a)
 United States
North Shore Country Club
Glenview, Illinois
287 (−1)
1 stroke
 Ralph Guldahl
0

1932
Gene Sarazen (2)
 United States
Fresh Meadow Country Club
Queens, New York
286 (+2)
3 strokes
 Bobby Cruickshank Philip Perkins
1,000

1931
Billy Burke
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
292 (+4)
Playoff
 George Von Elm
1,750

1930
Bobby Jones (a) (4)
 United States
Interlachen Country Club
Edina, Minnesota
287 (−1)
2 strokes
 Macdonald Smith
0

1929
Bobby Jones (a) (3)
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
294
Playoff
 Al Espinosa
0

1928
Johnny Farrell
 United States
Olympia Fields Country Club, North Course
Olympia Fields, Illinois
294
Playoff
 Bobby Jones (a)
500

1927
Tommy Armour
 Scotland United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
301
Playoff
 Harry Cooper
500

1926
Bobby Jones (a) (2)
 United States
Scioto Country Club
Columbus, Ohio
293
1 stroke
 Joe Turnesa
0

1925
Willie Macfarlane
 Scotland
Worcester Country Club
Worcester, Massachusetts
291
Playoff
 Bobby Jones (a)
500

1924
Cyril Walker
 England
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
297
3 strokes
 Bobby Jones (a)
500

1923
Bobby Jones (a)
 United States
Inwood Country Club
Inwood, New York
296
Playoff
 Bobby Cruickshank
0

1922
Gene Sarazen
 United States
Skokie Country Club
Glencoe, Illinois
288
1 stroke
 John Black Bobby Jones (a)
500

1921
Jim Barnes
 England
Columbia Country Club
Chevy Chase, Maryland
289
9 strokes
 Walter Hagen Fred McLeod
500

1920
Ted Ray
 Jersey
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
295
1 stroke
 Jack Burke Sr. Leo Diegel Jock Hutchison Harry Vardon
500

1919
Walter Hagen (2)
 United States
Brae Burn Country Club, Main Course
West Newton, Massachusetts
301
Playoff
 Mike Brady
500

1917–1918: Cancelled due to World War I

1916
Chick Evans (a)
 United States
The Minikahda Club
Minneapolis, Minnesota
286
2 strokes
 Jock Hutchison
0

1915
Jerome Travers (a)
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Revised Course
Springfield, New Jersey
297
1 stroke
 Tom McNamara
0

1914
Walter Hagen
 United States
Midlothian Country Club
Midlothian, Illinois
290
1 stroke
 Chick Evans (a)
300

1913
Francis Ouimet (a)
 United States
The Country Club
Brookline, Massachusetts
304
Playoff
 Harry Vardon (2nd), Ted Ray (3rd)
0

1912
John McDermott (2)
 United States
Country Club of Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
294
2 strokes
 Tom McNamara
300

1911
John McDermott
 United States
Chicago Golf Club
Wheaton, Illinois
307
Playoff
 Mike Brady (2nd), George Simpson (3rd)
300

1910
Alex Smith (2)
 Scotland
Philadelphia Cricket Club, St. Martin's Course
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
298
Playoff
 John McDermott (2nd), Macdonald Smith (3rd)
300

1909
George Sargent
 England
Englewood Golf Club
Englewood, New Jersey
290
4 strokes
 Tom McNamara
300

1908
Fred McLeod
 Scotland
Myopia Hunt Club
South Hamilton, Massachusetts
322
Playoff
 Willie Smith
300

1907
Alec Ross
 Scotland
Philadelphia Cricket Club, St. Martin's Course
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
302
2 strokes
 Gilbert Nicholls
300

1906
Alex Smith
 Scotland
Onwentsia Club
Lake Forest, Illinois
295
7 strokes
 Willie Smith
300

1905
Willie Anderson (4)
 Scotland
Myopia Hunt Club
South Hamilton, Massachusetts
314
2 strokes
 Alex Smith
200

1904
Willie Anderson (3)
 Scotland
Glen View Club
Golf, Illinois
303
4 strokes
 Gilbert Nicholls
200

1903
Willie Anderson (2)
 Scotland
Baltusrol Golf Club, Original Course
Springfield, New Jersey
307
Playoff
 David Brown
200

1902
Laurie Auchterlonie
 Scotland
Garden City Golf Club
Garden City, New York
307
6 strokes
 Stewart Gardner Walter Travis (a)
200

1901
Willie Anderson
 Scotland
Myopia Hunt Club
South Hamilton, Massachusetts
331
Playoff
 Alex Smith
200

1900
Harry Vardon
 Jersey
Chicago Golf Club
Wheaton, Illinois
313
2 strokes
 J.H. Taylor
200

1899
Willie Smith
 Scotland
Baltimore Country Club, Roland Park Course
Baltimore, Maryland
315
11 strokes
 Val Fitzjohn George Low Bert Way
150

1898
Fred Herd
 Scotland
Myopia Hunt Club
South Hamilton, Massachusetts
328
7 strokes
 Alex Smith
150

1897
Joe Lloyd
 England
Chicago Golf Club
Wheaton, Illinois
162
1 stroke
 Willie Anderson
150

1896
James Foulis
 Scotland
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills, New York
152
3 strokes
 Horace Rawlins
150

1895
Horace Rawlins
 England
Newport Country Club
Newport, Rhode Island
173
2 strokes
 Willie Dunn
150

text: (a) denotes amateur

text: Summary by course, state and region[edit]

text:
Legend

State totals – preceding courses are in that state

Division totals – Divisions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau

Region totals – each is composed of 2 or 3 divisions

Total U.S. Opens

text:
Col. 4 shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1

Course/State/Region

No.

Years hosted

Geog. sort

Myopia Hunt Club

4

1908, 1905, 1901, 1898

MA

The Country Club

3

1988, 1963, 1913

MA

Worcester Country Club

1

1925

MA

Brae Burn Country Club

1

1919

MA

Total Massachusetts

9

NewEng

Newport Country Club

1

1895

RI

Total Rhode Island

1

NewEng

Total New England

10

NEast

Winged Foot Golf Club

5

2006, 1984, 1974, 1959, 1929

NY

Shinnecock Hills Golf Club

5

2018, 2004, 1995, 1986, 1896

NY

Oak Hill Country Club

3

1989, 1968, 1956

NY

Bethpage State Park

2

2009, 2002

NY

Fresh Meadow Country Club

1

1932

NY

Inwood Country Club

1

1923

NY

Country Club of Buffalo

1

1912

NY

Garden City Golf Club

1

1902

NY

Total New York

19

MidAtl

Oakmont Country Club

9

2016, 2007, 1994, 1983, 1973, 1962, 1953, 1935, 1927

PA

Merion Golf Club

5

2013, 1981, 1971, 1950, 1934

PA

Philadelphia Cricket Club

2

1910, 1907

PA

Philadelphia Country Club

1

1939

PA

Total Pennsylvania

17

MidAtl

Baltusrol Golf Club

7

1993, 1980, 1967, 1954, 1936, 1915, 1903

NJ

Englewood Golf Club

1

1909

NJ

Total New Jersey

8

MidAtl

Total Mid-Atlantic

43

NEast

Total Northeast

53

USA

Congressional Country Club

3

2011, 1997, 1964

MD

Baltimore Country Club

1

1899

MD

Columbia Country Club

1

1921

MD

Total Maryland

5

SthAtl

Pinehurst Resort

3

2014, 2005, 1999

NC

Total North Carolina

3

SthAtl

Atlanta Athletic Club

1

1976

GA

Total Georgia

1

SthAtl

Total South Atlantic

9

South

Total East South Central

0

South

Southern Hills Country Club

3

2001, 1977, 1958

OK

Total Oklahoma

3

WSC

Champions Golf Club

1

1969

TX

Colonial Country Club

1

1941

TX

Northwood Club

1

1952

TX

Total Texas

3

WSC

Total West South Central

6

South

Total South

15

USA

Medinah Country Club

3

1990, 1975, 1949

IL

Chicago Golf Club

3

1911, 1900, 1897

IL

Olympia Fields Country Club

2

2003, 1928

IL

North Shore Country Club

1

1933

IL

Skokie Country Club

1

1922

IL

Midlothian Country Club

1

1914

IL

Onwentsia Club

1

1906

IL

Glen View Club

1

1904

IL

Total Illinois

13

ENC

Inverness Club

4

1979, 1957, 1931, 1920

OH

Canterbury Golf Club

2

1946, 1940

OH

Scioto Country Club

1

1926

OH

Total Ohio

7

ENC

Oakland Hills Country Club

6

1996,1985,1961,1951,1937,1924

MI

Total Michigan

6

ENC

Total East North Central

26

Midwest

Hazeltine National Golf Club

2

1991, 1970

MN

Interlachen Country Club

1

1930

MN

The Minikahda Club

1

1916

MN

Total Minnesota

4

WNC

Bellerive Country Club

1

1965

MO

St. Louis Country Club

1

1947

MO

Total Missouri

2

WNC

Erin Hills

1

2017

WI

Total Wisconsin

1

WNC

Total West North Central

7

Midwest

Total Midwest

33

USA

Cherry Hills Country Club

3

1978, 1960, 1938

CO

Total Colorado

3

Mtn

Total Mountain

3

West

Olympic Club

5

2012,1998,1987,1966,1955

CA

Pebble Beach Golf Links

5

2010,2000,1992,1982,1972

CA

Torrey Pines Golf Course

1

2008

CA

Riviera Country Club

1

1948

CA

Total California

12

Pac

Chambers Bay

1

2015

WA

Total Washington

1

Pac

Total Pacific

13

West

Total West

16

USA

Total U.S. Opens

118

text: The eighteenth state to host the tournament was Washington in 2015, followed by Wisconsin in 2017.

text: Records[edit]

text:
Oldest champion: Hale Irwin in 1990 at 45 years, 15 days.
Youngest champion: John McDermott in 1911 at 19 years, 315 days.
Oldest player to make the cut: Sam Snead in 1973 at 61 years old. He tied for 29th place.
Most victories: 4 by Willie Anderson 1901, 1903–1905; Bobby Jones 1923, 1926, 1929–30; Ben Hogan 1948, 1950–51, 1953; Jack Nicklaus 1962, 1967, 1972, 1980. NOTE: Hogan also won the 1942 Hale America National Open which was held jointly by the USGA, PGA and Chicago GA for the benefit of the Navy Relief Society and the USO.
Most consecutive victories: 3 by Willie Anderson 1903–1905.
Most consecutive victorious attempts: 3 by Ben Hogan 1948, 1950–51
Most consecutive attempts in top 2: 5 by Bobby Jones 1922–1926
Most consecutive attempts in top 5: 6 by Willie Anderson 1901–1906
Most consecutive attempts in top 10: 16 by Ben Hogan 1940–1956 (next highest streak 7)
Most runner-up finishes: Phil Mickelson – 6 (1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2013)
Most consecutive Opens started: 44 by Jack Nicklaus from 1957 to 2000.
Largest margin of victory: 15 strokes by Tiger Woods, 2000. This is the all-time record for all majors.
Lowest score for 36 holes: 130 – Martin Kaymer (65–65), rounds 1–2, 2014.
Lowest score for 54 holes: 199 – Rory McIlroy (65–66–68), rounds 1–3, 2011; Louis Oosthuizen (66-66-67), rounds 2-4, 2015.
Lowest score for 72 holes: 268 – Rory McIlroy (65–66–68–69), rounds 1–4, 2011.
Most strokes under par for 72 holes: 16-under (268) by Rory McIlroy, 2011; 16-under (272) by Brooks Koepka, 2017.
Most strokes under par at any point in the tournament: 17 by Rory McIlroy, final round, 2011.[16]
Lowest score for 18 holes: 63 – Johnny Miller, 4th round, 1973; Jack Nicklaus, 1st, 1980; Tom Weiskopf, 1st, 1980; Vijay Singh, 2nd, 2003; Justin Thomas, 3rd, 2017; Tommy Fleetwood, 4th, 2018.
Lowest score for 18 holes in relation to par: −9 Justin Thomas, 3rd round, 2017.
All four rounds under par (golfers who did not win the tournament in italics):[17]
Lee Trevino, 1968 (69–68–69–69, par 70)
Tony Jacklin, 1970 (71–70–70–70, par 72)
Lee Janzen, 1993 (67–67–69–69, par 70)
Curtis Strange, 1994 (70–70–70–70, par 71)
Rory McIlroy (65–66–68–69, par 71) and Robert Garrigus (70–70–68–70), 2011
Brooks Koepka (67–70–68–67, par 72), Charley Hoffman (70–70–68–71), and Brandt Snedeker (70–69–70–71), 2017
All four rounds under 70: Trevino, 1968; Janzen, 1993; McIlroy, 2011.[16]
Most frequent venues:
9 Opens: Oakmont Country Club – 1927, 1935, 1953, 1962, 1973, 1983, 1994, 2007, 2016
7 Opens: Baltusrol Golf Club – 1903, 1915, 1936, 1954, 1967, 1980, 1993
6 Opens: Oakland Hills Country Club – 1924, 1937, 1951, 1961, 1985, 1996
5 Opens: Winged Foot Golf Club – 1929, 1959, 1974, 1984, 2006
Pebble Beach Golf Links – 1972, 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010
Olympic Club – 1955, 1966, 1987, 1998, 2012
Merion Golf Club – 1934, 1950, 1971, 1981, 2013
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club – 1896, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2018
4 Opens: Myopia Hunt Club – 1898, 1901, 1905, 1908
Inverness Club – 1920, 1931, 1957, 1979

text: There is an extensive records section on the official U.S. Open website.[18]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: As of 2015, Fox Sports is the official broadcaster of the U.S. Open[19], as the result of a 12-year deal with the USGA for exclusive rights to its tournaments through 2026. Coverage will be telecast by Fox (over-the-air) and Fox Sports 1 (cable).[20]

text: The 2018 edition of the U.S. Open featured a total of 37 hours of coverage in the United States, with 19.5 hours being on Thursday and Friday, and 17.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday; the Fox Sports 1 cable network carried a total of 13.5 hours of coverage on Thursday and Friday. The Fox broadcast network had a total of 23.5 hours of coverage Thursday through Sunday, with 6 hours Thursday and Friday, and 17.5 hours Saturday and Sunday. The overall 37–hour total was down 1.5 hours from last year's total of 38.5 hours, due to the Fox broadcast network's coverage having 23.5 hours this year, compared to the 24.5 hours it had last year, and the Fox Sports 1 cable network's 13.5 hours this year, compared to the 14 hours it had last year.

text: Coverage was previously televised by NBC and ESPN through 2014. NBC's most recent period as rightsholder began in 1995; ABC held the broadcast rights from 1966 through 1994.[21]

text: In Australia, from 2015 Fox Sports Australia is the exclusive broadcaster of the U.S. open until 2018.[22]

text: Future sites[edit]

text:
Year

Edition

Course

Location

Dates

Times hosted

2019
119th
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
June 13–16
1972, 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010

2020
120th
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
June 18–21
1929, 1959, 1974, 1984, 2006

2021
121st
Torrey Pines Golf Course, South Course
La Jolla, California
June 17–20
2008

2022
122nd
The Country Club
Brookline, Massachusetts
June 16–19
1913, 1963, 1988

2023
123rd
Los Angeles Country Club, North Course
Los Angeles, California
June 15–18
Never

2024
124th
Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2
Pinehurst, North Carolina
June 13–16
1999, 2005, 2014

2025
125th
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
June 12–15
1927, 1935, 1953, 1962, 1973, 1983, 1994, 2007, 2016

2026
126th
Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
Shinnecock Hills, New York
June 18–21
1896, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2018

2027
127th
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
June 17–20
1972, 1982, 1992, 2000, 2010, 2019


document_title: Fallacy

question_text: when does an argument commit a fallacy of presumption

root

text: Fallacy

text: Formal[edit]

text: A formal fallacy is a common error of thinking that can neatly be expressed in standard system of logic.[2] An argument that is formally fallacious is rendered invalid due to a flaw in its logical structure. Such an argument is always considered to be wrong.

tag: p

text: The presence of a formal fallacy in a deductive argument does not imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion. Both may actually be true, or may even be more probable as a result of the argument; but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described. By extension, an argument can contain a formal fallacy even if the argument is not a deductive one: for instance, an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to commit a formal fallacy.

text: Common examples[edit]

text: Aristotle[edit]

text: Aristotle was the first to systematize logical errors into a list, as being able to refute an opponent's thesis is one way of winning an argument.[7] Aristotle's "Sophistical Refutations" (De Sophisticis Elenchis) identifies thirteen fallacies. He divided them up into two major types Linguistic fallacies and Non-linguistic fallacies, some depending on language and others that do not depend on language.[8][9] These fallacies are called verbal fallacies and material fallacies, respectively. A material fallacy is an error in what the arguer is talking about, while a verbal fallacy is an error in how the arguer is talking. Verbal fallacies are those in which a conclusion is obtained by improper or ambiguous use of words.[10] An example of a language dependent fallacy is given as a debate as to who amongst humanity are learners: the wise or the ignorant.[11] Language-independent fallacies may be more complex, e.g.:

text:
"Coriscus is different from Socrates."
"Socrates is a man."
"Therefore, Coriscus is different from a man."[12]

tag: ol

text: Whately's grouping[edit]

text: Richard Whately defines a fallacy broadly as, "any argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at hand, while in reality it is not".[13]

text: Whately divided fallacies into two groups: logical and material. According to Whately, logical fallacies are arguments where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion does follow from the premises. He then divided the logical group into two groups: purely logical and semi-logical. The semi-logical group included all of Aristotle's sophisms except:ignoratio elenchi, petitio principii, and non causa pro causa, which are in the material group.[14]

text: Intentional[edit]

text: Sometimes a speaker or writer uses a fallacy intentionally. In any context, including academic debate, a conversation among friends, political discourse, advertising, or for comedic purposes, the arguer may use fallacious reasoning to try to persuade the listener or reader, by means other than offering relevant evidence, that the conclusion is true.

text: Examples of this include the speaker or writer:[15]

text:
Diverting the argument to unrelated issues with a red herring (Ignoratio elenchi)
Insulting someone's character (argumentum ad hominem)
Assume the conclusion of an argument, a kind of circular reasoning, also called "begging the question" (petitio principi)
Making jumps in logic (non-sequitur)
Identifying a false cause and effect (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
Asserting that everyone agrees (argumentum ad populum, bandwagoning)
Creating a "false dilemma" ("either-or fallacy") in which the situation is oversimplified
Selectively using facts (card-stacking)
Making false or misleading comparisons (false equivalence and false analogy)
Generalizing quickly and sloppily (hasty generalization)

text: In humor, errors of reasoning are used for comical purposes. Groucho Marx used fallacies of amphiboly, for instance, to make ironic statements; Gary Larson and Scott Adams employed fallacious reasoning in many of their cartoons. Wes Boyer and Samuel Stoddard have written a humorous essay teaching students how to be persuasive by means of a whole host of informal and formal fallacies.[16]

text: Deductive[edit]

text: In philosophy, the term formal fallacy is used for logical fallacies and defined formally as: a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid. The term is preferred as logic is the use of valid reasoning and a fallacy is an argument that uses poor reasoning therefore the term logical fallacy is self-contradictory. However, the same terms are used in informal discourse to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason. A logical form such as "A and B" is independent of any particular conjunction of meaningful propositions. Logical form alone can guarantee that given true premises, a true conclusion must follow. However, formal logic makes no such guarantee if any premise is false; the conclusion can be either true or false. Any formal error or logical fallacy similarly invalidates the deductive guarantee. Both the argument and all its premises must be true for a statement to be true.

text: Paul Meehl[edit]

text: In Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences (1973),[17] psychologist Paul Meehl discusses several fallacies that can arise in medical case conferences that are primarily held to diagnose patients. These fallacies can also be considered more general errors of thinking that all individuals (not just psychologists) are prone to making.

text:
Barnum effect: Making a statement that is trivial, and true of everyone, e.g. of all patients, but which appears to have special significance to the diagnosis.
Sick-sick fallacy ("pathological set"): The tendency to generalize from personal experiences of health and ways of being, to the identification of others who are different from ourselves as being "sick". Meehl emphasizes that though psychologists claim to know about this tendency, most are not very good at correcting it in their own thinking.
"Me too" fallacy: The opposite of Sick-sick. Imagining that "everyone does this" and thereby minimizing a symptom without assessing the probability of whether a mentally healthy person would actually do it. A variation of this is Uncle George's pancake fallacy. This minimizes a symptom through reference to a friend/relative who exhibited a similar symptom, thereby implying that it is normal. Meehl points out that consideration should be given that the patient is not healthy by comparison but that the friend/relative is unhealthy.
Multiple Napoleons fallacy: "It's not real to us, but it's 'real' to him." A relativism that Meehl sees as a waste of time. There is a distinction between reality and delusion that is important to make when assessing a patient and so the consideration of comparative realities can mislead and distract from the importance of a patient's delusion to a diagnostic decision.[clarification needed]
Hidden decisions: Decisions based on factors that we do not own up to or challenge, and for example result in the placing of middle- and upper-class patients in therapy while lower-class patients are given medication. Meehl identifies these decisions as related to an implicit ideal patient who is young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful (YAVIS). He sees YAVIS patients as being preferred by psychotherapists because they can pay for long-term treatment and are more enjoyable to interact with.
The spun-glass theory of the mind: The belief that the human organism is so fragile that minor negative events, such as criticism, rejection, or failure, are bound to cause major trauma to the system. Essentially not giving humans, and sometimes patients, enough credit for their resilience and ability to recover.
“Crummy criterion fallacy”: This fallacy refers to how psychologists explain away the technical aspects of tests, using inappropriate and 'crummy' criterion that is observational instead of scientific, rather than incorporating the psychometric aspects into the interview, life-history, and other material being presented at case conferences.
“Understanding it makes it normal”: The act of normalizing or excusing a behavior just because one understands the cause or function of it, regardless of its normalcy or appropriateness. For example, a psychologist would be guilty of committing this fallacy if he or she began to see the behavior of criminal clients as normal because of understanding how such behavior came about.
“Assumptions that content and dynamics explain why this person is abnormal”: Those who seek psychological services have certain characteristics associated with the fact they are seeking services. However, not only do they have the characteristics of clients but also characteristics of being human. To attribute one’s complete life dysfunction to attributes that make one a patient ignores the fact that some problems are just human problems.
“Identifying the softhearted with the softheaded”: The belief that those who have sincere concern for the suffering (i.e., the softhearted) are often seen as one and the same as those who tend to be wrong in logical and empirical decisions (i.e., softheaded).
“Ad hoc fallacy”: Creating explanations after we have been presented with evidence that is consistent with what has now been proven. For example, in clinical psychology, this occurs when one explains why a patient is the way he or she is, based only on the evidence relevant to the explanation.
“Doing it the hard way”: Going about a task in a more difficult manner when an equivalent easier option exists; for example, in clinical psychology, using an unnecessary instrument or procedure that can be difficult and time consuming while the same information can be ascertained through interviewing or interacting with the client.
“Social scientists’ anti-biology bias”: Meehl’s belief that social scientists like psychologists, sociologists, and psychiatrists have a tendency to react negatively to biological factors in abnormality, therefore tending to be anti-drug, anti-genetic, and anti-EST.
“Double standard of evidential morals”: When one is making an argument and requires less evidence for him or herself than does so for another.

tag: ul

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Increasing availability and circulation of big data are driving proliferation of new metrics for scholarly authority,[18][19] and there is lively discussion regarding the relative usefulness of such metrics for measuring the value of knowledge production in the context of an "information tsunami."[20] Where mathematical fallacies are subtle mistakes in reasoning leading to invalid mathematical proofs, measurement fallacies are unwarranted inferential leaps involved in the extrapolation of raw data to a measurement-based value claim. The ancient Greek Sophist Protagoras was one of the first thinkers to propose that humans can generate reliable measurements through his "human-measure" principle and the practice of dissoi logoi (arguing multiple sides of an issue).[21][22] This history helps explain why measurement fallacies are informed by informal logic and argumentation theory.

text:
Anchoring fallacy: Anchoring is a cognitive bias, first theorized by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, that "describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the 'anchor') when making decisions." In measurement arguments, anchoring fallacies can occur when unwarranted weight is given to data generated by metrics that the arguers themselves acknowledge is flawed. For example, limitations of the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) are well documented,[23] and even JIF pioneer Eugene Garfield notes, "while citation data create new tools for analyses of research performance, it should be stressed that they supplement rather than replace other quantitative-and qualitative-indicators."[24] To the extent that arguers jettison acknowledged limitations of JIF-generated data in evaluative judgments, or leave behind Garfield's "supplement rather than replace" caveat, they court commission of anchoring fallacies.
Naturalistic fallacy: In the context of measurement, a naturalistic fallacy can occur in a reasoning chain that makes an unwarranted extrapolation from "is" to "ought," as in the case of sheer quantity metrics based on the premise "more is better"[20] or, in the case of developmental assessment in the field of psychology, "higher is better."[25]
False analogy: In the context of measurement, this error in reasoning occurs when claims are supported by unsound comparisons between data points, hence the false analogy's informal nickname of the "apples and oranges" fallacy.[26] For example, the Scopus and Web of Science bibliographic databases have difficulty distinguishing between citations of scholarly work that are arms-length endorsements, ceremonial citations, or negative citations (indicating the citing author withholds endorsement of the cited work).[27] Hence, measurement-based value claims premised on the uniform quality of all citations may be questioned on false analogy grounds.
Argumentum ex silentio: An argument from silence features an unwarranted conclusion advanced based on the absence of data. For example, Academic Analytics' Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index purports to measure overall faculty productivity, yet the tool does not capture data based on citations in books. This creates a possibility that low productivity measurements using the tool may constitute argumentum ex silentio fallacies, to the extent that such measurements are supported by the absence of book citation data.
Ecological fallacy: An ecological fallacy is committed when one draws an inference from data based on the premise that qualities observed for groups necessarily hold for individuals; for example, "if countries with more Protestants tend to have higher suicide rates, then Protestants must be more likely to commit suicide."[28] In metrical argumentation, ecological fallacies can be committed when one measures scholarly productivity of a sub-group of individuals (e.g. "Puerto Rican" faculty) via reference to aggregate data about a larger and different group (e.g. "Hispanic" faculty).[29]

text: Other systems of classification[edit]

text: Of other classifications of fallacies in general the most famous are those of Francis Bacon and J. S. Mill. Bacon (Novum Organum, Aph. 33, 38 sqq.) divided fallacies into four Idola (Idols, i.e. False Appearances), which summarize the various kinds of mistakes to which the human intellect is prone. With these should be compared the Offendicula of Roger Bacon, contained in the Opus maius, pt. i. J. S. Mill discussed the subject in book v. of his Logic, and Jeremy Bentham's Book of Fallacies (1824) contains valuable remarks. See Rd. Whateley's Logic, bk. v.; A. de Morgan, Formal Logic (1847); A. Sidgwick, Fallacies (1883) and other textbooks.

text: Assessment — pragmatic theory[edit]

text: According to the pragmatic theory,[30] a fallacy can in some instances be an error a fallacy, use of a heuristic (short version of an argumentation scheme) to jump to a conclusion. However, even more worryingly, in other instances it is a tactic or ploy used inappropriately in argumentation to try to get the best of a speech part unfairly. There are always two parties to an argument containing a fallacy — the perpetrator and the intended victim. The dialogue framework required to support the pragmatic theory of fallacy is built on the presumption that argumentative dialogue has both an adversarial component and a collaborative component. A dialogue has individual goals for each participant, but also collective (shared) goals that apply to all participants. A fallacy of the second kind is seen as more than simply violation of a rule of reasonable dialogue. It is also a deceptive tactic of argumentation, based on sleight-of-hand. Aristotle explicitly compared contentious reasoning to unfair fighting in athletic contest. But the roots of the pragmatic theory go back even further in history to the Sophists. The pragmatic theory finds its roots in the Aristotelian conception of a fallacy as a sophistical refutation, but also supports the view that many of the types of arguments traditionally labelled as fallacies are in fact reasonable techniques of argumentation that can be used, in many cases, to support legitimate goals of dialogue. Hence on the pragmatic approach, each case needs to analyzed individually, to determine by the textual evidence whether the argument is fallacious or reasonable.

text: Logical fallacies[edit]

text: Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments; Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that invalidate the argument. McMullin (2000), a clinical psychologist, explains that: "Logical fallacies are unsubstantiated assertions that are often delivered with a conviction that makes them sound as though they are proven facts".[31] It is important to understand what fallacies are so that you can recognize them in either your own or others’ writing. Avoiding fallacies will strengthen your ability to produce strong arguments. It is important to note that;

text: Fallacious arguments are very, very common and can be quite persuasive, at least to the casual reader or listener. You can find dozens of examples of fallacious reasoning in newspapers, advertisements, and other sources. It is sometimes hard to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious. An argument might be very weak, somewhat weak, somewhat strong, or very strong. An argument that has several stages or parts might have some strong sections and some weak ones.

text: Examples of types of logical fallacies[edit]

text: Hasty generalization[edit]

text: Definition: Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too small). Stereotypes about people ("frat boys are drunkards," "grad students are nerdy," "women don’t enjoy sports," etc.) are a common example of the principle underlying hasty generalization.

text: Missing the point[edit]

text: Definition: The premises of an argument do support a particular conclusion--but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws.

text: Post hoc (false cause)[edit]

text: This fallacy gets its name from the Latin phrase "post hoc, ergo propter hoc," which translates as "after this, therefore because of this." Definition: Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B. Of course, sometimes one event really does cause another one that comes later—for example, if I register for a class, and my name later appears on the roll, it's true that the first event caused the one that came later. But sometimes two events that seem related in time aren't really related as cause and event. That is, correlation isn't the same thing as causation.

text: Slippery slope[edit]

text: Definition: The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption. The arguer asserts that if we take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up sliding all the way to the bottom; he or she assumes we can't stop halfway down the hill.[32]


document_title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

question_text: who plays the grandma on one day at a time

text: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban-American family with each character finding their own journey. Following the story of Penelope Alvarez (Justina Machado) a United States Army Nurse Corps[3] veteran, facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army. She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz (Stephen Tobolowsky). After her husband's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army made it, in Penelope's words, 'unsafe to be in the house', she separates from Victor (James Martínez), taking the children with her. With the help of her Mother, Lydia (Rita Moreno), a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro's rise to power, she is raising her two children: Elena (Isabella Gómez) and Alex (Marcel Ruiz). Apart from planning her daughter's quinceañera, Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest. Elena, resistant to have a quinces, starts dating a teenager from her class; to later realize that she is a lesbian. After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out. Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider (Todd Grinnell) and Lydia. Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto (Tony Plana).

text: Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general. It has dealt with topics such as veterans' struggles with PTSD, depression, and anxiety, as well as sexuality, gender identity, sexism, and religion, amongst others.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez, a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena. She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz. After coming back from army service, she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety. In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben. Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor's visit for Elena's quinceañera. In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner. She begins dating an Army Veteran, now EMT Max Ferraro, but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own, and decides to let him find that chance with someone else, as she believes that she is too old for another child, and has two children of her own.
Rita Moreno as Lydia Margarita del Carmen Inclán Maribona Leyte-Vidal de Riera, a faithful Cuban, Penelope's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power. She was a dancer and a performer back in the day. Over the course of the season, she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz.
Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leyte-Vidal Inclán, the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope. After dating Josh, a classmate, and watching gay porn, she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family. The news doesn't sit well with her father, which upsets Elena. In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay-Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School.
Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro "Alex" Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leyte-Vidal Inclán, the son of Penelope. He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team. He starts a school project about Cuba. In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz's office.
Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider, the rich landlord of the building. He is a close friend of the family and Penelope's best friend. Schneider is frequently having one-night stands with different women. Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was, while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions. He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz, Penelope's boss and Lydia's love interest.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.
Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.
Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)
Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.
Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.
Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.
Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.
Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.
James Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.
Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's ex-boyfriend[15]
Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2–present): Elena's girlfriend who is non-binary.[16][17]
Raúl Castillo as Mateo (season 3): Penelope's friend from school who is also a parent[18]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry
Jay Hayden as Ben
Gabrielle Elyse as Dani
Jolie Jenkins as Nikki
Ivonne Coll as Esme
Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose
Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara
Tim Bagley as Henry
Mindy Sterling as Delia
Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released113January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)213January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)313[19]2019 (2019)[19]

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series, “This is It", was re-recorded for the newer version of the series, with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan. The song was composed by husband-and-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry. Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season

Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

97% (29 reviews)

79 (23 reviews)

2

100% (22 reviews)

88 (6 reviews)

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively, sharp, and proudly old-school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado."[21]

text: Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be "lively without being rushed" thanks to the full 30 minute run time.[22] "The show is nicely written ... and the performances [especially Moreno's] are almost universally engaging," according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle.[23] The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as "flat-out terrific" and calls the first season "congenial, good-hearted, easy going, sentimental, old-fashioned and surprisingly new-fashioned. There’s also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical (or tired) beat of a multicamera sitcom."[24]

text: A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena's coming-out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its "unique, realistic and refreshing take on the subject... the depiction of a young, happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many."[25] Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc "mind-blowing"[25] and the show revolutionary because "it centers the family’s brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern-day sitcom."[26]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominees

Result

Ref.

2017

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Show: Comedy

One Day at a Time

Nominated

[27]

Imagen Foundation Awards

Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy

Won

[28][29]

Best Actress – Television

Justina Machado

Won

Best Supporting Actress – Television

Rita Moreno

Nominated

Isabella Gomez

Won

Best Young Actor – Television

Marcel Ruiz

Won

IGN Summer Awards

Best Comedic TV Performance

Rita Moreno

Nominated

[30]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series

Pat Barnett

Nominated

[31]

Online Film & Television Association Awards

Best Comedy Series

One Day at a Time

Nominated

[32]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series

Justina Machado

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

Rita Moreno

Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

One Day at a Time

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Gold Derby Awards

Best Comedy Supporting Actress

Rita Moreno

Nominated

[33]

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

Nominated

[34]

TVLine Awards

Performer of the Week

Justina Machado

Won

[35]

GLAAD Media Awards

Outstanding Comedy Series

One Day at a Time

Nominated

[36]

Television Academy Honors

Television with a Conscience

Won

[37]

TCA Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy

Pending

[38]

Imagen Foundation Awards

Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy

Pending

[39]

Best Actress – Television

Justina Machado

Pending

Rita Moreno

Pending

Isabella Gomez

Pending

Best Young Actor – Television

Marcel Ruiz

Pending