document_title: Grand Slam (rugby union)

question_text: when did wales win the last grand slam

question_tokens: when did wales win the last grand slam

root

text: Grand Slam (rugby union)

text: Five and Six Nations Championship[edit]

text: In the annual Six Nations Championship (among England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and Italy), and its predecessor the Five Nations Championship (before Italy joined in 2000), a Grand Slam occurs when one team beats all of the others during one year's competition.[1] The Grand Slam winners are awarded the Six Nations trophy (as tournament winners), but there is no special grand slam trophy – the Grand Slam is an informal honour recognizing a Championship-winning team which has won all their games.

tag: p

text: Although the term grand slam had long been in use in the game of contract bridge, the first time that the expression is known to have been applied to rugby union was in 1957, in a preview of a match between England and Scotland:

text: There is much more than usual at stake for England to-day in the match against Scotland at Twickenham... The last time when England achieved the Grand Slam under present conditions was as long ago as the 1927–28 season, but it is difficult to try to build up a case against her repeating the performance to-day.

text: The Grand Slam honour is applied retroactively to teams which won all of their matches in Five Nations tournaments before the term came into use. It is also applied to the 1908 and 1909 seasons, when matches with France took place during, but outside of, the then Home Nations Championships. However the Grand Slam honour is not applied to seasons in which only the four home nations were involved (1883–1907 and 1932–1939) – in that case a team that won all its matches is said to have achieved the Triple Crown. This honour is still competed for between the four home nations within the Six Nations Championship, and any Grand Slam-winning home nation will necessarily also win the Triple Crown.

text: A Grand Slam was therefore available in the years 1908–1931 and 1947–1999 (Five Nations) and 2000–2016 (Six Nations), a total of 94 seasons to date. Grand Slams were in fact achieved on 39 of these occasions – 13 by England, 11 by Wales, 9 by France, 3 by Scotland and 3 by Ireland. (Italy, involved in the tournament since 2000, have yet to win a Grand Slam.)

text: Consecutive Grand Slams have been won by Wales in 1908–1909, by England in 1913–1914, 1923–1924 and 1991–1992, and by France in 1997–1998. No team has yet achieved three consecutive Grand Slams.

text: Prior to 2000, each team played four matches, two at home and two away from home. Following the inclusion of Italy in 2000, each team plays five matches, two at home and three away in one year, and the opposite in the following season. When Wales won the Grand Slam in 2005, it was the first time that the feat had been achieved by a team that had played more matches away than at home. This was repeated in 2009 with Ireland winning matches away to Italy, Scotland and Wales, and in 2016 by England, who won in Scotland, Italy and France.

text: Since the addition of Italy in 2000, the Grand Slam (now requiring five victories) has been achieved ten times. No team has yet been denied a Grand Slam solely by failing to beat Italy, in other words completing what would have been a Grand Slam in the former Five Nations but not in the current championship.

text: The 2017 Six Nations Championship will use bonus points on a trial basis. A team that wins the Grand Slam will get three bonus points.[2] This will eliminate the possibility of a Grand Slam winner losing the championship on bonus points.

text: Table of Grand Slam winners[edit]

text:
Nation
Grand Slams
Grand Slam winning seasons

 England
13
1913, 1914, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1957, 1980, 1991, 1992, 1995, 2003, 2016

 Wales
11
1908*, 1909*, 1911, 1950, 1952, 1971, 1976, 1978, 2005, 2008, 2012

 France
9
1968, 1977, 1981, 1987, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2010

 Ireland
3
1948, 2009, 2018

 Scotland
3
1925, 1984, 1990

 Italy
0

tag: table

text: * In 1908 and 1909 matches with France were played, although they were not part of the Championship.

text: Chronological list of Grand Slam winners[edit]

text:
1882–1907
France did not take part in the championship

1908
 Wales (*see note above)

1909
 Wales (*see note above)

1911
 Wales

1913
 England

1914
 England

1915–19
No tournament due to World War I

1921
 England

1923
 England

1924
 England

1925
 Scotland

1928
 England

1932–39
France was suspended from the championship

1940–46
No tournament due to World War II

1948
 Ireland

1950
 Wales

1952
 Wales

1957
 England

1968
 France

1971
 Wales

1976
 Wales

1977
 France

1978
 Wales

1980
 England

1981
 France

1984
 Scotland

1987
 France

1990
 Scotland

1991
 England

1992
 England

1995
 England

1997
 France

1998
 France

2000
Tournament expanded to include Italy.

2002
 France[3]

2003
 England[4]

2004
 France[5]

2005
 Wales[6]

2008
 Wales[7]

2009
 Ireland[8]

2010
 France[9]

2012
 Wales[10]

2016
 England[11]

2018
 Ireland

text: Grand Slam tours[edit]

text: A Grand Slam tour is one in which a touring national team from New Zealand, South Africa or Australia plays Test matches against all four home nations (England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland). If the tourists win all four of these games, they are said to have achieved a Grand Slam.

text: Grand Slams by touring teams have been achieved nine times: four times each by South Africa and New Zealand, and once by Australia. The only touring country to have achieved a "Five Nations" Grand Slam (defeating France in addition to the four home countries on the same tour) is South Africa, in its tours of 1912–13 and 1951–52.

text: Australia is the only country to suffer an unofficial "grand slam of defeats" against the four home nations, on their 1957–58 tour.

text: After 1984, Southern Hemisphere sides started to tour the British Isles more frequently, but to play fewer Tests on each tour, and thus there were no Grand Slam tours between 1984 and 1998. However, since 1998 Grand Slam tours have become quite common again, as the number of Tests on each tour has again increased, although fewer matches are now played against club or provincial teams than was formerly the case on Grand Slam tours. For example, New Zealand played only Test matches in 2005 and 2010 and played only one non-Test in 2008 (a midweek match against Munster to commemorate Munster's defeat of the All Blacks in 1978, which had been their only loss on that tour). The All Blacks' tours of 2005 and 2008 were originally planned to include only three Test matches; the late inclusion of matches against Wales and England respectively turned these into Grand Slam tours.

text: Grand Slams achieved by touring sides[edit]

text:
South Africa
1912–13, 1931–32, 1951–52, 1960–61

 New Zealand
1978, 2005, 2008, 2010

 Australia
1984

text: Overall tour results[edit]

text:
Team
Tours
Achieved
Not achieved
 % Achieved

   South Africa
9
4
5
44.4%

 New Zealand
9
4
5
44.4%

 Australia
9
1
8
11.1%

Total
27
9
18
33.3%

text: List of Grand Slam tours[edit]

text: This is a list of all Grand Slam tours (tours which included fixtures with all four home nations, regardless of the eventual results of those matches). Tours on which the Grand Slam was achieved (wins over all four home nations) are indicated with a green tick.

text:
Key

Denotes a win

Denotes a loss

text:
Year
Team
Achieved
Result
Scores

 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Wales

1905-06
 New Zealand

3 - 1
0 - 15
0 - 15
7 - 12
3 - 0

1906
 South Africa

2 - 1
3 - 3
12 - 15
6 - 0
0 - 11

1912-13
 South Africa
Y
4 - 0
3 - 9
0 - 38
0 - 16
0 - 3

1927-28
 Australia

2 - 2
18 - 11
3 - 5
10 - 8
8 - 18

1931-32
 South Africa
Y
4 - 0
0 - 7
3 - 8
3 - 6
3 - 8

1935-36
 New Zealand

2 - 2
13 - 0
9 - 17
8 - 18
13 - 12

1947-48
 Australia

3 - 1
0 - 11
3 - 16
7 - 16
6 - 0

1951-52
 South Africa
Y
4 - 0
3 - 8
5 - 17
0 - 44
3 - 6

1953-54
 New Zealand

3 - 1
0 - 5
3 - 14
0 - 3
13 - 8

1958
 Australia

0 - 4
9 - 6
9 - 6
12 - 8
9 - 3

1960-61
 South Africa
Y
4 - 0
0 - 5
3 - 8
5 - 12
0 - 3

1963-64
 New Zealand

3 - 0
0 - 14
5 - 6
0 - 0
0 - 6

1966-67
 Australia

2 - 2
11 - 23
15 - 8
11 - 5
11 - 14

1969-70
 South Africa

0 - 2
11 - 8
8 - 8
6 - 3
6 - 6

1972-73
 New Zealand

3 - 0
0 - 9
10 - 10
9 - 14
16 - 19

1975-76
 Australia

1 - 3
23 - 6
10 - 20
10 - 3
28 - 3

1978
 New Zealand
Y
4 - 0
6 - 16
6 - 10
9 - 18
12 - 13

1981-82
 Australia

1 - 3
15 - 11
12 - 16
24 - 15
18 - 13

1984
 Australia
Y
4 - 0
3 - 19
9 - 16
12 - 37
9 - 28

1998
 South Africa

3 - 1
13 - 8
13 - 27
10 - 35
20 - 28

2004
 South Africa

2 - 2
32 - 16
17 - 12
10 - 45
36 - 38

2005
 New Zealand
Y
4 - 0
19 - 23
7 - 45
10 - 29
3 - 41

2008
 New Zealand
Y
4 - 0
6 - 32
3 - 22
6 - 32
9 - 29

2009
 Australia

2 - 1
9 - 18
20 - 20
9 - 8
12 - 33

2010
 New Zealand
Y
4 - 0
16 - 26
18 - 38
3 - 49
25 - 37

2010
 South Africa

3 - 1
11 - 21
21 - 23
21 - 17
25 - 29

2013
 Australia

3 - 1
20 - 13
15 - 32
15 - 21
26 - 30

2016
 Australia

2 - 2
37 - 21
27 - 24
22 - 23
8 - 32


document_title: List of United States cities by Spanish-speaking population

question_text: how many spanish speakers in new york city

text: Metropolitan areas[edit]

text:
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2010 American Community Survey
Spanish-dominant population and proportion of total population
for metropolitan areas with a total population 500,000 or more

text:
Metropolitan area
Total population
Persons 5 or older
Spanish speakers 5 or older
% of Spanish-speakers

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA
7007128493830000000♠12,849,383
7007120125900000000♠12,012,590
7006441359000000000♠4,413,590
36.7%

New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA
7007189199830000000♠18,919,983
7007177547610000000♠17,754,761
7006350671100000000♠3,506,711
19.8%

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA
7006558235100000000♠5,582,351
7006525853800000000♠5,258,538
7006209178200000000♠2,091,782
39.8%

Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA
7006597709200000000♠5,977,092
7006550394000000000♠5,503,940
7006159678900000000♠1,596,789
29%

Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA
7006947421100000000♠9,474,211
7006884142400000000♠8,841,424
7006149749800000000♠1,497,498
16.9%

Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA
7006424577300000000♠4,245,773
7006392355400000000♠3,923,554
7006134033700000000♠1,340,337
34.2%

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA
7006640292200000000♠6,402,922
7006590507300000000♠5,905,073
7006132415200000000♠1,324,152
22.4%

Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ MSA
7006421121300000000♠4,211,213
7006389748700000000♠3,897,487
7005773158000000000♠773,158
19.8%

San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA MSA
7006310598900000000♠3,105,989
7006290227900000000♠2,902,279
7005732023000000000♠732,023
25.2%

San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA
7006215789700000000♠2,157,897
7006199941100000000♠1,999,411
7005723458000000000♠723,458
36.2%

San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA MSA
7006434532000000000♠4,345,320
7006408561500000000♠4,085,615
7005673162000000000♠673,162
16.5%

Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA
7006561008200000000♠5,610,082
7006523405300000000♠5,234,053
7005607711000000000♠607,711
11.6%

McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA
7005780087000000000♠780,087
7005705450000000000♠705,450
7005594407000000000♠594,407
84.3%

El Paso, TX MSA
7005804338000000000♠804,338
7005739909000000000♠739,909
7005535466000000000♠535,466
72.4%

Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA
7006528830200000000♠5,288,302
7006490926600000000♠4,909,266
7005465590000000000♠465,590
9.5%

Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA
7006214079500000000♠2,140,795
7006200896300000000♠2,008,963
7005430068000000000♠430,068
21.4%

Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA
7006195426000000000♠1,954,260
7006181534900000000♠1,815,349
7005405207000000000♠405,207
22.3%

Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA
7006597148300000000♠5,971,483
7006560474000000000♠5,604,740
7005350609000000000♠350,609
6.3%

Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX MSA
7006172830700000000♠1,728,307
7006160031900000000♠1,600,319
7005339902000000000♠339,902
21.2%

San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA
7006184325500000000♠1,843,255
7006171464400000000♠1,714,644
7005337019000000000♠337,019
19.7%

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA
7006278911600000000♠2,789,116
7006263276300000000♠2,632,763
7005336895000000000♠336,895
12.8%

Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO MSA
7006256052900000000♠2,560,529
7006237989500000000♠2,379,895
7005333997000000000♠333,997
14%

Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA
7006456068900000000♠4,560,689
7006430421600000000♠4,304,216
7005328796000000000♠328,796
7.6%

Fresno, CA MSA
7005933248000000000♠933,248
7005854504000000000♠854,504
7005277213000000000♠277,213
32.4%

Bakersfield-Delano, CA MSA
7005842207000000000♠842,207
7005769096000000000♠769,096
7005276342000000000♠276,342
35.9%

Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA MSA
7006215439100000000♠2,154,391
7006201046100000000♠2,010,461
7005245678000000000♠245,678
12.2%

Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA MSA
7005825706000000000♠825,706
7005770226000000000♠770,226
7005232261000000000♠232,261
30.2%

Tucson, AZ MSA
7005982154000000000♠982,154
7005919772000000000♠919,772
7005220377000000000♠220,377
24%

Albuquerque, NM MSA
7005892014000000000♠892,014
7005831131000000000♠831,131
7005218581000000000♠218,581
26.3%

Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA
7006344905900000000♠3,449,059
7006322646900000000♠3,226,469
7005203229000000000♠203,229
6.3%

Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA MSA
7006223249600000000♠2,232,496
7006208776600000000♠2,087,766
7005168307000000000♠168,307
8.1%

Stockton, CA MSA
7005687744000000000♠687,744
7005633644000000000♠633,644
7005165011000000000♠165,011
26%

Modesto, CA MSA
7005515358000000000♠515,358
7005475582000000000♠475,582
7005150465000000000♠150,465
31.6%

Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC MSA
7006176431300000000♠1,764,313
7006163766800000000♠1,637,668
7005140091000000000♠140,091
8.6%

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA
7006328619500000000♠3,286,195
7006306134300000000♠3,061,343
7005134607000000000♠134,607
4.4%

Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA MSA
7006160149800000000♠1,601,498
7006151324600000000♠1,513,246
7005131033000000000♠131,033
8.7%

Salt Lake City, UT MSA
7006112898800000000♠1,128,988
7006103054000000000♠1,030,540
7005126965000000000♠126,965
12.3%

Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT MSA
7005918714000000000♠918,714
7005861668000000000♠861,668
7005118034000000000♠118,034
13.7%

Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA
7006121295600000000♠1,212,956
7006114714400000000♠1,147,144
7005112239000000000♠112,239
9.8%

Kansas City, MO-KS MSA
7006203574700000000♠2,035,747
7006189171000000000♠1,891,710
7005111043000000000♠111,043
5.9%

Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI MSA
7006429184300000000♠4,291,843
7006403334200000000♠4,033,342
7005105778000000000♠105,778
2.6%

Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI MSA
7006155724400000000♠1,557,244
7006145436200000000♠1,454,362
7004984020000000000♠98,402
6.8%

Baltimore-Towson, MD MSA
7006271418300000000♠2,714,183
7006254606400000000♠2,546,064
7004960500000000000♠96,050
3.8%

New Haven-Milford, CT MSA
7005862989000000000♠862,989
7005814466000000000♠814,466
7004953920000000000♠95,392
11.7%

Oklahoma City, OK MSA
7006125784500000000♠1,257,845
7006116578300000000♠1,165,783
7004951410000000000♠95,141
8.2%

Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA
7006113755200000000♠1,137,552
7006105429600000000♠1,054,296
7004929350000000000♠92,935
8.8%

Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL MSA
7005620151000000000♠620,151
7005587019000000000♠587,019
7004884810000000000♠88,481
15.1%

Indianapolis-Carmel, IN MSA
7006175922900000000♠1,759,229
7006163160900000000♠1,631,609
7004869310000000000♠86,931
5.3%

Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL MSA
7005602788000000000♠602,788
7005564300000000000♠564,300
7004850050000000000♠85,005
15.1%

Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN MSA
7006159305000000000♠1,593,050
7006148373100000000♠1,483,731
7004824010000000000♠82,401
5.6%

Springfield, MA MSA
7005693141000000000♠693,141
7005656157000000000♠656,157
7004762540000000000♠76,254
11.6%

Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA
7005822141000000000♠822,141
7005774982000000000♠774,982
7004734350000000000♠73,435
9.5%

New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA MSA
7006117332700000000♠1,173,327
7006109640000000000♠1,096,400
7004727300000000000♠72,730
6.6%

Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY MSA
7005670932000000000♠670,932
7005629149000000000♠629,149
7004673590000000000♠67,359
10.7%

Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH MSA
7006207575800000000♠2,075,758
7006195522300000000♠1,955,223
7004661760000000000♠66,176
3.4%

Jacksonville, FL MSA
7006135019800000000♠1,350,198
7006126342200000000♠1,263,422
7004622710000000000♠62,271
4.9%

North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota, FL MSA
7005703309000000000♠703,309
7005670497000000000♠670,497
7004614020000000000♠61,402
9.2%

Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA
7006167534300000000♠1,675,343
7006156771900000000♠1,567,719
7004575710000000000♠57,571
3.7%

Worcester, MA MSA
7005799553000000000♠799,553
7005752695000000000♠752,695
7004554260000000000♠55,426
7.4%

Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA MSA
7005868238000000000♠868,238
7005803098000000000♠803,098
7004535900000000000♠53,590
6.7%

Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA
7006131657900000000♠1,316,579
7006122330800000000♠1,223,308
7004534270000000000♠53,427
4.4%

St. Louis, MO-IL MSA
7006281516800000000♠2,815,168
7006263909900000000♠2,639,099
7004531030000000000♠53,103
2%

Tulsa, OK MSA
7005939345000000000♠939,345
7005873403000000000♠873,403
7004515790000000000♠51,579
5.9%

Columbus, OH MSA
7006184063100000000♠1,840,631
7006171328100000000♠1,713,281
7004503720000000000♠50,372
2.9%

Richmond, VA MSA
7006126131700000000♠1,261,317
7006118243700000000♠1,182,437
7004498750000000000♠49,875
4.2%

Durham-Chapel Hill, NC MSA
7005505933000000000♠505,933
7005474533000000000♠474,533
7004492620000000000♠49,262
10.4%

Boise City-Nampa, ID MSA
7005619694000000000♠619,694
7005572460000000000♠572,460
7004491010000000000♠49,101
8.6%

Wichita, KS MSA
7005622367000000000♠622,367
7005574233000000000♠574,233
7004460240000000000♠46,024
8%

Greensboro-High Point, NC MSA
7005725282000000000♠725,282
7005680455000000000♠680,455
7004458140000000000♠45,814
6.7%

Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA
7006213320300000000♠2,133,203
7006198908300000000♠1,989,083
7004452550000000000♠45,255
2.3%

Provo-Orem, UT MSA
7005529970000000000♠529,970
7005470047000000000♠470,047
7004447890000000000♠44,789
9.5%

Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA
7006112897800000000♠1,128,978
7006105468100000000♠1,054,681
7004443210000000000♠44,321
4.2%

Rochester, NY MSA
7006105444500000000♠1,054,445
7005993769000000000♠993,769
7004432370000000000♠43,237
4.4%

Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA
7006128727100000000♠1,287,271
7006120371700000000♠1,203,717
7004391980000000000♠39,198
3.3%

Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC MSA
7005638576000000000♠638,576
7005595826000000000♠595,826
7004380510000000000♠38,051
6.4%

Colorado Springs, CO MSA
7005648943000000000♠648,943
7005602905000000000♠602,905
7004376730000000000♠37,673
6.2%

Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI MSA
7005774540000000000♠774,540
7005719503000000000♠719,503
7004371460000000000♠37,146
5.2%

Ogden-Clearfield, UT MSA
7005551173000000000♠551,173
7005498066000000000♠498,066
7004358170000000000♠35,817
7.2%

Columbia, SC MSA
7005770410000000000♠770,410
7005721446000000000♠721,446
7004302550000000000♠30,255
4.2%

Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA MSA
7005570358000000000♠570,358
7005527151000000000♠527,151
7004295370000000000♠29,537
5.6%

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY MSA
7006113519800000000♠1,135,198
7006107495000000000♠1,074,950
7004293500000000000♠29,350
2.7%

Lancaster, PA MSA
7005520156000000000♠520,156
7005485342000000000♠485,342
7004289740000000000♠28,974
6%

Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC MSA
7005667741000000000♠667,741
7005621849000000000♠621,849
7004286870000000000♠28,687
4.6%

Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL MSA
7005543573000000000♠543,573
7005516850000000000♠516,850
7004282680000000000♠28,268
5.5%

Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR MSA
7005701713000000000♠701,713
7005654966000000000♠654,966
7004269300000000000♠26,930
4.1%

Pittsburgh, PA MSA
7006235638100000000♠2,356,381
7006223565600000000♠2,235,656
7004257800000000000♠25,780
1.2%

Madison, WI MSA
7005569923000000000♠569,923
7005534820000000000♠534,820
7004237550000000000♠23,755
4.4%

Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA
7005564446000000000♠564,446
7005534802000000000♠534,802
7004229110000000000♠22,911
4.3%

Baton Rouge, LA MSA
7005804406000000000♠804,406
7005749686000000000♠749,686
7004206670000000000♠20,667
2.8%

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA
7005870832000000000♠870,832
7005823656000000000♠823,656
7004201010000000000♠20,101
2.4%

Honolulu, HI MSA
7005955775000000000♠955,775
7005894783000000000♠894,783
7004179450000000000♠17,945
2%

Knoxville, TN MSA
7005699180000000000♠699,180
7005659081000000000♠659,081
7004176570000000000♠17,657
2.7%

Syracuse, NY MSA
7005662757000000000♠662,757
7005624106000000000♠624,106
7004161920000000000♠16,192
2.6%

Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA MSA
7005550076000000000♠550,076
7005518391000000000♠518,391
7004155960000000000♠15,596
3%

Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC MSA
7005560293000000000♠560,293
7005521567000000000♠521,567
7004151480000000000♠15,148
2.9%

Toledo, OH MSA
7005651020000000000♠651,020
7005609825000000000♠609,825
7004147890000000000♠14,789
2.4%

Dayton, OH MSA
7005841310000000000♠841,310
7005791038000000000♠791,038
7004136040000000000♠13,604
1.7%

Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA
7005530205000000000♠530,205
7005497107000000000♠497,107
7004127590000000000♠12,759
2.6%

Jackson, MS MSA
7005540140000000000♠540,140
7005500664000000000♠500,664
7004109410000000000♠10,941
2.2%

Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA MSA
7005564804000000000♠564,804
7005533816000000000♠533,816
7003886300000000000♠8,863
1.7%

Akron, OH MSA
7005702951000000000♠702,951
7005663780000000000♠663,780
7003822300000000000♠8,223
1.2%

Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME MSA
7005513899000000000♠513,899
7005487276000000000♠487,276
7003435700000000000♠4,357
.9%

text: Cities proper[edit]

text: The following information relates to areas within the cities' municipal borders, not their metropolitan areas, and notes the percentage and number of people who speak Spanish at home in several of the largest U.S. cities.

text:
City
Total population (thousands)
No. of Spanish speakers (thousands)
% of Spanish speakers

Austin, Texas
714
197
27.59%

Albuquerque, New Mexico
545
136
25.0%

Baltimore, Maryland
591
16
2.71%

Boston, Massachusetts
574
86
14.98%

Charlotte, North Carolina
628
67
10.67%

Chicago, Illinois
2,535
628
24.77%

Columbus, Ohio
679
25
3.68%

Dallas, Texas
1,108
441
39.80%

Denver, Colorado
547
125
22.85%

Detroit, Michigan
722
45
6.23%

Fort Worth, Texas
610
177
29.02%

Houston, Texas
1,849
690
37.32%

Indianapolis, Indiana
734
48
6.54%

Jacksonville, Florida
750
39
5.20%

Las Vegas, Nevada
418
95
22.7%

Los Angeles, California
3,515
1,541
43.84%

Memphis, Tennessee
583
27
4.63%

Miami, Florida
399
280
70.2%

Nashville-Davidson, Tennessee
555
41
7.39%

Newark, New Jersey
277
80
28.8%

New York, New York
7,788
1,891
24.28%

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1,340
123
9.18%

Phoenix, Arizona
1,385
467
33.72%

San Antonio, Texas
1,185
504
42.53%

San Diego, California
1,183
255
21.56%

San Francisco, California
767
86
11.21%

San Jose, California
843
195
23.13%

Seattle, Washington
552
20
3.62%

Washington, D.C.
555
38
6.85%


document_title: Back to the Future

question_text: how many parts to back to the future

question_tokens: how many parts to back to the future

text: Back to the Future

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1985 Hill Valley, California, teenager Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, are chastised by the school principal for lateness. Marty auditions for the Battle of the Bands, but is rejected for being too loud. At home, Marty's father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. Lorraine recalls how she met George when her father hit him with his car.

text: Marty is invited by his friend, eccentric inventor Dr. Emmett Brown, to meet him in a parking lot in the early hours. Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from terrorists. Preparing to demonstrate the time machine, Doc sets the date to November 5, 1955: the day he invented time travel. The terrorists arrive and shoot Doc. Marty escapes in the DeLorean, but inadvertently activates the time machine.

text: Marty finds himself in 1955 without enough plutonium to return. He encounters the teenaged George, who is bullied by his classmate Biff. After Marty saves George from an oncoming car, he is knocked unconscious and awakens to find himself tended to by Lorraine, who is infatuated with him.

text: Marty tracks down Doc's younger self for help. With no plutonium, Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electricity for the time machine is a bolt of lightning. Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the town's courthouse due the coming Saturday night.

text: Doc instructs Marty to not leave his house or interact with anyone, as he could inadvertently alter the future; because of this, Doc refuses to heed warnings from Marty about his death in 1985. Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting and Doc warns him that Marty will be erased from existence if he does not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine. Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning, while Marty sets about introducing his parents.

text: After Lorraine asks Marty to the school dance, Marty concocts a plan: he will feign inappropriate advances on Lorraine, allowing George to "rescue" her. The plan goes awry when a drunken Biff attempts to force himself on Lorraine. George, enraged, knocks out Biff, and Lorraine follows him to the dance floor, where they kiss while Marty performs with the band.

text: As the storm arrives, Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes, sending Marty back to 1985. Doc has survived the shooting, as he had listened to Marty's warnings and worn a bullet-proof vest. Doc takes Marty home and departs to the future. Marty awakens the next morning to find that George is a successful author, Lorraine is fit and happy, and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet. As Marty reunites with Jennifer, the DeLorean appears with Doc, insisting they accompany him to 2015 to resolve a problem with their future children. The trio board the DeLorean and warp to the future.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly
Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines-McFly
Crispin Glover as George McFly
Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen
Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker
James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland
Marc McClure as Dave McFly
Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Writer and producer Bob Gale conceived Back to the Future after he visited his parents in St. Louis, Missouri after the release of Used Cars. Searching their basement, Gale found his father's high school yearbook and discovered he was president of his graduating class. Gale had not known the president of his own graduating class, and wondered whether he would have been friends with his father if they went to high school together.[6] When he returned to California, Gale told director Robert Zemeckis about the idea.[7] Zemeckis thought of a mother claiming she never kissed a boy at school when, in fact, she had been promiscuous.[8] The two took the project to Columbia Pictures, and made a development deal for a script in September 1980.[7]

text: Zemeckis and Gale set the story in 1955 because a 17-year-old traveling to meet his parents at the same age arithmetically required the script to travel to that decade. The era also marked the rise of teenagers as an important cultural element, the birth of rock n' roll, and suburban expansion, which flavored the story.[9] In an early script, the time machine was a refrigerator, and Marty would need the power of an atomic explosion at the Nevada Test Site to return home. Zemeckis was concerned that children would accidentally lock themselves in refrigerators, and felt it was more useful if the time machine were mobile. The DeLorean DMC-12 was chosen because its design made the gag about the family of farmers mistaking it for a flying saucer believable.[10] Zemeckis and Gale found it difficult to create a believable friendship between Marty and Brown before they created the giant guitar amplifier, and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with Marty's mother when they wrote the line "It's like I'm kissing my brother." Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen, who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for I Wanna Hold Your Hand.[8]

text: The first draft of Back to the Future was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia, who put the film in turnaround. "They thought it was a really nice, cute, warm film, but not sexual enough," Gale said. "They suggested that we take it to Disney, but we decided to see if any other of the major studios wanted a piece of us."[7] Every major film studio rejected the script for the next four years, while Back to the Future went through two more drafts. During the early 1980s, popular teen comedies (such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Porky's) were risqué and adult-aimed, so the script was rejected for being too light.[8] Gale and Zemeckis finally pitched Back to the Future to Disney, but they felt the story of a mother falling in love with her son was not appropriate for a family film under the Disney name.[7]

text: The two were tempted to ally themselves with Steven Spielberg, who produced Used Cars and I Wanna Hold Your Hand, which were both box office bombs. Zemeckis and Gale initially had shown the screenplay to Spielberg, who had "loved" it.[11] Spielberg, however, was absent from the project during development because Zemeckis felt if he produced another flop under him, he would never be able to make another film.[11] Gale said "we were afraid that we would get the reputation that we were two guys who could only get a job because we were pals with Steven Spielberg."[12] Zemeckis chose to direct Romancing the Stone instead, which was a box office success. Now a high-profile director, Zemeckis reapproached Spielberg with the concept.[8] Agreeing to produce Back to the Future, Spielberg set the project up at his production company, Amblin Entertainment, with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall joining Spielberg as executive producers on the film.[13][14]

text: The script remained with Columbia until legal problems forced them to withdraw. The studio was set to begin shooting a comedic send-up of Double Indemnity entitled Big Trouble. Columbia's legal department determined that the film's plot was too similar to Double Indemnity and they needed the permission of Universal Pictures, owners of the earlier film, if the film was ever to begin shooting. With Big Trouble set to go, desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork. Price was a former Columbia executive who had been fond of the script for Back to the Future during his tenure there. As a result, Universal agreed to trade the Double Indemnity license in exchange for the rights to Back to the Future.[15]

text: Executive Sidney Sheinberg made suggestions to the script, such as changing Marty's mother's name from Meg to Lorraine (the name of his wife, actress Lorraine Gary), changing Brown's name from Professor Brown to Doc Brown, and replacing Doc's pet chimpanzee with a dog.[8] Sheinberg also wanted the title changed to Spaceman from Pluto,[16] convinced no successful film ever had "future" in the title. He suggested Marty introduce himself as "Darth Vader from the planet Pluto" while dressed as an alien (rather than "the planet Vulcan"), and that the farmer's son's comic book be titled Spaceman from Pluto rather than Space Zombies from Pluto. Appalled, Zemeckis asked Spielberg for help. Spielberg dictated a memo to Sheinberg convincing him they thought his title was a joke, thus embarrassing him into dropping the idea.[17] The original climax was deemed too expensive by Universal executives and was simplified by keeping the plot within Hill Valley and incorporating the clocktower sequence. Spielberg used the omitted refrigerator and Nevada nuclear site elements in his 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Michael J. Fox was the first choice to play Marty McFly, but he was committed to the show Family Ties.[19] Family Ties producer Gary David Goldberg felt that Fox was essential to the show's success. With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave, he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film. Back to the Future was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film.[8] Zemeckis' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz. Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in Mask (which had yet to be released) that they selected him to play Marty McFly.[6] Because of the difficult casting process, the start date was pushed back twice.[20]

text: Four weeks into filming, Zemeckis determined Stoltz had been miscast. Although he and Spielberg realized re-shooting the film would add $3 million to the $14 million budget, they decided to recast. Spielberg explained Zemeckis felt Stoltz was not comedic enough and gave a "terrifically dramatic performance". Gale further explained they felt Stoltz was simply acting out the role, whereas Fox himself had a personality like Marty McFly. He felt Stoltz was uncomfortable riding a skateboard, whereas Fox was not. Stoltz confessed to director Peter Bogdanovich during a phone call, two weeks into the shoot, that he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale's direction, and concurred that he was wrong for the role.[8]

text: Fox's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to Family Ties following her pregnancy. The Back to the Future crew met with Goldberg again, who made a deal that Fox's main priority would be Family Ties, and if a scheduling conflict arose, "we win". Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz, because they nevertheless "spoke very highly of him".[8] Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes.[21] Fox found his portrayal of Marty McFly to be very personal. "All I did in high school was skateboard, chase girls and play in bands. I even dreamed of becoming a rock star."[19]

text: Christopher Lloyd was cast as Doc Brown after the first choice, John Lithgow, became unavailable.[8] Having worked with Lloyd on The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai (1984), producer Neil Canton suggested him for the part. Lloyd originally turned down the role, but changed his mind after reading the script and at the persistence of his wife. He improvised some of his scenes,[22] taking inspiration from Albert Einstein and conductor Leopold Stokowski.[23][24] Brown pronounces gigawatts as "jigawatts", which was the way a physicist said the word when he met with Zemeckis and Gale as they researched the script,[21][25] rather than with an initial hard "g", although both pronunciations are acceptable.[26][27] Doc Brown's notable hunch came about because at 6'1" Lloyd was considerably taller than Fox at 5'5", and they needed to look closer in height.[28]

text: Crispin Glover played George McFly. Zemeckis said Glover improvised much of George's nerdy mannerisms, such as his shaky hands. The director joked he was "endlessly throwing a net over Crispin because he was completely off about fifty percent of the time in his interpretation of the character".[8] Due to a contract disagreement, Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in Part II and Part III.[29]

text: Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in The Wild Life; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz.[30] Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film, set in 1985, took three and a half hours to apply.[31]

text: Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice, J. J. Cohen, wasn't physically imposing enough to bully Stoltz.[8] Cohen was recast as Skinhead, one of Biff's cohorts. Had Fox been cast from the beginning, Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox.[21]

text: Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer, but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed, with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox. Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells.[32] Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty's girlfriend.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Following Stoltz's departure, Fox's schedule during weekdays consisted of filming Family Ties during the day, and Back to the Future from 6:30 pm to 2:30 am. He averaged five hours of sleep each night. During Fridays, he shot from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am, and then moved on to film exterior scenes throughout the weekend, as only then was he available during daytime hours. Fox found it exhausting, but "it was my dream to be in the film and television business, although I didn't know I'd be in them simultaneously. It was just this weird ride and I got on."[35] Zemeckis concurred, dubbing Back to the Future "the film that would not wrap". He recalled that because they shot night after night, he was always "half asleep" and the "fattest, most out-of-shape and sick I ever was".[8]

text: The Hill Valley town square scenes were shot at Courthouse Square, located in the Universal Studios backlot (34°08′29″N 118°20′59″W / 34.141417°N 118.349771°W / 34.141417; -118.349771). Gale explained it would have been impossible to shoot on location "because no city is going to let a film crew remodel their town to look like it's in the 1950s." The filmmakers "decided to shoot all the 50s stuff first, and make the town look real beautiful and wonderful. Then we would just totally trash it down and make it all bleak and ugly for the 1980s scenes."[35] The interiors for Doc Brown's house were shot at the Robert R. Blacker House, while exteriors took place at Gamble House.[36] The exterior shots of the Twin Pines Mall, and later the Lone Pine Mall (from 1985) were shot at the Puente Hills Mall in City of Industry, California. The exterior shots and some interior scenes at Hill Valley High School were filmed at Whittier High School in Whittier, California. The Battle of the Bands tryout scene was filmed at the McCambridge Park Recreation Center in Burbank, and the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance was filmed in the gymnasium at Hollywood United Methodist Church. The scenes outside of the Baines' house in 1955 were shot at Bushnell Avenue, South Pasadena, California.[37]

text: Filming wrapped after 100 days on April 20, 1985, and the film was delayed from May to August. But after a highly positive test screening ("I'd never seen a preview like that," said Frank Marshall, "the audience went up to the ceiling"), Sheinberg chose to move the release date to July 3. To make sure the film met this new date, two editors, Arthur Schmidt and Harry Keramidas, were assigned to the picture, while many sound editors worked 24-hour shifts on the film. Eight minutes were cut, including Marty watching his mom cheat during an exam, George getting stuck in a telephone booth before rescuing Lorraine, as well as much of Marty pretending to be Darth Vader. Zemeckis almost cut out the "Johnny B. Goode" sequence as he felt it did not advance the story, but the preview audience loved it, so it was kept. Industrial Light & Magic created the film's 32 effects shots, which did not satisfy Zemeckis and Gale until a week before the film's completion date.[8] The compositing involved for the film's time travel sequences, as well as for the lightning effects in the climactic clock tower scene, was handled by animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who would also work on the subsequent two Back to the Future films with the rest of the ILM crew.[38]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri collaborated with Zemeckis on Romancing the Stone, but Spielberg disliked that film's score. Zemeckis advised Silvestri to make his compositions grand and epic, despite the film's small scale, to impress Spielberg. Silvestri began recording the score two weeks before the first preview. He also suggested Huey Lewis and the News create the theme song. Their first attempt was rejected by Universal, before they recorded "The Power of Love".[35] The studio loved the final song, but were disappointed it did not feature the film's title, so they had to send memos to radio stations to always mention its association with Back to the Future.[8] In the end, the track "Back in Time" was featured in the film, playing during the scene when Marty wakes up after his return to 1985 and also during the end credits.[35]

text: Although it appears that Fox is actually playing a guitar, music supervisor Bones Howe hired Hollywood guitar coach and musician Paul Hanson to teach Fox to simulate playing all the parts so it would look realistic, including playing behind his head. Fox lip-synched "Johnny B. Goode" to vocals by Mark Campbell (of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack fame), with the guitar solo played by Tim May.[39]

text: The original 1985 soundtrack album only included two tracks culled from Silvestri's compositions for the film, both Huey Lewis tracks, the songs played in the film by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters (and Marty McFly), one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film[citation needed]. On November 24, 2009, an authorized, limited-edition two-CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: Back to the Future opened on July 3, 1985, on 1,200 screens in North America. Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a Family Ties special in London and was unable to promote the film. Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures' tagline "Are you telling me my mother's got the hots for me?".

text: When the film was released on VHS in 1986, Universal added a "To be continued..." graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II. This caption is omitted on the film's DVD release in 2002[24] and on subsequent Blu-ray and DVD releases.

text: In October 2010, in commemoration for the film's 25th anniversary, Back to the Future was digitally restored and remastered for a theatrical re-release in the US, the UK and Italy.[41] The release also coincided with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment's Blu-ray Disc releases of the trilogy.[42][43]

text: On October 21, 2015,[44] the futuristic date depicted in Part II, the entire trilogy was re-released theatrically for one day in celebration of the film's 30th anniversary.[45]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Back to the Future spent 11 weeks at number one.[8] Gale recalled "Our second weekend was higher than our first weekend, which is indicative of great word of mouth. National Lampoon's European Vacation came out in August and it kicked us out of number one for one week and then we were back to number one."[12] The film went on to gross $210.61 million in North America and $173.2 million in foreign countries, accumulating a worldwide total of $383.87 million.[4] Back to the Future had the fourth-highest opening weekend of 1985 and was the top-grossing film of the year.[46] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 59 million tickets in the US.[47]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100, the film received an average score of 86/100, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 12 reviews.[48] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 77 reviews, certifying it "Fresh", with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 and the consensus: "Inventive, funny, and breathlessly constructed, Back to the Future is a rousing time-travel adventure with an unforgettable spirit."[49]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt Back to the Future had similar themes to the films of Frank Capra, especially It's a Wonderful Life. Ebert commented "[Producer] Steven Spielberg is emulating the great authentic past of Classical Hollywood cinema, who specialized in matching the right director (Robert Zemeckis) with the right project."[50] He gave the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars. Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film had a balanced storyline: "It's a cinematic inventing of humor and whimsical tall tales for a long time to come."[51] Christopher Null, who first saw the film as a teenager, called it "a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction, action, comedy, and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour."[52] Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction, seriousness and humor.[53] Variety praised the performances, arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin.[54] BBC News lauded the intricacies of the "outstandingly executed" script, remarking that "nobody says anything that doesn't become important to the plot later."[55] Dennis Fischer of Cinefantastique gave the film four stars out of five, calling it an "instant classic".[56] Back to the Future appeared on Gene Siskel's top ten film list of 1985.[57]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 58th Academy Awards, Back to the Future won for Best Sound Effects Editing, while Zemeckis and Gale were nominated for Best Original Screenplay, "The Power of Love" was nominated for Best Original Song, and Bill Varney, B. Tennyson Sebastian II, Robert Thirlwell and William B. Kaplan were nominated for Best Sound Mixing.[58] The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[59] and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Michael J. Fox and the visual effects designers won categories at the Saturn Awards. Zemeckis, composer Alan Silvestri, the costume design and supporting actors Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, Crispin Glover and Thomas F. Wilson were also nominated.[60] The film was nominated for numerous BAFTAs at the 39th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, original screenplay, visual effects, production design and editing.[61] At the 43rd Golden Globe Awards, Back to the Future was nominated for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), original song (for "The Power of Love"), Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Fox) and Best Screenplay for Zemeckis and Gale.[62]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: President Ronald Reagan, a fan of the film, referred to the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address when he said, "Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film Back to the Future, 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'."[63] When he first saw the joke about him being president, he ordered the projectionist of the theater to stop the reel, roll it back, and run it again.[6]

text: The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[64] In 2008, Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire.[65] It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times, a list of 1000 movies.[66] In January 2010, Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[67] In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[68] In 2006, the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time.[69]

text: In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed the AFI's 10 Top 10 – the best ten films in ten classic American film genres – after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community. Back to the Future was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the science fiction genre.[70]

text: A musical theater production, also called Back to the Future, is in development for a debut in London's West End theatre during the film's 30th anniversary in 2015. Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play, while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music.[71]

text: The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film took place during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders, as well as companies in the industry, pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence.[72][73]

text: Back to the Future is ranked tenth on Film4's 50 Films to See Before You Die.[74]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Back to the Future's success led to two film sequels: Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: Part II was released on November 22, 1989, to similar financial and critical success as the original, finishing as the third highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.[75][76] The film continues directly from the ending of Back to the Future and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015, an alternative 1985, and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original film. Part II became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards.[77][78][79] Part III, released on May 25, 1990, continued the story, following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time-stranded Doc.

text: Part III, however, was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than Part II.[80]


document_title: Pardon

question_text: who has the authority to grant a pardon or clemency

question_tokens: who has the authority to grant a pardon or clemency

text: Pardon

text: By country[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Pardons[edit]

text: The Parole Board of Canada (PBC) is the federal agency responsible for making pardon decisions under the Criminal Records Act (CRA). Under the CRA, the PBC can issue, grant, deny, and revoke pardons.

text: In 2012, the Parliament of Canada passed the Safe Streets and Communities Act,[3] which changed a number of elements regarding the criminal justice system. The Act replaced the term "pardon" with "record suspension",[4] and the pardon system was similarly changed.[5]

text: A pardon keeps a judicial record of a conviction separate and apart from other criminal records, and gives law-abiding citizens an opportunity to reintegrate into Canadian society.

text: The CRA removes all information about the conviction for which an individual received the pardon from the Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC). Federal agencies cannot give out information about the conviction without approval from the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

text: A pardon does not, however, erase the fact that an individual was convicted of a crime. The criminal record is not erased, but it is kept separate and apart from other (non-pardoned) criminal records.

text: A pardon removes disqualifications caused by a criminal conviction, such as the ability to contract with the federal government, or eligibility for Canadian citizenship.

text: If an individual in receipt of a pardon is convicted of a new offence, the information may lead to a reactivation of the criminal record for which the pardon was received in CPIC.

text: A pardon does not guarantee entry or visa privileges to another country. Before travelling to another country, individuals must still contact the authorities of the country in question to find out what the requirements are to enter that country.

text: Processing of pardons by the Parole Board of Canada generally takes six months for a summary offence and 12 months for an indictable offence. If the Parole Board proposes to deny the application, it can take 24 months to process.[6]

text: Individuals can apply for a pardon if they were convicted as an adult of a criminal offence in Canada, or of an offence under a federal act or regulation of Canada, or if they were convicted of a crime in another country and were transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act. Non-Canadian citizens are not eligible for a Canadian pardon unless they were convicted of a crime in Canada.

text: To be eligible for a pardon or record suspension, individuals must have completed all of their sentences and a waiting period.

text: Individuals are considered to have completed all of their sentences if they have:

text:
Paid all fines, surcharges, costs, restitution and compensation orders
Served all sentences of imprisonment, conditional sentences, including parole or statutory release
Completed their probation order

text: Prior to 2012, following completion of all of their sentences, individuals must have completed a waiting period, as follows:

text:
3 years for summary convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation, except sexual crimes against children
3 years under the National Defence Act, if fined $2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned 6 months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence
5 years for indictable convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children
5 years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act
5 years under the National Defence Act, if you were fined more than $2,000, detained or imprisoned more than 6 months, or dismissed from service
10 years for indictable convictions for sexual crimes against children and criminals receiving more than 2 years of imprisonment time for "serious personal injury offence" such as manslaughter or other designated offence under section 752 of the Criminal Code.[7]

text: Effective 13 March 2012, the eligibility criteria and waiting periods changed:

text:
5 years for summary convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation, except sexual crimes against children
5 years under the National Defence Act, if fined $2,000 or less, detained or imprisoned 6 months or less, or subjected to various lesser punishments for a service offence
10 years for indictable convictions under the Criminal Code or other federal act or regulation and summary convictions of sexual crimes against children
10 years for all convictions by a Canadian offender transferred to Canada under the Transfer of Offenders Act or International Transfer of Offenders Act
10 years under the National Defence Act, if fined more than $2,000, detained or imprisoned more than 6 months, or dismissed from service
"Not Eligible" for indictable convictions for sexual crimes against children (Schedule 1 Offence under CRA)
"Not Eligible" for criminals with more than three (3) offences prosecuted by indictment, each with a prison sentence of 2 or more years.[8]

text: Applicants for a record suspension must be able to show that they have completed their sentences in full and provide proof of payment.[9]

text: Individuals can apply for a pardon by filling out the application forms available from the Parole Board and by paying a $631 pardon application fee.[10]

text: Clemency[edit]

text: In Canada, clemency is granted by the Governor-General of Canada or the Governor in Council (the federal cabinet) under the royal prerogative of mercy. Applications are also made to the National Parole Board, as in pardons, but clemency may involve the commutation of a sentence, or the remission of all or part of the sentence, a respite from the sentence (for a medical condition) or a relief from a prohibition (e.g., to allow someone to drive who has been prohibited from driving).

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, the institution of pardon (indulto) is regulated in the Criminal Code (article 93, Nº 4º),[11] which deals with the extinction of criminal liability. A pardon "only grants the remission or the commutation of the sentence; it does not remove the condition of having been condemned". The pardon may be either general, when it is granted to all those covered by a specific law passed by qualified quorum in National Congress, or particular, when it is granted by Supreme Decree of the President of the Republic. In Chile's presidential regime, the President is the Head of State; in this capacity, he or she has the discretionary power to grant particular pardons. He or she is not obliged to seek opinion or approval from other authorities, although, the granting of pardons is limited by the norms of Law No. 18.050 (1981),[12] and its Regulations (Decree No. 1542 of 1981 on particular pardons),[13] which forbid particular pardons for those convicted of a crime of terrorism.[14]

text: France[edit]

text: Pardons and acts of clemency (grâces) are granted by the President of France, who, ultimately, is the sole judge of the propriety of the measure. It is a prerogative of the President which is directly inherited from that of the Kings of France. The convicted person sends a request for pardon to the President of the Republic. The prosecutor of the court that pronounced the verdict reports on the case, and the case goes to the Ministry of Justice's directorate of criminal affairs and pardons for further consideration.

text: If granted, the decree of pardon is signed by the President, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Justice, and possibly other ministers involved in the consideration of the case. It is not published in the Journal Officiel.

text: The decree may spare the applicant from serving the balance of his or her sentence, or commute the sentence to a lesser one. It does not suppress the right for the victim of the crime to obtain compensation for the damages it suffered, and does not erase the condemnation from the criminal record.

text: When the death penalty was in force in France, all capital sentences resulted in a presidential review for a possible clemency. Executions were carried out if and only if the President rejected clemency, by signing a document on which it was written: "decides to let justice take its course".

text: The Parliament of France, on occasions, grants amnesty. This is a different concept and procedure from that described above, although the phrase "presidential amnesty" (amnistie présidentielle) is sometimes pejoratively applied to some acts of parliament traditionally voted upon after a presidential election, granting amnesty for minor crimes.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Similar to the United States, the right to grant pardon in Germany is divided between the federal and the state level. Federal jurisdiction in matters of criminal law is mostly restricted to appeals against decisions of state courts. Only "political" crimes like treason or terrorism are tried on behalf of the federal government by the highest state courts. Accordingly, the category of persons eligible for a federal pardon is rather narrow. The right to grant a federal pardon lies in the office of the President of Germany, but he or she can transfer this power to other persons, such as the chancellor or the minister of justice.

text: In early 2007, there was a widespread public discussion about the granting of pardons in Germany after convicted Red Army Faction terrorist Christian Klar, who was serving six consecutive sentences of life imprisonment, filed a petition for pardon. President Horst Köhler ultimately denied his request.

text: For all other (and therefore the vast majority of) convicts, pardons are in the jurisdiction of the states. In some states it is granted by the respective cabinet, but in most states the state constitution vests the authority in the state prime minister. As on the federal level, the authority may be transferred. Amnesty can be granted only by federal law.

text: Greece[edit]

text: The Constitution of Greece grants the power of pardon to the President of the Republic (Art. 47, § 1). He/She can pardon, commute or remit punishment imposed by any court, on the proposal of the Minister of Justice and after receiving the opinion (not the consent necessarily) of the Pardon Committee.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Prior to the Transfer of the sovereignty in 1997, the power of pardon was a royal prerogative of mercy of the monarch of the United Kingdom. This was used and cited the most often in cases of inmates who had been given the death penalty: from 1965 to 1993 (when the death penalty was formally abolished) death sentences were automatically commuted to life imprisonment under the Royal Prerogative.

text: Since the Transfer, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong now exercises the power to grant pardons and commute penalties under section 12 of article 48 Basic Law of Hong Kong. "The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions...to pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties".

text: India[edit]

text: Under the Constitution of India (Article 72), the President of India can grant a pardon or reduce the sentence of a convicted person, particularly in cases involving capital punishment. A similar and parallel power vests in the Governors of each State under Article 161.

text: The Constitution of India vests sovereign power in the President and governors. The governance in the Centre and states is carried out in the name of President and Governor respectively. A President is empowered with the power to pardon under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution. Article 72 says that the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. The meaning of these terms is as follows:

text:
The pardoning powers of the Indian President are elucidated in Art 72 of the Indian Constitution.
There are five different types of pardoning which are mandated by law.
1. Pardon: means completely absolving the person of the crime and letting him go free. The pardoned criminal will be like a normal citizen.
2. Commutation: means changing the type of punishment given to the guilty into a less harsh one, for example, a death penalty commuted to a life sentence.
3. Reprieve: means a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for Presidential Pardon or some other legal remedy to prove his innocence or successful rehabilitation.
4. Respite: means reducing the quantum or degree of the punishment to a criminal in view of some special circumstances, like pregnancy, mental condition etc.
5. Remission: means changing the quantum of the punishment without changing its nature, for example reducing 20 year rigorous imprisonment to 10 years.

text: The Article 72 reads:

text: (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any persons convicted of any offence-

text: (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial;

text: (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;

text: (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.

text: (2) Nothing in sub- clause (a) of clause (1) shall alter the power conferred by law on any officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court Martial.

text: (3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend remit or commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the time being in force.

text: Similarly, as per article 161: Governor of a State has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends. Please note that President can grant pardon to a person awarded death sentence. But Governor of State does not enjoy this power.

text: The question is whether this power to grant pardon is absolute or this power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers. The pardoning power of President is NOT absolute. It is governed by the advice of the Council of Ministers. This has not been discussed by the Constitution but is the practical truth. Further, the Constitution does not provide for any mechanism to question the legality of decisions of President or governors exercising mercy jurisdiction. But the SC in Epuru Sudhakar case has given a small window for judicial review of the pardon powers of President and governors for the purpose of ruling out any arbitrariness. The court has earlier held that court has retained the power of judicial review even on a matter which has been vested by the Constitution solely in the Executive.

text: However, it is important to note that India has a unitary legal system and there is no separate body of state law. All crimes are crimes against the Union of India. Therefore, a convention has developed that the Governor's powers are exercised for only minor offenses, while requests for pardons and reprieves for major offenses and offenses committed in the Union Territories are deferred to the President.

text: Both the President and Governor are bound by the advice of their respective Councils of Ministers and hence the exercise of this power is of an executive character. It is therefore subject to Judicial Review as held by the Supreme Court of India in the case of Maru Ram v. Union of India [1980] INSC  213, 1981 (1) SCC 107, Supreme Court. It was subsequently confirmed by Kehar Singh v. Union of India [1988] INSC  370, 1989(1) SCC 204, Supreme Court. In the case of Epuru Sudhakar & Anr vs Govt. Of A.P. & Ors [2006] INSC  638, Supreme Court, it was held that "clemency is subject to judicial review and that it cannot be dispensed as a privilege or act of grace". The court made these observation while quashing the decision of then Governor of Andhra Pradesh Sushil Kumar Shinde in commuting the sentence of a convicted Congress activist.[15]

text: Iran[edit]

text: In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader has the power to pardon and offer clemency under Article 110, § 1, §§ 11.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Constitutional basis[edit]

text: The Irish constitution states (in Article 13.6) that "The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President, but such power of commutation or remission may also be conferred by law on other authorities".

text: The power of clemency is nominally exercised by the president. However, the President of Ireland must act "on the advice" of the Government (cabinet), so in practice the clemency decisions are made by the government of the day and the president has no discretion in the matter. The responsibility can also be delegated to people or bodies other than the president.

text: Amnesty and immunity, on the other hand, are usually dealt with by an Act of the Oireachtas rather than by a general form of pardon or a slate of individual pardons.

text: There are two methods by which a pardon may proceed:

text: Method I[edit]

text:
In the first procedure, aimed at miscarriages of justice, the Minister for Justice may recommend to the Government that they formally advise the President to grant a pardon, and any conditions along with it.
1993 Criminal Procedure Act provides the method by which a person convicted of an offense may apply for a pardon.  Under this procedure, the person must:

text:
Have already been convicted.
Have used up their appeals.
Allege a new fact (previously known and believed to be significant, but which he has a reasonable excuse for not having mentioned) or newly discovered fact (including a fact previously known which was not believed to be significant) showing a miscarriage of justice has taken place.

text:
Then they can apply in writing to the Minister for Justice for a pardon.
The minister may then "make or cause to be made such inquiries as they consider necessary" and may refuse to grant the pardon on his/her own initiative, or if they think the person should be pardoned, bring such argument to cabinet.

text: Method II[edit]

text: Section six of the act allows a Minister for Justice to seek or receive a pardon request from someone whose case is not a 'miscarriage of justice', but has some other fault, such as an archaic law, a law being misapplied by a rogue judge, a reduction in the harshness of a sentence or a substitution of a sentence, without having to go through the procedure above, gone through appeals, or presented new facts.  It also allows the minister to waive the procedure in a case of miscarriage of justice if the specific case warrants it.  It may also allow prospective pardons as it allows the minister to pardon someone who has not been convicted yet, which the other procedure requires.

text: Committee of Inquiry[edit]

text: The government itself may assemble a committee to study the case in more detail on their behalf.  This may consist of anyone, and any number, but the chair must be:

text:
A judge or former judge or
A Barrister of at least 10 years standing or
A solicitor of at least 10 years standing.

text:
This special committee may look to any material it sees fit to make its decision, even if it was not, or would not be, available to a jury or trial judge in a normal court.
The government do not have to be bound by the committee recommendations.

text: Pardons under Military Law[edit]

text: Under Section 7(5) of the act, the same powers of the Minister for Justice apply to the Minister for Defense in the case of military officers and enlisted convicted by courts martial.

text: Compensation[edit]

text: The Minister for Justice or Defense may also, in their absolute discretion, pay compensation, determined by them alone, to any person given a pardon, if this compensation is applied for.  If they think the compensation is too low they may challenge for a higher figure in the High Court.

text: List of people who have received a Presidential Pardon since 1938

text: The power is used very infrequently compared to, for example, pardons in the United States.

text:
1940 – Thomas Quinn granted by Douglas Hyde
1943 – Walter Brady granted by Douglas Hyde
1992 – Nicky Kelly granted by Mary Robinson
1999 – William Geary granted by Mary McAleese
Source: Murdoch's Dictionary of Irish Law by Henry Murdoch, Page 566: 3rd Edition: ISBN 0-9514032-5-7

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel the President has the power to pardon criminals or give them clemency. The pardon is given following a recommendation by the Minister of Justice.

text: After the Kav 300 affair, President Chaim Herzog issued a pardon to four members of the Shin Bet prior to them being indicted. This unusual act was the first of its kind in Israel.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, the President of the Republic may "grant pardons, or commute punishments" according to article 87 of the Italian Constitution. Like other acts of the president, the pardon requires the countersignature of the competent government minister. The Constitutional Court of Italy has ruled that the Minister of Justice is obliged to sign acts of pardon.[16]

text: The pardon may remove the punishment altogether or change its form. Unless the decree of pardon states otherwise, the pardon does not remove any incidental effects of a criminal conviction, such as a mention in a certificate of conduct (174 c.p.) or  the loss of civil rights.

text: According to article 79 of the Italian Constitution the Parliament may grant amnesty (article 151 c.p.) and pardon (article 174 c.p.) by law deliberated a majority of two thirds of the components. The last general pardon, discounting 3 years from sentences, was approved in 2006.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, the President is granted the right of pardon by Article 139 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As of October 2008, 7,819 people were pardoned, while 3,046 people's appeals were declined.

text:
Lech Wałęsa
Approved – 3,454
Declined – 384
Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Approved – 3,295 (the first term); 795 (the second term); total – 4,090
Declined – 993 (the first term); 1,317 (the second term); total – 2,310
Lech Kaczyński (until October 2007)
Approved – 77
Declined – 550
Bronisław Komorowski
Approved - 219
Declined - 189

text: Russia[edit]

text: The President of the Russian Federation is granted the right of pardon by Article 89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The chain of pardon committees manage lists of people eligible for pardon and directs them to the President for signing. While President Boris Yeltsin frequently used his power of pardon (1998 - 7,000 to 8,000 cases), his successor Vladimir Putin is much more hesitant; he granted five pardons in 2014 and two in 2015.[17]

text: Pardon can be requested in any time. The next request can be submitted one year after the previous one.[18]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Under section 84(2)(j) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the President of the Republic of South Africa is responsible for pardoning or reprieving offenders. This power of the President is only exercised in highly exceptional cases.

text: To pardon a person is to forgive a person for his/her deeds. The pardon process is therefore not available to persons who maintain their innocence and is not an advanced form of appeal procedure.

text: Pardon is only granted for minor offences after a period of ten years has elapsed since the relevant conviction.

text: For many serious offences (for example if the relevant court viewed the offence in such a serious light that direct imprisonment was imposed) pardon will not be granted even if more than ten years have elapsed since the conviction.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The derecho de gracia ("right of grace") or indulto ("pardon") is acknowledged by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 as a privilege of the King of Spain (article 62.i: "Functions of the King"). The Spanish Constitution defines it as a renounce on the State's part of its own punitive power on behalf of an individual, founded on reasons of equity or public interest. The Constitution subjects royal pardons to the Law and forbids general pardons, so they have to be granted individually. Theoretically, a royal pardon can be granted for a general offense or accessory offenses alone; if it is granted for a general offense, the accessory ones it implies are also pardoned, with the exception of punishments involving political rights (i.e., removal of the right to run for a public office as a result of a sentence), which have to be explicitly mentioned in the pardon decree if they are going to be pardoned.

text: The procedure and requirements for the grant of the pardon are given by the Law of 18 June 1870, modified by the Law 1/1988 of 14 January. The application for royal pardon has to be carried out by the convicted person himself, his relatives or any other person in his name. The convicting court will then issue a report of the case, which shall be considered along with the public comments of the Prosecutor and the victims of the crime if there were any. All of this is gathered by the Minister of Justice, who will present the pardon issue to the Cabinet of Ministers. If the Cabinet decides a pardon should be granted, then the Minister of Justice will recommend as such to the King. Pardons are issued by Royal Decree and have to be published in the Boletín Oficial del Estado ("Public Journal").

text: Pardons are not commonly conceded in Spain but for offenders convicted for minor crimes who are about to complete their sentence and have shown good behaviour and repentance. Dating back to medieval times, several organisations and religious brotherhoods still hold the right of granting pardons as part of some privilege or other granted to them by the King of Spain. The scope of this privilege depends on the royal charter received by the organisation when their right to concede pardons was granted, though it usually holds only for minor offenses in very especial conditions; this right is implicitly acknowledged by the public offices nowadays, though it is not exercised but following the usual procedure for royal pardons. Traditionally, they will propose some petty criminal about to end his sentence for pardon being granted to him, and he/she will be released following the tradition to which the pardon holds, usually during the Holy Week. This type of pardons are distinguished from the usual ones in that they only release the prisoner from jail, halting the sentence, but do not pardon the offense itself.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, pardons may be granted by the Swiss Federal Assembly for crimes prosecuted by the federal authorities. For crimes under cantonal jurisdiction, cantonal law designates the authority competent to grant pardons (if any). In most cantons, the cantonal parliament may pardon felonies, and the cantonal government may pardon misdemeanors and minor infractions.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The president of Turkey is granted the right of pardon under certain circumstances defined in the constitution, article 104. According to the article, the president can "remit, on grounds of chronic illness, disability, or old age, all or part of the sentences imposed on certain individuals". After the convict's or his or her proxy's application, if the Council of Forensic Medicine determines that the convict suffers from chronic illness, disability, or old age, the Ministry of Justice presents the situation to the president, and the president can choose to grant a pardon.

text: Additionally, the parliament of Turkey has the power to announce general amnesty.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The power to grant pardons and reprieves in the United Kingdom is known as the Royal prerogative of mercy. It was traditionally in the absolute power of the monarch to pardon an individual for a crime, whether or not he or she had been convicted, and thereby commute any penalty; the power was then delegated both to the judiciary and the Sovereign's ministers. Since the creation of legal rights of appeal, the Royal prerogative of mercy is no longer exercised by the person of the sovereign, or by the judiciary, but only by the government.

text: In constitutional terms, under the doctrine of the Rule of Law, the power of ministers to overrule the judiciary by commuting criminal sanctions imposed resolves different and sometimes conflicting public interests. In civil matters, only the legislative branch, and not ministers, have the power to override the judiciary.

text: Until the nineteenth century, for many crimes the sentence was mandatory and was formally pronounced in court immediately upon conviction, but judges and ministers were given powers to exercise the Royal prerogative of mercy out of court, in order to mitigate the rigour of the law. Before there was any general form of criminal appeal, a judge might grant a pardon either by way of clemency, because he felt in his opinion that the law was unduly harsh (for example, in the case of convictions of minors), that the verdict was dubious, that to seek public approval, or it was otherwise in the public interest. Capital sentences imposed by the Assizes were generally executed when the Assize was concluded and as the circuit judge left the town, so there was a limited window of time to apply to a judge or directly to the Crown for a pardon. Especially for Assizes that were far away from the then capital and major cities of London, York, Durham, Edinburgh, or Dublin, a pardon might well arrive too late. Perhaps as a form of temporary punishment, to give solace, to avoid public disorder, to consult or obtain further evidence, or to maximise the public approval of the King's mercy, judges often did not grant their pardons until their departures; the convict often hoped until his last moments that the sentence of death would not actually be executed, and it was generally popular for a reprieve to arrive at the scaffold at the very moment of the execution.[19]

text: Conditional pardons were granted to many in the 18th century, in return for transportation to British colonies overseas for life in lieu, especially to the Australian Colonies.

text: The first known General Pardon in post-Conquest England was issued during the celebrations at the coronation of King Edward III in 1327. In 2006, all soldiers from England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland who were executed for cowardice during the First World War were given a statutory pardon by an Act of Parliament, resolving a long-running controversy about the justice of their executions.[20] (See the Armed Forces Act 2006.)

text: Today the Sovereign only grants pardons upon the advice of her ministers: currently they are the Secretary of State for Justice, for England and Wales, the First Minister of Scotland, or the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The Secretary of State for Defence is responsible for military cases. It is the standard policy of the Government to only grant pardons to those who are considered "morally" innocent of the offence, as opposed to those who may have been wrongly convicted by a misapplication of the law. Pardons are generally no longer issued prior to a conviction, but only after the conviction. The use of the Royal prerogative of mercy is now a rare occurrence, given that the Criminal Cases Review Commission and the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission are now avenues to statutory remedies against miscarriages of justice.

text: Therefore, the grant of pardons is now very rare occurrence indeed, and the vast majority of acknowledged miscarriages of justice were decided upon by the courts. During the Birmingham Six case, Home Secretary Douglas Hurd stressed that he could only make the decision for a pardon if he was "convinced of [their] innocence", which at the time he was not.[21]

text: One recent case was that of two drug smugglers, John Haase and Paul Bennett. They were pardoned in July 1996 from their sentences of imprisonment both of 18 years, having served some ten months, on the advice of Home Secretary Michael Howard.[22] This was intended as a reward for their information given to the authorities, but there were speculations as to the motives of the Home Secretary.[23] In 2008 they were sentenced to imprisonment for 20 and 22 years, respectively, after subsequent discovery that their information given was unreliable.

text: In 1980, after the courts had dismissed their appeals, the Home Secretary, William Whitelaw, used the Royal prerogative of mercy to free David Cooper and Michael McMahon from their imprisonment, both having been convicted of murder on poor evidence.[24][25]

text: Under the Act of Settlement, a pardon cannot prevent a person from being impeached by Parliament, but a pardon may commute any penalties imposed for the conviction. In England and Wales no person may be pardoned for an offence under Section 11 of the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 (unlawfully transporting prisoners out of England and Wales).[26]

text: United States[edit]

text: U.S. Constitution[edit]

text: In the United States, the pardon power for offences against the United States is granted to the President of the United States under Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution which states that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this language to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites, and amnesties.[27]

text: The pardon power of the President applies only to convictions under federal law.[28] Additionally the power extends to military court-martial cases, as well as convictions in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.[28]

text: Almost all pardon petitions are addressed to the President, who grants or denies the request.  In some cases, the President will, of his own accord, issue a pardon.[29] Typically, applications for pardons are referred for review and non-binding recommendation by the Office of the Pardon Attorney, an official of the United States Department of Justice.[30] The percentage of pardons and reprieves granted varies from administration to administration; however, fewer pardons have been granted since World War II.[31]

text: State law[edit]

text: The governors of most of the 50 states have the power to grant pardons or reprieves for offenses under state criminal law. In other states, that power is committed to an appointed agency or board, or to a board and the governor in some hybrid arrangement (in some states the agency is merged with that of the parole board, as in the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board).[32]

text: Nine states in the United States have Boards of Pardons and Paroles that exclusively grant all state pardons. These states are: Alabama (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Connecticut (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Georgia (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Idaho (Commission of Pardons and Paroles), Minnesota (Board of Pardons), Nebraska (Board of Pardons), Nevada (Board of Pardon Commissioners), South Carolina (Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon), and Utah (Board of Pardons and Parole).

text: On at least three occasions, state governors—George Ryan[33] of Illinois in 2003, Toney Anaya[34] of New Mexico in 1986 and Martin O'Malley[35] of Maryland in 2014—have commuted all death sentences in their respective states prior to leaving office.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: These terms differ subtly from country to country, but generally:[36][37]

text:
Clemency is a general concept of amelioration of penalties, especially by action of executive officials; the forms it may take include the following:
Amnesty: A pardon applied to a group of people rather than an individual. President Jimmy Carter offered amnesty to anyone who had evaded the draft. Weapon amnesties are often granted so that people can hand in weapons to the police without any legal questions being asked as to where they obtained them, why they had them, etc. After a civil war a mass amnesty may be granted to absolve all participants of guilt and "move on".  Amnesties are typically applied in advance of any prosecution for the crime.
Commutation: Substituting the imposed penalty for a crime with a lesser penalty, whilst still remaining guilty of the original crime (e.g., someone who is guilty of murder may have their sentence commuted to life imprisonment rather than death, or the term of imprisonment may be reduced).
Remission: Complete or partial cancellation of the penalty, whilst still being considered guilty of said crime (i.e., reduced penalty). Also known as remand, the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed, with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had.
Reprieve: Temporary postponement of a punishment, usually so that the accused can mount an appeal (especially if he or she has been sentenced to death).[38]
Respite: The delay of an ordered sentence, or the act of temporarily imposing a lesser sentence upon the convicted, whilst further investigation, action, or appeals can be conducted.[39]

text:
Expungement: The process by which the record of a criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the official repository, thus removing any traces of guilt or conviction.
Immunity from prosecution: A prosecutor may grant immunity, usually to a witness, in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. The prosecutor (conditionally) agrees not to prosecute a crime that the witness might have committed in exchange for said evidence.  For example, a car thief who witnesses a murder might be granted immunity for his crime as an inducement to identify, and perhaps to truthfully testify against the murderer.
Other immunity: Several other types of immunity are available, depending on the status of a person as a member of the government.[vague]

text: Some criminals who testify for the prosecution put their life in jeopardy by doing so. To encourage witnesses to testify, the government may offer witness protection. In the United States Federal Witness Protection Program, about "95% of [witnesses in the program] are ... criminals."[40] Those who testify for the prosecution may be offered immunity from prosecution for their own crimes.[40]


document_title: Big Mouth (TV series)

question_text: who voices the hormone monster on big mouth

text: Big Mouth (TV series)

text: Summary[edit]

text: The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters; Maurice (who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay, and strongly resembles Pan), and Connie (who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy). Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Kroll as:

Nick Birch, an almost-adolescent boy living with loving and overprotective parents. He also has an older brother named Judd and an older sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues—or even the students—to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.

John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.

Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.

Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty.
Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.

Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.

Jenny Slate as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is Mexican.
Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch, Nick's loving father, who frequently shares inappropriate stories.

Armisen also voices the ghost of Antonin Scalia, a bus driver, and Stavros.

Maya Rudolph as:

Diane Birch, Nick's loving mother, who babies him.
Connie the Hormone Monstress, who follows Jessi around and encourages her to embrace her wildest desires.
Rudolph also voices a bath mat, the ghost of Elizabeth Taylor, and the ghost of Whitney Houston.

Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington, the late jazz musician whose spirit now lives in Nick's attic and sometimes offers him advice.

Peele also voices the ghost of Freddie Mercury, Atlanta Claus, a DJ, Missy's father Cyrus, and Patrick Ewing.

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez[5] as Gina, a girl on Missy and Jessi’s soccer team who shakes up the social dynamics of the school.
David Thewlis[5] as Shame Wizard, the Hormone Monster’s mortal enemy who haunts the kids, stoking their deepest shame.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman, Andrew's Jewish father and lover of scallops.
Andrew Rannells as Matthew, a flamboyantly gay student with a love of drama and spreading gossip.
June Diane Raphael as Devin, a popular student at the high school.
Jak Knight as DeVon, the boyfriend of Devin and another popular student.
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb, another 7th grader, possibly on the autistic spectrum.
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser, the perpetually stoned father of Jessi Glaser and the husband of Shannon Glaser.
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser, the mother of Jessi Glaser and the unfaithful wife of Greg Glaser.
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch, the sister of Nick and Judd Birch.
Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow/Uninterested Girl
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian, an older, bullying brother to Jay Bilzerian. Duplass also voices a clerk.
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian, another older, bullying brother to Jay Bilzerian.
Nathan Fillion as himself
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima, the female character in the book The Rock of Gibraltar.
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo, the male character in the book The Rock of Gibraltar.
Alia Shawkat as Roland, a friend of Nick Birch's who lives in Manhattan, New York.
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine, a friend of Leah's who takes a liking to Nick.
Zach Woods as Daniel, a boy Leah is interested in.
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch, the brother of Nick and Leah Birch, and the son of Diane and Elliot Birch.
Rosa Salazar as Miss Benitez, a 7th grade teacher.
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick, Shannon Glaser's love interest.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Ejaculation"
Joel Moser
Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Maury, his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.

2
"Everybody Bleeds"
Bryan Francis
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period—inside the Statue of Liberty.

3
"Am I Gay?"
Mike L. Mayfield
Joe Wengert
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.

4
"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"
Joel Moser
Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.

5
"Girls Are Horny Too"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality—and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.

6
"Pillow Talk"
Mike L. Mayfield
Peter A. Knight
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.

7
"Requiem for a Wet Dream"
Joel Moser
Duffy Boudreau
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.

8
"The Head Push"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.

9
"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah"
Mike L. Mayfield
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.

10
"The Pornscape"
Joel Moser
Gil Ozeri
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Also, Jessi and Jay run away together.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 18 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[6] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[7]

text: Vox described the show as sharp, and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[8]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Annie Award
Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production
Big Mouth
Nominated