document_title: Student loans in the United Kingdom

question_text: when did student loans start in the uk

question_tokens: when did student loans start in the uk

text: Student loans in the United Kingdom

text: History[edit]

text: Education Act 1962[edit]

text: In the years following World War II, most local education authorities (LEAs) paid students' tuition fees and also provided a maintenance grant to help with living costs; this did not have to be repaid. The Education Act 1962 made it a legal obligation for all LEAs to give full time university students a maintenance grant.[1]

text: Creation of the Student Loans Company[edit]

text: The SLC was founded for the 1990/91 academic year to provide students with additional help towards living costs in the form of low-interest loans. In its first year, the SLC gave loans to 180,200 students[2] This represented a take up rate of 28% of eligible students, with an average loan of £390.

text: Introduction of tuition fees[edit]

text: In 1997, a report by Sir Ron Dearing recommended that students should contribute to the costs of university education. The Labour government under Tony Blair passed the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 which introduced tuition fees of £1,000 to start in the 1998/9 academic year.[3] In addition, maintenance grants were replaced with repayable student loans for all but the poorest students. The total loans provided by the SLC increased from £941 million in the 1997/8 academic year, to £1.23 billion in the next year, when tuition fees took effect.[2]

text: Tuition fees in Scotland and Wales[edit]

text: In January 2000, the Scottish government, which consisted of a coalition between Labour and the Liberal Democrats, decided to replace annual tuition fees for Scottish students studying at Scottish universities with a £2,000 charge after graduation.[4] This charge was abolished in 2008.[5] In a similar vein, the Welsh government gives Welsh students studying at Welsh universities a tuition fee grant.[6]

text: Higher Education Act 2004[edit]

text: The Higher Education Act 2004 increased tuition fees from £1,000 to a maximum of £3,000. By the 2005/6 academic year, the SLC was providing £2.79 billion in loans to 1,080,000 students.[2]

text: Recent history[edit]

text: The SLC currently employs 1,894 people in the two Glasgow offices and at sites in Darlington and Colwyn Bay, Wales.[7]

text: In late 2009, the SLC was heavily criticised by universities and students for delays in processing applications. It was further criticised in 2010, as previous issues did not seem to have been resolved. Such issues could include the repeated loss of financial evidence, refusal to acknowledge that an applicant exists, sending schedules for entirely incorrect universities and in some cases years,[8] and failing to keep applicants informed. The Chief Executive resigned in May 2010, and the chairman, John Goodfellow, formally Chief Executive of Skipton Building Society, was required to resign, by David Willets, incoming Secretary of State for Education.[9][10]

text: Ed Lester became chief executive in May 2010.

text: In 2012 an investigation by Exaro news revealed that the SLC was paying Lester through a private company enabling him to reduce his tax bill by tens of thousands of pounds.[11][12] The day after the story broke the Chief Secretary of the Treasury, Danny Alexander was summoned to the House of Commons for an urgent debate. He told MPs that Ed Lester would have tax and national insurance deducted at source from that point on.[13]

text: In 2014 it was announced that student loans would be made available to postgraduate students aged under 30 for the first time.

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Students must meet two eligibility requirements: personal eligibility and course/institution eligibility. Personal eligibility principally concerns the student's residency status. To achieve course/institution eligibility, the student must be studying for an undergraduate degree at a UK degree-awarding institution or other verified higher education institution (HEI). In addition, students on some teacher, youth and community worker courses are also eligible for SLC support.[14] From academic year 2016/17, students aged under 60 studying for a postgraduate taught Masters at a UK degree-awarding institution or other verified HEI will also be eligible for a £10,000 student loan.[15]

text: Tuition fee loan[edit]

text: All full-time students are entitled to a tuition fee loan which covers the full cost of the tuition fee. From the 2012/13 academic year, universities are entitled to charge up to £3,465 for pre-2012 students and up to £9,000 for post-2012 students. Since academic year 2006/07 when variable tuition fees of up to £3000 were introduced by Tony Blair's Labour government, the maximum tuition fee had been increased each year with the April forecast for RPIX inflation for the following academic year. For academic year 2010/11 the maximum tuition fee had reached £3290[16] and in the 2011/12 academic year the tuition fee was raised again to £3,375. The "old system" maximum tuition fee was raised one last time for academic year 2012/13 to £3465, a level it has remained for subsequent academic years in England. For courses starting after 1 September in the academic year 2012/13 the maximum tuition fee cap was raised to a maximum of £9,000 per year for full time students and £6,750 for part time students where the HEI has an access agreement in place, and a maximum of £6,000 and £4,500 respectively where the HEI does not. Scottish and Welsh universities were also entitled to raise their tuition fees, however Scottish-domiciled students studying in Scotland are entitled to free tuition and the Welsh Assembly pays any tuition fees for Welsh-domiciled students over and above the "old system" cap as uprated by inflation - £3,810 for academic year 2015/16.[17] Northern Ireland retained the existing post-2006 student loan system. Both pre-2012 and post-2012 maximum tuition fee caps were frozen at 2012/13 levels between 2012/13 and 2016/17 in England. Elsewhere the "old system" cap has continued to be uprated annually with the April forecast for RPIX inflation for the following academic year, reaching £3,925 for academic year 2016/17 and £4,030 for academic year 2017/18. Tuition fee caps remained frozen in England at £3,465 and £9,000 respectively in academic year 2016/17, however will rise for post-2012 regime students in some institutions from 2017/18 with forecast RPIX to £6,165 (basic amount) and £9,250 (higher amount) in academic year 2017/18 with the introduction of the Teaching Excellence Framework.

text: Maintenance loan[edit]

text: All eligible UK-domiciled students are also entitled to a maintenance loan, which is designed to help pay for living costs whilst at university. All students are entitled to a set amount, with those living at home entitled to less and those living away from home in London entitled to more. For the 2009/2010 academic year, the maintenance loan was set at £2,763 for students living at home; £4,998 for students living in London; and £3,564 for students living at universities elsewhere in the UK.[18]

text: Students from low-income households may qualify for an increased maintenance loan and/or maintenance grant (for every £1 of maintenance grant received the maintenance loan entitlement reduces by £0.50). For the 2009/2010 academic year, students living at home were entitled to an extra £1,075 (bringing the total loan to £3,838); students living in London were entitled to an extra £1,940 (bringing the total loan to £6,928); and students living elsewhere in the UK were entitled to an extra £1,386 (bringing the total loan to £4,950). The precise threshold for qualifying as a low-income household varies depending on which country of the UK the student resides in, and is set between two bands, with very poor students receiving the full extra money and less-poor students receiving only a partial extra amount.[18]

text: For "old system" (i.e. pre-2012) students and "new system" (i.e. post-2012) students in academic year 2014/2015, the maximum maintenance loan rates rose by 1% for students studying both in and outside London. For post-2012 students in 2014/15, those living away from home studying outside London could access maximum loans of £5,555 (up from £5,500 for 2013/14), while those living away from home studying in London could access maximum loans of £7,751 (up from £7,675 for 2013/14).[19]

text: For academic year 2015/16, maximum maintenance loan rates for both pre-2012 and post-2012 students will rise by forecast RPIX inflation (3.34%). The post-2012 maximum maintenance loan (for students living away from home, outside London) will rise from £5,555 to £5,740 and the pre-2012 maximum maintenance loan (for students living away from home, outside London) will rise from £5,000 to £5,167.

text: For academic year 2016/17, maximum maintenance loan rates for new students increased substantially to £8,200 (for students living away from home, outside London) to correspond with the abolition of maintenance grants. Maintenance loans were increased by forecast RPIX of 2.8% to a maximum of £8,430 (for students living away from home, outside London) in academic year 2017/18.

text: Maintenance loans will be extended to part-time students from academic year 2018/19 (including distance learners from 2019/20).[20]

text: Maintenance grant[edit]

text: As well as being entitled to an increased loan, students from low-income households are also entitled to a maintenance grant, which does not have to be repaid. Like the extra maintenance loan, the precise threshold for qualifying as a low-income household varies depending on which county of the UK the student resides in, and is set between two bands, with very poor students receiving the full grant and less-poor students receiving only a partial grant.[21] For the 2009/2010 academic year, students from England and Wales were entitled to a grant of up to £2,906; students from Scotland £2,105; and students from Northern Ireland £3,406.[18]

text: Maximum maintenance grants in England were frozen at 2009/10 levels in academic years 2010/11 and 2011/12. The 2012 Higher Education reforms in England brought a higher maximum maintenance grant of £3,250 in 2012/13 for "new system" students and the maximum pre-2012 maintenance grant for "old system" students was increased by inflation for the first time in 3 years from £2,906 to £2,984. Maintenance grants on both systems were uprated by forecast RPIX inflation (3.2%) in academic year 2013/14 and by 1% in academic year 2014/15. For academic year 2015/16 maintenance grants on both systems will be frozen at 2014/15 levels: the post-2012 maintenance grant being frozen at £3,387 and the pre-2012 maintenance grant being frozen at £3,110.

text: Maintenance grants were abolished for new students in academic year 2016/17 with maintenance grant levels being frozen at 2014/15 levels for all existing students. Maintenance grants were increased in line with forecast RPIX of 2.8% for all existing students in academic year 2017/18, meaning a maximum grant of £3,482 available for post-2012 (pre-2016) students.

text: Other grants[edit]

text: The SLC provides other grants, such as the Special Support Grant which is available for students on benefits.[21] However, the tuition fee loan, maintenance loan and maintenance grant are by far the most common assistance that the SLC provides.

text: On the "old system" (pre-2012) higher education institutions themselves charging the maximum tuition fee are legally obliged to give a non-repayable bursary worth a minimum of 10% of the tuition fee to students in receipt of a full maintenance grant.[22] On the "new system" (post-2012) no such requirement exists, however those institutions charging more than the basic fee level of £6000 (full-time) need to include some support for disadvantaged students in their access agreements which need to be approved by OFFA.

text: Repayment and interest[edit]

text: Prior to the 1998/1999 academic year, repayment was made under a fixed-term or 'mortgage-style' system of equal monthly instalments which began when the graduate earned over a specified threshold set at 85% of average annual earnings for full-time workers (£29,219 for the 2017/2018 academic year).[23] Any graduate with annual gross income below this deferment threshold is eligible to apply to defer their repayments for 12 months at a time. This system was criticized because no matter what the size of the loan, it had to be repaid in 60 monthly instalments (if the borrower took out up to 4 loans) or 84 monthly instalments (if the borrower took out at least 5 loans).[23] For these loans, the interest rate is set each September, equal to the RPI for the previous March. Some Islamic scholars and organisations ruled that it is permissible for Muslim students to take both tuition and maintenance loans, as they have been considered to be Mudharabah (investment contract).[24]

text: Mortgage-style loans will be cancelled if the borrower dies, or through disability becomes permanently unfit for work. Loans will also be cancelled if they are still outstanding and one of the following occurs:

text:
The borrower reaches age 50 and the borrower was aged below 40 when they took out their last loan
The borrower reaches age 60 and the borrower was aged 40 or over when they took out their last loan
The 25th anniversary is reached from when the borrower took out their last loan

text: Loans taken out for courses that began between September 1998 and August 2012 are repaid under the so-called 'Plan 1' variant of an income-contingent repayment (ICR) scheme.[25] Repayments do not begin until the April after graduation or leaving a course. Thereafter, repayments are fixed at 9% of gross income above a threshold,[26] as shown in the table below. The interest rate for these loans is the lower of either the Bank of England base rate plus 1%, varying throughout the year, or the RPI measure of inflation, set each September to the value from the previous March.[23] On average, student with these loan accrued a total debt of £25,000.[27]

text: Loans taken out for courses beginning after 1 September 2012 (which are much larger due to the increase in tuition fees) will be repaid under a new 'Plan 2' variant of the ICR scheme.[28] Such loans did not enter repayment until at least April 2016. Under this scheme, repayments are also calculated as 9% of annual gross income, but relative to a higher initial threshold than Plan 1. The interest for these loans will initially accrue at the rate of RPI plus 3% until they become eligible for repayment (the April after graduating), after which there will be a progressive rate of interest dependent on income. The rate will range from RPI for those earning up to £21,000 per annum, up to a maximum of RPI+3% at a salary of £41,000 and above.[29] On average students with loans taken after September 2012 will have accrued £44,000 of debt.[27][needs update]. This average loan balance increased further from academic year 2016/17 with the large shift from maintenance grant to maintenance loan funding. The repayment threshold for Plan 2 loans was increased from £21,000 to £25,000 for tax year 2018/19, and annually with average earnings thereafter, despite a previous intention to freeze it at £21,000 until at least April 2021. This is a very expensive change and it is unclear whether it can be sustained into the future. At the same time, the upper interest threshold was raised to £45,000 from £41,000.

text: Postgraduate student loans are repaid under another plan type variant of the ICR scheme, at a rate of 6% above the repayment threshold and interest is added at a fixed rate of RPI+3% (see Postgraduate student loans below). It was originally announced at Budget 2016 that the intention was for Doctoral postgraduate loans to be repaid at 9% above the same threshold with a combined 9% repayment rate applying where a borrower is repaying both Masters and Doctoral postgraduate loans; however, this was later revised to one combined postgraduate repayment of 6%.[30]

text: Income-contingent loans will be cancelled if the borrower dies, or through disability becomes permanently unfit for work. Loans will also be cancelled if they are still outstanding at the following times:[26]

text:
For loans taken out from September 1998 to August 2006 (August 2007 for Scotland): when the borrower reaches age 65
For loans taken out from September 2006 to August 2012 (England and Wales): 25 years after they became eligible for repayment
For loans taken out from September 2006 onwards (Northern Ireland): 25 years after they became eligible for repayment
For loans taken out from September 2007 onwards (Scotland): 35 years after they became eligible for repayment
For loans taken out from September 2012 onwards (England and Wales): 30 years after they became eligible for repayment

text: Income-contingent loan repayments are usually made via the tax system. For employed borrowers in the PAYE system, this means the repayments can vary on a monthly or weekly basis. If this results in the total repayments for a tax year being more than the required annual amount, the excess may be reimbursed on request.

text:
Mortgage-Style
("Pre-1998")
ICR Plan 1
("Pre-2012")
ICR Plan 2
("Post-2012")
ICR Postgraduate Loan

Repayment rate
Fixed term of 60/84 monthly
instalments unless deferring
9% of income above repayment threshold (Plan 1 threshold applies where borrowers are repaying both Plan 1 and 2 loans)
6% of income above
repayment threshold

Cancellation
Age 50, 60 or after 25 years
Age 65, 25th or 35th anniversary
of repayment start date
30th anniversary of
repayment start date

Academic year
(Sep-Aug)
Deferment
threshold (£)
Interest rate
(%/year)
Repayment
threshold^ (£)[31]
Interest rate
(%/year)[32]
Repayment
threshold^ (£)
Interest rate
(%/year)
Max rate
threshold^ (£)
Repayment
threshold^ (£)
Interest rate
(%/year)

1990/1991
11,580
9.8

1991/1992
12,660
5.8

1992/1993
13,560
3.9

1993/1994
13,980
1.2

1994/1995
14,592
2.3

1995/1996
15,204
3.5

1996/1997
15,792
2.7

1997/1998
16,488
2.6

1998/1999
17,784
3.5
#
3.5

1999/2000
18,192
2.1
#
2.1

2000/2001
19,104
2.6
10,000
2.6

2001/2002
19,725
2.3
10,000
2.3

2002/2003
21,022
1.3
10,000
1.3

2003/2004
21,364
3.1
10,000
3.1

2004/2005
22,759
2.6
10,000
2.6

2005/2006
24,137
3.2
15,000
3.2

2006/2007
24,412
2.4
15,000
2.4

2007/2008
25,287
4.8
15,000
4.8

2008/2009
25,936
3.8
15,000
3.8 (Sep–Nov)
3.0 (Dec)†
2.5 (Jan)
2.0 (Feb)
1.5 (Mar–Aug)

2009/2010
27,050
−0.4
15,000
0.0‡

2010/2011
26,449
4.4
15,000
1.5

2011/2012
27,734
5.3
15,000
1.5

2012/2013
27,813
3.6
15,795+[33]
1.5
§
3.6 - 6.6
§

2013/2014
28,775
3.3
16,365
1.5
§
3.3 - 6.3
§

2014/2015
26,727
2.5
16,910
1.5
§
2.5 - 5.5
§

2015/2016
28,828
0.9
17,335
0.9
§
0.9 - 3.9
§

2016/2017
29,126
1.6
17,495
1.25
21,000
1.6 - 4.6
41,000
*
4.6

2017/2018
29,219
3.1
17,775
1.25 (Sep–Nov)
1.5 (Dec–)
21,000
3.1 - 6.1
41,000
*
6.1

2018/2019

March 2018 RPI
18,330

25,000

45,000
*
Mar 2018 RPI + 3%

2019/2020

March 2019 RPI

21,000
Mar 2019 RPI + 3%

text: ^ The repayment and interest thresholds are set to the tax year starting on 6 April immediately prior to the corresponding academic year.

text: † On 4 December 2008 the Bank of England base rate was cut to 2% pa. As the ICR Plan 1 interest rate can never be more than 1% above the Bank of England base rate, the loan interest rate was cut to 3%. The rate was cut again for the same reasons in January, February, and March 2009.

text: ‡ The Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 allows the government to charge - or indeed not to charge - compound interest for income contingent loans. If interest is to be charged by virtue of regulations, the rate must not exceed that needed to maintain the value of the loans in real terms (by reference to RPI) and must not at any time exceed the rate for low-interest loans (bank base rate + 1%). The Education Act 2011 allows post-2012 student loans to accrue interest up to market rates, again by virtue of regulations. In 2009 the government opted not to charge interest when the RPI rate was below zero in order to avoid applying a negative rate of interest. No such option applies to the pre-1998 mortgage-style loans, and the negative rate of interest was indeed applied to those loans.[34]

text: + Amending regulations[35] introduced in 2011 provided for the indexation of the ICR Plan 1 repayment threshold by the prior year's March RPI at the start of every tax year up to and including April 2015, to start from April 2012. Amending regulations 2014[36] removed the time-limit to the annual threshold adjustments to ensure that the threshold maintains its real value for the lifetime of the loans.

text: # Post-1998 ICR Plan 1 loans were not yet open for repayment. The first date for repayment on ICR Plan 1 was 6 April 2000.

text: § Post-2012 ICR Plan 2 loans were not yet open for repayment. The first date for repayment on ICR Plan 2 was 6 April 2016.

text: * Post-2016 ICR Postgraduate loans were not yet open for repayment. The first date for repayment for ICR Postgraduate loans is 6 April 2019.

text: Repayment from overseas[edit]

text: Graduates who spend time overseas for more than three months are required to fill in an Overseas Income Assessment,Form[37] theoretically to provide the Student Loan Company with a way of fixing repayments during that time in fixed instalments over twelve months.[38] This fixed schedule highlights another inflexibility of the overseas repayment mechanism when compared to the UK PAYE scheme. In addition, it is possible to apply for a reassessment when moving between countries, but only if moving to a country with a higher threshold.[38]

text: The mechanism for repaying post-2012 loans if the customer has moved overseas is much the same as for those still in the UK: the same 9% of gross income over a specified threshold (set in GBP) applies, except that the threshold is varied by country, ostensibly to take into account differences in salaries, cost of living, etc., when compared to the UK. For example, in Poland the threshold is currently £7,005 for Plan 1 loans (cf. £17,495 in the UK), and between £8,400 and £16,400 for Plan 2 loans (cf. the lower and upper bounds of £21,000 and £41,000 for UK earners). The thresholds are reviewed at an unspecified time each year.[39][40]

text: If a recipient of a loan does not return an Overseas Income Assessment Form, a default monthly repayment amount, which also varies by country, will be applied. This figure is based on twice the country's national average income and so is potentially quite large.[41] However, the SLC's actual record in pursuing money from students in a foreign country is extremely poor, with 45% of such loans currently in arrears of repayment or actually written off (see below).[42]

text: Postgraduate student loans[edit]

text: It was announced at Autumn Statement 2014 (3 December 2014) that from academic year 2016/17, students aged under 30 studying for a postgraduate taught Masters at a UK degree-awarding institution or other verified HEI will be eligible for a £10,000 student loan.[15] The proposed repayment terms and eligibility criteria were put out to consultation in March 2015 and the outcome was published at Autumn Statement 2015 (25 November 2015).[43]

text: The outcome of the consultation confirmed many aspects of the initial proposals but also contained several changes. Anyone aged under 60 who meets the other eligibility criteria will be eligible for a postgraduate loan (previously it had been proposed that the loans would be restricted to under 30s), as will postgraduate research students. The repayment threshold of £21,000 has been confirmed, although the repayment rate (initially proposed to be 9%) will now be 6% of income above the threshold, ensuring repayments will be as affordable as possible for students repaying both an undergraduate and postgraduate student loan (the combined repayment rate is 15% although the repayment thresholds differ) as it is also confirmed that repayments will be concurrent between the two loans. The interest rate applied to the loans has been confirmed as fixed at RPI+3% (unlike undergraduate plan 2 loans where interest varies between RPI and RPI+3% depending on income).

text: As with undergraduate plan 2 loans, the postgraduate loans will be written off 30 years after they become eligible to be repaid (April after leaving course), although no postgraduate loans will be eligible for repayment before April 2019 (a change from the proposed April 2018).

text: It was announced at Budget 2016 that Doctoral postgraduate loans of £25,000 would be available from academic year 2018/19. It was originally announced at Budget 2016 that the intention was for Doctoral postgraduate loans to be repaid at 9% above the repayment threshold with a combined 9% repayment rate applying where a borrower is repaying both Masters and Doctoral postgraduate loans; however, this was later revised to one combined postgraduate repayment of 6%.[30]

text: One key difference for part-time postgraduate students compared with undergraduate student loans is that only 30% of the postgraduate student loan is considered income according to new regulations detailed in statutory instrument 743 of 2016 [44]an extract of which appears below. These new laws have implications for eligibility to benefits resulting in part-time postgraduate students potentially eligible to benefits. Therefore postgraduate student loans for part-time students are unlike undergraduate student loans which usually exclude students from receipt of benefits.

text: Statutory Instruments S2016 No. 743, Social Security, The Social Security (Treatment of Postgraduate Master’s Degree Loans and Special Support Loans) (Amendment) Regulations 2016:

text: 'Where a student is treated as possessing a postgraduate master’s degree loan under paragraph (3) in respect of an academic year, the amount of that loan to be taken into account as income shall be, subject to paragraph (5), a sum equal to 30 per cent. of the maximum postgraduate master’s degree loan the student is able to acquire in respect of that academic year by taking reasonable steps to do so.'

text: Private student loans[edit]

text: Private loans are generally only sought in addition to government student loans, rather than in place of them (for example if their student loan does not cover accommodation costs). These loans are not guaranteed by a government agency and are made to students by banks or finance companies. Unlike Government loans the repayments do not vary based on future earnings, and the loan will not be written off after a certain period.

text: Private student loan types[edit]

text: Private student loans generally come in two types: school-channel and direct-to-consumer.

text: School-channel loans offer borrowers lower interest rates but generally take longer to process. School-channel loans are "certified" by the school, which means the school signs off on the borrowing amount, and the funds are disbursed directly to the school.

text: Direct-to-consumer private loans are not certified by the school; schools don't interact with a direct-to-consumer private loan at all. The student simply supplies enrolment verification to the lender, and the loan proceeds are disbursed directly to the student. Although direct-to-consumer loans generally carry higher interest rates than school-channel loans, they do allow families to get access to funds very quickly — in some cases, in a matter of days.

text: Private student loan rates and fees[edit]

text: Private student loans typically have variable interest rates while government student loans have fixed rates. Private loans often carry an origination fee. Origination fees are a one-time charge based on the amount of the loan. They can be taken out of the total loan amount or added on top of the total loan amount, often at the borrower's preference. All lenders are legally required to provide you with a statement of the "APR (Annual Percentage Rate)" for the loan before you sign a promissory note and commit to it. Unlike the "base" rate, this rate includes any fees charged and can be thought of as the "effective" interest rate including actual interest, fees, etc. When comparing loans, it may be easier to compare APR rather than "rate" to ensure an apples-to-apples comparison

text: Most private loan programs are tied to one or more financial indices, such as the BBA LIBOR rate, plus an overhead charge. Because private loans are based on the credit history of the applicant, the overhead charge varies. Students and families with excellent credit generally receive lower rates and smaller loan origination fees than those with less than perfect credit.

text: Private loans in the UK are offered by the following companies :-

text: Banks

text:
HSBC - Postgraduate loans.
Barclays/Co-op - Professional and career and development loans.

text: Alternative lenders

text:
Prodigy Finance[45] - MBA loans (launched 2007)
Future Finance[46] - Undergraduate and postgraduate loans (launched 2014)

text: Controversy[edit]

text: 2009 Student Loans Company problems[edit]

text: In the summer and autumn of 2009, many students experienced delays in being assessed for and obtaining student loans and grants. As courses began in September or October, the SLC said that up to 116,000 students would have to begin the term without their funding in place.[47] By 10 November 2009, there were still 70,000 applications waiting to be processed and 3 out of 4 universities were using their own emergency funds to help affected students.[48] Chair of the student group Unions 94 Michael Payne branded the situation "inexcusable"[49] and the Million+ group of universities said the failures were "very disappointing".[50]

text: An inquiry into the problems was set up, chaired by Professor Sir Deian Hopkin. The inquiry reported on 9 December 2009.[51] It found that the SLC processing system had faced problems with lost documents, equipment failures and difficulties with the online application system, and at peak times only 5% of phone calls were answered.[51]

text: Responding to the report, the leader of the UCU lecturers' union, Sally Hunt, said it had been "a total fiasco from start to finish" with failures that "beggar belief".[51] Liberal Democrat university spokesman Stephen Williams branded the report "truly damning, revealing a breathtaking level of incompetence within the Student Loans Company."[51]

text: As a result of the report, the heads of customer services and information and communication technology at the SLC resigned, and the senior management team was restructured. However, the board of the SLC warned it could be another two years before the service was running properly.[52]

text: The SLC was also forced to delay accepting applications for the 2010/11 academic year.[53]

text: 2011 chief executive tax avoidance issue[edit]

text: In January 2012, a BBC Newsnight and Exaro investigation revealed that Ed Lester, the head of the SLC, was being paid his salary via a private firm, allowing him to reduce his payment of income tax and national insurance contributions. It was subsequently announced that he would be treated as a regular employee in the future.[54] In May 2012, Lester announced he would be leaving the SLC at the expiration of his contract in January 2013 although he insisted that the controversy had no bearing on his decision.[55] His replacement is Mick Laverty, a former regional development agency chief executive, appointed in October 2012 and incumbent from January 2013.[56][57]

text: Overpayment and non-repayment problems[edit]

text: Major problems continue to beset the repayments system, leading to many thousands of graduates overpaying on their loans. The issue is that although repayments are processed by the SLC, under a specialist department headed by Kevin O'Connor, they are actually collected by HMRC. The payments collected by HMRC are passed across annually, and only then is the amount left on the student loan calculated. If the SLC notice an overpayment, then the money should be returned with interest. However, long delays in this process have been noticed - and in addition, the SLC have on occasion neglected to inform HMRC to stop taking payments, so a further year of repayments even when the loan has been acknowledged as cleared is not unusual. In 2011/12, the money wrongly taken because of these practices amounted to £36.5 million.[58] In 2009, a new direct debit system was introduced to try and address this problem for graduates who were estimated to have fewer than two years' repayments left to make.[59] However, poor administration has bedevilled this system from the start, and inadequate record keeping means the SLC have great difficulty identifying how much is owed by individuals, meaning that occasionally they either miss the time when repayments should be switched to the direct debit system, or worse, send demand notices to graduates who have already paid off their loan.[60]

text: The transfer of information and even money between HMRC and the SLC has also been beset with difficulties, again apparently due to poor record keeping and the decision to process all repayments at once. Some graduates have found that large sums of money have gone missing in the records. The SLC will alter their records on receipt of the relevant payslips and P60s showing the missing payments. However, that makes it necessary to check all paperwork carefully and retain records for the period in question.[61] Graduates are advised by Student Finance England to check all paperwork and ensure that the repayments are going in according to schedule, and not be afraid to complain or otherwise draw the SLC's attention to the matter should they make a mistake.[62]

text: Non-collection of money due also causes problems. Because loans are collected through the UK tax system, there is no efficacious system of collecting them from eligible non-UK students who have returned to their home country (mostly in the EU) and the SLC has never attempted to sue through a foreign court for the money they are owed. In January 2012, more than 45% of such loans were in arrears and apparently had been effectively written off, at a cost to the Treasury of over £20 million.[42] In December 2013, the Public Accounts Committee described the repayments system as 'blatantly inadequate' and its chairman Margaret Hodge advised the Chief Executive that when it came to systems for ensuring repayment, 'These are very simple things you are not doing.'[63] Only nine foreign nationals had ever been taken to court for non-payment, and just three had been convicted for non-repayment. In the same year, 92 applications for funding from abroad were found to be fraudulent, but no arrests or prosecutions had been instituted.[63]


document_title: General classification in the Tour de France

question_text: what colour jersey does the stage winner of the tour de france wear

root

text: History[edit]

text: The winner of the first Tour de France wore a green armband, not a yellow jersey.[1] After the second Tour de France, the rules were changed, and the general classification was no longer calculated by time, but by points. This points system was kept until 1912, after which it changed back into the time classification. At that time, the leader still did not wear a yellow jersey.

tag: p

text: There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began. The Belgian rider Philippe Thys, who won the Tour in 1913, 1914 and 1920, recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser, Henri Desgrange, asked him to wear a coloured jersey. Thys declined, saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him.[1][2]

text: He said:

text: He spoke of the next year's race, when "I won the first stage and was beaten by a tyre by Bossus in the second. On the following stage, the maillot jaune passed to Georget after a crash."

text: The Tour historian Jacques Augendre called Thys "a valorous rider... well-known for his intelligence" and said his claim "seems free from all suspicion". But: "No newspaper mentions a yellow jersey before the war. Being at a loss for witnesses, we can't solve this enigma."[5]

text: According to the official history, the first yellow jersey was worn by the Frenchman Eugène Christophe in the stage from Grenoble to Geneva on July 18, 1919.[6] The colour was chosen either to reflect the yellow newsprint of the organising newspaper, L'Auto, or because yellow was an unpopular colour and therefore the only one available with which a manufacturer could create jerseys at late notice.[1]

text: The two possibilities have been promoted equally but the idea of matching the colour of Desgrange's newspaper seems more probable because Desgrange wrote: "This morning I gave the valiant Christophe a superb yellow jersey. You already know that our director decided that the man leading the race [de tête du classement général] should wear a jersey in the colours of L'Auto. The battle to wear this jersey is going to be passionate."[7]

text: Christophe disliked wearing it, anyway, and complained that spectators imitated canaries whenever he passed. It was a habit encouraged by his nickname of Cri-Cri (from "Christophe") which is French babytalk for a bird.[1] Christophe remembered riders and spectators teasing: "Ah, the yellow jersey! Isn't he beautiful, the canary? What are you doing, Madame Cri-Cri", adding, "And that lasted the whole course."[8]

text: There was no formal presentation when Christophe wore his first yellow jersey in Grenoble, from where the race left at 2am for the 325 km to Geneva. He was given it the night before and tried it on later in his hotel.[1]

text: In the next Tour de France in 1920, the yellow jersey was initially not awarded, but after the ninth stage, it was introduced again.[9]

text: After Desgrange's death, his stylized initials were added to the yellow jersey,[6] originally on the chest. They moved in 1969 to the sleeve to make way for a logo advertising Virlux. A further advertisement for the clothing company Le Coq Sportif appeared at the bottom of the zip fastener at the neck, the first supplementary advertisement on the yellow jersey.

text: Desgrange's initials returned to the front of the jersey in 1972, some years on the left, others on the right. They were removed in 1984 to make way for a commercial logo but Nike added them again in 2003 as part of the Tour's centenary celebrations. One set of initials is now worn on the upper right chest of the jersey.[1]

text: In 2013, a nighttime finish on the Champs-Élysées for the final stage was done to commemorate the race's 100th edition. Race leader Chris Froome wore a special yellow jersey covered in small translucent sequins into Paris as well as on the podium to allow him to be more visible under the lights.

text: The original yellow jerseys were of conventional style. Riders had to pull them over their head on the rostrum. For many years the jersey was made in only limited sizes and many riders found it a struggle to pull one on, especially when tired or wet. The presentation jersey is now made with a full-length zip at the back and the rider pulls it on from the front, sliding his hands through the sleeves rather like a strait-jacket. He then receives three further jerseys each day, plus money (referred to as the "rent") for each day he leads the race.

text: There is no copyright on the yellow jersey and it has been imitated by many other races, although not always for the best rider overall: in the Tour of Benelux yellow is worn by the best young rider. In professional surf, the current male and female leaders of the World Surf League get to wear a yellow jersey on all the heats of a tour stop.

text: In American English it is sometimes referred to as the mellow johnny, a mispronunciation of its French name originally by Lance Armstrong, who wore it many times while riding in the 1999-2005 races. Armstrong also uses the name "Mellow Johnny" for his Texas-based bike shop. The Lance Armstrong Foundation donated the yellow jersey from Armstrong's fourth Tour de France win (2002) to the National Museum of American History.[10]

text: Rules[edit]

text: The Tour de France, and other bicycle stage races, are decided by totalling the time each rider takes on the daily stages. Time can be added or subtracted from this total time as bonuses or penalties for winning individual stages or being first to the top of a climb or for infractions of the rules. The rider with the lowest overall time at the end of each stage receives a ceremonial yellow bicycling jersey and the right to start the next stage, usually the next day, of the Tour in the yellow jersey.[11]

text: The rider to receive the yellow jersey after the last stage in Paris, is the overall (or ultimate) winner of the Tour.

text: Similar leader's jerseys exist in other cycling races, but are not always yellow (the color being chosen by the individual race organizers). The Tour of California uses gold, the Giro d'Italia uses pink and the Tour Down Under uses an ochre-coloured jersey, as ochre is a colour strongly associated with Australia, particularly its desert regions. Until 2009 the Vuelta a España used gold; since 2010 the leader's jersey is red.

text: More than one rider leading the general classification[edit]

text: In the early years of the Tour de France, the time was measured in minutes. Although usually cyclists were seconds apart, sometimes several cyclists shared the same time. In 1914, before the introduction of the yellow jersey, this had happened with the two leaders, Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius.[12]

text: After the introduction of the yellow jersey in 1919, the situation occurred twice. The first time was in 1929, when three riders had the same time when the race reached Bordeaux. Nicolas Frantz of Luxembourg and the Frenchmen Victor Fontan and André Leducq all rode in yellow, although none held it to the finish in Paris.[13][14] In 1931, Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco were both leading with the same time.[15]

text: The problem of joint leaders was resolved in later Tours by giving the jersey to whichever rider had the best daily finishing places earlier in the race. The introduction of a short time trial at the start of the race in 1967 - the prologue time trial — meant riders have since been divided by fractions of seconds recorded in that race, excepting the 2008, 2011 and 2013 editions. According to the ASO rules[11]

text: No riders in yellow[edit]

text: Riders who became race leader through the misfortune of others have ridden next day without the yellow jersey.[13]

text: In 1950, Ferdi Kubler of Switzerland rode in his national jersey rather than yellow when the race leader, Fiorenzo Magni abandoned the race along with the Italian team in protest at threats said to have been made by spectators.

text: Eddy Merckx declined the jersey in 1971 after its previous wearer, Luis Ocaña, crashed on the col de Mente in the Pyrenees.[16]

text: The Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk did not wear the yellow jersey that passed to him in 1980 when his rival, Bernard Hinault retired with tendonitis.[16]

text: In 1991, Greg LeMond rode without the jersey after a crash eliminated Rolf Sørensen of Denmark.[16]

text: In 2005, Lance Armstrong refused to start in the yellow jersey after the previous owner, David Zabriskie, was eliminated by a crash, but put it on after the neutral zone on request of the race organizers.[17]

text: In 2015, there was no yellow jersey in stage 7 after Tony Martin had crashed in the previous stage. Martin had finished the previous stage after the crash (and officially retained the yellow jersey as a result), but had broken his collarbone in the crash and did not start stage 7. Chris Froome became the overall leader with Martin's non-start.[18]

text: The yellow jersey on the first day of the Tour is traditionally permitted to be worn by the winner of the previous year's race; however, wearing it is a choice left to the rider, and in recent years has gone out of fashion. If the winner does not ride, the jersey is not worn. The previous year's winner traditionally has race number "1" (with his teammates given the other single-digit racing numbers), with subsequent sets of numbers determined by the highest classified riders for that team in the previous Tour. The lead riders for a particular team will often wear the first number in the series (11, 21, 31 and so forth), but these riders are not necessarily contenders for the general classification — teams led by sprinters will often designate the points classification contender as their lead rider.

text: In 2007 there was neither a yellow jersey at the start of the race nor a number 1; the previous winner, Floyd Landis of the United States failed a doping control after the race and organisers declined to declare an official winner pending arbitration of the Landis case. On September 20, 2007, Landis was officially stripped of his title following the arbitration court's guilty verdict, and the 2006 title passed to Óscar Pereiro; in 2008, the runner-up in 2007, Cadel Evans was given the race number "1" when the 2007 winner, Alberto Contador was unable to defend his title due to a dispute between the organisers ASO and his new team Astana barring that team from riding the Tour.

text: Scandal in yellow[edit]

text: In 1978 the Belgian rider Michel Pollentier became race leader after attacking on the Alpe d'Huez. He was disqualified the same day after trying to cheat a drug test.

text: In 1988, Pedro Delgado of Spain won the Tour despite a drug test showing he had taken a drug what could be used to hide the use of steroids. News of the test was leaked to the press by the former organiser of the Tour, Jacques Goddet.[19] Delgado was allowed to continue because the drug, probenecid, was not banned by the Union Cycliste Internationale.[1]

text: The 1996 winner Bjarne Riis of Denmark said, in 2007, that he used drugs during the race. He was asked to stay away from the 2007 Tour in his role as directeur sportif of the Danish Team CSC (now called Team Saxo-Tinkoff).

text: The 2006 winner Floyd Landis was disqualified more than a year after the race. After he failed a doping control test following his stunning Stage 17 victory, an arbitration panel declared him guilty of doping in September 2007; the official title for the 2006 Tour passed to Óscar Pereiro. Landis appealed his case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, but lost this appeal at the end of June 2008[20] allowing Oscar Pereiro to start the 2008 edition of Le Tour de France as the unqualified 2006 Tour champion.

text: In 2007, the Danish rider Michael Rasmussen was withdrawn from the race by his team after complaints that he had not made himself available for drug tests earlier in the year. Rasmussen said that he was in Mexico but there were reports that he was seen training in Italy. He later admitted doping for more than a decade.[21]

text: Maurice Garin won the Tour de France before yellow jerseys were awarded; but in 1904, he was disqualified as winner after complaints that he and other riders cheated. The allegations disappeared with the Tour de France's other archives, when they were taken south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion. But a man, who knew Garin as a small boy, recalled that the Garin admitted catching a train part of the way.[22]

text: In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles by UCI, following a report by the United States Anti-Doping Agency revealing that Armstrong had systematically used performance-enhancing drugs for much of his career, including all seven Tour victories.[23]

text: Record days in yellow[edit]

text: The rider who has most worn the yellow jersey is the Belgian Eddy Merckx, who wore it 96 days. The greatest number of riders to wear the jersey in a single edition of Le Tour de France is eight, which happened in 1958 and 1987.

text: The man who refused the yellow jersey[edit]

text: The yellow jersey was made for decades, like all other cycling jerseys, from wool. No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool. Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange's initials. Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode (in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins.

text: While synthetic material didn't exist in a way to create whole jerseys, synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947, following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn.[19] Riders, especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet (Louis Bobet as he was still known), believed in the pureness of wool. Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust. It was a matter of hygiene. Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much. And, in his first Tour de France, he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented.

text: Goddet recalled:

text: No compromise was possible. Goddet had to get Sofil to produce another jersey overnight, its logo still visible but artificial fabric absent.

text: "Elegance in yellow"[edit]

text: For the veteran writer and television broadcaster Jean-Paul Ollivier, the woollen yellow jersey...

text: The advent of printing by flocking, a process in which cotton fluff is sprayed on to stencilled glue, and then of screen printing, combined with the domination of synthetic materials to increase the advertising on jerseys: the domination which Ollivier regrets. "All sorts of fantasies such as fluorescent jerseys or shorts," he said.[6] Such was the quantity of advertising when Bernard Thévenet accepted the yellow jersey when the Tour finished for the first time on the Champs Elysées in 1975 that the French sports minister counted all the logos and protested to broadcasters. Since then the number of people with access to the podium has been restricted.[19]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: The French bank, Crédit Lyonnais, has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987.[24] The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981. It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day's winner as a play on its name. In 2007, sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL, the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank, Crédit Agricole.


document_title: Super Bowl I

question_text: who scored the first touchdown in superbowl 1

text: Super Bowl I

text: Background[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: When the NFL began its 40th season in 1960, it had a new and unwanted rival: the American Football League. The NFL had successfully fended off several other rival leagues in the past, and so the older league initially ignored the new upstart and its eight teams, figuring it would be made up of nothing but NFL rejects, and that fans were unlikely to prefer it to the NFL. But unlike the NFL's prior rivals, the AFL survived and prospered, in part by signing "NFL rejects" who turned out to be highly talented players the older league had badly misjudged. Soon the NFL and AFL found themselves locked in a massive bidding war for the top free agents and prospects coming out of college. Originally, there was a tacit agreement between the two not to raid each other by signing players who were already under contract with a team from an opposing league. This policy broke down in early 1966 when the NFL's New York Giants signed Pete Gogolak, a placekicker who was under contract with the AFL's Buffalo Bills. The AFL owners considered this an "act of war" and immediately struck back, signing several contracted NFL players, including eight of their top quarterbacks.[citation needed]

text: Eventually the NFL had enough and started negotiations with the AFL in an attempt to resolve the issue. As a result of the negotiations, the leagues signed a merger agreement on June 9, 1966. Among the details, both leagues agreed to share a common draft in order to end the bidding war for the top college players, as well as merge into a single league after the 1969 season. In addition, an "AFL-NFL World Championship Game" was established, in which the AFL and NFL champions would play against each other in a game at the end of the season to determine which league had the best team.[14]

text: Los Angeles was not awarded the game until December 1, less than seven weeks prior to the kickoff;[15] likewise, the date of the game was not set until December 13.[13] Since the AFL Championship Game originally was scheduled for Monday, December 26, and the NFL Championship Game for Sunday, January 1 (the reverse of the situation following the 1960 season), the "new" championship game was suggested to be played Sunday, January 8. Eventually, an unprecedented TV doubleheader was held on January 1, with the AFL Championship Game telecast from Buffalo starting at 1 p.m. EST on NBC and the NFL Championship Game telecast from Dallas starting at 4 p.m. EST (3 p.m. CST) on CBS.[13]

text: Coming into this "first" game, considerable animosity still existed between the two rival leagues, with both of them putting pressure on their respective champions to trounce the other and prove each league's dominance in professional football. Still, many sports writers and fans believed the game was a mismatch, and any team from the long-established NFL was far superior to the best team from the upstart AFL. The Green Bay Packers played the Kansas City Chiefs, with the Packers winning 35–10.[16]

text: The players' shares were $15,000 each for the winning team and $7,500 each for the losing team.[17] This was in addition to the league championship money earned two weeks earlier: the Packers shares were $8,600 each,[18] and the Chiefs were $5,308 each.[19][20]

text: Kansas City Chiefs[edit]

text: The Chiefs entered the game after recording an 11–2–1 mark during the regular season. In the AFL championship game, they defeated the Buffalo Bills 31–7.

text: Kansas City's high-powered offense led the AFL in points scored (448) and total rushing yards (2,274). Their trio of running backs, Mike Garrett (801 yards), Bert Coan (521 yards), and Curtis McClinton (540 yards) all ranked among the top-ten rushers in the AFL. Quarterback Len Dawson was the top-rated passer in the AFL, completing 159 of 284 (56%) of his passes for 2,527 yards and 26 touchdowns. Wide receiver Otis Taylor provided the team with a great deep threat by recording 58 receptions for 1,297 yards and eight touchdowns. Receiver Chris Burford added 58 receptions for 758 yards and eight touchdowns, and tight end Fred Arbanas, who had 22 catches for 305 yards and four touchdowns, was one of six Chiefs offensive players who were named to the All-AFL team.

text: The Chiefs also had a strong defense, with All-AFL players Jerry Mays and Buck Buchanan anchoring their line. Linebacker Bobby Bell, who was also named to the All-AFL team, was great at run stopping and pass coverage. The strongest part of their defense, though, was their secondary, led by All-AFL safeties Johnny Robinson and Bobby Hunt, who each recorded 10 interceptions, and defensive back Fred Williamson, who recorded four. Their head coach was Hank Stram.[21]

text: Green Bay Packers[edit]

text: The Packers were an NFL dynasty turning around what had been a losing team just eight years earlier. The team had posted an NFL-worst 1–10–1 record in 1958 before legendary head coach Vince Lombardi was hired in January 1959. "Their offense was like a conga dance," one sportswriter quipped. "1, 2, 3 and kick."[22]

text: Lombardi was determined to build a winning team. During the preseason, he signed Fred "Fuzzy" Thurston, who had been cut from three other teams, but ended up becoming an All-Pro left guard for Green Bay. In addition Lombardi also made a big trade with the Cleveland Browns that brought three players to the team who would become cornerstones of the defense: linemen Henry Jordan, Willie Davis, and Bill Quinlan.

text: Lombardi's hard work paid off, and the Packers improved to a 7–5 regular season record in 1959. They surprised the league during the following year by making it all the way to the 1960 NFL Championship Game. Although the Packers lost 17–13 to the Philadelphia Eagles, they had sent a clear message that they were no longer losers. Green Bay went on to win NFL Championships in 1961, 1962, 1965, and 1966.

text: Packers veteran quarterback Bart Starr was the top-rated quarterback in the NFL for 1966, and won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award, completing 156 of 251 (62.2%) passes for 2257 yards (9.0 per attempt), 14 touchdowns, and only 3 interceptions. His top targets were wide receivers Boyd Dowler and Carroll Dale, who combined for 63 receptions for 1,336 yards. Fullback Jim Taylor was the team's top rusher with 705 yards, adding 4 touchdowns, and caught 41 passes for 331 yards and 2 touchdowns. (Before the season, Taylor had informed the team that instead of returning to the Packers in 1967, he would become a free agent and sign with the expansion New Orleans Saints. Lombardi, infuriated at what he considered to be Taylor's disloyalty, refused to speak to Taylor the entire season.)[23] The team's starting halfback, Paul Hornung, was injured early in the season, but running back Elijah Pitts, a replacement, gained 857 all purpose yards. The Packers' offensive line was also a big reason for the team's success, led by All-Pro guards Jerry Kramer, and Fuzzy Thurston, and tackle Forrest Gregg.

text: Green Bay also had an excellent defense that displayed their talent in the NFL championship game, stopping the Dallas Cowboys on four consecutive plays starting from the Packers 2-yard line on the final drive to win the game. Lionel Aldridge had replaced Quinlan, but Jordan and Davis still anchored the defensive line; linebacker Ray Nitschke excelled at run stopping and pass coverage, while the secondary was led by defensive backs Herb Adderley and Willie Wood. Wood was another example of how Lombardi found talent in players that nobody else could see. Wood had been a quarterback in college and was not drafted by an NFL team. When Wood joined the Packers in 1960, he was converted to a free safety, and went on to make the All-Pro team 9 times in his 12-year career.[24]

text: Super Bowl pregame news and notes[edit]

text: Many people considered it fitting that the Chiefs and the Packers would be the teams to play in the first ever AFL-NFL World Championship Game. Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt had founded the AFL, while Green Bay was widely considered one of the better teams in NFL history (even if they could not claim to be founding members of their own league, as the Packers joined the NFL in 1921, a year after the league's formation). Lombardi was under intense pressure from the entire NFL to make sure the Packers not only won the game, but preferably won big to demonstrate the superiority of the NFL. CBS announcer Frank Gifford, who interviewed Lombardi prior to the game, said Lombardi was so nervous, "he held onto my arm and he was shaking like a leaf. It was incredible."[25] The Chiefs saw this game as an opportunity to show they were good enough to play against any NFL team. One player who was really looking forward to competing in this game was Len Dawson, who had spent three years as a backup in the NFL before joining the Chiefs. However, the Chiefs were also nervous. Linebacker E. J. Holub said, "the Chiefs were scared to death. Guys in the tunnel were throwing up."[14][25]

text: In the week prior to the game, Chiefs cornerback Fred "The Hammer" Williamson garnered considerable publicity by boasting he would use his "hammer" – forearm blows to the head – to destroy the Packers' receivers, stating, "Two hammers to (Boyd) Dowler, one to (Carroll) Dale should be enough."[26] His prediction turned out to be partially correct as Dowler was knocked out of the game early in the first quarter (although it was because of an exacerbation of an injury he had previously received during the NFL Championship game in Dallas on January 1). However, Willamson himself was knocked out cold and carried off the field on a stretcher near the end of the game.[27]

text: The two teams played with their respective footballs from each league; the Chiefs used the AFL ball, the slightly narrower and longer J5V by Spalding, and the Packers played with the NFL ball, "The Duke" by Wilson.[5]

text: The AFL's two-point conversion rule was not in force; the NFL added the two-point conversion in 1994 and it was first used in the Super Bowl that same season, Super Bowl XXIX in January 1995.[28]

text: This is also the only Super Bowl where the numeric yard markers were 5 yards apart, rather than 10 as is customary today.[29]

text: Justin Peters of Slate watched all the Super Bowls over a two-month period in 2015 before Super Bowl 50. He mentioned about the first Super Bowl having "two dudes in rocket packs who flew around the stadium. I can forgive a lot of bad football as long as the game features two dudes in honest-to-God rocket packs."[30]

text: Weather[edit]

text: The game was played in an outdoor stadium. The temperature was mild with clear skies.[31]

text: Television[edit]

text: Simulcast[edit]

text: This game is the only Super Bowl to have been broadcast in the United States by two television networks simultaneously (no other NFL game was subsequently carried nationally on more than one network until December 29, 2007, when the New England Patriots faced the New York Giants on NBC, CBS, and the NFL Network). At the time, NBC held the rights to nationally televise AFL games while CBS had the rights to broadcast NFL games. Both networks were allowed to cover the game. During the week, tensions flared between the staffs of the two networks (longtime arch-rivals in American broadcasting), who each wanted to win the ratings war, to the point where a fence was built between the CBS and NBC trucks.[32]

text: Each network used its own announcers: Ray Scott (doing play-by-play for the first half), Jack Whitaker (doing play-by-play for the second half) and Frank Gifford provided commentary on CBS, while Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman were on NBC.[33] While Rozelle allowed NBC to telecast the game, he decreed it would not be able to use its cameramen and technical personnel, instead forcing it to use the feed provided by CBS,[34] since the Coliseum was home to the NFL's Rams.

text: Super Bowl I was the only Super Bowl in history that was not a sellout in terms of attendance, despite a TV blackout in the Los Angeles area (at the time, NFL games were required to be blacked out in the market of origin, even if it was a neutral site game and if it sold out). Of the 94,000-seat capacity in the Coliseum, 33,000 went unsold.[35] Days before the game, local newspapers printed editorials about what they viewed as a then-exorbitant $12 price for tickets, and wrote stories about how viewers could pull in the game from stations in distant markets such as Bakersfield, Santa Barbara and San Diego.

text: Game footage[edit]

text: All known broadcast tapes of the game in its entirety were subsequently wiped by both NBC and CBS to save costs, a common practice at the time.[36] This has prevented studies comparing each network's respective telecast.

text: For many years, only two small samples of the telecasts were known to have survived, showing Max McGee's opening touchdown and Jim Taylor's first touchdown run. Both were shown in 1991 on HBO's Play by Play: A History of Sports Television and on the Super Bowl XXV pregame show.[36]

text: In January 2011, a partial recording of the CBS telecast was reported to have been found in a Pennsylvania attic and restored by the Paley Center for Media in New York.[36] The two-inch color videotape is the most complete version of the broadcast yet discovered, missing only the halftime show and most of the third quarter. The NFL owns the broadcast's copyright and has blocked its sale or distribution. After remaining anonymous and only communicating with the media through his lawyer, the owner of the recording, Troy Haupt, came forward to The New York Times in 2016 to tell his side of the story.[37]

text: NFL Films had a camera crew present, and retains a substantial amount of film footage in its archives, some of which has been released in its film productions. One such presentation was the NFL's Greatest Games episode about this Super Bowl, entitled The Spectacle of a Sport (also the title of the Super Bowl I highlight film).[38]

text: On January 11, 2016, the NFL announced that, "in an exhaustive process that took months to complete, NFL Films searched its enormous archives of footage and were able to locate all 145 plays from Super Bowl I from more than a couple dozen disparate sources. Once all the plays were located, NFL Films was able to put the plays in order and stitch them together while fully restoring, re-mastering, and color correcting the footage. Finally, audio from the NBC Sports radio broadcast featuring announcers Jim Simpson and George Ratterman was layered on top of the footage to complete the broadcast. The final result represents the only known video footage of the entire action from Super Bowl I." It then announced that NFL Network would broadcast the newly pieced together game footage in its entirety on January 15, 2016–the 49th anniversary of the contest. This footage was nearly all on film with the exception of several player introductions and a post game locker room chat between Pat Summerall and Pete Rozelle [39]

text: Ceremonies and entertainment[edit]

text: The Los Angeles Ramettes, majorettes who had performed at all Rams home games, entertained during pregame festivities and after each quarter. Also during the pregame, the University of Arizona band created a physical outline of the continental United States at the center of the field, with the famed Anaheim High School drill team placing banners of each NFL and AFL team at each team's geographical location.

text: The halftime show featured trumpeter Al Hirt, the marching bands from the University of Arizona and Grambling State University, 300 pigeons, 10,000 balloons and a flying demonstration by the hydrogen-peroxide-propelled Bell Rocket Air Men.[5][34][40]

text: The postgame trophy presentation ceremony was handled by CBS' Pat Summerall and NBC's George Ratterman. Summerall and Ratterman were forced to share a single microphone.[33]

text: Game summary[edit]

text: During the game, the official balls from both leagues were used – when the Chiefs were on offense, the official AFL football (Spalding JV-5) was used, and when the Packers were on offense, the official NFL ball (Wilson's "The Duke") was used. Even the officiating crew was made up of a combination of AFL and NFL referees, with the NFL's Norm Schachter as the head referee.[41]

text: First quarter[edit]

text: After both teams traded punts on their first possessions of the game, the Packers jumped out to an early 7–0 lead, driving 80 yards in six plays. The drive was highlighted by Starr's passes, to Marv Fleming for 11, to Elijah Pitts for 22 yards on a scramble, and to Carroll Dale for 12 yards. On the last play, Bart Starr threw a pass to reserve receiver Max McGee, who had replaced re-injured starter Boyd Dowler earlier in the drive. (Dowler had injured the shoulder the previous week after scoring a third quarter touchdown; Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter had upended him several steps after scoring and he landed awkwardly.) McGee slipped past Chiefs cornerback Willie Mitchell, made a one-handed catch at the 23-yard line, and then took off for a 37-yard touchdown reception (McGee had also caught a touchdown pass after replacing an injured Dowler in the NFL championship game). On their ensuing drive, the Chiefs moved the ball to Green Bay's 33-yard line, but kicker Mike Mercer missed a 40-yard field goal.

text: Second quarter[edit]

text: Early in the second quarter, Kansas City drove 66 yards in six plays, featuring a 31-yard reception by receiver Otis Taylor, to tie the game on a seven-yard pass to Curtis McClinton from quarterback Len Dawson. But the Packers responded on their next drive, advancing 73 yards down the field and scoring on fullback Jim Taylor's 14-yard touchdown run with the team's famed "Power Sweep" play. Taylor's touchdown run was the first in Super Bowl history. This drive was again highlighted by Starr's key passes. He hit McGee for 10 yards on third and five; Dale for 15 on third and ten; Fleming for 11 on third and five; and Pitts for 10 yards on third and seven to set up Taylor's TD on the next play.

text: Dawson was sacked for an eight-yard loss on the first play of the Chiefs' next drive, but he followed it up with four consecutive completions for 58 yards, including a 27-yarder to Chris Burford. This set up Mercer's 31-yard field goal to make the score 14–10 at the end of the half.

text: At halftime, the Chiefs appeared to have a chance to win. Many people watching the game were surprised how close the score was and how well the AFL's champions were playing. Kansas City actually outgained Green Bay in total yards, 181–164, and had 11 first downs compared to the Packers' 9. The Chiefs were exuberant at halftime. Hank Stram said later, "I honestly thought we would come back and win it."[25] The Packers were disappointed with the quality of their play in the first half. "The coach was concerned", said defensive end Willie Davis later.[25] Lombardi told them the game plan was sound, but that they had to tweak some things and execute better.[42]

text: Third quarter[edit]

text: On their first drive of the second half, the Chiefs advanced to their own 49-yard line. But on a third-down pass play, a heavy blitz by linebackers Dave Robinson and Lee Roy Caffey collapsed the Chiefs pocket. Just as Packer end Lionel Aldridge was about to hit him, Dawson threw weakly toward tight end Fred Arbanas, but the ball was intercepted by Willie Wood.[12] Wood raced 50 yards to Kansas City's five-yard line where Mike Garrett dragged him down from behind. This was "the biggest play of the game," wrote Starr later.[42] On their first play after the turnover, running back Elijah Pitts scored on a five-yard touchdown run to give the Packers a 21–10 lead. Stram agreed that it was the critical point of the game.[10][11] The Packers defense then dominated the Chiefs offense for the rest of the game, only allowing them to cross midfield once, and for just one play. The Chiefs were forced to deviate from their game plan, and that hurt them. The Kansas City offense totaled only 12 yards in the third quarter, and Dawson was held to five of 12 second-half pass completions for 59 yards.

text: Meanwhile, Green Bay forced Kansas City to punt from their own two-yard line after sacking Dawson twice and got the ball back with good field position on their own 44-yard line. McGee subsequently caught three passes for 40 yards on a 56-yard drive that ended with his 13-yard touchdown reception.

text: Fourth quarter[edit]

text: Midway through the fourth quarter, Starr completed a 25-yard pass to Carroll Dale and a 37-yard strike to McGee, moving the ball to the Chiefs 18-yard line. Four plays later, Pitts scored his second touchdown on a one-yard run to close out the scoring, giving the Packers the 35–10 win. Also in the fourth quarter, Fred Williamson, who had boasted about his "hammer" prior to the game, was knocked out when his head collided with running back Donny Anderson's knee, and then suffered a broken arm when Chiefs linebacker Sherrill Headrick fell on him.[25] Williamson had three tackles for the game.

text: Hornung was the only Packer not to see any action. Lombardi had asked him in the fourth quarter if he wanted to go in, but Hornung declined, not wanting to aggravate a pinched nerve in his neck. McGee, who caught only four passes for 91 yards and one touchdown during the season, finished Super Bowl I with seven receptions for 138 yards and two touchdowns. After the game was over, a reporter asked Vince Lombardi about if he thought Kansas City was a good team. Lombardi responded that though the Chiefs were an excellent, well-coached club, he thought several NFL teams such as Dallas were better.[43]

text: The Green Bay Packers were each paid a salary of $15,000 as the winning team. The Chiefs were paid $7,500 each.[44]

text: Box score[edit]

text:
1
2
3
4
Total

Chiefs (AFL)
0
10
0
0
10

Packers (NFL)
7
7
14
7
35

tag: table

text: at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California

text:
Date: January 15, 1967
Game time: 1:15 p.m. PST
Game weather: 72 °F (22 °C), sunny[45]

tag: ul

text:
[hide]Scoring summary

Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score

Plays
Yards
TOP
KC
GB

1
6:04
6
80
3:06
GB
Max McGee 37-yard touchdown reception from Bart Starr, Don Chandler kick good
0
7

2
10:40
6
66
3:44
KC
Curtis McClinton 7-yard touchdown reception from Len Dawson, Mike Mercer kick good
7
7

2
4:37
13
73
6:03
GB
Jim Taylor 14-yard touchdown run, Chandler kick good
7
14

2
0:54
7
50
3:43
KC
31-yard field goal by Mercer
10
14

3
12:33
1
5
0:09
GB
Elijah Pitts 5-yard touchdown run, Chandler kick good
10
21

3
0:51
10
56
5:25
GB
McGee 13-yard touchdown reception from Starr, Chandler kick good
10
28

4
6:35
8
80
4:13
GB
Pitts 1-yard touchdown run, Chandler kick good
10
35

"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
10
35

text: Final statistics[edit]

text: Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl I, Super Bowl Play Finder GB, Super Bowl Play Finder KC

text: Statistical comparison[edit]

text:
Kansas City Chiefs
Green Bay Packers

First downs
17
21

First downs rushing
4
10

First downs passing
12
11

First downs penalty
1
0

Third down efficiency
3/13
11/15

Fourth down efficiency
0/0
0/0

Net yards rushing
72
133

Rushing attempts
19
34

Yards per rush
3.8
3.9

Passing – Completions/attempts
17/32
16/24

Times sacked-total yards
6–61
3–22

Interceptions thrown
1
1

Net yards passing
167
228

Total net yards
239
361

Punt returns-total yards
3–19
4–23

Kickoff returns-total yards
6–130
3–65

Interceptions-total return yards
1–0
1–50

Punts-average yardage
7–45.3
4–43.3

Fumbles-lost
1–0
1–0

Penalties-total yards
4–26
4–40

Time of possession
28:35
31:25

Turnovers
1
1

text: Note: According to NBC Radio announcer Jim Simpson's report at halftime of the game, Kansas City led 11 to 9 in first downs at halftime, 181 to 164 in total yards, and 142 to 113 in passing yards (Green Bay led 51 to 39 in rushing yards). Bart Starr completed eight of 13 with no interceptions, while Len Dawson was 11 of 15 with no interceptions. Green Bay led 14–10 at halftime. Green Bay had the ball five times, although only for a minute or so on the last possession; they punted on their first possession, scored a touchdown on their second, punted on their third, scored a touchdown on their fourth, and had the ball when the half ended on their fifth. Kansas City had the ball four times – punting on their first possession, driving to a missed field goal on their second possession, scoring a touchdown on their third, and kicking a field goal on their fourth.

text: This means, in the second half, Green Bay led 12 to six in first downs, 197 to 58 in total yards, 115 to 25 in passing yards, and 82 to 33 in rushing yards (the Packers won the second half, 21–0). Starr and his late-game replacement, Zeke Bratkowski, were eight for 11 with one interception; Dawson and his late-game replacement, Pete Beathard, were just six for 17, also with one interception. Each team had the ball seven times in the second half, although Green Bay's first possession was just one play and their seventh possession was abbreviated because the game ended. Green Bay scored a touchdown on their first (one play) possession, punted on their second, scored a touchdown on their third, was intercepted at KC's 15-yard line on their fourth (just Starr's fourth interception of the year), scored a touchdown on their fifth, punted on their sixth, and had the ball when the game ended on their seventh possession. Kansas City was intercepted on their first possession – Wood's return to the five set up Pitts' touchdown that made the score 21–10 – and then punted on each of their next six possessions.

text: Individual leaders[edit]

text:
Chiefs passing

C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating

Len Dawson
16/27
211
1
1
80.9

Pete Beathard
1/5
17
0
0
41.3

Chiefs rushing

Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car

Len Dawson
3
24
0
15
8.00

Mike Garrett
6
17
0
9
2.83

Curtis McClinton
6
16
0
6
2.67

Pete Beathard
1
14
0
14
14.00

Bert Coan
3
1
0
3
0.33

Chiefs receiving

Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5

Chris Burford
4
67
0
27
10

Otis Taylor
4
57
0
31
9

Mike Garrett
3
28
0
17
5

Curtis McClinton
2
34
1
27
2

Fred Arbanas
2
30
0
18
3

Reg Carolan
1
7
0
7
1

Bert Coan
1
5
0
5
1

text:
Packers passing

C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating

Bart Starr
16/23
250
2
1
116.2

Zeke Bratkowski
0/1
0
0
0
39.6

Packers rushing

Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car

Jim Taylor
17
56
1
14
3.29

Elijah Pitts
11
45
2
12
4.09

Donny Anderson
4
30
0
13
7.50

Jim Grabowski
2
2
0
2
1.00

Packers receiving

Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5

Max McGee
7
138
2
37
10

Carroll Dale
4
59
0
25
8

Elijah Pitts
2
32
0
22
3

Marv Fleming
2
22
0
11
2

Jim Taylor
1
−1
0
−1
1

text: 1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted

text: Records established[edit]

text:
Because this was the first Super Bowl, a new record was set in every category. All categories are listed in the 2016 NFL Fact book.[46] The following records were set in Super Bowl I, according to the official NFL.com boxscore[47] and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary.[48]
Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized.[46] The minimums are shown (in parenthesis).

text:
Player records established[48]

Most points scored, game
12
Max McGee
Elijah Pitts

Most points scored, career
12

Most touchdowns, game
2

Most touchdowns, career
2

Longest scoring play
37 yard pass
Max McGee

Passing records

Most attempts, game
27
Len Dawson

Most attempts, career
27

Most completions, game
16
Len Dawson
Bart Starr

Most completions, career
16

Most interceptions thrown, game
1

Most interceptions thrown, career
1

Highest passer rating, game
116.2
Bart Starr

Highest completion percentage,
game, (20 attempts)
69.6%

Most passing yards, game
250 yards

Most passing yards, career
250 yards

Longest pass
37 yards

Highest average gain,
game (20 attempts)
10.87 yards (23–250)

Most touchdown passes, game
2

Most touchdown passes, career
2

Rushing records

Most yards, game
56 yards
Jim Taylor (Green Bay)

Most yards, career
56 yards

Most attempts, game
17

Most attempts, career
17

Longest Touchdown Run
14 yards

Longest run from scrimmage
15 yards
Len Dawson

Most rushing yards, game, quarterback
24 yards

Most touchdowns, game
2
Elijah Pitts

Most touchdowns, career
2

Highest average gain,
game (10 attempts)
4.0 yards (11–45)

Receiving records

Most yards, game
138 yards
Max McGee

Most yards, career
138 yards

Most receptions, game
7

Most receptions, career
7

Longest reception
37 yards

Longest touchdown reception
37 yards

Highest average gain,
game (3 receptions)
19.7 yards (7–138)

Most touchdowns, game
2

Most touchdowns, career
2

Combined yardage records †

Most attempts, game
18
Jim Taylor

Most Attempts, career
18

Most yards gained, game
138
Max McGee

Most yards gained, career
138

Fumbles

Most fumbles, game
1
Jim Grabowski (Green Bay)
Curtis McClinton (Kansas City)

Most fumbles, career
1

Defense

Most interceptions, game
1
Willie Wood (Green Bay)
Willie Mitchell (Kansas City)

Most interceptions, career
1

Most interception yards gained, game
50 yards
Willie Wood

Most interception yards gained, career
50 yards

Longest interception return
50 yards

Most sacks, game ‡
1.5
Henry Jordan (Green Bay)
Willie Davis (Green Bay)

Most sacks, career ‡
1.5

Special Teams

Longest kickoff return
31 yards
Bert Coan (Kansas City)

Most kickoff returns, game
4

Most kickoff returns, career
4

Most kickoff return yards, game
87 yards

Most kickoff return yards, career
87 yards

Highest kickoff return average,
game (3 returns)
21.8 yards (4–87)

Highest kickoff return average,
career (4 returns)
21.8 yards (4–87)

Longest punt
61 yards
Jerrel Wilson (Kansas City)

Most punts, game
7

Most punts, career
7

Highest punting average, game (4 punts)
43.3 (7–317)

Most punt returns, game
3
Donny Anderson (Green Bay)

Most punt returns, career
3

Most punt return yards gained, game
25

Most punt return yards gained, career
25

Longest punt return
15

Highest average, punt return
yardage, game (3 returns)
8.3 yards (3–25)

Most field goals attempted, game
2
Mike Mercer (Kansas City)

Most field goals attempted, career
2

Most field goals made, game
1

Most field goals made, career
1

Longest field goal
31

Most (one point) extra points, game
5
Don Chandler (Green Bay)

Most (one point) extra points, career
5

text:
† This category includes rushing, receiving, interception returns, punt returns, kickoff returns, and fumble returns.[49]
‡ Sacks an official statistic since Super Bowl XVII by the NFL. Sacks are listed as "Tackled Attempting to Pass" in the official NFL box score for Super Bowl I.[47][50]

text:
Team records established [48]

Most Super Bowl appearances
1
Packers
Chiefs

Most Super Bowl victories
1
Packers

Most Super Bowl losses
1
Chiefs

Super Bowl win with
no home playoff games
2 games
Packers

Points

Most points, game
35 points
Packers

Fewest points, game
10 points
Chiefs

Largest margin of victory
25 points
Packers

Most points scored, first half
14 points

Most points scored, second half
21 points

Most points scored in
any quarter of play
14 points (3rd)

Most points, first quarter
7 points

Most points, second quarter
10 points
Chiefs

Most points, third quarter
14 points
Packers

Most points, fourth quarter
7 points

Largest lead, end of first quarter
7 points

Largest halftime margin
4 points

Largest lead, end of 3rd quarter
18 points

Fewest points, first half
10 points
Chiefs

Fewest points, second half
0 points

Touchdowns, PATs, field goals

Most touchdowns, game
5
Packers

Fewest touchdowns, game
1
Chiefs

Longest touchdown scoring drive
80 yards
Packers

Most (one point) PATs
5
Packers

Most field goals attempted
2
Chiefs

Most field goals made
1
Chiefs

Net yards

Most net yards,
rushing and passing
361 yards
Packers

Fewest net yards,
rushing and passing
239 yards
Chiefs

Rushing

Most rushing attempts
34
Packers

Fewest rushing attempts
19
Chiefs

Most rushing yards (net)
133 yards
Packers

Fewest rushing yards (net)
72 yards
Chiefs

Highest average gain
per rush attempt
3.9 yards
Packers
(133–34)

Lowest average gain
per rush attempt
3.8 yards
Chiefs
(72–19)

Most rushing touchdowns
3
Packers

Fewest rushing touchdowns
0
Chiefs

Passing

Most passing attempts
32
Chiefs

Fewest passing attempts
23
Packers

Most passes completed
17
Chiefs

Fewest passes completed
16
Packers

Highest completion percentage
(20 attempts)
69.6%
Packers
(16–23)

Lowest completion percentage
(20 attempts)
53.1%
Chiefs
(17–32)

Most yards passing (net)
228 yds
Packers

Fewest yards passing (net)
167 yds
Chiefs

Highest average yards gained
per pass attempt
9.9 yds
Packers
(228–23)

Lowest average yards gained
per pass attempt
5.2 yds
Chiefs
(167–32)

Most times intercepted
1
Packers
Chiefs

Most times sacked
6
Chiefs

Fewest times sacked
3
Packers

Most passing touchdowns
2
Packers

Fewest passing touchdowns
1
Chiefs

First Downs

Most first downs
21
Packers

Fewest first downs
17
Chiefs

Most first downs rushing
10
Packers

Fewest first downs rushing
4
Chiefs

Most first downs, passing
12
Chiefs

Fewest first downs passing
11
Packers

Most first downs, penalty
1
Chiefs

Fewest first downs penalty
0
Packers

Defense

Most Interceptions by
1
Packers
Chiefs

Most yards gained by
interception return
50 yds
Packers

Most sacks, game
6
Packers

Fewest sacks, game
3
Chiefs

Fewest yards allowed
239 yds
Packers

Most yards allowed
358 yds
Chiefs

Most yards allowed in a win
239 yds
Packers

Fumbles

Most fumbles, game
1
Packers
Chiefs

Most fumbles lost, game
0

Most fumbles recovered, game
1

Turnovers

Most turnovers, game
1
Packers
Chiefs

Fewest turnovers, game
1

Kickoff returns

Most kickoff returns, game
6
Chiefs

Fewest kickoff returns, game
3
Packers

Most yards gained, game
130 yds
Chiefs

Fewest yards gained, game
65 yds
Packers

Highest average gain,
game (3 returns)
21.7 yds
Packers (65–3)
Chiefs (130–6)

Punting

Most punts, game
7
Chiefs

Fewest punts, game
4
Packers

Highest average,
game (4 punts)
45.3 yds
Chiefs

Punt returns

Most punt returns, game
4
Packers

Fewest punt returns, game
3
Chiefs

Most yards gained, game
23 yds
Packers

Fewest yards gained, game
19 yds
Chiefs

Highest average return yardage,
game (3 returns)
6.3 yds
Chiefs
(19–3)

Penalties

Most penalties, game
4
Packers
Chiefs

Most yards penalized, game
40 yds
Packers

Fewest yards penalized, game
26 yds
Chiefs

text: Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles.

text:
Records established, both team totals [48]

Total
Green
Bay
Kansas
City

Points, both teams

Most points
45 pts
35
10

Most points scored, first half
24 pts
14
10

Most points scored, second half
21 pts
21
0

Most points, first quarter
7 pts
7
0

Most points, second quarter
17 pts
7
10

Most points, third quarter
14 pts
14
0

Most points, fourth quarter
7 pts
7
0

Touchdowns, PATs, field goals, both teams

Most touchdowns
6
5
1

Most (one point) PATs
6
(5–5)
(1–1)

Most field goals attempted
2
0
2

Most field goals made
1
0
1

Net yards, both teams

Most net yards,
rushing and passing
600 yds
361
229

Rushing, both teams

Most rushing attempts
53
34
19

Most rushing yards (net)
205 yds
133
72

Most rushing touchdowns
3
3
0

Passing, both teams

Most passing attempts
55
23
32

Most passes completed
33
16
17

Most passing yards (net)
395 yds
228
167

Most times sacked
9
3
6

Most times interceptioned
2
1
1

Most passing touchdowns
3
2
1

First downs, both teams

Most first downs
38
21
17

Most first downs rushing
14
10
4

Most first downs, passing
23
11
12

Most first downs, penalty
1
0
1

Defense, both teams

Most interceptions by
2
1
1

Most yards gained by
interception return
50 yds
50
0

Most sacks, game
9
6
3

Fumbles, both teams

Most fumbles
2
1
1

Most fumbles lost
0
0
0

Turnovers, both teams

Most Turnovers
2
1
1

Kickoff returns, both teams

Most kickoff returns
9
3
6

Most yards gained
195 yds
65
130

Punting, both teams

Most punts, game
11
4
7

Punt returns, both teams

Most punt returns, game
7
4
3

Most yards gained, game
42 yds
23
19

Penalties, both teams

Most penalties, game
8
4
4

Most yards penalized
66 yds
40
26

text: Starting lineups[edit]

text: Hall of Fame ‡

text:
Kansas City
Position
Green Bay

Offense

Chris Burford
SE
Carroll Dale

Jim Tyrer
LT
Bob Skoronski

Ed Budde
LG
Fuzzy Thurston

Wayne Frazier
C
Bill Curry

Curt Merz
RG
Jerry Kramer ‡

Dave Hill
RT
Forrest Gregg ‡

Fred Arbanas
TE
Marv Fleming

Otis Taylor
FL
Boyd Dowler

Len Dawson ‡
QB
Bart Starr ‡

Mike Garrett
HB
Elijah Pitts

Curtis McClinton
FB
Jim Taylor ‡

Defense

Jerry Mays
LE
Willie Davis‡

Andy Rice
LT
Ron Kostelnik

Buck Buchanan ‡
RT
Henry Jordan ‡

Chuck Hurston
RE
Lionel Aldridge

Bobby Bell ‡
LLB
Dave Robinson ‡

Sherrill Headrick
MLB
Ray Nitschke ‡

E. J. Holub
RLB
Lee Roy Caffey

Fred Williamson
LCB
Herb Adderley ‡

Willie Mitchell
RCB
Bob Jeter

Bobby Hunt
LS
Tom Brown

Johnny Robinson
RS
Willie Wood ‡

Special Teams

Mike Mercer
K
Don Chandler

Jerrel Wilson
P
Don Chandler

text: Officials[edit]

text:
Referee: Norm Schachter (NFL)
Umpire: George Young (AFL)
Head linesman: Bernie Ulman (NFL)
Line judge: Al Sabato (AFL)
Back Judge: Jack Reader (AFL)
Field judge: Mike Lisetski (NFL)
Alternate Referee: Art McNally (NFL)
Alternate Umpire: Paul Trepinsky (AFL)
Alternate Head linesman: Burl Toler (NFL)
Alternate Line judge: Harry Kessel (AFL)
Alternate Back judge: Charley Musser (AFL)
Alternate Field judge: Herman Rohring (NFL) [52][53]

text: Note: A six-official system was used by the NFL from 1965 through the 1977 season.

text: Since officials from the NFL and AFL wore different uniform designs, a "neutral" uniform was designed for this game. These uniforms had the familiar black and white stripes, but the sleeves were all black with the official's uniform number. This design was also worn in Super Bowl II, but was discontinued after that game when AFL officials began wearing uniforms identical to those of the NFL during the 1968 season, in anticipation of the AFL-NFL merger in 1970.[54][55]


document_title: Zoopraxiscope

question_text: who invented the zöopraxiscope which projected still photographs in rapid succession

text: Zoopraxiscope

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. Created by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879, it may be considered the first movie projector. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. The stop-motion images were initially painted onto the glass, as silhouettes. A second series of discs, made in 1892–1894, used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand. Some of the animated images are highly complex, featuring multiple combinations of sequences of animal and human movement.

text: The device appears to have been one of the primary inspirations for Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson's Kinetoscope, the first commercial film exhibition system.[1] Images from all of the known seventy-one surviving zoopraxiscope discs have been reproduced in the book Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest (The Projection Box, 2004).


document_title: She's Always a Woman

question_text: who was she's always a woman to me written about

question_tokens: who was she 's always a woman to me written about

text: She's Always a Woman

text: Origin and meaning[edit]

text: The song was released in 1977, following several other hits from The Stranger including "Just the Way You Are", "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" and "Only the Good Die Young". Musically, Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads. It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife, Elizabeth Weber. Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel's career, and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts. She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could "wound with her eyes" or "steal like a thief", but would "never give in". Because of her tough-as-nails negotiating style, many business adversaries thought she was "unfeminine," but to Joel, she was always a woman.[3] The two eventually divorced in 1982.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: 7" single (1977)[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"
"Vienna"

tag: ol

text: Single (CBS)[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"
"Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)"

text: Japanese 7" single (CBS 06SP 248)[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"
"Only The Good Die Young"

text: Chart history[edit]

text:
Chart (1977)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
17

U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks
2

Chart (1978)
Peak
position

Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)[4]
28

Canadian Singles Chart[5]
12

Dutch Top 40[6]
15

Chart (1986)
Peak
position

Irish Singles Chart
22

UK Singles Chart
53

Chart (2007)
Peak
position

Italian Singles Chart[7]
56

Chart (2010)
Peak
position

UK Singles Chart
29

Chart (2011)
Peak
position

Austrian Singles Chart[8]
37

text: Fyfe Dangerfield cover[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"

Single by Fyfe Dangerfield

from the album Fly Yellow Moon

Released
May 10, 2010

Format
Digital download

Length
3:14

Label
Fantastic Plastic, Polydor

Songwriter(s)
Billy Joel

Fyfe Dangerfield singles chronology

"Faster Than the Setting Sun"
(2010)
"She's Always a Woman"
(2010)
"Barricades"
(2010)

"Faster Than the Setting Sun"
(2010)
"She's Always a Woman"
(2010)
"Barricades"
(2010)

text: Fyfe Dangerfield, lead singer of the band Guillemots, recorded a version of this song in 2010 which was used in an advertisement for the British department store John Lewis.[9] Subsequently, the Billy Joel original re-entered the UK singles chart at number 29 on May 1, 2010. On May 1, 2010, a new version of the advert aired; which shows more of the song cover. In the annual ITV poll for 2010 advert of the year; "John Lewis - She's always a Woman" ranked fourth.

text: The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times (collectively from the top 3 results) since it aired on TV.[10]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: "She's Always a Woman" - 3:14

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "She's Always a Woman" debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 2, 2010 at #99. On its second week in the chart, the single climbed 85 places to #14, marking Dangerfield's most successful single to date. On May 16, 2010, the single climbed 7 places to a current peak of #7 before falling to #9 in its second week within the Top 10.

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
Position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[12]
7

text: Other covers[edit]

text:
Lynda Carter covered the song on her 1978 album Portrait.[13]
In 2004, Zorán made a Hungarian cover "A nő", on his maxi single "A körben".[14]
In 2012, Celtic Thunder covered the song on their album Voyage with Neil Byrne on vocals.