document_title: The Fast and the Furious

question_text: when did fast and furious tokyo drift come out

question_tokens: when did fast and furious tokyo drift come out

text: The Fast and the Furious

text: Films[edit]

text:
Film

Release date

Director

Screenwriter(s)

Story by

Producers

Status

The Fast and the Furious

June 22, 2001 (2001-06-22)

Rob Cohen

Gary Scott Thompson and Erik Bergquist and David Ayer

Gary Scott Thompson

Neal H. Moritz

Released

2 Fast 2 Furious

June 6, 2003 (2003-06-06)

John Singleton

Michael Brandt & Derek Haas

Michael Brandt & Derek Haas and Gary Scott Thompson

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

June 16, 2006 (2006-06-16)

Justin Lin

Chris Morgan

Fast & Furious

April 3, 2009 (2009-04-03)

Neal H. Moritz, Michael K Ross, Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell

Fast Five

April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29)

Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell

Fast & Furious 6

May 24, 2013 (2013-05-24)

Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend

Furious 7

April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03)

James Wan

Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell

The Fate of the Furious

April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)

F. Gary Gray

Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan

Hobbs & Shaw

August 2, 2019 (2019-08-02)

David Leitch

Neal H. Moritz, Dwayne Johnson, Dany Garcia and Hiram Garcia

Pre-production

Untitled film

April 10, 2020 (2020-04-10)

Justin Lin

Daniel Casey

Neal H. Moritz, Vin Diesel, Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan

Untitled film

April 2, 2021 (2021-04-02)

TBA

TBA

text: History[edit]

text: Paul Walker had wrapped up filming on The Skulls when he was approached by the movie's director, Rob Cohen, and producer, Neal Moritz and asked Walker what he wanted to do next.[3] He said his dream project would be a mash-up of Days of Thunder and Donnie Brasco.[3] So the filmmakers brought him a Vibe article they'd found about undercover street racing in New York City. The story was pitched as a remake of Point Break set in the world of underground street racing in Los Angeles and Walker's character playing a cop who infiltrates the illegal racing world.[3] Walker signed on immediately but the producers decided to give him a strong supporting costar and were impressed with Vin Diesel after watching Pitch Black.[3] The Fast and the Furious exceeded box office expectations and Universal proceeded in developing a sequel again with Paul Walker as the lead. However, they had trouble re-signing Vin Diesel for the sequel as his star power had grown and he and director Rob Cohen left the series to develop the XXX franchise. John Singleton was brought in as the new director, and Tyrese Gibson as Paul Walker's new costar and shifted the production to Miami. 2 Fast 2 Furious cost more to produce but was less financially successful than the original. For the third movie, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Paul Walker left the franchise citing politics, studio interference and regime decision.[3] Universal then approached Vin Diesel but he was busy with the XXX movies.[4] Since neither of the stars agreed to appear in the movie, Universal rebooted the franchise with new characters, a new director, Justin Lin, moving the series to Tokyo and shifting away from the racing element to the drifting subculture. While the movie was in post-production, Vin Diesel agreed to do a cameo in order for his production company to acquire rights to the Riddick character from Pitch Black.[5] The movie was the least financially successful of the franchise but the Vin Diesel cameo received a very positive reaction from the audience. The studio told Diesel that it planned to use his cameo as a way to relaunch the Dominic storyline.[6] Vin Diesel had made a string of boxoffice flops such as The Chronicles of Riddick, Find Me Guilty and the successful but critically loathed The Pacifier and wanted to reinvigorate his career through the new Fast and Furious movie.[6] Vin Diesel, Universal and Justin Lin tracked down all the original co-stars of the first Fast and Furious movie including Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez, and Jordana Brewster to convince them to return to the franchise.[6]

text: Paul Walker was initially reluctant to rejoin the franchise after 6 years but Vin Diesel assured him that this will be the first true sequel.[3] The popular character of Han was also brought back and given his death in the third movie, the entire timeline of the franchise was altered so that he can be included in further sequels.[4] The 4th movie was a financial success and Universal wanted to continue with further sequels, and Fast Five was developed which shifted the genre away from car racing and into a heist movie, added Dwayne Johnson to the cast and changed the location to Brazil.[7] Fast Five was supposed to wrap up the franchise but given its strong box office performance and high critical praise with some calling it the best movie in the franchise, Universal proceeded to develop the 6th movie. Fast & Furious 6 continued the heist genre and shifted the location to Europe and became the most financially successful film of the franchise up to that time.

text: Universal lacked a major event movie for the following summer and quickly rushed Furious 7 into production for a release in Summer 2014. Justin Lin decided not to return to direct the seventh film as he was still performing post-production on Fast & Furious 6 and James Wan took over directorial duties.[8] Like Fast 5, Furious 7 is seen as a transitional movie which shifts the franchise from a heist to a spy action movie genre. The untimely death of Paul Walker in a car accident in November 2013 while half way filming Furious 7 forced Universal to major re-shoots, script changes, hiring Weta Digital to use CGI to create Paul's likeness and ultimately delayed releasing the movie from July 2014 to April 2015.[9] Furious 7 was the most successful film in the franchise and producers decided to retire the Paul Walker character instead of killing him off. However, the toll of directing the movie with additional re-shoots forced Director James Wan not to return to the franchise. F. Gary Gray stepped in to helm the 8th movie, The Fate of the Furious, which was released in April 2017, starting a new trilogy of movies which will end the entire franchise. Originally the 9th movie was supposed to be released April 2019 and followed by the 10th movie in April 2021. However, Universal proceeded to start a spin-off movie with Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham called Hobbs and Shaw, which now occupies the 2019 release date. This caused tensions between Dwayne Johnson, Vin Diesel and Tyrese[10] as it delayed the release of Fast and Furious 9. Universal later announced that Fast and Furious 9 and 10 will be released back to back on April 2020 and April 2021 to end the franchise with Justin Lin returning to direct both movies.

text: Main series[edit]

text: The Fast and the Furious (2001)[edit]

text: The film is based on an article, titled "Racer X", about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night, although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles. While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel) and his crew: Jesse (Chad Lindberg), Leon (Johnny Strong), Vince (Matt Schulze) and Letty Ortiz (Michelle Rodriguez), are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks, Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment.  He works for FBI agent Bilkins (Thom Barry) and LAPD Sgt. Tanner (Ted Levine).

text: Falling for Dominic's younger sister, Mia Toretto (Jordana Brewster), Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers, who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies. He tracks Dominic's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty, badly injured in a car accident, and Vince critically wounded, having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver. Brian and Mia work together with Dominic, Leon and Letty to rescue Vince. Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac. The revelation enrages Dominic, who flees with Leon, Letty, and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince.

text: Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further. Jesse arrives shortly afterwards, apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic's help with Johnny Tran (Rick Yune). Moments later, Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen (Reggie Lee) perform a drive-by shooting, killing Jesse. Brian and Dominic chase them, with Dominic driving his late father's modified 1970 Dodge Charger. Dominic forces Lance's motorcycle off the road, severely injuring him, while Brian shoots and kills Tran. Afterwards, Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race, narrowly avoiding a passing train. However, Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice, injuring himself, and rendering the Charger undrivable. Instead  of arresting him, Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape, using the line "I owe you a ten-second car."

text: 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)[edit]

text: Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes (Eva Mendes), Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham (James Remar) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone (Cole Hauser) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record. Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner, refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him. Brian heads home to Barstow, California, where he recruits Roman Pearce (Tyrese Gibson), a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest, to help him. Pearce agrees, but only for the same deal Brian was offered, and with the help of Monica, Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone. After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers, the duo return to a Customs/FBI hideout, where Roman confronts Markham over the latter's interference with the mission. After the situation is cooled down, Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off, but also suspects something wrong with Monica's role in the mission.

text: Later, Brian and Roman race two of Verone's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry. Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone's men. On the day of the mission, Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone's money, with two of Verone's men Enrique (Mo Gallini) and Roberto (Roberto Sanchez) riding along to watch Brian and Roman. Before the 15-minute window is set, the detective in charge, Whitworth (Mark Boone Junior), decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest, resulting in a high-speed chase across the city. The duo lead the police to a warehouse, where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police. Following the scramble, police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse, only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian's new crew, friends, Tej Parker (Ludacris) and Suki (Devon Aoki).

text: As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro, Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield. Meanwhile, Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his (orange) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide. At the airfield, Customs Agents have Verone's plane and convoy surrounded, only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away. As he knew Monica was an undercover agent, he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage. When Brian arrives at the intended drop-off point, Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique. Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht, but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp, crashing on top of the yacht. The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica.

text: With their crimes pardoned, Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage. Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money, as Roman also reveals that his pockets aren't empty, having taken money for himself.

text: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006)[edit]

text: This film's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7.

text: After totaling his car in an illegal street race, Sean Boswell (Lucas Black) is sent to live in Tokyo, Japan, with his father, a U.S. Navy officer, in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail.

text: While in school, he befriends Twinkie (Bow Wow), a "military brat" who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan. Though forbidden to drive, he decides to race against Takashi (Brian Tee) aka D.K. (Drift King). He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue (Sung Kang), now a business partner to Takashi, and loses, totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting. To repay his debt for the car he destroyed, Sean works for Han. Later on, Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift.

text: Takashi's uncle Kamata (Sonny Chiba) (the head of the Yakuza) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him. Takashi confronts Han, Sean and Neela (Nathalie Kelley), and in doing so, they flee. During the chase, Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire. Takashi, Sean, and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi. Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole, which Sean then returns to Kamata.

text: Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo. Sean and Han's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang, with an inline-6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han's Silvia that Sean had destroyed. Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto.

text: Fast & Furious (2009)[edit]

text: Fast & Furious, as well as its succeeding films, takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious: Tokyo Drift.

text: About five years after the events of the first film, Dominic and his new crew (Letty, Han, Leo, Santos and Cara) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic. When their trail gets too hot, Dominic disbands the crew. However, he is later informed that Letty has been murdered. Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro-methane at the crash site, and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park. Meanwhile, Brian O'Conner, who has been working as an FBI agent, is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga. When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park's apartment, Dominic is about to drop David out the window. But Brian intervenes, and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga's team of drivers. Although Dominic wins the four-car race by bumping Brian's car, Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga's other drivers.

text: The team meets Fenix Calderon (Laz Alonso) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection. Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission, and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty, Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car, blowing up a bunch of vehicles. In the chaos, Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin. Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles, hiding the heroin in an impound lot. When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty, he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian, tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic's name. Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash. However, at the drop site, it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy, and that the real Braga (John Ortiz) has escaped, fleeing to Mexico.

text: Suspended from duty, Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga. Although Braga agreeably surrenders, they are pursued by Braga's men through town and then the tunnels. Fenix T-bones Brian's car right outside the tunnel exit, but before he can kill Brian, Dominic drives into and kills Fenix. As the police arrive, Dominic refuses to escape, saying he is tired of running. Despite Brian's request for clemency, the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life. During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary, Brian and Mia, along with Leo and Santos, arrive in their cars and intercept the bus.

text: Fast Five (2011)[edit]

text: When Dominic "Dom" Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus, his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus, causing it to crash and freeing Dom. While the authorities search for them, the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro. Awaiting Dom's arrival, Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train. Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property. When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants, he realizes that the lead participant, Zizi, is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40. Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen, during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles. Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes, the owner of the cars and Zizi's boss. Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car, but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse.

text: While Brian, Dom, and Mia examine the car to discover its importance, Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it. He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own, and Dom forces him to leave. Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes' criminal empire, including the locations of US$100 million in cash.

text: Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian. With the help of local officer Elena Neves, they travel to Dom's safehouse, but find it under assault by Reyes' men. Brian, Dom and Mia escape; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio, but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian's child. Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life. They organize a team to perform the heist: Han, Roman, Tej, Gisele, Leo, and Santos. Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes' men.

text: Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom, Mia, Brian, and Vince. While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States, the convoy is attacked by Reyes' men, who kill Hobbs' team. Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom, Brian, Mia, and Vince as they fight back and escape, but Vince is shot in the process and dies. Wanting to avenge his murdered team, Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist. The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes' money from the building using their cars, dragging it through the city. After an extensive police chase, Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes, using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles. Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom's assault. Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team. Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free, he gives them a 24-hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is. However, the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase. After splitting the cash (Vince's share is given to his family), they go their separate ways.

text: On a tropical beach, Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax. They are met by Dom and Elena. Brian challenges Dom to a final, no-stakes race to prove who is the better driver.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin, where he discovers a recent photo of Dom's former girlfriend Letty, who had been presumed dead.

text: Fast & Furious 6 (2013)[edit]

text: Following their successful heist in Brazil, Dominic "Dom" Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world: Dom lives with Elena; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son, Jack; Gisele and Han live together; and Roman and Tej live in luxury. Meanwhile, DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw. Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long-dead Letty Ortiz, Dom's former lover. Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty, allowing them to return to the United States.

text: In London, Shaw's hideout is found, but this is revealed to be a trap, distracting them and the police while Shaw's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building. Shaw flees by car, detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police, leaving Dom, Brian, Tej, Han, Gisele, Hobbs, and Riley to pursue him. Letty arrives to help Shaw, shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping. Back at their headquarters, Hobbs tells Dom's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device, intending to sell it to the highest bidder. Meanwhile, Shaw's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty's relationship with Dom, but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia. Dominic's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian, Arturo Braga. Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga, who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia. With FBI help, Brian is released from prison, regrouping with the team in London.

text: Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition; afterwards, he returns her cross necklace he had kept. After Letty leaves, Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away, threatening to otherwise hurt his family, but Dom refuses. Tej tracks Shaw's next attack to a Spanish NATO base. Shaw's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device. Dom's crew interferes while Shaw, accompanied by Letty, commandeers a tank, destroying cars en route. Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage, resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her. Shaw and his crew are captured, but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw. Hobbs is forced to release Shaw, and Riley, revealed to be Shaw's covert accomplice, leaves with him; Letty chooses to remain with Dom.

text: Shaw's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom's crew gives chase. Dom, Letty, and Brian board the craft; Brian rescues Mia, escaping in an onboard car. The plane attempts to take-off, but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles. Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw's henchman, who Han kills, Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety, but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip. As the plane crashes into the ground, Shaw is thrown from it, seriously injuring him, and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane. Dom reunites with his crew, and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons. Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles. Hobbs and Elena, now working together, arrive to confirm the crew's freedom; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty. As Roman says grace over the crew's meal, Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar; she answers "no, but it feels like home."

text: In a mid-credits scene, which takes place in Tokyo, Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car. The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty's cross necklace by the crash, and calls Dom as Han's car fatally explodes, saying, "You don't know me. You're about to."

text: Furious 7 (2015)[edit]

text: After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes (depicted in Fast & Furious 6), Dominic "Dom" Toretto, Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again. Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father, while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory. Meanwhile, Owen's older brother, Deckard Shaw, breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team, before breaking into Luke Hobbs' Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) office to extract profiles of Dom's crew. After revealing his identity, Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight, and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs. Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian. However, a bomb, disguised in a package sent from Tokyo, explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han, a member of Dom's team, is killed by Shaw in Tokyo. Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital, where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother. Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han's body, and meets and races Sean Boswell, a friend of Han's who gives him personal items found at Han's crash site.

text: Back at Han's funeral in Los Angeles, Dom notices a car observing them, and after a chase, confronts its driver, who is revealed to be Shaw. Both prepare to fight, but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire, led by Mr. Nobody. Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God's Eye, a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person, and save its creator, a hacker named Ramsey, from a mercenary named Mose Jakande. Dom, Brian, Letty, Roman Pearce, and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan, ambush Jakande's convoy, and rescue Ramsey. The team then heads to Abu Dhabi, where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God's Eye, and manages to steal it from the owner. With God's Eye near telecommunications repeaters, the team tracks down Shaw, who is waiting at a remote factory. Dom, Brian, Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw, but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God's Eye. At his own request, the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him. To reduce their disadvantage, the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw, Jakande and his men. Meanwhile, Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw, he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family.

text: While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone, Ramsey attempts to hack into God's Eye. Hobbs, seeing the team in trouble, leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance. Brian engages Jakande's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft, allowing Ramsey to regain control of God's Eye and shut it down. Dom and Shaw engage in a one-on-one brawl on top of a public parking garage, before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both. Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him. Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande's helicopter, tossing Shaw's bag of grenades onto its skids, before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes. Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level, destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande. Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car, believed to be dead. As Letty cradles Dom's body in her arms, she reveals that she has regained her memories, and that she remembers their wedding. Dom regains consciousness soon after, remarking, "It's about time".

text: Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret, high-security prison. At a beach, Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom, Letty, Roman, Tej, and Ramsey observe, acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family. Dom silently leaves, Ramsey asks if he's gonna say goodbye. Dom says, "It's never goodbye." He drives away, but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad. As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian, they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions.

text: The Fate of the Furious (2017)[edit]

text: Dominic "Dom" Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo. Sensing Raldo is a loan shark, Dom challenges Raldo to a race, pitting Fernando's reworked car against Raldo's, and wagering his own show car. After narrowly winning the race, Dom allows Raldo to keep his car, earning his respect, and instead leaves his cousin with his show car.

text: The next day, Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her. Shortly afterwards, Dom and his team, comprising Letty, Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, and Ramsey, are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin. During the getaway, Dom goes rogue, forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher. Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high-security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in. After escaping, Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher. Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God's Eye, Ramsey's software program. The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God's Eye. When Dom questions Cipher's motives, she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves—as well as their son, of whose existence Dom was previously unaware. Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child's first name, having already given him the middle name Marcos.

text: In New York City, Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence. Prior to the theft, Dom briefly evades Cipher - with the help of Raldo - and persuades Deckard and Owen's mother, Magdalene Shaw, to help him. Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars, causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football. The team intercepts Dom, but Dom escapes, shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process. Letty catches up to Dom, but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher's enforcer, Connor Rhodes, before Dom rescues her. In retaliation, Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom.

text: Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine, enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war. They are once again intercepted by the team, who attempt to shut down the sub, and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters. Meanwhile, Deckard, whose death was apparently faked, teams up with Owen, and under Magdalene's behest, infiltrates Cipher's plane to rescue Dom's son. Once Deckard reports that the child is safe, Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes, avenging Elena's death, before rejoining his team. Outraged, Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom, but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it, causing the missile to hit the submarine instead. The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom, shielding him from the ensuing explosion. When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher, she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane.

text: Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens. Hobbs is offered his DSS job back, but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter. Deckard delivers Dom his son, putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs. Dom names his son Brian, after his friend and brother-in-law Brian O'Conner, and they celebrate.

text: Future[edit]

text:
In February 2016, Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10, 2020,[11][12] and April 2, 2021, respectively, and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series.[13][14]
Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment.[15] It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment.

text: In May 2018, Daniel Casey from Kin, was announced to write a screenplay for the ninth film, making it the first film in the franchise since 2 Fast 2 Furious without long-time screenwriter Chris Morgan.[16]

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: Hobbs & Shaw (2019)[edit]

text: Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin-offs were in the early stages of development.[17][18] A spin-off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced by Universal and set with release date of July 26, 2019,[19] with Variety reporting that Shane Black was being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script.[20] The announcement of the spin-off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson, criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year.[19]

text: On October 23, 2017, Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin-off, titled Hobbs and Shaw. In February 2018, David Leitch entered talks to direct the film, which was confirmed later that April.[21] In March 2018, it was reported that the film would start production in September 2018.[22] In May 2018, the release date of the film was pushed back a week to August 2, 2019.[23] On July 5, 2018, Idris Elba was cast to play the villain.[24]

text: Television series[edit]

text: On April 23, 2018, it was announced that Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise that will be launched on Netflix.[25]

text: Short films[edit]

text: The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)[edit]

text: The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films.

text: Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles, before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape. While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him, Brian travels across Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, winning every street race he participates in, with his red Dodge Stealth. However, he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence. When they collect the car, he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman (Minka Kelly), despite her knowing who he really is. She drops him at a used car lot, with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man. There, he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT-R R34. Later, collecting money from street races, he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way. Upon reaching Jacksonville, Florida, Brian heads south toward Miami, where he sees Slap Jack's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius' Mazda RX-7 (both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters) before the screen reads "2 be continued...".

text: Los Bandoleros (2009)[edit]

text: Tego Leo (Tego Calderón) is in a Dominican Republic prison, ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil. Meanwhile, on the streets, Rico Santos (Don Omar) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas. Han Lue (Sung Kang) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara (Mirtha Michelle) and Malo (F. Valentino Morales). They drive him back to Santos' house, where his aunt Rubia (Adria Carrasco) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car. The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family. After breaking Leo out of prison, they head to a club, where Han and Cara flirt, while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis (Juan Fernandez), who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment. While relaxing at the club afterwards, Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty, who has tracked him from Mexico. The two drive together to the beach, where they "rekindle their relationship".

text: Storyline chronology[edit]

text: Below is a table of all films, both short and feature length, in chronological order. Real world release dates are also noted.[26]

text:
Timeline order

Title

Release date

1
The Fast and the Furious
June 22, 2001

—
The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious
June 3, 2003

2
2 Fast 2 Furious
June 6, 2003

—
Los Bandoleros
July 28, 2009

3
Fast & Furious
April 3, 2009

4
Fast Five
April 29, 2011

5
Fast & Furious 6
May 24, 2013

6
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
June 16, 2006

7
Furious 7
April 3, 2015

8
The Fate of the Furious
April 14, 2017

—
Hobbs & Shaw
August 2, 2019

text: Characters[edit]

text: Additional crew & production details[edit]

text:
Film

The Fast and the Furious(2001)

2 Fast 2 Furious(2003)

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift(2006)

Fast & Furious(2009)

Fast Five(2011)

Fast & Furious 6(2013)

Furious 7(2015)

The Fate of the Furious(2017)

Cinematographer(s)

Ericson Core

Matthew F. Leonetti

Stephen F. Windon

Amir Mokri

Stephen F. Windon

Stephen F. WindonMarc Spicer

Stephen F. Windon

Composer

BT

David Arnold

Brian Tyler

Lucas Vidal

Brian Tyler

Editor(s)

Peter Honess

Bruce CannonDallas Puett

Kelly MatsumotoDallas PuettFred Raskin

Christian WagnerFred Raskin

Kelly MatsumotoFred RaskinChristian Wagner

Christian WagnerKelly MatsumotoDylan HighsmithGreg D'AuriaLeigh Folsom Boyd

Christian WagnerLeigh Folsom BoydDylan HighsmithKirk M. Morri

Christian WagnerPaul Rubell

Costume Designer(s)

Sanja Milkovic Hays

Production Designer

Waldemar Kalinowski

Keith Brian Burns

Ida Random

Peter Wenham

Jan Roelfs

Bill Brzeski

Running time

106 minutes

107 minutes

104 minutes

107 minutes

131 minutes (extended - 132 minutes)

130 minutes (extended - 131 minutes)

137 minutes (extended - 140 minutes)

136 minutes (extended - 148 minutes)

MPAA rating

PG-13

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film

Release date

Budget

Box office gross

Box office ranking

Ref(s)

North America

Otherterritories

Worldwide

All timeNorth America

All timeOther territories

All timeworldwide

The Fast and the Furious

June 22, 2001

$38,000,000

$144,533,925

$62,750,000

$207,283,925

#299

#573

[27]

2 Fast 2 Furious

June 3, 2003

$76,000,000

$127,154,901

$109,195,760

$236,350,661

#388

#476

[28]

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

June 16, 2006

$85,000,000

$62,514,415

$95,953,877

$158,468,292

#1,121

[29][30]

Fast & Furious

April 3, 2009

$85,000,000

$155,064,265

$208,100,000

$363,164,265

#281

#257

#244

[31]

Fast Five

April 29, 2011

$125,000,000

$209,837,675

$416,300,000

$626,137,675

#137

#85

#89

[32]

Fast & Furious 6

May 24, 2013

$160,000,000

$238,679,850

$550,000,000

$788,679,850

#101

#38

#49

[33]

Furious 7

April 3, 2015

$190,000,000

$353,007,020

$1,163,038,891

$1,516,045,911

#37

#3

#6

[34]

The Fate of the Furious

April 14, 2017

$250,000,000

$226,008,385

$1,009,996,733

$1,236,005,118

#140

#6[35]

#11

[36]

Total

$1.009.000.000

$1,516,800,436

$3,615,335,261

$5,132,135,697

10[37][38]

-[39]

7[40]

[1]

List indicator(s)
A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film.

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

CinemaScore

The Fast and the Furious

53% (148 reviews)[41]

58 (34 reviews)[42]

B+[43]

2 Fast 2 Furious

36% (160 reviews)[44]

38 (36 reviews)[45]

A-[43]

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

37% (114 reviews)[46]

45 (32 reviews)[47]

A-[43]

Fast & Furious

29% (175 reviews)[48]

46 (28 reviews)[49]

A-[43]

Fast Five

77% (196 reviews)[50]

66 (41 reviews)[51]

A[43]

Fast & Furious 6

69% (198 reviews)[52]

61 (39 reviews)[53]

A[43]

Furious 7

80% (244 reviews)[54]

67 (50 reviews)[55]

A[43]

The Fate of the Furious

66% (259 reviews)[56]

56 (45 reviews)[57]

A[43]

text: Franchise extension[edit]

text: Theme park attractions[edit]

text: Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise. Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles. From 2006 to 2013, The Fast and the Furious: Extreme Close-Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour.[58][59][60] On June 25, 2015, Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious: Supercharged.[61] Universal Orlando opened a ride of the same name April 23, 2018.[62]

text: Fast & Furious Live[edit]

text: Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers, pyrotechnics and projection mapping.[63] The show had two preview shows on January 11–12, 2018 at Liverpool's Echo Arena. It officially began its tour at London's The O2 Arena on January 19, 2018, followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018. On March 1, 2018, it was revealed on the tour's website that five new dates had been released for September.

text: The following list is sourced from the tour's website.

text: Tour overview[edit]

text:
Tour

Cities

Shows

Start date

End date

UK
London
2
19 January 2018 (2018-01-19)
20 January 2018 (2018-01-20)

Newcastle; Manchester; Birmingham; Sheffield; Belfast; Glasgow
18
6 April 2018 (2018-04-06)
13 May 2018 (2018-05-13)

Worldwide
Antwerp; Turin; Vienna; Munich; Arnhem; Cologne; Montpellier; Lisbon
22
26 January 2018 (2018-01-26)
17 March 2018 (2018-03-17)

Zürich; Stockholm; Oslo; Helsinki; Copenhagen; Berlin; Paris; Turin; Amsterdam; Prague
26
18 May 2018 (2018-05-18)
22 September 2018 (2018-09-22)

text: UK tour dates[edit]

text:
Venue(s)

City(s)

Show(s)

Date(s)

The O2 Arena
London
2
19/20 January 2018

Metro Radio Arena
Newcastle
3
6–8 April 2018

Manchester Arena
Manchester
3
13–15 April 2018

Arena Birmingham
Birmingham
3
20–22 April 2018

The SSE Arena
Belfast
3
27–29 April 2018

FlyDSA Arena
Sheffield
3
4–6 May 2018

The SSE Hydro
Glasgow
3
11–13 May 2018

text: Worldwide tour dates[edit]

text:
Venue(s)

City(s)

Country(s)

Show(s)

Date(s)

Sportpaleis
Antwerp
Belgium
3
26–28 January 2018

Pala Alpitour
Turin
Italy
3
2–4 February 2018

Wiener Stadthalle
Vienna
Austria
3
9–11 February 2018

Olympiahalle
Munich
Germany
3
16–18 February 2018

Gelredome
Arnhem
The Netherlands
2
24/25 February 2018

Lanxess Arena
Cologne
Germany
3
2–4 March 2018

Park&Suites Arena
Montpellier
France
3
9–11 March 2018

Altice Arena
Lisbon
Portugal
2
16/17 March 2018

Hallenstadion
Zürich
Switzerland
3
18–20 May 2018

Ericsson Globe
Stockholm
Sweden
3
25–27 May 2018

Telenor Arena
Oslo
Norway
3
1–3 June 2018

Hartwall Arena
Helsinki
Finland
3
8–10 June 2018

Royal Arena
Copenhagen
Denmark
3
15–17 June 2018

Mercedes-Benz Arena
Berlin
Germany
3
22–24 June 2018

AccorHotels Arena
Paris
France
3
29 June–1 July 2018

Pala Alpitour
Turin
Italy
2
7/8 September 2018

Ziggo Dome
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
1
15 September 2018

O2 Arena
Prague
Czech Republic
2
21/22 September 2018

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text:
Fast & Furious soundtrack albums

Title
Release date

The Fast and the Furious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
2001
First soundtrack to the 2001 film

More Fast and Furious
2001
Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film

2 Fast 2 Furious: Soundtrack
2003
Soundtrack to the 2003 film

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
2006
First soundtrack to the 2006 film

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (Original Motion Picture Score)
2006
Second soundtrack to the 2006 film

Fast & Furious: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
2009
First soundtrack to the 2009 film

Fast & Furious (Original Motion Picture Score)
2009
Second soundtrack to the 2009 film

Fast Five (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
2011
First soundtrack to the 2011 film

Fast Five: Original Motion Picture Score
2011
Second soundtrack to the 2011 film

Fast & Furious 6 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
2013
Soundtrack to the 2013 film

Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
2015
First soundtrack to the 2015 film

Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Score
2015
Second soundtrack to the 2015 film

The Fate of the Furious: The Album
2017
First soundtrack to the 2017 film

The Fate of the Furious: Original Motion Picture Score
2017
Second soundtrack to the 2017 film

text: Video games[edit]

text: The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems. The arcade game The Fast and the Furious (known as Wild Speed in Japan) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004.[64] In 2006, the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. Several games (The Fast and the Furious: Pink Slip, Fast & Furious, Fast Five, Fast & Furious: Adrenaline, Fast & Furious 6: The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6: The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy. In 2013, Fast & Furious: Showdown was released for the PC (Windows OS), Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. Various cars, locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town. In 2015, in a deal with Microsoft Studios, a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious.

text: Toys and model kits[edit]

text: Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film's cars in different scales from 1/18 to 1/64.[65] RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002.[66] 1/24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl. Johnny Lightning, under the JL Full Throttle Brand, released 1/64th and 1/24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift. These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne. Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films.[67] Hot Wheels has released 1/64 models since 2013.[68]

text: International locations[edit]

text: The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including: Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spain, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States.[69]


document_title: G.I. (military)

question_text: what does g i mean in g i joe

question_tokens: what does g i mean in g i joe

root

text: G.I. (military)

text: G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of "Government Issue" or "General Issue", but it originally referred to "galvanized iron", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters "G.I." were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]

tag: p

text: During World War I, American soldiers sardonically referred to incoming German artillery shells as "G.I. cans". Also during that war, "G.I." started being interpreted as "Government Issue" or "General Issue" for the general items of equipment of soldiers and airmen. The term "G.I." came into widespread use in the United States with the start of the Selective Service System ("the draft") in 1940, extending into 1941. Next, the use of "G.I." expanded from 1942 through 1945. The American five-star General Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1945 that "the truly heroic figure of this war [is] G.I. Joe and his counterpart in the air, the navy, and the Merchant Marine of every one of the United Nations."[4]

text: "G.I." was also used as an adjective for anything having to do with the US Army or Army Air Force.[2]

text: In British military parlance and in armed forces modelled on British military traditions, G.I. refers to a Gunnery Instructor (generally an NCO responsible for inducting and training recruits).


document_title: Pollen

question_text: what name is used to designate the tubular protrusion from the pollen grain

text: Pollen

text: The structure and formation of pollen[edit]

text: Pollen itself is not the male gamete.[1] Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell. In flowering plants the vegetative tube cell produces the pollen tube, and the generative cell divides to form the two sperm cells.

text: Formation[edit]

text: Pollen is produced in the microsporangia in the male cone of a conifer or other gymnosperm or in the anthers of an angiosperm flower. Pollen grains come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and surface markings characteristic of the species (see electron micrograph, right). Pollen grains of pines, firs, and spruces are winged. The smallest pollen grain, that of the forget-me-not (Myosotis spp.),[which?] is around 6 µm (0.006 mm) in diameter.[citation needed] Wind-borne pollen grains can be as large as about 90–100 µm.[2]

text: In angiosperms, during flower development the anther is composed of a mass of cells that appear undifferentiated, except for a partially differentiated dermis. As the flower develops, four groups of sporogenous cells form within the anther. The fertile sporogenous cells are surrounded by layers of sterile cells that grow into the wall of the pollen sac. Some of the cells grow into nutritive cells that supply nutrition for the microspores that form by meiotic division from the sporogenous cells.

text: In a process called microsporogenesis, four haploid microspores are produced from each diploid sporogenous cell (microsporocyte, pollen mother cell or meiocyte), after meiotic division. After the formation of the four microspores, which are contained by callose walls, the development of the pollen grain walls begins. The callose wall is broken down by an enzyme called callase and the freed pollen grains grow in size and develop their characteristic shape and form a resistant outer wall called the exine and an inner wall called the intine. The exine is what is preserved in the fossil record. Two basic types of microsporogenesis are recognised, simultaneous and successive. In simultaneous microsporogenesis meiotic steps I and II are completed prior to cytokinesis, whereas in successive microsporogenesis cytokinesis follows. While there may be a continuum with intermediate forms, the type of microsporogenesis has systematic significance. The predominant form amongst the monocots is successive, but there are important exceptions.[3]

text: During microgametogenesis, the unicellular microspores undergo mitosis and develop into mature microgametophytes containing the gametes.[4] In some flowering plants,[which?] germination of the pollen grain may begin even before it leaves the microsporangium, with the generative cell forming the two sperm cells.

text: Structure[edit]

text: Except in the case of some submerged aquatic plants, the mature pollen grain has a double wall. The vegetative and generative cells are surrounded by a thin delicate wall of unaltered cellulose called the endospore or intine, and a tough resistant outer cuticularized wall composed largely of sporopollenin called the exospore or exine. The exine often bears spines or warts, or is variously sculptured, and the character of the markings is often of value for identifying genus, species, or even cultivar or individual. The spines may be less than a micron in length (spinulus, plural spinuli) referred to as spinulose (scabrate), or longer than a micron (echina, echinae) referred to as echinate. Various terms also describe the sculpturing such as reticulate, a net like appearance consisting of elements (murus, muri) separated from each other by a lumen (plural lumina).

text: The pollen wall protects the sperm while the pollen grain is moving from the anther to the stigma; it protects the vital genetic material from drying out and solar radiation. The pollen grain surface is covered with waxes and proteins, which are held in place by structures called sculpture elements on the surface of the grain. The outer pollen wall, which prevents the pollen grain from shrinking and crushing the genetic material during desiccation, is composed of two layers. These two layers are the tectum and the foot layer, which is just above the intine. The tectum and foot layer are separated by a region called the columella, which is composed of strengthening rods. The outer wall is constructed with a resistant biopolymer called sporopollenin.

text: Pollen apertures are regions of the pollen wall that may involve exine thinning or a significant reduction in exine thickness.[5] They allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. Elongated apertures or furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular: colpus) or sulci (singular: sulcus). Apertures that are more circular are called pores. Colpi, sulci and pores are major features in the identification of classes of pollen.[6] Pollen may be referred to as inaperturate (apertures absent) or aperturate (apertures present). The aperture may have a lid (operculum), hence is described as operculate.[7] However the term inaperturate covers a wide range of morphological types, such as functionally inaperturate (cryptoaperturate) and omniaperturate.[3] Inaperaturate pollen grains often have thin walls, which facilitates pollen tube germination at any position.[5] Terms such as uniaperturate and triaperturate refer to the number of apertures present (one and three respectively).

text: The orientation of furrows (relative to the original tetrad of microspores) classifies the pollen as sulcate or colpate. Sulcate pollen has a furrow across the middle of what was the outer face when the pollen grain was in its tetrad.[8] If the pollen has only a single sulcus, it is described as monosulcate, has two sulci, as bisulcate, or more, as polysulcate.[9][10] Colpate pollen has furrows other than across the middle of the outer faces.[8] Eudicots have pollen with three colpi (tricolpate) or with shapes that are evolutionarily derived from tricolpate pollen.[11] The evolutionary trend in plants has been from monosulcate to polycolpate or polyporate pollen.[8]

text: Pollination[edit]

text: The transfer of pollen grains to the female reproductive structure (pistil in angiosperms) is called pollination. This transfer can be mediated by the wind, in which case the plant is described as anemophilous (literally wind-loving). Anemophilous plants typically produce great quantities of very lightweight pollen grains, sometimes with air-sacs. Non-flowering seed plants (e.g. pine trees) are characteristically anemophilous. Anemophilous flowering plants generally have inconspicuous flowers. Entomophilous (literally insect-loving) plants produce pollen that is relatively heavy, sticky and protein-rich, for dispersal by insect pollinators attracted to their flowers. Many insects and some mites are specialized to feed on pollen, and are called palynivores.

text: In non-flowering seed plants, pollen germinates in the pollen chamber, located beneath the micropyle, underneath the integuments of the ovule. A pollen tube is produced, which grows into the nucellus to provide nutrients for the developing sperm cells. Sperm cells of Pinophyta and Gnetophyta are without flagella, and are carried by the pollen tube, while those of Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta have many flagella.

text: When placed on the stigma of a flowering plant, under favorable circumstances, a pollen grain puts forth a pollen tube, which grows down the tissue of the style to the ovary, and makes its way along the placenta, guided by projections or hairs, to the micropyle of an ovule. The nucleus of the tube cell has meanwhile passed into the tube, as does also the generative nucleus, which divides (if it hasn't already) to form two sperm cells. The sperm cells are carried to their destination in the tip of the pollen tube. Double-strand breaks in DNA that arise during pollen tube growth appear to be efficiently repaired in the generative cell that carries the male genomic information to be passed on to the next plant generation.[12] However, the vegetative cell that is responsible for tube elongation appears to lack this DNA repair capability.[12]

text: Pollen in the fossil record[edit]

text: Pollen's sporopollenin outer sheath affords it some resistance to the rigours of the fossilisation process that destroy weaker objects; it is also produced in huge quantities. There is an extensive fossil record of pollen grains, often disassociated from their parent plant. The discipline of palynology is devoted to the study of pollen, which can be used both for biostratigraphy and to gain information about the abundance and variety of plants alive — which can itself yield important information about paleoclimates. Pollen is first found in the fossil record in the late Devonian period[verification needed] and increases in abundance until the present day.

text: Allergy to pollen[edit]

text:
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tag: table

text: Nasal allergy to pollen is called pollinosis, and allergy specifically to grass pollen is called hay fever. Generally, pollens that cause allergies are those of anemophilous plants (pollen is dispersed by air currents.) Such plants produce large quantities of lightweight pollen (because wind dispersal is random and the likelihood of one pollen grain landing on another flower is small), which can be carried for great distances and are easily inhaled, bringing it into contact with the sensitive nasal passages.

text: In the US, people often mistakenly blame the conspicuous goldenrod flower for allergies. Since this plant is entomophilous (its pollen is dispersed by animals), its heavy, sticky pollen does not become independently airborne. Most late summer and fall pollen allergies are probably caused by ragweed, a widespread anemophilous plant.[13]

text: Arizona was once regarded as a haven for people with pollen allergies, although several ragweed species grow in the desert. However, as suburbs grew and people began establishing irrigated lawns and gardens, more irritating species of ragweed gained a foothold and Arizona lost its claim of freedom from hay fever.

text: Anemophilous spring blooming plants such as oak, birch, hickory, pecan, and early summer grasses may also induce pollen allergies. Most cultivated plants with showy flowers are entomophilous and do not cause pollen allergies.

text: The number of people in the United States affected by hay fever is between 20 and 40 million,[14] and such allergy has proven to be the most frequent allergic response in the nation. There are certain evidential suggestions pointing out hay fever and similar allergies to be of hereditary origin. Individuals who suffer from eczema or are asthmatic tend to be more susceptible to developing long-term hay fever.[15]

text: In Denmark, decades of rising temperatures cause pollen to appear earlier and in greater numbers, as well as introduction of new species such as ragweed.[16]

text: The most efficient way to handle a pollen allergy is by preventing contact with the material. Individuals carrying the ailment may at first believe that they have a simple summer cold, but hay fever becomes more evident when the apparent cold does not disappear. The confirmation of hay fever can be obtained after examination by a general physician.[17]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Antihistamines are effective at treating mild cases of pollinosis, this type of non-prescribed drugs includes loratadine, cetirizine and chlorpheniramine. They do not prevent the discharge of histamine, but it has been proven that they do prevent a part of the chain reaction activated by this biogenic amine, which considerably lowers hay fever symptoms.

text: Decongestants can be administered in different ways such as tablets and nasal sprays.

text: Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to pollen, thereby inducing specific long-term tolerance.[18] Allergy immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Discovered by Leonard Noon and John Freeman in 1911, allergy immunotherapy represents the only causative treatment for respiratory allergies.

text: Nutrition[edit]

text: Most major classes of predatory and parasitic arthropods contain species that eat pollen, despite the common perception that bees are the primary pollen-consuming arthropod group. Many other Hymenoptera other than bees consume pollen as adults, though only a small number feed on pollen as larvae (including some ant larvae). Spiders are normally considered carnivores but pollen is an important source of food for several species, particularly for spiderlings, which catch pollen on their webs. It is not clear how spiderlings manage to eat pollen however, since their mouths are not large enough to consume pollen grains.[citation needed] Some predatory mites also feed on pollen, with some species being able to subsist solely on pollen, such as Euseius tularensis, which feeds on the pollen of dozens of plant species. Members of some beetle families such as Mordellidae and Melyridae feed almost exclusively on pollen as adults, while various lineages within larger families such as Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, and Scarabaeidae are pollen specialists even though most members of their families are not (e.g., only 36 of 40000 species of ground beetles, which are typically predatory, have been shown to eat pollen—but this is thought to be a severe underestimate as the feeding habits are only known for 1000 species). Similarly, Ladybird beetles mainly eat insects, but many species also eat pollen, as either part or all of their diet. Hemiptera are mostly herbivores or omnivores but pollen feeding is known (and has only been well studied in the Anthocoridae). Many adult flies, especially Syrphidae, feed on pollen, and three UK syrphid species feed strictly on pollen (syrphids, like all flies, cannot eat pollen directly due to the structure of their mouthparts, but can consume pollen contents that are dissolved in a fluid).[19] Some species of fungus, including Fomes fomentarius, are able to break down grains of pollen as a secondary nutrition source that is particularly high in nitrogen.[20] Pollen may be valuable diet supplement for detritivores, providing them with nutrients needed for growth, development and maturation.[21] It was suggested that obtaining nutrients from pollen, deposited on the forest floor during periods of pollen rains, allows fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter.[21]

text: Some species of Heliconius butterflies consume pollen as adults, which appears to be a valuable nutrient source, and these species are more distasteful to predators than the non-pollen consuming species.[22][23]

text: Although bats, butterflies and hummingbirds are not pollen eaters per se, their consumption of nectar in flowers is an important aspect of the pollination process.

text: In humans[edit]

text: A variety of producers have started selling bee pollen for human consumption, often marketed as a food (rather than a dietary supplement). The largest constituent is carbohydrates, with protein content ranging from 7 to 35 percent depending on the plant species collected by bees.[24]

text: Honey produced by bees from natural sources contains pollen derived p-coumaric acid, an antioxidant.[25]

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not found any harmful effects of bee pollen consumption, except from the usual allergies. However, FDA does not allow bee pollen marketers in the United States to make health claims about their produce, as no scientific basis for these has ever been proven. Furthermore, there are possible dangers not only from allergic reactions but also from contaminants such as pesticides and from fungi and bacteria growth related to poor storage procedures. A manufacturers's claim that pollen collecting helps the bee colonies is also controversial.[26]

text: Pine pollen (송화가루; Songhwa Garu) is traditionally consumed in Korea as an ingredient in sweets and beverages.

text: Parasites[edit]

text: The growing industries in pollen harvesting for human and bee consumption rely on harvesting pollen baskets from honey bees as they return to their hives using a pollen trap.[27] When this pollen has been tested for parasites, it has been found that a multitude of pollinator viruses and eukaryotic parasites are present in the pollen.[28][29] It is currently unclear if the parasites are introduced by the bee that collected the pollen or if it is from contamination to the flower.[29][30] Though this is not likely to pose a risk to humans, it is a major issue for the bumblebee rearing industry that relies on thousands of tonnes of honey bee collected pollen per year.[31] Several sterilization methods have been employed, though no method has been 100% effective at sterilizing, without reducing the nutritional value, of the pollen [32]

text: Forensic palynology[edit]

text: In forensic biology, pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, or even more particular locations such a certain set of bushes, will have a distinctive collection of pollen species.[33] Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen.[34] Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in Bosnia,[35] catch a burglar who brushed against a Hypericum bush during a crime,[36] and has even been proposed as an additive for bullets to enable tracking them.[37]


document_title: Book of Nehemiah

question_text: when did the book of nehemiah take place

text: Book of Nehemiah

text: Summary[edit]

text: The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra-Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.[1]

text: The original core of the book, the first-person memoir, may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BC. Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era.[2]

text: The book tells how Nehemiah, at the court of the king in Susa, is informed that Jerusalem is without walls, and resolves to restore them. The king appoints him as governor of Judah and he travels to Jerusalem. There he rebuilds the walls, despite the opposition of Israel's enemies, and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses. After 12 years in Jerusalem, he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem. He finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives, and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law.

text:
In the 20th year of Artaxerxes I of Persia, Nehemiah, cup-bearer to the King in Susa (the Persian capital), learns that the wall of Jerusalem is destroyed. He prays to God, recalling the sins of Israel and God's promise of restoration to the Land, and asks Artaxerxes for leave to return to Jerusalem and rebuild its walls; the king is receptive and extends his aid to this mission.
Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, carrying letters of authorisation from the king; he inspects the walls.
Nehemiah and the Jews (including the 'High Priest' Eliashib), begin rebuilding Jerusalem.
The enemies of the Jews – Sanballat of Samaria, Tobiah the Ammonite, Geshem the Arab, and the men of Ashdod – plot to attack Jerusalem which necessitates the Jews working with weapons in their hands.
Nehemiah sees that the Jewish nobles are oppressing the poor, and forces the cancellation of all debt and mortgages; while previous governors have been corrupt and oppressive, he has been righteous and just.
Sanballat accuses Nehemiah of planning rebellion against Artaxerxes, and he is opposed even by Jewish nobles and prophets, but the wall is completed.
Nehemiah appoints officials and sets guards on the wall and gates; he plans to register the Jews, and finds the Census of those who had returned earlier.
Nehemiah assembles the people and has Ezra read to them the law-book of Moses; Nehemiah, Ezra and the Levites institute the Feast of Booths, in accordance with the Law.
The Jews assemble in penance and prayer, recalling their past sins, God's help to them, and his promise of the land.
The priests, Levites and the Israelite people enter into a covenant, agreeing to separate themselves from the surrounding peoples and to keep the Law.
Jerusalem is repopulated by the Jews living in the towns and villages of Judah and Benjamin.
A list of priests and Levites who returned in the days of Cyrus (the first returnees from Babylon) is presented; Nehemiah, aided by Ezra, oversees the dedication of the walls and the rebuilt city.
After 12 years Nehemiah returns to Susa; he later comes back to Jerusalem, and finds that there has been backsliding in his absence. He takes measures to enforce his earlier reforms and asks for God's favour.

tag: ol

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The book is set in the 5th century BCE. Judah is one of several provinces within a larger satrapy (a large administrative unit) within the Achaemenid Empire. The capital of the empire is at Susa. Nehemiah is a cup-bearer to king Artaxerxes I of Persia – an important official position.

text: At his own request Nehemiah is sent to Jerusalem as governor of Yehud, the official Persian name for Judah. Jerusalem had been conquered and destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE and Nehemiah finds it still in ruins. His task is to rebuild the walls and to re-populate the city. He faces opposition from three powerful neighbours, the Samaritans, the Ammonites, and the Arabs, as well as the city of Ashdod, but manages to rebuild the walls. He then purifies the Jewish community by enforcing its segregation from its neighbours and enforces the laws of Moses.

text: Textual history[edit]

text:
Books of the Ketuvim

Three poetic books

Psalms
Proverbs
Job

Five Megillot (Scrolls)

Song of Songs
Ruth
Lamentations
Ecclesiastes
Esther

Other books

Daniel

Ezra–Nehemiah (Ezra
Nehemiah)

Chronicles

Hebrew Bible

v
t
e

text: The single book Ezra–Nehemiah, with title "Ezra", was translated into Greek around the middle of the 2nd century BC.[3] It was first proposed to be considered as two books by the early Christian scholar Origen in the 3rd century AD; and Jerome, writing in the early 5th century, noted that this division had since been adopted by Greek and Latin commentators; although in all surviving Christian Greek and Old Latin manuscripts Ezra-Nehemiah is one book denoted as 'Esdras B'. Jerome himself rejected the division in his Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew; and consequently no early Vulgate manuscripts separate the two books, [4] and they remained undivided as a single book in the 8th century commentary of Bede, and in the 9th century bibles of Alcuin and Theodulf of Orleans. However, from the 9th century onwards, Latin bibles are found that reintroduce Origen's division; and this becomes standard in the Paris Bibles of the 13th century. It was not until 1516/17, in the first printed Rabbinic Bible of Daniel Bomberg that the separation was generally introduced into Hebrew Bibles.

text: Composition and date[edit]

text: The combined book Ezra–Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to Ezra himself; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.[5]

text: The Nehemiah Memorial, chapters 1–7 and 11–13, may have circulated as an independent work before being combined with the Ezra material to form Ezra–Nehemiah.[6] Determining the composition of the Memorial depends on the dates of Nehemiah's mission: It is commonly accepted that "Artaxerxes" was Artaxerxes I (there were two later kings of the same name), and that Nehemiah's first period in Jerusalem was therefore 445–433 BC;[7] allowing for his return to Susa and second journey to Jerusalem, the end of the 5th century BC is therefore the earliest possible date for the Memorial.[8] The Nehemiah Memorial is interrupted by chapters 8–10, which concern Ezra. These have sometimes been identified as another, separate work, the Ezra Memorial (EM), but other scholars believe the EM to be fictional and heavily altered by later editors. Both the Nehemiah and Ezra material are combined with numerous lists, Censuses and other material.

text: The first edition of the combined Ezra–Nehemiah may date from the early 4th century BC;[6] further editing continued well into the following centuries.


document_title: List of people convicted of treason

question_text: last person convicted of treason in the united states

text: List of people convicted of treason

text: Armenia[edit]

text: Meruzhan Artzruni, Lord Prince of Vaspurakan (? – 369), for conspiring with one of the Great Persian Kings, Shapur II against his liege-lord, Armenian King Arsaces II (Arshak II), whom he betrayed to Persia. He was captured by Arsaces II's son King Papas (Pap) and executed.

tag: ul

text: Austria[edit]

text: Count Lajos Batthyány de Németújvár, for involvement in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Executed by firing squad on the same day as the 13 Martyrs of Arad.

text: Austria-Hungary[edit]

text:
Nedeljko Čabrinović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Vaso Čubrilović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Veljko Čubrilović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Trifko Grabez, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Danilo Ilić, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Muhamed Mehmedbašić, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Cvjetko Popović, for conspiring to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip, for assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Nazario Sauro, for fighting for Italy in the First World War

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Louis Riel, executed for leading the Métis in the North-West Rebellion against Canada's expansion into the west.
Kanao Inouye, Kamloops-born sergeant in the Imperial Japanese army in World War II, executed for killing eight Canadian prisoners of war captured at the Battle of Hong Kong.

text: China[edit]

text:
Zhou Fohai, for serving in the Wang Jingwei government in the Second World War
Chen Gongbo, for serving in the Wang Jingwei government in the Second World War
Wang Jingwei, president of the Reorganized National Government of China (puppet government controlled by Japan) in the Second World War

text: Republic of Congo[edit]

text: Pascal Lissouba, former President of the Republic of Congo

text: Czechoslovakia[edit]

text: Karel Čurda, for betraying the Czech Resistance and the assassins of Reinhard Heydrich.

text: Denmark (under the Nazi occupational government)[edit]

text: Henrik Kauffmann was charged with grand (high) treason by the Nazi-occupied Danish government, for helping the Allies.

text: East Germany[edit]

text: Werner Teske

text: England[edit]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Aleksei Dressen
Herman Simm
Vladimir Veitman[citation needed]

text: Fiji[edit]

text:
George Speight, for plotting the Fiji coup of 2000. Death sentence commuted to life in prison.
Ratu Jope Seniloli, incumbent Vice-President (in 2004), for his role in the coup of 2000. Sentenced to four years in gaol; released by a sympathetic government after three months.

text: Finland[edit]

text: Lauri Törni, for having served with the German Army at the end of World War II, later received a presidential pardon

text: France[edit]

text:
François Achille Bazaine[1]
Robert Brasillach
Marcel Bucard
Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Cinq-Mars[2]
Joseph Darnand, for leading the Vichy French Milice.
Émile Dewoitine, aviation industrialist sentenced to 20 years forced labour sentence for collaboration.
Charles François Dumouriez[3]
Isabeau of Bavaria[4]
John the Fearless[5]
Pierre Laval, for being Prime Minister of Vichy France.
Jean Victor Marie Moreau[6]
Michel Ney[7]
Philippe Pétain
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord[8]
Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Adolf Hitler, for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923
Marinus van der Lubbe, for high treason and arson in the Reichstag fire case, in 1933
Anton Schmid, for saving Jews and helping Jewish partisans, in 1942. The Bundeswehr has named two barracks after him.
Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl and Christoph Probst in 1943 for their involvement in the anti-Nazi White Rose movement
Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (1902–1944), a key conspirator in the failed assassination attempt in the July 20 plot in 1944 on Hitler's life
Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, for the attempted assassination of Hitler in the July 20 plot in 1944
Günter Guillaume, Private Secretary to then-chancellor Willy Brandt, and his wife Christel Guillaume, both officers of East German Staatssicherheit, in 1975
Clyde Lee Conrad, former US Army NCO, the only person to have been handed down a lifetime sentence for treason by a court of the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1990
Klaus Kuron (de), counter-intelligence officer with the Bundesverfassungsschutz who had spied for East German Staatssicherheit, in 1992

text: Great Britain[edit]

text:
Archibald Cameron of Locheil, for his part in the 1745 Jacobite rising
Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, for his part in the 1745 Jacobite rising
William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale, for supporting the Jacobite rising of 1715
Thomas Paine,[9] for publishing anti-British revolutionary literature
Charles Radclyffe, for supporting the Jacobite rising of 1715

text: Greece[edit]

text:
Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1921–1922), convicted of treason in 1922 for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Executed 15 November 1922.
Petros Protopapadakis, Minister of Economy in Dimitrios Gounaris' government and later Prime Minister of Greece (1922), convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Executed 15 November 1922.
Nikolaos Stratos, Minister of Internal Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Executed 15 November 1922.
Georgios Baltatzis (el), Minister of Foreign Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Executed 15 November 1922.
Nikolaos Theotokis (el), Minister of Military Affairs in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Executed 15 November 1922.
Georgios Hatzanestis, commanding officer of the Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace Greek army, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Executed 15 November 1922.
Michail Goudas (el), rear admiral and minister in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Sentenced to life imprisonment.
Xenophon Stratigos, major general and minister in Gounaris' government, convicted of treason for the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Sentenced to life imprisonment.
George Papadopoulos, Greek colonel, leader of a military junta (1967–1973), convicted of treason and jailed for life, died in Korydallos prison 27 June 1999.

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: The Republic of Hawaii government had one trial for treason after the failed 1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii. Those charged were found guilty, but pardoned after serving time in prison.[10]

text:
Charles T. Gulick (1841–1897), former cabinet minister
Robert William Wilcox (1855–1903), military leader, later delegate to US Congress

text: Hungary[edit]

text:
Imre Nagy, Prime Minister of Hungary, for leading the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
Count Fidel Palffy
László Rajk
Sándor Szűcs, international footballer, for defecting.

text: Israel[edit]

text:
Meir Tobianski, falsely accused of treason during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Executed by firing squad but pardoned after his death.
Mordechai Vanunu, for revealing details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986.
"Prisoner X2", a mole within Mossad.

text: Japan[edit]

text:
Ozaki Hotsumi, journalist and Soviet agent (nominally convicted under the Peace Preservation Law)
Daisuke Namba, Japanese left-wing activist
Kotoku Shusui, Japanese anarchist

text: Kenya[edit]

text: Hezekiah Ochuka, Kenya airforce soldier, for conspiring to overthrow the government of Daniel Moi in 1982

text: Kuwait[edit]

text: Alaa Hussein Ali, for heading the Iraqi puppet government during the Gulf War

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Agustín de Iturbide, for fighting for the royalists' army during the Mexican War of Independence.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: Anton Mussert, for leading the Dutch puppet regime under Nazi occupation.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan, for passing information to the Japanese during World War II (was not convicted under New Zealand civil law)
Hamiora Pere, for fighting against the British government in Te Kooti's War; only person executed for treason in New Zealand

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Albert Viljam Hagelin, member of Quisling's government.
Vidkun Quisling, for being Minister President of Nazi-occupied Norway during World War II. The word 'quisling' now means 'traitor'.
Ragnar Skancke, Quisling's minister of Church and Educational Affairs.
Arne Treholt Norwegian diplomat, turned by the KGB

text: Pakistan[edit]

text:
Shakil Afridi, for spying for the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States
Hussain Haqqani, for involvement with a secret memo to Admiral Michael Mullen asking for US intervention in changing Pakistan's military and intelligence agencies.

text: Poland[edit]

text: For the betrayal of General Stefan Rowecki to the Gestapo:

text:
Blanka Kaczorowska (pl) ("Sroka"), as above, emigrated to France in 1971
Ludwik Kalkstein  ("Hanka"), protected by the Gestapo during the war, emigrated to France in 1982
Eugeniusz Świerczewski ("Gens"), executed 1944

text: For betrayal of the Polish People's Republic:

text:
Witold Pilecki ("Druh"), death for espionage for the Polish Government-in-exile, executed in 1948, posthumously acquitted in 1990
Ryszard Kukliński ("Jack Strong"), escaped to the USA in 1981, sentenced to death in absentia in 1984, in 1990 sentence changed to 25 years of imprisonment, in 1995 sentence cancelled due to search of the 1st President of the Supreme Court, fully pardoned in 1997
Adam Kaczmarczyk, death for espionage for MI16, executed in 1969

text: Russia[edit]

text:
Valentin Danilov – 14 years for espionage for China
Mikhail Shein
Boris Yeltsin - Belavezha Accords
Igor Sutyagin (2004) – 15 years for espionage for USA. Exchanged for Russian spies in 2010.

text: Scotland[edit]

text:
Robert Baillie, for involvement in the Rye House Plot
William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, for leading the Raid of Ruthven on King James VI
Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany
Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney, for usurping King James VI on the Orkney Islands

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text:
Leonid Eitingon circa 1953
Oleg Penkovsky
Adolf Tolkachev, worked with CIA, executed 1986
Gennady Varenik KGB, worked for CIA
Andrey Vlasov
Genrikh Yagoda

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Francisco Xavier Mina, for fighting against the Spanish government in the Mexican War of Independence.
Camilo Torres Tenorio, for leading the independence movement in Colombia

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Velupillai Prabhakaran, the Tamil rebel leader who fought with the government for 30 years.

text: Sweden[edit]

text:
Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, attempted to overthrow the guardian-government of King Gustav IV Adolf with Russian military assistance.
Johann Patkul, protested the land-recovery project of Charles XI of Sweden and, when unsuccessful, sided with Augustus the Strong and tried to wrest Livonia from Sweden.
Magdalena Rudenschöld, for taking part in the Armfelt conspiracy.
Brita Tott, for exposing military movements to Denmark

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: Jean-Louis Jeanmaire, sentenced to 18 years of prison (released after 12 for good behavior) for leaking information to the Soviet KGB.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Abdullah Öcalan, life sentence (originally death penalty) for trying to establish a Kurdish state in Turkey.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
John Amery, for trying to recruit soldiers and broadcasting propaganda for Nazi Germany.
Roger Casement, for negotiating with Germany to provide arms to Irish revolutionaries during the First World War for use in the Irish Easter 1916 rising; hanged in August 1916.
William Comstive, Charles Stanfield, Richard Addy, Benjamin Hanson and eighteen others were tried and convicted for High Treason for revolt in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1820.
William Joyce, alias 'Lord Haw-Haw', for broadcasting Nazi propaganda to the United Kingdom during World War II. Hanged on 3 January 1946
Members of the British Free Corps: Thomas Haller Cooper and Walter Purdy (death sentences commuted)
Participants in the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland: Patrick Pearse, Thomas J. Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh, Joseph Mary Plunkett, Edward (Ned) Daly, William Pearse, Michael O'Hanrahan, John MacBride, Éamonn Ceannt, Michael Mallin, Cornelius Colbert, Seán Heuston, Seán Mac Diarmada, James Connolly, and Thomas Kent were shot by firing squad in May 1916.
Arthur Thistlewood, John Brunt, William Davidson, James Ings, Richard Tidd, Charles Cooper, Richard Bradburn, John Harrison, James Wilson and John Shaw Strange participants of the 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy
James Wilson (revolutionary) convicted and executed for High Treason, following his part in the Scottish Insurrection of 1820.
Jeremiah Brandreth, Isaac Ludlam and William Turner convicted and executed for High Treason following their part in the Pentrich Revolution of 1817.  [11]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Philip Vigol and John Mitchell, convicted of treason and sentenced to hanging; pardoned by George Washington; see Whiskey Rebellion.
John Fries, the leader of Fries' Rebellion, convicted of treason in 1800 along with two accomplices, and pardoned that same year by John Adams.
Governor Thomas Dorr 1844, convicted of treason against the state of Rhode Island; see Dorr Rebellion; released in 1845; civil rights restored in 1851; verdict annulled in 1854.
John Brown, convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1859 and executed for attempting to organize armed resistance to slavery.
Aaron Dwight Stevens, took part in John Brown's raid and was executed in 1860 for treason against Virginia.
William Bruce Mumford, convicted of treason and hanged in 1862 for tearing down a United States flag during the American Civil War.
Walter Allen  was convicted of treason on September 16, 1922 for taking part in the 1921 Miner's March with the coal companies and the US Army on Blair Mountain, West Virginia. He was sentenced to 10 years and fined. During his appeal to the Supreme Court he disappeared while out on bail. United Mineworkers of America leader William Blizzard was acquitted of the charge of treason by the jury on May 25, 1922.[12]
Martin James Monti, United States Army Air Forces pilot, convicted of treason for defecting to the Waffen SS in 1944. He was paroled in 1960.
Robert Henry Best, convicted of treason on April 16, 1948 and served a life sentence.
Iva Toguri D'Aquino, who is frequently identified  by the name "Tokyo Rose", convicted 1949. Subsequently, pardoned by President Gerald Ford.
Mildred Gillars, also known as "Axis Sally", convicted of treason on March 8, 1949; served 12 years of a 10- to 30-year prison sentence.
Tomoya Kawakita, sentenced to death for treason in 1952, but eventually released by President John F. Kennedy to be deported to Japan.

text: Zambia[edit]

text: Steven Lungu, also known as Captain Solo. Sentenced to death for an attempted coup in 1997, he was pardoned in 2010 by President Rupiah Banda.

text: Zimbabwe[edit]

text: Ndabaningi Sithole, for conspiring to kill Robert Mugabe