document_title: List of Rectify episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 4 of rectify

text: List of Rectify episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
April 22, 2013 (2013-04-22)
May 20, 2013 (2013-05-20)

2
10
June 19, 2014 (2014-06-19)
August 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)

3
6
July 9, 2015 (2015-07-09)
August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13)

4
8
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Always There"
Keith Gordon
Ray McKinnon
April 22, 2013 (2013-04-22)

Daniel Holden, met by his lawyer Jon Stern, mother Janet, sister Amantha, stepfather Ted, Sr., stepbrother Ted, Jr. ("Teddy"), and Teddy's wife Tawney, leaves a Georgia prison after serving 19 years on death row. New DNA evidence implies that 18-year-old Daniel was either not responsible or not solely responsible for the rape and murder of his 16-year-old girlfriend Hanna, as had been alleged during his trial. State Senator Roland Foulkes, who prosecuted the case, says Daniel hasn't been exonerated and will still be pursued by the law; Foulkes recalls that two witnesses, George and Trey, both testified that they saw Daniel placing flowers atop Hanna's body. Amantha drives Daniel around town, and their younger half-brother Jared tries to bond with Daniel by watching Dazed and Confused with him. A flashback introduces Kerwin, a death row inmate in the cell next to Daniel's. The two inmates had developed a friendship though they could hear but not see one another. Trey and George meet by a river and have a cryptic conversation. After Trey leaves, George shoots himself in the head.

2
2
"Sexual Peeling"
Billy Gierhart
Ray McKinnon
April 22, 2013 (2013-04-22)

Daniel goes to a buffet and a driving range with Teddy, who's nervous about business at the tire store if Daniel comes to work there. Daniel tells him about getting repeatedly gang raped in prison. Jon tries to halt his relationship with Amantha, feeling it's inappropriate, but he fails. At a family barbecue, Jon tells Ted, Sr. that state prosecutors will continue to pursue Daniel.

3
3
"Modern Times"
Nicole Kassell
Story by : Evan Dunsky
Teleplay by : Evan Dunsky and Graham Gordy & Michael D. Fuller
April 29, 2013 (2013-04-29)

Daniel deals with lifestyle changes brought about by two decades of technological development. Senator Foulkes is dressing after a dalliance with Marcy, the waitress from the local diner when she mentions that Amantha is having a sexual relationship with the family's new lawyer, Jon. Rutherford Gaines, Daniel's previous defense lawyer, is revealed to have cancer. Daniel retreats to the attic, where he finds his father's hunting gear, as well as his own walkman and an old mixtape from Hanna. He later goes to a hybrid skateboard/BMX park with Jared, his half brother. Amantha is in a bar drinking with Jon when a man asks if Daniel is going to live at home; she replies that she doesn't know. Amantha tells Jon they have to leave the bar and nervously tells him the man is Hanna's brother, Bobby Dean.

4
4
"Plato's Cave"
Jim McKay
Graham Gordy & Michael D. Fuller
May 6, 2013 (2013-05-06)

Daniel gets eyeglasses and goes shopping with Janet at the local Walmart. As they try to leave, an overanxious TV crew approaches them and causes Janet to have a panic attack. At a seminar out of town, a buddy talks to Teddy about getting out of the nickel and dime tire business and doing government contract work. Daniel visits Tawney at her church, where she expresses shock that Daniel did not contemplate the afterlife instead of just preparing for the moment of his death. Daniel runs into a female acquaintance as he is windowshopping at a closed bookstore.

5
5
"Drip, Drip"
Romeo Tirone
Ray McKinnon
May 13, 2013 (2013-05-13)

Daniel has a series of events with a man who gives him a ride. Together they steal goats, go to a pecan grove to admire a statue there, and wrestle. Teddy returns home from a tire convention to the news that Daniel is going to get baptized at Teddy's church. After his baptism, Daniel speaks somewhat incoherently to Tawney about the "goat man" incident before inappropriately asking her if he can kiss her. Teddy confronts Daniel that night at the tire store about coming on to his wife, and tells him to stay away from the both of them. Following Teddy's insulting Daniel under his breath, Daniel suddenly appears behind him and puts him in a chokehold until he passes out.

6
6
"Jacob's Ladder"
Ray McKinnon
Ray McKinnon
May 20, 2013 (2013-05-20)

Teddy awakens from the chokehold on the floor, with his pants around his ankles and coffee grounds on his bare backside. Daniel goes to Amantha's house and asks if they can go to the pecan grove where they used to go with their father. When they arrive, it is shown to be the same area the "goat man" took Daniel to, only there is a different statue there. Daniel admits to Amantha that he does not know what happened the day Hanna died. Daniel's sister tells him he was high on mushrooms at the time of the incident. Trey finds George's body by the river. He takes George's belongings, including George's gun, wallet, and cellphone, and pushes the corpse into the river. A flashback to Daniel's time in prison shows Kerwin getting picked up for his death sentence. Kerwin tells Daniel he knows Daniel didn't kill Hanna. Daniel visits Hanna's grave while listening to the mixtape she made him. Two cars pull up behind him, and several men get out. They beat Daniel, and the leader removes his mask, revealing himself to be Bobby Dean, Hanna's brother. Bobby urinates on Daniel, and the men leave. Later, a barely conscious Daniel is loaded into an ambulance. The season ends with a flashback to Daniel pacing his jail cell, then sitting and finally lying on his bed while he hears the sounds of Kerwin's empty jail cell next to his being cleaned and made ready for its next occupant.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"Running with the Bull"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Ray McKinnon
June 19, 2014 (2014-06-19)
0.145[8]

In a flashback, Wendall reveals to Daniel, while masturbating, that he had participated in gang raping Daniel in the shower. In the present day, Daniel is comatose in an Atlanta hospital following his beating, and Bobby Dean returns home to his mother, Judy. Sheriff Daggett insists on pursuing Daniel's attackers, despite the reluctance of his partner Lid Comphrey, and possible backlash from the Paulie community. The comatose Daniel has a dream in which he takes Kerwin to the pecan grove, where the statue has lost its head.

8
2
"Sleeping Giants"
Dennie Gordon
Scott Teems
June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26)
0.118[9]

Daniel's doctor decides it is time to awaken Daniel from his medically induced coma. Teddy has several ideas for increasing the struggling tire shop's revenues, such as renting affordable rims. Ted, Sr., however, rejects these ideas, holding onto the tradition of selling tires. Tawney confesses to Teddy that his suspicions regarding her and Daniel were justified, as Daniel had romantic feelings for her, and Tawney had feelings for Daniel as well. Jon visits Hollis, a client who is on death row and has lost an appeal after DNA test results show he was lying about his innocence. This tarnishes Jon's perfect record for appeals. Sheriff Daggett wants to interview a young boy named Stevie who was an eyewitness to Daniel's beating. Daniel wakes up from his coma in the present to be greeted by his mother.

9
3
"Charlie Darwin"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Coleman Herbert
July 3, 2014 (2014-07-03)
0.135[10]

When Sheriff Daggett asks Daniel if the man who removed his mask was Bobby Dean, Daniel insists it was a stranger. Teddy still wants to set up a rim rental business in the tire shop and is trying to get Janet to sign the contract, as the store is in her name. However, she quickly dismisses Teddy before he can tell her about it. Daggett visits Bobby Dean in his cell and asks him what he plans to do with his life after prison, before releasing him and implying that in some cultures Bobby would feel indebted to Daniel for letting him go free.

10
4
"Donald the Normal"
David Lowery
Kate Powers & Ray McKinnon
July 10, 2014 (2014-07-10)
0.179[11]

Amantha has second thoughts about moving to Atlanta. To motivate herself to stay in Paulie, she gets a job as a cashier at a strip mall thrift store. Teddy, still feeling hurt by Tawney's confession of her feelings for Daniel, visits Daggett and relates the coffee grounds incident, though he refuses to press charges. Daniel visits Atlanta, where he enjoys his anonymity and speaks with a group of middle aged women at an art gallery and calls himself "Donald". However, this experience is tarnished when a couple in a cafe recognize him and request to take a photograph with him. He complies, but when he states that he's not interested in talking to them further, they grow angry, claiming the "wrong man was set free". Daniel returns home and, finding his mother's house empty, immediately sets about tearing the kitchen apart in a misguided effort to begin work on the planned remodel.

11
5
"Act as If"
Andrew Bernstein
Victoria Morrow
July 17, 2014 (2014-07-17)
0.196[12]

Ted, Sr. starts to lose patience with Daniel after the latter destroyed the kitchen. This, in turn, drives a rift between Ted, Sr. and Janet, who demands he be patient with her son. Rutherford Gaines dies. Tawney reveals to Teddy that she may be pregnant. Daniel, searching for a Wedgewood stove to install in the kitchen, arrives at a rummage shop owned by an eccentric old man named Lezley, who recognizes Daniel and invites him to a party. There, Lezley ties himself to Daniel to make sure Daniel doesn't drift off by himself and instead stays near Lezley. He offers Daniel cocaine, and they shoot at CDs, though Daniel is reluctant to handle a shotgun. Lezley also gives Daniel psychedelic mushrooms "for later."

12
6
"Mazel Tov"
Jim McKay
Chad Feehan
July 24, 2014 (2014-07-24)
0.203[12]

A pregnancy test confirms that Tawney is pregnant with Teddy's baby, but she asks him to keep it secret. The Holden-Talbot family gathers for Janet's birthday, though Daniel, still searching for a Wedgewood stove with Lezley, misses most of it. While at the party, Teddy announces Tawney's pregnancy to the family, without her permission. Senator Foulkes pressures Daggett to reveal any pertinent information after Rutherford Gaines' funeral. Giving in, Daggett reveals Teddy's coffee grounds story, which Teddy had told him in confidence. While on 'shrooms at the river, Daniel hears Hanna's voice saying his name.

13
7
"Weird as You"
Sanaa Hamri
Coleman Herbert
July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)
0.120[13]

The prosecutor prepares to offer Daniel a plea deal that Jon begins to consider. Senator Foulkes and Daggett visit the tire shop to ask Teddy to press charges against Daniel, for the sake of reopening his case and strengthening the prosecution's position. Teddy refuses, knowing it would rip his family apart and claims that he made the story up. After Daniel's 'shroom trip, in which he had visions of Trey and George, Daniel visits Trey. Trey drives him to George's house, in Florida, and claims that Daniel never had intercourse with Hanna that night but says he believes Daniel saw from afar Hanna having sex with Trey and several others. Trey believes George had some personal demons and may have killed Hanna. Trey then goes on to insult Hanna and ridicule Daniel, before Daniel snaps and shoves him against the wall.

14
8
"The Great Destroyer"
Billy Gierhart
Story by : Scott Teems
Teleplay by : Scott Teems and Ray McKinnon
August 7, 2014 (2014-08-07)
0.173[14]

Trey leaves Daniel and his bicycle behind in Florida, so Daniel calls Tawney from a roadside store to pick him up. They discuss their feelings for each other, but Tawney assures him they cannot be together. Daggett talks with the former sheriff about the original case against Daniel, to learn any new information, as Daggett wants to get this right. When Daniel returns home, Jon tells him about the plea deal, which would require Daniel to plead guilty. The family discusses the deal, and Daniel considers taking it, but only if he would not have to serve any more time. Jared visits Teddy's house, stays for dinner, and tells Teddy and Tawney about the plea deal. Jon leaves a voicemail for the District Attorney, rejecting the current plea deal. Ted, Sr. meets with Sen. Foulkes and the senator tells him about Daniel's assault of Teddy. In his room, Daniel listens to his confession on tape, while he strangles a homemade dummy made of pillows and blankets.

15
9
"Until You're Blue"
Seith Mann
Victoria Morrow & Scott Teems
August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14)
0.124[15]

While at the doctor's office, Tawney learns she had a miscarriage. Jon tells Daniel that he could be set free, but only if he leaves Paulie and is permanently banished from the state of Georgia except for one county. At home, Tawney tells Teddy of the miscarriage, and Teddy worries about Tawney's lack of emotion. Ted, Sr. visits Sen. Foulkes and warns him to never speak with his family again. In a flashback to death row, Chaplain Charlie reads Daniel a letter addressed to him, from Amantha. In the present, Daniel tells Amantha of the banishment clause, but he is unsure he will take the deal. While trying to tell his mother about it, he simply states he can't live at home anymore. Teddy confronts Tawney about her calm way of dealing with the miscarriage and accuses her of never having wanted to have a baby with him. Teddy tells her she's free now to be with Daniel, and: "Maybe you'll get lucky. Maybe he'll kill you, too. Put you out of your misery." Crying, Tawney leaves. Teddy, frustrated with multiple customers who are not paying their rim rental bills, drives to one of their homes to try and repossess the rims himself. However, he ends up in a fight with the customer. Tawney checks into a motel, where she calls Daniel. When Daniel arrives, she asks him if he's a bad person, and he responds, "Yes".

16
10
"Unhinged"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Ray McKinnon & Kate Powers
August 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)
0.165[16]

At the motel, Daniel tells Tawney he's leaving Paulie; she states she's leaving, too. He also tells her about his assault of Teddy, and that Teddy didn't deserve it. Teddy visits Janet, who coaxes him to telling her of Tawney's miscarriage. Sen. Foulkes tells D.A. Pearson to arrange a debriefing, where Daniel will have to verbally confess to having murdered Hanna. Daggett goes to Florida in search of George and views security footage of Trey and Daniel. In a flashback to death row, Daniel is visited by Amantha, who tells him Justice Row's "all in", is sending a new lawyer, and will get him freed. In the present, Amantha and Jon discuss their relationship, and she encourages him to take the job he was offered in Boston, but she won't join him. Ted, Sr. confronts Daniel about his assault of Teddy, and Daniel tells Janet he wants to take the plea deal and will have to leave Georgia. Amantha tells Daniel he's a coward, and she will distance herself if he confesses to killing Hanna if he didn't do it. Tawney goes home, where she tells Teddy she's sorry for what Daniel did to him and that she needs time. She leaves with a suitcase. In the debriefing, Daniel says he did not rape Hanna and claims that his original confession was coerced. Daniel ignores Jon's advice to go to trial and later confesses to strangling Hanna. Daniel and Jon wait for the judge's decision on the plea. Meanwhile, kids playing by the river discover George's body. Bobby Dean discovers Jared in Hanna's bedroom. The sheriff orders a test on Trey's DNA and that found on cigarette butts in George's house. Teddy goes to the sheriff's station to see if it's too late to press charges against Daniel.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
"Hoorah"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Ray McKinnon
July 9, 2015 (2015-07-09)
0.224[17]

Daggett tells Teddy that the judge has accepted the plea deal, Daniel must leave Georgia within 30 days, and it's too late to press charges. Daniel has dinner with Janet and Ted, Sr., and Teddy comes over and tells Daniel about the miscarriage. Outside, Teddy tells Daniel to stay away from Tawney, and he will press charges against him if he doesn't. Daggett and D.A. Person look over George Melton's corpse in the coroner's office and believe it was suicide, but they need to find the gun. Ted, Sr. tells Daniel that he should confess what he did to Teddy to his mother, and that he should live somewhere else for his remaining time in Georgia. Tawney stays at her friend Beth's house and is advised by her to see a marriage counselor due to the miscarriage. Janet is made aware of Teddy and Tawney's marital problems when she stops by Teddy's house. Wynn informs Amantha that the woman whose job Amantha took over was on maternity leave and is coming back, but Amantha could keep her job if she pursued a management position. In a flashback to death row, Daniel envisions himself being strapped to the injection chair. Daniel visits Amantha and asks if he can stay with her. At the diner, Sen. Foulkes suffers a stroke.

18
2
"Thrill Ride"
Lawrence Trilling
Ray McKinnon
July 16, 2015 (2015-07-16)
0.165[18]

Janet confronts Ted, Sr., believing he is hiding something from her, leading him to finally tell her about Daniel's assault of Teddy. Tawney, in a session with her therapist, confesses that she was relieved when miscarried and talks about Teddy's anger issues. Daggett tells D.A. Person that he searched George's trailer in Florida and what he discovered, including his wallet and cell phone, even though his cell phone was last used in Paulie six weeks previously. Amantha arrives late for work, hung over from the previous night. Jon visits Janet, and tells her he'll be moving and that he and Amantha have broken up. He gives her information for Daniel, about a non-profit organization that offers career and psychological counseling for ex-offenders. Daniel runs into his old friend and Amantha's landlord Melvin at the apartment complex, where they converse. Teddy drops off laundry for Tawney at Beth and Mitch's, where Tawney is staying. Daggett visits George's father about his son's death; Mr. Melton says it's unlikely George would have killed himself with a gun and suggests Daggett should investigate Trey, who came looking for George recently. Amantha asks Janet why Daniel left the house, but Janet doesn't give an answer. Daniel cooks a nostalgic meal for Amantha and tells her he got a job painting the pool in the complex, but Amantha tells him, "This is all very thoughtful, Daniel, but I just can't pretend that I give a shit." Jared goes to Teddy's house to see how he is doing. Teddy, drunk, suggests they go for a car ride. Teddy instructs Jared to drive to Beth and Mitch's house, so he can watch Tawney. Teddy confesses to Jared about when he lost his virginity, and that he did it in an aggressive way, through pressure; and tells Jared to never do the same.

19
3
"Sown with Salt"
Billy Gierhart
Coleman Herbert
July 23, 2015 (2015-07-23)
0.142[19]

Daniel has a meeting with his probation officer who outlines the stipulations of his probation. Daggett tells Daniel about George's death and questions him about his visit to his trailer. Daniel declines questioning without Jon present. Amantha attends a Thrifty Town management training retreat, where she's asked to reveal a story about herself–she tells everyone about her brother who was on death row. Tawney returns home to pick up clothing, and Teddy is there, where he says he'll see the therapist with her. Daggett questions Trey about his visit to George's trailer, and Trey tries to falsely incriminate Daniel by saying he wanted to hurt George and that it was his idea to visit him. Ted, Sr., and Teddy work on the kitchen, but Janet shows a loss of interest in the renovation. In a flashback to death row, Daniel is visited by Jon where he tells him he'll be getting out. Amantha goes to the hotel bar where she ends up talking with a man who buys her a drink. After talking and flirting, they go upstairs, where Amantha invites him to her room. In Daggett's office and with Jon present, he questions Daniel again. Daggett tells Daniel that his fingerprints were found on George's wallet and cell phone, Daniel replies that he believes Trey wiped them clean to plant evidence. Daniel denies killing George, and tells Daggett it was Tawney who picked up him and about his assault of Teddy. Jon is shocked about the news of the assault and ends the questioning. Jon later warns Daniel about his behavior and that it could land him back in prison. Back at the apartment complex, Daniel begins painting the pool in the middle of the night.

20
4
"Girl Jesus"
Scott Teems
Scott Teems
July 30, 2015 (2015-07-30)
0.177[20]

Marcy visits Sen. Foulkes at the hospital, and leaves after trying to help him. Daggett questions Trey about the color of his truck, and tells him that it was George's semen found on Hanna's underwear. Amantha meets Jon, where he tells her that he is staying in Paulie to help Daniel. Jon tells Amantha about George's murder and that Daniel had a motive, but believes Trey is a suspect too. Daniel is warned by his probation officer that he must be contactable at all times and has yet to submit a needed form signed by his sister. In therapy, Teddy is asked to talk about his childhood, including his addict mother. Tawney, who is silent during the session, is told by Teddy to finally tell the truth for once, where she reveals she might not want to be married to Teddy anymore; Teddy, feels relieved that she has finally told the truth. After therapy, Tawney tells Teddy that Daggett has requested to speak with her, and reveals that she had picked up Daniel in Florida. Daniel gets the form signed by Amantha and drops it off before the deadline. Daggett questions Tawney, but she reveals nothing of relevance, and confirms what Daniel was wearing, different to what Trey told Daggett earlier. Daniel returns to his mom's home where he gathers clothing she bought for him and later falls asleep. He wakes up and finds Trey in the house, where Trey remarks about Daniel's lost years in prison. D.A. Person speaks with Daggett, telling him she has a warrant for George's trailer. Daggett believes Daniel did not kill him, and that Trey's behavior is suspicious, that he seems to trying to pin the murder on Daniel. Janet and Ted, Sr. continue to fight after the reveal of what Daniel did to Teddy. Teddy drives Tawney to the neighbor's house, and after breaking down, she begins to kiss him, but eventually pulls away. At Amantha's, Daniel tells her that he was in love with Tawney and that "I thought she was my savior". Later, he stares at the pool he just finished painting, but intentionally knocks a paint can over the pool, ruining the paint job. He begins to cry.

21
5
"The Future"
Nicole Kassell
Ray McKinnon & Kate Powers
August 6, 2015 (2015-08-06)
0.113[21]

Immediately regretting his sabotage of the pool job, Daniel starts repainting it the following morning. However, Melvin explains to Amantha that the other tenants of the apartment complex want Daniel out by the end of that day, a decision with which he must comply because Daniel is not on the lease. Nonetheless, Daniel resolves to finish the pool job before he goes. Teddy starts seeing the therapist on his own, and explores his anxieties of losing Tawney. Tawney moves back in with her old foster mother temporarily, but Teddy offers to let her stay in their house while he moves elsewhere. Janet gives both Teds the ultimatum that they must allow Daniel to stay at the Holden-Talbot house for his last two weeks before exile, and openly acknowledges Teddy's assault for the first time. Following his investigations, Sheriff Daggett interviews Daniel and explains that he believes Trey murdered George Melton (which is false). Later he obtains a warrant to search Trey's home, and police do so in the presence of Trey's wife and daughter. Daniel, Amantha, Jon, Janet and Jared gather at the finished pool that night, before Daniel moves out of the apartment, and Daniel asks his mother if she would like to go on a "road trip" to Tennessee with him.

22
6
"The Source"
Ray McKinnon
Ray McKinnon
August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13)
0.149[22]

Chris, another man who was present at the gathering where Hanna was killed, makes an official confession that he, Trey, George and others raped Hanna but did not kill her. Daggett interviews Trey, who tries to explain the events surrounding George Melton's suicide but is unable to make it look like he did not kill George. Daggett arrests Trey for a murder he did not commit. Tawney tells Teddy that she intends to change the locks on their house after he moves out. Teddy reluctantly agrees to help with this process. Meanwhile Daniel goes on his planned road trip with Janet, visiting his prison, then the beach where he interacts with a young boy, and Janet tells her son he is good with children. After walking into the ocean, Daniel seems to have a vision of Tawney visiting him at death row and them kissing – Tawney is shown waking up immediately after this sequence, implying that she had dreamed their meeting. After breaking up with Jon, Amantha returns to the Holden-Talbot home and encounters Teddy, who has moved back in after splitting with Tawney. The step-siblings bond while playing gin rummy, and Jared later comes home and joins them. Jon visits the wheelchair-ridden Foulkes to taunt and condemn him, explaining that he believes Foulkes is corrupt and somehow involved in George Melton's (falsely alleged) murder – during this confrontation he reveals that the statute of limitations on Hanna's rape, but not her murder, has expired – this casts doubt on Chris's confession to the rape and denial of the murder. In the final scene Daniel arrives at his new apartment, and asks Janet to forgive herself then leaves.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"A House Divided"
Patrick Cady
Ray McKinnon
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
0.179[23]

Daniel, living at the New Canaan Project in Nashville, leaves to go to his job at a warehouse. Upon returning home, Daniel listens to a voicemail Janet had left updating him on the family. Daniel attends a group counseling session with his four housemates, led by project leader Avery. Each housemate discusses his progress, and Daniel briefly tells them about his day, not sharing much. In the middle of the night, Daniel sees Jesse, his roommate, sneak out. The next day at work, Daniel is informed by his boss that one of their biggest customers is returning a large order due to an error. Daniel assures him it was not his fault, but his boss orders him and his co-worker to stay until they have refilled the order. Before starting, the lights go out due to a transformer's blowing out. The workers end up taking a break, and Daniel takes a walk and comes upon an artist cooperative, where he meets Chloe. Daniel looks at the various art pieces and becomes emotional. As the lights turn back on, he leaves. Returning home, Avery questions Daniel about Jesse's leaving. Afterward, Daniel's housemates confront him about his lack of interest in talking with other people. The next day, Daniel explains to Avery that he lived in isolation for 20 years, unlike his housemates who were able to socialize while in prison. Daniel feels he has lost his sense of self and truly does not even remember whether he killed Hanna or not. Daniel later revisits the artist cooperative and apologizes to Chloe about the previous day. Daniel returns home, where his housemates invite him to play cards.

24
2
"Yolk"
Kate Woods
Ray McKinnon
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
0.102[24]

Janet, preparing to bake, finds broken eggs and decides to clean out the entire fridge. She later leaves a voicemail for Daniel (from the previous episode). Dagget speaks with Bobby Dean about Trey's getting out of jail on bond. Amantha, now the manager at Thrifty Town, deals with her employees and their work schedule requests. Jon pleads to his boss to let him continue to strengthen Daniel's case, but his boss declines as Daniel took the plea deal and is free. Teddy and Tawney continue trying to repair their marriage and go on a "date" to discuss recent events in their lives. Tawney is working at a nursing home and taking college classes. Driving home, Amanatha, while stoned, loses control of her vehicle and veers off the road. She calls Ted, Sr. to pick her up. While waiting, Billy Harris, an old friend from high school, passes by, and they talk. Meanwhile, Jared has taken up camping and is spending the night in a tent. The next morning during breakfast, Ted, Sr. tells Amantha the car repairs will be expensive and not worthwhile. Janet suggests that Amanatha move back home temporarily to save money, but she declines the offer. Janet tells Ted she's going to Nashville to visit Daniel. Teddy and Amantha agree to swap living spaces, as Teddy has been frustrated about being around his father all the time. At the supermarket, Janet spots Trey and, while he is away from his shopping cart, breaks all the eggs in his carton and leaves.

25
3
"Bob & Carol & Ted Jr & Alice"
Keith Boak
Ray McKinnon
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
0.126[25]

Avery and Maggie suggest to Daniel that he see a therapist who specializes in post-traumatic stress disorder, due to his long-term isolation, and give him a brochure for a clinical psychologist. Jon returns to Paulie and visits Daggett at the police station to discuss the current state of the investigation and Daggett's motives. Daniel gets a call from Janet, who she tells him she will be visiting for a day. In a session with her therapist, Tawney wonders if she should divorce Teddy. Jon leaves a message for Janet telling her he's in town and will visit the house. Billy visits Thifty Town and asks Amanatha out for a beer. After closing the store, they end up staying at the store discussing their high school classmates. Amantha receives a call from Jon but doesn't answer it. Teddy signs some paperwork for the apartment and later leaves an awkward message for Tawney, wherein he states: "I love you". Meanwhile, the family gets a call from someone who is interested in buying the tire shop. Daniel attends the party at the artist cooperative and talks with Chloe, who admits to Daniel that she Googled him. Chloe invites Daniel up to her apartment, and he asks what she wants from him. Chloe tells him she's not looking for a partner, but a platonic male friend, and that she is pregnant, but the father is not around. Chloe places Daniel's hand on her belly and thanks him for calming her.

26
4
"Go Ask Roger"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Ray McKinnon
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
0.116[26]

Amantha goes hunting with Billy in the woods; afterward, they sleep together for the first time. At work, Tawney becomes emotionally attached to Zeke, one of her ailing patients,. Daniel and Chloe drive to the home of a famous musician to pick up art for an auction. They are greeted by Rick, the musician's assistant, who instructs them to lock up before leaving. After wrapping up the artwork, Chloe and Daniel stay at the house and begin talking. Daniel tells Chloe he was advised to see a PTSD specialist. Janet, Ted, Sr. and Teddy meet with Mr. Childers, who represents a national pharmacy chain interested in buying the tire shop property. He says they're willing to offer $650,000 but are also considering two other locations. Jon visits the home of C.J. Pickens, the former sheriff, but Jon is told by Mrs. Pickens that C.J. will not see him. Jon speaks with a woman, named Susan, on the phone who was at the party in the woods the night Hanna died. She tells him they were all brought to the sheriff's office the night morning, but of the group of 20, only seven people were interviewed, not including Chris Nelms. Teddy and Tawney meet for their date night, and Teddy becomes upset when he begins talking about the tire shop offer and how he'll probably not be consulted for the final decision. Tawney admits his anger frightens her, and he leaves. At home, Janet finds Jared in the attic and learns he sold his childhood gift of Furbies online for money. Tawney leaves a voicemail for Teddy, apologizes for not bring there for him earlier, and invites to stop by the house. Teddy listens to the message and cries. Outside a bar, Jon follows Trey and asks him about Chris Nelms. Trey tells him to "go ask Roger" and says if Daniel didn't kill Hanna, Chris did. Chloe drops Daniel off at the New Canaan house, and they briefly kiss. While trying to sleep, Daniel hears his roommate masturbating in bed, reminding of his time in prison, and Daniel curls up in anger.

27
5
"Pineapples in Paris"
Scott Teems
Scott Teems & Coleman Herbert
November 23, 2016 (2016-11-23)
0.154[27]

Janet and Ted drive to Nashville to visit Daniel. On the way there, Janet says she wants to sell the tire shop, while Ted is still uncertain. Teddy visits Tawney at home and tells her of the official offer on the tire shop. He later gently asks her for a divorce, and she agrees. At group therapy, Daniel explodes in anger when trying to deal with the problem with his roommate, Manny. The other housemates agree that Manny should respect his roommate. Bobby Dean stops by the Talbot home and tells Teddy that he grew close with George Melton after Hanna's death, but George eventually stopped coming by, because "Trey went back". Bobby asks Teddy to apologize to Daniel for assaulting him at Hanna's grave (which sent Daniel to the hospital). Sheriff Daggett invites Jon over to his home, and after Jon asking why he's there, Daggett steps out for half an hour and encourages him to browse some reading material on the kitchen table. Jon finds the sworn affidavit of Chris Nelms, which he begins to read. Daniel confesses to Chloe that he was sexual assaulted multiple times in prison. She tells him the she can't save him but can hold him, and she hugs him. On the road, Janet accuses Ted of resenting her for years and blames him for never saying a word about it. Ted replies, "And I blame you for never thanking me for it". Tawney goes to work and is told Zeke has fallen unconscious. She sits by his side and cries. Daniel returns to the New Caanan home, and finds Janet and Ted there. Later, Daniel is told by Pickle, another housemate, that he is Daniel's new roommate, delighting Daniel. Teddy returns to Tawney's home to grill a steak outside. Since the doors are locked, he breaks in through the window, setting off the alarm. The alarm code has been changed, but he is able to answer the security questions for the alarm company to turn it off. After eating the steak, he gathers fishing rods, guns, and whiskey, then goes upstairs and stares at what was his and Tawney's bedroom.

28
6
"Physics"
Stephen Gyllenhaal
Coleman Herbert & Scott Teems
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
0.172[28]

Daniel takes out Janet for a day of sightseeing in Nashville. At a cafe, Janet tells Daniel that Rite Aid wants to the buy the tire store, and later Ted apologizes to Daniel for kicking him out of the house. At the Talbot home, Jon tells Amantha about Chris Nelms' deposition, wherein Chris swore that he, George, and Trey raped Hanna. Jon also reveals that he quit his job at Justice Row and plans on filing an ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) to dismiss Daniel's guilty plea on the grounds Jon was sleeping with his client's sister. At a tourist site, Daniel pleads with his mother to let him go and to be free of him. Janet tells him she won't abandon him. Daniel shows Janet where he works, and Janet reveals that she and Ted might split up. Daniel offers to introduce her to his girlfriend, Chloe, and explains that she is pregnant and plans on moving to Ohio to raise the child. At work, Tawney sits by Zeke's side as he dies. Jon meets with D.A. Person, shares his new evidence, and advises he might file an IAC claim. Tawney drives to Zeke's home and wanders around. The housekeeper, Bonnie, arrives and finds Tawney inside. Bonnie shows Tawney where his plaque is (something Zeke had been asking for), and they talk about Zeke. Daniel, Chloe, and Janet have dinner together at Chloe's apartment. In their motel room, Ted tells Janet he wants to sell the tire store, but only if they give Teddy the inventory. Later, back at Chloe's apartment, she and Daniel have a fight: she encourages Daniel to seek PTSD therapy, but he is worried he'll be unable to deal with what happened to him and says targeted therapy didn't do much for her. Daniel leaves and asks her to send a postcard from Ohio. After a long day at work, Teddy, who started drinking early in the morning, locks up the store and stares at the inflatable tube man outside. He precedes to shoot at it with his rifle, and one of the bullets ricochets and hits his leg. He calls 911 and waits for an ambulance.

29
7
"Happy Unburdening"
Billy Gierhart
Ray McKinnon & Kate Powers
December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
0.112[29]

In therapy, Daniel recounts being gang raped in prison. Janet begins cleaning out the garage with the help of Jared, who is selling some of the items online. Teddy and his father look at a possible new location for the tire shop, but Teddy isn't sure he wants to stay in the tire business. Amantha and Jon meet Bobby Dean, and Bobby apologizes to Amantha for what he did to Daniel, but she doesn't forgive him. Bobby gives a letter from his mother to give to Janet. Tawney visits Teddy at his apartment and she advises him she told Janet about their divorce. After catching up, they agree to eat pizza together, before everything changes. D.A. Person and Sheriff Daggett interview former Sheriff C.J. Pickens at the police station about Hanna's murder. C.J. believes Sen. Foulkes was trying to implicate Daniel for the rape and murder, and he "broke" (confessed) only after they'd interrogated him for 10 hours. C.J. also reveals that Foulkes was friends with Chris Nelms' father, Roger, who was a lawyer, and that Foulkes delayed questioning Chris, hoping Daniel would confess. When he did question Chris, it was in private. Daniel helps Chloe pack for Ohio, though she questions leaving. Daniel tells her he would love for her to stay, but it would not be an ideal situation, given his low-paying job and his probation. They dance to a Harry Nilsson record. Teddy visits the Talbot home and tells his father he and Tawney will be getting a divorce. At Thrifty Town, Amantha is visited by Jenny, her best friend from high school. Amantha apologizes for abandoning their friendship. Jenny admits that she was hurt but understood Amantha was dealing with the tragedy regarding Daniel. Janet washes Ted's back while he bathes, and they tell each other, "I love you". At the New Canaan house, Daniel lies in his bed listening to the recording from his therapy session as a part of prolonged exposure therapy for his PTSD.

30
8
"All I'm Sayin'"
Ray McKinnon
Ray McKinnon
December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
0.105[30]

In a flashback to the day Daniel was released from prison, Amantha pleads to Janet to be happy he'll be home, as Amantha feels Janet is incapable of happiness. In the present, Janet apologizes to Amantha for abandoning her over the years; Amantha believes Janet had been clinically depressed. At work, Daniel's boss gives him a 15 cents per hour raise. Sheriff Daggett stops by the tire shop, where Teddy asks if Daggett believes Daniel killed Hanna; Daggett no longer does. Daniel returns to Chloe's apartment and finds she's moved. Preston, who's moving in, tells Daniel that Chloe hates goodbyes, gives Daniel a painting and a book from Chloe, and invites Daniel to visit the loft. Amantha reveals to Jon that she had an epiphany, "Nothing will rectify what's happened. It won't bring back Hanna or my dad or my 18-year-old brother." At group therapy, Daniel expresses his sadness about Chloe's departure. In a therapy session, Daniel revisits when Kerwin was executed. Janet and Jared go to the Deans' house, where Jared talks with Bobby outside, and Janet speaks with Judy in Hanna's room. Judy tells Janet she now believes Daniel is innocent. Jon visits Daniel at the New Canaan house and tells him about D.A. Person's request to opening a GBI investigation. In a flashback to death row, Daniel and Kerwin fantasize about driving around New York City together. Melvin buys the last set of tires at the store before they close for good. Janet, Jared, Tawney, Amantha, and Billy stop by the tire shop to help close up the store. At a televised press conference, D.A. Person announces that the Georgia Bureau of Investigation is opening a new investigation into Hanna's murder, as various Paulie townsfolk watch, including Sen. Foulkes and Chris Nelms. Daggett visits Trey Willis and tells him they're dropping the murder charges against him over George Melton's death. Believing he'll be a suspect in the new investigation, Trey tells Daggett that Hanna fought off Chris Nelms and bit his right hand the night she was raped murdered, and that Chris hid his injuries at the police station the following day. Trey also says that Chris told him the next morning, "Bitch should have kept her mouth shut and none of this would have happened." The entire Talbot-Holden family enjoys a meal together at home, during which Janet receives a call from Daniel. Teddy reconciles with Daniel, and Tawney says goodbye to Daniel. At the New Canaan house, Daniel lies awake in his bed and fantasizes about reuniting with Chloe and holding her baby.

text: Home video release[edit]

text:
Season
DVD release dates

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)[31]
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)[32]
March 26, 2014 (2014-03-26)[33]

2
June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)[34]
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)[35]
March 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)[36]

3
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)[37]
May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23)[38]
February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)[39]


document_title: Great white shark

question_text: where was the biggest great white shark found

root

text: Great white shark

text: Taxonomy

text: The great white shark was one of the many amphibia originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae,[18] its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias. Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its generic name in 1833, and also in 1873. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific name, Carcharodon carcharias, was finalized. Carcharodon comes from the Ancient Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth.[19]

tag: p

text: Ancestry and fossil record

text: The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch. The earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old.[1] However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute. The original hypothesis for the great white's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, such as the C. megalodon. C. megalodon had teeth that were superficially not too dissimilar with those of great white sharks, but its teeth were far larger. Although cartilaginous skeletons do not fossilize, C. megalodon is estimated to have been considerably larger than the great white shark, estimated at up to 17 m (56 ft) and 59,413 kg (130,983 lb).[20] Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe these sharks were closely related, and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter. However, a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon and the great white are distant relatives (albeit sharing the family Lamnidae). The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to the C. megalodon, a theory that seems to be supported with the discovery of a complete set of jaws with 222 teeth and 45 vertebrae of the extinct transitional species Carcharodon hubbelli in 1988 and published on 14 November 2012.[21] In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, which also comprises the other megatoothed sharks; Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage.[22]

text: Distribution and habitat

text: Great white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 °C (54 and 75 °F), with greater concentrations in the United States (Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Oceania, Chile, and the Mediterranean including Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus.[23][24] One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa.[25]

text: The great white is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game, such as fur seals (Arctocephalus ssp.), sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large bony fish species. In the open ocean, it has been recorded at depths as great as 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[11] These findings challenge the traditional notion that the great white is a coastal species.[11]

text: According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California Peninsula and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m (3,000 ft). After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about 300 m (1,000 ft) for up to ten minutes. Another white shark that was tagged off of the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. A similar study tracked a different great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of 20,000 km (12,000 mi; 11,000 nmi) in under nine months.[26] These observations argue against traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators, and open up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete. The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating.[27]

text: Anatomy and appearance

text: The great white shark has a robust, large, conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size which is similar to some mackerel sharks. A great white displays countershading, by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight. Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh.[28]

text: Size

text: In great white sharks, sexual dimorphism is present, and females are generally larger than males. Male great whites on average measure 3.4 to 4.0 m (11 to 13 ft) long, while females at 4.6 to 4.9 m (15 to 16 ft).[6] Adults of this species weigh 522–771 kg (1,151–1,700 lb) on average,[30] however mature females can have an average mass of 680–1,110 kg (1,500–2,450 lb).[5] The largest females have been verified up to 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and an estimated 1,950 kg (4,300 lb) in weight,[3][4][5] perhaps up to 2,268 kg (5,000 lb).[31] The maximum size is subject to debate because some reports are rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances.[32] Among living cartilaginous fish, only the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and the giant manta ray (Manta birostris), in that order, average larger and heavier. These three species are generally quite docile in disposition and given to passively filter-feeding on very small organisms.[30] This makes the great white shark the largest extant macropredatory fish. Great white sharks are at around 1.2 m (3.9 ft) when born, and grow about 25 cm (9.8 in) each year.[33]

text: According to J. E. Randall, the largest white shark reliably measured was a 5.94 m (19.5 ft) individual reported from Ledge Point, Western Australia in 1987.[34] Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island. This female great white was 6.1 m (20 ft) long.[5] However, there was a report considered reliable by some experts in the past, of a larger great white shark specimen from Cuba in 1945.[35][36][37][38] This specimen was 6.4 m (21 ft) long and had a body mass estimated at 3,324 kg (7,328 lb).[35][37] However, later studies also revealed that this particular specimen was actually around 4.9 m (16 ft) in length, a specimen in the average maximum size range.[5]

text: The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is one caught by Alf Dean in the south Australian waters in 1959, weighing 1,208 kg (2,663 lb).[32] Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified, but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations.

text: Examples of large unconfirmed great whites

text: A number of very large unconfirmed great white shark specimens have been recorded.[39] For decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: In the 1870s, a 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in southern Australian waters, near Port Fairy, and an 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada, in the 1930s. However these measurements are not scientific and researchers have questioned the reliability of these measurements for a long time, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. Later studies proved these theories correct. This New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (17 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".[34] These wrong measurements would make the alleged shark more than five times heavier than it really was.

text: Several unconfirmed reports of great white sharks caught in modern times with have been estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long,[40] but these claims have received some criticism.[32][40] However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m (20 ft) in length.[34] A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on 1 April 1987. This shark was estimated to be more than 6.9 m (23 ft) long by Peter Resiley,[34][41] and has been designated as KANGA.[40] Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on 16 April 1987. This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m (23.4 ft) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA.[40] However, Cappo drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the KANGA specimen was 5.8–6.4 m (19–21 ft) long.[40] In a similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3–5.7 m (17–19 ft) long.[40] However, photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall's methods.[40] Thus, a team of scientists—H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno—reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out.[40] A particularly large female great white nicknamed "Deep Blue", estimated measuring at 6.1 m (20 ft) was filmed off Guadalupe during shooting for the 2014 episode of Shark Week "Jaws Strikes Back". Deep Blue would also later gain significant attention when she was filmed interacting with researcher Mauricio Hoyas Pallida in a viral video that Mauricio posted on Facebook on 11 June 2015.[42] A particularly infamous great white shark, supposedly of record proportions, once patrolled the area that comprises False Bay, South Africa, was said to be well over 7 metres (23 ft) during the early 1980s. This shark, known locally as the "Submarine", had a legendary reputation that was supposedly well founded. Though rumors have stated this shark was exaggerated in size or non-existent altogether, witness accounts by the then young Craig Anthony Ferreira, a notable shark expert in South Africa, and his father indicate an unusually large animal of considerable size and power (though it remains uncertain just how massive the shark was as it escaped capture each time it was hooked). Ferreira describes the four encounters with the giant shark he participated in with great detail in his book "Great White Sharks On Their Best Behavior".[43]

text: One contender in maximum size among the predatory sharks is the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). While tiger sharks which are typically both a few feet smaller and have a leaner, less heavy body structure than white sharks, have been confirmed to reach at least 5.5 metres (18 ft) in the length, an unverified specimen was reported to have measured 7.4 metres (24 ft) in length and weighed 3,110 kilograms (6,860 lb), more than two times heavier than the largest confirmed specimen at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb).[30][44][45] Some other macropredatory sharks such as the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) and the Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus) are also reported to rival these sharks in length (but probably weigh a bit less since they are more slender in build than a great white) in exceptional cases.[46][47] The question of maximum weight is complicated by the unresolved question of whether or not to include the shark's stomach contents when weighing the shark. With a single bite a great white can take in up to 14 kg (31 lb) of flesh, and can also consume several hundred kilograms of food.

text: Adaptations

text: Great white sharks, like all other sharks, have an extra sense given by the ampullae of Lorenzini which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals. Great whites are so sensitive they can detect variations of half a billionth of a volt. At close range, this allows the shark to locate even immobile animals by detecting their heartbeat. Most fish have a less-developed but similar sense using their body's lateral line.[48]

text: To more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions, the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. One of these adaptations is a "rete mirabile" (Latin for "wonderful net"). This close web-like structure of veins and arteries, located along each lateral side of the shark, conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to 14 °C (25 °F)[49] above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature. When conserving energy the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings. A great white shark's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy. Therefore, the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated.[28] Great whites also rely on the fat and oils stored within their livers for long-distance migrations across nutrient-poor areas of the oceans.[50] Studies by Stanford University and the Monterey Bay Aquarium published on 17 July 2013 revealed that In addition to controlling the sharks' buoyancy, the liver of great whites is essential in migration patterns. Sharks that sink faster during drift dives were revealed to use up their internal stores of energy quicker than those which sink in a dive at more leisurely rates.[51]

text: Bite force

text: A 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, used CT scans of a shark's skull and computer models to measure the shark's maximum bite force. The study reveals the forces and behaviors its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behavior.[52] In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen massing 3,324 kg (7,328 lb) could exert a bite force of 18,216 newtons (4,095 lbf).[37]

text: Ecology and behavior

text: This shark's behavior and social structure is not well understood. In South Africa, white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on the size, sex and squatter's rights: Females dominate males, larger sharks dominate smaller sharks, and residents dominate newcomers. When hunting, great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays. White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks. This suggests that when a great white approaches too closely to another, they react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show their dominance.

text: The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey. This is known as spy-hopping. This behavior has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water). White sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it. At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack; in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a variety of interactions.[53]

text: Diet

text: Great white sharks are carnivorous and prey upon fish (e.g. tuna, rays,[53] other sharks[53]), cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, porpoises, whales), pinnipeds (e.g. seals, fur seals,[53] and sea lions), sea turtles,[53] sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and seabirds.[54] Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Juvenile white sharks predominantly prey on fish including other elasmobranchs, as their jaws are not strong enough to withstand the forces required to attack larger prey such as pinnipeds and cetaceans until they reach a length of 3 meters (9.8 ft) or more, at which point their jaw cartilage mineralizes enough to withstand the impact of biting into larger prey species.[55] Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 meters (13 ft), great white sharks begin to target predominately marine mammals for food, though individual sharks seem to specialize in different types of prey depending on their preferences.[56][57] They seem to be highly opportunistic.[58][59] These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass.[60]

text: Off California, sharks immobilize northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) with a large bite to the hindquarters (which is the main source of the seal's mobility) and wait for the seal to bleed to death. This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals, which are typically larger than the shark, ranging between 1,500 and 2,000 kg (3,300 and 4,400 lb), and are potentially dangerous adversaries.[61][62] Most commonly though, juvenile elephant seals are the most frequently eaten at elephant seal colonies.[63] Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are taken from the surface and dragged down until they stop struggling. They are then eaten near the bottom. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten.[64]

text: White sharks also attack dolphins and porpoises from above, behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation. Targeted species include dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus),[40] Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus),[40] bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops ssp.),[40][65] Humpback dolphins (Sousa ssp.),[65] harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena),[40] and Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli).[40] Groups of dolphins have occasionally been observed defending themselves from sharks with mobbing behaviour.[65] White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also been observed. In August 1989, a 1.8-meter (5.9 ft) juvenile male pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) was found stranded in central California with a bite mark on its caudal peduncle from a great white shark.[66] In addition, white sharks attack and prey upon beaked whales.[40][65] Cases where an adult Stejneger's beaked whale (Mesoplodon stejnegeri), with a mean mass of around 1,100 kg (2,400 lb),[67] and a juvenile Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), an individual estimated at 3 m (9.8 ft), were hunted and killed by great white sharks have also been observed.[68] When hunting sea turtles, they appear to simply bite through the carapace around a flipper, immobilizing the turtle. The heaviest species of bony fish, the oceanic sunfish (Mola mola), has been found in great white shark stomachs.[58]

text: Off Seal Island, False Bay in South Africa, the sharks ambush brown fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) from below at high speeds, hitting the seal mid-body. They can go so fast that they completely leave the water. The peak burst speed is estimated to be above 40 kilometers per hour (25 mph).[69] They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack. Prey is usually attacked at the surface.[70] Shark attacks most often occur in the morning, within 2 hours of sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first 2 hours, falling to 40% in late morning after which hunting stops.[53]

text: Whale carcasses comprise an important part of the diet of white sharks. However, this has rarely been observed due to whales dying in remote areas. It has been estimated that 30 kg (66 lb) of whale blubber could feed a 4.5 m (15 ft) white shark for 1.5 months. Detailed observations were made of four whale carcasses in False Bay between 2000 and 2010. Sharks were drawn to the carcass by chemical and odour detection, spread by strong winds. After initially feeding on the whale caudal peduncle and fluke, the sharks would investigate the carcass by slowly swimming around it and mouthing several parts before selecting a blubber-rich area. During feeding bouts of 15–20 seconds the sharks removed flesh with lateral headshakes, without the protective ocular rotation they employ when attacking live prey. The sharks were frequently observed regurgitating chunks of blubber and immediately returning to feed, possibly in order to replace low energy yield pieces with high energy yield pieces, using their teeth as mechanoreceptors to distinguish them. After feeding for several hours, the sharks appeared to become lethargic, no longer swimming to the surface; they were observed mouthing the carcass but apparently unable to bite hard enough to remove flesh, they would instead bounce off and slowly sink. Up to eight sharks were observed feeding simultaneously, bumping into each other without showing any signs of aggression; on one occasion a shark accidentally bit the head of a neighbouring shark, leaving two teeth embedded, but both continued to feed unperturbed. Smaller individuals hovered around the carcass eating chunks that drifted away. Unusually for the area, large numbers of sharks over five metres long were observed, suggesting that the largest sharks change their behaviour to search for whales as they lose the maneuverability required to hunt seals. The investigating team concluded that the importance of whale carcasses, particularly for the largest white sharks, has been underestimated.[71] In another documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks.[72]

text: Stomach contents of great whites also indicates that whale sharks both juvenile and adult may also be included on the animal's menu, though whether this is active hunting or scavenging is not known at present.[73][74]

text: Reproduction

text: Great white sharks were previously thought to reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age, but are now believed to take far longer; male great white sharks reach sexual maturity at age 26, while females take 33 years to reach sexual maturity.[9][75][76] Maximum life span was originally believed to be more than 30 years, but a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution placed it at upwards of 70 years. Examinations of vertebral growth ring count gave a maximum male age of 73 years and a maximum female age of 40 years for the specimens studied. The shark's late sexual maturity, low reproductive rate and slow growth make it vulnerable to pressures such as overfishing and environmental change.[8]

text: Little is known about the great white shark's mating habits. It is possible that whale carcasses are an important location for sexually mature sharks to meet for mating.[71] Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous, which means eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth.[77] The great white has an 11-month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month. The unborn sharks participate in oophagy, in which they feed on ova produced by the mother. Delivery is in spring and summer.[78] The Northern Pacific population of great whites is suspected to breed off of the Sea of Cortez, as evidenced by local fisherman who have said to have caught them and evidenced by teeth found at dump sites for discarded parts from their catches.[citation needed]

text: Breaching behavior

text: A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals. This technique is often used on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay, South Africa. Because the behavior is unpredictable, it is very hard to document. It was first photographed by Chris Fallows and Rob Lawrence who developed the technique of towing a slow-moving seal decoy to trick the sharks to breach.[79] Between April and September, scientists may observe around 600 breaches. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below. They can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometers per hour (25 mph) and can at times launch themselves more than 3.0 metres (10 ft) into the air. Just under half of observed breach attacks are successful.[80] In 2011, a 3-meter (9.8 ft) long shark jumped onto a seven-person research vessel off Seal Island in Mossel Bay. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged not to be an attack on the boat but an accident.[81]

text: Natural threats

text: Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.[65] An incident was documented on 4 October 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States. An estimated 4.7–5.3-meter (15–17 ft) female orca immobilized an estimated 3–4-meter (9.8–13.1 ft) great white shark.[82] The orca held the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate. The orca then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver.[65][82][83] It is believed that the scent of the slain shark's carcass caused all the great whites in the region to flee, forfeiting an opportunity for a great seasonal feed.[84] Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000, but its outcome is not clear.[85] After both attacks, the local population of about 100 great whites vanished.[83][85] Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft) and swum to Hawaii.[85] In 2015, a pod of orcas was recorded to have killed a great white shark off South Australia.[86] In 2017, along the South African coast, four great whites were found washed ashore with their livers removed with what was described as 'surgical precision'. Local scientists claim that pods of orcas in the area were to blame for the attacks.[87][88]

text: Conservation status

text: It is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate global population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable.[2] Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, making population recovery and growth difficult.

text: The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable.[2] It is included in Appendix II of CITES,[15] meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit.[89] As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks.[90] A February 2010 study by Barbara Block of Stanford University estimated the world population of great white sharks to be lower than 3,500 individuals, making the species more vulnerable to extinction than the tiger, whose population is in the same range.[91] According to another study from 2014 by George H. Burgess, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, there are about 2000 great white sharks near the California coast, which is 10 times higher than the previous estimate of 219 by Barbara Block.[92][93]

text: Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white shark, however, is rarely an object of commercial fishing, although its flesh is considered valuable. If casually captured (it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean), it is misleadingly sold as smooth-hound shark.

text: In Australia

text: The great white shark was declared Vulnerable by the Australian Government in 1999 because of significant population decline and is currently protected under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act.[94] The causes of decline prior to protection included mortality from sport fishing harvests as well as being caught in beach protection netting.[95]

text: The national conservation status of the great white shark is reflected by all Australian states under their respective laws, granting the species full protection throughout Australia regardless of jurisdiction.[94] Many states had prohibited the killing or possession of great white sharks prior to national legislation coming into effect. The great white shark is further listed as Threatened in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, and as rare or likely to become extinct under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia.[94]

text: In 2002, the Australian government created the White Shark Recovery Plan, implementing government-mandated conservation research and monitoring for conservation in addition to federal protection and stronger regulation of shark-related trade and tourism activities.[95] An updated recovery plan was published in 2013 to review progress, research findings, and to implement further conservation actions.[96] A study in 2012 revealed that Australia's White Shark population was separated by Bass Strait into genetically distinct eastern and western populations, indicating a need for the development of regional conservation strategies.[97]

text: Presently, human-caused shark mortality is continuing, primarily from accidental and illegal catching in commercial and recreational fishing as well as from being caught in beach protection netting, and the populations of great white shark in Australia are yet to recover.[96]

text: In New Zealand

text: As of April 2007, great white sharks were fully protected within 370 kilometers (230 mi) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand-flagged boats outside this range. The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison.[98]

text: In North America

text: In 2013, great white sharks were added to California's Endangered Species Act. From data collected, the population of great whites in the North Pacific was estimated to be fewer than 340 individuals. Research also reveals these sharks are genetically distinct from other members of their species elsewhere in Africa, Australia, and the east coast of North America, having been isolated from other populations.[99]

text: A 2014 study estimated the population of great white sharks along the California coastline to be approximately 2,400.[100][101]

text: In 2015 Massachusetts banned catching, cage diving, feeding, towing decoys, or baiting and chumming for its significant and highly predictable migratory great white population without an appropriate research permit. The goal of these restrictions is to both protect the sharks and public health.[102]

text: Relationship with humans

text: Shark bite incidents

text: While the term "shark attack" is in common use for instances of humans being wounded by sharks, it has been suggested that this is based largely on the misconception that white sharks and other large predatory sharks (such as bull and tiger sharks) seek out humans as prey. A recent review recommends that only in the very rare instances where a shark clearly predated on a human should the bite incident be termed an "attack," which implies predation, and that otherwise it is more accurate to class bite incidents as "sighting", "encounter", "bite incident", or "fatal bite incident". Sightings do not include physical interaction, encounters include physical interaction without harm, shark bites include minor and major shark bite incidents, including those that do and do not require medical attention, and fatal shark bite incidents are those that result in death. The study suggests that only in a case where an expert validates the predatory intent of a shark would it be appropriate to term a bite incident an attack.[103]

text: Of all shark species, the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of recorded shark bite incidents on humans, with 272 documented unprovoked bite incidents on humans as of 2012.[17]

text: More than any documented bite incident, Peter Benchley's best-selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of being a "man eater" in the public mind.[104] While great white sharks have killed humans in at least 74 documented unprovoked bite incidents, they typically do not target them: for example, in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed bite incidents against humans in the last two centuries, most of which were non-fatal. Many of the incidents seemed to be "test-bites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and they might grab a human or a surfboard to identify what it is.

text: Contrary to popular belief, great white sharks do not mistake humans for seals.[105] Many bite incidents occur in waters with low visibility or other situations which impair the shark's senses. The species appears to not like the taste of humans, or at least finds the taste unfamiliar. Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth predating upon. Humans, for the most part, are too bony for their liking. They much prefer a fat, protein-rich seal.[106]

text: Humans are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded shark bite incidents, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption. From 1990 to 2011 there have been a total of 139 unprovoked great white shark bite incidents, 29 fatal.[107]

text: However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not because sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s, John McCosker, Chair of Aquatic Biology at the California Academy of Sciences, noted that divers who dove solo and were bitten by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescued by their companion. McCosker and Timothy C. Tricas, an author and professor at the University of Hawaii, suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.[108]

text: In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy, colloquially referred to as the Western Australian shark cull, was intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark bite incidents, following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010–2013.[109] Baited drum lines were deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch great white sharks, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive were shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[110] The government claimed they were not culling the sharks, but were using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[111] Barnett described opposition as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing could change his mind.[112] This policy was met with widespread condemnation from the scientific community, which showed that species responsible for bite incidents were notoriously hard to identify, that the drum lines failed to capture white sharks, as intended, and that the government also failed to show any correlation between their drum line policy and a decrease in shark bite incidents in the region.[113]

text: Attacks on boats

text: Great white sharks infrequently bite and sometimes even sink boats. Only five of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark bite incidents reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers.[114] In a few cases they have bitten boats up to 10 meters (33 ft) in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually biting the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim, knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats by the electrical fields they generate, which are picked up by the ampullae of Lorenzini and confuse the shark about whether or not wounded prey might be near-by.[115]

text: Great white sharks in captivity

text: Prior to August 1981, no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days. In August 1981, a white shark survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released.[116] The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3-D.

text: In 1984, shortly before its opening day, the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, California, housed its first great white shark which had died after 10 days. In July 2003, Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days. They had the rare success of getting the shark to feed in captivity before its release.[117] Not until September 2004 was the aquarium able to place a great white on long-term exhibit. A young female, which was caught off the coast of Ventura, was kept in the aquarium's 3,800,000-liter (1,000,000 U.S. gal) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release.[118] On the evening of 31 August 2006, the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay.[119] His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on 8 September 2006, and as of that date, he was estimated to be 1.72 meters (68 in) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kilograms (104 lb). He was released on 16 January 2007, after 137 days in captivity.

text: Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white, a juvenile male, for 162 days between 27 August 2007, and 5 February 2008. On arrival, he was 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long and weighed 30.6 kg (67 lb). He grew to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and 64 kg (141 lb) before release. A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on 27 August 2008. While she did swim well, the shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on 7 September 2008. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on 12 August 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on 26 August 2009, and was successfully released into the wild on 4 November 2009.[120] The Monterey Bay Aquarium added a 1.4-meter (4.6 ft) long male into their redesigned "Open Sea" exhibit on 31 August 2011. The animal was captured in the waters off of Malibu.

text: One of the largest adult great whites ever exhibited was at Japan's Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in 2016, where a 3.5 meters (11 ft) male was exhibited for three days before dying.[121][122] Probably the most famous captive was a 2.4 m (7.9 ft) female named Sandy, which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.[123]

text: Shark tourism

text: Cage diving is most common at sites where great whites are frequent including the coast of South Africa, the Neptune Islands in South Australia,[124] and Guadalupe Island in Baja California. The popularity of cage diving and swimming with sharks is at the focus of a booming tourist industry.[125][126] A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract the sharks. These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food; a potentially dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers.

text: At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys.[127] In South Australia, playing rock music recordings underwater, including the AC/DC album Back in Black has also been used experimentally to attract sharks.[128]

text: Companies object to being blamed for shark bite incidents, pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans.[129] Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behavior.[130] One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, responsible dive operators do not feed sharks. Only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal. It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these responsible tourism.[127]

text: The shark tourist industry has some financial leverage in conserving this animal. A single set of great white jaws can fetch up to £20,000. That is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark; tourism is a more sustainable economic activity than shark fishing. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day. With fees between £50 and £150 per person, a single live shark that visits each boat can create anywhere between £9,000 and £27,000 of revenue daily.[131]

text:
Putting chum in the water

A great white shark approaches divers in a cage off Dyer Island, Western Cape, South Africa.

Play media

A great white shark approaches a cage

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document_title: How to Marry a Millionaire

question_text: where was how to marry a millionaire filmed

text: How to Marry a Millionaire

text: Plot[edit]

text: Resourceful Schatze Page (Lauren Bacall), spunky Loco Dempsey (Betty Grable), and ditzy Pola DeBevoise (Marilyn Monroe) rent a luxurious Sutton Place penthouse in New York City from Freddie Denmark (David Wayne), who is avoiding the IRS by living in Europe. The women plan to use the apartment to attract rich men and marry them. When money is tight, Schatze pawns some of Freddie's furniture, without his knowledge. To their dismay, as winter approaches, the furnishings continue to be sold off as they have no luck.

text: One day, Loco carries in some groceries, assisted by Tom Brookman (Cameron Mitchell). Tom is very interested in Schatze, but she dismisses him, thinking he is poor. She tries repeatedly to brush him off as she sets her sights on the charming, classy widower J.D. Hanley (William Powell) whose worth is irreproachably large. All the while she's stalking the older J.D., Tom, who is actually very wealthy, keeps after her. After every one of their dates, she tells him she never wants to see him again as she refuses to marry a poor man again.

text: Meanwhile, Loco becomes acquainted with a grumpy businessman (Fred Clark). He is married, but she agrees to go with him to his lodge in Maine, mistakenly thinking she's going to meet a bunch of Elks Club members. When they arrive, Loco is disappointed to find that the businessman was hoping to have an affair with her and set them up in a dingy lodge instead of the glamorous one she was expecting. She attempts to leave but unfortunately has to stay due to the trains not able to come till the next day. Waldo (Clark) comes down with the measles and has to stay in the lodge until cured. He is nursed back to health with the help of Loco, Loco meets Eben (Rory Calhoun) whom she thinks owns most of the surrounding land. She has no trouble transferring her affections to the handsome outdoorsman and they become engaged. When she finds out that he's just a forest ranger, she is very disappointed, but Loco realizes that she loves him and is willing to overlook his financial shortcomings.

text: The third member of the group, Pola (Monroe), is extremely nearsighted, but hates to wear her glasses where any man might see her. As she puts it, "Men aren't attentive to girls who wear glasses." (a takeoff of Dorothy Parker's "Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses.") She falls for a phony Arab oil tycoon, not knowing he's really a crooked speculator. Luckily, when she takes a plane from La Guardia airport to meet him, she misreads Kansas City for Atlantic City on an airport sign and ends up on the wrong plane. She sits next to a man, also wearing glasses, who thinks she's "quite a strudel" and encourages her to put hers on. It turns out that he is the mysterious Freddie Denmark on his way to Kansas City to find the crooked accountant who got him into trouble with the IRS. He doesn't have much luck when he tracks the man down, but he and Pola become enamored with each other and eventually marry.

text: Loco and Pola are reunited with Schatze just before her wedding to J.D. Schatze finds herself unable to go through with the wedding and confesses to J.D. that she is in love with Tom. He graciously understands and agrees to call off the wedding. Tom is among the wedding attendees and the two reconcile and marry, with Schatze still not knowing that he is rich.

text: Afterwards, the three happy couples end up at a greasy spoon, dining on hamburgers. Schatze jokingly asks Eben and Freddie about their financial prospects—which are slim. When she finally gets around to Tom, he casually admits a net worth around $200 million, and lists an array of holdings, which none of the others appear to take seriously. He then calls for the check, pulls out an enormous wad of money, and pays with a $1,000 bill, telling the chef to keep the change. The three astonished women faint dead away onto the floor. Tom then proposes the men drink a toast to their unconscious wives.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Betty Grable as Loco Dempsey
Marilyn Monroe as Pola Debevoise
Lauren Bacall as Schatze Page
David Wayne as Freddie Denmark
Rory Calhoun as Eben
Cameron Mitchell as Tom Brookman
Alex D'Arcy as J. Stewart Merrill
Fred Clark as Waldo Brewster
William Powell as J.D. Hanley

text: Production[edit]

text: How to Marry a Millionaire was the first film ever to be photographed in the new CinemaScope wide-screen process, but it was the second Cinemascope film released by Fox, after the biblical epic film The Robe.

text: Twentieth-Century Fox started production on The Robe before it began production on How to Marry a Millionaire, although production on the latter was completed first. The studio chose to present The Robe as its first CinemaScope production in late September or early October 1953 because it saw this film as being more family-friendly and attracting a larger audience to introduce its widescreen process.[4]

text: The film's cinematography was by Joseph MacDonald. The costume design was by Travilla.[5]

text: Portrayal of New York[edit]

text: Between scenes, the cinematography has some iconic views of New York City. Views include: Rockefeller Center; Central Park; the United Nations Building; and Brooklyn Bridge in the opening sequence. Other iconic views include the Empire State Building, the lights of Times Square at night and the George Washington Bridge.

text: Music[edit]

text: The score for How To Marry a Millionaire was composed and directed by Alfred Newman, with incidental music by Cyril Mockridge.[6] The album was released on CD by Film Score Monthly on March 15, 2001,[7] as part of Film Score Monthly's series Golden Age Classics.

text: Release and box office[edit]

text: How to Marry a Millionaire premiered at the Fox Wilshire Theatre (now the Saban Theatre), in Beverly Hills, California, on November 4, 1953.[8] The film was a box office success earning $8 million worldwide[2] and $7.5 million domestically, making it Fox's second highest grossing film of that year (with The Robe being the first),[9] and was the fourth highest-grossing film of 1953, whereas Monroe's previous feature Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was the ninth.[10]

text: Award nominations[edit]

text:
Date of ceremony
Award
Category
Nominees

February 25, 1954[11]
Writers Guild of America Awards
Best Written Comedy
Nunnally Johnson

March 25, 1954[12]
Academy Awards
Best Costume Design – Color
Charles LeMaire, Travilla

1955[13]
British Academy Film Awards
Best Film from any Source
How to Marry a Millionaire

tag: table

text: Television adaptation[edit]

text: In 1957, the film was adapted into a sitcom of the same name. The series stars Barbara Eden (as Loco Jones), Merry Anders (Michelle "Mike" Page), Lori Nelson (Greta Lindquist) and as Nelson's later replacement, Lisa Gaye as Gwen Kirby. How to Marry a Millionaire aired in syndication for a total of two seasons.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In 2000, the 20th Century Fox Television produced a made-for-TV remake called How to Marry a Billionaire: A Christmas Tale. But instead of three women looking to marry a millionaire man, the film shows three men looking to marry a millionaire woman. The film was starred by John Stamos, Joshua Malina and Shemar Moore.

text: In 2007, Nicole Kidman bought the rights to How to Marry a Millionaire under her production company Blossom Films, and is set to produce and possibly star in a remake.[14]