document_title: Pretty Little Liars (book series)

question_text: what's the first book in the pretty little liars series

question_tokens: what 's the first book in the pretty little liars series

text: Pretty Little Liars (book series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The series is loosely divided into four arcs, chronicling the introduction and reveal of each "A". Set in the suburbs of Philadelphia The series follows the lives of four teenage girls nicknamed the Pretty little Liars or simply the Liars, whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their Queen bee leader, "Alison DiLaurentis". Three years after her disappearance, the girls begin receiving threatening messages from an anonymous character named "A," who threatens to expose their secrets, including long-hidden ones they thought only Alison knew. Shortly after the messages begin, Alison's body is discovered buried in her yard. The books progress with the four girls trying to figure out the identity of "A" and facing many dangerous obstacles and twists as they do so.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The series has many characters, most of them recurring. The main characters are:

text: Spencer Hastings: Spencer is a headstrong, intelligent, overachieving girl who comes from the wealthy Hastings family.

text: Hanna Marin: Hanna is the bubbly, strong, and fierce "it-girl" of the group following Alison's disappearance. She suffers from an eating disorder, about which she received taunts from Alison.

text: Aria Montgomery: Aria is a quirky and artsy girl who, at the beginning of the books, is trying to find herself.

text: Emily Fields: Emily is considered the jock of the group, being a physical, loyal girl who struggles with her sexuality.

text: Alison DiLaurentis: Alison is the former "Queen Bee" of her clique, consisting of: Spencer, Hanna, Aria and Emily. She had supposedly been killed at the beginning of the series however is revealed to have been alive and also their tormentor "A" as she was mistaken for her twin sister Courtney who pretended to be like her and was sent to The Preserve at Addison Stephens, which she believed was the Liars fault and has been plotting revenge ever since.

text: Her identical twin sister Courtney DiLaurentis is not crazy but she starts appearing in Wanted after the TV show came on in 2010. In the prequel, Courtney-as-Ali started disappearing in the last chapter and getting almost killed numerous times, until the end of the series (Vicious) when Courtney-as-Ali came out as Courtney and started becoming friends with her twin Ali again after rehab with Iris and Tabitha, two lookalikes of Aria, all in the penultimate chapter.

text: In the book, their older brother's name is Jason DiLaurentis and their half-sisters are Melissa and Spencer Hastings.

text: Courtney DiLaurentis: Courtney is really Charlotte in the books. She used to be sweet, until she started pretending to be Alison, where her personality morphed into her. She is the third child to Jessica and Kenneth and was sent to The Preserve at Addison Stephens after a physical argument with Alison who she eventually turned into and befriended the Liars up until the night of her infamous disappearance when she was killed and buried by the real Alison DiLaurentis and her accomplice Nick Maxwell.

text: She is not really dead as the TV show makes her out to be, she is a living character in the children's book series for juvenile middle schoolers.

text: A: A is the main antagonist of the series, being, for the most part, an anonymous character who relentlessly torments many characters, in particular the Liars. Mona Vanderwaal, Alison DiLaurentis and Nick Maxwell are discovered to be A. Mona became A due to Alison and the Liars being responsible for The Jenna Thing, which burned her too. However, she is killed when Spencer pushes her off a cliff face and her neck is caught between rocks. However, a new "A" rises, this time even more determined to hurt the Liars. This A is revealed to be Alison herself who wanted revenge on the Liars for ruining her life and Nick, who is revealed to be her accomplice.

text: Novels[edit]

text: First Arc[edit]

text:
Book #
Title
Publication Date
ISBN
Pages

1
Pretty Little Liars
October 3, 2006[5]
978-0-06-088730-8
286[5]

The story introduces an exclusive group of friends: Alison DiLaurentis, the popular yet manipulative queen bee, Aria Montgomery, an independent girl who is considered to be the oddball in Rosewood, she also went to Iceland for the summer, Emily Fields, a swimmer who holds secret feelings for Alison, she actually loved her, Hanna Marin, who strives to be thin and popular like Alison, and Spencer Hastings, an overachiever who is brave enough to stand up against Alison's manipulative ways. Alison mysteriously disappears during a sleepover with the girls in the summer before 8th grade.
The story then jumps 3 years later, when the girls are living their own lives and don't speak to each other.
Aria returns to Rosewood from a 3-year trip to Iceland with her family and comes back much more sophisticated than before she left. She meets and makes out with a guy in a local bar who is revealed later to be her English teacher, Ezra Fitz.
Emily befriends the new girl in town, Maya St. Germain, and soon develops romantic feelings for her, even though Emily has a boyfriend, Ben. Ben later finds Maya and Emily kissing in the photo booth at a party and dumps beer on them.
Hanna is the new popular girl in town alongside the former nerd, Mona Vanderwaal. However, she and Mona sometimes shoplift though both can clearly afford their steals. Hanna battles the urge to turn back to bulimia, and struggles to manage the stress of keeping her queen bee status.
Spencer continues to struggle in her long-standing rivalry with Melissa Hastings, her perfect older sister. Problems occur when she begins to feel attracted to Melissa's new boyfriend, Wren Kim
Throughout the story, the liars get messages threatening to reveal their secrets of the present and past, including a terrifying incident the girls refer to as "The Jenna Thing". They automatically believe it is their missing friend, Alison, because she is the only one each of them confided in regarding their darkest secrets. However, they are shocked when the police find her corpse buried in the gazebo of her former house. The book ends with the liars receiving a text at Alison's funeral saying, "I'm still here, bitches. And I know everything. -A ". The girls have made up at this point.

2
Flawless
March 27, 2007[6]
978-0-06-088733-9
330[6]

Spencer Hastings, Hanna Marin, Aria Montgomery, and Emily Fields continue to receive text messages from an unknown person, "A", and are more desperate than ever to discover the identity of "A", who is still taunting them with the threat of exposing their many secrets. At first the girls think "A" is Alison, because she is the only person who knew their secrets, but then they start to believe the person behind the threats is Toby, because some messages they receive refer to 'The Jenna Thing' and with Alison dead, he is the only other person who was a part of the incident, although everyone but Spencer is unaware of why he took the blame for what happened to Jenna.
"The Jenna Thing" is revealed to be an incident in which Ali had set off a stink bomb in Jenna Cavanaugh's step-brother Toby's treehouse to get revenge after supposedly spying on her, only to see the treehouse burst into flames, not knowing that Jenna was inside, and due to that, she was permanently blinded. Toby was framed for the garage fire by Alison.
"A" sends Emily a text message hinting that "A" knows about Emily and Maya's romantic relationship and threatens to tell everyone about it. Emily becomes close with Toby and goes to a big benefit party with him but then later tells him that she thinks she might be gay.
"A" leaves a note for Hanna that forces her to tell Naomi and Riley that she makes herself throw up and that Sean was the one who broke up with her. Later on, she receives a text that tells her Sean is at Foxy with another girl. Hanna is shocked to discover her former boyfriend Sean Ackard ignoring his Virginity Club vows and nearly having sex with Aria.
"A" continuously tells Aria to either 'get rid of the problem' or to tell her mom the truth about Byron, her father, that he is seeing another woman. Aria goes to confront the other woman, Meredith, but when she does Meredith tells her that she and Aria's father are in love. Ella finds out that Byron is having an affair with a student named Meredith Gates and kicks him out, leaving Ella and Aria's mother-daughter relationship shattered.
Spencer continues to date with her sister Melissa's now ex-boyfriend Wren and later loses her virginity to him. However, Melissa starts to hook-up with him as well and eventually makes sure that he will be out of both of their lives for good.
Emily blames herself for Toby's suicide. In this book it is revealed that Toby was forcing himself on Jenna when they were in middle school and Ali and Spencer were the only ones who knew about it, which is how Alison forced Toby to take the blame.

3
Perfect
August 21, 2007[7]
978-0-06-088736-0
298[7]

Now homeless, Aria goes to live with her new boyfriend, Sean Ackard. Still seeing Ezra, their relationship is broken up when Sean informs the police, having found out the secret from "A".
Emily plans to go to the police to stop "A", which leads to "A" taking revenge by outing her to the whole school. Emily's parents threaten to send her away if she does not attend a "de-gaying" program, however, Emily realizes she can't change who she is.
Spencer is nominated for a Golden Orchid Award for the essay she copied from her sister Melissa, which "A" threatens to expose. Spencer's family discovers she cheated on her Golden Orchid essay, but keep it quiet to protect their reputation. Spencer comes to believe she might have killed Alison after discovering she suffers from rage-induced blackouts.
Hanna and Mona get into a fight, and Hanna seeks comfort with an "uncool" boy named Lucas. She goes to Mona's birthday party but gets humiliated, but she receives a text from "A" and recognizes the number. She intends to reveal the true identity of "A" to the other girls, but is run down by "A" before she can do so. The girls recognize it is A from the eerie text: She Knew Too Much-A

4
Unbelievable
May 27, 2008[8]
978-0-06-088739-1
335[8]

Hanna barely survives being rundown by "A", and due to a head injury, she loses her memory of the previous day, thus forgetting "A"'s identity.
Emily's parents catch her with Maya at a party and send her to Iowa to live with her strict, religious relatives. She is glad to be safe from "A", but after Emily is accused of threatening her cousins, she runs away. Emily returns home when she sees her parents on TV, who tell her that they love her and accept her for who she is. Emily and Maya are reunited, but Trista, a girl who Emily had met and flirted with in Iowa comes to visit, their relationship is shattered, and Emily is saddened further when she sees Trista and Noel hooking up.
After being kicked out of Sean's house, Aria reluctantly moves in with Byron and Meredith, who announces that she is pregnant and when Bryon's and Ella's divorce is finalized, they are to be married. While at Hollis College, Aria takes an art class and befriends Jenna, who she suspects could be "A".
"A" reveals to Melissa (Spencer's sister) that Spencer stole her essay for the Golden Orchid competition, but the family keeps quiet to protect their reputation. Melissa and Spencer grow closer, and Spencer confesses that she kissed Ian, and that he and Alison were secretly dating. When fragments of her memory from the night Alison died are restored, Spencer is horrified when it dawns on her that she may have accidentally killed Alison.
Mona and Hanna's friendship is restored, and to celebrate Hanna's recovery, Mona and Spencer plan a party for her. Spencer is surprised to discover that she enjoys Mona's company, and even more so when Mona tells her that she has been receiving messages from "A". Hanna is thrilled that Spencer approves of Mona, and they consider letting her join their clique.
"A" tells Aria that Meredith has a secret job at Hooters, and she goes there with Mike, only to discover that "A" was lying. Darren Wilden and several other cops are there, and Aria is tempted to tell them about "A". When Mike realizes that something is troubling his sister, he urges her to tell Darren, and she eventually does. On the night of Hanna's party, Aria tells Jenna what happened the night she was blinded and apologizes for not stopping Alison, but Jenna reveals that she and Alison had planned it together to get rid of Toby. Aria asks Jenna about "A", but Jenna becomes scared and quickly leaves, hinting that she knows who "A" is.
Melissa confronts Spencer about seeing Ian behind her back, which Spencer denies, and when she leaves, Spencer and Mona discover another note from "A" and suspect that Melissa killed Alison because she was jealous of her relationship with Ian. They inform the others, and decide to turn Melissa in. Mona drives Spencer to the police station, and Aria tells Emily and Hanna the truth about The Jenna Thing. When Hanna says that one in four boys sexually abuse their sister, Emily tells her not to believe everything she hears, which causes Hanna's memory to return, and she is horrified when she remembers who "A" is: Mona.
Spencer is hesitant about turning in Melissa, but Mona comforts her and convinces her otherwise. Moments later, Spencer receives a text from Emily, telling her that Mona is "A". When she receives several more from the girls, who are worrying about what Mona will do, Mona realizes that they finally figured it out. While Aria, Emily and Hanna go to the police station to tell Darren that Mona is "A", Mona drives Spencer to Floating Man's Quarry, where she explains that she saw what happened on the night of The Jenna Thing, and when Maya moved in, she found Alison's diary, which contained the girls' secrets. Using the information to her advantage, she got a new phone and became "A" to get revenge on the girls for blinding Jenna. Spencer accuses Mona of killing Alison, but Mona says that it was Ian who killed her, as Alison had blackmailed him about their relationship.
Spencer secretly calls Darren, who overhears her conversation with Mona and learns of their location. Mona tells Spencer that she originally planned to frame her for Alison's murder, but recently grew to like her, and thus decided to frame Melissa to do Spencer a favor. She then offers Spencer her life in return that she becomes "A" with her, as they could pin the blame on someone else. Spencer refuses and Mona attacks her. They fight on the cliff's edge, and in the struggle, Spencer accidentally pushes Mona off the cliff to her death. Aria, Emily and Hanna arrive on the scene with Darren and police, and find Mona's body and an unconscious Spencer.

text: Second Arc[edit]

text:
Book #
Title
Publication Date
ISBN
Pages

5
Wicked
November 25, 2008[9]
978-0-06-156607-3
310[9]

A new "A" begins making threats. Ian denies being Ali's killer.
Emily finds herself confused about her sexuality once again, as she now has feelings for a boy she met at church, Christian singer Isaac. Emily tries to date Isaac without him finding out about her orientation, though "A" keeps interfering. Emily tells Isaac about Maya and he then hugs her and tell her that he accepts her for who she is.
Hanna, still overcome with shock after discovering Mona Vanderwaal was really "A", can't seem to catch a break. She now has trouble with her stepsister Kate Randall. At a party at a hotel opening, Hanna and Kate continue to fight over title of "Queen Bee". Hanna and Lucas break up after Hanna tells everyone that Kate has herpes at a party to sabotage her. Eventually, Hanna's father forbids her from talking to anyone except Kate.
Aria has feelings for a man, Xavier, who she met at an art show; however, he ends up meeting and dating her mother through an online match site. This puts her at risk of hurting her mother again and further damaging their newly repaired relationship. Aria moves in with Meredith and Byron to avoid Xavier as his true intentions will jeopardize Aria and Ella's relationship.
After a shock at her gran's will reading and her family neglecting her, Spencer comes to believe that she is adopted and starts searching a reuniting website for answers.
In the end, Spencer, Emily, Aria, and Hanna find Ian's body in the woods behind Spencer's house, but when they return with the police, the body is missing. Wilden sort of pushes it off, and begins the search hours after the girls had shared their story.

6
Killer
June 30, 2009[10]
978-0-06-156611-0
321[10]

The girls discover that the person they think is Ali's murderer — Ian Thomas — has actually been framed, and they start to wonder if the new "A" really wants to threaten them or just to solve the mystery.
Spencer meets a woman named Olivia Caldwell who she thinks is her real mother, and attempts to move to New York, but it turns out to be a scam and she loses her college money.
Hanna and Kate compete for the affections of Aria's brother Mike Montgomery.
Aria falls in love with Jason DiLaurentis again.
Emily has sex with her new boyfriend Isaac, whose mother finds out and banishes Emily from their house without Isaac knowing. At the opening party for Radley, a former so-called "haven for troubled youth", Emily finds proof that Jason DiLaurentis had been a patient there, and soon Hanna, Aria, and Emily all come to believe that Jason and Darren Wilden had something to do with Ali's murder.
Ian Thomas confirms their suspicions about Darren and Jason right before someone sets the woods behind Spencer's house to fire. Although at first they had their doubts about Ian being alive, they are now confident he is.
While Aria is trying to get to Spencer's barn to show them Ali's flag from 6th grade, she finds someone caught in the woods because of the fire, saves this person, and then they all recognize her as Ali.

7
Heartless
January 19, 2010[11]
978-0-06-156614-1
274[11]

After the fire, no one believes the girls when they insist that they saw Alison.
"A" sends Emily to Lancaster, where Emily comes to believe that Ali was not the girl in the hole, but that Wilden has murdered a girl named Leah and covered it up by making it seem like it was Ali.
Aria begins a relationship with Noel Kahn, after he defends her at a party. She visits a medium, who produces a message in Ali's handwriting that states that "Ali killed Ali." This leads her to believe that Ali might have committed suicide.
Hanna's father sends her to a clinic to prevent her eating disorder from reappearing due to stress, where she befriends a troubled girl named Iris. Hanna has more dreams about Ali, which causes her to suspect that Iris had something to do with Ali's death.
"A" reveals to Spencer that her father had an affair (and that Alison is Spencer's half-sister), making her suspicious of her mother.
The Liars are arrested for Ali's murder. They realize that "A" has tricked each of them into believing someone else killed Ali. However, a man named Billy Ford is soon arrested for murdering Alison and Jenna Cavanaugh. Everyone now believes Ian is dead.

8
Wanted
June 8, 2010[12]
978-0-06-156617-2
259[12]

Aria, Hanna, Emily and Spencer are shocked to learn of the existence of Alison's twin sister, Courtney, when she's introduced at a press conference. Courtney had spent her life in institutions due to "health issues" and her existence was kept secret by her family. It is revealed that Jason was not a patient at the Radley but instead he was visiting Courtney. She was finally released and went home to Rosewood, where she attempts to resume her sister's life and begins tentative friendships with Ali's old friends. She later reveals that she's actually Ali, the real Courtney had pretended to be her on the night of Ali's disappearance, and she was the one who was killed. When she had tried to tell her family who she was, they didn't believe her because Courtney was notorious for pretending to be Ali, and sent her back to the institution in Courtney's place. The girls are thrilled that Ali is back, and jump at the chance to go with her to the family's house in the Poconos after a school dance.
On the way there, Spencer gets a frantic call from her mother telling her that Melissa has disappeared. Spencer had begun to believe that her sister was the one who killed Ali and that she may be after the rest of them, but once they arrive at the house it's revealed that Ali is the killer. They discover that the girl they were friends with years ago was actually Courtney, and the real Ali was stuck in an institution. She had killed Courtney for ruining her life, attempted to kill the girls in the forest fire, tried to have them arrested, and is now going to kill them by setting the house on fire.
They're able to escape after stumbling onto Ian's body hidden in a closet and releasing a bound Melissa, who Ali had kidnapped and was planning to kill as well. Ali is trapped inside the house and it's assumed she died in the fire, although her body is never found.
After learning that her ex-husband shipped Hanna off to a mental institution, Ashley Marin transfers back to Rosewood and kicks Hanna's father, Isabel and Kate out of the house, thrilling Hanna. Hanna and Mike get back together.
Meredith goes into labor, giving birth to a girl named Lola. Aria and Noel get back together after it is revealed that Ali kissed him, not the other way around, and Ella breaks up with Xavier after learning of his inappropriate behavior towards Aria.
Spencer's father proclaims that even though he and her mother may not get back together, things are going to change for the better in their family, and Spencer and Melissa grow closer after almost being killed.
Emily buries everything she can find that reminds her of Ali at Courtney's grave, hoping she can finally find closure, but is unsure of whether the noises she hears at the cemetery are real or imagined. And somewhere, a new girl starts her senior year at an anonymous school, a girl whose name just so happens to be an anagram of Alison DiLaurentis. The reader is left wondering if Alison is alive.

text: Third Arc[edit]

text:
Book #
Title
Publication Date
ISBN
Pages

9
Twisted
July 5, 2011[13]
978-0-06-208101-8
305[13]

The book begins with the girls vacationing in Jamaica and Emily seeing a girl who she believes is Ali. Throughout the rest of the book, details about that fateful vacation emerge.
In the meantime, Noel, Aria's boyfriend, has an exchange student, from Finland, come to live with him. Instead of being the nerdy boy, Klaudius, that Noel expected, the exchange student turns out to be a gorgeous blonde, Klaudia, who tries to steal Noel from Aria. Aria ends up accidentally pushing Klaudia off of a ski lift as an act of self-defense; however, Klaudia uses that information against Aria. By that point, Aria and Noel's relationship is shaky and uncertain.
Emily meets a new girl, Chloe, who moves into the Cavanaugh's old house. They immediately become good friends, bonding over Chloe's baby sister, Grace. Emily has now given up hope of getting a swim scholarship, her only option for college. Chloe's dad offers to help but also hits on Emily, even making sexual moves towards her. Chloe walks in on her dad kissing Emily, but thinks that it's Emily who is wrecking her family (her father had previously been cheating).
Hanna's dad runs for senator of Pennsylvania. Patrick, somebody who's helping out at the set, offers Hanna a modeling job, but he takes some naughty pictures and threatens her with them, saying he will release them to the public and ruin her dads' chances of becoming senator, unless she gives him $10,000. Hanna steals money from her dad and frames Jeremiah, a mean man who is also working on set.
Spencer's mom has begun to date Nicholas Pennythistle, the father of snobby Amelia and her brother Zach, in whom Spencer develops a romantic interest. When they go out dancing, she kisses him, only to find out Zach is gay. When the Hastings and Pennythistles travel to New York together, Spencer and Zach drunkenly fall asleep in the same bed. During the night, Spencer had kicked off her clothes because she was hot, leaving her in her blouse and underwear. The next morning Mr. Pennythistle wakes them both up by entering the room. Their indecent clothing and close proximity leads Mr. Pennythistle to believe that they had slept together and acts violent. Spencer tells him that Zach didn't touch her and that he's gay, hoping to help, but Mr. Pennythistle becomes furious and sends Zach to military school. Zach and Spencer's friendship ends, Zach leaving Spencer with the words "Rot in hell, bitch".
The girls start to get messages from a new "A", and believe it's Ali and that she somehow survived the fall from the building. In the end of the book, the news turns on and a teenage girl's dead body was found floating in the water in Jamaica. They identify this girl as Tabitha Clark from New Jersey. The cops believe her death was a tragic accident - not a murder. The girls realize they killed an innocent girl.

10
Ruthless
December 6, 2011[14]
978-0-06-208186-5
338[14]

It is revealed that last summer while Spencer was taking AP courses at Penn, she began taking speed pills as a way to help with studying. After being arrested by the police for possession, she arranges for Hanna to help her frame her roommate, Kelsey, as a dealer, in order for Spencer to not face charges. After landing the role of Lady Macbeth in the school play, the stress and guilt begin to take their toll on Spencer, causing her to have frequent hallucinations in which she is haunted by Kelsey and Tabitha. She becomes paranoid and begins to believe Kelsey is "A" and is taking revenge on her for being framed.
Emily accidentally meets Kelsey at a party and is instantly smitten with her. She and Kelsey grow close, much to Spencer's disapproval. After Emily is hurt by Spencer's remarks about her love for Alison, she angrily tells Kelsey that Spencer framed her for the drug possession. Depressed, Kelsey overdoses and attempts to throw herself into the quarry where Mona died, but Emily saves her and Kelsey is sent to the Preserve for treatment. While visiting Kelsey, the girls realize that Tabitha was also a patient at the Preserve and was the same age as Alison and Courtney.
Hanna's father asks her to help with the social media aspect of his campaigning. She meets a boy named Liam, who she falls for, despite knowing he is the son of her father's political opponent. They break up when she learns he has been seeing multiple other girls while dating her, and reconciles with Mike.
After Aria is dumped by Noel, she seeks out comfort in Ezra, in hopes of rekindling their romance. However, things are strained between them, and Aria eventually goes back into a relationship with Noel, after discovering Ezra and Klaudia being intimate.
The Liars attempt to circumvent "A's" threats by coming clean about their secrets, with varied success. Meanwhile, "A" becomes more violent, shoving Emily down a hill at Stockbridge trail. "A" sends Spencer an email of Tabitha on the beach with a head injury, indicating that "A" was the one who disposed of Tabitha's body. "A" taunts the Liars, stating they will never discover "A's" true identity. Kelsey cannot be A. Emily and Spencer have their biggest rivalry.

11
Stunning
June 5, 2012[15]
978-0-06-208189-6
302[15]

The Liars begin to suspect a woman, Gayle, might be "A", when she comes to Rosewood and begins to harass them; it is revealed that Emily backed out of a deal to let Gayle adopt her daughter in exchange for $50,000 paid under the table. Emily finds herself reconnecting with Isaac while attempting to tell him about her pregnancy, but she fears the repercussions of such a confession.
Spencer visits Princeton hoping to join an Eating Club, but "A" interferes and spikes Spencer's pot brownies with LSD and Ritalin.
Aria panics when she finds out Noel's father is a drag queen and ends up putting her relationship with Noel at risk when "A" threatens Aria to expose Noel's father photo publicly.
On a tip from "A", Hanna begins spying on Mike's new girlfriend, Colleen. Later she becomes publicly humiliated by "A" when she sends everybody a video of Hanna stalking Colleen, and her desperate ways of getting Mike back.
Gayle is murdered by "A" and it is revealed that she was Tabitha's stepmother. Tabitha's father speaks at Gayle's funeral, and announces that Tabitha's autopsy showed no trace of alcohol, meaning that she was murdered. He thus plans to re-open the investigation into her death, and threatens the killer that he will find him, both Gayle's and Tabitha's killer. The girls get very nervous about this.

12
Burned
December 4, 2012[16]
978-0-06-208192-6
319[16]

It is revealed that prior to the events of Twisted, the Liars covered up Hanna's involvement in a car accident that left another girl, Madison, badly injured. While on a school-sponsored cruise in the Caribbean, the Liars uncover clues that suggest "A" is more than one person. They begin to suspect Naomi Zeigler of being "A", after she befriends Hanna (who is unaware that Madison is Naomi's cousin) and attempts to sabotage Spencer's new relationship. Aria becomes friends with a boy named Graham, only to discover he is Tabitha's ex-boyfriend, leading the Liars come to believe that Naomi and Graham are working together as "A". Meanwhile, Emily falls for a stowaway, Jordan, unaware that she is a thief on the run from the authorities.
After an explosion on the boat, the Liars go off on their own to bury "evidence" of their connection to Tabitha (Tabitha's locket, which "A" had planted for Noel to find). "A" tampers with their lifeboat, nearly stranding them in the middle of the ocean. The near-death experience pushes the girls into wanting to confess about killing Tabitha. However, as they make plans to come clean about everything, they discover that they were not responsible for Tabitha's death at all: She had been bludgeoned to death by "A".
The Liars finally come to believe that "A" is, in fact, Alison, as Emily reveals that she may have helped Alison escape the burning Poconos house in Wanted. Suspiciously though Naomi was at Gayle's funeral.

text: Fourth Arc[edit]

text:
Book #
Title
Publication Date
ISBN
Pages

13
Crushed
June 4, 2013
978-0-06-219971-3
340

Weeks before the annual Rosewood Day Prom, the four girls are put under much stress. They break down and try being one step ahead of "A", and marking off who their suspects could be. In this novel it is revealed there are two people working as A. Spencer, Hanna, and Emily agree that the main suspect is Noel Kahn, Aria's boyfriend. Aria doesn't want to believe it but the facts tell her otherwise. He was on the trip to Jamaica, he went to Iceland. He was good friends with Ali (he loved her), and he visited her in the Preserve when she was there. He knew about the twins. He knew enough to make him look like A. Emily tries getting information of out of Ali's old friends, Iris, (who we met in ''Heartless). Iris tells Emily little tidbits of Ali, and at Prom Iris recognizes Noel and for sure he was Ali's secret boyfriend who visited her. Spencer finds an internet blogger, who blogs about Alison DiLaurentis theories. She meets him and actually ends up liking him, finding his name is Chase. He helps Spencer get information on Alison. Hanna, in an attempt to get information on a burned victim from the last book, Graham, starts volunteering at the Burn Clinic. There, Graham is still in a coma and right when he's about to wake up, he dies -all the information is kept hidden for good. Aria, worried and paranoid about what happened last summer, is trying to handle things with Noel being A, even though she doesn't want to believe it. At Prom, Noel admits to loving Ali, and Aria, furious, freaks out and asks Noel if Ali is still alive. He says he doesn't know. While Aria is attempting to get away, Noel pins her to the ground. Spencer, Hanna, and Emily arrive and Noel flees. The morning later, Hanna gets a text from A saying to go to the shed in the Rosewood Day back. She and the three other girls go, and just in case bring Cops and police and inside is a supposedly unconscious Noel tied up to a chair. It is not revealed if Noel is dead or alive. The girls get a text, signed by A, informing them that they've failed to make progress, Noel wasn't A, and they are back where they started.

14
Deadly
December 3, 2013[17]
978-0-06-219974-4
320

The book starts out as the real Alison DiLaurentis is limping out of the burning house in her vacation home right after she tried to kill the liars. It's seemingly said in the start that she survived by the help of "Helper A" her boyfriend. Aria visits Noel in the hospital and it is shown that he is in fact still alive. Agent Fuji comes to the girls after they are arrested for the charges they have committed over the past year. The girls finally admit to Agent Fuji about "A" and told her that all of their charges had to be dropped. They also told her that they thought that Alison was still alive and that they needed 24-hour protection of their family. Agent Fuji tells the girls to give her all of the "A" notes and the girls do as they are told. As a result of telling the police, "A" gave the police a fake security video of the girls beating up Tabitha before she is killed. The police arrest all of them and told the girls that all of the texts from "A" had come from their phones. The girls are put on bail and go home. Emily's family seem to hate her and Emily and Carolyn get into a fight. As this happens Emily's mom has a heart attack. Hanna's father wants nothing to do with her because it will hurt the campaign. After their hearing they are sentenced to go to trial in Jamaica the next day. Certain to find "A" they go searching. They find a house by Hanna's fathers office and go inside. It is small and disgusting. As they are walking in Nick Maxwell comes in pointing a gun at the girls. He is "Helper A" Real Ali's boyfriend. The girls all know him as someone else. Spencer knows him as Phineas, a guy at Penn's summer program who sold her study drugs. Hanna knew him as Jackson, the bartender who kept on giving Madison drinks and refusing to get a cab, resulting in Hanna getting in a wreck with Madison. Emily knew him as Derrick, a friend she had at her job, telling him all of her secrets. And Aria knew him as Olaf, a guy she stole The Starry Night with while vacationing in Iceland. Right as they realized what was happening Alison shows up with a gun and tells the girls to get in the basement. They girls do as they are told and the go down. They see a mural of Ali on the wall and they are confused. Ali tells them that after she kills them that it is going to look like they did it to be with Ali because they were sad that she was gone. Astonished the girls ask questions. After, Nick and Ali grab gas masks and turn on a poisonous gas. They girls awake in the hospital and Agent Fuji tells them that Nick Maxwell was caught but not Ali. In the epilogue Ali is running away and goes to a little house that Nick didn't know of. She has money and reveals that she is going to lure someone else to kill with her again.

15
Toxic
June 3, 2014[18]
9780062287014
336

With A apparently arrested, the girls attempt to move on with their lives. Hanna gets a film offer, and Spencer starts an anti-bullying campaign. However, it is soon revealed that the real A is still seeking vengeance.

16
Vicious
December 2, 2014[19]
9780062287045

After being falsely accused of killing Alison, the girls seek to outwit her and avoid jail time.

text: Companion novels[edit]

text:
Book #
Title
Publication Date
ISBN
Pages

0.6
Alison's Pretty Little Diary
September 6, 2010
978-0-06-223336-3
14

Ali made changed the lives of The Liars forever. But now thanks to this diary never seen before, you finally know what Alison was thinking in the day she picked those four girls to be her new best friends.

4.5
Pretty Little Secrets
January 3, 2012[20]
978-0-06-212591-0
464[20]

Set between Unbelievable and Wicked, the book is told from the point of view of the second "A", Alison DiLaurentis, as she spies on the girls during their Christmas vacation. The novel is divided into a series of four short stories, with each one focusing on the exploits of a specific girl.
Spencer: Spencer and her family go to Nana Hastings mansion in Florida, and Spencer falls in love with a tennis player named Colin at the country club. Melissa seems to be helping Spencer win Colin's heart, but Colin ends up taking an interest in Melissa. During the trip, Spencer and her mother also run into Mrs. DiLaurentis several times, and Spencer is confused by her mother's strange behavior around Mrs DiLaurentis. Spencer also decides to fight for Colin. After Colin dumps Melissa to go out with her, Spencer and Melissa discover that Colin's actually 33 years old and also has a wife and child. Spencer and Melissa decide to team up to get revenge on Colin by putting crushed Viagra in his Aminospa vitamin water right before his important tennis game. In the end, they all have a fun vacation, but Spencer worries that someone has been following her. Melissa and Spencer seem to briefly make up in this, hence the sisters' wary friendship in Wicked.
Emily: Emily is asked to go undercover as Santa Claus at the new mall, in order to catch 4 girls who work as elves there, who are suspected of vandalizing Christmas decorations around town, including Emily's mom's baby Jesus ceramic figure. The 4 girls, who call themselves the "Merry Elves", take a liking to Emily, and it's revealed that one of the girls, Cassie, was close with Alison. Emily accompanies the girls on their biggest prank yet, but Emily's mom uses her phone to track her, and the Merry Elves get caught. Eventually, the elves forgive Emily after she bails them out of jail. In the end, everyone realizes the true meaning of Christmas, but Emily can't shake off the weird feeling that someone is following her. It is revealed that A is blonde (she will later be revealed as Alison) as Emily sees a blonde figure run off.
Hanna: Hanna joins a boot camp after thinking she gained too much weight at a holiday party. She develops feelings for the instructor, Vince. She also develops a rival, Dinah, another girl who also likes Vince. After competing for Vince's affection, she and Dinah become friends after catching Kate making out with the mall's new Santa (prior to Emily), something which Hanna also photographs. After agreeing to stop chasing Vince, she celebrates by going out for drinks with Dinah, where Dinah admits she knew Alison. Hanna goes home drunk, causing her to oversleep. As she arrives at boot camp, she discovers Vince and Dinah kissing, revealing that Dinah only pretended to be friends with Hanna to have Hanna let down her guard. Hanna flees the scene, devastated, and is confronted by Kate, who, after receiving a tip-off, followed Hanna around, taking unflattering photos of her at boot camp, which she threatens to put on Facebook. Hanna counterattacks by showing Kate the pictures of her and Santa, causing Kate to back off. Hanna also improves her relationship with her father, who gives Hanna her grandmother's Cartier locket for Christmas. Hanna has a happy Christmas, despite the fact that she thinks someone other than Kate has been watching her every move. Some of what Dinah said may be true such as she knew Alison. But it is likely she made most of it up to get Hanna's trust.
Aria: Aria goes with her father and Mike to Bear Claw Resort, but leaves to go back home after finding out that Byron invited Meredith along as well. Upon arriving at home, Aria's surprised to see Halbjorn, an old boyfriend of hers from Iceland. Halbjorn tells her that he's running from the Icelandic police who're after him because he protested against the demolition of a puffin sanctuary. Unfortunately, his travel visa only lasts for a week. Aria proposes the idea of marrying him, and the two head off to Atlantic City to elope. At the hotel, they attend a magic show involving two panthers, which greatly angers Halbjorn, who cares a lot about the environment. After getting married the following day, which requires Aria to forge her mother's signature and lie about her age, they go to the place where the panthers are kept. After convincing Halbjorn not to release the panthers, they go back to the hotel. The next morning, Aria wakes up to find Halbjorn gone and his clothes missing as well. On the lobby's TV, Aria sees that Halbjorn ended up releasing the panthers anyway. Aria goes to the courthouse and confesses to lying about her age and forging her mother's signature, making the marriage null and void. Upon returning to Rosewood, she is joined by Mike and Byron, who know nothing about her marriage. As they watch TV, it shows that Halbjorn has been caught, and it also reveals that he's done these sorts of things in the past, including trying to blow up a demolition office. Aria's satisfied with breaking up with him, but is paranoid about someone following her. In Wicked, it's briefly stated that Aria and Meredith did converse about the baby.
The book ends with a sign-off from the new "A," (as always) who says that the Liars' lives are going to get a lot worse. All of which comes true...

0.5
Ali’s Pretty Little Lies
January 2, 2013[21]
978-0062233363
304[21]

Before there was "A," there was "Alison DiLaurentis". Boys wanted to date her, girls wanted to be her and somebody wanted her dead.
It's the end of seventh grade, and "Alison DiLaurentis" and her friends are the alpha girls of Rosewood Day. "Ali" runs her clique with an iron fist, and she's got enough dirt on Hanna, Emily, Aria and Spencer to keep them in line. But "Ali's" hiding a dark secret of her own, something so huge it would destroy everything if it ever got out. She's desperate to keep the perfect life she's worked so hard to build, but in Rosewood deadly secrets have deadly consequences.
Set in the weeks leading up to "Ali's" murder, this special Pretty Little Liars tale is told by the prettiest little liar of all: "Ali" herself. For the first time ever, we see how the mystery began—and how "Alison DiLaurentis'" life ended.
Note: This book is titled Ali's Pretty Little Lies but it's actually about her twin sister, Courtney, who pretended to be Alison because she didn't want to go to a psych ward. This book reveals a lot of secrets.


document_title: Frosty the Snowman (film)

question_text: who brought frosty the snowman back to life

root

text: Frosty the Snowman (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: One December afternoon, a little girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after a class Christmas party at school. After several suggestions of what to call their snowman (including "Oatmeal" and "Christopher Columbus"), Karen decides to name him "Frosty." Later, the children acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle. Karen places the hat on top of Frosty's head, and the snowman comes to life (and always says "Happy Birthday!" in response). When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses, he takes it back and departs, pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life. However, the professor's pet rabbit, Hocus Pocus, returns the hat to Frosty and the children.

tag: p

text: Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting away. The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole, where he will never melt, and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station, where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song's lyrics. When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and doesn't know what a traffic light or a lamp post is, the traffic cop lets Frosty go. At the train station, Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car, since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket. As the train is about to leave the station, Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company. With that, Frosty, Karen, and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off. Unbeknownst to them, Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the train, intending to get his hat back.

text: As the train continues up north, however, Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold, so they jump off the train, leaving Hinkle behind once again. Hinkle, seeing them escape, jumps off the train too, but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him. At Frosty's request, Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen. Fearing that Karen still cannot survive for long in the cold weather, Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them. Hocus suggests (by pantomiming) the President of the United States and the United States Marines, before suggesting Santa Claus. Frosty agrees, and promptly takes credit for the idea himself (much to Hocus' annoyance). Hocus hops off to get Santa, but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen's campfire. Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee, this time with Karen riding on Frosty's back as he slides head-first down a hill. At the bottom of the slope, Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias. Despite Karen's objections, Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her, suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up. Unfortunately, an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse.

text: Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle's cruel act. Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow, and that he can never completely disappear, only take the form of summer rain, until next December. With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door, the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form. Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life, as Hocus arrives with the hat, Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat. He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat. Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty, and if he goes home and writes "I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty" a hundred zillion times, he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning, which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies, assuming he may get a new hat. Finally, Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty's head, and the snowman returns to life again. After celebrating, Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole, but promises that Frosty will be back next winter.

text: The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead, singing the "Frosty the Snowman" song. Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle, who is proudly wearing his new top hat. At the end of the parade, Frosty gets back into Santa's waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole, with Frosty proclaiming, "I'll be back on Christmas Day!"

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Jackie Vernon as Frosty
Jimmy Durante as himself (Narrator)
June Foray as Karen (original airing), schoolteacher, and Karen's friends (original airing)
Suzanne Davidson as Karen (later airings, uncredited)
Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle
Paul Frees as the traffic cop, ticket man, and Santa Claus

tag: ul

text: Production credits[edit]

text:
Produced and Directed by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass
Written by Romeo Muller
Based on the Original Song by Steve Nelson, Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill-Range Songs
Production Designer: Paul Coker, Jr.
Continuity Designer: Don Duga
Animation Production by Mushi Studio
Supervising Director: Steve Nakagawa
Animation Director: Osamu Dezaki (uncredited)
Animation: Akio Sugino, Sadao Miyamoto (both uncredited)
Music Composed and Directed by Maury Laws
Sound Effects Engineers: Jim Harris, Phil Kaye
Supervising Film Editing: Irwin Goldress

text: © 1969 Videocraft International Limited

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Released by Rhino on October 1, 2002, the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin' to Town, the Rankin/Bass special produced in 1970. This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials.

text: The track listing is as follows:

text:
Medley: Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town...Be Prepared To Pay 25:18
Medley: Put One Foot In Front Of The Other...Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town (finale) 24:55
Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration (Beginning) 13:45
Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration (Conclusion) 11:48
Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town (Soundtrack Version) 1:50
Frosty The Snowman (Soundtrack Version) 1:04

tag: ol

text: Television rights[edit]

text: In the United States, CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program (under license from the current copyright holder, Universal Television, and still airs it yearly with the CBS-produced sequel Frosty Returns (see below). The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada. The special also airs on Freeform in some territories. However, CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty's Winter Wonderland (that special currently airs on Freeform's 25 Days of Christmas each year), which prompted CBS to produce its own "sequel" of sorts, Frosty Returns (see below).

text: Home media[edit]

text: VHS and LaserDisc[edit]

text: Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993, with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s. It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992. Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases, the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin' to Town, the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special, A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992. In 1998, Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS, and also paired it with these other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets.

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004, and by Genius Entertainment in 2007. Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu-ray on October 12, 2010, and on the DVD/Blu-ray combo pack on November 6, 2012. Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns. On September 8, 2015, Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin' to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector's Edition on Blu-ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer in 2014.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Frosty returned in several sequels:

text:
Frosty's Winter Wonderland – This 1976 sequel by Rankin/Bass was also written by Romeo Muller. Narration is provided by Andy Griffith (Durante had suffered a stroke that had forced his retirement in 1972 and eventually killed him). Jackie Vernon once again reprised his role as the voice of Frosty. Animation is produced by Topcraft in Japan. Unlike the original, the sequel takes place later in the winter season and is based upon the 1934 song "Winter Wonderland;" it features Frosty's pursuit of a wife and efforts to preserve him into the springtime. Furthermore, it makes no mention whatsoever of Christmas; in fact it could be considered more a "winter solstice" special than a Christmas special as it celebrates the season of winter.
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July – This 1979 Rankin/Bass feature-length sequel was filmed in "Animagic" stop-motion animation in the style of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph's Shiny New Year. While the Frosty specials were 30 minutes long, and the Rudolph specials were 60 minutes, this ambitious special was feature length, at 97 minutes long (120 minutes on television, including commercials). Vernon once again played the role of Frosty, in his last time for Rankin/Bass playing the voice of Frosty. This film features Frosty and his family as supporting characters. This is the only other Frosty cartoon to mention Christmas or Santa Claus in addition to the 1969 original.
Frosty Returns – This 1992 half-hour special is not truly a sequel to the 1969 classic, as it was produced not by Rankin/Bass but by CBS. The characters, setting, voices and animation (by Bill Melendez) are vastly different. Despite this, it is shown with the original special every year on CBS and was even included as a bonus on its DVD release. John Goodman provides the voice of Frosty in this special, and Jonathan Winters serves as narrator. Frosty's appearance is physically different, his personality and humor have changed, and he has the ability to live without his top hat, in direct contrast with the original and its other sequels. Also in contrast to the original specials, the special avoids all mention of Christmas (despite the special portraying the beginning of winter) and has an environmentalist theme, as Frosty works to stop a corporate executive whose product wipes out snow packs with one spray.
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman – This 2005 straight-to-video film was produced by Classic Media, the previous rights holder for the original Rankin/Bass special, and the remainder of their pre-1974 library. This movie has been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin/Bass special and the CBS sequel, and has also aired on Cartoon Network. The appearance of Frosty resembles much more the Rankin/Bass character design from their original animation, and Professor Hinkle returns in two cameo appearances – shown in a picture and flashback. Frosty is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke, best known as the voice of Patrick Star on SpongeBob SquarePants. And it, like Frosty Returns and Frosty's Winter Wonderland, also never mentions anything to do with Christmas whatsoever.


document_title: There's Something About Mary

question_text: where is there's something about mary filmed

question_tokens: where is there 's something about mary filmed

text: There's Something About Mary

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1985, 16-year-old high school student Ted Stroehmann is about to go on a prom date with his dream girl Mary Jensen when he gets his scrotum stuck in a zipper. He is hospitalized when it bleeds after being unzipped, which cancels their date. Ted subsequently loses contact with Mary.

text: Thirteen years later, in 1998, 29-year-old Ted is still in love with Mary. On the advice of his best friend Dom Woganowski, he hires a private detective named Pat Healy to track her down. Pat discovers that she is an orthopedic surgeon living in Miami with her friend, Magda, and instantly falls in love with Mary as well. He lies to Ted about her, saying she is overweight with four children and confined to a wheelchair, to discourage him from having any contact with her. Pat resorts to lying, cheating, stalking, and drugging Magda's dog to win Mary over, but is exposed by Mary's British architect friend, Tucker, who is heavily reliant on crutches. Pat later feels guilty about lying to Mary and reveals his true self to her. Enraged after overhearing Tucker subsequently slander him as a murderer, Pat tails Tucker and discovers him to be a fraud himself: he is an able-bodied, entirely American pizza delivery boy named Norm Phipps who is also in love with Mary. For years, Norm has been driving away potential rivals through slander, including one oft-mentioned suitor referred to only as "Brett."

text: Meanwhile, Ted decides he still wants to reconnect with Mary and, assisted by Dom, drives down to Florida and discovers the truth about her. Ted seems to have won Mary's love, until an anonymous letter exposes his connection with Pat, and she breaks contact with him. Ted confronts Pat and Norm, and Mary is accosted by Dom, who is revealed to be her ex-boyfriend "Woogie" that she has a restraining order against. He wants to reconnect with her as well, which she quickly refuses. When Mary is finally together with all of her deceitful suitors, Ted realizes that the only one who did not resort to lying or manipulation to win over Mary was Brett, who he learns is NFL quarterback Brett Favre. After reuniting Brett and Mary, Ted leaves tearfully until Mary catches up to Ted, saying that "I'd be happiest with you".

text: The film concludes with the two engaging in a kiss while singer/songwriter Jonathan Richman, who has periodically narrated the story in song throughout the film, is accidentally shot by Magda's boyfriend, who was trying to shoot Ted so he could win over Mary.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cameron Diaz as Mary Jensen
Ben Stiller as Ted Stroehmann
Matt Dillon as Patrick "Pat" Healy
Chris Elliott as Dom "Woogie" Woganowski
Lee Evans as Tucker and Norm Phipps
Lin Shaye as Magda
Jeffrey Tambor as Sully
Markie Post as Sheila Jensen, Mary's mother
Keith David as Charlie, Mary's stepfather
W. Earl Brown as Warren Jensen, Mary's mentally disabled brother
Sarah Silverman as Brenda, Mary's sarcastic best friend
Khandi Alexander as Joanie
Willie Garson as Dr. Zit Face
Harland Williams as The Hitchhiker
Richard Tyson as Detective Krevoy
Rob Moran as Detective Stabler
Jonathan Richman as The Singing Narrator
Steve Sweeney as Policeman
Lenny Clarke as Fireman

text: Production[edit]

text: The movie was filmed in Miami, Florida. The Big Pink Restaurant is where Healy meets with Sully, the hair gel scene was filmed at the Cardozo Hotel, and the Miami-Dade Cultural Center was the location for the architecture exhibit Mary and Healy attended together. Churchill's Pub was used as a strip club for a scene with Healy.[3] The makeup effects and animatronic animal effects were the handiwork of Makeup Effects Designer Tony Gardner and Alterian, Inc.[4]

text: Besides Ben Stiller, actors Owen Wilson and Jon Stewart were considered potential candidates for the role of Ted Stroehmann.[5] Bill Murray was considered for the role of Pat Healy, but the Farrelly brothers thought he was too old for it.[6][7] Brett Favre plays himself in a cameo that was originally written-for and offered to NFL quarterback Steve Young, but he turned the role down due to the film's coarse nature and was replaced with Favre.[8]

text: Reception [edit]

text: This sleeper hit was the highest-grossing comedy of 1998 in North America as well as the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year. It also catapulted Diaz and Stiller into the limelight. The film made $369 million worldwide, including $176 million in the U.S. alone.[2] The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 25, 1998, and topped the country's box office for the next two weekends.[9][10]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 83% based on 83 reviews, and an average rating of 7/10, with the consensus: "There's Something About Mary proves that unrelentingly, unabashedly puerile humor doesn't necessarily come at the expense of a film's heart."[11] Metacritic gives the film a score of 69 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics.[12]

text: Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, stating "What a blessed relief is laughter. It flies in the face of manners, values, political correctness and decorum. It exposes us for what we are, the only animal with a sense of humor."[13]

text: Gene Siskel ranked the film No.9 on his 10 Best films of 1998 (the final "best of" list he did before passing away).

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #27[14]
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[15]
2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[16]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Romantic Comedy Film[17]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"There's Something About Mary" (Jonathan Richman) – 1:47
"How to Survive a Broken Heart" (Ben Lee) – 2:47
"Every Day Should Be a Holiday" (The Dandy Warhols) – 4:02
"Everything Shines" (The Push Stars) – 2:27
"This Is the Day" (Ivy) – 3:33
"Is She Really Going Out with Him?" (Joe Jackson) – 3:36
"True Love Is Not Nice" (Jonathan Richman) – 2:13
"History Repeating" (The Propellerheads feat. Shirley Bassey) – 4:04
"If I Could Talk I'd Tell You" (The Lemonheads) – 2:51
"Mary's Prayer" (Danny Wilson) – 3:54
"Margo's Waltz" (Lloyd Cole) – 4:01
"Speed Queen" (Zuba) – 3:44
"Let Her Go Into the Darkness" (Jonathan Richman) – 1:19
"Build Me Up Buttercup" (The Foundations) – 2:59[18]


document_title: Mamma Mia! (film)

question_text: what are the dads names in mama mia

question_tokens: what are the dads names in mama mia

text: Mamma Mia! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.

text: Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.

text: Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.

text: At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.

text: In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.

text: Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried  as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an Irish-American architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.

text:
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: The following songs are included in the film, of which 18 (including a hidden track) are on the soundtrack album, and 3 are excluded:

text:
#

Title

Performed by

Original album

Notes

1

"I Have a Dream"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

2

"Honey, Honey"

Sophie, Ali and Lisa (Amanda Seyfried, Ashley Lilley and Rachel McDowall)

Waterloo (1974)

3

"Money, Money, Money"

Donna, Tanya and Rosie (Meryl Streep, Christine Baranski and Julie Walters)

Arrival (1976)

4

"Mamma Mia"

Donna (Meryl Streep)

ABBA (1975)

5

"Chiquitita"

Rosie, Tanya and Donna (Julie Walters, Christine Baranski and Meryl Streep)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

6

"Dancing Queen"

Tanya, Rosie, Donna (Christine Baranski, Julie Walters and Meryl Streep)

Arrival (1976)

7

"Our Last Summer"

Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna (Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried and Meryl Streep)

Super Trouper (1980)

8

"Lay All Your Love on Me"

Sky and Sophie (Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried)

Super Trouper (1980)

9

"Super Trouper"

Donna, Tanya and Rosie (Meryl Streep, Christine Baranski and Julie Walters)

Super Trouper (1980)

10

"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"

Sophie, Ali and Lisa (Amanda Seyfried, Ashley Lilley and Rachel McDowall)

Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (1979)

11

"Voulez-Vous"

Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper (Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Dominic Cooper, Ashley Lilley, Rachel McDowall and Philip Michael)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

12

"The Name of the Game"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

ABBA: The Album (1977)

Deleted scene

13

"SOS"

Sam and Donna (Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep)

ABBA (1975)

14

"Does Your Mother Know"

Tanya and Pepper (Christine Baranski and Philip Michael)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

15

"Slipping Through My Fingers"

Donna and Sophie (Meryl Streep and Amanda Seyfried)

The Visitors (1980)

16

"The Winner Takes It All"

Donna (Meryl Streep)

Super Trouper (1980)

17

"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"

Sam and Donna (Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep)

ABBA (1975)

18

"When All Is Said and Done"

Sam and Donna (Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep)

The Visitors (1980)

19

"Take a Chance on Me"

Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry (Julie Walters, Stellan Skarsgård, Christine Baranski, Philip Michael and Colin Firth)

ABBA: The Album (1977)

20

"Mamma Mia"

Cast

ABBA (1975)

Reprise

21

"I Have a Dream"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

Reprise

22

"Dancing Queen"

Tanya, Rosie, Donna (Christine Baranski, Julie Walters and Meryl Streep)

Arrival (1976)

Reprise

23

"Waterloo"

Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie (Meryl Streep, Julie Walters, Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Stellan Skarsgård, Colin Firth, Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried)

Waterloo (1974)

24

"Thank You for the Music"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

ABBA: The Album (1977)

End credits

tag: table

text: The Musical Director of the film was Grammy-Award winner[3] Martin Lowe, a graduate of the University of Hull.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August/September 2007),[5] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[5] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[5] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.

text: The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[6]

text: The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[7][8]

text: Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[9] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[12] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.

text: The Times gave it four stars out of five,[14] as did Channel 4 (Britain) which said it had "all the swing and sparkle of sequined bell-bottoms."[15] BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[16] The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, stating that the film gave the reviewer a "need to vomit",[17] while Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[18] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together ("Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."),[19] whereas Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[20]

text: The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[21] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[22] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[23] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[24] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[25]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[26]  It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.

text: In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[27] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]

text: When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[28]

text: The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[29] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[30]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Golden Globe Awards[31]
Best Motion Picture: Comedy or Musical—nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture: Comedy or Musical (Meryl Streep)—nominated
BAFTA Awards[32]
Outstanding British Film—nominated
The Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film (Judy Craymer)—nominated
Outstanding Music (Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus)—nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards[33]
Worst Supporting Actor (Pierce Brosnan)—won

text: Home media[edit]

text: In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[34] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.

text: In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[35] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[36]

text:
Sing-along
"The Name of the Game" deleted musical number
Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd

text: The single-disc DVD released in Sweden on 26 November contains all of the following:

text:
Sing-along
"The Name of the Game" deleted musical number
Deleted scenes
Outtakes
The Making of Mamma Mia! featurette
Anatomy of a Musical Number: "Lay All Your Love on Me"
Becoming a Singer featurette
A look inside Mamma Mia! featurette
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" music video
Björn Ulvaeus cameo
Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd
German and English audio
Subtitles in English, German, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic

text: The widescreen single-disc includes a bonus disc which includes:

text:
Limited time only digital copy
Deleted scenes and outtakes
The Making of Mamma Mia! featurette
Anatomy of a Musical Number: "Lay All Your Love on Me"
Becoming a Singer featurette
Behind the scenes with Amanda
On Location in Greece featurette
A Look Inside Mamma Mia! featurette
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" music video
Björn Ulvaeus cameo

text:
Universal Pictures' U-Control[37]
Behind the Hits (details and trivia of the music while the musical performance plays)
Picture-in-picture (access to cast and crew interviews and behind the scene while the movie plays)

text: A bonus disc is included in a separate case and bundled with the movie, and includes:[38]

text:
A Talented Trio: The Creators of Mamma Mia! (creator bios)
Christine Baranski and the Boys (choreography of "Does Your Mother Know?")
Breaking Down "Voulez-Vous" (choreography)
More of "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" (choreography)
Meryl's Big Number (choreography of "Mamma Mia")
VH1's 10 Most Excellent Things: Mamma Mia! (documentary clip)

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios told The Daily Mail that it would take a while, but there could be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there are still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[39]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[40] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[41] On June 1, 2017, it was announced that Seyfried would be returning as Sophie.[42] Later that month, Dominic Cooper confirmed in an interview that he would be returning for the sequel along with Streep, Firth and Brosnan.[43] In July 2017, Baranski was confirmed to return as Tanya.[44] That same month, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[45] Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies are also set to portray younger versions of Sam and Rosie, respectively.[46] Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård will also return as Rosie and Bill.[47]


document_title: Samsung Galaxy Core Prime

question_text: when was the samsung galaxy core prime released

text: Samsung Galaxy Core Prime

text:
Samsung Galaxy Core Prime on display

Brand
Samsung Galaxy

Manufacturer
Samsung Electronics

Series
Samsung Galaxy Core

Model

SM-G360H
SM-G360BT SM-G360V

Compatible networks
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE): 850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz;
3G (HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbit/s): HSDPA 850/‒900/‒1900/‒2100 MHz;
4G LTE (Cat4 150/50 Mbit/s): 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, and 2600 MHz

First released
November 2014; 3 years ago (2014-11)

Predecessor
Samsung Galaxy Core II

Type
Touchscreen smartphone

Dimensions
130.8 mm (5.15 in) H
67.9 mm (2.67 in) W
8.8 mm (0.35 in) D

Weight
130 g (4.6 oz)

Operating system
Android 4.4.4 KitKat
upgradable to Android Lollipop 5.0.2[1][2][3][4] or 5.1.1[5][6][7]

System on chip
Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410
Spreadtrum SC8830 (SM-G360H)

CPU
ARM-A7 1.2 GHz quad-core CPU (SM-G360H)

GPU
Adreno 306
Mali-400MP (SM-360H)

Memory
1 GB RAM

Storage
8 GB

Removable storage
microSD, microSDXC up to 128 GB

Battery
2000 mAh Li-ion

Data inputs
Accelerometer
Proximity sensor

Display
4.5 in (110 mm) 480×800 px (207 dpi)

Rear camera
5 Megapixel with LED flash

Front camera
2 Megapixel

Website
Official Website

text: The Samsung Galaxy Core Prime (also known as the Galaxy Prevail LTE in Boost Mobile) is an Android smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The Galaxy Core Prime features a 4.5 in (110 mm) WVGA display, 4G LTE connectivity and Android Kitkat 4.4.4.[8] Some variants can be upgraded to Lollipop 5.0.2[1][2][3][4] or Lollipop 5.1.1.[5][6][7] The 4G version of Samsung Galaxy Core Prime (SM-360FY/DS) was launched on 2 June 2015.[9]

text: In Brazil, Core Prime is marketed under the name Win 2, a model optionally with Digital TV.[10]

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Optional Dual SIM
4.5" 480 x 800 TFT display with 207dpi (xdpi: 197, ydpi: 192)
Android OS version 4.4.4 KitKat available to update to Lollipop 5.0.2 or 5.1.1 operating system with TouchWiz UI
Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53 processor
Adreno 306/Mali 400MP GPU
1 GB of RAM
Snapdragon 410 chipset/Spreadtrum SC8830
8 GB built-in storage, microSD card slot (up to 128 GB)
5 MP camera with LED flash, 720p video recording, 2MP front-facing camera
Cat. 4 LTE (150/50Mbit/s); Wi-Fi b/g/n; Bluetooth 4.0; NFC; GPS; microUSB, FM radio
2,000 mAh battery.


document_title: Eclipse

question_text: what is the shadow of an eclipse called

question_tokens: what is the shadow of an eclipse called

text: Eclipse

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term is derived from the ancient Greek noun ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis), which means "the abandonment", "the downfall", or "the darkening of a heavenly body", which is derived from the verb ἐκλείπω (ekleípō) which means "to abandon", "to darken", or "to cease to exist,"[2] a combination of prefix ἐκ- (ek-), from preposition ἐκ (ek), "out," and of verb λείπω (leípō), "to be absent".[3][4]

text: Umbra, penumbra and antumbra[edit]

text: For any two objects in space, a line can be extended from the first through the second. The latter object will block some amount of light being emitted by the former, creating a region of shadow around the axis of the line. Typically these objects are moving with respect to each other and their surroundings, so the resulting shadow will sweep through a region of space, only passing through any particular location in the region for a fixed interval of time. As viewed from such a location, this shadowing event is known as an eclipse.[5]

text: Typically the cross-section of the objects involved in an astronomical eclipse are roughly disk shaped.[5] The region of an object's shadow during an eclipse is divided into three parts:[6]

text:
The umbra, within which the object completely covers the light source. For the Sun, this light source is the photosphere.
The antumbra, extending beyond the tip of the umbra, within which the object is completely in front of the light source but too small to completely cover it.
The penumbra, within which the object is only partially in front of the light source.

text: A total eclipse occurs when the observer is within the umbra, an annular eclipse when the observer is within the antumbra, and a partial eclipse when the observer is within the penumbra. During a lunar eclipse only the umbra and penumbra are applicable. This is because Earth's apparent diameter from the viewpoint of the Moon is nearly four times that of the Sun. The same terms may be used analogously in describing other eclipses, e.g., the antumbra of Deimos crossing Mars, or Phobos entering Mars's penumbra.

text: The first contact occurs when the eclipsing object's disc first starts to impinge on the light source; second contact is when the disc moves completely within the light source; third contact when it starts to move out of the light; and fourth or last contact when it finally leaves the light source's disc entirely.

text: For spherical bodies, when the occulting object is smaller than the star, the length (L) of the umbra's cone-shaped shadow is given by:

text: where Rs is the radius of the star, Ro is the occulting object's radius, and r is the distance from the star to the occulting object. For Earth, on average L is equal to 1.384×106 km, which is much larger than the Moon's semimajor axis of 3.844×105 km. Hence the umbral cone of the Earth can completely envelop the Moon during a lunar eclipse.[7] If the occulting object has an atmosphere, however, some of the luminosity of the star can be refracted into the volume of the umbra. This occurs, for example, during an eclipse of the Moon by the Earth—producing a faint, ruddy illumination of the Moon even at totality.

text: On Earth, the shadow cast during an eclipse moves very approximately at 1 km per sec. This depends on the location of the shadow on the Earth and the angle in which it is moving.[8]

text: Eclipse cycles[edit]

text: An eclipse cycle takes place when eclipses in a series are separated by a certain interval of time. This happens when the orbital motions of the bodies form repeating harmonic patterns. A particular instance is the saros, which results in a repetition of a solar or lunar eclipse every 6,585.3 days, or a little over 18 years. Because this is not a whole number of days, successive eclipses will be visible from different parts of the world.[9]

text: Earth–Moon system[edit]

text: An eclipse involving the Sun, Earth, and Moon can occur only when they are nearly in a straight line, allowing one to be hidden behind another, viewed from the third. Because the orbital plane of the Moon is tilted with respect to the orbital plane of the Earth (the ecliptic), eclipses can occur only when the Moon is close to the intersection of these two planes (the nodes). The Sun, Earth and nodes are aligned twice a year (during an eclipse season), and eclipses can occur during a period of about two months around these times. There can be from four to seven eclipses in a calendar year, which repeat according to various eclipse cycles, such as a saros.

text: Between 1901 and 2100 there are the maximum of seven eclipses in:[10]

text:
four (penumbral) lunar and three solar eclipses: 1908, 2038.
four solar and three lunar eclipses: 1918, 1973, 2094.
five solar and two lunar eclipses: 1934.

text: Excluding penumbral lunar eclipses, there are a maximum of seven eclipses in:[11]

text: 1591, 1656, 1787, 1805, 1918, 1935, 1982, and 2094.

text: Solar eclipse[edit]

text: As observed from the Earth, a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun. The type of solar eclipse event depends on the distance of the Moon from the Earth during the event. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the umbra portion of the Moon's shadow. When the umbra does not reach the surface of the Earth, the Sun is only partially occulted, resulting in an annular eclipse. Partial solar eclipses occur when the viewer is inside the penumbra.[12]

text: The eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's diameter that is covered by the Moon. For a total eclipse, this value is always greater than or equal to one. In both annular and total eclipses, the eclipse magnitude is the ratio of the angular sizes of the Moon to the Sun.[13]

text: Solar eclipses are relatively brief events that can only be viewed in totality along a relatively narrow track. Under the most favorable circumstances, a total solar eclipse can last for 7 minutes, 31 seconds, and can be viewed along a track that is up to 250 km wide. However, the region where a partial eclipse can be observed is much larger. The Moon's umbra will advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the Earth's surface.

text: During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its size is nearly the same as the Sun's when viewed from the Earth. A total solar eclipse is in fact an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit.

text: When observed at points in space other than from the Earth's surface, the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the Moon. Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the Earth to eclipse the Sun in 1969 and when the Cassini probe observed Saturn to eclipse the Sun in 2006.

text: Lunar eclipse[edit]

text: Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow. This happens only during a full moon, when the Moon is on the far side of the Earth from the Sun. Unlike a solar eclipse, an eclipse of the Moon can be observed from nearly an entire hemisphere. For this reason it is much more common to observe a lunar eclipse from a given location. A lunar eclipse lasts longer, taking several hours to complete, with totality itself usually averaging anywhere from about 30 minutes to over an hour.[14]

text: There are three types of lunar eclipses: penumbral, when the Moon crosses only the Earth's penumbra; partial, when the Moon crosses partially into the Earth's umbra; and total, when the Moon crosses entirely into the Earth's umbra. Total lunar eclipses pass through all three phases. Even during a total lunar eclipse, however, the Moon is not completely dark. Sunlight refracted through the Earth's atmosphere enters the umbra and provides a faint illumination. Much as in a sunset, the atmosphere tends to more strongly scatter light with shorter wavelengths, so the illumination of the Moon by refracted light has a red hue,[15] thus the phrase 'Blood Moon' is often found in descriptions of such lunar events as far back as eclipses are recorded.[16]

text: Historical record[edit]

text: Records of solar eclipses have been kept since ancient times. Eclipse dates can be used for chronological dating of historical records. A Syrian clay tablet, in the Ugaritic language, records a solar eclipse which occurred on March 5, 1223 B.C.,[17] while Paul Griffin argues that a stone in Ireland records an eclipse on November 30, 3340 B.C.[18] Positing classical-era astronomers' use of Babylonian eclipse records mostly from the 13th century BC provides a feasible and mathematically consistent[19] explanation for the Greek finding all three lunar mean motions (synodic, anomalistic, draconitic) to a precision of about one part in a million or better. Chinese historical records of solar eclipses date back over 4,000 years and have been used to measure changes in the Earth's rate of spin.[20]

text: By the 1600s, European astronomers were publishing books with diagrams explaining how lunar and solar eclipses occurred.[21][22] In order to disseminate this information to a broader audience and decrease fear of the consequences of eclipses, booksellers printed broadsides explaining the event either using the science or via astrology.[23]

text: Other planets and dwarf planets[edit]

text: Gas giants[edit]

text: The gas giant planets (Jupiter,[24] Saturn,[25] Uranus,[26] and Neptune)[27] have many moons and thus frequently display eclipses. The most striking involve Jupiter, which has four large moons and a low axial tilt, making eclipses more frequent as these bodies pass through the shadow of the larger planet. Transits occur with equal frequency. It is common to see the larger moons casting circular shadows upon Jupiter's cloudtops.

text: The eclipses of the Galilean moons by Jupiter became accurately predictable once their orbital elements were known. During the 1670s, it was discovered that these events were occurring about 17 minutes later than expected when Jupiter was on the far side of the Sun. Ole Rømer deduced that the delay was caused by the time needed for light to travel from Jupiter to the Earth. This was used to produce the first estimate of the speed of light.[28]

text: On the other three gas giants, eclipses only occur at certain periods during the planet's orbit, due to their higher inclination between the orbits of the moon and the orbital plane of the planet. The moon Titan, for example, has an orbital plane tilted about 1.6° to Saturn's equatorial plane. But Saturn has an axial tilt of nearly 27°. The orbital plane of Titan only crosses the line of sight to the Sun at two points along Saturn's orbit. As the orbital period of Saturn is 29.7 years, an eclipse is only possible about every 15 years.

text: The timing of the Jovian satellite eclipses was also used to calculate an observer's longitude upon the Earth. By knowing the expected time when an eclipse would be observed at a standard longitude (such as Greenwich), the time difference could be computed by accurately observing the local time of the eclipse. The time difference gives the longitude of the observer because every hour of difference corresponded to 15° around the Earth's equator. This technique was used, for example, by Giovanni D. Cassini in 1679 to re-map France.[29]

text: Mars[edit]

text: On Mars, only partial solar eclipses (transits) are possible, because neither of its moons is large enough, at their respective orbital radii, to cover the Sun's disc as seen from the surface of the planet. Eclipses of the moons by Mars are not only possible, but commonplace, with hundreds occurring each Earth year. There are also rare occasions when Deimos is eclipsed by Phobos.[30] Martian eclipses have been photographed from both the surface of Mars and from orbit.

text: Pluto[edit]

text: Pluto, with its proportionately largest moon Charon, is also the site of many eclipses. A series of such mutual eclipses occurred between 1985 and 1990.[31] These daily events led to the first accurate measurements of the physical parameters of both objects.[32]

text: Mercury and Venus[edit]

text: Eclipses are impossible on Mercury and Venus, which have no moons. However, both have been observed to transit across the face of the Sun. There are on average 13 transits of Mercury each century. Transits of Venus occur in pairs separated by an interval of eight years, but each pair of events happen less than once a century.[33] According to NASA, the next pair of transits will occur on December 10, 2117 and December 8, 2125. Transits on Mercury are much more common.[34]

text: Eclipsing binaries[edit]

text: A binary star system consists of two stars that orbit around their common centre of mass. The movements of both stars lie on a common orbital plane in space. When this plane is very closely aligned with the location of an observer, the stars can be seen to pass in front of each other. The result is a type of extrinsic variable star system called an eclipsing binary.

text: The maximum luminosity of an eclipsing binary system is equal to the sum of the luminosity contributions from the individual stars. When one star passes in front of the other, the luminosity of the system is seen to decrease. The luminosity returns to normal once the two stars are no longer in alignment.[35]

text: The first eclipsing binary star system to be discovered was Algol, a star system in the constellation Perseus. Normally this star system has a visual magnitude of 2.1. However, every 2.867 days the magnitude decreases to 3.4 for more than nine hours. This is caused by the passage of the dimmer member of the pair in front of the brighter star.[36] The concept that an eclipsing body caused these luminosity variations was introduced by John Goodricke in 1783.[37]