document_title: Google Search

question_text: where is the i am feeling lucky button

question_tokens: where is the i am feeling lucky button

text: Google Search

text: Search[edit]

text: PageRank[edit]

text: Google's rise to success was largely due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string.[17] When Google was a Stanford research project, it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site's importance. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes human-generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important. The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to PageRank, Google, over the years, has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be over 250 different indicators,[18][19] the specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally.

text: In a potential hint of Google's future direction for their Search algorithm, Eric Schmidt, Google's then chief executive, said in a 2007 interview with the Financial Times: "The goal is to enable Google users to be able to ask the question such as 'What shall I do tomorrow?' and 'What job shall I take?'".[20] Schmidt reaffirmed this during a 2010 interview with the Wall Street Journal: "I actually think most people don't want Google to answer their questions, they want Google to tell them what they should be doing next."[21]

text: In 2013 the European Commission found that Google Search favored Google's own products, instead of offering consumers the best result for their needs.[22] In February 2015 Google announced a major change to its mobile search algorithm which would favor mobile friendly over other websites. Nearly 60% of Google's online search traffic comes from mobile phones. Google says it wants its users to have access to premium quality websites. Those websites which lack a mobile friendly interface would be demoted and it is expected that this update will cause a shake-up of ranks. Businesses who fail to update their websites accordingly could see a dip in their regular websites traffic.[23]

text: Search products[edit]

text: The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google indexes is not known, as it is very difficult to accurately calculate. Google presents a two-line summary and also a preview of each search result, which includes a link to a cached (stored), usually older version of the page.

text: Google's cache link in its search results provides a way of retrieving information from websites that have recently gone down and a way of retrieving data more quickly than by clicking the direct link. This feature is still available, but many users are not aware of this because it has been moved to the previews of the search results presented next to these.[24][25]

text: Google not only indexes and caches web pages, but also takes "snapshots" of other file types, which include PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, and so on.[26] Except in the case of text and SWF files, the cached version is a conversion to (X)HTML, allowing those without the corresponding viewer application to read the file. Users can customize the search engine, by setting a default language, using the "SafeSearch" filtering technology and set the number of results shown on each page. Google has been criticized for placing long-term cookies on users' machines to store these preferences, a tactic which also enables them to track a user's search terms and retain the data for more than a year.[27]

text: In 2012, Google changed its rankings to demote sites that had been accused of piracy, except the Google-owned YouTube site.[28]

text: Non-indexable data[edit]

text: Despite its immense index, there is also a considerable amount of data available in online databases which are accessible by means of queries but not by links. This so-called invisible or deep Web is minimally covered by Google and other search engines.[29] The deep Web contains library catalogs, official legislative documents of governments, phone books, and other content which is dynamically prepared to respond to a query.

text: Google optimization[edit]

text: Because Google is the most popular search engine, many webmasters have become eager to influence their website's Google rankings. An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites increase their rankings on Google and on other search engines. This field, called search engine optimization, attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings, and then develop a methodology for improving rankings to draw more searchers to their client's sites. Search engine optimization encompasses both "on page" factors (like body copy, title elements, H1 heading elements and image alt attribute values) and Off Page Optimization factors (like anchor text and PageRank). The general idea is to affect Google's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places "on page", in particular the title element and the body copy (note: the higher up in the page, presumably the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking). Too many occurrences of the keyword, however, cause the page to look suspect to Google's spam checking algorithms. Google has published guidelines for website owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants.[30] It has been hypothesized, and, allegedly, is the opinion of the owner of one business about which there have been numerous complaints, that negative publicity, for example, numerous consumer complaints, may serve as well to elevate page rank on Google Search as favorable comments.[31] The particular problem addressed in The New York Times article, which involved DecorMyEyes, was addressed shortly thereafter by an undisclosed fix in the Google algorithm. According to Google, it was not the frequently published consumer complaints about DecorMyEyes which resulted in the high ranking but mentions on news websites of events which affected the firm such as legal actions against it. Google Search Console helps to check for websites that use duplicate or copyright content.[32]

text: Universal search[edit]

text: Universal search was launched by Google on May 16, 2007. It was an idea which merged the results from different searches into one. Prior to Universal search, a standard Google search would consist of links to different websites. Universal search incorporates a wide variety of information such as websites, news, pictures, maps, blogs, videos, and more to display as search results. Marissa Mayer, VP of Search Products & User Experience during Universal search launch, described the goal of universal search, "With Universal search, we're attempting to break down the walls that traditionally separated our various search properties and integrate the vast amounts of information available into one simple set of search results… We want to help you find the very best answer, even if you don't know where to look."[33]

text: Dedicated mobile search results[edit]

text: In October 2016, Gary Illyes, a webmaster trends analyst with Google, announced that the search engine will be making a new, primary web index dedicated for mobile, with a secondary, less up-to-date index for desktop use. The change is a response from the continued growth in mobile, and a push for web developers to adopt a mobile-friendly version of their websites. Illyes stated the change will happen in "months".[15]

text: Functionality[edit]

text: Google search consists of a series of localized websites. The largest of those, the google.com site, is the top most-visited website in the world.[34] Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words, the number of results you got on your search, links to other searches (e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled, it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling), and many more.

text: Search syntax[edit]

text: Google's search engine normally accepts queries as a simple text, and breaks up the user's text into a sequence of search terms, which will usually be words that are to occur in the results, but one can also use Boolean operators, such as quotations marks (") for a phrase, a prefix such as "+", "-" for qualified terms (no longer valid, the '+' was removed from Google on October 19, 2011),[35] or one of several advanced operators, such as "site:". The webpages of "Google Search Basics"[36] describe each of these additional queries and options (see below: Search options). Google's Advanced Search web form gives several additional fields which may be used to qualify searches by such criteria as date of first retrieval.

text: Query expansion[edit]

text: Google applies query expansion to the submitted search query, transforming it into the query that will actually be used to retrieve results. As with page ranking, the exact details of the algorithm Google uses are deliberately obscure, but certainly the following transformations are among those that occur:

text:
Term reordering: in information retrieval this is a standard technique to reduce the work involved in retrieving results. This transformation is invisible to the user, since the results ordering uses the original query order to determine relevance.
Stemming is used to increase search quality by keeping small syntactic variants of search terms.[37]
There is a limited facility to fix possible misspellings in queries.

tag: ul

text: "I'm Feeling Lucky"[edit]

text: Google's homepage includes a button labeled "I'm Feeling Lucky". Prior to a change[38] in 2012, when a user typed in a search and clicked on the button the user would be taken directly to the first search result, bypassing the search engine results page. The idea was that if a user is "feeling lucky", the search engine would return the perfect match the first time without having to page through the search results. According to a study by Tom Chavez of "Rapt", this feature cost Google $110 million a year as 1% of all searches use this feature and bypass all advertising.[39]

text: With the introduction of Google Instant, the functionality of the button behaves differently.[40] Currently, the "I'm Feeling Lucky" button changes based on the user's settings and what webpage users are at. If Google Instant is turned off, the button will work as it previously did or, if the search box is empty, redirect to the Google Doodles gallery. If Google Instant is turned on and a user hovers over the button, the button text will spin and land on a phrase that starts with "I'm feeling" (e.g. "I'm feeling hungry" or "I'm feeling smart"). Each phrase links to a Google page related to the associated phrase.

text: Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox used "I'm Feeling Lucky" as the default search string when the user entered a query in the location bar; this functionality was deprecated in later versions.[41]

text: Rich snippets[edit]

text: On May 12, 2009, Google announced that they would be parsing the hCard, hReview, and hProduct microformats and using them to populate search result pages with what they called "Rich Snippets".[42]

text: Rich Card[edit]

text: On May 17, 2016, Google announce a new search result format builder called "Rich Card". Rich cards are similar like Rich snippet, use schema.org Structured markup to showcase the content in a new visual format. Rich card for four content categories: Recipes, Events, Product and Reviews.[43][44]

text: Special features[edit]

text: Besides the main search-engine feature of searching for text, Google Search has more than 22 "special features" (activated by entering any of dozens of trigger words) when searching:[10][11][45]

text:
weather – The weather conditions, temperature, wind, humidity, and forecast,[10] for many cities can be viewed by typing "weather" along with a city for larger cities or city and state, U.S. zip code, or city and country for smaller cities (such as: weather Lawrence, Kansas; weather Paris; weather Bremen, Germany).
stock quotes – The market data[10] for a specific company or fund can be viewed by typing the ticker symbol (or include "stock"), such as: CSCO; MSFT; IBM stock; F stock (lists Ford Motor Co.); or AIVSX (fund). Results show inter-day changes, or 5-year graph, etc. This does not work for many stock names which are one letter long, such as Macy's (M), or are common words, such as Diamond Offshore (DO) or Majesco (COOL).
time – The current time in many cities (worldwide)[10] can be viewed by typing "time" and the name of the city (such as: time Cairo; time Pratt, KS).
timer – set a countdown [46] (logging in to search the engine can be required)
sports scores – The scores and schedules, for sports teams,[10] can be displayed by typing the team name or league name into the search box.
unit conversion – Measurements can be converted[10] by entering each phrase, such as 10.5 cm in inches, or 90 km in miles
currency conversion – A money or currency converter can be selected[10] by typing the names or currency codes (listed by ISO 4217): 6789 Euro in USD; 150 GBP in USD; 5000 Yen in USD; 5000 Yuan in lira (the U.S. dollar can be USD or "US$" or "$", while Canadian is CAD, etc.).
calculator – calculation results can be determined,[10] as it is calculated live, by entering a formula in numbers or words, such as: 6*77 +pi +sqrt(e^3)/888 plus 0.45. Search results for the formula are displayed after the calculation result. The caret "^" raises a number to an exponent power, and percentages are allowed ("40% of 300").[11] Following the convention used in discrete mathematics, Google's calculator evaluates 0^0 to 1.[47] The calculator also uses the unit and currency conversion functions to allow unit-aware calculations. For example, "(3 EUR/liter) / (40 miles/gallon) in USD / mile" calculates the dollar cost per mile for a 40 mpg car with gas costing 3 euros a liter. The calculator also can calculate digital storage arithmetic (the calculation of bytes). For example, putting in 400 MB + 489 MB + 1.5 GB yields the result 2425 MB, or 2.37 GB. This is useful since bytes are binary (power of 2), and not decimal as regular numbers are (power of 10). Caveat: it doesn't offer arbitrary precision and is subject to floating point errors in queries like 4,000,000,000,000,000 – 3,999,999,999,999,999.[48]
numeric ranges – A set of numbers can be matched by using a double-dot between range numbers (70..73 or 90..100) to match any positive number in the range, inclusive.[11] Negative numbers are treated as using exclusion-dash to not match the number.
dictionary lookup – A definition for a word or phrase can be found,[10] by entering "define" followed by a colon and the word(s) to look up (such as, "define:philosophy", maybe works for signed in users only)
maps – Some related maps can be displayed,[10] by typing in the name or U.S. ZIP code of a location and the word "map" (such as: New York map; Kansas map; or Paris map).
movie showtimes – Reviews or film showtimes can be listed for any movies playing nearby,[10] by typing "movies" or the name of any current film into the search box. If a specific location was saved on a previous search, the top search result will display showtimes for nearby theaters for that movie.
public data – Trends for population (or unemployment rates)[10] can be found for U.S. states and counties, by typing "population" or "unemployment rate" followed by a state or county name.
real estate and housing – Home listings in a given area can be displayed,[10] using the trigger words "housing", "home", or "real estate" followed by the name of a city or U.S. zip code.
travel data/airports – The flight status for arriving or departing U.S. flights can be displayed,[10] by typing in the name of the airline and the flight number into the search box (such as: American airlines 18). Delays at a specific airport can also be viewed (by typing the name of the city or three-letter airport code plus word "airport").
package tracking – Package mail can be tracked[10] by typing the tracking number of a Royal Mail, UPS, FedEx or USPS package directly into the search box. Results will include quick links to track the status of each shipment.
patent numbers – U.S. patents can be searched[10][45] by entering the word "patent" followed by the patent number into the search box (such as: Patent 5123123).
area code – The geographical location (for any U.S. telephone area code)[10] can be displayed by typing a three-digit area code (such as: 650).
Six degrees of Kevin Bacon – A search to find the shortest path between an arbitrary actor and veteran Hollywood character actor Kevin Bacon. Simply search using 'bacon number actorname'.
Google Goggles – using the Google Goggles app on your smartphone you can take a photograph of anything and get quick results for your search. If you wish to pursue more detailed search results you can click the "full results" tab and get a full blown Google search of the object you photographed.
Knowledge graph – A search for things, people or places that Google knows about, such as landmarks, celebrities, cities, sports teams, buildings, geographical features, movies, celestial objects, works of art and more, and information that applies to the search term is shown in the upper right. It is rooted in public information such as Wikipedia, United States Census Bureau and the CIA World Factbook.[49]
Metronome – Provides a metronome with an adjustable bpm.

text: Search options[edit]

text: The webpages maintained by the Google Help Center have text describing more than 15 various search options.[50] The Google operator

text:
OR – Search for either one, such as "price high OR low" searches for "price high" or "price low".
- (minus sign) – Exclude a word or a phrase, such as "apple -tree" searches where word "tree" is not used.
"" – Force inclusion of a word or a phrase (Note that the original + operator was removed on October 19, 2011).[35]
* – Wildcard operator to match any words between other specific words, e.g. "type * blood".
.. – Range operator,[51] e.g. "$50..$100".

text: Some of the query options are as follows:

text:
define: – The query prefix "define:" will provide a definition[50] of the words listed after it.
stocks: – After "stocks:" the query terms are treated as stock ticker symbols[50] for lookup.
site: – Restrict the results to those websites in the given domain,[50] such as, site:www.acmeacme.com. The option "site:com" will search all domain URLs named with ".com" (no space after "site:").
intext: – Prefix to search in a webpage text, such as "intext:google search" will list pages with word "google" in the text of the page, and word "search" anywhere (no space after "intext:").
allintitle: – Only the page titles are searched[50] (not the remaining text on each webpage).
intitle: – Prefix to search in a webpage title,[50] such as "intitle:google search" will list pages with word "google" in title, and word "search" anywhere (no space after "intitle:").
allinurl: – Only the page URL address lines are searched[50] (not the text inside each webpage).
inurl: – Prefix for each word to be found in the URL;[50] others words are matched anywhere, such as "inurl:acme search" matches "acme" in a URL, but matches "search" anywhere (no space after "inurl:").

text: The page-display options (or query types) are:

text:
cache: – Highlights the search-words within the cached document, such as "cache:www.google.com xxx" shows cached content with word "xxx" highlighted.
link: – The prefix "link:" will list webpages that have links to the specified webpage, such as "link:www.google.com" lists webpages linking to the Google homepage.
related: – The prefix "related:" will list webpages that are "similar" to a specified web page.
info: – The prefix "info:" will display some background information about one specified webpage, such as, info:www.google.com. Typically, the info is the first text (160 bytes, about 23 words) contained in the page, displayed in the style of a results entry (for just the 1 page as matching the search).
filetype: – results will only show files of the desired type (e.g. filetype:pdf will return pdf files)

text: Error messages[edit]

text: Some searches will give a 403 Forbidden error with the text

text:
We're sorry...

 … but your query looks similar to automated requests from a computer virus or spyware application. To protect our users, we can't process your request right now.

 We'll restore your access as quickly as possible, so try again soon. In the meantime, if you suspect that your computer or network has been infected, you might want to run a virus checker or spyware remover to make sure that your systems are free of viruses and other spurious software.

 We apologize for the inconvenience, and hope we'll see you again on Google.

text: sometimes followed by a CAPTCHA prompt.[52]

text: The screen was first reported in 2005, and was a response to the heavy use of Google by search engine optimization companies to check on ranks of sites they were optimizing. Google says the message is triggered only by high volumes of requests from a single IP address, however the use of the "allintext" operator a few times in a period of minutes has the same effect. Google apparently uses the Google cookie as part of its determination of refusing service.[52]

text: In June 2009, after the death of pop superstar Michael Jackson, this message appeared to many internet users who were searching Google for news stories related to the singer, and was assumed by Google to be a DDoS attack, although many queries were submitted by legitimate searchers.

text: January 2009 malware bug[edit]

text: Google flags search results with the message "This site may harm your computer" if the site is known to install malicious software in the background or otherwise surreptitiously. Google does this to protect users against visiting sites that could harm their computers. For approximately 40 minutes on January 31, 2009, all search results were mistakenly classified as malware and could therefore not be clicked; instead a warning message was displayed and the user was required to enter the requested URL manually. The bug was caused by human error.[53][54][55][56] The URL of "/" (which expands to all URLs) was mistakenly added to the malware patterns file.[54][55]

text: Google Doodles[edit]

text: On certain occasions, the logo on Google's webpage will change to a special version, known as a "Google Doodle". This is a picture, drawing, or animation that includes the logo. It is usually done for a special event or day although not all of them are well known.[57] Clicking on the Doodle links to a string of Google search results about the topic. The first was a reference to the Burning Man Festival in 1998,[58][59] and others have been produced for the birthdays of notable people like Albert Einstein, historical events like the interlocking Lego block's 50th anniversary and holidays like Valentine's Day.[60] Some Google Doodles have interactivity beyond a simple search, such as the famous "Google Pacman" version that appeared on May 21, 2010.

text: Google Caffeine[edit]

text: In August 2009, Google announced the rollout of a new search architecture, codenamed "Caffeine".[61] The new architecture was designed to return results faster and to better deal with rapidly updated information[62] from services including Facebook and Twitter.[61] Google developers noted that most users would notice little immediate change, but invited developers to test the new search in its sandbox.[63] Differences noted for their impact upon search engine optimization included heavier keyword weighting and the importance of the domain's age.[64][65] The move was interpreted in some quarters as a response to Microsoft's recent release of an upgraded version of its own search service, renamed Bing.[66] Google announced completion of Caffeine on June 8, 2010, claiming 50% fresher results due to continuous updating of its index.[67] With Caffeine, Google moved its back-end indexing system away from MapReduce and onto BigTable, the company's distributed database platform.[68] Caffeine is also based on Colossus, or GFS2,[69] an overhaul of the GFS distributed file system.[70]

text: Conversational search (OK Google)[edit]

text: During the Google I/O conference in May 2013, Google's Amit Singhal presented on the future of search, explaining that a search engine's three primary functions will need to evolve and that search will need to answer, converse, and anticipate. As part of his keynote talk, Singhal stated, "A computer you can talk to? And it will answer everything you ask it? Little did I know, I would grow up to become the person responsible for building my dream for the entire world." Conversational search technology was then featured and Singhal introduced the term "hot-wording" to describe search without the need for an interface, whereby the user simply prompts the Google search engine by stating, "OK Google." The I/O audience was then shown a demonstration in which a user asked a question and the search engine answered back in "conversation," in addition to the presentation of results for the query.[71]

text: The conversational search function was incorporated into the latest version of the Chrome browser during the week beginning May 20, 2013. The "OK Google" search prompt was not included into the upgrade and users are required to click on a microphone icon that appears on the right-hand side of the search box. Google displays its answer to the user's question in the form of "cards" at the top of the search results while the information is conveyed verbally—according to one search engine writer, Google continues to work through the feature's bugs.[72]

text: Hummingbird update[edit]

text: The "Hummingbird" update was announced as part of Google's 15-year anniversary and a Guardian technology journalist described it as "the biggest change to the inner workings of the world's most popular search engine since Google's "Caffeine" update in 2010." The update was progressively introduced over the month prior to the announcement and will benefit more modern forms of search, whereby users ask Google a question rather than entering keywords into the search box.[73][74]

text: Knowledge Graph[edit]

text: The Google Knowledge Graph is a system that Google launched in May 2012 that understands facts about people, places and things and how these entities are all connected.[75] Google’s Knowledge Graph is used both behind-the-scenes to help Google improve its search relevancy and also to present Knowledge Graph boxes, at times, within its search results that provide direct answers.[76]

text: Personal tab[edit]

text: In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[77][78]

text: Google for Jobs[edit]

text: In June 2017, Google expanded its search results to cover available job listings. The data is aggregated from various major job boards and collected by analyzing company homepages. Initially only available in English, the feature aims to simplify finding jobs suitable for each user.[79][80][81]

text: Discontinued features[edit]

text: Until 2013, Google Search had a cross-language search feature called "Translated Foreign Pages."[82] Google's discussion search feature was also discontinued in July 2014.[83]

text: Privacy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)

text: Searches made by search engines, including Google, leave traces. This raises concerns about privacy. In principle, if details of a user's searches are found, those with access to the information—principally state agencies responsible for law enforcement and similar matters—can make deductions about the user's activities. This has been used for the detection and prosecution of lawbreakers; for example a murderer was found and convicted after searching for terms such as "tips with killing with a baseball bat".[84]

text: A search may leave traces both on a computer used to make the search, and in records kept by the search provider. When using a search engine through a browser program on a computer, search terms and other information may be stored on the computer by default, unless the browser is set not to do this, or they are erased. Saved terms may be discovered on forensic analysis of the computer. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) or search engine provider (e.g., Google) may store records which relate search terms to an IP address and a time.[85] Whether such logs are kept, and access to them by law enforcement agencies, is subject to legislation in different jurisdictions and working practices; the law may mandate, prohibit, or say nothing about logging of various types of information. Some search engines, located in jurisdictions where it is not illegal, make a feature of not storing user search information.[86]

text: Encrypted search[edit]

text: Various search engines provide encrypted Web search facilities. In May 2010 Google rolled out SSL-encrypted web search.[87] The encrypted search can be accessed at encrypted.google.com[88] However, the web search is encrypted via Transport Layer Security (TLS) by default today, thus every search request should be automatically encrypted if TLS is supported by the web browser.[89]

text: FTC fines[edit]

text: In 2012 the US Federal Trade Commission fined Google US$22.5 million for violating their agreement not to violate the privacy of users of the Apple Safari (web browser).[90] The FTC was also continuing to investigate if Google's favoring of their own services in their search results violated antitrust regulations.[91]

text: Search suggestion[edit]

text: In 2008, Google started to give autocompleted search suggestions in a list below the search bar for incompletely entered queries.

text: Suggestions have increasingly sparked controversies about their bias.[92]

text: Instant search[edit]

text: Google Instant was a feature that displayed suggested results while the user typed.[93] It was introduced in the US on September 8, 2010. In concert with the Google Instant launch, Google disabled the ability of users to choose to see more than 10 search results per page. At the time of the announcement, Google expected Instant to save users 2 to 5 seconds in every search, collectively about 11 million seconds per hour.[94] Search engine marketing experts speculated that Google Instant would have a great impact on local and paid search.[95] Google Search is a turn from a static HTML page into an AJAX application.[96]

text: Instant Search could be disabled via Google's "preferences" menu, but autocomplete-style search suggestions could not be disabled, by intention.[97]

text: The publication 2600: The Hacker Quarterly compiled a list of words that Google Instant did not show.[98][99][100] Most banned terms are those considered rude, but some apparently irrelevant searches including "Myleak" are removed.[100]

text: In September 2012 several sources reported that Google had removed bisexual from the list of blacklisted terms for Instant Search.[101] As of August 2013[update] the word bisexual still did not autocomplete, and LGBT activists renewed efforts to have it whitelisted. As of June 2014[update] "bisexuality" (but not "bisexual") and "myleak" were found.

text: Redesign[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2016)

text: In late June 2011, Google introduced a new look to the Google home page in order to boost the use of the Google+ social tools.[102]

text: One of the major changes was replacing the classic navigation bar with a black one. Google's digital creative director Chris Wiggins explains: "We're working on a project to bring you a new and improved Google experience, and over the next few months, you'll continue to see more updates to our look and feel."[103] The new navigation bar has been negatively received by a vocal minority.[104]

text: In November 2013, Google started testing yellow labels for advertisements displayed in search results, to improve user experience. The new labels, highlighted in yellow color, and aligned to the left of each sponsored link help users clearly differentiate between organic and sponsored results.[105]

text: On December 15, 2016, Google rolled out a new desktop search interface that mimics their modular mobile user interface. The mobile design consists of a tabular design that highlights search features in boxes. and works by imitating the desktop Knowledge Graph real estate, which appears in the right-hand rail of the search engine result page, these featured elements frequently feature Twitter carousels, People Also Search For, and Top Stories (vertical and horizontal design) modules. The Local Pack and Answer Box were two of the original features of the Google SERP that were primarily showcased in this manner, but this new layout creates a previously unseen level of design consistency for Google results.[106]

text: Smartphone app[edit]

text: A Google Search mobile app is available for Android, Windows Phone and iOS devices. In addition to allowing users to perform web searches, the app implements Google Now, Google's voice recognition and intelligent personal assistant software. Google Now uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of web services. Along with answering user-initiated queries, Google Now passively delivers information to the user that it predicts they will want, based on their search habits.[107] Google Search for Android was originally introduced in 2007, the same year the Android operating system was introduced. On January 11, 2012, Google introduced an update where they included an updated and simplified user interface, along with other improvements.[108] As of May 2016, around 20% of Google searches on Android used voice recognition.[109]

text: International[edit]

text: Google is available in many languages and has been localized completely or partly for many countries.[110]

text: The interface has also been made available in some languages for humorous purpose:

text:
Bork, bork, bork!
Elmer Fudd
Klingon
Leetspeak
Pig Latin
Pirate

text: In addition to the main URL Google.com, Google Inc. owns 160 domain names for each of the countries/regions in which it has been localized.[110]

text: On September 29, 2015, an Ex-Googler Sanmay Ved managed to buy the domain Google.com from Google via Google Domains, and gain full webmaster control.[111] Google later acknowledged the purchase,[112] and rewarded Ved who in turn requested that the reward be donated to charity. As a result, Google doubled the reward.

text: Search products[edit]

text: In addition to its tool for searching webpages, Google also provides services for searching images, Usenet newsgroups, news websites, videos, searching by locality, maps, and items for sale online. In 2012, Google has indexed over 30 trillion web pages, and received 100 billion queries per month.[113] It also caches much of the content that it indexes. Google operates other tools and services including Google News, Google Shopping, Google Maps, Google Custom Search, Google Earth, Google Docs, Picasa, Panoramio, YouTube, Google Translate, Google Blog Search and Google Desktop Search.

text: There are also products available from Google that are not directly search-related. Gmail, for example, is a webmail application, but still includes search features; Google Browser Sync does not offer any search facilities, although it aims to organize your browsing time.

text: Also Google starts many new beta products, like Google Social Search or Google Image Swirl.

text: Energy consumption[edit]

text: Google claims that a search query requires altogether about 1 kJ or 0.0003 kW·h,[114] which is enough to raise the temperature of one liter of water by 0.24 °C.

text: Possible misuse of search results[edit]

text: In 2007, a group of researchers observed a tendency for users to rely on Google Search exclusively for finding information, writing that "With the Google interface the user gets the impression that the search results imply a kind of totality. [...] In fact, one only sees a small part of what one could see if one also integrates other research tools."[115]

text: In 2011, Google Search query results have been shown to be tailored to users by Internet activist Eli Pariser, effectively isolating users in what he defined as a filter bubble. Pariser holds algorithms used in search engines such as Google Search responsible for catering "a personal ecosystem of information".[116] Although contrasting views have mitigated the potential threat of "informational dystopia" and questioned the scientific nature of Pariser claims,[117] filter bubbles have been mentioned to account for the surprising results of the U.S. presidential election in 2016 alongside fake news and echo chambers, suggesting that Facebook and Google have designed personalized online realities in which « we only see and hear what we like » .[118]

text: Predicting behavior[edit]

text: At the 2016 New Hampshire primary, the top-searched Democratic candidate was Bernie Sanders with 72% of the searches and won with 60% of the vote, according to real-time results of Google's trending search queries, and Hillary Clinton received 28% of the queries and 38% of the vote. The top-searched Republican candidate was Donald Trump, who received 41% of the searches an hour before the polls closed and won with 35% of the vote and John Kasich got 16% of both the vote and the searches.[119]


document_title: Global Peace Index

question_text: safest and most peaceful country in the world

root

text: Global Peace Index

text: Expert panel[edit]

text: The expert panel for the 2016 and 2017 GPI consisted of:

tag: p

text:
Professor Kevin P. Clements, Foundation Chair of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director, National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand
Dr Sabina Alkire, Director, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Dr Ian Anthony, Research Coordinator and Director of the Programme on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden
Ms Isabelle Arrandon, Director of Research and Deputy Director of Communications & Outreach, International Crisis Group, Belgium
Dr Manuela Mesa, Director, Centre for Education and Peace Research (CEIPAZ) and President, Spanish Association for Peace Research (AIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
Mr Nick Grono, CEO, The Freedom Fund, United Kingdom
Dr Ekaterina Stepanova, Head, Unit on Peace and Conflict Studies, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

text: Methodology[edit]

text: In assessing peacefulness, the GPI investigates the extent to which countries are involved in ongoing domestic and international conflicts. It also seeks to evaluate the level of harmony or discord within a nation; ten indicators broadly assess what might be described as a safety and security in society. The assertion is that low crime rates, minimal incidences of terrorist acts and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighboring countries, a stable political scene and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced or refugees can be suggestive of peacefulness.

text: In 2017, 23 indicators were used to establish each country’s peacefulness score. The indicators were originally selected with the assistance of an expert panel in 2007 and are reviewed by the expert panel on an annual basis. The scores for each indicator are normalized on a scale of 1-5, whereby qualitative indicators are banded into five groupings and quantitative ones are scored from 1-5, to the third decimal point. A table of the indicators is below.[4] In the table, UCDP stands for the Uppsala Conflict Data Program maintained by the University of Uppsala in Sweden, EIU for The Economist Intelligence Unit, UNSCT for the United Nations Survey of Criminal Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, ICPS is the International Center for Prison Studies at King's College London, IISS for the International Institute for Strategic Studies publication The Military Balance, and SIPRI for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Arms Transfers Database.

text:
#

Indicator

Source

Coding

1

Number and duration of internal conflicts[5]

UCDP, IEP

Total number

2

Number of deaths from external organized conflict

UCDP Armed Conflict Dataset

Total number

3

Number of deaths from internal organised conflict

International Institute for Strategic Studies, Armed Conflict Database

Total number

4

Number, duration, and role in external conflicts

UCDP Battle-related Deaths Dataset,  IEP

Total number

5

Intensity of organised internal conflict

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

6

Relations with neighbouring countries

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

7

Level of perceived criminality in society

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

8

Number of refugees and displaced persons as percentage of population

UNHCR and IDMC

Refugee population by country or territory of origin, plus the number of a country's internally displaced people (IDP's) as a percentage of the country's total population

9

Political instability

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

10

Impact of terrorism

Global Terrorism Index  (IEP)

Quantitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

11

Political terror

Amnesty International and US State Department

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

12

Number of homicides per 100,000 people

UNODC Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (CTS); EIU estimates

Total number

13

Level of violent crime

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

14

Likelihood of violent demonstrations

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

15

Number of jailed persons per 100,000 people

World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research at Birkbeck, University of London

Total number

16

Number of internal security officers and police per 100,000 people

UNODC CTS; EIU estimates

Total number; Civil police force distinct from national guards or local militia[6]

17

Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP

The Military Balance and IISS

Cash outlays of central or federal government to meet costs of national armed forces, as a percentage of GDP,  scores from 1 to 5 based on percentages[7]

18

Number of armed-services personnel per 100,000

The Military Balance and IISS

All full-time active armed-services personnel

19

Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as recipient (imports) per 100,000 people

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database

Imports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people[8]

20

Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as supplier (exports) per 100,000 people

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database

Exports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people

21

Financial contribution to UN peacekeeping missions

United Nations Committee on Contributions and IEP

percentage of countries’ “outstanding payments versus their annual assessment to the budget of the current peacekeeping missions” over an average of three years, scored from 1-5 scale based on percentage of promised contributions met

22

Nuclear and heavy weapons capability

The Military Balance, IISS, SIPRI, UN Register of Conventional Arms and IEP

1-5 scale based on accumulated points; 1 point per armoured vehicle and artillery pieces, 5 points per tank, 20 points per combat aircraft, 100 points per warship, 1000 points for aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine[9]

23

Ease of access to small arms and light weapons

EIU

Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

tag: table

text: Indicators not already ranked on a 1 to 5 scale were converted by using the following formula: x=(x-Min(x))/(Max(x)-Min(x)) where Max(x) and Min(x) are the highest and lowest values for that indicator of the countries ranked in the index. The 0 to 1 scores that resulted were then converted to the 1 to 5 scale. Individual indicators were then weighted according to the expert panel's judgment of their importance. The scores were then tabulated into two weighted sub-indices: internal peace, weighted at 60% of a country's final score, and external peace, weighted at 40% of a country's final score. ‘Negative Peace’ which is defined as the absence of violence, or fear of violence is used as the definition of peace to create the Global Peace Index. An additional aim of the GPI database is to facilitate deeper study of the concept of positive peace, or those attitudes, institutions, and structures that drive peacefulness in society. The GPI also examines relationships between peace and reliable international measures, including democracy and transparency, education and material well-being. As such, it seeks to understand the relative importance of a range of potential determinants, or "drivers", which may influence the nurturing of peaceful societies, both internally and externally.[10]

text: The main findings of the 2017 Global Peace Index are:[1]

text:
The overall score for the 2017 GPI improved slightly this year due to gains in six of the nine geographical regions represented. More countries improved their levels of peacefulness, than deteriorated: 93 compared to 68.
Peacebuilding activities can be highly cost-effective, providing cost savings 16 times the cost of the intervention.
The global economic impact of violence was $14.3 trillion PPP in 2016, equivalent to 12.6 per cent of global GDP, or $1,953 per person.
In Low-Peace environments, the factors that matter the most are related to Well-Functioning Government, Low Levels of Corruption, Acceptance of the Rights of Others and Good Relations with Neighbours
Due to armed conflict in MENA, many related indicators such as deaths from internal conflict, number of refugees and IDPs, and organised internal conflict are at high levels.
Safety and Security improved due to many countries recording a lower homicide rate and lower levels of political terror.

text: Statistical analysis is applied to GPI data to uncover specific conditions conducive of peace. Researchers have determined that Positive Peace, which includes the attitudes, institutions, and structures that pre-empt conflict and facilitate functional societies, is the main driver of peace. The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbors, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. Well-functioning government, low levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others and good relations with neighbours are more important in countries suffering from high levels of violence. Free flow of information and sound business environment become more important when a country is approaching the global average level of peacefulness, also described as the Mid-Peace level. Low levels of corruption is the only Pillar that is strongly significant across all three levels of peacefulness. This suggests it is an important transformational factor at all stages of nations’ development.

text: International response to the GPI[edit]

text: The Index has received endorsements as a political project from a number of major international figures, including the former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, the Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, Muhammad Yunus, and former United States President Jimmy Carter[11] Steve Killelea A.M., the Australian philanthropist who conceived the idea of the Index, argues that the Index "is a wake-up call for leaders around the globe.[12]

text: The Index has been widely recognized. Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University said: "The GPI continues its pioneering work in drawing the world’s attention to the massive resources we are squandering in violence and conflict. The lives and money wasted in wars, incarcerations, weapons systems, weapons trade, and more, could be directed to ending poverty, promoting education, and protecting the environment. The GPI will not only draw attention to these crucial issues, but help us understand them and to invest productively in a more peaceful world.”[13]

text: Marla Mossman of the Peace Alliance Leadership Council said she believes that the measurements of the Global Peace Index can be useful for crafting government policy, helping governments to identify problems and develop practical and relevant policies. Furthermore, she said that she saw the Index indicators as, “the measurements of the health of the nation. So we really can take the temperature of the world: are we healthy? Do we have a fever?”[14]

text: Following the release of the 2015 GPI, Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman of King’s College in London called the Index, “an extraordinarily useful body of information,” and its analysis “the best indicator of future conflict is past conflict. The challenge is how we break that cycle.”[15]

text: The Economist, in publishing the first edition of the index in 2007, admitted that, "the index will run into some flak." Specifically, according to The Economist, the weighting of military expenditure "may seem to give heart to freeloaders: countries that enjoy peace precisely because others (often the USA) care for their defense." The true utility of the index may lie not in its specific rankings of countries now, but in how those rankings change over time, thus tracking when and how countries become more or less peaceful.[16]

text: In 2012, the Economist suggested that “quantifying peace is a bit like trying to describe how happiness smells.” The publication admitted that the GPI has produced some “surprising results” and argued that “part of the appeal of the index is that readers can examine each of the variables in turn and think about how much weight to add to each.”[17]

text: The Australian National University says that the GPI report “presents the latest and most comprehensive global data on trends in peace, violence and war” and “provides the world’s best analysis of the statistical factors associated with long-term peace as well as economic analysis on the macroeconomic impacts of everyday violence and war on the global economy.”[18]

text: The GPI has been criticised for not including indicators specifically relating to violence against women and children. Back in 2007, Riane Eisler, writing in the Christian Science Monitor, argued that, "to put it mildly, this blind spot makes the index very inaccurate. She mentions a number of specific cases, including Egypt, where she claims 90% of women are subject to genital mutilation, and China, where, she says, "female infanticide is still a problem," according to a 2000 UNICEF study.[19]

text: Senior Analyst at the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis, Sabhat Khan, argued that the Index should “involve more context on security environments.” Referring to the UAE’s GPI ranking in particular, Khan argued that “the measurement usually used by such rankings is crude data without contextualising them;”[20] for example, the UAE must bolster its security apparatus to respond to turbulence in neighbouring countries such as Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, which all rank at the very bottom of the GPI.

text: World leaders talking about the GPI[edit]

text: During a Peace Forum in August 2017, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez said that “receiving such high praise from an institute that once named this country the most violent in the world is extremely significant…My administration will keep fighting to protect all Honduran citizens.” The President has recently launched an initiative to build a series of safe parks across Honduras and hopes to see further improvement reflected in future GPI rankings.[21]

text: Malaysia ranked 29th in the 2017 GPI. The country’s Communications and Multimedia Minister, Datuk Seri Salleh Said Keruak said that this ranking along with Malaysia’s high place in the 2017 World Happiness Report was proof that the “government’s efforts have made Malaysia a safe and prosperous country.” He also admitted, “there’s still much room for improvement to make Malaysia the best among the better countries and that’s what we’re doing now.”[22]

text: After the release of the 2016 GPI, the Botswanan Office of the President released a proud statement, “in this year’s Index, Botswana was ranked as 28 out of 163 countries, up 3 places from last year. This continues to place Botswana above over half of the European region countries surveyed as well as all five of the Permanent Members of the United Nations Security Council…in addition Botswana was one of only five countries, to achieve a perfect score in the domestic and international conflict domain.”[23]

text: Navid Hanif, Director of the United Nations Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination said, “it’s intuitive that peace is useful and peacefullness is a reward in itself, but the IEP is trying to make the conclusion more evidence-based. Now that the index covers 99% of the population, it has come a long way. The report systemically measures peacefulness and identifies the determinants of peace.”[24]

text: Reacting to the 2017 results of the GPI, which ranked the Philippines 138 out of 163 countries, mainly because of poor scores in societal safety and security due to President Duterte’s war on drugs, Philippine Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella countered, “We’re not entirely sure where the GPI, Global Peace Index analyst… who apparently is supposed to be a local, is really coming from. Maybe there’s a political slant somewhere…based on survey results, the net satisfaction of Filipino people is quite high.”[25]

text: Sierra Leone ranked 39th in the 2017 Global Peace Index. Former Chief of Staff and Office of National Security (ONS) advisor, Dr. Jonathan PJ Sandy, “Welcomed the 2017 Global Peace Index report released recently which ranked Sierra Leone in first position, as the most peaceful country in West Africa and third in the African continent…He observed that going by the report itself, [future] elections might be successfully held.” Presidential Spokesman, Abdulai Bayraytay “said the favourable Global Peace rating of Sierra Leone would serve as an impetus for the country to do more.”[26]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The Independent: Global Peace Index: US Facing New Era of Instability as Middle East Sinks Further into Turmoil: “An annual global peace index has concluded that US political turmoil had pushed North America into deep instability in 2016 while the Middle East sank deeper into turmoil. Despite depicting tumult across continents, the 2017 Global Peace Index said the world had overall become more peaceful in the past year when measured against a range of indicators.”[27]

text: BBC: Global Peace Index 2017: World 0.28% more peaceful than last year: “Levels of peace around the world have improved slightly for the first time since the Syrian war began, but harmony has decreased in the US and terrorism records have increased, a Sydney-based think-tank has found.”[28]

text: Forbes: “The Global Peace Index, which the Institute compiles annually, paints a sombre picture: The world has become even less peaceful in 2016, continuing a decade-long trend of increased violence and strife. Published every year since 2008, the Index ranks 163 independent states and territories by their level of peacefulness.”[2]

text: Forbes: The World's Most and Least Peaceful Countries [Infographic]: “The 2017 Global Peace Index has found that the world has become a slightly safer place over the past year. However, the political fallout and deep rooted division brought on by the US presidential election campaign has led to a deterioration of peace levels in North America.”[29]

text: The Guardian: Fraught White House Campaign Blamed as US Bucks Global Trend Towards Peace: “The divisive nature of Donald Trump’s rise to the White House has increased mistrust of the US government and means social problems are likely to become more entrenched, said the authors of the annual Global Peace Index, in which 163 countries and territories are analysed.”[30]

text: HuffingtonPost: Global Peace Index 2017: Donald Trump Fallout Causes North America To Plummet Down Ranking: “While the world became a safer place to live overall, the 2017 Global Peace Index found disruption caused by the perception of corruption and attacks on media in the US led to its deterioration.”[31]

text: The Washington Times: U.S. Ranked the 114th Most Peaceful Nation on Earth says Annual Global Ranking: “The index is produced by the Australia-based Institute for Economics and Peace, which figures that the impact of strife worldwide is $14.3 trillion. News is not all bad, though. In a nutshell, the index found that 93 nations became ‘more peaceful’ in the last year, 68 were ‘less peaceful.’”[32]

text: Business Insider: The 12 Safest Countries in the World: “The think tank Institute for Economics and Peace recently published the Global Peace Index 2017, which reveals the safest — as well as the most dangerous — countries in the world. The report ranked 163 countries based on how peaceful they are. The rankings were determined by 23 factors, which included homicide rate, political terror, and deaths from internal conflict.”[33]

text: Sputnik International: Terrorism, Conflicts Cost Over $14 Trillion to Global Economy: “According to the latest estimation by the Global Peace Index that annually analyses the costs of security of living in countries and regions, worldwide terrorism is at an all-time high.”[14]

text: Indian news websites, ZeeNews, HindustanTimes, and Jagran Josh: The three Indian news agencies described the GPI’s ranking system, global peace trends, highlights from that year’s GPI and India’s own placement in the GPI. The Hindustan Times quoted the GPI and emphasized that “violence impacted India’s economy by USD 679.80 billion in 2016, 9 % of India’s GDP, or USD 525 per person”.,,[34][35][36]

text: Philstar, Filipino newspaper: “Among all the 163 countries, the Philippines is ranked 138. For perspective, India is ranked just one notch above, at 137. Despite this low ranking, however, it has remained relatively stable in this low rank over time a long time. Though the raw score has worsened over the previous year, the country’s rank has not been far off from this rank in previous years…Though the point of view of the report deserves respect concerning societal safety, another side of the story needs more hearing internationally.”[37]

text: World Economic Forum: These are the Most Peaceful Countries in the World: “The Global Peace Index ranks 163 countries according to their domestic and international conflicts, safety and security and degree of militarization. It found 93 had improved, while 68 had deteriorated, and overall peace levels had inched up 0.28%.”[38]

text: Academic References[edit]

text: The International Journal of Press/Politics: “Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first”: This article utilized the findings of the 2010 GPI to construct a human rights index, which was used in their overall study on the use of social media in political uprisings, and in the Arab Spring context in particular.[39]

text: Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development: “Security Challenges in Nigeria and the Implications for Business Activities and Sustainable Development”: The study utilizes GPI scores from 2009-2012 to examine implications for Nigeria’s business environment and overall progress in national security.[40]

text: Contemporary Security Policy: “Failed states and international order: constructing a post-Westphalian world”: The Global Peace Index, along with four other global indices, is used in this study’s ranking of ‘state failure’. “Although this index focuses primarily on trends of armed conflict and violence it is relevant to state weakness and failure as the indicators measured for the assessment of ‘peace’ in this context are also indicative of state capacity.”[41]

text: Biological Reviews: “Does Infectious Disease cause Global Variation in the Frequency of Intrastate Armed Conflict and Civil War?”: This study used the 2008 Global Peace Index to build what they call a ‘path analysis,’ in which they sought to uncover “whether infectious disease causes the emergence of a collectivist culture.”[42]

text: Political Research Quarterly: “Measuring the Rule of Law”: This article attempts to measure the rule of law, and in doing so “correlated the rule of law indices with a measure of violent crime (for 2007) included in the Global Peace Index.”[43]

text: Applied Energy: “The Analysis of Security Cost for Different Energy Sources”: This study utilized the Global Peace Index in calculating a disruption probability from geopolitical instability, with the overall aim of analysing security costs for different sources of energy.[44]

text: International Political Science Review: “Measuring Effective Democracy: A Defence”: In the construction of an effective democracy index (EDI), the authors built a table that includes 2008 GPI scores as a dependent variable in a regression analysis of economic development and various indices of democracy.[45]

text: Institute for Security Studies: “African Futures 2050- The Next Forty Years”: The African human security research institution utilized the findings of the Global Peace Index of 2010 to emphasize trends in drug crime and violence on the African continent.[46],[47]

text: Nature Communications: “Global Priorities for an Effective Information Basis of Biodiversity Distributions”: In their article about insufficient digital accessible information about ecosystems and biodiversity, the authors utilized the GPI to model the “effects of secure conditions” based on the index as a measure of political stability, armed conflict, and public safety levels.[48]

text: Nordic Journal of Religion and Society: “Why are Danes and Swedes so Irreligious”: This article uses the Global Peace Index, and its very high rankings of Denmark (3rd in 2008) and Sweden (13th in 2008) to support claims that the countries’ lack of religiosity can be linked to prosperous societal structures.[49]

text: Food Security: “Tracking phosphorus security: indicators of phosphorus vulnerability in the global food system”: Along with eleven other indicators, the GPI was used as a measure of political instability for the development of a utilized in the development of a phosphorus vulnerability analysis, aimed at formulating food production methods and government policy.[50]

text: World Politics: “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance During the Great Recession”: Drezner uses GPI measurements, particularly the fact that interstate violence and military expenditures have decreased in the years studied, to bolster an argument suggesting that the Great Recession has not led to an increase in global violence and conflict.[51]

text: Journal of Sustainable Development Studies: “Insecurity and Socio-economic Development in Nigeria”: This sustainable development study utilized the GPI, in conjunction with the Human Development Index and the Corruption Perception Index to track fluctuations in Nigeria’s socio-economic climate and insecurity issues over the past decade.[52]

text: Harvard Educational Review: “Peace Education in a Violent Culture”: In criticizing the United States’ culture of violence, the author refers to the developed country’s remarkably low ranking on the Global Peace Index as evidence of violence’s impact on societal peacefulness.[53]

text: International Security: “The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States”: In this piece, the authors use the Global Peace Index as one of three measures of state security; the GPI is specifically used as a “general measure of state peacefulness.” The report concludes that higher levels of women’s physical security correlates positively with the GPI.[54]

text: The Equal Rights Review: “The Mental Health Gap in South Africa: A Human Rights Issue”: South Africa’s poor GPI ranking, among other measures is cited by the authors as part of their overall argument that the national government is not implementing promises made towards the achievement of equality, as signatories of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).[55]

text: Environment, Development and Sustainability: “Creating a ‘Values’ Chain for Sustainable Development in Developing Nations: Where Maslow meets Porter”: This study uses the ‘safety and security’ measures of the GPI, including political instability, level of violent crime, and likelihood of violent demonstrations, for supporting an argument that renders societal safety and security necessary for sustainable development.[56]

text: Global Peace Index rankings[edit]

text: Nations considered more peaceful have lower index scores. In 2013 researchers at the Institute for Economics and Peace harmonized the Global Peace Index database to ensure that the scores were comparable over time. The GPI Expert Panel decided that the Index would include nations and territories, but not micro-states. Countries covered by the GPI must either have a population of more than 1 million or a land area greater than 20,000 square kilometers.[1]

text:
Country

2018 rank

2018 score[57]

2017 rank

2017 score[1]

2016 rank

2016 score[58]

2015 rank

2015 score[59]

2014 rank

2014 score[60]

2013 rank

2013 score[61]

2012 rank

2012 score[62],[63]

2011 rank

2011 score[64]

2010 rank

2010 score[65]

2009 rank

2009 score

2008 rank

2008 score

 Iceland

1

1.096

1

1.111

1

1.192

1

1.148

1

1.189

1

1.162

1

1.113

1

1.148

2

1.212

1

1.203

1

1.107

 New Zealand

2

1.192

2

1.241

4

1.287

4

1.221

4

1.236

3

1.237

2

1.239

2

1.279

1

1.188

2

1.227

2

1.190

 Austria

3

1.274

4

1.265

3

1.278

3

1.198

3

1.200

4

1.250

6

1.328

6

1.337

4

1.290

3

1.240

10

1.291

 Portugal

4

1.318

3

1.258

5

1.356

11

1.344

18

1.425

18

1.467

16

1.470

17

1.453

13

1.366

15

1.426

14

1.385

 Denmark

5

1.353

5

1.337

2

1.246

2

1.150

2

1.193

2

1.207

2

1.239

4

1.289

7

1.341

6

1.263

5

1.238

 Canada

6

1.372

8

1.371

8

1.388

7

1.287

7

1.306

8

1.306

4

1.317

8

1.355

14

1.392

9

1.324

6

1.264

 Czech Republic

7

1.381

6

1.360

6

1.360

10

1.341

11

1.381

14

1.404

13

1.396

5

1.320

12

1.360

16

1.430

18

1.435

 Singapore

8

1.382

21

1.534

20

1.535

24

1.490

25

1.545

16

1.438

23

1.521

24

1.585

30

1.624

18

1.439

21

1.465

 Japan

9

1.391

10=

1.408

9

1.395

8

1.323

8

1.316

6

1.293

5

1.326

3

1.287

3

1.247

4

1.243

3

1.230

 Ireland

10

1.393

10=

1.408

12

1.433

12

1.354

13

1.384

12

1.370

6

1.328

11

1.370

6

1.337

14

1.393

11

1.310

 Slovenia

11

1.396

7

1.364

10

1.408

15

1.378

14

1.398

13

1.374

8

1.330

10

1.358

11

1.358

10

1.343

13

1.370

  Switzerland

12

1.407

9

1.373

7

1.370

5

1.275

5

1.258

5

1.272

10

1.349

16

1.421

18

1.424

11

1.349

4

1.234

 Australia

13

1.435

12

1.425

15

1.465

9

1.329

15

1.414

16

1.438

22

1.494

18

1.455

19

1.467

19

1.440

16

1.421

 Sweden

14

1.502

18

1.516

14

1.461

13

1.360

11

1.381

9

1.319

14

1.419

13

1.401

10

1.354

5

1.253

8

1.282

 Finland

15

1.506

17

1.515

11

1.429

6

1.277

6

1.297

7

1.297

9

1.348

7

1.352

9

1.352

7

1.297

7

1.273

 Norway

16

1.519

14

1.486

17

1.500

17

1.393

10

1.371

11

1.359

18

1.480

9

1.356

5

1.322

8

1.324

9

1.288

 Germany

17=

1.531

16

1.5

16

1.486

16

1.379

17

1.423

15

1.431

15

1.424

15

1.416

16

1.398

17

1.443

15

1.406

 Hungary

17=

1.531

15

1.494

19

1.534

22

1.463

21

1.482

23

1.520

17

1.476

20

1.495

20

1.495

25

1.574

20

1.452

 Bhutan

19

1.545

13

1.474

13

1.445

18

1.416

16

1.422

20

1.487

19

1.481

34

1.693

36

1.665

43

1.722

19

1.440

 Mauritius

20

1.548

22

1.547

23

1.559

25

1.503

24

1.544

21

1.497

21

1.487

 Belgium

21

1.560

19=

1.525

18

1.528

14

1.365

9

1.354

10

1.339

11

1.376

14

1.413

17

1.400

13

1.365

13

1.368

 Slovakia

22

1.568

26

1.611

24

1.603

23

1.478

19

1.467

33

1.622

26

1.590

23

1.576

21

1.536

23

1.532

25

1.533

 Netherlands

23

1.574

19=

1.525

21

1.541

20

1.432

20

1.475

22

1.508

28

1.606

25

1.628

27

1.610

29

1.609

28

1.555

 Romania

24

1.596

25

1.6

31

1.649

26

1.542

35

1.677

30

1.584

32

1.627

40

1.742

45

1.749

26

1.580

26

1.537

 Malaysia

25

1.619

29

1.637

30

1.648

28

1.561

33

1.659

29

1.574

20

1.590

20

1.485

22

1.539

22

1.520

23

1.517

 Bulgaria

26

1.635

28

1.631

29

1.646

32

1.607

32

1.637

35

1.663

39

1.699

53

1.845

50

1.785

46

1.738

46

1.720

 Croatia

27

1.639

31

1.665

26

1.633

27

1.550

26

1.548

28

1.571

35

1.648

37

1.699

41

1.707

40

1.669

52

1.760

 Chile

28

1.649

24

1.595

27

1.635

29

1.563

30

1.591

31

1.589

30

1.616

38

1.710

28

1.616

20

1.468

17

1.431

 Botswana

29

1.659

27

1.622

28

1.639

31

1.597

36

1.678

32

1.598

31

1.621

35

1.695

33

1.641

31

1.634

37

1.650

 Spain

30

1.678

23

1.568

25

1.604

21

1.451

26

1.548

27

1.563

25

1.548

28

1.641

25

1.588

32

1.640

27

1.550

 Latvia

31

1.689

32

1.67

32

1.680

40

1.695

39

1.745

41

1.772

45

1.774

46

1.793

54

1.827

50

1.774

45

1.700

 Poland

32

1.727

33

1.676

22

1.557

19

1.430

23

1.532

25

1.530

24

1.524

22

1.545

29

1.618

28

1.597

33

1.610

 Estonia

33

1.732

36

1.712

36

1.732

38

1.677

31

1.635

38

1.710

41

1.715

47

1.798

46

1.751

41

1.720

32

1.650

 Taiwan

34

1.736

40

1.782

41

1.787

35

1.657

28

1.558

26

1.538

27

1.602

27

1.638

35

1.664

33

1.644

40

1.660

 Sierra Leone

35

1.740

39

1.76

43

1.805

59

1.864

66

1.942

59

1.904

52

1.855

61

1.904

53

1.818

 Lithuania

36

1.749

37

1.732

37

1.735

37

1.674

46

1.797

43

1.784

43

1.741

43

1.760

42

1.713

36

1.675

48

1.670

 Uruguay

37

1.761

35

1.709

35

1.726

44

1.721

29

1.565

24

1.528

33

1.628

21

1.521

24

1.568

24

1.573

24

1.524

 Italy

38=

1.766

38

1.737

39

1.774

36

1.669

34

1.675

34

1.663

38

1.690

45

1.775

40

1.701

39

1.693

34

1.620

 Madagascar

38=

1.766

44

1.797

38

1.763

67

1.911

66

1.942

90

2.074

99

2.124

105

2.239

77

2.019

69

1.886

35

1.630

 Costa Rica

40

1.767

34

1.701

33

1.699

34

1.654

42

1.755

40

1.755

36

1.659

31

1.681

26

1.590

27

1.595

31

1.570

 Ghana

41

1.772

43

1.793

44

1.809

54

1.840

61

1.902

58

1.899

50

1.807

42

1.752

48

1.781

55

1.795

55

1.770

 Kuwait

42

1.799

58

1.909

51

1.842

33

1.626

37

1.679

37

1.705

47

1.792

29

1.667

39

1.693

38

1.691

42

1.670

 Namibia

43

1.806

50

1.838

55

1.873

48

1.784

48

1.808

46

1.807

49

1.804

54

1.850

59

1.864

59

1.837

60

1.820

 Malawi

44

1.811

48

1.825

45

1.817

51

1.814

77

1.995

74

1.984

60

1.894

39

1.740

51

1.813

51

1.776

62

1.840

 United Arab Emirates

45

1.820

65

1.944

61

1.931

50

1.805

40

1.748

36

1.679

46

1.785

33

1.690

44

1.739

30

1.619

29

1.557

 Laos

46=

1.821

45

1.8

52

1.852

41

1.700

38

1.723

39

1.724

37

1.662

32

1.687

34

1.661

49

1.767

55

1.770

 Mongolia

46=

1.821

46

1.801

50

1.838

43

1.706

41

1.778

64

1.921

58

1.884

57

1.880

92

2.101

88

2.060

89

2.060

 Zambia

48

1.822

41=

1.786

40

1.783

55

1.846

44

1.791

48

1.832

51

1.830

52

1.833

51

1.813

58

1.824

52

1.760

 South Korea

49

1.823

47

1.823

53

1.858

42

1.701

52

1.849

47

1.822

42

1.734

50

1.829

43

1.715

42

1.716

40

1.660

 Panama

50

1.826

49

1.835

49

1.837

64

1.903

57

1.877

56

1.893

61

1.899

49

1.812

61

1.878

66

1.862

43

1.680

 Tanzania

51

1.837

54

1.876

58

1.899

64

1.903

59

1.889

55

1.887

55

1.873

56

1.858

55

1.832

53

1.782

56

1.790

 Albania

52=

1.849

57

1.908

54

1.867

52

1.821

65

1.939

69

1.961

66

1.927

63

1.912

65

1.925

70

1.890

71

1.910

 Senegal

52=

1.849

60

1.929

70

1.978

49

1.805

72

1.974

85

2.061

78

1.994

77

2.047

79

2.031

75

1.969

74

1.950

 Serbia

54

1.851

56

1.888

48

1.834

47

1.768

52

1.849

62

1.912

64

1.920

84

2.071

90

2.071

71

1.906

80

2.020

 Indonesia

55

1.853

52

1.85

42

1.799

46

1.768

54

1.853

54

1.879

63

1.913

68

1.979

67

1.946

60

1.843

64

1.860

 Qatar

56

1.869

30

1.664

34

1.716

30

1.568

22

1.491

19

1.480

12

1.395

12

1.398

15

1.394

12

1.357

30

1.561

 United Kingdom

57

1.876

41=

1.786

47

1.830

39

1.685

47

1.798

44

1.787

29

1.609

26

1.631

31

1.631

41

1.710

48

1.740

 Montenegro

58

1.893

67

1.95

57

1.884

57

1.854

55

1.860

73

1.976

81

2.006

89

2.113

88

2.060

80

2.005

 Timor-Leste

59

1.895

53

1.866

56

1.879

58

1.860

69

1.947

51

1.854

 Vietnam

60

1.905

59

1.919

59

1.906

56

1.848

45

1.792

41

1.772

34

1.641

30

1.670

38

1.691

48

1.764

42

1.730

 France

61

1.909

51

1.839

46

1.829

45

1.742

48

1.808

53

1.863

40

1.710

36

1.697

32

1.636

52

1.779

50

1.750

 Cyprus

62

1.913

64

1.94

68

1.924

51

1.844

49

1.840

73

1.957

71

2.013

76

2.013

34

1.64

37

1.650

 Liberia

63

1.931

82

2.023

72

1.998

78

1.963

84

2.014

80

2.048

101

2.131

96

2.159

99

2.148

 Moldova

64

1.939

62

1.938

65

1.953

70

1.942

71

1.971

74

1.984

66

1.927

59

1.892

66

1.938

74

1.965

78

2.000

 Equatorial Guinea

65

1.946

61

1.93

62

1.940

81

1.987

93

2.079

89

2.072

87

2.039

75

2.041

68

1.948

56

1.808

69

1.900

 Argentina

66

1.947

55

1.88

67

1.957

60

1.865

43

1.789

60

1.907

44

1.763

55

1.852

71

1.962

61

1.846

55

1.770

 Sri Lanka

67

1.954

80

2.019

97

2.133

114

2.188

105

2.197

110

2.230

103

2.145

126

2.407

133

2.621

126

2.571

120

 Nicaragua

68

1.960

74

2.002

69

1.975

74

1.947

58

1.882

66

1.931

81

2.006

72

2.021

64

1.924

72

1.911

71

1.910

 Benin

69

1.973

79

2.014

72

1.998

77

1.958

100

2.129

104

2.156

114

2.231

 Kazakhstan

70

1.974

72

1.992

75

2.019

87

2.008

103

2.150

78

2.031

105

2.151

93

2.137

95

2.113

97

2.141

82

2.030

 Morocco

71

1.979

75

2.004

91

2.086

86

2.002

63

1.915

57

1.897

54

1.867

58

1.887

58

1.861

63

1.856

60

1.820

 Swaziland

72

1.980

77

2.01

90

2.074

101

2.102

87

2.056

88

2.069

85

2.028

69

1.995

73

1.966

 Oman

73

1.984

70

1.983

74

2.016

74

1.947

59

1.889

45

1.806

59

1.887

41

1.743

23

1.561

21

1.438

22

1.467

 Peru

74

1.986

71

1.986

85

2.057

92

2.029

119

2.304

114

2.258

79

1.995

85

2.077

89

2.067

78

2.000

89

2.060

 Ecuador

75

1.987

66

1.948

76

2.020

84

1.997

85

2.042

83

2.059

85

2.028

90

2.116

101

2.185

105

2.197

100

2.170

 Gambia

76

1.989

110

2.211

92

2.091

99

2.086

94

2.085

93

2.091

74

1.961

62

1.910

63

1.890

 Paraguay

77

1.997

68

1.961

80

2.037

89

2.023

73

1.976

84

2.060

76

1.973

66

1.954

77

2.019

73

1.950

69

1.900

 Tunisia

78

1.998

69

1.977

64

1.949

76

1.952

79

2.001

77

2.005

72

1.955

44

1.765

37

1.678

37

1.686

40

1.660

 Greece

79

2.020

73

1.998

82

2.044

61

1.878

86

2.052

68

1.957

77

1.976

65

1.947

62

1.887

62

1.850

58

1.810

 Burkina Faso

80

2.029

91

2.07

88

2.063

83

1.994

78

1.998

87

2.064

56

1.881

51

1.832

57

1.852

65

1.860

72

1.930

 Cuba

81

2.037

88

2.056

85

2.057

82

1.988

75

1.986

65

1.922

70

1.951

67

1.964

72

1.964

64

1.858

64

1.860

 Guyana

82

2.043

81

2.021

95

2.105

92

2.029

83

2.013

70

1.962

69

1.937

88

2.112

91

2.095

94

2.082

 Angola

83

2.048

100

2.116

98

2.140

88

2.020

102

2.143

102

2.148

95

2.105

87

2.109

86

2.057

84

2.045

100

2.170

   Nepal

84=

2.053

93

2.08

78

2.026

62

1.878

76

1.989

82

2.058

80

2.001

95

2.152

82

2.044

76

1.967

 Trinidad and Tobago

84=

2.053

97=

2.095

84

2.056

97

2.070

89

2.065

90

2.074

94

2.082

79

2.051

94

2.107

77

1.985

89

 Mozambique

86

2.056

78

2.013

68

1.963

80

1.976

82

2.004

61

1.910

48

1.796

48

1.809

47

1.779

47

1.762

45

1.700

 Macedonia

87

2.058

102

2.133

94

2.092

71

1.944

87

2.056

79

2.044

68

1.935

78

2.048

83

2.048

86

2.052

76

1.960

 Haiti

88

2.064

83

2.026

89

2.066

98

2.074

99

2.127

92

2.075

107

2.179

113

2.288

114

2.270

120

2.406

114

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

89

2.065

84=

2.035

60

1.915

53

1.839

61

1.902

71

1.967

65

1.923

60

1.893

60

1.873

45

1.735

69

1.900

 Jamaica

90

2.068

92

2.072

92

2.091

109

2.153

107

2.203

117

2.274

113

2.222

106

2.244

98

2.138

89

2.065

89

 Dominican Republic

91

2.073

99

2.114

99

2.143

100

2.089

95

2.093

94

2.103

90

2.068

91

2.125

93

2.103

79

2.004

83

 Kosovo

92

2.078

76

2.007

77

2.022

69

1.938

64

1.929

72

1.969

 Bangladesh

93

2.084

84=

2.035

83

2.045

84

1.997

98

2.106

105

2.159

91

2.071

83

2.070

87

2.058

93

2.082

93

2.100

 Bolivia

94

2.092

86

2.045

81

2.038

90

2.025

70

1.969

86

2.062

84

2.021

76

2.045

81

2.037

82

2.041

76

1.960

 Gabon

95

2.099

87

2.052

79

2.033

66

1.904

68

1.945

76

1.995

75

1.972

81

2.059

74

1.981

44

1.730

50

1.750

 Guinea

96=

2.101

96

2.089

101

2.148

117

2.214

118

2.296

116

2.272

92

2.073

92

2.126

 Cambodia

96=

2.101

89

2.065

104

2.161

111

2.179

106

2.201

115

2.263

108

2.207

115

2.301

111

2.252

101

2.178

95

2.120

 Jordan

98=

2.104

95

2.087

96

2.127

71

1.944

56

1.861

52

1.858

62

1.905

64

1.918

68

1.948

67

1.864

61

1.830

 Togo

98=

2.104

63

1.939

66

1.954

71

1.944

80

2.003

67

1.954

 Papua New Guinea

100

2.109

97=

2.095

99

2.143

96

2.064

90

2.066

99

2.126

93

2.076

94

2.139

95

2.113

91

2.075

96

 Belarus

101

2.112

103

2.141

106

2.202

110

2.163

92

2.078

96

2.117

109

2.208

112

2.283

105

2.204

85

2.046

89

2.060

 Georgia

102

2.130

94

2.084

85

2.057

79

1.973

111

2.225

139

2.511

141

2.541

134

2.558

142

2.970

134

2.842

 Rwanda

103

2.140

113

2.227

128

2.323

139

2.420

137

2.494

135

2.444

119

2.250

99

2.185

75

2.012

81

2.025

66

1.870

 Lesotho

104=

2.144

90

2.066

63

1.941

63

1.891

50

1.839

50

1.840

53

1.864

 Uzbekistan

104=

2.144

101

2.132

109

2.216

113

2.187

104

2.179

124

2.333

110

2.219

109

2.260

110

2.242

109

2.274

113

2.325

 Brazil

106

2.160

108

2.199

105

2.176

103

2.122

91

2.073

81

2.051

83

2.017

74

2.040

83

2.048

87

2.058

93

2.100

 Uganda

107

2.168

105

2.182

101

2.148

111

2.179

110

2.221

106

2.180

98

2.121

96

2.159

100

2.165

103

2.188

110

 Kyrgyzstan

108

2.181

111

2.216

124

2.294

121

2.249

125

2.382

131

2.391

131

2.359

114

2.296

 Algeria

109

2.182

109

2.201

108

2.213

104

2.131

114

2.239

119

2.284

121

2.255

129

2.423

116

2.277

110

2.276

108

2.290

 Ivory Coast

110

2.207

121

2.307

118

2.279

105

2.133

140

2.546

151

2.732

134

2.419

128

2.417

118

2.297

113

2.320

109

2.300

 Guatemala

111

2.214

117

2.245

117

2.270

118

2.215

115

2.248

109

2.221

124

2.287

125

2.405

112

2.258

102

2.187

102

2.210

 China

112

2.243

116

2.242

120

2.288

124

2.267

108

2.207

101

2.142

89

2.061

80

2.054

80

2.034

83

2.045

82

2.030

 Thailand

113

2.259

120

2.286

125

2.312

126

2.303

126

2.395

130

2.378

126

2.303

107

2.247

124

2.393

119

2.399

111

2.324

 Tajikistan

114

2.266

118

2.263

122

2.293

108

2.152

126

2.395

118

2.282

99

2.124

103

2.225

 Djibouti

115

2.269

107

2.196

121

2.292

102

2.113

74

1.979

63

1.917

56

1.881

 Guinea-Bissau

116=

2.275

122

2.309

116

2.264

120

2.235

145

2.591

132

2.431

95

2.105

 El Salvador

116=

2.275

115

2.239

111

2.237

123

2.263

116

2.280

112

2.240

111

2.220

102

2.215

103

2.195

92

2.080

93

2.100

 Honduras

118

2.282

106

2.185

111

2.237

116

2.210

117

2.281

123

2.332

129

2.339

117

2.327

125

2.395

116

2.379

116

2.370

 Turkmenistan

119

2.283

119

2.27

106

2.202

106

2.135

95

2.093

103

2.154

117

2.242

108

2.248

117

2.295

90

2.075

97

2.160

 Armenia

120

2.287

112

2.22

110

2.218

91

2.028

97

2.097

98

2.123

115

2.238

109

2.260

113

2.266

 United States

121

2.300

114

2.232

103

2.154

94

2.038

101

2.137

100

2.126

88

2.058

82

2.063

85

2.056

104

2.195

100

 Myanmar

122

2.302

104

2.179

115

2.256

130

2.323

136

2.473

140

2.528

139

2.525

133

2.538

132

2.580

122

2.495

124

2.540

 Kenya

123

2.315

125

2.336

131

2.379

133

2.342

132

2.452

136

2.466

120

2.252

111

2.276

120

2.369

111

2.297

118

2.380

 Zimbabwe

124

2.326

127

2.352

127

2.322

125

2.294

148

2.662

149

2.696

140

2.538

140

2.722

135

2.678

131

2.700

134

2.380

 South Africa

125

2.328

123

2.324

126

2.316

136

2.376

122

2.364

121

2.292

127

2.321

118

121

2.380

112

2.317

95

2.120

 Republic of the Congo

126

2.343

124

2.334

114

2.249

115

2.196

109

2.211

107

2.183

104

2.148

98

2.165

102

2.192

99

2.161

101

2.180

 Mauritania

127

2.355

128

2.355

123

2.295

122

2.262

120

2.350

122

2.326

125

2.301

130

2.425

123

2.389

117

2.388

105

2.250

 Niger

128

2.359

126

2.343

113

2.239

129

2.320

121

2.351

127

2.362

116

2.241

119

2.356

 Saudi Arabia

129

2.417

133

2.474

129

2.338

95

2.042

80

2.003

97

2.119

106

2.178

101

2.192

107

2.216

108

2.251

105

2.250

 Bahrain

130

2.437

131

2.404

132

2.398

107

2.142

111

2.225

95

2.109

118

2.247

123

2.398

70

1.956

57

1.815

57

1.800

 Iran

131

2.439

129

2.364

133

2.411

138

2.409

131

2.437

137

2.473

128

2.324

119

2.356

104

2.202

106

2.241

106

2.241

 Azerbaijan

132

2.454

132

2.426

134

2.450

132

2.325

123

2.365

126

2.350

132

2.360

122

2.379

119

2.367

114

2.342

108

2.290

 Cameroon

133

2.484

130

2.39

130

2.356

134

2.349

113

2.235

108

2.191

97

2.113

86

2.104

106

2.210

95

2.111

93

2.100

 Burundi

134

2.488

141

2.641

138

2.500

130

2.323

130

2.418

144

2.593

138

2.524

132

2.532

131

2.577

123

2.536

 Chad

135

2.498

135

2.495

136

2.464

140

2.429

142

2.558

138

2.493

145

2.671

141

2.740

141

2.964

135

2.959

134

2.970

 India

136

2.504

137

2.541

141

2.566

143

2.504

144

2.571

141

2.570

142

2.549

135

2.570

128

2.516

125

2.554

123

2.490

 Philippines

137

2.512

138

2.555

139

2.511

141

2.462

134

2.456

129

2.374

133

2.415

136

2.574

130

2.574

118

2.397

116

2.370

 Eritrea

138

2.522

136

2.505

135

2.460

127

2.309

124

2.377

120

2.288

122

2.264

104

2.227

 Ethiopia

139

2.524

134

2.477

119

2.284

119

2.234

139

2.502

146

2.630

137

2.504

131

2.468

127

2.444

130

2.635

126

2.460

 Mexico

140

2.583

142

2.646

140

2.557

144

2.530

138

2.500

133

2.434

135

2.445

121

2.362

107

2.216

98

2.158

89

2.060

 Palestine

141

2.621

145

2.774

148

2.832

 Egypt

142

2.632

139

2.583

142

2.574

137

2.382

143

2.571

113

2.258

111

2.220

73

2.023

49

1.784

68

1.872

74

1.950

 Venezuela

143

2.642

143

2.652

143

2.651

142

2.493

129

2.410

128

2.370

123

2.278

124

2.403

122

2.387

115

2.348

103

2.240

 Mali

144

2.686

140

2.596

137

2.489

128

2.310

135

2.465

125

2.346

102

2.132

100

2.188

109

2.240

107

2.250

108

2.290

 Colombia

145

2.729

146=

2.777

147

2.764

146

2.720

150

2.701

147

2.634

144

2.625

139

2.700

138

2.787

129

2.625

125

2.610

 Israel

146

2.764

144

2.707

144

2.656

148

2.781

149

2.689

150

2.730

150

2.842

145

2.901

149

3.019

137

3.012

134

2.970

 Lebanon

147

2.778

148

2.782

146

2.752

145

2.623

146

2.620

142

2.575

136

2.459

137

2.597

134

2.639

128

2.606

127

2.670

 Nigeria

148

2.873

149

2.849

149

2.877

151

2.910

151

2.710

148

2.693

146

2.801

142

2.743

137

2.756

127

2.599

118

2.570

 Turkey

149

2.898

146=

2.777

145

2.710

135

2.363

128

2.402

134

2.437

130

2.344

127

2.411

126

2.420

124

2.538

119

2.430

 North Korea

150

2.950

150

2.967

150

2.944

153

2.977

153

3.071

154

3.044

152

2.932

149

3.092

139

2.855

133

2.771

129

2.750

 Pakistan

151

3.079

152

3.058

153

3.145

154

3.049

154

3.107

157

3.106

149

2.833

146

2.905

145

3.050

140

3.087

132

2.890

 Ukraine

152

3.113

154

3.184

156

3.287

150

2.845

141

2.546

111

2.238

71

1.953

69

1.995

97

2.115

100

2.166

80

2.020

 Sudan

153

3.155

155=

3.213

155

3.269

156

3.295

157

3.362

158

3.242

156

3.193

151

3.223

146

3.125

139

3.086

136

3.150

 Russia

154

3.160

151

3.047

151

3.079

152

2.954

152

3.039

155

3.060

153

2.938

147

2.966

143

3.013

138

3.064

131

2.870

 Central African Republic

155

3.236

155=

3.213

157

3.354

158

3.332

156

3.331

153

3.031

151

2.872

144

2.869

136

2.753

132

2.706

130

2.810

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

156

3.251

153

3.061

152

3.112

155

3.085

155

3.213

156

3.085

154

3.073

148

3.016

140

2.925

136

2.988

128

2.690

 Libya

157

3.262

157

3.328

154

3.200

149

2.819

133

2.453

145

2.604

147

2.830

143

2.816

56

1.839

54

1.790

65

1.870

 Yemen

158

3.305

159

3.412

158

3.399

147

2.751

147

2.629

152

2.747

143

2.601

138

2.670

129

2.573

121

2.416

111

2.324

 Somalia

159

3.367

158

3.387

159

3.414

157

3.307

158

3.368

161

3.394

158

3.392

153

3.379

148

3.390

141

3.269

137

3.320

 Iraq

160

3.425

161

3.556

161

3.570

161

3.444

159

3.377

159

3.245

155

3.192

152

3.296

149

3.406

143

3.370

138

3.370

 South Sudan

161

3.508

160

3.524

162

3.593

159

3.383

160

3.397

143

2.576

 Afghanistan

162

3.585

162

3.567

160

3.538

160

3.427

161

3.416

162

3.440

157

3.252

150

3.212

147

3.252

142

3.358

135

3.000

 Syria

163

3.600

163

3.814

163

3.806

162

3.645

162

3.650

160

3.393

147

2.830

116

2.322

115

2.274

96

2.112

77

1.990

text: Note: The GPI’s methodology is updated regularly and is improved to reflect the most up-to-date datasets. Each year’s GPI report includes a detailed description of the methodology used.