document_title: Gene flow

question_text: two populations that have no gene flow between them are likely to

text: Gene flow

text: Measuring gene flow[edit]

text:
Decrease in population size leads to increased divergence due to drift, while migration reduces divergence and inbreeding. Gene flow can be measured by using the effective population size (

N

e

{\displaystyle N_{e}}

) and the net migration rate per generation (m). Using the approximation based on the Island model, the effect of migration can be calculated for a population in terms of the degree of genetic differentiation(

F
s
t

{\displaystyle Fst}

).[6] This formula accounts for the proportion of total molecular marker variation among populations, averaged over loci.[7]  When there is one migrant per generation, the inbreeding coefficient (

F
s
t

{\displaystyle Fst}

) equals 0.2. However, when there is less than 1 migrant per generation (no migration), the inbreeding coefficient rises rapidly resulting in fixation and complete divergence (

F
s
t

{\displaystyle Fst}

 = 1). The most common

F
s
t

{\displaystyle Fst}

 is < 0.25. This means there is some migration happening. Measures of population structure range from 0 to 1. When gene flow occurs via migration the deleterious effects of inbreeding can be ameliorated[1].

text:
F
s
t
=
1

/

(
4

N

e

m
+
1
)

{\displaystyle Fst=1/(4N_{e}m+1)}

text:
The formula can be modified to solve for the migration rate when

F
s
t

{\displaystyle Fst}

 is known:

N
m
=
1
(
1

/

F
s
t
−
1
)

/

4

{\displaystyle Nm=1(1/Fst-1)/4}

, Nm = number of migrants [1].

text: Barriers to gene flow[edit]

text: Allopatric speciation[edit]

text: When gene flow is blocked by physical barriers, this results in Allopatric speciation or a geographical isolation that does not allow populations of the same species to exchange genetic material. Physical barriers to gene flow are usually, but not always, natural. They may include impassable mountain ranges, oceans, or vast deserts. In some cases, they can be artificial, man-made barriers, such as the Great Wall of China, which has hindered the gene flow of native plant populations.[8] One of these native plants, Ulmus pumila, demonstrated a lower prevalence of genetic differentiation than the plants Vitex negundo, Ziziphus jujuba, Heteropappus hispidus, and Prunus armeniaca whose habitat is located on the opposite side of the Great Wall of China where Ulmus pumila grows.[8] This is because Ulmus pumila has wind-pollination as its primary means of propagation and the latter-plants carry out pollination through insects.[8] Samples of the same species which grow on either side have been shown to have developed genetic differences, because there is little to no gene flow to provide recombination of the gene pools.

text: Sympatric speciation[edit]

text: Barriers to gene flow need not always be physical. Sympatric speciation happens when new species from the same ancestral species arise along the same range. This is often a result of a reproductive barrier. For example, two palm species of Howea found on Lord Howe Island were found to have substantially different flowering times correlated with soil preference, resulting in a reproductive barrier inhibiting gene flow.[9] Species can live in the same environment, yet show very limited gene flow due to reproductive barriers, fragmentation, specialist pollinators, or limited hybridization or hybridization yielding unfit hybrids. A cryptic species is a species that humans cannot tell is different without the use of genetics. Moreover, gene flow between hybrid and wild populations can result in loss of genetic diversity via genetic pollution, assortative mating and outbreeding.

text: Human assisted gene-flow[edit]

text: Genetic rescue[edit]

text: Gene flow can also be used to assist species which are threatened with extinction. When a species exist in small populations there is an increased risk of inbreeding and  greater susceptibility to loss of diversity due to drift. These populations can benefit greatly from the introduction of unrelated individuals who can increase diversity and reduce the amount of inbreeding, and thus increase overall fitness. This was demonstrated in the lab with two bottleneck strains of drosophila melanogaster, in which crosses between the two populations reversed the effects of inbreeding and led to greater chances of survival in not only one generation but two.[10]

text: Genetic pollution[edit]

text: Human activities such as movement of species and modification of landscape can result in genetic pollution, hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping.  These processes can lead to homogenization or replacement of local genotypes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of introduced plant or animal.[11] Nonnative species can threaten native plants and animals with extinction by hybridization and introgression either through purposeful introduction by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. These phenomena can be especially detrimental for rare species coming into contact with more abundant ones which can occur between island and mainland species. Interbreeding between the species can cause a 'swamping' of the rarer species' gene pool, creating hybrids that supplant the native stock. This is a direct result of evolutionary forces such as natural selection, as well as genetic drift, which lead to the increasing prevalence of advantageous traits and homogenization. The extent of this phenomenon is not always apparent from outward appearance alone. While some degree of gene flow occurs in the course of normal evolution, hybridization with or without introgression may threaten a rare species' existence.[12][13] For example, the Mallard is an abundant species of duck that interbreeds readily with a wide range of other ducks and poses a threat to the integrity of some species.[14]

text: Gene flow between species[edit]

text: Horizontal gene transfer[edit]

text: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction, either through transformation (direct uptake of genetic material by a cell from its surroundings), conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host cell) or GTA-mediated transduction (transfer by a virus-like element produced by a bacterium) .[15][16]

text:
Viruses can transfer genes between species.[17] Bacteria can incorporate genes from dead bacteria, exchange genes with living bacteria, and can exchange plasmids across species boundaries.[18]
"Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many genes among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic 'domains'. Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species can not be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes."[19]

text: Biologist Gogarten suggests "the original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data from recent genome research". Biologists [should] instead use the metaphor of a mosaic to describe the different histories combined in individual genomes and use the metaphor of an intertwined net to visualize the rich exchange and cooperative effects of horizontal gene transfer.[20]

text: "Using single genes as phylogenetic markers, it is difficult to trace organismal phylogeny in the presence of HGT. Combining the simple coalescence model of cladogenesis with rare HGT events suggest there was no single last common ancestor that contained all of the genes ancestral to those shared among the three domains of life. Each contemporary molecule has its own history and traces back to an individual molecule cenancestor. However, these molecular ancestors were likely to be present in different organisms at different times."[21]

text: Hybridization[edit]

text: In some instances, when a species has a sister species and breeding capabilities are possible due to the removal of previous barriers or through introduction due to human intervention, species can hybridize and exchange genes and corresponding traits. This exchange is not always clear-cut, for sometimes the hybrids may look identical to the original species phenotypically but upon testing the mtDNA it is apparent that hybridization has occurred. Differential hybridization also occurs because some traits and DNA are more readily exchanged than others, and this is a result of selective pressure or the absence thereof that allows for easier transaction. In instances in which the introduced species begins to replace the native species, the native species becomes threatened and the biodiversity is reduced, thus making this phenomenon negative rather than a positive case of gene flow that augments genetic diversity. Introgression is the term used to describe the replacement of the native species genes with that of the invader species. It is important to note that hybrids are generally deemed less "fit" than their parental generation, and as a result is a closely monitored genetic issue as the ultimate goal in conservation genetics is to maintain the genetic integrity of a species and preserve biodiversity.

text: Examples[edit]

text: While gene flow can greatly enhance the fitness of a population, it can also have negative consequences depending on the population and the environment in which they reside. The effects of gene flow are context-dependent.

text:
Fragmented Population: fragmented landscapes such as the Galapagos Islands are an ideal place for adaptive radiation to occur as a result of differing geography. Darwin's Finches likely experienced allopatric speciation in some part due to differing geography, but that doesn't explain why we see so many different kinds of finches on the same island. This is due to adaptive radiation, or the evolution of varying traits in light of competition for resources. Gene flow moves in the direction of what resources are abundant at a given time.[22]
Island Population: The Marine Iguana is en endemic species of the Galapagos Islands, but it evolved from a mainland ancestor of land iguana. Due to geographic isolation gene flow between the two species was limited and differing environments caused the Marine Iguana to evolve in order to adapt to the island environment. For instance, they are the only iguana that has evolved the ability to swim.

tag: ul

text: Human Populations: Two theories exist for the human evolution throughout the world. The first is known as the multiregional model in which modern human variation is seen as a product of radiation of Homo erectus out of Africa after which local differentiation led to the establishment of regional population as we see them now.[23][24] Gene flow plays an important role in maintaining a grade of similarities and preventing speciation. In contrast the single origin theory assumes that there was a common ancestral population originating in Africa of Homo sapiens which already displayed the anatomical characteristics we see today.  This theory minimizes the amount of parallel evolution that is needed.[24]

text:
Butterflies: Comparisons between sympatric and allopatric populations of Heliconius melpomene, H. cydno, and H. timareta revealed a genome-wide trend of increased shared variation in sympatry, indicative of pervasive interspecific gene flow.[25]
Human-mediated gene flow: The captive genetic management of threatened species is one way in which humans attempt to induce gene flow in ex situ situation. One example is the Giant Panda which is part of an international breeding program in which genetic materials are shared between zoological organizations in order to increase genetic diversity in the small populations. As a result of low reproductive success, artificial insemination with fresh/frozen-thawed sperm was developed which increased cub survival rate. A 2014 study found that high levels of genetic diversity and low levels of inbreeding were estimated in the breeding centers.[26]

text:
Plants: Two species of Monkeyflowers, mimulus lewsii and mimulus cardinalis, were found to have highly specialized pollinators that acted on major genes resulting in a contribution to the floral evolution and reproductive isolation of these two species.[27] The specialized pollination limited gene flow between the two species, eventually resulting in two different species.
Sika deer: Sika deer were introduced into Western Europe, and they reproduce easily with the native red deer. This translocation of Sika deer has led to introgression and there are no longer "pure" red deer in the region, and all can be classified as hybrids.[28]
Bobwhite quail: Bobwhite quail were translocated from the southern part of the United States to Ontario in order to increase population numbers and game for hunting.The hybrids that resulted from this translocation was less fit than the native population and were not adapted to survived the Northern Winters. [29]


document_title: They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

question_text: who sings they shoot horses don't they

question_tokens: who sings they shoot horses do n 't they

root

text: They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

text: They Shoot Horses, Don't They? may refer to:

tag: p

text:
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (novel), a novel by Horace McCoy
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film), a 1969 film adapted from the novel
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (band), a Canadian rock band
"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", a song by Racing Cars
"They Shoot Horse, Don't They?", a song by Quickspace from the 2000 album The Death of Quickspace

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title They Shoot Horses, Don't They?.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: The Originals (season 5)

question_text: who plays hope in the originals season 5

text: The Originals (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall[a]
Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus "Marcel" Gerard
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson
Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson[5]
Steven Krueger as Joshua "Josh" Rosza[6][b]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson[7]
Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell
Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna
Christina Moses as Keelin
Alexis Louder as Lisina
Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna
Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit
Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy
Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna
Robert Baker as Emmett

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Candice King as Caroline Forbes[8]
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire[7]
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman[9]
Leah Pipes as Camille "Cami" O'Connell[10]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams
Katie Jane Cook as Poppy
Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson
Rick Espaillat as Pierre
Malone Thomas as Colette
Jason Burkey as David
Jamie Thomas King as August Muller
Colin Woodell as Aiden
Ian Pala as Max
Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill
Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Saltzman
Bella Samman as Josette "Josie" Saltzman
Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby[11]
Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner
Sam Ashby as Connor
Sebastian Roché as Mikael

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1, 6, 8, and 11–13. In all other episodes, she is not credited and does not appear.

Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10. From episode 11 to 13, he is not credited and does not appear.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801"Where You Left Your Heart"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[12]
Desperate to see her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.
812"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[13]
When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.
823"Ne Me Quitte Pas"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[14]
With no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.
834"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[15]
Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.
845"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[16]
Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.
856"What, Will, I, Have, Left"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[17]
With the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.
867"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[18]
Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.
878"The Kindness of Strangers"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[19]
All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.
889"We Have Not Long to Love"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[20]
Hope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.
8910"There in the Disappearing Light"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[21]
After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.
9011"'Til the Day I Die"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[22]
After Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to walk Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.
9112"The Tale of Two Wolves"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[23]
To save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.
9213"When the Saints Go Marching In"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[24]
Klaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are joined by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his lifes purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled. He also tells Klaus that whatever lies ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Where You Left Your Heart"

April 18, 2018
0.4/2
0.97[12]
0.3
0.67
0.7
1.64[25]

2

"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"

April 25, 2018
0.4/2
1.03[13]
0.4
0.79
0.8
1.82[26]

3

"Ne Me Quitte Pas"

May 2, 2018
0.4/2
0.90[14]
0.4
0.91
0.8
1.80[27]

4

"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"

May 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.76[15]
0.4
0.85
0.7
1.61[28]

5

"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"

May 16, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[16]
0.4
0.81
0.7
1.61[29]

6

"What, Will, I, Have, Left"

May 30, 2018
0.3/1
0.82[17]
0.3
0.80
0.6
1.62[30]

7

"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"

June 6, 2018
0.2/1
0.77[18]
0.4
0.79
0.6
1.56[31]

8

"The Kindness of Strangers"

June 13, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[19]
0.4
0.93
0.7
1.79[32]

9

"We Have Not Long to Love"

June 20, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[20]
0.4
0.84
0.7
1.61[33]

10

"There in the Disappearing Light"

July 11, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[21]
0.3
0.81
0.6
1.57[34]

11

"'Til the Day I Die"

July 18, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[22]
0.3
0.72
0.5
1.40[35]

12

"The Tale of Two Wolves"

July 25, 2018
0.3/1
0.85[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

August 1, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation

question_text: when did fender move from fullerton to corona

text: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation

text: History[edit]

text: In 1950, Fender introduced the first mass-produced solid-body Spanish-style electric guitar, the Telecaster (originally named the Broadcaster for two-pickup models and Esquire for single-pickup).[8]  Following its success, Fender created the first mass-produced electric bass, the Precision Bass (P-Bass). In 1954, Fender unveiled the Stratocaster ("Strat") guitar.  With the Telecaster and Precision Bass having been on the market for some time, Leo Fender was able to incorporate input from working musicians into the Stratocaster's design.  The Strat's comfortable contoured edges and in-built vibrato system led to its soaring popularity.

text: While Fender was not the first to manufacture electric guitars — luthiers and larger musical instrument manufacturers had produced electric guitars since the late 1920s — the popularity of Fender's instruments superseded what had come before. Furthermore, while nearly all other electric guitars featured hollow bodies — making them most similar to an acoustic guitar — or more specialized designs, such as Rickenbacker's solid-body Hawaiian guitars, Fender's instruments possessed an unprecedented level of versatility.  The solid wood bodies of Fender's instruments allowed for minimal feedback with high-gain amplification, an issue that plagued earlier guitars.  The Fender guitars were popular with musicians in a variety of genres and are now revered for their build quality and tonal excellence.

text: Origins[edit]

text: The company began as Fender's Radio Service in late 1938 in Fullerton, California. It got its name from the surname of its founder Leo Fender. As a qualified electronics technician, Leo Fender had been asked to repair not only radios, but also phonograph players, home audio amplifiers, public address systems and musical instrument amplifiers. (At the time, most of these were just variations on a few simple vacuum-tube circuits.) All designs were based on research developed and released to the public domain by Western Electric in the 1930s and used vacuum tubes for amplification. The business also sidelined in carrying records for sale and the in rental of company-designed PA systems. Leo became intrigued by design flaws in contemporary musical instrument amplifiers and began building amplifiers based on his own designs or modifications to designs.

text: By the early 1940s he had entered into a partnership with local electronics enthusiast Clayton Orr "Doc" Kauffman and together they formed the company K & F Manufacturing Corp to design, manufacture, and market electric instruments and amplifiers. Production began in 1945 with Hawaiian lap steel guitars (incorporating a patented pickup) and amplifiers sold as sets. By the end of the year Fender became convinced that manufacturing was more profitable than repair and he decided to concentrate on that business instead. Kauffman remained, however, unconvinced and he and Fender amicably parted ways by early 1946. At that point Leo renamed the company the Fender Electric Instrument Company. The service shop remained open until 1951, although Leo Fender did not personally supervise it after 1947.

text:
A custom lap steel guitar made in 1946 for his friend Noel Boggs was probably the very first product of the new
company, already sporting the familiar Big "F" logo.[9]

text: In the late 1940s, Leo Fender began to experiment with more conventional guitar designs.  As early as 1949, the familiar shape of the Telecaster can be made out in some of Fender's prototypes.  Early Telecasters were plagued with issues; Leo Fender boasted the strength of the Telecasters one-piece maple neck while early adopters lamented its tendency to bow in humid weather.  Fender's reluctant addition of a metal truss rod into the necks of his guitars allowed for the much needed ability to fine-tune the instrument to the musician's specific needs.  With the design of the Telecaster finalized, mass-production began in 1950.  The key to Fender's ability to mass-produce an electric guitar was the modular design of the Telecaster.  Its bolted-on neck allowed for the instrument's body and neck to be milled and finished separately and for the final assembling to be done quickly and cheaply by unskilled workers.

text: Fender owed its early success not only to its founder and talented associates such as musician/product engineer Freddie Tavares but also to the efforts of sales chief, senior partner and marketing genius Don Randall. According to The Stratocaster Chronicles (a book by Tom Wheeler; Hal Leonard Pub., Milwaukee, WI;  2004, p. 108), Randall assembled what Fender's original partner Doc Kauffman called "a sales distributorship like nobody had ever seen in the world." Randall worked closely with the immensely talented photographer/designer, Bob Perine. Their catalogs and ads were innovative - such as the "You Won't Part With Yours Either" campaign, which portrayed people surfing, skiing, skydiving, and climbing into jet planes, all while holding Jazzmasters and Stratocasters.

text: In Fender guitar literatures of the 1960s, attractive, guitar-toting teenagers were posed with surfboards and Perine's classic Thunderbird convertible at local beachside settings, firmly integrating Fender into the surfin’/hot rod/sports car culture of Southern California celebrated by the Beach Boys, beach movies, and surf music. (The Stratocaster Chronicles, by Tom Wheeler; Hal Leonard Pub., Milwaukee, WI; 2004, p. 108).  This early success is dramatically illustrated by the growth of Fender's manufacturing capacity through the 1950s and 1960s.

text: Sale to CBS[edit]

text: In early 1965, Leo Fender sold his companies to the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) for $13 million.[10][11] This was almost two million more than they had paid for The New York Yankees a year before. CBS entered the musical instruments field by acquiring the Fender companies (Fender Sales, Inc., Fender Electric Instrument Company, Inc., Fender Acoustic Instrument Company, Inc., Fender-Rhodes, Inc., Terrafen, Inc., Clef-Tronix, Inc., Randall Publishing Co., Inc., and V.C. Squier Company), as well as Electro-Music Inc. (Leslie speakers), Rogers drums, Steinway pianos, Gemeinhardt flutes, Lyon & Healy harps, Rodgers (institutional) organs, and Gulbransen home organs.

text: This had far-reaching implications. The sale was taken as a positive development, considering CBS's ability to bring in money and personnel who acquired a large inventory of Fender parts and unassembled guitars that were assembled and put to market. However, the sale also led to a reduction of the quality of Fender's guitars while under the management of "cost-cutting" CBS. Several cosmetic changes occurred after 1965/1966, such as a larger headstock shape on certain guitars. Bound necks with block shaped position markers were introduced in 1966. A bolder black headstock logo, as well as a brushed aluminum face plate with blue or red labels (depending the model) for the guitar and bass amplifiers became standard features, starting in late 1968. These first "silverface" amps added an aluminium trim detail around the speaker baffle until 1970.

text: Other cosmetic changes included a new "tailless" Fender amp decal and a sparkling orange grillcloth on certain amplifiers in the mid-1970s. Regarding guitars, in mid-1971 the usual four-bolt neck joint was changed to one using only three bolts, and a second string tree for the two middle (G and D) strings was added in late 1972. These changes were said to have been made to save money: while it suited the new 'improved' micro-tilt adjustment of the neck (previously requiring neck removal and shimming), the "Bullet" truss rod system, and a 5-way pickup selector on most models, it also resulted in a greater propensity toward mechanical failure of the guitars.

text: During the CBS era, the company did introduce some new instrument and amplifier designs. The Fender Starcaster was particularly unusual because of its shallow, yet completely hollow body design that still retained the traditional Fender bolt-on neck, albeit with a completely different headstock. The Starcaster also incorporated a new Humbucking pickup designed by Seth Lover, which became known as the Wide Range pickup. This pickup also gave rise to 3 new incarnations of the classic Telecaster: the Telecaster Custom, the Telecaster Deluxe and the Telecaster Thinline. Though more recent use by Jonny Greenwood of Radiohead has raised the Starcaster's profile, CBS-era instruments are generally much less coveted or collectable than the "pre-CBS" models created by Leo Fender prior to selling the Fender companies to CBS in 1965.

text: The culmination of the CBS "cost-cutting" may have occurred in 1983, when the Fender Stratocaster received a short-lived redesign including a single ("master") tone control, a bare-bones, pickguard-mounted output jack, redesigned single-coil pickups, active electronics, and three push buttons for pickup selection (on the Elite Series). Additionally, previous models such as the Swinger (also known as Musiclander) and Custom (also known as Maverick) were perceived by some musicians as little more than attempts to squeeze profits out of factory stock. The so-called "pre-CBS cult" refers to the popularity of Fenders made before the sale.

text: After selling the Fender company, Leo Fender founded Music Man in 1975, and G&L Musical Instruments in 1979, both of which manufacture electric guitars and basses based on his later designs.

text: After CBS[edit]

text: In 1985, in a campaign initiated by then CBS Musical Instruments division president William Schultz (1926–2006), the Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company employees purchased the company from CBS and renamed it Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC). Behind the Fender name, FMIC has retained Fender's older models along with newer designs and concepts. The sale however did not include the old Fullerton factory; FMIC had to build a new facility in nearby Corona.

text: Fender manufactures its highest quality, most expensive guitars at its Corona factory in California and manufactures a variety of other mid-to-high quality guitars at its Ensenada factory in Baja California, Mexico. Fender also contracts Asian guitar builders to manufacture Fender guitars and the economy priced entry-level Squier guitars.

text: In 1991, FMIC moved its corporate headquarters from its Corona location to Scottsdale, Arizona. Currently, this is where "administration, marketing, advertising, sales and export operations" take place, not only for the United States operations, but many other countries also.[12]  Older vintage and U.S. built Fender guitars are generally the most favored, but pre-1990 Fender Japan guitars are now highly regarded as well. Fender guitars built in Ensenada, Mexico now fulfill the primary export role formerly held by Japanese-made Fenders. The Japanese Fenders are now manufactured specifically for the Japanese market, with only a small number marked for export.

text: On February 11, 1994, the Fender manufacturing plant based in Ensenada, Mexico burned down.  Fender President Bill Shultz decided to temporarily move production from the Mexico plant to the U.S. plant.  These Fender guitars are fairly rare and can be identified by the unique serial number.

text: In recent years, FMIC has branched out into making and selling steel-string acoustic guitars, and has purchased a number of other instrument firms, including the Guild Guitar Company, the Sunn Amplifier Company, and other brands such as SWR Sound Corporation. In early 2003, FMIC made a deal with Gretsch and began manufacturing and distributing new Gretsch guitars. Fender also owns: Jackson, Olympia, Orpheum, Tacoma Guitars (based in Seattle, WA), Squier and Brand X amps. In 2007, Fender acquired Kaman Music Corporation, which owns Ovation Guitar Company, Latin Percussion and Toca hand percussion products, Gibraltar Hardware, Genz Benz Amplification, Charvel, Hamer Guitars and is the exclusive U.S. sales representative for Sabian Cymbals and exclusive worldwide distributor of Takamine Guitars and Gretsch Drums.

text: In February 2007, Fender announced that it would produce an illustrated product guide in place of its traditional annual Frontline magazine. They made this change in large part due to costs associated with paying royalties for both print and the Internet. With the new illustrated product guide, this removed print issues. The new guide contains the entire range of instruments and amplifiers, with color pictures and basic specifications. The New Fender Frontline In-Home is produced during the year, keeping customers up to date with new products. These are available through guitar publications and are directly mailed to customers who sign up on the Fender website.  As well as these printed formats, Fender Frontline Live launched at the winter NAMM show in January 2007 as a new online reference point, containing information on new products and live footage from the show.

text: On October 28, 2007, Fender announced its intention to buy Kaman Music Corporation (also known as KMC, and the owner of Hamer Guitars and Genz Benz amplifiers, along with many others, and exclusive distributor for Sabian cymbals and Takamine Guitars).

text: Other Fender instruments include the Mustang, Jazzmaster, Jaguar, Starcaster, Duo-Sonic, Toronado and Bronco guitars; basses such as the Jazz Bass, the 'Telecaster Bass' reissue of the original 1950s Precision Bass; a line of lap steels; three models of electric violin, and the Fender Rhodes electric piano.

text: In 2011, Volkswagen partnered with Fender Corporation to manufacture premium sound systems for its vehicles in North America, under the direction of Panasonic. Volkswagen vehicles in North America that offer optional Fender Premium Sound are the Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Beetle, Volkswagen Jetta Sedan, Volkswagen Passat, and Volkswagen Tiguan.

text: As of July 10, 2012, the majority shareholders of Fender were the private equity firm of Weston Presidio (43%), Servco Pacific (5%) and the Japanese music distributors Yamano Music (14%) and Kanda Shokai (13%).[13][14] By December 2012, TPG Growth (the middle market and growth equity investment platform of TPG Capital) and Servco Pacific took control of the company after acquiring the shares held by Weston Presidio.[15]

text: In February 2015, KMC was sold to Jam Industries[16] by FMIC[17]

text: Products[edit]

text: The core of its instrument line — the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Jaguar, Jazzmaster, Mustang, Precision Bass and Jazz Bass — remains largely unchanged from the 1950s and 1960s originals[18]

text: Custom Shop[edit]

text: The Fender Custom Shop produces special-order guitars for customers through a Custom Shop dealer network, creates limited edition guitars, builds limited edition amplifiers, and does some research & design for the parent company.

text: Squier[edit]

text: Squier was a string manufacturer that Fender acquired. Fender had used the Squier brand since 1982 to market inexpensive variants of Fender guitars to compete with Stratocaster copies, as the Stratocaster became more popular. Squier guitars have been manufactured in Japan, Korea, Mexico, India, Indonesia, China, and the United States.

text: The Fender Visitor Center and Factory Tour[edit]

text: The Fender company is currently based in Corona, California, about an hour’s drive from Los Angeles and not far from its Fullerton origins. This location has been a working factory since 1998 and manufactures about 400 guitars a day. They offer hour-long factory tours to the public once a week, on Thursday mornings.

text: The Visitor Center functions as a small museum, full of displays related to the history of the company, photos and a biography of Leo Fender and displays of Fender instruments and the musicians who played them. The actual guided tour leads participants through the working factory where they view construction of guitars from the pickup fabrication process to the Woodmill room, where workers cut Fender guitar bodies and necks from planks of wood. Tour groups then view the Sanding Room where guitars are sanded and shaped, the Buff and Polish Room where the paint job is finalized, the Final Assembly area where the guitar's hardware is added, and the Inspection/End of the Line room where the guitars are tested.[19]

text: Associated artists[edit]

text: Many rock, country and jazz musicians have used Fender guitars from 1951 to the present. Some notable Fender players, both past and present, include Muddy Waters, Jim Adkins, Jeff Beck, Ritchie Blackmore, Roy Buchanan, Eric Clapton, Albert Collins, Billy Corgan, Robert Cray, Steve Cropper, Kurt Cobain, Bob Dylan, Rory Gallagher, David Gilmour, Janick Gers, Buddy Guy, George Harrison, Jimi Hendrix, Buddy Holly, Eric Johnson, Mark Knopfler, Scott Lucas, Yngwie Malmsteen, Johnny Marr, Hank Marvin, John Mayer, Dave Murray, Jimmy Page, Nigel Pulsford, Keith Richards, Nile Rodgers, Jim Root, Gavin Rossdale, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Chris Shiflett, John Lennon, Bruce Springsteen, Pete Townshend, Robin Trower, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Brian Wilson, Brad Paisley, and many others.

text:
Bass players favoring Fender instruments have included Geezer Butler, Adam Clayton, Bill Dickens, Mike Dirnt, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Flea, Steve Harris, Cliff Williams, James Jamerson, John Paul Jones, Geddy Lee, Paul McCartney,
Duff McKagan, Nate Mendel, Jaco Pastorius, Esperanza Spalding, Dave Parsons, Dee Dee Ramone, Troy Sanders, Rudy Sarzo, Robert Trujillo, Roger Waters, John Entwistle, Mikey Way and many others.

text: Fender Play[edit]

text: In July 2017, Fender launched Fender Play, a video based subscription platform offering guitar lessons.[20][21]


document_title: War Machine (film)

question_text: who plays brad pitt's wife in warmachine

question_tokens: who plays brad pitt 's wife in warmachine

text: War Machine (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 2009, Four-star General Glen McMahon (Brad Pitt), having won renown for his effective leadership in Iraq, is sent to Afghanistan to prepare an assessment so that the government can end the ongoing war.[4][5] He is given wide latitudes to write it, on the sole condition that he not request more troops. McMahon and his staff, particularly his right hand man Major General Greg Pulver (Anthony Michael Hall), are united in their belief that the war can be won, and decide to recommend that President Obama authorize a surge of 40,000 additional troops to secure Helmand province in order to stabilize the country. However, the Secretary of State (Sian Thomas) informs McMahon that his report will not be reviewed until after the upcoming presidential election.

text: Captain Badi Basim (Aymen Hamdouchi), a member of the ANA, joins McMahon's staff as a "representative" of the Afghan people. He arrives, however, in civilian clothes as he would rather not wear his uniform, which he has in a bag, outside the compound near his home as he walked. Meanwhile, McMahon is informed that, due to alleged irregularities in the counting of votes, a runoff election will have to be held, delaying the review of the assessment further. Fed up, McMahon secretly leaks the assessment to the Washington Post and organizes an interview with 60 Minutes, during which he reveals that, in the last seventy days, he has only been granted one meeting with the president. In response, the government announces that they will send 30,000 troops to Afghanistan, and that all US and coalition forces in the country will leave in 18 months. To gather the remaining 10,000 troops needed for his strategy to work, McMahon and his men head to Paris to negotiate with the other coalition nations.

text: In Paris, McMahon learns that the president is passing through, and wishes to meet with him. The ambassador to Afghanistan (Alan Ruck) warns McMahon that he needs to understand his position: if he continues to anger the president, he will be fired for insubordination. The president, however, merely shakes his hand as he climbs aboard Air Force One due to time constraints, and McMahon and his staff attend a dinner in McMahon's honor, accompanied by Rolling Stone writer Sean Cullen (Scoot McNairy), who intends to write a feature story about his performance for an upcoming issue. The next day, during their anniversary dinner, McMahon's wife Jeanie confronts him about how much time he's spending fighting abroad instead of being with his family back home.

text: While on route to Berlin with McMahon's staff to continue negotiations, Cullen observes their behavior and concludes that they are arrogant and seem to care little about the growing public perception that the war is costly and wasteful. At a conference to discuss his strategy, McMahon is confronted by a German official (Tilda Swinton) who is skeptical of his approach and suggests that McMahon's plans would only lead to more losses. Nevertheless, both the Germans and the French agree to furnish the troops needed for his planned offensive, codenamed "Operation Moshtarak", to begin, with Afghan President Hamid Karzai's (Ben Kingsley) approval.

text: The operation launches, but soon runs into trouble when several civilians are accidentally killed against McMahon's instructions. When he holds a public meeting to explain the incident, the crowd grows hostile and demands that he and his troops leave. Worse, McMahon learns that Cullen's article has been published, and paints a negative picture of him and his staff as openly speaking against the president and mishandling the war effort. Knowing that he will be fired for his actions, McMahon returns to Washington and later takes a job as a civilian consultant.

text: In the aftermath, Cullen ponders the consequences of his article, noting that he wished the fall of McMahon would finally convince the government to stop invading foreign countries and end the war in Afghanistan. Instead, however, the government simply assigns a new general to replace McMahon: General Bob White (Russell Crowe).

text: Cast[edit]

text: McMahon's Entourage

text:
Brad Pitt as General Glen McMahon,[6] a character based on General Stanley McChrystal.[7] He is portrayed as an accomplished general with degrees from West Point and Yale[8] brought in to bring a resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan.
Anthony Hayes[9] as Lieutenant Commander Pete Duckman, a Navy SEAL and member of McMahon's staff, possibly based on Navy SEAL David Silverman.
Emory Cohen[10] as Sgt. Willy Dunne, General McMahon's body man.
RJ Cyler as USAF Tech Sgt. Andy Moon, information technology support assistant.[11]
Daniel Betts as USN Rear Admiral Simon Ball, McMahon's Senior Public Affairs Officer.
Topher Grace as Matt Little, a former lobbyist turned McMahon's civilian media adviser.[12]
Anthony Michael Hall as Major General Greg Pulver, ISAF Director of Intelligence,[13] loosely based on Lt. General Michael Flynn.
John Magaro as Colonel Cory Staggart, an Army Ranger and General McMahon's executive officer.[14]
Aymen Hamdouchi as Captain Badi Basim, a scholarly Afghan National Army officer who becomes General McMahon's aide-de-camp.
Scoot McNairy[15] as Sean Cullen, a cynical journalist for Rolling Stone who accompanies McMahon and his staff and acts as narrator throughout the film, loosely based on author Michael Hastings.
Meg Tilly as Jeanie McMahon,[16] McMahon's wife.

text: US Diplomats

text:
Sian Thomas as United States Secretary of State Edith May, based on Hillary Rodham Clinton
Alan Ruck as Pat McKinnon, United States Ambassador to Afghanistan loosely based on Karl Eikenberry.
Nicholas Jones as Dick Waddle, loosely based on Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan Richard Holbrooke.
Griffin Dunne as Ray Canucci, a United States Department of State senior official.

text: Politicians

text:
Ben Kingsley as President Hamid Karzai[17]
Reggie Brown as President Barack Obama
Tilda Swinton as a German politician

text: Combat Marines

text:
Will Poulter as Sgt. Ricky Ortega, a Marine Corps infantry squad leader.[18]
Lakeith Stanfield as Cpl. Billy Cole, a disillusioned Marine and member of Ortega's squad.[19]
Josh Stewart as Captain Dick North, a Marine Corps officer.

text: Other

text:
Georgina Rylance as Lydia Cunningham, 60 Minutes journalist.
Russell Crowe[20] as General Bob White (uncredited), General Glen McMahon's replacement similar to David Petraeus.

text: Production[edit]

text: On April 27, 2012, it was announced that New Regency and Plan B Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to the 2011 best seller non-fiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings.[21] On April 14, 2014, David Michôd was hired to write and direct the film based on the war in Afghanistan.[7] Brad Pitt was attached to star as General Stanley McChrystal and produce the film along with his Plan B partners Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, while the film would be financed by New Regency and RatPac Entertainment.[7]

text: On June 8, 2015, Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film which was re-titled War Machine, while Ian Bryce also came on board to produce the film along with others.[22] On June 17, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that there had been a budget issue between New Regency and RatPac with producers of Plan B, and thus Netflix had stepped in to buy the distribution rights for $60 million.[1]

text: On August 4, 2015, Emory Cohen was cast in the film to play a member of Gen. McChrystal's staff.[10] On August 10, 2015, Topher Grace joined the film to play Gen. Stanley McChrystal's civilian press adviser.[12] On August 11, 2015, John Magaro signed on to play Cory Burger, a special ops soldier and close advisor to General McMahon.[14] On August 14, 2015, Scoot McNairy joined the cast of the film.[15] On August 19, 2015, Anthony Michael Hall was added to the cast to play General Hank Pulver, loosely based on General Mike Flynn.[13] On August 20, 2015, Keith Stanfield signed on to the film.[19] The same day, Will Poulter also joined the cast for an unspecified role.[18] On August 25, Anthony Hayes joined the film.[9] On October 23, 2015, TheWrap revealed that RJ Cyler had also joined the film.[11] Alan Ruck was spotted filming.[23] Meg Tilly was also spotted but her casting was not then officially confirmed.[16] It was later reported Ben Kingsley and Tilda Swinton had been cast.[24]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in mid-October 2015 in London.[25][26][27] Later on October 19, filming began in Abu Dhabi, the city was transformed into Kabul, streets into a military fortress, an old building as an American Embassy in Kabul, and a street as a Palestinian border crossing.[28][29] Filming also took place at the Abu Dhabi International Airport in November.[29] Some scenes were also filmed at the Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, England.[23] In mid-November 2015, while final scenes were being shot, actors were spotted filming in Ras al-Khaimah and the city's old neighborhood was transformed into Pakistani villages and a military base-camp.[30]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on Netflix on May 26, 2017.[31]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Brad Pitt visited Mumbai to promote the film and attended a special screening at PVR High Street Phoenix on May 24, 2017.[32] He also met Indian superstar Shah Rukh Khan to promote War Machine.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 54% based on 73 reviews, and an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War Machine's uneven execution keeps its fact-based story from cleanly hitting its targets, but those flaws are frequently offset by sharp wit and solid acting."[33] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a 56 out of 100 score, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[34]