document_title: Rh blood group system

question_text: where does rh negative blood type come from

text: Rh blood group system

text: Rh factor[edit]

text: An individual either has, or does not have, the "Rh factor" on the surface of their red blood cells. This term strictly refers only to the most immunogenic D antigen of the Rh blood group system, or the Rh− blood group system. The status is usually indicated by Rh positive (Rh+ does have the D antigen) or Rh negative (Rh− does not have the D antigen) suffix to the ABO blood type. However, other antigens of this blood group system are also clinically relevant. These antigens are listed separately (see below: Rh nomenclature). In contrast to the ABO blood group, immunization against Rh can generally only occur through blood transfusion or placental exposure during pregnancy in women.

text: History of discoveries[edit]

text: The rhesus blood type named after the rhesus monkey was first discovered in 1937 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener. The significance of the discovery was not immediately apparent and was only realized in 1940, after subsequent findings by Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson.[1] This serum that led to the discovery was produced by immunizing rabbits with red blood cells from a rhesus macaque. The antigen that induced this immunization was designated by them as Rh factor to indicate that rhesus blood had been used for the production of the serum.[2]

text: In 1939, Phillip Levine and Rufus Stetson published in a first case report the clinical consequences of non-recognized Rh factor, hemolytic transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn in its most severe form.[3] It was recognized that the serum of the reported woman agglutinated with red blood cells of about 80% of the people although the then known blood groups, in particular ABO were matched. No name was given to this agglutinin when described. In 1940, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener made the connection to their earlier discovery, reporting a serum that also reacted with about 85% of different human red blood cells.[4]

text: Based on the serologic similarities Rh factor was later also used for antigens, and anti-Rh for antibodies, found in humans such as the previously described by Levine and Stetson. Although differences between these two sera were shown already in 1942 and clearly demonstrated in 1963, the already widely used term "Rh" was kept for the clinically described human antibodies which are different from the ones related to the rhesus monkey. This real factor found in rhesus macaque was classified in the Landsteiner-Wiener antigen system (antigen LW, antibody anti-LW) in honor of the discoverers. [5][6]

text: It was recognized that the Rh factor was just one in a system of various antigens. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use.

text: The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e. Rh factor) was soon realized. Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion (including reliable diagnostic tests), hemolytic disease of the newborn (including exchange transfusion), and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and prophylaxis.

text: The discovery of fetal cell-free DNA in maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries.

text: Rh nomenclature[edit]

text:
Rh haplotype notation

Fisher-Race
Wiener

Dce
R0

DCe
R1

DcE
R2

DCE
RZ

dce
r

dCe
r′

dcE
r″

dCE
rY

text: The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by Ronald Fisher and R.R. Race, the other by Wiener. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The Fisher-Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.

text: The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each chromosome, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene R1 is supposed to give rise to the “blood factors” Rh0, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr′ and hr″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens).[7]

text: Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener’s notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher-Race theory has become more widely used.

text: DNA testing has shown that both are partially correct.[citation needed] There are in fact two linked genes, the RHD gene which produces a single immune specificity (anti-D) and the RHCE gene with multiple specificities (anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e). Thus, Wiener’s postulate that a gene could have multiple specificities (something many did not give credence to originally) has been proven correct. On the other hand, Wiener’s theory that there is only one gene has proven incorrect, as has the Fischer-Race theory that there are three genes, rather than the 2. The CDE notation used in the Fisher-Race nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to DCE to more accurately represent the co-location of the C and E encoding on the RhCE gene, and to make interpretation easier.

text: Rh system antigens[edit]

text: The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins, whose structure suggest that they are ion channels.[8] The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the RHD gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (and variants)[9] and the RHCE gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants).[10] There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional).

text: Rh phenotypes are readily identified by identifying the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh genotypes. The exact genotype of any individual can only be identified by DNA analysis. Regarding patient treatment, only the phenotype is usually of any clinical significance to ensure a patient is not exposed to an antigen they are likely to develop antibodies against. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based on the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient’s place of origin.

text: R0 (cDe) is today most common in Africa. The allele was thus often assumed in early blood group analyses to have been typical of populations on the continent; particularly in areas below the Sahara. Given the presence of high R0 percentages among Sephardim and Ashkenazim Jews compared to native European populations and the relative genetic isolation of Ashkenazim, Ottensooser et al. (1963) therefore suggested that high R0 frequencies were likely characteristic of the ancient Palestine Jews, who had emigrated from Egypt prior to their dispersal throughout the Mediterranean Basin and Europe.[11] However, more recent studies have found R0 frequencies as low as 24.3% among some Afroasiatic-speaking groups in the Horn of Africa,[12] as well as higher R0 frequencies among certain other Afroasiatic speakers in North Africa (37.3%)[13] and among some Palestinians in the Levant (30.4%).[14]

text:
Rh phenotypes and genotypes

Phenotype expressed on cell
Genotype expressed in DNA
Prevalence
(%) †

Fisher-Race notation
Wiener notation

D+ C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD+)
Dce/DCE
R0RZ
0.0125

Dce/dCE
R0rY
0.0003

DCe/DcE
R1R2
11.8648

DCe/dcE
R1r″
0.9992

DcE/dCe
R2r′
0.2775

DCE/dce
RZr
0.1893

D+ C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD+)
DcE/DCE
R2RZ
0.0687

DcE/dCE
R2rY
0.0014

DCE/dcE
RZr″
0.0058

D+ C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD+)
DCe/dCE
R1rY
0.0042

DCE/dCe
RZr′
0.0048

DCe/DCE
R1RZ
0.2048

D+ C+ E+ c− e− (RhD+)
DCE/DCE
RZRZ
0.0006

DCE/dCE
RZrY
< 0.0001

D+ C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD+)
Dce/dCe
R0r′
0.0505

DCe/dce
R1r
32.6808

DCe/Dce
R1R0
2.1586

D+ C+ E− c− e+ (RhD+)
DCe/DCe
R1R1
17.6803

DCe/dCe
R1r′
0.8270

D+ C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD+)
DcE/Dce
R2R0
0.7243

Dce/dcE
R0r″
0.0610

DcE/dce
R2r
10.9657

D+ C− E+ c+ e− (RhD+)
DcE/DcE
R2R2
1.9906

DcE/dcE
R2r″
0.3353

D+ C− E− c+ e+ (RhD+)
Dce/Dce
R0R0
0.0659

Dce/dce
R0r
1.9950

D− C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD−)
dce/dCE
rrY
0.0039

dCe/dcE
r′r″
0.0234

D− C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD−)
dcE/dCE
r″rY
0.0001

D− C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD−)
dCe/dCE
r′rY
0.0001

D− C+ E+ c− e− (RhD−)
dCE/dCE
rYrY
< 0.0001

D− C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD−)
dce/dCe
rr′
0.7644

D− C+ E− c− e+ (RhD−)
dCe/dCe
r′r′
0.0097

D− C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD−)
dce/dcE
rr″
0.9235

D− C− E+ c+ e− (RhD−)
dcE/dcE
r″r″
0.0141

D− C− E− c+ e+ (RhD−)
dce/dce
rr
15.1020

text: † Figures taken from a study performed in 1948 on a sample of 2000 people in the United Kingdom.[15]

text:
Rh phenotypes in patients and donors in Turkey[16]

Rh Phenotype
CDE
Patients (%)
Donors (%)

R1r
CcDe
37.4
33.0

R1R2
CcDEe
35.7
30.5

R1R1
CDe
5.7
21.8

rr
ce
10.3
11.6

R2r
cDEe
6.6
10.4

R0R0
cDe
2.8
2.7

R2R2
cDE
2.8
2.4

rr″
cEe
–
0.98

RZRZ
CDE
–
0.03

rr′
Cce
0.8
–

text: Hemolytic disease of the newborn[edit]

text: The hemolytic condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and the fetus. There is also potential incompatibility if the mother is Rh negative and the father is positive. When any incompatibility is detected, the mother often receives an injection at 28 weeks gestation and at birth to avoid the development of antibodies toward the fetus. These terms do not indicate which specific antigen-antibody incompatibility is implicated. The disorder in the fetus due to Rh D incompatibility is known as erythroblastosis fetalis.

text:
Hemolytic comes from two words: "hemo" (blood) and "lysis" (destruction) or breaking down of red blood cells
Erythroblastosis refers to the making of immature red blood cells
Fetalis refers to the fetus.

text: When the condition is caused by the Rh D antigen-antibody incompatibility, it is called Rh D Hemolytic disease of the newborn or Rh disease. Here, sensitization to Rh D antigens (usually by feto-maternal transfusion during pregnancy) may lead to the production of maternal IgG anti-D antibodies which can pass through the placenta. This is of particular importance to D negative females at or below childbearing age, because any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn if the baby is D positive. The vast majority of Rh disease is preventable in modern antenatal care by injections of IgG anti-D antibodies (Rho(D) Immune Globulin). The incidence of Rh disease is mathematically related to the frequency of D negative individuals in a population, so Rh disease is rare in old-stock populations of Africa and the eastern half of Asia, and the Indigenous peoples of Oceania and the Americas, but more common in other genetic groups, most especially Western Europeans, but also other West Eurasians, and to a lesser degree, native Siberians, as well as those of mixed-race with a significant or dominant descent from those (e.g. the vast majority of Latin Americans and Central Asians).

text:
Symptoms and signs in the fetus:

Enlarged liver, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus' abdomen seen via ultrasound.

Symptoms and signs in the newborn:

Anemia that creates the newborn’s pallor (pale appearance).
Jaundice or yellow discoloration of the newborn’s skin, sclera or mucous membrane. This may be evident right after birth or after 24–48 hours after birth. This is caused by bilirubin (one of the end products of red blood cell destruction).
Enlargement of the newborn’s liver and spleen.
The newborn may have severe edema of the entire body.
Dyspnea or difficulty breathing.

text: Population data[edit]

text: The frequency of Rh factor blood types and the RhD neg allele gene differs in various populations.

text:
Population data for the Rh D factor and RhD neg allele[17]

Population
Rh(D) Neg
Rh(D) Pos
Rh(D) Neg alleles

African Americans
∼ 7%
93%
∼ 26%

Asian (Republic of Korea)
∼ 10%
> 90%
1%

Basques[18]
21%-36%
65%
∼ 60%

Britain[19]
17%
83%

China[19]
<1%
<99%

Ethiopians[19]
1%-21%
99%-79%

Europeans (others)
16%
84%
40%

India[19]
0.6%-8.4%
99.4%-91.6%

Indonesia[19]
<1%
<99%

Japan[19]
<1%
<99%

Madagascar[19]
1%
99%

Moroccans[19]
29%
71%

Native Americans
∼ 1%
99%
∼ 10%

Saudi Arabia[19]
29%
71%

Subequatorial Africa[19]
1%-3%
99%-97%

United States[19]
15%
85%

text: Inheritance[edit]

text: If both of a child’s parents are Rh negative, the child will definitely be Rh negative. Otherwise the child may be Rh positive or Rh negative, depending on the parents' specific genotypes.[20]

text: The D antigen is inherited as one gene (RHD) (on the short arm of the first chromosome, p36.13–p34.3) with various alleles. Though very much simplified, one can think of alleles that are positive or negative for the D antigen. The gene codes for the RhD protein on the red cell membrane. D− individuals who lack a functional RHD gene do not produce the D antigen, and may be immunized by D+ blood.

text: The epitopes for the next 4 most common Rh antigens, C, c, E and e are expressed on the highly similar RhCE protein that is genetically encoded in the RHCE gene, also found on chromosome 1. It has been shown that the RHD gene arose by duplication of the RHCE gene during primate evolution.[citation needed] Mice have just one RH gene.[21]

text: The RHAG gene, responsible for encoding Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) is found on chromosome 6a.

text: The polypeptides produced from the RHD and RHCE genes form a complex on the red blood cell membrane with the Rh-associated glycoprotein.[22]

text: Function[edit]

text: On the basis of structural homology it has been proposed that the product of RHD gene, the RhD protein, is a membrane transport protein of uncertain specificity (CO2 or NH3) and unknown physiological role.[23][24] The three-dimensional structure of the related RHCG protein and biochemical analysis of the RhD protein complex indicates that the RhD protein is one of three subunits of an ammonia transporter.[25][26] Three recent studies[27][28][29] have reported a protective effect of the RhD-positive phenotype, especially RhD heterozygosity, against the negative effect of latent toxoplasmosis on psychomotor performance in infected subjects. RhD-negative compared to RhD-positive subjects without anamnestic titres of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies have shorter reaction times in tests of simple reaction times. And conversely, RhD-negative subjects with anamnestic titres (i.e. with latent toxoplasmosis) exhibited much longer reaction times than their RhD-positive counterparts. The published data suggested that only the protection of RhD-positive heterozygotes was long term in nature; the protection of RhD-positive homozygotes decreased with duration of the infection while the performance of RhD-negative homozygotes decreased immediately after the infection. The overall change in reaction times was always larger in the RhD-negative group than in the RhD-positive.

text: Origin of RHD polymorphism[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: For a long time, the origin of RHD polymorphism was an evolutionary enigma.[30][31][32] Before the advent of modern medicine, the carriers of the rarer allele (e.g. RhD-negative women in a population of RhD positives or RhD-positive men in a population of RhD negatives) were at a disadvantage as some of their children (RhD-positive children born to preimmunised RhD-negative mothers) were at a higher risk of fetal or newborn death or health impairment from hemolytic disease. It was suggested that higher tolerance of RhD-positive heterozygotes against Toxoplasma-induced impairment of reaction time [27][28] and Toxoplasma-induced increase of risk of traffic accident[29] could counterbalance the disadvantage of the rarer allele and could be responsible both for the initial spread of the RhD allele among the RhD-negative population and for a stable RhD polymorphism in most human populations. It was also suggested that differences in the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection between geographical regions (0–95%) could also explain the striking variation in the frequency of RhD-negative alleles between populations. According to some parasitologists [27] it is possible that the better psychomotor performance of RhD-negative subjects in the Toxoplasma-free population could be the reason for spreading of the “d allele” (deletion) in the European population. In contrast to the situation in Africa and certain (but not all) regions of Asia, the abundance of wild cats (definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii) in Europe was very low before the advent of the domestic cat.

text: Weak D[edit]

text: In serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified. Units which are D negative are often retested to rule out a weaker reaction. This was previously referred to as Du, which has been replaced.[33]:322 By definition, weak D phenotype is characterized by negative reaction with anti-D reagent at immediate spin (IS), negative reaction after 37 °C incubation, and positive reaction at anti-human globulin (AHG) phase. Weak D phenotype can occur in several ways. In some cases, this phenotype occurs because of an altered surface protein that is more common in people of European descent. An inheritable form also occurs, as a result of a weakened form of the R0 gene. Weak D may also occur as "C in trans", whereby a C gene is present on the opposite chromosome to a D gene (as in the combination R0r', or "Dce/dCe"). The testing is difficult, since using different anti-D reagents, especially the older polyclonal reagents, may give different results.

text: The practical implication of this is that people with this sub-phenotype will have a product labeled as "D positive" when donating blood. When receiving blood, they are sometimes typed as a "D negative", though this is the subject of some debate. Most "Weak D" patients can receive "D positive" blood without complications.[33]:323 However, it is important to correctly identify the ones that have to be considered D+ or D−. This is important, since most blood banks have a limited supply of "D negative" blood and the correct transfusion is clinically relevant. In this respect, genotyping of blood groups has much simplified this detection of the various variants in the Rh blood group system.

text: Partial D[edit]

text: It is important to differentiate weak D (due to a quantitative difference in the D antigen) from partial D (due to a qualitative difference in the D antigen). Simply put, the weak D phenotype is due to a reduced number of D antigens on a red blood cell. In contrast, the partial D phenotype is due to an alteration in D-epitopes. Thus, in partial D, the number of D antigens is not reduced but the protein structure is altered. These individuals, if alloimmunized to D, can produce an anti-D antibody. Therefore, partial D patients who are donating blood should be labeled as D-positive but, if receiving blood, they should be labeled as D-negative and receive D-negative units.[22]

text: In the past, partial D was called 'D mosaic' or 'D variant.' Different partial D phenotypes are defined by different D epitopes on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. More than 30 different partial D phenotypes have been described.[22]

text: Rhnull phenotype[edit]

text: Rhnull individuals have no Rh antigens (no Rh or RhAG) on their red blood cells.[34] This condition is rare.[34] As a consequence of Rh antigen absence, Rhnull red blood cells also lack LW and Fy5 and show weak expression of S, s, and U antigens. Red blood cells lacking Rh/RhAG proteins have structural abnormalities (such as stomatocytosis) and cell membrane defects that can result in hemolytic anemia.[22][34]

text: Other Rh group antigens[edit]

text: Currently, 50 antigens have been described in the Rh group system; among those described here, the D, C, c, E and e antigens are the most important. The others are much less frequently encountered or are rarely clinically significant. Each is given a number, though the highest assigned number (CEST or RH57 according to the ISBT terminology) is not an accurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e.g. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed.[33]:324

text: Rh antibodies[edit]

text: Rh antibodies are IgG antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood (generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The percentage of alloimmunization is significantly reduced in patients who are actively exsanguinating.[35]

text: All Rh antibodies except D display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly with red cells homozygous for an antigen than cells heterozygous for the antigen (EE stronger reaction vs Ee).

text: If anti-E is detected, the presence of anti-c should be strongly suspected (due to combined genetic inheritance). It is therefore common to select c-negative and E-negative blood for transfusion patients who have an anti-E. Anti-c is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.[22]

text: Erythroblastosis Fetalis[edit]

text: Rh agglutinins (antibodies) are capable of causing hemolytic transfusion reactions with extravascular hemolysis. They may also result in severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN or HDN) when a Rh negative mother who has had an Rh positive baby before carries an Rh positive fetus, as the Rh agglutinogens from the fetus trigger an immune response from the mother, producing Rh agglutinins and causing the blood of the fetus to agglutinate. Symptoms in the newborn usually include an abnormally large liver or spleen, anemia or low red blood cell count, and in serious cases, swelling of the skin or internal organs.[36] Treatment of the mother with Rh-immunoglobulin (RhIg) during term may help prevent the formation of antibody directed against the D antigen, preventing HDFN in future pregnancies..


document_title: USS Lexington (CV-16)

question_text: why is the uss lexington in corpus christi texas

root

text: USS Lexington (CV-16)

text: Construction and commissioning[edit]

text: The ship was laid down as Cabot on 15 July 1941 by Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. In May 1942, USS Lexington (CV-2), which had been built in the same shipyard two decades earlier, was sunk at the Battle of the Coral Sea. In June, workers at the shipyard submitted a request to Navy Secretary Frank Knox to change the name of a carrier currently under construction there to Lexington.[5] Knox agreed to the proposal and Cabot was renamed as the fifth USS Lexington on 16 June 1942.[6] She was launched on 23 September 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson. Lexington was commissioned on 17 February 1943, with Captain Felix Stump USN in command.

tag: p

text: "The Blue Ghost"[edit]

text: The Japanese referred to Lexington as a "ghost" ship for her tendency to reappear after reportedly being sunk. This, coupled with the ship's dark blue camouflage scheme, led the crew to refer to her as "The Blue Ghost".[7] Rumors existed during the war that the ship was so badly damaged, it had to be scuttled at one point, but a newly built aircraft carrier was immediately deployed with the same name, in an effort to demoralize the Japanese.[citation needed]

text: Service history[edit]

text: Lexington was commissioned in February 1943 and saw extensive service through the Pacific War. For much of her service, she acted as the flagship for Admiral Marc Mitscher, and led the Fast Carrier Task Force through their battles across the Pacific. She was the recipient of 11 battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation. Following the war, Lexington was decommissioned, but was modernized and reactivated in the early 1950s, being reclassified as an attack carrier (CVA). Later, she was reclassified as an antisubmarine carrier (CVS). In her second career, she operated both in the Atlantic/Mediterranean and the Pacific, but spent most of her time, nearly 30 years, in Pensacola, FL as a training carrier (CVT).

text: Lexington was decommissioned in 1991, with an active service life longer than any other Essex-class ship. Following her decommissioning, she was donated for use as a museum ship in Corpus Christi, Texas. In 2003, Lexington was designated a National Historic Landmark. Though her surviving sister ships Yorktown, Intrepid, and Hornet carry lower hull numbers, Lexington was laid down and commissioned earlier, making Lexington the oldest remaining fleet carrier in the world.

text: World War II[edit]

text: After a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean, Lexington sailed via the Panama Canal to join the Pacific fleet.

text:
One of the carrier's first casualties was 1939 Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick. During the ship's initial voyage (to the Caribbean) in 1943, Kinnick and other naval fliers were conducting training flights off her deck. The Grumman F4F Wildcat flown by Kinnick developed a serious oil leak while airborne and was unable to return to the Lexington, crashing into the sea four miles from the ship.[8] Neither Kinnick nor his plane were ever recovered.
[9]

text: Lexington arrived at Pearl Harbor on 9 August 1943, and participated in a raid on Tarawa air bases in late September, followed by a raid against Wake Island in October, before returning to Pearl Harbor to prepare for the Gilbert Islands operation. From 19–24 November, she made searches and flew sorties in the Marshalls, covering the landings in the Gilberts. Her aviators downed 29 enemy aircraft on 23 and 24 November.

text: Kwajalein raid[edit]

text: Lexington sailed to raid Kwajalein on 4 December. Her morning strike destroyed the SS Kembu Maru, damaged two cruisers, and accounted for 30 enemy aircraft. Her gunners splashed two of the enemy torpedo planes that attacked at midday, but were ordered not to open fire at night as Admiral Charles Pownall then in command believed it would give their position away (he was later replaced[10]).

text: At 19:20 that night, a major air attack began while the task force was under way off Kwajalein. At 23:22, parachute flares from Japanese planes silhouetted the carrier, and 10 minutes later, she was hit by a torpedo on the starboard side, knocking out her steering gear. Nine people were killed, two on the fantail and seven in the chief petty officers' mess room, which was a repair party station during general quarters. Four members of the affected repair party survived because they were sitting on a couch that apparently absorbed the shock of the explosion. Settling 5 feet (2 m) by the stern, the carrier began circling to port amidst dense clouds of smoke pouring from ruptured tanks aft. To maintain water-tight integrity, damage control crews were ordered to seal the damaged compartments and welded them shut, applying heavy steel plates where needed. An emergency hand-operated steering unit was quickly devised, and Lexington made Pearl Harbor for emergency repairs, arriving on 9 December. She reached Bremerton, Washington, on 22 December for full repairs, completed on 20 February 1944. The error in judgment concerning opening fire at night was never repeated, as thereafter gun crews were ordered to open fire anytime the ship came under attack. Following this attack, the ship was reported as sunk by Japan's Tokyo Rose, the first of several such assertions.

text: Battle of the Philippine Sea[edit]

text: Lexington returned to Majuro in time to be present when Rear Admiral Marc Mitscher took command of the newly formed Task Force 58 (TF 58) on 8 March. Mitscher took Lexington as his flagship, and after a warm-up strike against Mille, the Fast Carrier Task Force began a series of operations against the Japanese positions in the central Pacific.  She supported Army landings at Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura) on 13 April, and then raided the strongpoint of Truk on 28 April. Heavy counterattacks left Lexington untouched, her planes splashing 17 enemy fighters, but for the second time, Japanese propaganda announced her sunk.

text: A surprise fighter strike on Saipan on 11 June nearly eliminated all air opposition over the island, then battered it from the air for the next five days. On 16 June, Lexington fought off a fierce attack by Japanese torpedo bombers based on Guam, once again emerging unhurt, but 'sunk' a third time by propaganda pronouncements. As Japanese opposition to the Marianas operation provoked the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 19–20 June, Lexington played a major role in TF 58's great victory in what was later called the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot". With over 300 enemy aircraft destroyed the first day, and a carrier, a tanker, and a destroyer sunk the second day, American aviators nearly knocked Japanese naval aviation out of the war;  with the planes went the trained and experienced pilots without whom Japan could not continue air warfare at sea.

text: Using Eniwetok as her base, Lexington sent aircraft on sorties over Guam and against the Palaus and Bonins into August. She arrived in the Carolinas on 7 September for three days of strikes against Yap and Ulithi, then began attacks on Mindanao, the Visayas, the Manila area, and shipping along the west coast of Luzon, preparing for the coming assault on Leyte. Her task force then blasted Okinawa on 10 October and Formosa two days later to destroy bases from which opposition to the Philippines campaign might be launched. She was again unscathed through the air battle fought after the Formosa assault.

text: Battle of Leyte Gulf[edit]

text: Now covering the Leyte landings, Lexington's aircraft scored importantly in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the climactic American naval victory over Japan. While the carrier came under constant enemy attack in the engagement, her aircraft assisted in sinking Musashi and scored hits on three cruisers on 24 October. The next day, with Essex aircraft, they sank Chitose, and alone sank Zuikaku. Later in the day, they aided in sinking Zuihō. As the retiring Japanese were pursued, her aircraft then sank Nachi with four torpedo hits on 5 November off Luzon.

text: Later that day, Lexington was introduced to the kamikaze as a flaming Japanese aircraft crashed near her island, destroying most of the island structure and spraying fire in all directions.[11] Within 20 minutes, major blazes were under control, and she was able to continue normal flight actions, as well as shooting down a kamikaze heading for Ticonderoga. On 9 November, Lexington arrived in Ulithi to repair battle damage while hearing that Tokyo once again claimed her sunk. Casualties were considered light despite the island structure's destruction.

text: Chosen as the flagship for Task Group 58.2 (TG 58.2) on 11 December, she struck at the airfields of Luzon and Formosa during the first nine days of January 1945, encountering little enemy opposition. The task force then entered the South China Sea to strike enemy shipping and air installations. Strikes were flown against Saipan, Camranh Bay in then Indochina, Hong Kong, the Pescadores, and Formosa. Task force planes sank four merchant ships and four escorts in one convoy and destroyed at least 12 in another, at Camranh Bay on 12 January. Leaving the China Sea on 20 January, Lexington sailed north to strike Formosa again on 21 January and Okinawa again on 22 January.

text: After replenishing at Ulithi, TG 58.2 sailed on 10 February to hit airfields near Tokyo on 16 February 1945,[12] and on 17 February to minimize opposition to the Iwo Jima landings on 19 February. Lexington flew close support for the assaulting troops from 19–22 February, then sailed for further strikes against the Japanese home islands and the Nansei Shoto before heading for overhaul at Puget Sound.

text: Rear Admiral Sprague's task force[edit]

text: Lexington was combat-bound again on 22 May, sailing via Alameda and Pearl Harbor for San Pedro Bay, Leyte, where she joined Rear Admiral Thomas L. Sprague's task force for the final round of air strikes which battered the Japanese home islands from July-15 August, when the last strike was ordered to jettison its bombs and return to Lexington on receiving word of Japanese surrender. During this period, she had launched attacks on Honshū and Hokkaidō airfields, and Yokosuka and Kure naval bases to destroy the remnants of the Japanese fleet. She had also flown bombing attacks on industrial targets in the Tokyo area.

text: After hostilities ended, her aircraft continued to fly air patrols over Japan, and dropped supplies to prisoner-of-war camps on Honshū. In December, she was used to ferry home servicemen in what was known as Operation Magic Carpet, arriving in San Francisco on 16 December.

text: After the war[edit]

text: Lexington was decommissioned at Bremerton, Washington, on 23 April 1947, and entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet. While in reserve, she was designated attack carrier CVA-16 on 1 October 1952. In September 1953, Lexington entered the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. She received the Essex-class SCB-27C and SCB-125 conversions in one refit, being then able to operate the most modern jet aircraft. The most visible distinguishing features were an angled flight deck, steam catapults, a new island, and the hurricane bow.

text: Lexington was recommissioned on 15 August 1955, Captain A. S. Heyward Jr. in command. Assigned to San Diego as her home port, she operated off California until May 1956, sailing then for a six-month deployment with the 7th Fleet. She based on Yokosuka for exercises, maneuvers, and search and rescue missions off the coast of China, and called at major Far Eastern ports until returning San Diego on 20 December. She next trained Air Group 12, which deployed with her on the next 7th Fleet deployment. Arriving Yokosuka on 1 June 1957, Lexington embarked Rear Admiral H. D. Riley, Commander Carrier Division 1, and sailed as his flagship until returning San Diego on 17 October.

text: 1958 Taiwan Strait crisis[edit]

text: Following overhaul at Bremerton, her refresher training was interrupted by the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis;[13] on 14 July 1958, she was ordered to embark Air Group 21 at San Francisco and sail to reinforce the 7th Fleet off Taiwan, arriving on station on 7 August and returning San Diego on 19 December. Now the first carrier whose planes were armed with AGM-12 Bullpup guided missiles, Lexington left San Francisco on 26 April 1959 for another tour of duty with the 7th Fleet. She was on standby alert during the Laotian crisis of late August and September. Following this, she exercised with British naval forces before returning to San Diego, arriving on 2 December. In early 1960, she underwent an overhaul at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.

text: Far East[edit]

text: Lexington's next Far Eastern tour began late in 1960, and was extended well into 1961 by renewed tension in Laos. Returning to west coast operations, she was ordered in January 1962 to prepare to relieve Antietam as aviation training carrier in the Gulf of Mexico, and she was redesignated CVS-16 on 1 October 1962. However, during the Cuban missile crisis, she resumed duty as an attack carrier, and  she did not relieve Antietam until 29 December 1962 at Pensacola, Florida.

text: Training carrier[edit]

text: Into 1969, Lexington operated out of her home port, Pensacola, as well as Corpus Christi and New Orleans, qualifying student aviators and maintaining the high state of training of both active-duty and reserve naval aviators. Her work became of increasing significance as she prepared the men vital to the Navy and Marine Corps operations over Vietnam, where naval aviation played a major role. Lexington marked her 200,000th arrested landing on 17 October 1967, and was redesignated CVT-16 on 1 January 1969. She continued as a training carrier for the next 22 years until she was relieved by Forrestal, and Lexington was decommissioned and struck on 8 November 1991.[14]

text: On 18 August 1980, Lexington became the first aircraft carrier in United States naval history to have women stationed aboard as crew members.[15]

text: On 29 October 1989, a student naval aviator lost control of his T-2 training aircraft after an aborted attempt to land on Lexington's flight deck. The aircraft inverted and hit the island with its left wing, killing four crew members (including the pilot of the plane who began the ejection sequence) and one civilian maintenance worker[16] and injuring seventeen.[17] The island suffered no major damage, and fires from the burning fuel were extinguished within 15 minutes.[18][19]

text: Lexington was the final Essex-class carrier in commission, after USS Oriskany had been decommissioned in 1976.

text:
Lexington putting to sea from Pensacola in 1987

A pair of T-2s wait to be catapulted from Lexington in 1989

TH-57 landing on Lexington in 1985

A TA-4 performs touch and go landings from Lexington, while another prepares to be catapulted from the flight deck in 1989

Lexington departing from Guantanamo Bay in 1991

tag: ul

text: USS Lexington Museum[edit]

text: On 15 June 1992, the ship was donated as a museum and now operates as the "USS Lexington Museum on the Bay" at 2914 North Shoreline Boulevard, Corpus Christi, Texas. A MEGAtheater (similar to IMAX) was added in the forward aircraft elevator space. Lexington was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2003. The ship is carefully maintained, and areas of the ship previously off-limits are becoming open to the public every few years. One of the most recent examples is the catapult room.

text: The ship's World War II-era gun battery is also being partially restored using guns salvaged from scrapped ships. Most notable among these are 5"/38 DP gun turrets saved from the scrapping of the heavy cruiser Des Moines. They have been mounted in the approximate locations where similar mounts once existed as part of the ship's original World War II-era fit.

text: On 5 February 2010, the USS Lexington hosted its 17th annual "Stagedoor Canteen".[20]

text: The National Naval Aviation Museum, at Naval Air Station Pensacola, has a small carrier deck mock-up, whose flight deck is constructed from deck boards salvaged from Lexington.

text:
Lexington as a museum ship, 2008

The bridge

Combat Information Center

Island view

Side view

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: In 1975 and 1987, Lexington, with the blessing and cooperation of the Navy, served as a filming location at sea. The films were the feature movie Midway and the TV miniseries War and Remembrance. In both cases, she was altered to the extent possible to resemble other vessels, Enterprise (for War and Remembrance) and Yorktown (for Midway) by adding antiaircraft cannons and operating World War II-vintage Navy aircraft. Lexington was also used (though tied up to her pier) for filming of the 2001 film Pearl Harbor, where she was altered to resemble a Japanese carrier, as well as Hornet.[21]

text: In July 2007, the popular TV show Ghost Hunters filmed aboard the USS Lexington, looking for evidence of ghosts, and in December 2009, she was the subject of an episode of Ghost Lab, on the Discovery Channel.[22]

text: In 2014, Pepsi used the ship to film a commercial in preparation for the 2015 Super Bowl. The commercial, titled "Operation Halftime," featured country-music singer, Blake Shelton, performing for veterans and their families.[23]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The crew of Lexington received the Presidential Unit Citation for heroism in action against enemy Japanese forces, 11 battle stars for major engagements during World War II service, and other awards.

tag: table

text:
Presidential Unit Citation

Meritorious Unit Commendationwith one star

Navy Expeditionary Medal

China Service Medal

American Campaign Medal

Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with eleven stars

World War II Victory Medal

Navy Occupation Service Medalwith "Asia" Clasp

National Defense Service Medalwith one star

Armed Forces Expeditionary Medalwith two stars

Special Operations Service Ribbon

Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

Philippine Liberation Medalwith two stars


document_title: Milo Murphy's Law

question_text: when does milo murphy's law come back

question_tokens: when does milo murphy 's law come back

text: Milo Murphy's Law

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
"Weird Al" Yankovic as Milo Murphy, the title character of the series. He has a reputation for having extreme misfortune and causing part of it to others as a result of being descended from the creator of Murphy's Law, but he is always optimistic and finds ways to overcome it. He carries a backpack with him that always seems to have what he needs for any given situation. It was given to him by his old babysitter, Veronica, who was the only one able to handle Murphy's Law.
Sabrina Carpenter as Melissa Chase,[4] the long-time best friend of Milo's who likes to hang out with him despite his bad luck. Her father is the local fire chief. She has had a secret fear of rollercoasters since one nearly fell on her.
Mekai Curtis as Zack Underwood,[4] the new kid to Swamp City[5] who becomes best friends with Milo and sticks by Milo even though he is a jinx. He is on the football team. He was once the lead singer of a boy band called "The Lumberzacks". He is often the straight man of the series.

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Murphy family[edit]

text:
Diedrich Bader as Martin Murphy, Milo's father. Just like his son, he has extreme misfortune. He works as the Swamp City Safety Inspector, mostly due to the fact that when he's around, safety contingencies are pushed to the limit.
Pamela Adlon as Brigette Murphy, Milo's mother and an architect.
Kate Micucci as Sara Murphy, Milo's older sister and fellow Dr. Zone fan who loves her brother despite his recurring bad luck.
Dee Bradley Baker as Diogee Ex Machina Murphy, Milo's dog. He regularly follows Milo, who keeps telling him to go home as he is almost always not allowed to be wherever Milo is at the moment. His name is pronounced "D-O-G," as if spelling out the word "dog."

text: Time travel agents[edit]

text:
Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh as Vinnie Dakota and Balthazar Cavendish. The pair are time travelers given the assignment to prevent the extinction of the pistachio. They are considered a joke by their fellow time agents because their job is considered inconsequential. Dakota dresses in Disco clothing while Cavendish dresses in Victorian era formal wear. They initially see Milo as an enemy agent until they learn about Murphy's Law and befriend him in "Missing Milo". Later in the same episode, it is revealed that they were the inspirations for Doctor Zone and the Time Ape.
Mark Hamill as Mr. Block, Cavendish and Dakota's superior.
Ming-Na Wen and Brett Dalton as Savannah and Brick, colleagues of Dakota and Cavendish. Unlike Dakota and Cavendish, Savannah and Brick resemble traditional secret agents in the vein of James Bond, and drive a time vehicle that resembles a limousine, as opposed to Dakota and Cavendish's which resembles a Beetle Their character designs are based on their voice actors, who previously portrayed secret agents in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D..[2]

text: Jefferson County Middle School[edit]

text:
Chrissie Fit as Amanda Lopez,[6] a student in Milo's class who is a perfectionist.
Vincent Martella as Bradley Nicholson,[6] a pessimistic and arrogant student who is jealous of the attention Milo gets.
Greg Cipes as Mort Schaeffer, a burly-looking and spiritual student in Milo's class. He is Bradley's best friend, but tends to be civil with Milo.
Django Marsh as Chad, a classmate of Milo's who is convinced that Mr. Drako is a vampire.
Michael Culross as Kyle Drako, a middle school teacher with a slight Romanian accent. A recurring gag involves him exhibiting traits resembling a vampire.
Christian Slater as Elliot Decker, the school crossing guard and self-described "Safety Czar". He makes it his mission to protect the city from Milo, and constantly hinders Milo and the gang.
Mackenzie Phillips as Elizabeth Milder, the principal of Jefferson County Middle School.
Kevin Michael Richardson as Nolan Mitchell, the football coach of Jefferson County Middle School.
Sarah Chalke as Mrs. Murawski, the science teacher of Jefferson County Middle School who holds an unhealthy affection for her desk.
Laraine Newman as Ms. White, another middle school teacher.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Vanessa Williams as Eileen Underwood,[4] Zack's mother who works as a surgeon.
Phil LaMarr as Marcus Underwood, Zack's father.
Adrian Pasdar as Richard Chase, Melissa's father who works as a fireman.
Jemaine Clement as Doctor Zone[7] the main character of the eponymous show within a show. He is based on the titular character from Doctor Who, as he travels through time. Orton Mahlson, the creator of The Doctor Zone Files is also the original actor who portrayed the character. Mahlson's name is a parody of writer Martin Olson.
Sophie Winkleman as Time Ape,[2] Dr. Zone's sidekick.
Dan Povenmire as Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, the evil scientist from Phineas and Ferb; Milo encounters him when looking for Professor Time.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The first season was announced to contain 21 half-hour episodes.[8] The show was renewed for a second season on February 28, 2017.[9] The show will premiere on Disney Channel in August 2018 for its second season.[10]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code [11]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
"Going the Extra Milo"
Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes
Story by : Dan Povenmire & Jeff "Swampy" Marsh
Teleplay by : Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)[note 1]
101a
0.33[12]

Zack Underwood, a new kid in Swamp City, meets Milo Murphy, the unluckiest kid in town. Because of Milo's misfortune, he and Zack both miss the bus for school, so Milo shows Zack a "shortcut" to school, while attempting to avoid wolves, bees, fire, and even an alien abduction. Meanwhile, Melissa Chase, a friend of Milo's, collects lunches as wagers from other students on whether or not Milo and Zack will make it to school before the bell rings.

1b
"The Undergrounders"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)[note 1]
101b
0.26[13]

Milo, Zack, and Melissa's subway car gets derailed on their way to a field trip to the museum. While trying to find their way to the museum, they encounter a society of construction workers who have been underground for a long time.

2a
"Rooting for the Enemy"
Robert F. Hughes
Scott Peterson
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)
102a
0.26[13]

Milo is allowed to attend his first school football game since his school team The Geckos will lose anyway, after a few fiascos thanks to Milo cheering his team on, he realizes that if he cheers for the opposing team The Tigers, his school might have a chance of winning.

2b
"Sunny Side Up"
Robert F. Hughes
Dan Povenmire & Kyle Menke
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
102b
0.33[12]

At school, Milo's teacher, Mrs. Murawski, announces that the class will be starting a new physics project, testing everything they have learned about gravity, inertia and weight distribution by building a container that will allow an egg to survive a fall from the roof of the school. It doesn't take the class long to split up into teams of three, with Milo, Zack and Melissa being the last team formed (by default, as no one else wants to team up with Milo).

3a
"The Doctor Zone Files"
Bob Bowen
Joshua Pruett
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
103a
0.35[14]

Milo and his sister, Sara, who are huge fans of the science-fiction television series The Doctor Zone Files, take "newbies" Zack and Melissa along with them to see the new Doctor Zone movie. However, Sara is hardly taking any chances with the effects of Murphy's law.

3b
"The Note"
Robert F. Hughes
Story by : Scott Peterson
Teleplay by : Jim Bernstein
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
103b
0.35[14]

Milo loses his doctor's note excusing his class absences due to Murphy's law, so he, Zack, and Melissa attempt to retrieve it.

4a
"Party of Peril"
Bob Bowen
Martin Olson
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)[note 2]
104a
0.80[15]

The other school kids, led by Melissa and Zack, throw a surprise birthday party for Milo at a go-kart arena.

4b
"Smooth Opera-tor"
Robert F. Hughes
Dani Vetere
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)[note 2]
104b
0.80[15]

Zack, Melissa, and Milo attend an opera performance with Amanda, but Milo accidentally ends up backstage and attempts to prevent any havoc from occurring.

5a
"Worked Day"
Robert F. Hughes
Joshua Pruett
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)[note 3]
TBA
0.97[16]

It's career day and Milo is having a hard time deciding what his career should be. He tries to decide while visiting the water works, fire department, and hospital. But of course, everything goes wrong. Meanwhile, Dakota and Cavendish try and make sure a shipment truck full of pistachios make it to the pistachio warehouse.

5b
"The Wilder West"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
October 27, 2016 (2016-10-27)[note 3]
TBA
0.97[16]

Milo and his friends visit a dude ranch. While horse back riding, they meet a girl named Jackie who joins their posse, and Zack is smitten with love. But, Jackie leads them into more danger than usual. Meanwhile, Sara is going crazy because the ranch reminds her of scenes from The Doctor Zone Files, and invites other fans to join in the geek fest.
Guest star: Ariel Winter as Jackie

6a
"Family Vacation"
Bob Bowen
Joshua Pruett
March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)
106a
0.21[17]

The Murphys go on vacation to nowhere in particular, but at a rest stop, Milo accidentally goes on the wrong RV with a different family.

6b
"Murphy's Lard"
Robert F. Hughes
Martin Olson
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
106b
0.17[18]

At Lard World, Milo and Zack help Melissa overcome her fear of rollercoasters, which stemmed from a certain rollercoaster landing in her backyard. Meanwhile, Dakota and Cavendish attempt to protect the pistachio stand at the park.
Guest star: Thomas Lennon as Henry

7a
"Secrets and Pies"
Robert F. Hughes
Joshua Pruett
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
107a
0.17[19]

After Milo's attempt to cook macaroni and cheese ends in disaster, Milo decides to order pizza. While waiting for the pizza to arrive, Milo and his friends decide to share some secrets. Zack reveals that he was in a lumberjack-themed boy band.
Guest star: Danica McKellar as Veronica

7b
"Athledecamathalon"
Bob Bowen
Jim Bernstein
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
107b
0.19[20]

Due to budget cuts, the school has to combine the academic decathlon with the athletic decathlon. Meanwhile, Mr. and Mrs. Murphy visit the school in search of Mr. Murphy's soccer trophy.

8a
"The Substitute"
Robert F. Hughes
Jim Bernstein
March 13, 2017 (2017-03-13)
108a
0.14[21]

Milo's science class deals with a bored substitute. Meanwhile, Cavendish and Dakota hide in the classroom's closet to hide a substance that will help pistachios grow.
Guest star: Leah Remini as Ms. Baxter

8b
"Time Out"
Robert F. Hughes
Scott Peterson
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
108b
N/A

Milo and Zack go fishing with their dads. Meanwhile, when their phone battery dies, Cavendish and Dakota interfere with Brick and Savannah's time travel mission.

9a
"We're Going to the Zoo"
Bob Bowen
Martin Olson
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
109a
0.18[22]

At a donation drive, Milo accidentally gives away his mother's precious vintage T-shirts. Cavendish and Dakota are assigned to protect the pistachios at the zoo.

9b
"School Dance"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
109b
N/A

Amanda does everything she can to make sure the school dance goes off without a hitch. Cavendish and Dakota go to the dance to attempt to prove without a doubt that Milo is another agent attempting to thwart their plans. Chad mistakes Cavendish and Dakota for vampire hunters.

10a
"Battle of the Bands"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)
110a
N/A

Milo, Melissa, Zack, and Mort's band enters the battle of the bands. Zack discovers his old boy band is competing in the battle.
Guest star: Slash as himself

10b
"The Math Book"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)
110b
N/A

Milo, Zack and Melissa go to school after sunset to retrieve Melissa's math book. Unfortunately, she leaves the spare key inside the locked classroom, so the three go on a "quest" in search of the mysterious janitor, otherwise known as the "key-keeper".

11a
"The Little Engine That Couldn't"
Robert F. Hughes
Joshua Pruett
March 22, 2017 (2017-03-22)
111a
N/A

When Melissa’s dad drives her and Milo into town on a decommissioned old fire engine, chaos ensues.

11b
"The Llama Incident"
Robert F. Hughes
Dani Vetere, Jim Bernstein & Martin Olson
March 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
111b
0.18[23]

Milo and Melissa finally tell Zack the story of the infamous Llama Incident.

12
"Missing Milo"[note 4]
Bob Bowen & Robert F. Hughes
Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett
July 22, 2017 (2017-07-22)
SPE
0.16[24]

Cavendish and Dakota travel with Milo into the year 2175, causing Zack and Melissa to lose him.
Guest star: Rhys Darby as King Pistashion

13a
"Star Struck"
Robert F. Hughes
Jim Bernstein
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
112a
0.17[25]

Milo learns that his favorite actor is supposed to be currently shooting a film nearby in town and decides to travel to the set and get his autograph.

13b
"Disaster of My Dreams"
Bob Bowen
Martin Olson
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
112b
0.17[25]

Elliot Decker is put in charge as the school's head safety monitor.

14a
"A Clockwork Origin"
Bob Bowen
Jim Bernstein
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
115a
N/A

Milo, Zack and Melissa set out in search of a missing robot that previously escaped.
Guest stars: Joel McHale as Victor, Barry Bostwick as Clyde

14b
"Perchance to Sleepwalk"
Robert F. Hughes
Martin Olson & Scott Peterson
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
115b
N/A

Milo begins to sleepwalk through some nearby woods. Meanwhile, Cavendish and Dakota have a "ditch day" from pistachio duties after the ordeal from the evil pistachio creatures.

15a
"Some Like It Yacht"
Robert F. Hughes
Jim Bernstein
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
117a
0.14[26]

The students embark on a special trip while using the school's yacht.

15b
"Backward to School Night"
Bob Bowen
Joshua Pruett
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
117b
0.14[26]

During a Back to School Night event, the parents suddenly become children, thanks to Dakota's stolen time device.

16a
"World Without Milo"
Robert F. Hughes
Scott Peterson
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
118a
N/A

One morning, Elliot wakes up to discover that Milo has been erased. At first, he is naturally overjoyed, but soon becomes bored.

16b
"The Race"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
118b
N/A

Milo participates in a race and relies on Melissa and Zack to throw him reinforcements from his backpack to finish it. Meanwhile, Cavendish and Dakota, while attempting to stop the re-assigned Brick and Savannah from saving the pistachios, find themselves in the Old West and meeting Milo's great-great grandfather, Sheriff Murphy.

17a
"Love Toboggan"
Bob Bowen
Dani Vetere
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
120a
N/A

Sara contemplates whether or not she's on a date with Neal from the comic book store. Milo, Zack, Melissa and Mr. Murphy go to the skiing slope, but the former three's toboggan goes out of control.
Guest star: Maulik Pancholy as Neal

17b
"The Island of Lost Dakotas"
Bob Bowen
Joshua Pruett
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
120b
N/A

Cavendish keeps dying and Dakota repeatedly makes time paradox duplicate versions of himself to save him. Milo, Zack, and Melissa go to see Hamosaur 2, but Milo can't find his shoes.
Guest star: Jack McBrayer as Ship Captain

18
"Fungus Among Us"[note 5]
Robert F. Hughes
Scott Peterson & Joshua Pruett
September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30)
121
N/A

Milo, Cavendish, and Dakota travel to 1965 to help Orton Mahlson create The Doctor Zone Files. Unfortunately, they find that Derek, the son of King Pistashion, has somehow survived and has body snatched pretty much everyone, even in the present. In a cliffhanger, it turns out their sole hope lies in a particularly incompetent pharmacist.

19
"Milo's Halloween Scream-a-Torium!"[note 5]
Robert F. Hughes
Jim Bernstein, Martin Olson, Scott Peterson, Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere
October 7, 2017 (2017-10-07)
119
0.23[27]

Milo builds his own haunted house out of a decommissioned old truck and invites his friends to the fright fest, but Zack is not too amused because he's grown out of being scared on Halloween, but thanks to Murphy's Law and the truck going on a wild ride throughout town, Zack slowly changes his mind. Meanwhile Dakota and Cavendish take in on the Halloween fun while also investigating the mystery of the last Halloween, which not surprisingly happens because of them, actually Dakota, and a wayward time grenade.

20
"A Christmas Peril"[note 5]
Bob Bowen
Joshua Pruett & Dani Vetere
December 2, 2017 (2017-12-02)
116
0.30[28]

Sara, Milo, Melissa and Zack bring the Murphy family together for Christmas. Meanwhile, in the future, an older Cavendish and Dakota attempt to repair their broken friendship.

text: Phineas and Ferb crossover[edit]

text: On July 21, 2017, it was announced that a crossover with fellow Povenmire/Marsh show Phineas and Ferb is planned to be broadcast in 2018.[29][30]

text: In the episode "Fungus Among Us", Milo, Cavendish, Dakota, Orton Mahlson and Diogee encounter Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, the evil scientist from the show, who is spotted at the end of the episode, and is referred by Milo as Professor Time, the creator of time travel.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, the series premiered on Disney XD on October 17, 2016.[31] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, a preview aired on Disney Channel on December 2, 2016 and on Disney XD on December 12, 2016.[32][33] The full series premiered on April 3, 2017 and in September 2017 on each respective channel.[34][35] The series premiered on Disney XD channels in Australia and New Zealand on February 4, 2017 and in Sub-Saharan Africa on March 18, 2017.[36] It debuted on Disney Channels in Southeast Asia on February 10, 2017 and in India on August 21, 2017.[37][38]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2017
44th Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
Dan Povenmire and Kyle Menke for "Going the Extra Milo"
Nominated

44th Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Children’s Animated Program
Dan Povenmire (executive producer), Jeff "Swampy" Marsh (co-executive producer)
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program
Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Kyle Menke, Dan Povenmire
Nominated

2018
45th Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Joshua Pruett for "The Island of the Lost Dakotas"
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Prior to the television premiere, this episode was released on iTunes and Amazon on September 19, 2016. It was also released on Watch Disney XD and Video on Demand on September 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD. The episode premiered on Disney XD on October 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD. The episode premiered on Disney XD on October 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ This episode is a one-hour special.
^ Jump up to: a b c This episode is a half-hour special.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons

question_text: when was the last time the eagles made the playoffs

text: List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons

text: This article is a list of seasons completed by the Philadelphia Eagles, a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles are a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) East division in the National Football League (NFL). This article documents the season-by-season records of the Eagles’ franchise from 1933 to present, including postseason records, as well as league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Philadelphia Eagles won their 500th game on Sunday, October 26, 2008 over the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 27–14. They were the seventh NFL team to accomplish this feat and the first since the San Francisco 49ers defeated the St. Louis Rams in week 16 of the 2005 NFL season. They are also the first team in the NFC East to accomplish this feat since the Washington Redskins defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 8 of the 2000 NFL season. As of 2017, the Eagles have never lost a game to the New York Jets (10–0) or the Houston Texans (4–0).

text: The Eagles have won four league titles. Three of these were won prior to the start of the Super Bowl era (in 1948, 1949, and 1960). The fourth and most recent championship was won in Super Bowl LII.

text: Season records[edit]

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth
One-Game Playoff Berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Playoffs
Awards/Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

Philadelphia Eagles

1933
1933
NFL

East
4th
3
5
1
—
Lud Wray

1934
1934
NFL

East
T-3rd
4
7
0
—
Lud Wray

1935
1935
NFL

East
5th
2
9
0
—
Lud Wray (9-21-1)

1936
1936
NFL

East
5th
1
11
0
—
Bert Bell

1937
1937
NFL

East
5th
2
8
1
—
Bert Bell

1938
1938
NFL

East
4th
5
6
0
—
Bert Bell

1939
1939
NFL

East
T-4th
1
9
1
—
Bert Bell

1940
1940
NFL

East
5th
1
10
0
—
Bert Bell (10-44-2)

1941
1941
NFL

East
4th
2
8
1
—
Greasy Neale

1942
1942
NFL

East
5th
2
9
0
—
Greasy Neale†

Steagles

1943
1943
NFL

East
3rd
5
4
1
—
Greasy Neale†

Philadelphia Eagles

1944
1944
NFL

East
2nd
7
1
2
—
Greasy Neale†

1945
1945
NFL

East
2nd
7
3
0
—
Greasy Neale†

1946
1946
NFL

East
2nd
6
5
0
—
Greasy Neale†

1947
1947
NFL

East
1st
8
4
0
Won Eastern Divisional Playoff (at Steelers) 21–0
Lost NFL Championship (at Cardinals) 21–28
Greasy Neale†

1948
1948
NFL

East
1st
9
2
1
Won NFL Championship (1) (Cardinals) 7–0
Greasy Neale†

1949
1949
NFL

East
1st
11
1
0
Won NFL Championship (2) (at Rams) 14–0
Greasy Neale†

1950
1950
NFL
American

T3rd
6
6
0
—
Greasy Neale† (66-44-5)

1951
1951
NFL
American

5th
4
8
0
—
Bo McMillin (2-0)
Wayne Millner (2-8)

1952
1952
NFL
American

T-2nd
7
5
0
—
Jim Trimble

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
4
1
—
Jim Trimble

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
4
1
—
Jim Trimble

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

T-4th
4
7
1
—
Jim Trimble (25-20-3)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

6th
3
8
1
—
Hugh Devore

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

5th
4
8
0
—
Hugh Devore (7-16-1)

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

T-5th
2
9
1
—
Buck Shaw

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd
7
5
0
—
Buck Shaw

1960
1960
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
2
0
Won NFL Championship (3) (Packers) 17–13
Norm Van Brocklin (MVP)
Buck Shaw (COY) (20-16-1)

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

2nd
10
4
0
—
Nick Skorich

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

7th
3
10
1
—
Nick Skorich

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

7th
2
10
2
—
Nick Skorich (15-24-3)

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

T-3rd
6
8
0
—
Joe Kuharich

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

T-5th
5
9
0
—
Joe Kuharich

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd
9
5
0
—
Joe Kuharich

1967
1967
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
2nd
6
7
1
—
Joe Kuharich

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
4th
2
12
0
—
Joe Kuharich (28-41-1)

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
4th
4
9
1
—
Jerry Williams

1970
1970
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
10
1
—
Jerry Williams

1971
1971
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
7
1
—
Jerry Williams (7-22-2)
Ed Khayat

1972
1972
NFL
NFC
East
5th
2
11
1
—
Ed Khayat (8-15-2)

1973
1973
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
5
8
1
—
Mike McCormack

1974
1974
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
7
0
—
Mike McCormack

1975
1975
NFL
NFC
East
5th
4
10
0
—
Mike McCormack (16-25-1)

1976
1976
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
10
0
—
Dick Vermeil

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
9
0
—
Dick Vermeil

1978
1978
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Falcons) 13–14
Dick Vermeil

1979
1979
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 27–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Buccaneers) 17–24
Dick Vermeil

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 31–16
Won NFC Championship (Cowboys) 20–7
Lost Super Bowl XV (vs. Raiders) 10–27
Harold Carmichael (WP MOY)
Dick Vermeil

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 21–27
Dick Vermeil

1982
1982
NFL
NFC

13th+
3
6
0
—
Dick Vermeil (57-51)

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0
—
Marion Campbell

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
East
5th
6
9
1
—
Marion Campbell

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—
Marion Campbell (17-29-1)
Fred Bruney (1-0)

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
10
1
—
Buddy Ryan

1987
1987
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
8
0
—
Buddy Ryan
Reggie White (DPOY)

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bears) 12–20
Buddy Ryan

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 7–21
Buddy Ryan

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Redskins) 6–20
Buddy Ryan (43-38-1)

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
10
6
0
—
Rich Kotite

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Saints) 36–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 10–34
Rich Kotite

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0
—
Rich Kotite

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—
Rich Kotite (37-29)

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 58–37
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 11–30
Ray Rhodes (COY)

1996
1996
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at 49ers) 0–14
Ray Rhodes

1997
1997
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
9
1
—
Ray Rhodes

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
13
0
—
Ray Rhodes (30-36-1)

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
East
5th
5
11
0
—
Andy Reid

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 21–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Giants) 10–20
Andy Reid

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 31–9
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Bears) 33–19
Lost NFC Championship (at Rams) 24–29
Andy Reid

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 20–6
Lost NFC Championship (Buccaneers) 10–27
Andy Reid (COY)
Troy Vincent (WP MOY)

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 20–17 (OT)
Lost NFC Championship (Panthers) 3–14
Andy Reid

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 27–14
Won NFC Championship (Falcons) 27–10
Lost Super Bowl XXXIX (vs. Patriots) 21–24
Andy Reid

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0
—
Andy Reid

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 23–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Saints) 24–27
Andy Reid

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
East
4th
8
8
0
—
Andy Reid

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
6
1
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Vikings) 26–14
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Giants) 23–11
Lost NFC Championship (at Cardinals) 25–32
Andy Reid

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Cowboys) 14–34
Andy Reid

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Packers) 16–21
Andy Reid
Michael Vick (CBPOY)

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
8
0
—
Andy Reid

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0
—
Andy Reid (130-93-1)

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Saints) 24–26
Chip Kelly

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
—
Chip Kelly

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
7
9
0
—
Chip Kelly (26-22)
Pat Shurmur (1-0)

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0
—
Doug Pederson

2017
2017
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 15–10
Won NFC Championship (Vikings) 38–7
Won Super Bowl LII (vs. Patriots) 41–33
Doug Pederson
Nick Foles (SB MVP)

Totals thru November 1, 2017 [1]
562
592
26
(1933–2017, regular season)

22
21
–
(1933–2017, playoffs)

582
613
26
(all games, 1933–2017, including NFL playoffs)

text: * = Current standing

text: + = Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.


document_title: Sociometer

question_text: according to sociometer theory proposed by leary self-esteem is

text: Sociometer

text: Sociometer theory is a theory of self-esteem from an evolutionary psychological perspective that proposes that state self-esteem is a gauge (or sociometer) of interpersonal relationships. This theoretical perspective was first introduced by Mark Leary and colleagues in 1995[1][2] and later expanded on by Kirkpatrick and Ellis.[3] In Leary’s research, the idea of self-esteem as a sociometer is discussed in depth. This theory was created as a response to psychological phenomenon i.e. social emotions, inter- and intra- personal behaviors, self-serving biases, and reactions to rejection. Based on this theory, self-esteem is a measure of effectiveness in social relations and interactions that monitors acceptance and/or rejection from others.[4] With this, an emphasis is placed on relational value, which is the degree to which a person regards his or her relationship with another, and how it affects day-to-day life. Confirmed by various studies and research, if a person is deemed having relational value, they are more likely to have higher self-esteem. According to Leary, there are five main groups associated with relational value that are classified as those affording the greatest impact on an individual. They are: 1) macro-level, i.e., communities, 2) instrumental coalitions, i.e., teams, committees, 3) mating relationships, 4) kin relationships, and 5) friendships. A study was conducted to see just how much people depend on peers and outside factors and relational values to regulate their life. The objective of the study was to pick groups for an activity based on the evaluations given by the students. In the study, two groups were assigned. Both groups consisted of college students that submitted and were subjected to a peer evaluation. The difference being that the control group of students chose if they 1) wanted to interact with the person or 2) dissociated from the person. Previously asked, some students stated that they were indifferent or did not care what others' opinions of them were. However, when results were analyzed there was a great deal of fluctuation in overall self-esteem. Those who were placed in the second group (of dissociation), receiving a low relational value, displayed a lowered self-esteem. As a result, this compromised the way they assessed a/the situation. In the first group, where perceived relational value was high, self-esteem was also high. This provides some evidence for an evolutionary basis in the fundamental human need for inclusion in a group, and the burden of being on the outskirts of social acceptance.[5]


document_title: Switched at Birth (season 4)

question_text: who does toby date in switched at birth

question_tokens: who does toby date in switched at birth

text: Switched at Birth (season 4)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish
Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez
Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez
D. W. Moffett as John Kennish
Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish
Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish
Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes
Terrell Tilford as Eric Bishop
Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers
Adam Hagenbuch as Greg "Mingo" Shimingo
Sharon Pierre-Louis as Iris Watkins
Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe
Austin Cauldwell as Josh Padden
Rana Roy as Vimla
Alice Lee as Skye
Max Adler as Miles "Tank" Conroy
Bess Armstrong as Beth Marillo
B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker
Sarah Stouffer as Tess Ritter
Sayeed Shahidi as Will Bishop
Kim Hawthorne as Hope Paxton
Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce
Dan J. Johnson as Quinn
Nyle DiMarco as Garrett Banducci
Sean McGowan as Gabe
Shainu Bala as Brandon
Alex Wyse as Howie
Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford
Alec Mapa as Renzo
Meredith Baxter as Bonnie Tamblyn-Dixon
Rene Moran as Nacho Rivera
Sam Page as Craig Tebbe
Jill Remez as Juanita

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

74
1
"And It Cannot Be Changed"
Steve Miner
Lizzy Weiss
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
1.29[4]

Summer is over and Daphne and Bay deal with the consequences of Bay taking the fall for Daphne. No one is happy about it, especially Emmett who has to leave for school, leaving Bay behind. Daphne decides to put off Gallaudet, going to the nearby UMKC (University of Missouri - Kansas City) so she can support Bay, who is unhappy with her decision.

Title reference: Taken from the plate, Y no hay remedio, of The Disasters of War series by Francisco Goya, 1863.

75
2
"Bracing the Waves"
Michael Lange
Henry Robles
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
1.15[5]

Bay struggles with a stubborn girl at community service who appears to hate her, but there's more to her than meets the eye. Meanwhile, Daphne struggles with Josh taking interpreting too far, Regina is still hated by the East Riverside people, and there are plans to turn Kathryn's book into a movie.

Title reference: From the 1890 painting, Bracing The Waves, by Ivan Aivazovsky

76
3
"I Lock the Door Upon Myself"
Glenn L. Steelman
William H. Brown & Terrence Coli
January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)
1.21[6]

Daphne and Mingo, a hearing student on her floor, organize a dorm triathlon to compete for control over the best bathroom. Bay and Toby try to hide the fact that Bay is a convicted felon in the hopes of getting her art accepted into a showcase.

Title reference: From the 1891 painting, I Lock the Door Upon Myself, by Fernand Khnopff.

77
4
"We Were So Close That Nothing Used to Stand Between Us"
Allan Arkush
Linda Gase & Bekah Brunstetter
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
1.30[7]

Emmett pays an unexpected visit, but things don't go as planned. Daphne stresses about a D on a test. Bay goes to a party and is raped by her ex-boyfriend.

Title reference: From the 1961 painting, We Were So Close That Nothing Used to Stand Between Us, by Vasile Dobrian.

78
5
"At First Clear Word"
Melanie Mayron
Lizzy Weiss & Joy Gregory
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
1.24[8]

After a night of intense partying, Bay wakes up in bed with Tank with no recollection of exactly what happened between them. She tries to piece the truth together, but realizes that the truth itself is debated despite it clearly being rape. Daphne is invited to Professor Marillo's house for a chemistry project and once again clashes with Vimla. Meanwhile, John, Kathryn, and Lily are worried about Toby's lack of life direction.

Title reference: From the 1923 painting, At the First Clear Word, by Max Ernst.

79
6
"Black and Gray"
Ron Lagomarsino
Henry Robles & Darla Lansu
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
1.34[9]

Bay's private actions at the party are exposed by Toby's girlfriend from something Toby told her in confidence. Because of this, everyone is telling Bay how to feel and it leads to an investigation by the university. Bay tries to tell Emmett but is too upset. Daphne flies out to talk to Emmett.

Title reference: From the 1871 painting, Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, by James McNeill Whistler.

80
7
"Fog and Storm and Rain"
Lea Thompson
William H. Brown
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)
1.25[10]

Bay is desperate to bridge the distance between her and Emmett since the incident with Tank, but Emmett refuses to talk about what happened. Her building frustration and his constant dismissal of the topic ultimately leads them to take a break. Kathryn's mother visits and brings a surprise guest. She reveals that she has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's, which Kathryn initially refuses to accept. Meanwhile, a huge storm has Regina and Daphne stuck at the coffeehouse with Eric and Nacho, who ends up blackmailing them.

Title reference: From the 1996 painting, Fog and Storm and Rain, by Eyvind Earle.

81
8
"Art Like Love Is Dedication"
Jonathan Frakes
Linda Gase
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
0.95[11]

Bay's community service run ends early when she saves her supervisor from choking. She wants to resume her art career and decides to make opportunities for herself. Travis is struggling in English, but is reluctant to take advice from Kathryn. Daphne is interested when Mingo asks her to spend some time together, but soon realizes that he only wants to be friends with benefits.

Title reference: From the 1965 painting, Art Like Love Is Dedication, by Hans Hofmann.

82
9
"The Player's Choice"
David Paymer
Terrence Coli
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
0.96[12]

To keep her mind off Emmett, who is avoiding her, Bay agrees to be a baseball assistant to John and also tries to help Travis and Mary Beth get over a rough patch in their relationship. Meanwhile, Daphne gets caught up in sorority rush when she decides that she needs to branch out. Also, Kathryn catches Lily getting close to one of her co-workers, which leads to Lily complicating things with Toby right after he asks her to move in with him.

Title reference: From the painting, The Player's Choice, by Gaetano Bellei.

83
10
"There Is My Heart"
Norman Buckley
Lizzy Weiss & Bekah Brunstetter
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
1.06[13]

Daphne finds out that she received a D in chemistry and starts to wonder if her dream of becoming a doctor is out of reach. A later incident with her friends at the hospital and a talk with Mingo change her mind. Regina accidentally tells Eric she loves him, only to have him tell her that he's considering selling the coffee shop. Toby gets mad at Kathryn for talking to Lily about her feelings, but must put everything aside to perform their "Batter Up" showcase for a Broadway reviewer. Meanwhile, Bay has flown in to surprise Emmett and put plans together for them in L.A., but finds out that a short film he pitched included personal details about their relationship and the incident with Tank. Emmett suggests that they break it off for a while so that he can focus on school, saying they've been heading in separate directions. Bay says if they go forward with a break-up, it'll be forever and they end up parting ways.

Title reference: From the 1999 painting, There Is My Heart, by George Stefanescu.

84
11
"To Repel Ghosts"
Millicent Shelton
Lizzy Weiss
August 24, 2015 (2015-08-24)
0.98[14]

Bay is still grieving the end of her relationship with Emmett and finds it hard to move on when she sees him everywhere. Daphne realizes that her friends don't approve of Mingo. She also finds out that Lily is pregnant with Toby's baby and tries to get the two of them back on speaking terms, but to no avail. Meanwhile, John is told that the family might be in serious financial trouble.

Title reference: From the 1986 painting, To Repel Ghosts, by Jean-Michel Basquiat.

85
12
"How Does a Girl Like You Get to Be a Girl Like You"
Zetna Fuentes
Bekah Brunstetter
August 31, 2015 (2015-08-31)
0.87[15]

Bay enrolls in a Spanish course at UMKC just as the sexual assault incident is brought back to light on campus. She becomes paranoid about rumors people are spreading about her, while Kathryn tries to save Melody's job by volunteering to talk with a parent who pulled their student out of the deaf program because of the incident. John is keeping the financial troubles a secret from the family, which might prove to be very costly as family expenses start piling up. Meanwhile, Toby and Lily consider their options on what to do about their situation and Toby doesn't appreciate Daphne's input.

Title reference: From the 1991 painting, How Does a Girl Like You Get to Be a Girl Like You?, by Yinka Shonibare.

86
13
"Between Hope and Fear"
David Paymer
Lizzy Weiss & Dayna Lynne North
September 7, 2015 (2015-09-07)
0.99[16]

Toby tells the family about the baby. John is angry but Kathryn wants to be supportive, while Bay implores him to research all his options before making any decisions. She arranges for her and Toby to visit a special needs school. Eric asks Regina to move in with him, but before she says yes, she decides to take Daphne on a trip to Atlanta to discover what has become of his ex-wife. Meanwhile, Travis visits Emmett in L.A. and finds that Emmett has changed for the worse.

Title reference: From the 1876 painting, Between Hope and Fear, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema.

87
14
"We Mourn, We Weep, We Love Again"
Ron Lagomarsino
Henry Robles & Alexander Georgakis
September 14, 2015 (2015-09-14)
1.00[17]

Bay has a hard time dealing with Regina moving out. Daphne goes on ambulance ride-alongs as a part of her training to become her dorm's safety captain, but a particular accident unexpectedly drags up memories from the night of Angelo's death. Meanwhile, John and Kathryn look to endorse products for some easy money, but find that their names don't hold as much value as they had originally thought.

Title reference: From the 1995 mixed media on paper, We Mourn, We Weep, We Love Again, by Marjorie Strider.

88
15
"Instead of Damning the Darkness, It's Better to Light a Little Lantern"
Michael Lange
Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
0.70[18]

Melody brings Daphne, Bay, and Travis with her to Mexico to help distribute hearing aids to deaf locals. Emmett unexpectedly shows up and when Bay learns that he has started seeing Skye, it sends her into a jealous fury. Daphne is touched by the work she's doing and sets out to go the extra mile to assist the community with the help of a fellow volunteer. Meanwhile, Melody's boyfriend Gabe proposes that they adopt a deaf child together.

Title reference: From the painting, Instead of Damning the Darkness, It's Better to Light a Little Lantern, by Hassan Massoudy.

89
16
"Borrowing Your Enemy's Arrows"
D. W. Moffett
William H. Brown
September 28, 2015 (2015-09-28)
0.76[19]

Daphne invites Mingo and his parents to a Kennish family grill night. Things go awry when it's revealed that Mingo's father Larry is the business manager that John holds responsible for sending the family into financial ruin. Bay decides that it's time to move on and sets her eyes on Garrett, one of Travis' deaf friends. While out to dinner, Bay runs into Tank, who's been having a hard time since he got expelled.

Title reference: From the 1998 sculpture, Borrowing Your Enemy's Arrows, by Cai Guo-Qiang.

90
17
"To the Victor Belong the Spoils"
Jay Karas
T.J. Brady and Rasheed Newson
October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)
0.79[20]

Daphne seeks to raise $600 to help out the deaf community she served in Mexico and gets help from Mingo. Mingo has also been trying to overlook her kiss with Quinn, but it proves to be hard when he finds out that those two have been keeping in constant contact. Bay finds out that a boy on campus is using her "Hammer Girl" art to sell degrading t-shirts. Meanwhile, Toby and Lily have to decide whether to move to London to raise their baby with Lily's parents' help or to stay in Kansas City with the Kennishes. Also, Eric walks out on Regina after finding out that she had lied about visiting Hope.

Title reference: From the 1901 painting, To the Victor Belong the Spoils, by Charles Marion Russell.

91
18
"The Accommodations of Desire"
Michael Grossman
Henry Robles & Dayna Lynne North
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
0.75[21]

Bay thinks that she's ready to jump into the hookup game with Garrett, but quickly realizes that it's not for her. When he later approaches her about the Tank incident holding her back, she ends up confronting Travis for telling Garrett her secret. Daphne thinks that Josh has feelings for her after he tells her that his relationship problems with Vimla are because of feelings for someone else. Mingo offers to talk to Josh for her, but things take an awkward turn when it's revealed that Josh actually has a crush on him. Meanwhile, Eric tells John of a unique investment opportunity and Lily is stressed out over her impending motherhood. Also, Bay comes across a woman interested in an art commission, who unbeknownst to her is Hope Paxton.

Title reference: From the 1929 painting, The Accommodations of Desire, by Salvador Dali.

92
19
"A Mad Tea Party"
Carlos Gonzalez
Linda Gase
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
0.95[22]

Regina is hosting a baby shower for Lily, but the duties fall onto Bay when Hope kidnaps Will and Regina and Eric are blackmailed. Bay gets mad when she finds out that everyone has been keeping secrets from her. Lily has some uncomfortable conversations with some of Kathryn's friends regarding her child's disability. Meanwhile, after Professor Marillo tells her that she won't make it as a doctor, Daphne digs deeper and helps a friend keep pursuing her potential as well. Bay ends up spilling Eric's secret to her parents.

Title reference: From the 1969 color heliogravure on japon nacre paper, A Mad Tea Party, by Salvador Dali.

93
20
"And Always Searching for Beauty"
Melanie Mayron
Lizzy Weiss & Bekah Brunstetter
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
0.83[23]

Regina gets Eric and Hope to put aside their differences and co-parent Will, however, that means that he'll be relocating to Atlanta. Daphne tries to curb Mingo's jealousy when Quinn shows up to interview her for a summer program. Bay holds her first art show, but later finds out that Travis orchestrated the whole event. He admits that he's in love with her and they kiss. Afterwards, Emmett finds her for a heart-to-heart about the last year. Meanwhile, John and Kathryn are at odds over a car wash deal. Lily and Toby welcome their baby boy, Carlton. Daphne and Bay decide to travel to China together. Ten months later, the two girls are settled abroad when Bay gets a phone call about an emergency back home.

Title reference: From the 2001 oil, acrylic, paper mache, herbs on linen abstract And Always Searching for Beauty, by Joan Snyder.

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Original air date
Timeslot
(EST)
Viewers
(million)
Adults 18-49
rating
Cable rank (18–49)
Note

Timeslot
Night

1
"And It Cannot Be Changed"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
Tuesday 9:00PM
1.29
0.6
10
27
[4]

2
"Bracing the Waves"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
1.15
0.5
11
40
[5]

3
"I Lock the Door Upon Myself"
January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)
1.21
0.5
9
35
[6]

4
"We Were So Close That Nothing Used to Stand Between Us"
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
1.30
0.6
8
22
[7]