document_title: Boscastle flood of 2004

question_text: how much did it cost to repair boscastle after the flood

text: Boscastle flood of 2004

text: Causes of the flood

text: On the 16th, warm air picking up moisture – due to residual heat from the Atlantic Ocean – travelled towards the South West Cornish coast as prevailing winds. Upon contact with the topographically vertical coast, these winds experienced a strong up-drafting force thus causing internal moisture to reach the atmosphere, and consequently cool as a string of storm clouds. With convergence and coalescence, enhanced moisture levels resulted in heavy rainfall on the afternoon of 16 August 2004. 185 mm (7 inches) of rain fell over the high ground just inland of Boscastle. At the peak of the downpour, at about 15:40 GMT, 24.1mm of rain (almost one inch) was recorded as falling in just 15 minutes at Lesnewth, 2.5 miles (4 km) up the valley from Boscastle. In Boscastle, 89 mm (3.5 inches) of rain was recorded in 60 minutes. The rain was very localised: Otterham and Lesnewth, both a few miles inland from Boscastle, recorded 24 hour totals of 200 mm and 185 mm respectively on the day,[4] whereas four of the nearest 10 rain gauges showed less than 3 mm of rain in the same period. The cause of the very heavy localised rain is thought to be an extreme example of what has become known as the Brown Willy effect.

text: The torrential rain led to a 2 m (7 ft) rise in river levels in one hour. A 3 m (10 ft) wave, believed to have been triggered by water pooling behind debris caught under a bridge and then being suddenly released as the bridge collapsed, surged down the main road. Water speed was over 4 m/s (10 mph), more than enough to cause structural damage. It is estimated that 20,000,000 cubic metres (5.3×109 US gal) of water flowed through Boscastle that day alone. The steep valley sides, and the saturated surface ensured a high amount of surface run-off.

text: Changes in farming practice in the area also possibly contributed, sewage could have been a cause as well, with a reduction of trees and hedges higher up the valley causing water to flow through more quickly than would have been the case in the past. Fortunately, no one died in the flood.

text: Impact of the flood

text: 75 cars, 5 caravans, 6 buildings and several boats were washed into the sea; approximately 100 homes and businesses were destroyed, and some had to be demolished; trees were uprooted and debris were scattered over a large area. In an operation lasting from mid-afternoon until 2:30 AM, a fleet of 7 Westland Sea King helicopters rescued about 150 people clinging to trees and the roofs of buildings and cars. No major injuries or loss of life were reported. The estimated cost of damage was £15 million.[5]

text: Work since the flood

text: Most work takes place in the winter season (October–May), during the off-season. The carpark is reduced to half the space (120 spaces) in winter, for works to take place, and then back to 240 spaces in summer.

text:
August: Buildings searched, buried cars removed from harbour, trees removed, roads cleared, B3263 bridge temporary concrete parapets installed.
20 August: Boscastle Coast Path closed
14 September: Work started on the overflow culvert for the Valency River.
December: Overflow culvert work completed.Also many hard sticks were inserted into the ground so it would create a barrier against the flood.

text:
Early 2005: Most shops and restaurants re-open
Boscastle power system renewed
Water supply restored
Food supply restored
The flood defences were increased
Defences improved strongly
Rebuilding and repairs are mostly finished

text:
30 October: Work on two underground pumping stations for the sewage treatment scheme began.
1 November: Work started to widen and lower the river channel to increase capacity.
December: A new visitor centre opened, in the former Harbour Restaurant, bought by the National Trust.
December: The car park level was raised, and extended, reducing the risk of cars being washed away .

text:
January: Work started on the 'gateway building' next to the car park, to contain toilets, a bus shelter, and information boards.
April: Work stopped on gateway building due to problems with planning permission, and the building being built taller than expected.
21 June: Boscastle reflooded, although it was not nearly as bad as during the 2004 floods.
September: Work restarted on Gateway Building, after planning permission is approved to lower the height of the building
October: Work started on rebuilding an old culvert at the top of the village, to allow more water to flow through in periods of heavy rain.
October: Work started on installing the pipes for the new sewage treatments works, in the harbour area (between the Lower and Upper bridges).
12 November: The main road in the harbour area was closed, from the bridge to the car park, while Cormac started work on new wider pavements, and Carillion installed pipes under the road for the new sewage treatment works.
14 December: The main road in the harbour area was reopened and temporary traffic lights put in place.
18 December: The new lower bridge was installed.

text:
January: Work on improving the harbour pavements completed. Work on rebuilding the culvert next to the petrol station completed.
February: Work began on renewing the culvert in Dunn Street, to allow more water through in times of heavy rain.
March: The Harbour area road was resurfaced. Work on rebuilding the culvert in Dunn Street completed.
April: Old Lower Bridge was demolished, and the new Lower Bridge was brought into use.

text: The lower bridge

text: The main structure of the former lower bridge survived the flood, however the stone walls did not, and were washed away. On 1 May 2005, the official reopening of the village, wooden fences were used on the bridge to temporarily replace the stone walls. The bridge used to have a concrete plaque on it saying "This bridge is the private property of the lord of the manor, August 1887". This was lost during the flood, but then recovered from the harbour in good condition. This bridge has now been replaced with a new one.

text: During the flood of 2004, 14 cars became lodged beneath it, this had caused a huge backlog of flood water and debris, adding to the damage caused in the surrounding area.

text: The original proposal was for a stone bridge, this was rejected. The second proposal is for a modern concrete bridge, with steel railings. Public consultations were held and villagers were asked to select their preference from four designs; most did not choose the one which has been proposed. This plan was rejected.

text: The new bridge is a few metres further down the river than the old bridge. The bridge was installed on 18 December 2007, and was made by Cornish Concrete, a company based near Truro. The main arch is made from reinforced concrete, with metal railings.

text: The old stone bridge, which was over 100 years old, was demolished in early April 2008.

text: Mini flood – 21 June 2007

text: Boscastle flooded again, although not nearly as badly as the 2004 floods. After an afternoon of intense localised rainfall, and a week of steady rain everyday, a small flood happened on 21 June 2007. 30 mm fell on the area in one hour. Roads had become flooded in the area and in the village, most water came from the saturated fields around the village. Many drains had become blocked. Roads around the Tintagel, Camelford and Davidstow area were closed off to stop people visiting the village. River levels were alarmingly high, but the banks contained the water. However the many culverts of the River Jordan had overflowed onto the villages roads, adding to the amount of water on the roads. The new storm culvert joining the River Jordan to the River Valency was at full capacity, but did not flood. Services and organisations called in included:

text:
Fire crews from Bude, Delabole and Launceston to pump out the water from properties
Crews to unblock the blocked up drains in the village
The Environment Agency
The Police and Council
Helicopters from RNAS Culdrose and RMB Chivenor were on stand-by
Boscastle Coast Guard

text: The Environment Agency's flood defences installed after the 2004 flood worked and kept the water in the river channel. A few properties in the village were flooded by 3 ft (0.91 m) from water flowing down the streets, rather than from the river flooding, although the damage was not nearly as bad as the 2004 flood. The two main roads (B3266, B3263) were blocked with flood waste and debris, although this was cleared and the roads reopened the following morning. The Environment Agency looked at the culverts around the village and will change them all to modern drainage


document_title: Jab Harry Met Sejal

question_text: jab harry met sejal how many screens release

root

text: Jab Harry Met Sejal

text: Plot[edit]

text: Harinder "Harry" Singh Nehra is a tourist guide in Amsterdam. He is shown to be a "cheap womaniser" as he calls himself but is a friendly and helpful guide.

tag: p

text: After dropping a family at the airport, Harry comes across Sejal Zaveri, a member of the same family, who has lost her engagement ring. He reluctantly agrees to help her find her ring. In due course of time while searching for the ring, they become friendly and he tells her that he had left his home in Nur Mahal village and came to Canada to become a singer, which did not work out and that is how he slowly became a tour guide.

text: Both Harry and Sejal travel to places where he had initially taken the family, in search of the ring. During this, Harry falls in love with Sejal, but does not reveal it to her as she is engaged to someone else. They soon learn that a criminal, Gas, has stolen the ring. They go to Gas to retrieve the ring but Harry gets thrashed by Gas's men. Later, while looking for antiseptics in her bag for Harry, Sejal finds the ring and realises that the ring was in her bag all along. However, she does not tell Harry about this as she wanted to spend some more time with him and was unknowingly falling in love with him.

text: The next day, Harry and Sejal fly to Frankfurt for the wedding of Mayank; Harry's friend. After the wedding, Harry and Sejal get into an argument and she decides to leave for India.

text: At the airport, Sejal shows Harry the ring and tells him that it was in her bag all along. He asks her to take care and bids her goodbye.

text: She returns to India and he returns to his work, but begins to miss her and gets depressed. On Mayank's insistence, Harry flies for Mumbai to go to her wedding. On reaching the venue, he learns that Sejals's marriage was called off. He walks out to find her sitting outside. They eventually share their feelings for each other, and go to Harry's village, Nur Mahal, where he reunites with his family and marries Sejal.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Shah Rukh Khan as Harinder "Harry" Singh Nehra[5]
Anushka Sharma as Sejal Zaveri
Aru Krishansh Verma as Mayank
Chandan Roy Sanyal as Ghyassuddin Mohammed Qureshi (Gas)
Evelyn Sharma as Irina
Kavi Shastri as Rupen, Sejal's fiancé

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: Jab Harry Met Sejal was initially conceived about a man trying to commit suicide. However, after Khan met Ali, the former suggested to revitalise the story by making it a more jolly film.[6]

text: Production began in April 2016[7] and plans to filming were announced in the first part of August 2016, when the film had the working title "Production No. 52".[8] Sharma required several months of diction training to prepare herself for her role, as her character is from Gujarat.[9] She describes her character as "very superficial, doesn’t have any depth as a person. There is no similarity with me. But her morals and values of self-respect are something that I can relate to. But otherwise, the character is quite impulsive by nature."[10]

text: The film underwent a lot of name changes throughout its production phase from The Ring to Rahnuma to Raula until it was finalised with Jab Harry Met Sejal. When the title of the film was finally revealed, it received considerable backlash from people who accused that it must be a copy of the 1989 Hollywood iconic film When Harry Met Sally... or that it must have been inspired by it. However, contrary to popular beliefs, the two films have no similarity or connection with one another except both falls under the same genre and the two protagonist start off as strangers. Khan explained, "When Harry Met Sally... is one of the greatest love stories ever made in the history of world cinema. Our film on the other hand, is quite original, a fun space love story by Imtiaz Ali. But it is a takeoff from there as that movie is a classic. It is a way to attribute."[11][12]

text: In an interview with The Indian Express, Khan discussed about the possible epilogue of the movie; the couple had three children and moved to a small town for some time. Sejal then works as a lawyer while Harry takes time off and writes a book. The former takes the role of a working partner while the latter looks after the children.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in late August 2016 in Prague[14][15] and continued in Amsterdam & Budapest from September 2016.[16] Filming locations include multiple locations in Europe, as well as in Punjab.[17]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Jab Harry Met Sejal

Soundtrack album by Pritam

Released
4 August 2017

Recorded
2016-17

Genre
Feature film Soundtrack

Length
57:46

Language
Hindi

Label
Sony Music India

Pritam chronology

Raabta
(2017)
Jab Harry Met Sejal
(2017)
Tubelight
(2017)

Singles from Jab Harry Met Sejal

"Radha"
Released: 21 June 2017
"Beech Beech Mein"
Released: 3 July 2017
"Safar"
Released: 10 July 2017
"Butterfly"
Released: 13 July 2017
"Hawayein"
Released: 26 July 2017
"Phurrr"
Released: 3 August 2017

tag: table

text: The music of the film is composed by Pritam while the lyrics have been penned by Irshad Kamil. The first song of the film titled as "Radha" sung by Shahid Mallya and Sunidhi Chauhan was released on 21 June 2017. The second song "Beech Beech Mein" sung by Arijit Singh, Shalmali Kholgade and Shefali Alvares was released on 3 July 2017. The third song "Safar" sung by Arijit Singh was released on 10 July 2017. The fourth song "Butterfly" sung by Dev Negi, Sunidhi Chauhan, Aman Trikha and Nooran Sisters was released on 13 August 2017. The fifth song "Hawayein" sung by Arijit Singh was unveiled on 26 July 2017. The sixth and last song titled "Phurrr" was composed by the American DJ Diplo and Pritam. It was sung by DJ Diplo, Pritam, Mohit Chauhan and Tushar Joshi and was released on 3 August 2017. The full soundtrack album of the film includes 13 tracks and was released by Sony Music India on 4 August 2017.[18][19][20] [21]

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Radha"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Sunidhi Chauhan, Shahid Mallya
5:02

2.
"Beech Beech Mein"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Arijit Singh, Shalmali Kholgade, Shefali Alvares
3:26

3.
"Safar"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Arijit Singh
6:05

4.
"Butterfly"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Dev Negi, Sunidhi Chauhan, Aman Trikha, Nooran Sisters
4:41

5.
"Hawayein"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Arijit Singh
4:50

6.
"Parinda"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Pardeep Singh Sran
3:12

7.
"Ghar"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Mohit Chauhan, Nikhita Gandhi
3:41

8.
"Yaadon Mein"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Mohammed Irfan, Jonita Gandhi, Cuca Roseta, Arjun Chandy
5:35

9.
"Raula"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Diljit Dosanjh, Neeti Mohan
4:16

10.
"Jee Ve Sohaneya"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Nooran Sisters
4:10

11.
"Phurrr (Film Version)"
Irshad Kamil
Diplo, Pritam
DJ Diplo, Pritam, Mohit Chauhan, Tushar Joshi
3:25

12.
"Hawayein" (Film Version)
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Arijit Singh
5:07

13.
"Parinda (Search)"
Irshad Kamil
Pritam
Nikhil D'Souza, Tochi Raina
4:16

Total length:
57:46

text: Reception[edit]

text: Debarati S Sen of The Times of India commented that they have made an "enjoyable album", "which captures the usual genres that characterises a typical Bollywood film, well enough".[22] Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama rated 4 out of 5 stars to the album.[23]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was initially set for an August 11, 2017 release. However, it was later moved a week earlier to August 4 to avoid the movie Toilet: Ek Prem Katha averting a possible box office clash.[12] Its release date in Dubai and United Arab Emirates was pushed from early Thursday morning – which has been the norm for Bollywood films – to Friday evening to prevent pirated versions of the film or its spoilers from getting leaked. However, after a backlash, it was decided to release it on its original release date, August 3, at 6 PM GST.[24] [25][26]

text: The film was released on 3400 screens worldwide.[27]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics.[28]

text: Anita Iyer of Khaleej Times rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "The movie goes through its ebb and flow, and all you can do is enjoy the good bits, till they last."[29] Manjusha Radhakrishnan of Gulf News also rated it 2.5 stars out of 5, saying "The climax isn't ground-breaking, however, the cinematography that highlights the beauty of a handful European countries is pleasing to watch."[30]

text: Yahoo gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5 calling it a complete entertainer."[31] Koimoi gave Jab Harry Met Sejal 3.5 stars out of 5, praising the performances and direction.[32] Times Of India gave the movie 3 stars of out 5 and wrote, "Sound advice here would be that you actually buy yourself a tour ticket to Europe and soak in the sights for real. But, if you want to settle for a cheaper option of touring the continent inside a cinema hall, buy yourself a JHMS ticket and get transported to the land of make-believe captured indulgently by cinematographer K U Mohanan, with the added advantage of a Punjabi `munda’ playing your friend, philosopher, lover and guide." Filmfare Magazine gave the movie 3 stars out of 5 stating that, "JHMS is a happy romantic comedy that you can sing and dance along with. Pritam's music is a stand out feature. The performances are really strong".[33]

text: NDTV gave JHMS 2/5 and wrote, "It is cinema's equivalent of a shiny bauble that glitters wholly in vain. Watch it only if you fancy a vicarious romp through Europe with an off-colour megastar trying hard to get going"[34]. Bollywood film critic and business trend analyst Taran Adarsh wrote on Facebook, "Good performances... Stunning locales... Bland and boring screenplay... Too many songs...With SRK-Anushka, Imtiaz Ali could've hit the ball out of the park with a solid script. Sadly, he loses this golden opportunity."[35] Shubhra Gupta, critic of Indian Express gave JHMS 1.5 stars out of 5 stars while calling it a dud.[36] Giving Jab Harry Met Sejal 2 stars out of 5, Hindustan Times wrote, "Lethargic storytelling kills Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma's film. It's a big disappointment to see Shah Rukh Khan returning to his comfort zone and yet not performing on top of his powers."[37] Bollywood Hungama gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Jab Harry Met Sejal has its moments. But the film is riddled with cliches and flaws that takes the film down, thanks to the poor script."[38]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film's box office gross was ₹150.06 crore (US$23 million) as of 25 August 2017, including ₹89.18 crore (US$14 million) in India and ₹60.88 crore (US$9.5 million) overseas. The film under-performed at the domestic box office.[2] However, the film was an overseas success, grossing US$10 million overseas, making it the year's second highest overseas grosser, behind only Raees, another Shah Rukh Khan starrer.[4]

text: Domestic[edit]

text: The film collected ₹15.25 crore on opening day,[39] becoming the lowest opener for a Shah Rukh Khan film in three years.[40] On the second day, it collected ₹15 crores, followed by its third day's collection of ₹15.50 crores, bringing its first weekend's collection to ₹45.75 crores, and making it 2017's sixth-highest first-weekend-collecting Bollywood film in the domestic market.[41]

text: Nevertheless, the weekend box office collection of the film did not manage to cross ₹50 crores, and it emerged as one of the lowest openers of Shah Rukh Khan in recent years.[42][43]

text: Overseas[edit]

text: On the first day, the film collected ₹50.57 lakh (US$79,000) from 27 screens in Australia, ₹20.83 lakh (US$32,000) from 20 screens in New Zealand, ₹1.10 crore (US$170,000) from 104 screens in the United Kingdom, ₹2.44 crore (US$380,000) from 252 screens in the United States and ₹58.26 lakh (US$91,000) from 26 screens in Canada.[44] On the second day, the film collected ₹18.96 lakh (US$30,000) from 10 screens in Australia, ₹16.01 lakh (US$25,000) from 16 screens in New Zealand, ₹1.17 crore (US$180,000) from 105 screens in the UK, ₹2.53 crore (US$390,000) from 251 screens in the US and ₹71.75 lakh (US$110,000) from 26 screens in Canada.[45] On the first Sunday, it collected ₹33.30 lakh (US$52,000) from 31 screens in Australia, ₹12.01 lakh (US$19,000) from 21 screens in New Zealand, ₹79.69 lakh (US$120,000) from 106 screens in the UK, ₹1.57 crore (US$240,000) from 249 screens in the US and ₹47.17 lakh (US$74,000) from 26 screens in Canada.[46] On the fourth day of release, the film collected ₹7.29 lakh (US$11,000) from 23 screens in Australia and ₹3.78 lakh (US$5,900) from 18 screens in New Zealand.[47]


document_title: Silent Spring

question_text: the book silent spring had a major impact on the creation of which agency

text: Silent Spring

text: Research and writing[edit]

text: In the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of synthetic pesticides, many of which had been developed through the military funding of science after World War II. The United States Department of Agriculture's 1957 fire ant eradication program, which involved aerial spraying of DDT and other pesticides mixed with fuel oil and included the spraying of private land, prompted Carson to devote her research, and her next book, to pesticides and environmental poisons.[8][9] Landowners in Long Island filed a suit to have the spraying stopped, and many in affected regions followed the case closely.[3] Though the suit was lost, the Supreme Court granted petitioners the right to gain injunctions against potential environmental damage in the future, laying the basis for later environmental actions.[3][10][11]

text: The impetus for Silent Spring was a letter written in January 1958 by Carson's friend, Olga Owens Huckins, to The Boston Herald, describing the death of birds around her property resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson.[12][13][13] Carson later wrote that this letter prompted her to study the environmental problems caused by chemical pesticides.[14][15]

text: The Audubon Naturalist Society actively opposed chemical spraying programs and recruited Carson to help publicize the U.S. government's spraying practices and related research.[16] Carson began the four-year project of Silent Spring by gathering examples of environmental damage attributed to DDT. She tried to enlist essayist E. B. White and a number of journalists and scientists to her cause. By 1958, Carson had arranged a book deal, with plans to co-write with Newsweek science journalist Edwin Diamond. However, when The New Yorker commissioned a long and well-paid article on the topic from Carson, she began considering writing more than the introduction and conclusion as planned; soon it became a solo project. Diamond would later write one of the harshest critiques of Silent Spring.[17]

text: As her research progressed, Carson found a sizable community of scientists who were documenting the physiological and environmental effects of pesticides.[3] She took advantage of her personal connections with many government scientists, who supplied her with confidential information on the subject. From reading the scientific literature and interviewing scientists, Carson found two scientific camps; those who dismissed the possible danger of pesticide spraying barring conclusive proof and those who were open to the possibility of harm and were willing to consider alternative methods, such as biological pest control.[18]

text: By 1959, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ants on Trial; Carson called it "flagrant propaganda" that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides posed to humans and wildlife. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in The Washington Post, that attributed the recent decline in bird populations—in her words, the "silencing of birds"—to pesticide overuse.[19] The same year, the 1957, 1958, and 1959 crops of U.S. cranberries were found to contain high levels of the herbicide aminotriazole and the sale of all cranberry products was halted. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs".[20]

text: Research at the Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health brought Carson into contact with medical researchers investigating the gamut of cancer-causing chemicals. Of particular significance was the work of National Cancer Institute researcher and founding director of the environmental cancer section Wilhelm Hueper, who classified many pesticides as carcinogens. Carson and her research assistant Jeanne Davis, with the help of NIH librarian Dorothy Algire, found evidence to support the pesticide-cancer connection; to Carson the evidence for the toxicity of a wide array of synthetic pesticides was clear-cut, though such conclusions were very controversial beyond the small community of scientists studying pesticide carcinogenesis.[21]

text: By 1960, Carson had sufficient research material and the writing was progressing rapidly. She had investigated hundreds of individual incidents of pesticide exposure and the resulting human sickness and ecological damage. In January 1960, she suffered an illness which kept her bedridden for weeks, delaying the book. As she was nearing full recovery in March, she discovered cysts in her left breast, requiring a mastectomy. By December that year, Carson discovered that she had breast cancer, which had metastasized.[22] Her research was also delayed by revision work for a new edition of The Sea Around Us, and by a collaborative photo essay with Erich Hartmann.[23] Most of the research and writing was done by the fall of 1960, except for a discussion of recent research on biological controls and investigations of some new pesticides. However, further health troubles delayed the final revisions in 1961 and early 1962.[24]

text: Its title was inspired by a poem by John Keats, "La Belle Dame sans Merci", which contained the lines "The sedge is wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing."[25] "Silent Spring" was initially suggested as a title for the chapter on birds. By August 1961, Carson agreed to the suggestion of her literary agent Marie Rodell: Silent Spring would be a metaphorical title for the entire book—suggesting a bleak future for the whole natural world—rather than a literal chapter title about the absence of birdsong.[26] With Carson's approval, editor Paul Brooks at Houghton Mifflin arranged for illustrations by Louis and Lois Darling, who also designed the cover. The final writing was the first chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow", which was intended to provide a gentle introduction to a serious topic. By mid-1962, Brooks and Carson had largely finished the editing and were planning to promote the book by sending the manuscript to select individuals for final suggestions.[27] In Silent Spring, Carson relied on evidence from two New York state organic farmers, Marjorie Spock and Mary Richards, and that of biodynamic farming advocate Ehrenfried Pfeiffer in developing her case against DDT.[3]

text: Content[edit]

text: The overriding theme of Silent Spring is the powerful—and often negative—effect humans have on the natural world.[28] Carson's main argument is that pesticides have detrimental effects on the environment; she says these are more properly termed "biocides" because their effects are rarely limited to the target pests. DDT is a prime example, but other synthetic pesticides—many of which are subject to bioaccumulation—are scrutinized. Carson accuses the chemical industry of intentionally spreading disinformation and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. Most of the book is devoted to pesticides' effects on natural ecosystems, but four chapters detail cases of human pesticide poisoning, cancer, and other illnesses attributed to pesticides.[29] About DDT and cancer, Carson says only:

text: In laboratory tests on animal subjects, DDT has produced suspicious liver tumors. Scientists of the Food and Drug Administration who reported the discovery of these tumors were uncertain how to classify them, but felt there was some "justification for considering them low grade hepatic cell carcinomas." Dr. Hueper [author of Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases] now gives DDT the definite rating of a "chemical carcinogen."[30]

text: Carson predicts increased consequences in the future, especially since targeted pests may develop resistance to pesticides and weakened ecosystems fall prey to unanticipated invasive species. The book closes with a call for a biotic approach to pest control as an alternative to chemical pesticides.[31]

text: Carson never called for an outright ban on DDT. She said in Silent Spring that even if DDT and other insecticides had no environmental side effects, their indiscriminate overuse was counterproductive because it would create insect resistance to pesticides, making them useless in eliminating the target insect populations:

text: No responsible person contends that insect-borne disease should be ignored. The question that has now urgently presented itself is whether it is either wise or responsible to attack the problem by methods that are rapidly making it worse. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease through the control of insect vectors of infection, but it has heard little of the other side of the story—the defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. Even worse, we may have destroyed our very means of fighting.[32]

text: Carson also said that "Malaria programmes are threatened by resistance among mosquitoes",[33] and quoted the advice given by the director of Holland's Plant Protection Service: "Practical advice should be 'Spray as little as you possibly can' rather than 'Spray to the limit of your capacity'. Pressure on the pest population should always be as slight as possible."[34]

text: Promotion and reception[edit]

text: Carson and the others involved with publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism and were concerned about the possibility of being sued for libel. Carson was undergoing radiation therapy for her cancer and expected to have little energy to defend her work and respond to critics. In preparation for the anticipated attacks, Carson and her agent attempted to amass prominent supporters before the book's release.[35]

text: Most of the book's scientific chapters were reviewed by scientists with relevant expertise, among whom Carson found strong support. Carson attended the White House Conference on Conservation in May 1962; Houghton Mifflin distributed proof copies of Silent Spring to many of the delegates and promoted the upcoming serialization in The New Yorker. Carson also sent a proof copy to Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, a long-time environmental advocate who had argued against the court's rejection of the Long Island pesticide spraying case and had provided Carson with some of the material included in her chapter on herbicides.[36]

text: Though Silent Spring had generated a fairly high level of interest based on pre-publication promotion, this became more intense with its serialization, which began in the June 16, 1962, issue. This brought the book to the attention of the chemical industry and its lobbyists, as well as the American public. Around that time, Carson learned that Silent Spring had been selected as the Book-of-the-Month for October; she said this would "carry it to farms and hamlets all over that country that don't know what a bookstore looks like—much less The New Yorker."[37] Other publicity included a positive editorial in The New York Times and excerpts of the serialized version were published in Audubon Magazine. There was another round of publicity in July and August as chemical companies responded. The story of the birth defect-causing drug thalidomide had broken just before the book's publication, inviting comparisons between Carson and Frances Oldham Kelsey, the Food and Drug Administration reviewer who had blocked the drug's sale in the United States.[38]

text: In the weeks before the September 27, 1962, publication, there was strong opposition to Silent Spring from the chemical industry. DuPont, a major manufacturer of DDT and 2,4-D, and Velsicol Chemical Company, the only manufacturer of chlordane and heptachlor, were among the first to respond. DuPont compiled an extensive report on the book's press coverage and estimated impact on public opinion. Velsicol threatened legal action against Houghton Mifflin, and The New Yorker and Audubon Magazine unless their planned Silent Spring features were canceled. Chemical industry representatives and lobbyists lodged a range of non-specific complaints, some anonymously. Chemical companies and associated organizations produced brochures and articles promoting and defending pesticide use. However, Carson's and the publishers' lawyers were confident in the vetting process Silent Spring had undergone. The magazine and book publications proceeded as planned, as did the large Book-of-the-Month printing, which included a pamphlet by William O. Douglas endorsing the book.[40]

text: American Cyanamid biochemist Robert White-Stevens and former Cyanamid chemist Thomas Jukes were among the most aggressive critics, especially of Carson's analysis of DDT.[41] According to White-Stevens, "If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth".[1] Others attacked Carson's personal character and scientific credentials, her training being in marine biology rather than biochemistry. White-Stevens called her "a fanatic defender of the cult of the balance of nature",[42] while former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson in a letter to former President Dwight D. Eisenhower reportedly said that because she was unmarried despite being physically attractive, she was "probably a Communist".[43]

text: Many critics repeatedly said Carson was calling for the elimination of all pesticides, but she had made it clear she was not advocating this but was instead encouraging responsible and carefully managed use with an awareness of the chemicals' impact on ecosystems.[44] She concludes her section on DDT in Silent Spring with advice for spraying as little as possible to limit the development of resistance.[45] Mark Hamilton Lytle writes, Carson "quite self-consciously decided to write a book calling into question the paradigm of scientific progress that defined postwar American culture".[28]

text: The academic community—including prominent defenders such as H. J. Muller, Loren Eiseley, Clarence Cottam and Frank Egler—mostly backed the book's scientific claims and public opinion backed Carson's text. The chemical industry campaign was counterproductive because the controversy increased public awareness of the potential dangers of pesticides. Pesticide use became a major public issue after a CBS Reports television special, "The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson", which was broadcast on April 3, 1963. The program included segments of Carson reading from Silent Spring and interviews with other experts, mostly critics including White-Stevens. According to biographer Linda Lear, "in juxtaposition to the wild-eyed, loud-voiced Dr. Robert White-Stevens in white lab coat, Carson appeared anything but the hysterical alarmist that her critics contended".[46] Reactions from the estimated audience of ten to fifteen million were overwhelmingly positive and the program spurred a congressional review of pesticide hazards and the public release of a pesticide report by the President's Science Advisory Committee.[47] Within a year of publication, attacks on the book and on Carson had lost momentum.[48][49]

text: In one of her last public appearances, Carson testified before President John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee, which issued its report on May 15, 1963, largely backing Carson's scientific claims.[50] Following the report's release, Carson also testified before a U.S. Senate subcommittee to make policy recommendations. Though Carson received hundreds of other speaking invitations, she was unable to accept most of them because her health was steadily declining, with only brief periods of remission. She spoke as much as she could, and appeared on The Today Show and gave speeches at several dinners held in her honor. In late 1963, she received a flurry of awards and honors: the Audubon Medal from the National Audubon Society, the Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society, and induction into the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[51]

text: Other countries and languages[edit]

text: The book has been translated into German (under the title: Der stumme Frühling), with the first German edition appearing in 1963, followed by a number of later editions.[52]

text: It was translated into French (as Le printemps silencieux), with the first French edition also appearing in 1963.[53]

text: In 1965 Silent Spring had been published in Russian (under the title Безмолвная весна).[54]

text: The book's Italian title is Primavera silenziosa.;[55] and the Spanish title is Primavera silenciosa.[56]

text: It was translated to Swedish and published in 1963, titled Tyst vår.

text: Impact[edit]

text: Grassroots environmentalism and the EPA[edit]

text: Carson's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. Silent Spring became a rallying point for the new social movement in the 1960s. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "Silent Spring altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically."[57] Carson's work and the activism it inspired are partly responsible for the deep ecology movement and the strength of the grassroots environmental movement since the 1960s. It was also influential on the rise of ecofeminism and on many feminist scientists.[58] Carson's most direct legacy in the environmental movement was the campaign to ban the use of DDT in the United States, and related efforts to ban or limit its use throughout the world. The 1967 formation of the Environmental Defense Fund was the first major milestone in the campaign against DDT. The organization brought lawsuits against the government to "establish a citizen's right to a clean environment", and the arguments against DDT largely mirrored Carson's. By 1972, the Environmental Defense Fund and other activist groups had succeeded in securing a phase-out of DDT use in the United States, except in emergency cases.[59]

text: The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency by the Nixon Administration in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had written about. Until then, the USDA was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a conflict of interest, since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as "the extended shadow of Silent Spring". Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcement of the 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, was directly related to Carson's work.[60] Contrary to the position of the pesticide industry, the DDT phase-out action taken by the EPA (led by William Ruckelshaus) implied that there was no way to adequately regulate DDT use. Ruckelshaus' conclusion was that DDT could not be used safely.[61] History professor Gary Kroll wrote, "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring played a large role in articulating ecology as a 'subversive subject'—as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, scientism, and the technologically engineered control of nature."[62]

text: In a 2013 interview, Ruckelshaus briefly recounted his decision to ban DDT except for emergency uses, noting that Carson’s book featured DDT and for that reason the issue drew considerable public attention. [63]

text: Former Vice President of the United States and environmentalist Al Gore wrote an introduction to the 1992 edition of Silent Spring. He wrote: "Silent Spring had a profound impact ... Indeed, Rachel Carson was one of the reasons that I became so conscious of the environment and so involved with environmental issues  ...  [she] has had as much or more effect on me than any, and perhaps than all of them together."[1]

text: Criticisms of environmentalism and DDT restrictions[edit]

text: Carson and the environmental movement were—and continue to be—criticized by some who argue that restrictions on the use of pesticides—specifically DDT—have caused tens of millions of needless deaths and hampered agriculture, and implicitly that Carson was responsible for inciting such restrictions.[64][65][66] These arguments have been dismissed as "outrageous" by former WHO scientist Socrates Litsios. May Berenbaum, University of Illinois entomologist, says, "to blame environmentalists who oppose DDT for more deaths than Hitler is worse than irresponsible."[67] Investigative journalist Adam Sarvana and others characterize this notion as a "myth" promoted principally by Roger Bate of the pro-DDT advocacy group Africa Fighting Malaria (AFM).[68][69]

text: In the 2000s, criticism of the bans of DDT that her work prompted intensified.[70][71] In 2009, the libertarian think tank Competitive Enterprise Institute set up a website saying, "Millions of people around the world suffer the painful and often deadly effects of malaria because one person sounded a false alarm. That person is Rachel Carson."[71][72] A 2012 review article in Nature by Rob Dunn[73] commemorating the 50th anniversary of Silent Spring prompted a response in a letter written by Anthony Trewavas and co-signed by 10 others, including Christopher Leaver, Bruce Ames, Richard Tren and Peter Lachmann, who quote estimates of 60 to 80 million deaths "as a result of misguided fears based on poorly understood evidence".[74]

text: Biographer Hamilton Lytle believes these estimates are unrealistic, even if Carson can be "blamed" for worldwide DDT policies.[75] John Quiggin and Tim Lambert wrote, "the most striking feature of the claim against Carson is the ease with which it can be refuted". DDT was never banned for anti-malarial use, and its ban for agricultural use in the United States in 1972 did not apply outside the U.S. nor to anti-malaria spraying.[76][77] The international treaty that banned most uses of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides—the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants—included an exemption for the use of DDT for malaria control until affordable substitutes could be found.[70] Mass outdoor spraying of DDT was abandoned in poor countries subject to malaria, such as Sri Lanka, in the 1970s and 1980s; this was not because of government prohibitions but because the DDT had lost its ability to kill the mosquitoes.[70] Because of insects' very short breeding cycle and large number of offspring, the most resistant insects survive and pass on their genetic traits to their offspring, which replace the pesticide-slain insects relatively rapidly. Agricultural spraying of pesticides produces pesticide resistance in seven to ten years.[78]

text: Some experts have said that restrictions placed on the agricultural use of DDT have increased its effectiveness for malaria control. According to pro-DDT advocate Amir Attaran, the result of the 2004 Stockholm Convention banning DDT's use in agriculture "is arguably better than the status quo ... For the first time, there is now an insecticide which is restricted to vector control only, meaning that the selection of resistant mosquitoes will be slower than before."[79]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Silent Spring has been featured in many lists of the best nonfiction books of the twentieth century. It was fifth in the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Nonfiction and number 78 in the National Review's 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century.[80] In 2006, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover Magazine.[7] In 2012, the American Chemical Society designated the legacy of Silent Spring a National Historic Chemical Landmark at Chatham University in Pittsburgh.[81]

text: In 1996, a follow-up book, Beyond Silent Spring, co-written by H.F. van Emden and David Peakall, was published.[5][6]

text: In 2011, the American composer Steven Stucky wrote the eponymously titled symphonic poem Silent Spring to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the book's publication. The piece was given its world premiere in Pittsburgh on February 17, 2012, with the conductor Manfred Honeck leading the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.[82][83][84]

text: Naturalist Sir David Attenborough has stated that Silent Spring was probably the book that had changed the scientific world the most, after the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin.[85]


document_title: Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire

question_text: my mom got a date with a vampire cast

question_tokens: my mom got a date with a vampire cast

text: Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire

text: Plot[edit]

text: 13-year-old Adam Hansen (Matt O'Leary) and his best friend Duffy (Jake Epstein) have some tickets for the Headless Horseman concert, and his sister 16-year-old Chelsea (Laura Vandervoort) has a date with her dreamy boyfriend Peter. The only problem is, they are both grounded: Adam is punished because he did not do his homework, instead making up a story using an article from the magazine The Weekly Secret, and Chelsea because she called Adam a dweeb, which their mother, Lynette (Caroline Rhea), happened to hear. Chelsea and Adam will do whatever it takes to get their mother out of the house, even if it includes a chance meeting with a very mysterious man named Dimitri. Everything seems to go according to plan, until their 8-year-old little brother Taylor (Myles Jeffrey) realizes that Dimitri is a vampire.

text: His brother and sister do not believe Taylor, so he calls Malachi Van Helsing (Robert Carradine), the vampire hunter. The night that their mother goes out with Dimitri (Charles Shaughnessy) and Taylor follows them. Not wanting their mother to come home and extend their punishments, they follow Taylor and find him outside the restaurant that Lynette and Dimitri are at. Adam and Taylor make the vampire do the spoon test (a fake test made up by Adam to get Taylor to stop calling Dimitri a vampire). Afterwards, Adam discovers that Taylor was right about Dimitri being a vampire when he looks in the mirror and notices Dimitri does not have a reflection. So, along with Chelsea, he sets out to stop Dimitri, who puts their mother in a trance and plans to take her to his mansion. Meanwhile, Malachi Van Helsing arrives and begins to hunt down Dimitri, only to discover that he was being followed by Taylor, who (after learning the spoon test was made up by Adam) had also set out to save his mother from Dimitri.

text: In the end, Taylor becomes Van Helsing's partner and they arrive to do battle with Dimitri, who has Lynette in a trance, but even together Taylor, Adam, Chelsea and Van Helsing are unable to defeat Dimitri. Dimitri goes to bite a powerless Adam, but he and Chelsea call out to Lynette, breaking her trance (as only true love for someone can break a vampire's trance). She throws Dimitri into his coffin. Van Helsing seals the coffin with silver-plated nails and explains that he plans to send it to a place where it's always sunny. Shortly after Dimitri is sealed up, Van Helsing asks their mother out on a "date", after which Adam, Chelsea and Taylor, believing they have heard the word "date" enough for one night, try to convince her to stay single which is when Lynette confesses, "I date. Just not vampires". Finally, they all decide to go back to the Hansen house for breakfast as the sun is finally rising.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Caroline Rhea as Lynette Hansen. The strict no nonsense divorced mother of Chelsea, Adam, and Taylor. Lynette is overprotective of Taylor.
Matthew O'Leary as Adam Hansen, the 13-year-old protagonist. The lazy middle child of the family.
Robert Carradine as Malachi Van Helsing. The vampire hunter.
Laura Vandervoort as Chelsea Hansen. The second 16-year-old main character. The eldest child of the family.
Myles Jeffrey as Taylor Hansen. The third 8-year-old main character. The youngest of the family.
Charles Shaughnessy as Dimitri Denatos. The evil vampire of the film.
Jake Epstein as Duffy. Adam's best friend.
J. Adam Brown as Boomer. A boy who likes Chelsea.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire currently holds a 50% rating on audience score at Rotten Tomatoes.[2]


document_title: Daddy's Home 2

question_text: who plays kurt in daddy's home 2

question_tokens: who plays kurt in daddy 's home 2

text: Daddy's Home 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: After finally becoming friends at the end of the first film, Brad Whittaker (Will Ferrell) and Dusty Mayron (Mark Wahlberg) have a co-dad system where their two children, Megan (Scarlett Estevez) and Dylan (Owen Vaccaro), take turns at each father's house. Dusty has also remarried, this time to Karen (Alessandra Ambrosio), a writer, and is stepdad to Adrianna (Didi Costine), Karen's daughter.

text: Brad and his wife, Sara (Linda Cardellini), along with Dusty and Karen, attend a school play for Megan, where she announces to the whole audience that she doesn't like the fact that she has to go back and forth to different houses all the time. Back at the house, after the play, Brad and Dusty decide to do away with having two separate Christmases and instead do one "together Christmas". Dusty, however, finds out his tough fighter pilot/astronaut father Kurt (Mel Gibson) is coming for Christmas.

text: At the airport the next day, Dusty tells Brad that his father is going to make fun of them since he won't understand their co-dad arrangement. When Kurt arrives, he mistakes Brad for a chauffeur. When Dusty explains that Brad is the stepdad to his children, Kurt doesn't like it. Brad's overbearing and over-cheerful dad, Don (John Lithgow), arrives next, unnerving Kurt. Don tells Brad that his mother didn't come along, because she is taking care of Brad's uncle who isn't feeling well.

text: Back at the house, Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don, since he is very present in their lives, while Kurt hasn't seen the children since they were toddlers. Through jealousy of the affection the children show to Don, Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb, to house all of them through the holiday week. As Brad and Dusty pack the bags into the car, Dusty tells Brad that Kurt thinks the two men are harboring bad feelings for each other, but are just hiding it from everyone by pretending to be friends. When Kurt walks to the car, they change the subject.

text: Throughout the week, Brad and Dusty's co-dad relationship is put to the test by Kurt's meddling. It is revealed that Kurt has never really had a good father-son relationship with Dusty either. Dusty gets angry, and Brad tells him to set a good example for his children, and the only person who could ruin the vacation for him was him. Meanwhile, Dusty tries to get close to his stepdaughter, Adrianna, but she doesn't like him and repeatedly tells him that he isn't her father. Sara also tries to bond with Karen but is taken aback by some of Karen's actions, like shoplifting clothes from a store. Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door. Brad gives him some “advice”, and Dusty interjects when he finds out that Brad is having what looks like “the talk” with Dylan, when it had been agreed that Dusty would handle that. The contradictory mix of advice from Brad, Dusty and Kurt only makes Dylan more afraid. He gets made fun of by Megan and Adrianna. Finding the trees too small in a farm, they illegally go on to private property to cut one down. Brad mistakes a cell tower for a tree, and is electrocuted. The men bring the cell tower home and use it as a tree, after being charged $20,000 in damages for it. They realise that they forgot Don outside, who collapsed after getting lost while looking for a suitable tree. The other men find him and save him from a pack of wolves. While the group tends to Don at the cabin, Don says that he and his wife have been sleeping in separate rooms, but only because of his snoring.

text: The next day, the entire family goes bowling, and Dylan throws a fit after his ball keeps getting stuck in the gutter. Grandpa Kurt motivates him, and the entire bowling alley cheers as Dylan knocks down a single pin. After bowling, the family goes out to take the kids to see Santa. While there, Kurt convinces Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun, which he agrees to. Don tells Dylan that a shotgun for hunting means that a poor innocent animal will lose its life. This convinces Dylan to change his mind, but when it is Megan's turn to ask for something, she decides she wants to go hunting after hearing Grandpa Kurt saying that women can’t shoot. While out hunting the next day, Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder, sending him to the hospital. While Kurt is disabled, she manages to shoot two turkeys, to Kurt’s surprise. When the day ends, Brad is outside clearing snow. Sara comes outside and asks about Don’s relationship with Brad's mom. Brad is confused and tells her they love each other more than his dad loves him (and more than he and Sara love each other, a statement that annoys Sara). While he is talking to Sara, his snow plow reels in Christmas lights, which drop onto Dusty’s car.

text: At the hospital, Dusty and Kurt begin to bond after they almost get into a fight when Kurt tries to leave the hospital. That night, Brad, Dusty, Don and Kurt go to an improv comedy club, where the four men are relaxing and having a good time watching the show. Kurt gets up to go get another drink at the bar. Dusty sees Kurt picking up a woman at the bar and leaving with her, which annoys Dusty. Brad enters Don into the improv show, and Dusty chooses a topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of an improv skit, intentionally pulling at what he feels is a sore spot for Don. As the skit progresses, it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life. The audience believes that this is all part of the show, even when Brad tries to tell the audience that it is not.

text: The next day, Brad confronts Dusty. Dusty reveals that he chose the infidelity subject for the improv game because he wanted to get back at Brad, because of how Brad has a good relationship with Don. Inside, Sara comforts Don about his divorce in front of an eggnog bowl. When they leave, Megan and Adrianna take cups of alcoholic eggnog to drink. Brad says he knows that is why Dusty chose that particular topic, and to get back at Dusty, Brad has invited Adrianna's real dad, Roger (John Cena), to the cabin for Christmas.

text: That evening, the entire family takes part in a Christmas manger representation. Brad gets into a fight with Dusty because he wants to play Joseph, which Dusty is currently playing. When Megan begins to swear, and Adrianna falls from being drunk, the crowd breaks up. Instead of Dusty fighting Brad, he almost comes to blows with Roger, and Don is repeatedly hit with ice-balls.

text: The next morning, Christmas Day, the families all pack up to leave. On their way out of town, the families are forced back to town on account of a blizzard. They are forced to take shelter at a movie theater. With every other movie being sold out, due to the huge influx of business from other families seeking shelter at the theater, both families go to see the last movie available: Missile Tow, a fictional holiday action comedy film starring Liam Neeson.

text: When the power cuts off during the movie, the families go to the lobby where each man confronts their father about the secrets, lies, and attitudes. Brad confronts Don about not telling him the truth about his divorce, while Dusty tries to talk to Kurt. When Dylan sees the girl he has a crush on is also there at the theater, he is teased again by Megan and Adrianna. After remembering some advice given to him by Kurt, Dylan walks toward her to kiss her. All of a sudden, he doesn't kiss her, but instead kisses Adrianna. Roger gets freaked out and attempts to leave with Adrianna, but is confronted by Dusty. He deduces that the reason why Adrianna hasn't warmed up to him is that he has never told her that he loves her, which he does. He also tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well since he is also part of the family. Roger almost leaves without Adrianna, but has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and decides to stay. Don and Brad also reconcile.

text: Sometime later, at the airport, Don and Kurt are preparing to leave to head back to their respective homes. Kurt heads with Don up the terminal escalators, where he reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they're going to spend New Year's in Las Vegas.

text: As Brad's mom's flight arrives, Dusty and Brad discover that Brad's new stepdad is Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, the pilot of the "Miracle on the Hudson" flight. Brad and Dusty remember that they watched the film "Sully" together not too long ago, and Brad appears to be welcoming towards him. Brad runs down the terminal and says that Sully will never replace his father, because Sully has only one great personal story, whereas his father has thousands of stories.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Ferrell as Brad Whitaker
Mark Wahlberg as Dusty Mayron
Mel Gibson as Kurt Mayron
John Lithgow as Don Whitaker
Linda Cardellini as Sara Whitaker
John Cena as Roger
Scarlett Estevez as Megan Mayron
Owen Vaccaro as Dylan Mayron
Alessandra Ambrosio as Karen Mayron
Didi Costine as Adrianna
Chesley Sullenberger as himself
Liam Neeson as himself
Bill Burr as Jerry

text: Production[edit]

text: In April 2016, the sequel was announced, with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles, Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script, and Anders directing.[4] In January 2017, it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters' fathers in the film.[5] The two were later confirmed to star, along with Linda Cardellini, John Cena, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez, reprising their roles.[6][7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 20, 2017.[8] Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017.[9]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Daddy's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 20, 2018.[10][11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Daddy's Home 2 grossed $103.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180.4 million, against a production budget of $69 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Daddy's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend.[12] The film made $10.7 million on its first day, including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1.2 million made by the first film. It went on to debut to $29.7 million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover Thor: Ragnarok ($57 million).[13] In its second weekend the film made $14.4 million (a drop of 51.3%), finishing 4th behind Justice League, Wonder and Thor: Ragnarok.[14]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 19% based on 113 reviews, and an average rating of 3.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, Daddy's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[13]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, "Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force. The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell."[17] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying: "After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas, I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny. I sit corrected."[18]

text: Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging. I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the Godfather, Part 2 of the Daddy’s Home series'."[19]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Subject

Result

Notes

Golden Raspberry Awards

March 3, 2018

Worst Actor

Mark Wahlberg

Nominated

[20]

Worst Supporting Actor

Mel Gibson

Won

Teen Choice Awards

August 12, 2018

Choice Comedy

Daddy's Home 2

Nominated

[21]

Choice Comedy Actor

Will Ferrell

Nominated

Choice Comedy Actor

Mark Wahlberg

Nominated