document_title: Elizabeth Banks

question_text: who played effie trinket in the hunger games

root

text: Elizabeth Banks

text: Early life[edit]

text: Banks was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and grew up on Brown Street, the eldest of four children of Ann (née Wallace) and Mark P. Mitchell.[7] Her father, a Vietnam veteran, was a factory worker for General Electric and her mother worked in a bank.[8] She has said that she grew up "Irish + WASP + Catholic".[9]

tag: p

text: Growing up, Banks played baseball and rode horses. She was in Little League when she broke her leg sliding into third base. She then tried out for the school play, which was her start in acting.[10] She graduated from Pittsfield High School in 1992, and is a member of the Massachusetts Junior Classical League.[11] She attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta Sorority. She graduated magna cum laude in 1996 with a major in communications and a minor in theater arts.[12] In 1998, she completed schooling at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, California, where she earned an MFA degree.[13][14]

text: Career[edit]

text: Banks changed her name to avoid confusion with actress Elizabeth Mitchell.[15] After auditioning in New York, she was offered a role on the soap opera Santa Barbara. Taking the role would have required her to quit her education at the American Conservatory Theatre, and Banks ultimately decided to forgo the offer due to having taken out student loans to complete her degree.[16] She made her acting debut in the 1998 independent film Surrender Dorothy, as Elizabeth Casey, and appeared in various films over the next seven years including Guy Ritchie's Swept Away[17] before gaining more prominent widespread exposure through the 2005 comedy film The 40-Year-Old Virgin.[18]

text: In August 2005, at the Williamstown Theatre Festival, Banks starred in William Inge's Bus Stop as Cherie, the sexy blonde aspiring nightclub singer.[19] Jeffrey Borak wrote that Banks' portrayal was acted "with poise, clarity and a shrewd feel for Cherie's complexities. Her performance is all of a piece and in harmony, stylistically, with the performances around her..."[20] In 2005, she appeared on the series Stella, and in May 2006, she had a role in the season five finale of the NBC sitcom Scrubs as Dr. Kim Briggs, the love interest of J.D. (Zach Braff). The character appeared throughout seasons six, seven, and eight as a recurring guest star.[21]

text: In 2006, Banks appeared in the American football drama film Invincible, in which she played Mark Wahlberg's love interest. Later, she and co-star Wahlberg were nominated for the "Best Kiss" award at the MTV Movie Awards.[22] That same year, she landed the starring role in the comedy-horror film Slither.[23]

text: In 2007, Banks played the female lead in the comedy film Meet Bill, alongside Aaron Eckhart and Jessica Alba.[21] That same year, she had a small role in the Christmas comedy film Fred Claus, co-starring Vince Vaughn and Paul Giamatti as Santa's little helper, Charlyne. In 2008, she played the ex-wife and mother of the daughter of Ryan Reynolds lead in the comedy film Definitely, Maybe, alongside Isla Fisher and Ryan Reynolds,[24] starred with Seth Rogen as the eponymous female lead in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno,[21] and played United States First Lady Laura Bush in W., Oliver Stone's biopic of George W. Bush.[25]

text: In 2009, Banks appeared in the horror film The Uninvited, a remake of the Korean film A Tale of Two Sisters.[26] The film was about an intrusive stepmother who makes life miserable for the teen daughters of her new husband. Banks based her character, Rachel, on Rebecca De Mornay's character in The Hand That Rocks the Cradle.[27] "It was very important to me that every line reading I gave could be interpreted two ways," says Banks of her role, "So that when you go back through the movie you can see that".[27]

text: Banks is a frequent co-star of actor Paul Rudd, the two having appeared in five films together to date (Wet Hot American Summer, The Baxter, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Role Models, and Our Idiot Brother).[28] She is also a frequent co-star of actor Tobey Maguire, the two having also appeared in five films together (Spider-Man, Seabiscuit, Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man 3, and The Details).[29]

text: Banks was cast as a love interest for Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) in the fourth season of the Emmy Award-winning sitcom 30 Rock.[30] Intended to appear in four episodes in 2010, Banks went on to become a recurring character with 13 appearances by the end of the fifth season, including her marriage in the episode Mrs. Donaghy. Her performance in season five earned her a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards.[31]

text: In 2012 Banks also starred in the film What to Expect When You're Expecting alongside Jennifer Lopez. Banks appeared in the movie The Hunger Games (2012), playing Effie Trinket, a woman from "The Capitol" who escorts the District 12 tributes to the Hunger Games. She reprised the role in the films The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014), and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015).[21] Banks co-starred in the 2014 movie Every Secret Thing, playing Detective Nancy Porter investigating the disappearance of a young child with similarities to a case she had previously been involved with.[32]

text: In 2014, Banks was recognized by Elle Magazine during The Women in Hollywood Awards, honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film, spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry, including acting, directing, and producing.[33]

text: Banks portrayed Melinda Ledbetter Wilson, the wife of Brian Wilson, in the 2015 biopic Love and Mercy, which is based on the life of the legendary musician and founding member of The Beach Boys, as portrayed by John Cusack.[34] After producing and appearing, as Gail, in the first Pitch Perfect film, Banks directed its sequel, Pitch Perfect 2 (2015), making her feature directorial debut. She also produced the film, and again played Gail.[35] In 2015, she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2015 Venice Film Festival. The festival is chaired by Alfonso Cuarón.[36] Also in 2015, Banks became a spokeswoman for Realtor.com in their series of television commercials.[37] As of mid-February 2016, Banks became the commercial face of Old Navy.[38] She also played space alien Rita Repulsa in the 2017 Power Rangers reboot film.[39]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Banks met her husband, Max Handelman, a sportswriter and producer from Portland, Oregon[40] on her first day of college on September 6, 1992. They were married in 2003. The couple have two sons.[41] She and her husband had their first child, Felix, who was born through a surrogate in March 2011.[42] In November 2012, Banks announced the birth of another son, Magnus Mitchell, also by surrogate.[43]

text: Banks went through parts of conversion to Judaism, her husband's faith, and studied with rabbis. In 2013, speaking of her religion, she stated that she practices Judaism, though "I did not have my mikveh, so technically I'm not converted", but that she has "been essentially a Jew for like 15 years", adding "Frankly, because I'm already doing everything [practicing religious rituals], I feel like I'm as Jewish as I'm ever going to be".[44][45]

text: Banks was a vocal supporter of Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign,[46] involved in a rendition of Rachel Platten's single "Fight Song" with a host of other celebrities at the Democratic National Convention.[47]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1998
Surrender Dorothy
Vicki
Credited as Elizabeth Casey

2000
Shaft
Trey's friend
Credited as Elizabeth Maresal Mitchell

2001
Wet Hot American Summer
Lindsay

Ordinary Sinner
Rachel

2002
Spider-Man
Betty Brant

Swept Away
Debi

Catch Me If You Can
Lucy Forrest

2003
The Trade
Sioux Sever

Seabiscuit
Marcela Howard

2004
Spider-Man 2
Betty Brant

2005
Heights
Isabel Lee

Sexual Life
Sarah

The Sisters
Nancy Pecket

The Baxter
Caroline Swann

The 40-Year-Old Virgin
Beth

Daltry Calhoun
May

2006
Slither
Starla Grant

Invincible
Janet Cantrell

2007
Spider-Man 3
Betty Brant

Meet Bill
Jess

Fred Claus
Charlene

2008
Definitely, Maybe
Emily Jones

Meet Dave
Gina Morrison

Lovely, Still
Alex

W.
Laura Bush

Zack and Miri Make a Porno
Miriam "Miri" Linky

Role Models
Beth Jones

2009
Big Breaks
Starlet
Short film

The Uninvited
Rachel Summers

Surrogates
N/A
Executive producer

2010
The Next Three Days
Lara Brennan

2011
The Details
Nealy Lang

Just a Little Heart Attack
Woman
Short film
Also director

Our Idiot Brother
Miranda Rochlin

2012
Man on a Ledge
Lydia Mercer

The Hunger Games
Effie Trinket

What to Expect When You're Expecting
Wendy Cooper

People Like Us
Frankie Davis

Pitch Perfect
Gail Abernathy-McKadden
Also producer

2013
Movie 43
Amy
Segment: "Beezel"
Directed segment: "Middleschool Date"

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
Effie Trinket

2014
Little Accidents
Diane Doyle

The Lego Movie
Lucy "Wyldstyle"
Voice role

Walk of Shame
Meghan Miles

Every Secret Thing
Detective Nancy Porter

Love & Mercy
Melinda Ledbetter

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
Effie Trinket

2015
Pitch Perfect 2
Gail Abernathy-McKadden-Feinberger
Also director and producer

Magic Mike XXL
Paris

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
Effie Trinket

2017
The Most Hated Woman in America
N/A
Producer

Power Rangers
Rita Repulsa
Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain

Pitch Perfect 3
Gail Abernathy-McKadden-Feinberger
Also producer; completed

2018
The Happytime Murders[48]
Jenny
Filming

2019
Charlie's Angels
N/A
Director

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1998
Keep Going Safety
Ben's Mom
Voice role

1999
All My Children
Rosalie
1 episode

1999
Third Watch
Elaine Elchisak
Episode: "Patterns"
Credited as Elizabeth Maresal Mitchell

2000
Sex and the City
Catherine
Episode: "Politically Erect"

2001
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Jaina Tobias Jansen
Episode: "Sacrifice"

2002
Without a Trace
Clarissa
Episode: "Snatch Back"

2005
Stella
Tamara
Episode: "Meeting Girls"

2006–09
Scrubs
Dr. Kim Briggs
17 episodes

2007–08
Wainy Days
Shelly
3 episodes

2007–08
American Dad!
Becky Arangino / Lisa Silver (voices)
3 episodes

2008
Comanche Moon
Maggie Tilton
3 episodes

2009, 2013–15, 2017
Modern Family
Sal
6 episodes

2010–12
30 Rock
Avery Jessup
15 episodes

2012
Family Guy
Pam Fishman (voice)
Episode: "Into Fat Air"

2012
Robot Chicken
Mrs. Claus / Shana "Scarlett" O'Hara (voices)
Episode: "Robot Chicken's ATM Christmas Special"

2012
Comedy Bang! Bang!
Herself
Episode: "Elizabeth Banks Wears A Red Dress"

2013
Timms Valley
Beth Billings-Timms (voice)
Pilot

2014
Phineas and Ferb
Grulinda (voice)
Episode: "Imperfect Storm"

2015
Resident Advisors
Doctor
Episode: "Motivational Speaker "; also producer

2015
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp
Lindsay
6 episodes

2015
Moonbeam City
Chief Pizzaz Miller (voice)
10 episodes

2015
The Muppets
Herself
Episode: "Pig Girls Don't Cry"

2015
Saturday Night Live
Herself (host)
Episode: "Elizabeth Banks/Disclosure"

2017
Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later
Lindsay
5 episodes

2017
Curb Your Enthusiasm
Herself
Episode: "A Disturbance in the Kitchen"

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Voice role

2014
The Lego Movie Videogame
Wyldstyle/Lucy

2015
Lego Dimensions
Wyldstyle/Lucy

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Work
Association
Category
Result
Ref.

2003
Seabiscuit
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Nominated
[49]

2006
Invincible
MTV Movie Awards
Best Kiss
Nominated
[22]

Slither
Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Relationship from Hell
Nominated

2008
W.
Detroit Film Critics Society
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[50]

2009
N/A
Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards
Face of the Future Award
Won
[51]

The Uninvited
Fright Meter Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated

2011
30 Rock
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated
[31]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Guest actress
Nominated

2012
The Hunger Games
MTV Movie Awards
Best On-Screen Transformation
Won
[52]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Female Scene Stealer
Nominated
[53]

30 Rock
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated
[31]

2013
Movie 43
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Director
Won
[54]

N/A
CinemaCon
Excellence in Acting
Won
[55]

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
MTV Movie Awards
Best On-Screen Transformation
Nominated
[56]

San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[57]

Modern Family
Online Film & Television Association Awards
Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated
[58]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Guest actress
Nominated

2014
The Lego Movie
BTVA Awards
Best Female Lead Vocal Performance
Nominated
[59]

Best Vocal Ensemble
Nominated

BTVA People's Choice Awards
Best Female Lead Vocal Performance
Won

Best Vocal Ensemble
Won

Love & Mercy
Florida Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[60]

Austin Film Critics Association
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[61]

Indiana Film Journalists Association
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[62]

Denver Film Critics Society
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[63]

Las Vegas Film Critics Society
Best Supporting Actress
Won
[64]

San Francisco Film Critics Circle
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[65]

Georgia Film Critics Association
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated

Santa Barbara International Film Festival
Virtuoso Award
Won
[66]

Satellite Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Nominated
[67]

2015
N/A
CinemaCon
Breakthrough Filmmaker of the Year
Won
[68]

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
MTV Movie Awards
Best On-Screen Transformation
Won
[69]

Modern Family
Online Film & Television Association Awards
Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated
[70]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Guest actress
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series
Nominated
[31]

Pitch Perfect 2
Golden Raspberry Awards
The Razzie Redeemer Award
Nominated
[71]

2016
Lego Dimensions
BTVA Awards
Best Vocal Ensemble in a Video Game
Won

BTVA People's Choice Awards
Best Vocal Ensemble in a Video Game
Won


document_title: Arctic fox

question_text: what type of habitat does the arctic fox live in

text: Arctic fox

text: Behavior

text: Arctic foxes must endure a temperature difference of up to 90-100 °C between the external environment and their internal core temperature.[11] To prevent heat loss, the Arctic fox curls up tightly tucking its legs and head under its body and behind its furry tail. This position gives the fox the smallest surface area to volume ratio and protects the least insulated areas. Arctic foxes also stay warm by getting out of the wind and residing in their dens.[12][11] Although the Arctic fox is active year-round and do not hibernate, they attempt to preserve fat by reducing their locomotor activity.[13][14] They build up their fat reserves in the autumn, sometimes increasing their body weight by more than 50%. This provides greater insulation during the winter and a source of energy when food is scarce.[15]

text: Reproduction

text: In the spring, the Arctic fox’s attention switches to reproduction and a home for their potential offspring. They live in large dens in frost-free, slightly raised ground. These are complex systems of tunnels covering as much as 1,000 m2 (1,200 sq yd) and are often in eskers, long ridges of sedimentary material deposited in formerly glaciated regions. These dens may be in existence for many decades and are used by many generations of foxes.[15]

text: Arctic foxes tend to select dens that are easily accessible with many entrances, and that are clear from snow and ice making it easier to burrow in. The Arctic fox builds and chooses dens that face southward towards the sun, which makes the den warmer. Arctic foxes prefer large, maze-like dens for predator evasion and a quick escape especially when red foxes are in the area. Natal dens are typically found in rugged terrain, which may provide more protection for the pups. But, the parents will also relocate litters to nearby dens to avoid predators. When red foxes are not in the region, Arctic foxes will use dens that the red fox previously occupied. Shelter quality is more important to the Arctic fox than the proximity of spring prey to a den.[9]

text: The main prey in the tundra is lemmings, which is why the white fox is often called the “lemming fox.” The white fox’s reproduction rates reflect the lemming population density, which cyclically fluctuates every 3-5years.[16][10] When lemmings are abundant, the white fox can give birth to 18 pups, but they often do not reproduce when food is scarce. The “coastal fox” or blue fox lives in an environment where food availability is relatively consistent, and they will have up to 5 pups every year.[10]

text: Breeding usually takes place in April and May, and the gestation period is about 52 days. Litters may contain as many as 25 (the largest litter size in the order Carnivora).[17] The young emerge from the den when 3 to 4 weeks old and are weaned by 9 weeks of age.[15]

text: Arctic foxes are primarily monogamous and both parents will care for the offspring. When predators and prey are abundant, Arctic foxes are more likely to be promiscuous (exhibited in both males and females) and display more complex social structures. Larger packs of foxes consisting of breeding or non-breeding males or females can guard a single territory more proficiently to increase pup survival. When resources are scarce, competition increases and the number of foxes in a territory decreases. On the coasts of Svalbard, the frequency of complex social structures is larger than inland foxes that remain monogamous due to food availability. In Scandinavia, there are more complex social structures compared to other populations due to the presence of the red fox. Also, conservationists are supplying the declining population with supplemental food. One unique case, however, is Iceland where monogamy is the most prevalent. The older offspring (1-year-olds) often remain within their parent’s territory even though predators are absent and there are fewer resources, which may indicate kin selection in the fox.[10]

text: Diet

text: Arctic foxes generally eat any small animal they can find, including lemmings, voles, other rodents, hares, birds, eggs, fish, and carrion. They scavenge on carcasses left by larger predators such as wolves and polar bears, and in times of scarcity even eat their feces. In areas where they are present, lemmings are their most common prey,[15] and a family of foxes can eat dozens of lemmings each day. In some locations in northern Canada, a high seasonal abundance of migrating birds that breed in the area may provide an important food source. On the coast of Iceland and other islands, their diet consists predominantly of birds. During April and May, the Arctic fox also preys on ringed seal pups when the young animals are confined to a snow den and are relatively helpless. They also consume berries and seaweed, so they may be considered omnivores.[18] This fox is a significant bird-egg predator, consuming eggs of all except the largest tundra bird species.[19] When food is overabundant, the Arctic fox buries (caches) the surplus as a reserve.

text: Arctic foxes survive harsh winters and food scarcity by either hoarding food or storing body fat. Fat is deposited subcutaneously and viscerally in Arctic foxes. At the beginning of winter, the foxes have approximately 14740kJ of energy storage from fat alone. Using the lowest BMR value measured in Arctic foxes, an average sized fox (3.5 kg) would need 471kJ/day during the winter to survive. Arctic foxes can acquire goose eggs (from greater snow geese in Canada) at a rate of 2.7-7.3eggs/h, and they store 80-97% of them. Scats provide evidence that they eat the eggs during the winter after caching. Isotope analysis shows that eggs can still be eaten after a year, and the metabolizable energy of a stored goose egg only decreases by 11% after 60 days (a fresh egg has about 816kJ). Researchers have also noted that some eggs stored in the summer are accessed later the following spring prior to reproduction.[20]

text: Adaptations

text: The Arctic fox lives in some of the most frigid extremes on the planet, but they do not start to shiver until the temperature drops to −70 °C (−94 °F). Among its adaptations for survival in the cold is its dense, multilayered pelage, which provides excellent insulation.[21][22] Additionally, the Arctic fox is the only canid whose foot pads are covered in fur. There are two genetically distinct coat color morphs: white and blue.[23] In the winter the white morph is white in color and turns brown along the back with light grey around the abdomen in summer. The blue morph is often a dark blue, brown, or grey color year-round. Although the blue allele is dominant over the white allele, 99% of the Arctic fox population is the white morph.[10][16] The fur of the Arctic fox provides the best insulation of any mammal.[24]

text: The fox has a low surface area to volume ratio, as evidenced by its generally compact body shape, short muzzle and legs, and short, thick ears. Since less of its surface area is exposed to the Arctic cold, less heat escapes from its body.[25]

text: Sensory modalities

text: The Arctic fox has a functional hearing range between 125 Hz–16 kHz with a sensitivity that is ≤ 60 dB in air, and an average peak sensitivity of 24 dB at 4 kHz. Overall, the Arctic foxes hearing is less sensitive than the dog and the kit fox. The Arctic fox and the kit fox have a low upper-frequency limit compared to the domestic dog and other carnivores.[26] The Arctic fox can easily hear lemmings burrowing under 4-5 inches of snow.[27] When it has located its prey, it pounces and punches through the snow to catch its victim. [25]

text: The Arctic fox also has a keen sense of smell. They can smell carcasses that are often left by polar bears anywhere from 10–40 km. It is possible that they use their sense of smell to also track down polar bears. Additionally, Arctic foxes can smell and find frozen lemmings under 46–77 cm of snow, and can detect a subnivean seal lair under 150 cm of snow.[28]

text: Physiology

text: The Arctic fox contains advantageous genes to overcome extreme cold and starvation periods. Transcriptome sequencing has identified two genes that are under positive selection: Glycolipid transfer protein domain containing 1 (GLTPD1) and V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2 (AKT2). GLTPD1 is involved in the fatty acid metabolism, while AKT2 pertains to the glucose metabolism and insulin signaling.[29]

text: The average mass specific BMR and total BMR are 37% and 27% lower in the winter than the summer. The Arctic fox decreases its BMR via metabolic depression in the winter to conserve fat storage and minimize energy requirements. According to the most recent data, the lower critical temperature of the Arctic fox is at -7 °C in the winter and 5 °C in the summer. It was commonly believed that the Arctic fox had a lower critical temperature below -40 °C. However, some scientists have concluded that this stat is not accurate since it was never tested using the proper equipment.[11]

text: About 22% of the total body surface area of the Arctic fox dissipates heat readily compared to red foxes at 33%. The regions that have the greatest heat loss are the nose, ears, legs, and feet, which is useful in the summer for thermal heat regulation. Also, the Arctic fox has a beneficial mechanism in their nose for evaporative cooling like dogs, which keeps the brain cool during the summer and exercise.[30] The thermal conductivity of Arctic fox fur in the summer and winter is the same; however, the thermal conductance of the Arctic fox in the winter is lower than the summer since fur thickness increases by 140%. In the summer, the thermal conductance of the Arctic foxes body is 114% higher than the winter, but their body core temperature is constant year-round.

text: One way that Arctic foxes regulate their body temperature is by utilizing a countercurrent heat exchange in the blood of their legs.[11] Arctic foxes can constantly keep their feet above the tissue freezing point (-1 °C) when standing on cold substrates without losing mobility or feeling pain. They do this by increasing vasodilation and blood flow to a capillary rete in the pad surface, which is in direct contact with the snow rather than the entire foot. They selectively vasoconstrict blood vessels in the center of the foot pad, which conserves energy and minimizes heat loss.[31][32] Arctic foxes maintain the temperature in their paws independently from the core temperature. If the core temperature drops, the pad of the foot will remain constantly above the tissue freezing point.[33]

text: Size

text: The average head-and-body length of the male is 55 cm (22 in), with a range of 46 to 68 cm (18 to 27 in), while the female averages 52 cm (20 in) with a range of 41 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in).[21][34] In some regions, no difference in size is seen between males and females. The tail is about 30 cm (12 in) long in both sexes. The height at the shoulder is 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in).[35] On average males weigh 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), with a range of 3.2 to 9.4 kg (7.1 to 20.7 lb), while females average 2.9 kg (6.4 lb), with a range of 1.4 to 3.2 kg (3.1 to 7.1 lb).[21]

text: Taxonomy

text: Vulpes lagopus is a 'true fox' belonging to the genus Vulpes of the fox tribe Vulpini, which consists of 12 extant species.[36] It is classified under the subfamily Caninae of the canid family Canidae. Although it has previously been assigned to its own monotypic genus Alopex, recent genetic evidence now places it in the genus Vulpes along with the majority of other foxes.[7][37]

text:
Arctic fox[38](Fig. 10)

Kit fox

Swift fox[39]

Corsac fox

Rüppell's fox

Red fox

Cape fox

Blanford's fox

Fennec fox

Raccoon dog

Bat-eared fox

text: It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758 as Canis lagopus. The type specimen was recovered from Lapland, Sweden. The generic name vulpes is Latin for "fox".[40] The specific name lagopus is derived from Ancient Greek λαγώς (lagōs, "hare") and πούς (pous, "foot"), referring to the hair on its feet similar to those found in cold-climate species of hares.[39]

text: Looking at the most recent phylogeny, the Arctic fox diverged from the domesticated dog (Canis lupus familiaris) at approximately 12MYA. The Arctic fox and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) diverged approximately 3.17MYA. Additionally, the Arctic fox diverged from its sister group, the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), at about 0.9MYA.[41]

text: Origins

text: The origins of the Arctic fox have been described by the “out of Tibet” hypothesis. On the Tibetan Plateau, fossils of the extinct ancestral Arctic fox (Vulpes giuzhudingi) from the early Pliocene (5.08-3.6 MYA) were found along with many other precursors of modern mammals that evolved during the Pliocene (5.3-2.6 MYA). It is believed that this ancient fox is the ancestor of the modern Arctic fox. Globally, the Pliocene was about 2-3 °C warmer than today, and the Arctic during the summer in the mid-Pliocene was 8 °C warmer. By using stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of fossils, researchers claim that the Tibetan Plateau experienced tundra-like conditions during the Pliocene and harbored cold-adapted mammals that later spread to North America and Eurasia during the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million-11,700 years ago).[42]

text: Subspecies

text: Besides the nominate subspecies, V. l. lagopus, four other subspecies of this fox are described:

text:
Bering Islands Arctic fox, V. l. beringensis
Iceland Arctic fox, V. l. fuliginosus
Pribilof Islands Arctic fox, V. l. pribilofensis
Greenland Arctic fox, V. l. foragorapusis

tag: ul

text: Distribution and habitat

text: The Arctic fox has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in Arctic tundra habitats in northern Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Its range includes Greenland, Iceland, Fennoscandia, Svalbard, Jan Mayen (where it was hunted to extinction)[43] and other islands in the Barents Sea, northern Russia, islands in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and Canada as far south as Hudson Bay. In the late 19th century, it was introduced into the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska. However, the population on the Aleutian Islands is currently being eradicated in conservation efforts to preserve the local bird population.[44] It mostly inhabits tundra and pack ice, but is also present in boreal forests in Canada and the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. They are found at elevations up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level and have been seen on sea ice close to the North Pole.[45]

text: The Arctic fox is the only land mammal native to Iceland.[46] It came to the isolated North Atlantic island at the end of the last ice age, walking over the frozen sea. The Arctic Fox Center in Súðavík contains an exhibition on the Arctic fox and conducts studies on the influence of tourism on the population.[47] Its range during the last ice age was much more extensive than it is now, and fossil remains of the Arctic fox have been found over much of northern Europe and Siberia.[1]

text: The color of the fox’s coat also determines where they are most likely to be found. The white morph mainly lives inland and blends in with the snowy tundra, while the blue morph occupies the coasts because its dark color blends in with the cliffs and rocks.[16]

text:
Arctic fox in winter pelage, Iceland

Arctic fox

text: Migrations and travel

text: During the winter, 95.5% of Arctic foxes utilize commuting trips, which remain within the fox’s home range. Commuting trips in Arctic foxes last less than 3 days and occur between 0-2.9 times a month. Nomadism is found in 3.4% of the foxes, and loop migrations (where the fox travels to a new range, then returns to its home range) are the least common at 1.1%. Arctic foxes in Canada that undergo nomadism and migrations voyage from the Canadian archipelago to Greenland and northwestern Canada. The duration and distance traveled between males and females is not significantly different.

text: Arctic foxes closer to goose colonies (located at the coasts) are less likely to migrate. Meanwhile, foxes experiencing low-density lemming populations are more likely to make sea ice trips. Residency is common in the Arctic fox population so that they can maintain their territories. Migratory foxes have a mortality rate >3 times higher than resident foxes. Nomadic behavior becomes more common as the foxes age.[8]

text: Conservation status

text: The conservation status of the species is in general good and several hundred thousand individuals are estimated to remain in total. The IUCN has assessed it as being of "least concern".[1] However, the Scandinavian mainland population is acutely endangered, despite being legally protected from hunting and persecution for several decades. The estimate of the adult population in all of Norway, Sweden, and Finland is fewer than 200 individuals.[15] As a result, the populations of arctic fox have been carefully studied and inventoried in places such as the Vindelfjällens Nature Reserve (Sweden), which has the arctic fox as its symbol.

text: The abundance of the Arctic fox tends to fluctuate in a cycle along with the population of lemmings and voles (a 3- to 4-year cycle).[19] The populations are especially vulnerable during the years when the prey population crashes, and uncontrolled trapping has almost eradicated two subpopulations.[15]

text: The pelts of Arctic foxes with a slate-blue coloration were especially valuable. They were transported to various previously fox-free Aleutian Islands during the 1920s. The program was successful in terms of increasing the population of blue foxes, but their predation of Aleutian Canada geese conflicted with the goal of preserving that species.[48]

text: The Arctic fox is losing ground to the larger red fox. This has been attributed to climate change—the camouflage value of its lighter coat decreases with less snow cover.[49] Red foxes dominate where their ranges begin to overlap by killing Arctic foxes and their kits.[50] An alternate explanation of the red fox's gains involves the gray wolf. Historically, it has kept red fox numbers down, but as the wolf has been hunted to near extinction in much of its former range, the red fox population has grown larger, and it has taken over the niche of top predator.[citation needed] In areas of northern Europe, programs are in place that allow the hunting of red foxes in the Arctic fox's previous range.

text: As with many other game species, the best sources of historical and large-scale population data are hunting bag records and questionnaires. Several potential sources of error occur in such data collections.[51] In addition, numbers vary widely between years due to the large population fluctuations. However, the total population of the Arctic fox must be in the order of several hundred thousand animals.[52]

text: The world population of Arctic foxes is thus not endangered, but two Arctic fox subpopulations are. One is on Medny Island (Commander Islands, Russia), which was reduced by some 85–90%, to around 90 animals, as a result of mange caused by an ear tick introduced by dogs in the 1970s.[53] The population is currently under treatment with antiparasitic drugs, but the result is still uncertain.

text: The other threatened population is the one in Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Kola Peninsula). This population decreased drastically around the start of the 20th century as a result of extreme fur prices, which caused severe hunting also during population lows.[54] The population has remained at a low density for more than 90 years, with additional reductions during the last decade.[55] The total population estimate for 1997 is around 60 adults in Sweden, 11 adults in Finland, and 50 in Norway. From Kola, there are indications of a similar situation, suggesting a population of around 20 adults. The Fennoscandian population thus numbers around 140 breeding adults. Even after local lemming peaks, the Arctic fox population tends to collapse back to levels dangerously close to nonviability.[52]

text: The Arctic fox is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country.[56]


document_title: List of regions of the United States

question_text: what region of the united states is wyoming in

question_tokens: what region of the united states is wyoming in

text: List of regions of the United States

text: Interstate regions[edit]

text: Official regions of the United States[edit]

text: Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government.

text: Census Bureau-designated regions and divisions[edit]

text: The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[1] The Census Bureau region definition is "widely used… for data collection and analysis,"[2] and is the most commonly used classification system.[3][4][5]

text: Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau:[6]

text:
Region 1: Northeast

Division 1: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont)
Division 2: Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania)

Region 2: Midwest (Prior to June 1984, the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region.)[6]

Division 3: East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin)
Division 4: West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota)

Region 3: South

Division 5: South Atlantic (Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia, and West Virginia)
Division 6: East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee)
Division 7: West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas)

Region 4: West

Division 8: Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming)
Division 9: Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington)

text: Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division.[7]

text: Standard federal regions[edit]

text: The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB (Office of Management and Budget) Circular A-105, "Standard Federal Regions," in April, 1974, and required for all executive agencies. In recent years, some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local, state, and regional counterparts. However, the OMB must still approve any departures.

text:
Region I: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Region II: New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands
Region III: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia
Region IV: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
Region V: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Region VI: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
Region VII: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Region VIII: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Region IX: Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Region X: Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

text: Federal Reserve banks[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district. These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders.

text:
Boston
New York
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Richmond
Atlanta
Chicago
St. Louis
Minneapolis
Kansas City
Dallas
San Francisco

tag: ol

text: Time zones[edit]

text:
UTC−12:00 (Baker Island, Howland Island)
Samoa Time Zone (American Samoa, Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll)
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone (Hawaii, Aleutian Islands (Alaska), Johnston Atoll)
Alaska Time Zone (Alaska, excluding Aleutian Islands)
Pacific Time Zone
Mountain Time Zone
Central Time Zone
Eastern Time Zone
Atlantic Time Zone (Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands)
Chamorro Time Zone (Guam, Northern Mariana Islands)
Wake Island Time Zone (Wake Island)

text: Courts of Appeals circuits[edit]

text:
First Circuit
Second Circuit
Third Circuit
Fourth Circuit
Fifth Circuit
Sixth Circuit
Seventh Circuit
Eighth Circuit
Ninth Circuit
Tenth Circuit
Eleventh Circuit
DC Circuit

text: The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit. Its jurisdiction is nationwide, but based on subject matter.

text: Bureau of Economic Analysis regions[edit]

text: The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data. [8]

text:
New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont
Mideast: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Great Lakes: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
Plains: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota
Southeast: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia
Southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
Rocky Mountain: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming
Far West: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington

text: Energy Information Administration[edit]

text: The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II.[9] It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products. Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts.

text:
PADD I: East Coast

East Coast: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida; along with counties in New York east of, north of and including Cayuga, Tompkins, and Chemung; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford, Sullivan, Columbia, Montour, Northumberland, Dauphin and York.
Appalachian No. 1: West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above.

PADD II: Midwest

Indiana-Illinois-Kentucky: Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Ohio
Minnesota-Wisconsin-North and South Dakota: Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota
Oklahoma-Kansas-Missouri: Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa

PADD III: Gulf Coast

Texas Gulf Coast: The Texan counties of Newton, Orange, Jefferson, Jasper, Tyler, Hardin, Liberty, Chambers, Polk, San Jacinto, Montgomery, Harris, Galveston, Waller, Fort Bend, Brazoria, Wharton, Matagorda, Jackson, Victoria, Calhoun, Refugio, Aransas, San Patricio, Nueces, Kleberg, Kenedy, Willacy and Cameron
Texas Inland: Texan counties not mentioned above.
Louisiana Gulf Coast: Parishes of Louisiana south of, and including Vernon, Rapides, Avoyelles, Pointe Coupee, West Feliciana, East Feliciana, Saint Helena, Tangipahoa and Washington; along with Pearl River, Stone, George, Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson County of Mississippi; and Alabama's Mobile and Baldwin County.
North Louisiana-Arkansas: Arkansas and parts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above.
New Mexico: New Mexico

PADD IV: Rocky Mountain: Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah
PADD V: West Coast: Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, Alaska, Hawaii[10]

text: PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts:

text:
Sub-PAD 1A: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont)
Sub-PAD 1B: Central Atlantic (Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia)
Sub-PAD 1C: Lower Atlantic (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia)[11]

text: PADD system was established in World War II and therefore don't accurately reflect current trends. The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs. (Note: Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico)

text:
Region 1: PADD I
Region 2: PADD II "Inland" (States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, Tennessee and Kentucky)
Region 3: PADD II "Lakes" (States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana and Ohio)
Region 4: PADD III "Gulf" (Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast)
Region 5: PADD III "Inland" (Refining districts of Texas Inland, New Mexico and North Louisiana-Arkansas)
Region 6: PADD IV
Region 7: PADD V "California" (State of California)
Region 8: PADD V "Other" (States of Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington)
Region 9: "International"

Maritime Canada (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick)
Caribbean (Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago)[12]

text: Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions[edit]

text:
Appalachia
Ark-La-Tex
Black Dirt Region
Blackstone Valley
Border states:

Civil War border states
International border states

Calumet Region
The Carolinas
Central United States
Champlain Valley
Coastal states
Colorado Plateau
Columbia Basin
Contiguous United States
The Dakotas
Deep South
Delaware Valley
Delmarva Peninsula
Dixie
Driftless Area
East Coast
Eastern United States
Four Corners
Great American Desert
Great Appalachian Valley
Great Basin
Great Lakes Region
Great North Woods
Great Plains
Gulf Coast
Gulf South
High Plains
Inland Northwest
Interior Plains
Intermountain States
Jefferson (proposed Pacific state)
Lake Tahoe
Lehigh Valley
Llano Estacado
Mid-Atlantic states
Mississippi Delta
Mojave Desert
Mormon Corridor
Northern New England
Ohio Valley
Ozarks
Pacific Northwest
Pacific States
Palouse
Piedmont
Piney Woods
Rocky Mountains
Shawnee Hills
Shenandoah Valley
Siouxland
South Shore
Southeastern United States
Southern New England
Southern Rocky Mountains
Southern United States
Southwestern United States
Old Southwest
Susquehanna River
Tennessee Valley
Tornado Alley
Trans-Mississippi
Twin Tiers
Upland South
Upper Midwest
Virginias
Waxhaws
West Coast
American Frontier
Oregon Trail
Appalachian Trail

text: There are also multi-territory regions:

text:
Mariana Islands (Guam and Northern Mariana Islands)
Samoan Islands (American Samoa and independent Samoa)
Virgin Islands (U.S. Virgin Islands, eastern Puerto Rico, and British Virgin Islands)

text: The Belts[edit]

text:
Bible Belt
Black Belt
Corn Belt
Cotton Belt
Frost Belt
Pine Belt
Rice Belt
Rust Belt
Snowbelt
Sun Belt

text: Interstate metropolitan areas[edit]

text:
Central Savannah River Area (part of Georgia and South Carolina)
Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area (District of Columbia and parts of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania)

Washington metropolitan area (District of Columbia and parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia)

Greater Boston (parts of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire)
Charlotte metropolitan area (parts of North Carolina and South Carolina)
Chattanooga Metropolitan Area
Chicago metropolitan area (parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin)
Cincinnati metropolitan area (parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky)
Columbus-Auburn-Opelika (GA-AL) Combined Statistical Area (parts of Georgia and Alabama)
Delaware Valley (Philadelphia metropolitan area) (parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland)
Evansville, IN–KY Metropolitan Statistical Area (parts of Indiana and Kentucky)
Fargo–Moorhead (parts of North Dakota and Minnesota)
Fort Smith metropolitan area (parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma)
Front Range Urban Corridor (parts of Colorado and Wyoming)
Greater Grand Forks (part of Minnesota and North Dakota)
Kansas City metropolitan area (parts of Missouri and Kansas)
Louisville metropolitan area (Kentuckiana) (parts of Kentucky and Indiana)
Memphis metropolitan area (parts of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi)
Michiana (parts of Michigan and Indiana)
Minneapolis–Saint Paul (the Twin Cities) (parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin)
New York metropolitan area (parts of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania)
Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area (parts of Nebraska and Iowa)
Portland metropolitan area (parts of Oregon and Washington)
Quad Cities (parts of Iowa and Illinois)
Sacramento metropolitan area (parts of California and Nevada)
Greater St. Louis (parts of Missouri and Illinois)
Texarkana metropolitan area (parts of Texas and Arkansas)
Tri-Cities (parts of Tennessee and Virginia)
Twin Ports (Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin)
Hampton Roads region (parts of Virginia and North Carolina)
Youngstown–Warren–Boardman metropolitan statistical area (parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania)

text: Interstate megalopolises[edit]

text:
Arizona Sun Corridor
California
Cascadia
Great Lakes
Northeast megalopolis
Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion (PAM)

text: Intrastate and intraterritory regions[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text:
Alabama Gulf Coast
Greater Birmingham
Black Belt
Central Alabama
Lower Alabama
Mobile Bay
North Alabama
Northeast Alabama
Northwest Alabama
South Alabama

text: Alaska[edit]

text:
Alaska Interior
Alaska North Slope
Alaska Panhandle
Aleutian Islands
Arctic Alaska
The Bush
Kenai Peninsula
Matanuska-Susitna Valley
Seward Peninsula
Southcentral Alaska
Southwest Alaska
Tanana Valley
Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta

text: American Samoa[edit]

text:
Ofu-Olosega
Rose Atoll
Swains Island (claimed by Tokelau)
Ta‘ū
Tutuila & Aunu'u

text: Arizona[edit]

text:
Arizona Strip
Grand Canyon
North Central Arizona
Northeast Arizona
Northern Arizona
Phoenix metropolitan area
Southern Arizona

text: Arkansas[edit]

text:
Arkansas Delta
Arkansas River Valley
Arkansas Timberlands
Central Arkansas
Crowley's Ridge
Northwest Arkansas
South Arkansas

text: California[edit]

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Central Colorado (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
Colorado Eastern Plains (part of High Plains and Great Plains)
Colorado Front Range (part of Front Range Urban Corridor)
Colorado Mineral Belt (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
Colorado Piedmont (contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains)
Colorado Western Slope (part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau)
Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area (part of Front Range Urban Corridor)
High Rockies (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
Northwestern Colorado (part of Southern Rocky Mountains)
San Luis Valley
South-Central Colorado (part of Front Range Urban Corridor)
Southwestern Colorado (part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau)

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: In Connecticut, there are 14 official regions, each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut. There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government.

text:
Central Naugatuck Valley
Coastal Connecticut
Connecticut panhandle
Greater Bridgeport
Greater New Haven
Greater Hartford
Housatonic Valley (shared with Massachusetts)
Litchfield Hills
Lower Connecticut River Valley
Naugatuck River Valley
New York Metropolitan Area/Gold Coast
Southeastern Connecticut
Western Connecticut

text: Delaware[edit]

text: "Upstate" or "Up North"

text: Delaware Valley also known as "Above the Canal" (referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal)

text: "Slower Lower"

text:
Cape Region
Central Kent
Delaware coast

text: District of Columbia[edit]

text: See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia

text: Florida[edit]

text:
Central Florida
North Florida
Northwest Florida
North Central Florida
Northeast Florida
South Florida
Southwest Florida

text:
Big Bend
Emerald Coast
First Coast
Florida Heartland
Florida Keys
Florida Panhandle
Forgotten Coast
Glades
Gold Coast
Halifax area (also Surf Coast and Fun Coast)
Red Hills
Nature Coast
Space Coast
Suncoast
Tampa Bay Area
Treasure Coast

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Atlanta metropolitan area
Central Georgia
Central Savannah River Area
Colonial Coast
Golden Isles of Georgia
Historic South
North Georgia
North Georgia mountains (Northeast Georgia)
Southern Rivers
Southeast Georgia
Wiregrass Region

text: Physiographic regions[edit]

text:
Appalachian Plateau
Blue Ridge Mountains
Coastal Plain
Piedmont
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

text: Guam[edit]

text:
Guam (main island)

Tumon

text: Hawaii[edit]

text:
Hawaiʻi / Big Island

Hamakua Coast
Kaʻū Desert
Kohala Coast
Kona Coast
Mauna Kea
Puna District
Waiākea-Uka

Kahoʻolawe
Kauaʻi

Nā Pali Coast

Kaʻula
Lānai
Maui

Haleakalā
Molokini
West Maui Mountains

Iao Valley

Molokaʻi

Kalaupapa Peninsula

Niʻihau

Lehua

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands[a]

Nihoa (Moku Manu)
Necker Island (Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemiloha)
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef (Nalukākala)
Laysan (Kauō)
Lisianski (Papaāpoho)
Pearl and Hermes (Holoikauaua)
Kure Atoll (Mokupāpapa)

Oʻahu

Kaʻena Point
Makapuʻu
North Shore
Waikīkī

text: Idaho[edit]

text:
Central Idaho
Eastern Idaho
Idaho Panhandle
Magic Valley
North Central Idaho
Palouse Hills
Southern Idaho
Southwestern Idaho
Treasure Valley

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
American Bottom
Central Illinois
Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area
Chicago metropolitan area
Driftless Area
Forgottonia
Fox Valley
Metro-East
Metro Lakeland
Military Tract of 1812
Mississippi Alluvial Plain
North Shore
Northern Illinois
Northwestern Illinois
Peoria, Illinois metropolitan area
Quad Cities
River Bend
Rock River Valley
Shawnee Hills
Southern Illinois (sometimes, Little Egypt)
Streatorland
Tri-State Area
Wabash Valley

text: Indiana[edit]

text:
East Central Indiana
Indianapolis metropolitan area
Michiana
Northern Indiana
Northwest Indiana
Southern Indiana
Southwestern Indiana
Wabash Valley

text: Iowa[edit]

text:
Coteau des Prairies
Des Moines metropolitan area
Dissected Till Plains
Driftless Area
Great River Road
Honey Lands
Iowa Great Lakes
Loess Hills
Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area
Quad Cities
Siouxland

text: Kansas[edit]

text:
East-Central Kansas
Flint Hills
High Plains
Kansas City Metropolitan Area
North Central Kansas
Osage Plains
Ozarks
Red Hills
Santa Fe Trail
Smoky Hills
Southeast Kansas

text: Kentucky[edit]

text:
The Bluegrass
Central Kentucky
Cumberland Plateau
Eastern Kentucky Coalfield
Kentucky Bend
The Knobs
Northern Kentucky
Pennyroyal Plateau
South Central Kentucky
The Purchase
Western Coal Fields

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: Acadiana

text:
Cajun Heartland
River Parishes

text:
Central Louisiana (Cen-La)
Florida Parishes
"French Louisiana" (Acadiana + Greater New Orleans)
Greater New Orleans
North Louisiana

text: Maine[edit]

text:
Acadia
Down East
High Peaks / Maine Highlands
Kennebec Valley
Maine Highlands
Maine Lake Country
Maine North Woods
Mid Coast
Penobscot Bay
Southern Maine Coast
Western Maine Mountains

text: Maryland[edit]

text:
Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area
Capital region
Chesapeake Bay
Eastern Shore of Maryland
Patapsco Valley
Southern Maryland
Western Maryland
Western Shore of Maryland

text: Regions shared with other states:

text:
Allegheny Mountains
Atlantic coastal plain
Blue Ridge Mountains
Cumberland Valley
Delaware Valley
Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland's and Virginia's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware
Piedmont (United States)
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
Western Massachusetts

The Berkshires (map shown, right)
Housatonic Valley
Pioneer Valley
Quabbin-Swift River Valley

Central Massachusetts

MetroWest
Montachusett-North County
South County
Blackstone River Valley

Northeastern Massachusetts

North Shore

Merrimack Valley
Cape Ann

Greater Boston

Southeastern Massachusetts

Cape Cod and Islands
South Coast
South Shore

text: Michigan[edit]

text:
Lower Peninsula

Northern Michigan

Leelanau Peninsula

Central/Mid-Michigan

The Thumb

West Michigan

Michiana

Southeast Michigan

Metro Detroit

Upper Peninsula

Copper Country
Keweenaw Peninsula

text: Minnesota[edit]

text:
Arrowhead Region
Boundary Waters
Buffalo Ridge
Central Minnesota
Coulee Region
Iron Range
Minnesota River Valley
North Shore
Northwest Angle
Pipestone Region
Red River Valley
Southeast Minnesota
Twin Cities Metro

text: Mississippi[edit]

text:
Black Belt
Mississippi Alluvial Plain
Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain

text: Missouri[edit]

text:
Bootheel
Dissected Till Plains
Kansas City Metropolitan Area
Lead Belt
Little Dixie
Natchez Trace
Ozarks
St. Louis Metropolitan Area

text: Montana[edit]

text:
Big Horn Mountains
Eastern Montana
The Flathead
Glacier Country
Glacier National Park
Regional designations of Montana
South Central Montana
Southwestern Montana
Two Medicine
Western Montana
Yellowstone National Park

text: Nebraska[edit]

text:
Nebraska Panhandle
Northwest Nebraska
Pine Ridge
Rainwater Basin
Sand Hills
Southeast Nebraska
South Central Nebraska
Wildcat Hills

text: Nevada[edit]

text:
Black Rock Desert
Lake Tahoe
Las Vegas Valley
Mojave Desert
Pahranagat Valley
Sierra Nevada

text: New Hampshire[edit]

text:
Connecticut River Valley
Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee Region (overlaps with Connecticut River Valley)
Great North Woods Region
Lakes Region
Merrimack Valley

Golden Triangle

Monadnock Region (overlaps with Connecticut River Valley)
Seacoast Region
White Mountains

text: New Jersey[edit]

text:
North Jersey

Skylands

Amwell Valley
Black Dirt Region (shared with New York)
Great Valley

Sussex County Snow Belt

Hunterdon Plateau
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Highlands
Somerset Hills
The Sourlands

Gateway

Chemical Coast/Soundshore
Hudson Waterfront

North Hudson

Meadowlands
Pascack Valley
Raritan Bayshore
West Hudson

Central Jersey

Bayshore
Jersey Shore
Shore Region

South Jersey

Shore Region

Northern Headlands

Irish Riviera

Pine Barrens

Delaware Valley

Pine Barrens
The Sourlands

Southern Shore

Cape May
The Glades
Tri Cities (Bridgeton, Millville, Vineland)
Tri-County Farm Belt

Greater Atlantic City

Pine Barrens
Central Corridor Piedmont Region

text: New Mexico[edit]

text:
Central New Mexico
Eastern New Mexico
New Mexico Bootheel
Northern New Mexico

text: New York[edit]

text:
Downstate New York

New York metropolitan area
The Five Boroughs (New York City)
Long Island

Nassau County
Suffolk County
The Hamptons
North Shore (Gold Coast)
South Shore

Westchester County
Rockland County
Putnam County

Upstate New York

Erie Canal Corridor

New York State Canal System
New York State Canalway Trail

Western New York

Holland Purchase
Burned-over district

Finger Lakes
former Leatherstocking Country (now the Central New York Region)
Central New York

Central New York Military Tract
Phelps and Gorham Purchase
Syracuse metropolitan area

Mohawk Valley
Southern Tier
Capital District
North Country

Adirondack Mountains

Adirondack Park

Ski country
Thousand Islands
Tug Hill

Catskill Mountains

Borscht Belt

Hudson Valley

Shawangunk Ridge
Black Dirt Region (shared with New Jersey)

text: North Carolina[edit]

text:
Western North Carolina

Foothills Region

South Mountains
The Unifour (Catawba Valley Area)

High Country (Boone Area)
Land of the Sky

Asheville Metropolitan Area

Great Craggy Mountains

Blue Ridge Mountains

Black Mountains
Brushy Mountains
Great Balsam Mountains
Unaka Mountains
Unicoi Mountains

Great Smoky Mountains

Tennessee Valley

Central North Carolina

Piedmont Crescent

Metropolitan Charlotte (Metrolina)

Lake Norman Area

Metropolitan Piedmont Triad

Sauratown Mountains
Uwharrie Mountains
Yadkin Valley

The Research Triangle

New Hope Valley
Triangle East

Eastern North Carolina

Fayetteville Metropolitan Area
Inner Banks

Albemarle
Global TransPark Economic Development Area
Tidewater

Lower Cape Fear (Wilmington Area)
Outer Banks

Crystal Coast

Bogue Banks
Down East

Sandhills

text: North Dakota[edit]

text:
Badlands
Missouri Escarpment
Missouri River Corridor
Red River Valley

text: Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

text:
Anatahan
Agrihan
Asuncion Island
Farallon de Medinilla
Farallon de Pajaros
Guguan
Maug Islands
Pagan
Rota
Saipan
Sarigan
Tinian

text: Ohio[edit]

text:
Allegheny Plateau
Appalachian Ohio
Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky metropolitan area
Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
Connecticut Western Reserve (historic, now defunct)
Great Black Swamp (shared with Indiana)
The Lake Erie Islands
Miami Valley
Northeast Ohio (often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland, but also includes the counties of Ashtabula, Portage, Summit, Trumbull, Mahoning and Columbiana.)
Northwest Ohio

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text:
Central Oklahoma
Cherokee Outlet
Green Country
Kiamichi Country
Little Dixie
Northwestern Oklahoma
Panhandle
South Central Oklahoma
Southwestern Oklahoma

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
Cascade Range
Central Oregon
Columbia Plateau
Columbia River
Columbia River Gorge
Eastern Oregon
Goose Lake Valley
Harney Basin
High Desert
Hood River Valley
Mount Hood Corridor
Northwest Oregon
Oregon Coast
Palouse
Portland metropolitan area
Rogue Valley
Southern Oregon
Treasure Valley
Tualatin Valley
Warner Valley
Western Oregon
Willamette Valley

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text:
Allegheny National Forest
Coal Region
Cumberland Valley
Delaware Valley
Dutch Country
Endless Mountains
Highlands Region
Laurel Highlands
Lehigh Valley
Main Line
Northern Tier
Northeastern Pennsylvania
Northwest Region
Pittsburgh metropolitan area
The Poconos
South Central Pennsylvania
Susquehanna Valley
Western Pennsylvania
Wyoming Valley (Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Metropolitan Area)

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
Caja de Muertos
Culebra
Desecheo Island
Isla de Mona
Puerto Rico (main island)
Vieques

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text:
Blackstone Valley
Block Island
East Bay
West Bay
South County

text: South Carolina[edit]

text:
The Lowcountry
The Midlands
The Upstate

text:
Grand Strand
Lake Murray Country
The Lowcountry & Resort Islands
Old 96 District
Olde English District
Pee Dee
Santee Cooper Country

text:
Blue Ridge Mountains
Charleston metropolitan area
Coastal South Carolina
Columbia metropolitan area
The Piedmont
Rock Hill, South Carolina Area
The Sandhills
Sea Islands
West Ashley

text: South Dakota[edit]

text:
East River and West River, divided by the Missouri River
Badlands
Black Hills
Coteau des Prairies

text: Tennessee[edit]

text:
East Tennessee
Middle Tennessee
West Tennessee

text:
Highland Rim
Nashville Basin
Tennessee Valley

text: Texas[edit]

text:
Brazos Valley
Central Texas

Texas blackland prairies
The Hill Country

Gulf Coast

Galveston Bay
Greater Houston

East Texas

Piney Woods and Northeast Texas

North Texas

Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex
Texoma

South Texas

Mission Country
Rio Grande Valley

Southeast Texas

Golden Triangle
Greater Houston

Texas Midwest/West-Central Texas (includes Abilene, San Angelo, Brownwood, Texas)
Texas Urban Triangle (Houston to San Antonio to Dallas-Fort Worth)
West Texas

Concho Valley
Edwards Plateau
Llano Estacado (a portion of northwest Texas)
Permian Basin
South Plains (includes 24 counties south of the Texas Panhandle and north of the Permian Basin)
Texas Panhandle (pictured)
Trans-Pecos
Great Plains

text: U.S. Minor Outlying Islands[edit]

text:
Baker Island
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Island
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Navassa Island (claimed by Haiti)
Palmyra Atoll
Wake Island

text: Utah[edit]

text:
Cache Valley
Colorado Plateau
Dixie
Great Salt Lake Desert
Mojave Desert
San Rafael Swell
Southeastern Utah
Southwestern Utah
Uinta Mountains
Wasatch Back
Wasatch Front
Wasatch Range

text: Vermont[edit]

text:
Burlington metropolitan area
Champlain Valley
Green Mountains
Mount Mansfield
Northeast Kingdom

text: Virgin Islands[edit]

text:
Minor islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Croix
Saint John
Saint Thomas

text: Virginia[edit]

text:
Eastern Shore
Hampton Roads
Historic Triangle
Piedmont region of Virginia
Northern Neck
Northern Virginia
Greater Richmond Region
Shenandoah Valley
South Hampton Roads
Southside Virginia
Southwest Virginia
Tidewater
Tri-Cities
Virginia Peninsula

text: Washington[edit]

text:
Central Washington
Columbia Plateau
Eastern Washington
Kitsap Peninsula
Long Beach Peninsula
Okanagan Country
Olympic Mountains
Olympic Peninsula
Puget Sound
Rocky Mountains
San Juan Islands
Skagit Valley
Tri-Cities
Walla Walla Valley
Western Washington
Yakima Valley

text: West Virginia[edit]

text:
Eastern Panhandle
North-Central West Virginia
Northern Panhandle
Potomac Highlands
Southern West Virginia

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text:
Apostle Islands
Central Plain
Chippewa Valley
Door Peninsula
Driftless Region
Eastern Ridges and Lowlands
Four Lakes Region
Fox River Valley
Kettle Moraine
Lake Superior Lowland
Menomonee Valley
Northern Highland
Southeastern Wisconsin
Western Upland

text: Wyoming[edit]

text:
Bighorn Basin
Grand Teton
Powder River Country
Yellowstone National Park

text: Other regional listings[edit]

text:
Central Region
Northeast Region
Southern Region
Western Region