document_title: Blue Suede Shoes

question_text: when did elvis presley record blue suede shoes

root

text: Blue Suede Shoes

text: Origin[edit]

text: Johnny Cash planted the seed for the song in the fall of 1955, while Perkins, Cash, Elvis Presley and other Louisiana Hayride acts toured throughout the South. Cash told Perkins of a black airman, C. V. White,[2] whom he had met when serving in the military in Germany, who had referred to his military regulation airmen's shoes as "blue suede shoes". Cash suggested that Perkins write a song about the shoes. Perkins replied, "I don't know anything about shoes. How can I write a song about shoes?"[3]

tag: p

text: When Perkins played a dance on December 4, 1955, he noticed a couple dancing near the stage. Between songs, he heard a stern, forceful voice say, "Uh-uh, don't step on my suedes!" He looked down and noted that the boy was wearing blue suede shoes and one had a scuff mark. "Good gracious, a pretty little thing like that and all he can think about is his blue suede shoes", thought Perkins.[4]

text:
That night Perkins began working on a song based on the incident. His first thought was to frame it with a nursery rhyme. He considered, and quickly discarded "Little Jack Horner ... " and "See a spider going up the wall ...", then settled on "One for the money ..." Leaving his bed and working with his Les Paul guitar, he started with an A chord. After playing five chords while singing "Well, it's one for the money ... Two for the show ... Three to get ready ... Now go, man, go!" he broke into a boogie rhythm.[5]
He quickly grabbed a brown paper potato sack and wrote the song down, writing the title out as "Blue Swade"; "S-W-A-D-E – I couldn't even spell it right", he later said.[6]
According to Perkins, "On December 17, 1955, I wrote 'Blue Suede Shoes'. I recorded it on December 19",[7] for Sun Records, which released the second take of the song.[8] Sun's producer, Sam Phillips, suggested that the lyric "go cat go" be changed to "go man go", but the suggestion was not taken.[citation needed]

text: Success of Perkins' Sun Records release[edit]

text: Perkins' recording of "Blue Suede Shoes" was released in early 1956, as Sun 234. Two copies of the song on 78-rpm records were sent to Perkins but arrived broken. He soon discovered that the song was available in the newer 7-inch microgrooved 45-rpm format and was disappointed that he didn't have a copy in the older, more substantial 78-rpm format.[9]

text: In Jackson (where Perkins lived) and Memphis, radio stations were playing the flip side of the record, "Honey Don't." In Cleveland, Ohio, however, disc jockey Bill Randle was featuring "Blue Suede Shoes" prominently on his nightly show, and before January was over the Cleveland distributor of the record asked Phillips for an additional 25,000 copies.[9]

text: "Shoes" became the side of choice throughout the South and Southwest. On February 11 it was the number two single on Memphis charts; it was number one the next week and remained there for the next three months. Perkins made four appearances on the radio program Big D Jamboree[10] on station KRLD (AM) in Dallas,[11] where he played the song every Saturday night and was booked on a string of one-nighters in the Southwest. The Jamboree was broadcast from the Dallas Sportatorium, with about 4,000 seats, and it sold out for each of Perkins' performances. Music shops in Dallas ordered a huge number of copies of the record,[12] and at one point it was selling at a rate of 20,000 copies per day.

text: A Song Hits review of the song, published on February 18, stated that "Perkins has come up with some wax here that has hit the national retail chart in almost record time. Interestingly enough, the disk has a measure of appeal for pop and r.&b. customers."[13]

text: On March 17, Perkins became the first country artist to reach the number three spot on the rhythm and blues charts.[14] That night, Perkins and his band first performed "Blue Suede Shoes" on television, on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee[15] (coincidentally, Presley was on Stage Show on CBS-TV that same night, for which he also performed the song).

text: Perkins was booked to appear on The Perry Como Show on NBC-TV on March 24, but on March 22 he and his band were in a serious automobile crash on the way to New York City, resulting in the death of a truck driver and the hospitalization of both Perkins and his brother. While Perkins recuperated from his injuries, "Blue Suede Shoes" rose to number one on most pop, R&B and country regional charts. "I was a poor farm boy, and with 'Shoes' I felt I had a chance but suddenly there I was in the hospital," Perkins recalled bitterly.[16] It also held the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 and country charts. Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel" held the number one position on the pop and country charts, while "Shoes" did better than "Heartbreak" on the R&B charts.

text: Perkins never attained the stardom of Presley, who, according to Perkins, "had everything. He had the looks, the moves, the manager, and the talent. And he didn't look like Mr. Ed, like a lot of us did, Elvis was hitting them with sideburns, flashy clothes, and no ring on the finger. I had three kids." After Presley hit the chart with his version of "Blue Suede Shoes," Perkins became known more for his songwriting than for his performing.[17]

text: By mid-April, more than one million copies of "Shoes" had been sold,[18] earning Perkins a gold record.[19] "Blue Suede Shoes" was the first million-selling country song to cross over to both the rhythm and blues and the pop charts.[20]

text: Sam Phillips retained the rights to "Blue Suede Shoes", although it was represented by the New York house of Hill & Range as part of the agreement when Phillips sold Presley's contract. Perkins acquired the rights to the song, along with all of his other songs recorded for Sun Records, in 1977.[21]

text: Elvis Presley rendition[edit]

text:
"Blue Suede Shoes"
Single by Elvis Presleyfrom the album Elvis PresleyB-side
"Tutti Frutti"Released
March 1956 (1956-03)Format
7-inch 45 rpm, 10-inch 78 rpmRecorded
January 30, 1956Studio
RCA, New York CityGenre
Rockabilly, rock and rollLength
1:58Label
RCA VictorSongwriter(s)
Carl PerkinsProducer(s)
Steve SholesElvis Presley singles chronology

"Shake, Rattle and Roll" (1956)

"Blue Suede Shoes" (1956)

"I Got a Woman" (1956)

tag: table

text:
Recording cover versions of songs was a common practice during the 1940s and 1950s, and "Blue Suede Shoes" was one of the first songs RCA Victor wanted its newly contracted artist, Elvis Presley, to record. "Heartbreak Hotel" and "Shoes" rose on the charts at roughly the same time. RCA Victor, with its superior distribution and radio contacts, knew it could probably steal a hit record from Phillips and Perkins. Presley, who knew both Perkins and Phillips from his days at Sun Records, gave in to pressure from RCA, but he requested that the company hold back his version from release as a single. Presley's version features two guitar solos by Scotty Moore, with
Bill Black on bass and D.J. Fontana on drums.[22]

text: According to Moore, when the song was recorded, "We just went in there and started playing, just winged it. Just followed however Elvis felt." According to reports confirmed by Sam Phillips, RCA Victor producer Steve Sholes agreed not to release Presley's version of the song as a single while Perkins' release was hot.[23]

text: Presley performed the song on national television three times in 1956. The first was February 11 on Stage Show. He also performed it again on his third appearance on Stage Show on March 17, and again on the Milton Berle Show on April 3.[24] On July 1, Steve Allen introduced Presley on The Steve Allen Show, and Presley, dressed in formal evening wear, said, "I think that I have on something tonight that's not quite right for evening wear." Allen asked, "What's that, Elvis?" "Blue suede shoes" was the answer, as he lifted his left foot to show the audience. Presley mentioned blue suede shoes a second time on this show: in a song during the "Range Roundup" comedy skit with Allen, Andy Griffith, and Imogene Coca, he delivered the line, "I'm a-warnin' you galoots, don't step on my blue suede shoes."[25]

text: Moore has said that Presley recorded the song to help out Perkins after his accident. "Elvis wasn't really thinking at that time that it was going to make money for Carl; he was doing it as more of a tribute type thing. Of course Carl was glad he did. It really helped as his record started going down."[26]

text: "Blue Suede Shoes" was the first song on the groundbreaking album Elvis Presley, which was released in March. RCA Victor released two other records with "Blue Suede Shoes" the same month: an extended play with four songs (RCA Victor EPA 747) and a double extended play with eight songs (RCA Victor EPB 1254).[27]

text: RCA Victor released the Presley version as a single on September 8, one of a number of singles RCA issued simultaneously, all culled from the album Elvis Presley.[28] This single reached number 20, whereas Perkins' version had topped the chart.

text: In 1960, Presley re-recorded "Blue Suede Shoes" for the soundtrack of the film G.I. Blues. While Presley's character and his band, the "Three Blazes", play a ballad at a Frankfurt nightclub ("Doin' the Best I Can", by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman),[29] a bored GI plays Presley's version of "Blue Suede Shoes" on the jukebox, remarking that he wants "to hear an original". When another soldier tries to unplug the jukebox, the audience erupts in a fight.[30] This studio re-recording was one of the few occasions in Presley's career in which he agreed to re-record a previously issued song. He did it on this occasion because the rest of the soundtrack was recorded in stereo, and thus a stereo version of "Blue Suede Shoes" was required. The 1960 version uses virtually the same arrangement as the 1956 recording. This version was included on the soundtrack album to G.I. Blues but was never released as a single in the United States.

text: In 1985, RCA issued a music video of Presley's original version of "Blue Suede Shoes". The video featured a contemporary setting and actors (and Carl Perkins in a cameo appearance), with Presley shown in archival footage.[31]

text: In 1999, Presley's version was certified as a gold record by the RIAA.[32]

text: Other 1956 recordings[edit]

text: "Blue Suede Shoes" was recorded and released many times in 1956.[28][33] February releases were by Delbert Barker and the Gateway All Stars on the Gateway[34] and Big Hits labels, Thumper Jones (George Jones),[35][36] Hank Smith,[37] and Buzz Williams.[38][39] RCA Victor released a version by Pee Wee King on March 3 of that same year,[40][41] the same date as a Capitol release by Bob Rubian.[42][43] These were followed by the March 10 releases of a version by Boyd Bennett on King[44] and a version by Sid King on Columbia.[45][46] Decca released a version by Roy Hall,[47][48] and the Dot label then released a recording by Jim Lowe.[49][50] The song was also recorded in 1956 by Loren Becker with the Light Brigade on Waldorf Music Hall Records and by Bob Harris and the John Weston Orchestra on Sapphire. By April there were also recorded versions by Lawrence Welk (Coral), Sam Taylor (MGM),[51] and Jerry Mercer (Mercury).[52]

text: A version by Boyd Bennett and His Rockets was issued by Parlophone (R4167 MSP 6233) in the UK.[53]  "Blue Suede Shoes" was one of many songs that were included in the mashup novelty record "The Flying Saucer", which was a No. 3 hit in 1956. It was referenced in the record as "Shoes", by Pa Gherkins.  Rockabilly artist Eddie Cochran recorded his version in May or June 1956.[54] It was first released in 1962.[55]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: "Blue Suede Shoes" has been referred to in other songs, including Chuck Berry's "Roll Over Beethoven" ("Early in the mornin', I'm-a givin' you the warnin', don't you step on my blue suede shoes").

text:
"Blue Suede Shoes" was chosen by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".
In 1986 Perkins' version was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame, and was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006.[56] The board annually selects songs that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

text:
In 2004, Perkins's version was ranked number 95 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time."[57]
It is his only song on that list. Presley's recording of the song was also on the list, ranked number 423.

text: In 1999, National Public Radio included "Blue Suede Shoes" in the NPR 100, in which NPR's music editors sought to compile the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century.

text: The Grateful Dead's "U.S. Blues" features the lyric "Red and white, blue suede shoes, I'm Uncle Sam, how do you do?"[58]

text: The song is referred to by the Beastie Boys song "Johnny Ryall", from their album Paul's Boutique. The title character, a homeless man, "claims that he wrote the Blue Suede Shoes".

text: It is also referred to ("maybe some blue suede shoes") in The Lowest of the Low's 1991 song "Henry Needs a New Pair of Shoes", about a homeless man.

text: The song is referred to by Marc Cohn in "Walking in Memphis," which begins, "Put on my blue suede shoes, and I boarded the plane."

text: In 1971 Kevin Ayers recorded Stranger in Blue Suede Shoes which included the line (from the bartender) "we don't serve strangers in blue suede shoes".

text: The song appears in the TV miniseries Elvis, in which Presley (played by Jonathan Rhys Meyers) performs the song at the Chicago International Auditorium in his famous gold lamé suit.

text: "Blue Suede Shoes" is the opening number of the Broadway musical Million Dollar Quartet,[59] which opened in New York in April 2010.[60]

text: A similar version of the song, with different lyrics, is performed by Susan Cabot twice in the movie Carnival Rock (1957) (at approx. 0:30 and 1:03) under the name "Ou-Shoo-Bla-D".

text: This Morning presenter Matt Johnson performed the song as part of a medley, performed as Elvis Presley on week 3 of the ITV show 'Your Face Sounds Familiar'.

text: "Blue Suede Shoes" can also be found in the game World of Warcraft as an item with the flavor text "Keep Off".[61]

text: Selected list of recorded versions[edit]

text: This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (September 2016)

text: This article may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (September 2016)

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The song is a rock-and-roll standard and has been performed and recorded by many artists, including:

text:
Bill Haley & His Comets, 1960, Warner Bros. album
Buddy Holly as recorded on the Buddy Holly Story compilation and the 1964 LP Buddy Holly Showcase
The Dave Clark Five, 1965, Weekend in London; 1970, No. 7, UK singles chart, as part of medley "Good Old Rock 'n' Roll"
The Beatles, 1969, Anthology 3
Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys, No. 21, Billboard, 1969, as part of medley "Good Old Rock 'n' Roll", produced by Jimi Hendrix
Mountain, Woodstock, 1969
Plastic Ono Band, with John Lennon, Eric Clapton, 1969, Live Peace in Toronto
Ten Years After, Woodstock, 1969, as part of a medley
Albert King, 1970, Blues for Elvis – King Does the King's Things
Black Sabbath on the Black Mass EP, 1970
Jerry Lee Lewis, 1973, The London Rock and Roll Show
Johnny Rivers, US No. 38, 1973
Jimi Hendrix, Midnight Lightning, Hendrix in the West, Loose Ends, 1975
Johnny Cash is not known to have recorded a studio version of the song he inspired, but he performed it in a duet with Perkins on TV. An audio tape of Cash performing the song, made by a member of the audience in Rotterdam in 1976, has been circulated on YouTube.
Kidsongs, "Let's Put on a Show", 1995
Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, Robbie Robertson, Paul Shaffer, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, 1999
Dion, 2008 Heroes: Giants of Early Guitar Rock album
Bruce Springsteen, live in concert
Grateful Dead, sound check
Pat Boone
Merle Haggard
Conway Twitty
Mary J. Blige
Brian Setzer
The Toy Dolls
Motörhead
Helloween, 1991, "Kids of the Century" single
Hasil Adkins, a previously unreleased included on the 1990 album Peanut Butter Rock and Roll
Ghinzu, live at Montreux, 2005

tag: ul


document_title: Sublimation (phase transition)

question_text: when can sublimation be applied as a process of separation

text: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Examples[edit]

text: Carbon dioxide[edit]

text: Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes everywhere along the line below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C (194.65 K, −104.2 °F) at atmospheric pressure, whereas its melting into liquid CO2 can occur only along the line at pressures and temperatures above the triple point (i.e., 5.2 atm, −56.4 °C).

text: Water[edit]

text: Snow and ice sublime, although more slowly, at temperatures below the freezing/melting point temperature line at 0 °C for most pressures; see line below triple point.[4] In freeze-drying, the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a snowfield during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Ablation is a process that includes sublimation and erosive wear of glacier ice.

text: Naphthalene[edit]

text: Naphthalene, an organic compound commonly found in pesticide such as mothball also sublimes. It sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by van der Waals intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes at standard atmospheric temperature[5] with the sublimation point at around 80˚C or 176˚F.[6] At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1 mmHg at 53˚C,[7] to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On the cool surface, the sublimated vapour will be solidified to form a needle-like crystal.

text: Other substances[edit]

text: Iodine produces fumes on gentle heating. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just above the melting point of iodine. In forensic science, iodine vapor can reveal latent fingerprints on paper.[8] Arsenic can also sublime at high temperatures.

text: Purification by sublimation[edit]

text: Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum. Under this reduced pressure, the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (cold finger), leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind. Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed, the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface.[9][10] For even higher purification efficiencies a temperature gradient is applied, which also allows for the separation of different fractions. Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is gradually heated in a controlled manner. The material flow is from the hot end, where the initial material is placed, to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand. By controlling temperatures along the length of the tube the operator can control the zones of recondensation, with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely (or caught by a separate cold trap), moderately volatile compounds recondensating along the tube according to their different volatilities, and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end. Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for the use in the organic electronics industry, where very high purities (often > 99.99%) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications.

text: Historical usage[edit]

text: In ancient alchemy, a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods. Sublimation was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium (typically a retort or alembic), but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions. It is mentioned by alchemical authors such as Basil Valentine and George Ripley, and in the Rosarium philosophorum, as a process necessary for the completion of the magnum opus. Here, the word sublimation is used to describe an exchange of "bodies" and "spirits" similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases. Valentine, in his Triumphal Chariot of Antimony (published 1678) makes a comparison to spagyrics in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer.[11] Ripley uses language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation, indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit.[12] He writes:[13]

text:
And Sublimations we make for three causes,
The first cause is to make the body spiritual.
The second is that the spirit may be corporeal,
And become fixed with it and consubstantial.
The third cause is that from its filthy original.
It may be cleansed, and its saltiness sulphurious
May be diminished in it, which is infectious.

text: Sublimation predictions[edit]

text:
The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem. If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment (pressure and volume) in which pV = RT, hence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the vibrations, rotations and translation then need to be applied. From the equipartition theorem gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence −6RT. Summing the RT corrections ; −6RT + 3RT + RT = −2RT.[14] This leads to the following approximate sublimation enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the entropy term if rigid bodies are assumed.[15][16]

Δ

H

sublimation

=
−

U

lattice energy

−
2
R
T

{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}}=-U_{\text{lattice energy}}-2RT}


document_title: 50 home run club

question_text: who has hit 60 home runs in a season

question_tokens: who has hit 60 home runs in a season

text: 50 home run club

text: Members[edit]

text:
Key

Year

The year the player's 50 home run season occurred

Player (X)

Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point

Team

The player's team for his 50 home run season

HR

Number of home runs in that season

Career HR

The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career

^

Denotes single-season home run record progression

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

Player is active

text:
Members of the 50 home run club

Year

Player

Team

HR

Career HR

Ref

1920

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees
54^
714
[5]

1921

Babe Ruth (2)

New York Yankees
59^
714
[5]

1927

Babe Ruth (3)

New York Yankees
60^
714
[5]

1928

Babe Ruth (4)

New York Yankees
54
714
[5]

1930

Hack Wilson

Chicago Cubs
56
244
[29]

1932

Jimmie Foxx

Philadelphia Athletics
58
534
[30]

1938

Jimmie Foxx (2)

Boston Red Sox
50
534
[30]

1938

Hank Greenberg

Detroit Tigers
58
331
[31]

1947

Johnny Mize

New York Giants
51
359
[32]

1947

Ralph Kiner

Pittsburgh Pirates
51
369
[33]

1949

Ralph Kiner (2)

Pittsburgh Pirates
54
369
[33]

1955

Willie Mays

New York Giants
51
660
[34]

1956

Mickey Mantle

New York Yankees
52
536
[35]

1961

Mickey Mantle (2)

New York Yankees
54
536
[35]

1961

Roger Maris

New York Yankees
61^
275
[36]

1965

Willie Mays (2)

San Francisco Giants
52
660
[34]

1977

George Foster

Cincinnati Reds
52
348
[37]

1990

Cecil Fielder

Detroit Tigers
51
319
[38]

1995

Albert Belle

Cleveland Indians
50
381
[39]

1996

Brady Anderson

Baltimore Orioles
50
210
[40]

1996

Mark McGwire

Oakland Athletics
52
583
[41]

1997

Ken Griffey Jr.

Seattle Mariners
56
630
[42]

1997

Mark McGwire (2)

Oakland AthleticsSt. Louis Cardinals
58
583
[41]

1998

Greg Vaughn

San Diego Padres
50
355
[43]

1998

Ken Griffey Jr. (2)

Seattle Mariners
56
630
[42]

1998

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs
66
609
[44]

1998

Mark McGwire (3)

St. Louis Cardinals
70^
583
[41]

1999

Sammy Sosa (2)

Chicago Cubs
63
609
[44]

1999

Mark McGwire (4)

St. Louis Cardinals
65
583
[41]

2000

Sammy Sosa (3)

Chicago Cubs
50
609
[44]

2001

Alex Rodriguez

Texas Rangers
52
696
[45]

2001

Luis Gonzalez

Arizona Diamondbacks
57
354
[46]

2001

Sammy Sosa (4)

Chicago Cubs
64
609
[44]

2001

Barry Bonds

San Francisco Giants
73^
762
[47]

2002

Jim Thome

Cleveland Indians
52
612
[48]

2002

Alex Rodriguez (2)

Texas Rangers
57
696
[45]

2005

Andruw Jones

Atlanta Braves
51
434
[49]

2006

Ryan Howard

Philadelphia Phillies
58
382
[8]

2006

David Ortiz

Boston Red Sox
54
541
[50]

2007

Alex Rodriguez (3)

New York Yankees
54
696
[45]

2007

Prince Fielder

Milwaukee Brewers
50
319
[51]

2010

José Bautista

Toronto Blue Jays
54
338
[52]

2013

Chris Davis

Baltimore Orioles
53
261
[53]

2017

Giancarlo Stanton

Miami Marlins
59
289
[54]

2017

Aaron Judge

New York Yankees
52
81
[55]


document_title: Briard

question_text: what type of dog is fang from get smart

question_tokens: what type of dog is fang from get smart

text: Briard

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: They were originally bred to herd as well as guard flocks of sheep. And they were often left to their own devices in order to accomplish their assigned tasks.[citation needed] This makes the Briard different from those breeds that only guard and those that only herd. The breeds that just herd are often smaller in size, agile, and swift of foot. Those breeds that just guard are usually larger and heavier. Briards were used in all types of herding situations, having the ability to learn many commands and fulfill the jobs expected of them. The Briard was most commonly used as a farm dog in the more crowded farming valleys of France, where row crops were grown.[citation needed] Sheep were allowed to graze the grass strips between crops and Briards were responsible for keeping the sheep moving along these strips, and preventing the sheep from eating the crops.[citation needed] The Briard moved the sheep daily from the farm to the graze areas and back again at night.[citation needed] At the farm, the Briard was the shepherd's partner, helping with livestock chores. The Briard was also used to move large flocks of sheep in areas of France that had wide grazing pastures and mountain pastures in summer. The Briards were usually worked beside one or two other breeds to keep the sheep from straying and herd the sheep to the proper areas.[citation needed] At night, they were alert and vigilant watchdogs, protecting the shepherds and flock from wolves and thieves.[2]

text: Description[edit]

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The Briard can be tawny, black or gray however there are variations in each color. Briards stand 58 to 69 cm (22 to 27 inches) at the withers. Ear cropping has been common in the breed, although more breeders are leaving the ears in their natural state since ear cropping is becoming illegal in most European countries, including the Briard's land of origin, France. When cropped, the ears should stand erect and parallel with the base being wide and tapering to a rounded point with hair covering the opening.[3] Their long coat requires an extensive amount of grooming. The outer coat is coarse, hard and dry (making a dry rasping sound between the fingers). It lies down flat, falling naturally in long, slightly waving locks, having the sheen of good health. On the shoulders the length of the hair is generally six inches or more. The undercoat is fine and tight on all the body. The head is well covered with hair which lies down, forming a natural part in the center. The eyebrows do not lie flat but, instead, arch up and out in a curve that lightly veils the eyes. The hair is never so abundant that it masks the form of the head or completely covers the eyes.[3] Briards come in a variety from different colors.

text:
A black Briard.

A fawn Briard

Two Briards

Briard with dark ears

text: The breed characteristics of the Briard, are of a medium-sized, rugged, agile dog, having harsh coat and double dewclaws mounted low on each rear leg, resembling additional toes. Each double dew claw should have bone substance and nail, giving the appearance of a wider rear foot. Bred for centuries to herd, the additional digits on each rear foot give the Briard the ability of pivoting on one foot for quick turns and complete turn-arounds, which are necessary when herding and guarding their flocks.[citation needed] Throughout history, the Briard has retained an appropriate balance of size and build that is required for both herding and protection of their flocks. They are not too large to tire during herding yet large enough to fend off predators such as foxes and wolves.

text: Temperament[edit]

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text: The Briard is a very loyal and protective breed, and is sometimes called "a heart of gold wrapped in fur". Once they have bonded to their family members, they will be very protective. They can be aloof with strangers - new introductions should be on the dog's terms, including furniture or the addition of a new baby into the household. They require showing that the new intrusion is friendly and free of conflict. They must be taught that it is a good thing and not harmful. They have proven to be a very good breed to have around children of all ages. Indeed, these dogs rapidly develop an affection to their owners. They are very emotional, capable of crying for a long time after their owners' departure and celebrate their return in a very enthusiastic way.

text: It is also important that the Briard be introduced to several different individuals of all ages and in all types of situations. Socialization starting at a very young age is mandatory. Briards should be walked as often as possible, to many different places, and they will develop into a well rounded animal. Pet stores, city parks and malls are a good place to start.

text: The Briard has been bred for centuries to herd and to protect their flocks. To domesticated briards, their family is the flock and all strangers may appear to be predators. Letting them know that the public in general are friendly and not harmful will help them establish a lifelong socialization pattern which will result in an outgoing and happy dog. This socialization with the public in general will not diminish their capacity for protecting and guarding their family.

text: The Briard has a very good memory. Once a lesson is learned, good or bad, the knowledge will be retained for a long time to come. Sometimes they may appear to be strong minded and stubborn but these are a few of the Briard's characteristics. They were bred for centuries to think for themselves and to act upon their conclusions, sometimes to the point of thinking what the "flock" will do ahead of time.

text: These are some of the traits that the Briard has retained throughout history. Even if a Briard is a city dweller, they have a degree of herding ability within them. If ever, during their lifetime, they are introduced to sheep or cattle, they will automatically start doing what they were bred to do, herding. They will even herd humans by nibbling on their ankles or guiding with their heads and guide them to his master if ordered.

text: Service and therapy roles[edit]

text: Briards have been used in a variety of service and therapy roles to help those with disabilities and comfort those in hospitals, schools and retirement communities. Briards are also being trained as autism service dogs and PTSD service dogs for both adults and children. With their keen intelligence, tactile coat interaction, and loyalty, they make a huge difference in the quality of life for those with disabilities or in recovery.

text: Activities[edit]

text: Briards can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, Schutzhund, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Briards exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.[4]

text: Study on blindness using Briards[edit]

text: This breed is also commonly screened for congenital stationary night blindness (SNB) with a DNA test. SNB is inherited through recessive genes.[5] Progressive retinal atrophy PRA, is a disease that causes nerve cells at the back of the eye to degenerate. The condition usually begins in older pets and can lead to blindness.[6] Progressive retinal degeneration or atrophy (PRD/PRA) represents a group of inherited eye diseases characterized by abnormal development or premature degeneration of the retina. There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina and these are the light-sensitive rods and cones. They are responsible for detecting light and converting it into an electrical signal that travels to the brain. When the photoreceptor cells deteriorate, vision is lost because the animal has no way to generate an image from the light reaching the retina. Puppies are usually blind before one year of age.[7] For the first time ever, animals (Briards) that were born blind gained the ability to see after undergoing gene therapy, according to research from the University of Florida, Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania. UF researchers had established that the apparently harmless adeno-associated virus can carry healthy copies of a gene into the cells of the retina, which is composed of layers of light-sensitive nerve cells. The healthy gene's mission: to produce a protein critical to translating light waves into nerve impulses that can be interpreted as images by the brain. The study was successful and the puppies could see in the eye that was treated. Officials from the Foundation Fighting Blindness, which supported the study with grant funds, said the success in reversing blindness in dogs is an important advance.[8]

text: Briards in popular culture[edit]

text:
Dennis the Menace - "Ruff"
Kiss Kiss Bang Bang - "Stevie"
My Three Sons - "Tramp"
Bachelor Father - "Jasper" (played by Briard mix "Red" 2nd Jasper 1960–62)
Get Smart - Agent K-13 "Fang" (played by Briard mix "Red" 1965–66)
Married... with Children - "Buck" (played by Briard "Michael")
Dharma & Greg - "Stinky" (played by Briard mix "Chewy")
Addams Family - "Them" (played by Briard mix "Mayhem")
Top Dog - (film starring Chuck Norris - 1995) - "Reno"
Dennis the Menace (1993) - "Rosie"
Buddy (Starring Rene Russo - motion picture about a gorilla named Buddy) (1997)
The Karate Dog (made-for-TV movie) - (voiced by Chevy Chase) (2004)
Tell No One (Ne le dis à personne) – (played by "O P'tit Loup") (2006)
Easy A
Sam Sheepdog of Looney Tunes fame


document_title: Indiana Jones

question_text: who was supposed to play indiana jones before harrison ford

text: Indiana Jones

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark
1984 prequel film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull

text: A native of Princeton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was introduced as a tenured professor of archeology in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes, whose research is funded by Marshall College (named after producer Frank Marshall),[17] a fictional college in Connecticut, where he is a professor of archaeology.  He also attended the University of Chicago.

text: In this first adventure, he is pitted against the Nazis, who are commissioned by Hitler to recover evidence related to Aryan roots of Nazism. (see Nazi archaeology). In consequence, Dr Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant (see also Biblical archaeology). He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah. The Nazis are led by Jones's archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent.

text: In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult. He is aided by Short Round, a young boy, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw).

text: The third film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, set in 1938, returned to the formula of the original, reintroducing characters such as Sallah and Marcus Brody, a scene from Professor Jones's classroom (he now teaches at Barnett College), the globe trotting element of multiple locations, and the return of the infamous Nazi mystics, this time trying to find the Holy Grail. The film's introduction, set in 1912, provided some back story to the character, specifically the origin of his fear of snakes, his use of a bullwhip, the scar on his chin, and his hat; the film's epilogue also reveals that "Indiana" is not Jones's first name, but a nickname he took from the family dog. The film was a buddy movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father, Henry Jones, Sr., often to comical effect. Although Lucas intended to make five Indiana Jones films, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was the last for over eighteen years, as he could not think of a good plot element to drive the next installment.[18]

text: The 2008 film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, is the latest film in the series. Set in 1957, 19 years after the third film, it pits an older, wiser Indiana Jones against Soviet agents bent on harnessing the power of an extraterrestrial device discovered in South America. Jones is aided in his adventure by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son—a young greaser named Henry "Mutt" Williams (Shia LaBeouf), later revealed to be Jones' unknown child. There were rumors that Harrison Ford will not return for any future installments and LaBeouf will take over the Indy franchise.[19] This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services during World War II, attaining the rank of Colonel in the United States Army. He is tasked with conducting covert operations with MI6 agent George McHale against the Soviet Union.

text: In March 2016, Disney announced a fifth Indiana Jones film currently in development, with Ford and Spielberg set to return to the franchise. Initially set for release on July 10, 2020,[20] the film's release date has now been pushed back to July 9, 2021[21] due to production issues.

text: Attractions[edit]

text: Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea ("Temple of the Forbidden Eye" and "Temple of the Crystal Skull," respectively) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries. These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time,[22] opened in 1995[23] and 2001,[24][25] respectively, with sole design credit attributed to Walt Disney Imagineering.[citation needed] Disney did not originally license Harrison Ford's likeness for the American version;[citation needed] nonetheless, a differentiated Indiana Jones audio-animatronic character appears at three points in both attractions. However, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Ford's likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts.[citation needed] In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced with ones resembling Ford.[26]

text: Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a looping roller coaster engineered by Intamin, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, and opened in 1993.

text: The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! is a live show that has been presented in the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park of the Walt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park's 1989 opening, as Disney-MGM Studios. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production, and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films, including the well-known "running-from-the-boulder" scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show.[27] Also at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction; during The Great Movie Ride's Raiders of the Lost Ark segment.[28]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Graphic novels[edit]

text: Indy also appears in the 2004 Dark Horse Comics story Into the Great Unknown, collected in Star Wars Tales Volume 5. In this non-canon story bringing together two of Harrison Ford's best-known roles, Indy and Short Round discover a crash-landed Millennium Falcon in the Pacific Northwest, along with Han Solo's skeleton and the realization that a rumored nearby Sasquatch is in fact Chewbacca. Indy also appears in a series of Marvel Comics.

text: Movie tie-in novelizations[edit]

text: The four Indiana Jones film scripts were novelized and published in the time-frame of the films' initial releases.[29] Raiders of the Lost Ark was novelized by Campbell Black based on the script by Lawrence Kasdan that was based on the story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman and published in April 1981 by Ballantine Books; Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was novelized by James Kahn and based on the script by Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz that was based on the story by George Lucas and published May 1984 by Ballantine Books; Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was novelized by Rob MacGregor based on the script by Jeffrey Boam that was based on a story by George Lucas and Menno Meyjes and published June 1989 by Ballantine Books. Nearly 20 years later Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was novelized by James Rollins based on the script by David Koepp based on the story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson and published May 2008 by Ballantine Books. In addition, in 2008 to accompany the release of Kingdom of Skulls, Scholastic Books published juvenile novelizations of the four scripts written, successively in the order above, by Ryder Windham, Suzanne Weyn, Ryder Windham, and James Luceno. All these books have been reprinted, with Raiders of the Lost Ark being retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. While these are the principal titles and authors, there are numerous other volumes derived from the four film properties.

text: Original novels[edit]

text: From February 1991 through February 1999, twelve original Indiana Jones-themed adult novels were licensed by Lucasfilm, Ltd. and written by three genre authors of the period. Ten years afterward, a thirteenth original novel was added, also written by a popular genre author. The first twelve were published by Bantam Books; the last by Ballantine Books in 2009. (See Indiana Jones (franchise) for broad descriptions of these original adult novels.) The novels are:[30]

text:
Rob MacGregor (author)
Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi, February 1991.
Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants, June 1991.
Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils, December 1991.
Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge, February 1992.
Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy, September 1992.
Indiana Jones and the Interior World, December 1992.
Martin Caidin (author)
Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates, December 1993.
Indiana Jones and the White Witch, April 1994.
Max McCoy (author)
Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone, May 1995.
Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs, March 1996.
Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth, March 1997.
Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx, February 1999.
Steve Perry (author)
Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead, September 2009.

text: Television[edit]

text: From 1992 to 1996, George Lucas executive-produced a television series named The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, aimed mainly at teenagers and children, which showed many of the important events and historical figures of the early 20th century through the prism of Indiana Jones' life.

text: The show initially featured the formula of an elderly (93 to 94 years of age) Indiana Jones played by George Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote: the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy (16 to 21 years of age) played by Sean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy (8 to 11 years) played by Corey Carrier. One episode, "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, rather than Hall. Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format.

text: The bulk of the series centers around the young adult Indiana Jones and his activities during World War I as a 16- to 17-year-old soldier in the Belgian Army and then as an intelligence officer and spy seconded to French intelligence. The child Indy episodes follow the boy's travels around the globe as he accompanies his parents on his father's worldwide lecture tour from 1908 to 1910.

text: The show provided some backstory for the films, as well as new information regarding the character. Indiana Jones was born July 1, 1899, and his middle name is Walton (Lucas's middle name). It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever, and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues. His relationship with his father, first introduced in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy. Indy damages or loses his right eye sometime between the events in 1957 and the early 1990s, when the "Old Indy" segments take place, as the elderly Indiana Jones wears an eyepatch.

text: In 1999, Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases, and re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature-length stories. The series title was also changed to The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.

text: Video games[edit]

text: The character has appeared in several officially licensed games, beginning with adaptations of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, two adaptations of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (one with purely action mechanics, one with an adventure and puzzle based structure) and Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, which included the storylines from all three of the original films.

text: Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb and Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[31] Emperor's Tomb sets up Jones's companion Wu Han and the search for Nurhaci's ashes seen at the beginning of Temple of Doom. The first two games were developed by Hal Barwood and starred Doug Lee as the voice of Indiana Jones; Emperor's Tomb had David Esch fill the role and Staff of Kings starred John Armstrong.

text: Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was the first Indy-based game presented in three dimensions, as opposed to 8-bit graphics and side-scrolling games before.

text: There is also a small game from Lucas Arts Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures. A video game was made for young Indy called Young Indiana Jones and the Instruments of Chaos, as well as a video game version of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.

text: Two Lego Indiana Jones games have also been released. Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures was released in 2008[32] and follows the plots of the first three films. It was followed by Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues in late 2009. The sequel includes an abbreviated reprise of the first three films, but focuses on the plot of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.

text: Social gaming company Zynga introduced Indiana Jones to their "Adventure World" game in late 2011.[33]

text: Character description and formation[edit]

text: "Indiana" Jones's full name is Dr. Henry Walton Jones Jr.,[34] and his nickname is often shortened to "Indy".

text: In his role as a college professor of archaeology, Jones is scholarly and learned in a tweed suit, lecturing on ancient civilizations. At the opportunity to recover important artifacts, Dr. Jones transforms into "Indiana," a "non-superhero superhero" image he has concocted for himself.[35] Producer Frank Marshall said, "Indy [is] a fallible character. He makes mistakes and gets hurt. ... That's the other thing people like: He's a real character, not a character with superpowers."[36] Spielberg said there "was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes. I mean, Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero, and his imperfections, I think, make the audience feel that, with a little more exercise and a little more courage, they could be just like him."[37] According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode, Indiana created his heroic figure so as to escape the dullness of teaching at a school. Both of Indiana's personas reject one another in philosophy, creating a duality.[35] Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was because Indiana is both a romantic and a cynic,[38] while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf; a man on a quest; a noble treasure hunter; a hardboiled detective; a human superhero; and an American patriot.[39]

text: Like many characters in his films, Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg. Indiana lacks a proper father figure because of his strained relationship with his father, Henry Senior. His own contained anger is misdirected towards Professor Abner Ravenwood, his mentor at the University of Chicago, leading to a strained relationship with Marion Ravenwood.[35] The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, after being given his hat.[40] Marcus Brody acts as Indiana's positive role model at the college.[40] Indiana's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother.[41] In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he becomes the father figure to Willie Scott and Short Round, to survive; he is rescued from Kali's evil by Short Round's dedication. Indiana also saves many enslaved children.[41]

text: Indiana uses his knowledge of Shiva to defeat Mola Ram.[41] In Raiders, however, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant. By contrast, his rival Rene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God.[35]

text: In the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is seen as a teenager, establishing his look when given a fedora hat. Indiana's intentions are revealed as prosocial, as he believes artifacts "belong in a museum." In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes "literal" tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father's life. He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure – a humble carpenter – rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones. Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail, telling him to "let it go," overcoming his mercenary nature.[40] The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic following his service in World War I.[42] In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Jones is older and wiser, whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully arrogant and greedy, respectively.[43]

text: Origins and inspirations[edit]

text: Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée serials and pulp magazines that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the Republic Pictures serials, and the Doc Savage series). Sir H. Rider Haggard's safari guide/big game hunter Allan Quatermain of King Solomon's Mines, who dates back to 1885, is a notable template for Jones.[44] The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the first Star Wars film.[45] Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun, like a James Bond film (this would later be referenced when they cast Sean Connery as Henry Jones Sr.). According to sources, Lucas responded to the effect that he had something "even better",[45] or that he'd "got that beat."[46]

text: One of the possible bases for Indiana Jones is Professor Challenger, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912 for his novel, The Lost World. Challenger was based on Doyle's physiology professor, William Rutherford, an adventuring academic, albeit a zoologist/anthropologist.[47]

text: Another important influence on the development of the character Indiana Jones is the Disney character Scrooge McDuck. Carl Barks created Scrooge in 1948 as a one-off relation for Donald Duck in the patter's self-titled comic book.[48] Barks realized that the character had more potential, so a separate Uncle Scrooge comic book series full of exciting and strange adventures in the company of his duck nephews was developed. This Uncle Scrooge comic series strongly influenced George Lucas.[49] This appreciation of Scrooge as an adventurer influenced the development of Jones in clear and obvious ways. For example, the prolog of "Raiders of the Lost Ark" contains an homage to Barks' Scrooge adventure ″The Seven Cities of Cibola″ published in Uncle Scrooge # 7 from September 1954.[50] This homage in the film takes the form of playfully mimicking the removal-of-the-statuette-from-its-pedestal and the falling-stone sequences of the comic book.[51][52][53] While a prototype of Uncle Scrooge in the beginning was Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens's  "A Christmas Carol", quickly the personality of Scrooge took on some of the characteristics of Haggard's  Quatermain and  Conan Doyle's Professor Challenger.[54] This means then that Lucas and Spielberg may have been influenced directly by Haggard's Quatermain and Doyle's Challenger, as noted above, but also indirectly through Bark's/Disney's Uncle Scrooge.

text: The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an Alaskan Malamute called Indiana that Lucas owned in the 1970s[55] and on which he based the Star Wars character Chewbacca.[56] Spielberg disliked the name Smith, and Lucas casually suggested Jones as an alternative.[45] The Last Crusade script references the name's origin, with Jones's father revealing his son's birth name to be Henry and explaining that "we named the dog Indiana", to his son's chagrin.[57]

text: Some have also posited that C.L. Moore’s science fiction character Northwest Smith may have influenced Lucas and Spielberg in their naming choice.[58]

text: Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of British secret agent James Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.[59][60] Spielberg earned the rank of Eagle Scout and Ford the Life Scout badge in their youth, which gave them the inspiration to portray Indiana Jones as a Life Scout at age 13 in The Last Crusade.[61]

text: Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis noted that the inspiration for the series as well as Indiana Jones' outfit was Charlton Heston's Harry Steele in Secret of the Incas (1954) and called Raiders of the Lost Ark "almost a shot for shot" remake of the Heston film, citing that Indiana Jones was "a kinder, gentler Harry Steele": "We did watch this film together as a crew several times, and I always thought it strange that the filmmakers did not credit it later as the inspiration for the series."[62]

text: Historical models[edit]

text: Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character—although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. There are some suggestions listed here in alphabetical order by last name:

text:
Carl Ethan Akeley (May 19, 1864 – November 18, 1926) Explorer, sculptor, biologist, conservationist, inventor, taxidermist, and nature photographer, noted for his contributions to American museums, most notably to the Field Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History. He is considered the father of modern taxidermy.
Beloit College professor and paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews.[63]
Edgar James Banks (May 23, 1866 – May 5, 1945). American diplomat, antiquarian and novelist. Banks is credited with the sale of an ancient cuneiform tablet famously known as Plimpton 322 proving the Babylonians beat the Greeks to the invention of trigonometry - the study of triangles - by more than 1000 years.[64]
Italian archaeologist and circus strongman Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823).[65]
Yale University professor, historian, US senator, and explorer Hiram Bingham III, (1875 - 1956) who rediscovered and excavated the lost city of Machu Picchu,[66] and chronicled his find in the bestselling book The Lost City of the Incas in 1948.[67]
University of Chicago archaeologist Robert Braidwood.[68]
University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted.[69]
Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout and British Army spy who heavily influenced Haggard's fictional Allan Quatermain character and also became the inspiration for the Boy Scouts.[70][71]
British archaeologist Percy Fawcett, who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil, and who was last seen in 1925 returning to the Amazon Basin to look for the Lost City Of Z. A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the book Indiana Jones And The Seven Veils.[7]
American archaeologist Walter Fairservis.[72]
Harvard University paleontologist Farish Jenkins.[73]
British archaeologist and soldier T. E. Lawrence.[74]
Northwestern University political scientist, anthropologist, professor and adventurer William Montgomery McGovern.[75]
British adventurer Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges.[76]
German archaeologist Otto Rahn.[77]
Harvard University archaeologist and art historian Langdon Warner.[78]
Vendyl Jones (1930 - 2010) led digs in Israel searching for the holy ark. He discovered items identified as the Temple incense and a clay vessel for holy anointing oil.[79] In his book A Door of Hope: My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll, he discusses the similarities.[80]

text: Costume[edit]

text: Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed fedora. As a documentary of Raiders pointed out, the hat served a practical purpose. Following the lead of the old "B"-movies that inspired the Indiana Jones series, the fedora hid the actor's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly. Examples in Raiders include the wider-angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall, and Indy sliding under a fast-moving vehicle from front to back. Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time.

text: The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it. If it ever fell off during a take, filming would have to stop to put it back on. In jest, Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his hat from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head.[81] Anytime Indy's hat accidentally came off as part of the storyline (blown off by the wind, knocked off, etc.) and seemed almost irretrievable, filmmakers would make sure Indy and his hat were always reunited, regardless of the implausibility of its return. Although other hats were also used throughout the films, the general style and profile remained the same. Elements of the outfit include:

text:
The fedora was supplied by Herbert Johnson Hatters in England for the first three films.[82] An Australian model was used by costume designer Deborah Landis to show hat maker Richard Swales the details when making the iconic hat from "the Poets" parts.[83] The fedora for Crystal Skull was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company of Columbus, Mississippi.[84]
The leather jacket, a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the A-2 jacket, was made by Leather Concessionaires (now known as Wested Leather Co.) for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. For Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, jackets were made in-house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided for Raiders of the Lost Ark. Tony Nowak made the jacket for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[85]
The Indiana Jones shirt is based on a typical safari-style shirt. Its distinctive feature is two vertical strips running from the shoulders to the bottom of the shirt tails and continued over both breast pockets. A common debate regards the original shirt color. Surviving samples of the original shirts seem to be darker in reality than they appear on screen. Most fans look for an off-white "stone" color for their replicas. The original shirts, however, may have been more of a "tan" or "natural" color. The shirt varied little from film to film, the only notable difference being the darker buttons in Temple of Doom and Last Crusade. Originally designed by Andreas Dometakis for the films, this shirt was once one of the hardest pieces of gear to find.
The trousers worn by Indiana Jones in all three films were based on original World War II Army and Army Air Corps officer trousers. Although not original Pinks they are based on the same basic design and do carry a slight pinkish hue. The trousers made for Raiders are said to be more of a greyish-brown whereas the trousers made for Temple of Doom and Last Crusade were supposedly a purer reddish brown. The trousers were made of a khaki wool-twill, pleated with seven belt loops, two scalloped button flap rear pockets, a button fly and a four-inch military style hem. They were all most likely subcontracted by the costume department and made by famed London based cinema costumers, Angels and Bermans, to be tailored perfectly for Harrison Ford for the production.
The satchel was a modified Mark VII gas mask bag that was used by British troops and civilians during World War II.[11]
The whip was an 8 to 10 foot (2.4 to 3.0 m) bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films. The whips for Crystal Skull were crafted by a variety of people, including Terry Jacka, Joe Strain and Morgan (different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts).[citation needed]
The pistol was usually a World War I-era revolver, including the Webley Government (WG) Revolver (Last Crusade and Crystal Skull), or a Smith & Wesson Second Model Hand Ejector revolver (Raiders). He has also used a Colt Official Police revolver (Temple of Doom), a Nagant M1883 (Young Indiana Jones), and a 9 mm Browning Hi-Power (Raiders).[86] The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster.
The shoes were made by Alden. A stock style (model 405) that had been a favorite of Ford's before the films, they are still sold today (though in a redder (brick) shade of brown than seen in the films) and are popularly known as "Indy Boots."[87]

text: The fedora and leather jacket from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade are on display at the Smithsonian Institution's American History Museum in Washington, D.C.[88] The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise.[89] Jones' whip was the third most popular film weapon, as shown by a 2008 poll held by 20th Century Fox, which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans.[90]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby De Niro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films).[45] During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark.[45] However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.[45] One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded.

text: Subsequently, both Peter Coyote and Tim Matheson auditioned for the role. However, after Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas relented, and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming began.[45]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Archaeological influence[edit]

text: The industry magazine Archaeology named eight past and present archaeologists who they felt "embodied [Jones'] spirit" as recipients of the Indy Spirit Awards in 2008.[91] That same year Ford himself was elected to the Board of Directors for the Archaeological Institute of America. Commenting that "understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future," Ford was praised by the association's president for his character's "significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration."[92]

text: He is perhaps the most influential character in films that explore archaeology. Since the release of Raiders of the Lost Ark in 1981, the very idea of archaeology and archaeologists has fundamentally shifted. Prior to the film's release, the stereotypical image of an archaeologist was that of an older, lacklustre professor type. In the early years of films involving archaeologists, they were portrayed as victims who would need to be rescued by a more masculine or heroic figure.[93] Following 1981, the stereotypical archaeologist is thought of as a male bullwhip-wielding adventurer and Ivy League professor. The stereotypical image of an archaeologist is also portrayed as an individual usually out doing fieldwork, which is not always the case.[94]

text: Indiana Jones is essentially the archetype for the field of archaeology, individuals who are actively involved in this field are influenced by the ideas put forward in the films and any other associated media. Indiana Jones is still a highly debated topic among archaeologists, whether the influence of these films is positive or negative has yet to be determined. The argument for these films having a negative influence states that it reflects poorly on the field, one prominent individual with this opinion is Anne Pyburn. Pyburn described the influence of Indiana Jones as being one that is elitist and sexist, she went on to say that the Indiana Jones films have caused new discoveries in the field of archaeology to become oversimplified and overhyped in an attempt to gain public interest which negatively influences archaeology as a whole.[95] Eric Powell, an editor with the magazine Archaeology, was quoted saying "O.K., fine, the movie romanticizes what we do," continuing on to say that "Indy may be a horrible archeologist, but he's a great diplomat for archeology. I think we'll see a spike in kids who want to become archeologists."[91] In an article written by Kevin McGeoughs, an associate professor of archaeology, he describes the original archaeological criticism of the film as missing the point of the film. Going on to say that the various critiques of poor excavation techniques used were a plot feature to make the film more enjoyable and that in doing so it is not trying to push an agenda. He finished by saying, "dramatic interest is what is at issue, and it is unlikely that film will change in order to promote and foster better archaeological techniques".[93]

text: A 2007 survey conducted at Lycoming College set out to examine the public perception of archaeology and what an archaeologist looks like. The results from this survey indicated that the majority of participants all formed a similar image of an archaeologist, the picture painted is one of a male dressed in light weight khaki clothing, wearing a "Indiana Jones hat" and would typically be found in a desert or exotic location. In addition individuals described that the archaeologist would potentially have to become destructive or involved in dangerous situations to obtain the wanted artifacts, demonstrating an adventurer personality.[94]

text: Fandom[edit]

text: This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (January 2017)

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text: While himself an homage to various prior adventurers, aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations:

text:
Lara Croft, the female archaeologist of the Tomb Raider series, was originally designed as a man but was changed to a woman, partly because the developers felt the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones.[96] Paramount Pictures, which distributed the Indiana Jones film series, would later make two films based on the Tomb Raider games.
The producer of the Prince of Persia (2008) video game, Ben Mattes, explained that its "inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo."[97]
The video game series Uncharted is also very heavily influenced and inspired by Indiana Jones. The protagonist, Nathan Drake, also shares many similarities with Jones himself, both visually and personality-wise. The design team felt the sources shared themes of mystery and "what-if scenarios" that romanticized adventure and aimed to include those in Uncharted.[98]
The Lego character Johnny Thunder is derived from Indiana Jones, among other influences. For one, he is Australian (like Steve Irwin the Crocodile Hunter). His clothes are also different, as he sports a slouch hat instead of a fedora, a red bandanna, and a tan shirt. Plus, he has a visible mustache and sideburns.
The roguelike NetHack features the role of archaeologist, an adventurer starting the game with the trademark fedora, bullwhip and leather jacket.
Montezuma's Revenge character Panama Joe (who was originally a Mexican named Pedro) shares a lot of similaries to Indy http://img.gamefaqs.net/box/5/3/0/45530_front.jpg however, it is a coindence as neither Jaeger or Parker bros. knew about Indy at that time http://www.digitpress.com/library/interviews/interview_robert_jaeger.html
Also Montezuma's Return! character Max Montezuma (or at least in the Game Boy/Game Boy color version) shares a lot of similarities with Indy as well
Blizzard Entertainment made a big homage to the Indiana Jones character in their MMO game World of Warcraft. The character 'Harrison Jones' (named after the movie character and the actor portraying it) is the nominal leader of a league of archaeologists which opposes various unsavoury villains in situations that references the various movies. The same 'Harrison Jones' makes an appearance in their Hearthstone CCG, along with Indiana's/Harrison's trademark hat.
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Daring Do is a pegasus and main character of the fictional Daring Do adventure novel series parodying Indiana Jones.[99][100][101][102]


document_title: Grinch

question_text: 7. what is the name of the grinch's dog

question_tokens: 7 . what is the name of the grinch 's dog

text: Grinch

text: Character description[edit]

text: The Grinch is depicted as a furry, green humanoid recluse living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the cheerful and optimistic town of Whoville. He scorns the Christmas season and the boisterous and rambunctious festivities customarily celebrated during the holiday; apparently irritated by the happiness of others and deriving pleasure from spoiling other people's merriment. Aided by his pet dog, Max, he disguises himself as Santa Claus and breaks into the Whos' homes to steal their holiday decorations and gifts. Although his plan works, he is infuriated on Christmas morning to find the Whos singing cheerfully despite his actions. Convinced that the holiday must carry a meaning distinct from its decorations and gifts, the Grinch returns and distributes his stolen goods to the Whos, with whom he thereafter celebrates. Nevertheless, the Grinch is still portrayed as a bitter and ill-tempered character in artwork or other media. In both the animated TV special and the 2000 live-action film, he is shown to have superhuman strength when he stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head, and he is also described as "[finding] the strength of ten Grinches plus two" during that moment of crisis.

text: With the character's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning, scholars have noted similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.[1][2] Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The Grinch first appeared in the May 1955 issue of Redbook in a 32-line poem called "The Hoobub and the Grinch,"[4] but made his book debut in the 1957 story How the Grinch Stole Christmas, written and illustrated by Dr. Seuss, published as both a Random House book and in an issue of Redbook magazine. Nine years later in 1966, the story was adapted into an animated television featurette of the same name, which was directed by Chuck Jones and included the song "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch". Boris Karloff serves as both the story's narrator and the voice of the Grinch.

text: In 1977, Seuss responded to the fan request for more Grinch tales by writing Halloween is Grinch Night, that serves as a prequel to the 1966 film. This was followed in 1982, when Marvel green-lit The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat a TV film starring The Cat in the Hat, also produced by Dr. Seuss (though under his real name, Ted Geisel). Although not as successful as the original, the two films both received Emmy Awards. Several episodes of the 1996 Nick Jr. television show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss featured the Grinch, this time in puppet form, a rare screen appearance for the character without being animated or illustrated.[5]

text: A 2000 live-action feature comedy film based on the story, directed by Ron Howard[6] and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch, was a major financial success,[7] although it received many mixed reviews and holds a 53% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] A video game based on the film, simply entitled The Grinch, was released on several consoles and PC in the same year. It was followed in 2007 with the release of a Nintendo DS version that went under the full title of the movie.

text: The Grinch was portrayed on the stage when the story was turned into a musical by the Children's Theater Company out of Minneapolis. The show made it to Broadway by way of a limited run in 2006, with Julia Leuchtenberg playing the Grinch.[9] The Grinch is also a minor character in Seussical, which is a crossover between various Dr. Seuss stories.

text: The Grinch's story will be adapted in animated form in 2018 by Illumination Entertainment, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the title character.[10]

text: Popularity within American culture[edit]

text: The Grinch has since become an icon of Christmas and the winter holidays, despite the character's hatred of the season. Over the years he has appeared on various forms of memorabilia such as Christmas ornaments, plush dolls, and various clothing items.[9] The grumpy, anti-holiday spirit of the character has led to the term "Grinch"[11][12] coming to refer to a person opposed to Christmas time celebrations[13][14][15] or to someone with a coarse, greedy attitude.[12] In 2002, TV Guide ranked The Grinch number 5 on its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.[11]


document_title: That '70s Show (season 8)

question_text: who does jackie end up with season 8

question_tokens: who does jackie end up with season 8

text: That '70s Show (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart
Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde
Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti
Wilmer Valderrama as Fez
Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman
Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman
Josh Meyers as Randy Pearson[a]
Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti
Tommy Chong as Leo

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Tim Reid as William Barnett
Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso
Mary Tyler Moore as Christine St. George
Topher Grace (uncredited) as Eric Forman

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jim Rash as Fenton
Bret Harrison as Charlie
Jud Tylor as Samantha
Lara Everly as Hilary

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Yvette Nicole Brown as Sgt. Davis
Allison Munn as Caroline

text: Special appearance[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as Vic
Don Knotts as The Landlord
Dick Van Patten as Murph
Gavin MacLeod as Smitty
Isaac Hayes as Himself
Tom Bosley as Dr. Hammond
Barry Williams as Jeff
Christopher Knight as Josh
Justin Long as Andrew

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code

179
1
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
November 2, 2005 (2005-11-02)
801

Kitty, Fez and Donna record a tape for Eric, summarizing what happened since he left. Red is ashamed of Kitty's experiment with something their son did prior to leaving. Hyde and Jackie argue about their relationship after Hyde punches Kelso, and it worsens when a stripper named Samantha finds the Formans' house and reveals her marriage to Hyde. Charlie falls off the water tower, but lacking Kelso's amazing luck in repeated falls, dies and has the water tower named after him.

180
2
"Somebody to Love"
David Trainer
Rob Deshotel
November 2, 2005 (2005-11-02)
802

After Leo leaves an ambiguous note on Grooves' front door, a teenager named Randy Pearson (new cast member Josh Meyers) applies for a non-existing job. Hyde hires him while he is intoxicated, and after sobering up, wonders if it was a good decision. Jackie, Fez and Donna go to a bar so Jackie could hit on guys and then break their hearts to make her feel better. Red and Kitty try to get Hyde's wife, Samantha, to leave.

181
3
"You're My Best Friend"
David Trainer
Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore
November 9, 2005 (2005-11-09)
803

Randy wants to throw Hyde a belated bachelor party and puts Kelso and Fez in charge of getting Hyde to the Formans' house without him knowing. But Kelso forgets his part of the plan and the guys end up in jail. Meanwhile, the Formans are furious when Leo has the strippers at their house and Jackie is shocked when Donna befriends Samantha.

182
4
"Misfire"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
November 16, 2005 (2005-11-16)
804

Kelso makes one last move on Jackie, but is offered a job at the Playboy Club in Chicago. Red and Kitty celebrate their anniversary, and Donna feels bad when Eric calls Kitty much more often than he calls her. Randy tries to console Donna. At the end of the episode, Kelso joins his friends in one last circle before he moves to Chicago.

183
5
"Stone Cold Crazy"
David Trainer
Dave Schiff
November 30, 2005 (2005-11-30)
805

Kitty feels neglected by Red, so Samantha helps her improve her image. Now that Kelso has moved to Chicago, Jackie moves in with Fez, who has to deal with his crazy ex-girlfriend Caroline. With some help from Samantha, Donna takes nude photos to send to Eric; unfortunately, he is not the first one to see them. In a hilarious turn of events, the folder with the photos passes hands from Kitty to Leo; Kitty made the mistake of emptying the folder to put in a Marmaduke comic, and hid it, but it ended up with Hyde. Leo then hid them in a Barry White record that Fez bought at Grooves.

184
6
"Long Away"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
December 7, 2005 (2005-12-07)
806

Donna starts spending more time with Randy, much to Fez and Jackie's suspicion, and the latter decides Eric has to know about this mingling. Red hires Leo to be his photographer at a Veterans' Reunion, as Red is now the most decorated veteran and wants to show off, but Leo steals the spotlight when he reveals his military past. Leo once had a promising life ahead of him following his service in the army, but ended up the stoner he is by accepting a lift home from musicians smoking marijuana. Later, Donna reveals that she and Eric broke up, and that's why she is now hanging out with Randy.

185
7
"Fun It"
David Trainer
David Spancer
December 14, 2005 (2005-12-14)
807

The gang decide to steal the Fatso Burger mascot, unfortunately upsetting the whole town; Jackie was against it due to her fear of clowns. As they are stealing the clown, Bob drives up to place an order. Fez (who was forced to duck behind the clown to avoid being seen) pretends to be an employee speaking over the intercom and angers Bob so that he speeds away. The guys emerge from where they were hiding and take the clown back to the Formans' basement. Kitty finds Fatso's head inside the freezer, demanding the kids put him back. They attempt doing so, but Fez doesn't fasten the bolts correctly and accidentally knocks Fatso down, smashing him to pieces. Everyone flees, but not before Donna snatches the clown's nose.

186
8
"Good Company"
David Trainer
Dean Batali
January 12, 2006 (2006-01-12)
808

Jackie discovers Donna's crush on Randy, while Kitty is angry at Fez after he begins dating one of her friends. Donna's birthday is approaching and her friends don't know what present to give her.

187
9
"Who Needs You"
David Trainer
Sarah McLaughlin
January 19, 2006 (2006-01-19)
809

Kitty and Red get annoyed with Hyde and Samantha's constant fighting. After Jackie floods Fez's apartment and almost gets them evicted, she decides to save the day in the most feminine way. Donna tries to get people to donate money for a children's library and is in for some disappointment about the fans of "Hot Donna"; her popularity has gone down, forcing her to make drastic promises. Hyde later reveals to Red and Kitty that his and Samantha's arguing is to spice up their love life, which had gotten boring; intrigued, Red and (after some initial confusion) Kitty give it a try.

188
10
"Sweet Lady"
David Trainer
Alan Dybner
January 26, 2006 (2006-01-26)
810

Donna is suspicious of Randy's intentions when he invites her to a cabin under questionable pretenses. Jackie wants to work for Christine St. George (Mary Tyler Moore), a talk show host for What's Up, Wisconsin?. Hyde meets Red's older friends and questions his marriage.

189
11
"Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy"
David Trainer
Greg Schaffer & Steve Joe
February 2, 2006 (2006-02-02)
811

Jackie needs Kitty's help to get Christine St. George to like her. Leo has a crush on someone quite unexpected and asks the other guys for help.

190
12
"Killer Queen"
David Trainer
Mark Hudis
February 9, 2006 (2006-02-09)
812

It's Valentine's Day, and Hyde forgot. Red shows Hyde a stash of presents he hides in the basement; he keeps them in case of Kitty's birthday, their anniversary or Valentine's Day due to missing Kitty's birthday one year (Kitty's Birthday (That Today?!!) in Season Three). After Hyde makes his pick, Red comes down later for Kitty's gift to find the stash missing; it turns out Samantha had caught Hyde with the stash and mistook it all as his gift for her. Fez and Jackie fake a relationship for Christine St. George on What's Up, Wisconsin? when a guest fails to appear. Donna helps Randy plan out his Valentine's Day and is surprised to learn who his date is.

191
13
"Spread Your Wings"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
March 16, 2006 (2006-03-16)
813

Donna unsuccessfully tries to keep her relationship with Randy a secret. Fez tries to impress a co-worker named Hillary at all costs, while Jackie gets a new job, but finds it quite disappointing. Kitty and Red clean Eric's old bedroom with Randy's help. Things take a turn for the worse when Kitty catches Randy and Donna kissing in the room.

192
14
"Son and Daughter"
David Trainer
Ken Blankstein
March 23, 2006 (2006-03-23)
814

Hyde has to watch over his father's house when he goes out of town. A subsequent party goes out of control and only Leo can fix the damage. Kitty is still furious at Donna for kissing Randy in Eric's old bedroom and tries to ridicule her. After defending Randy, Red stays at Bob's to avoid further fights with Kitty. Donna later explains that she broke up with Eric to Kitty, who understands and forgives Red for standing up to her.

193
15
"Keep Yourself Alive"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
April 13, 2006 (2006-04-13)
815

Fez loses Kitty's wedding ring and the gang spends their night in the woods looking for it, with Donna and Randy trying desperately to be alone, but unable due to Jackie and Hyde's fighting. Red is uncomfortable when Bob says too much about the same ring in front of Kitty.

194
16
"My Fairy King"
David Trainer
Philip Stark
April 27, 2006 (2006-04-27)
816

Hyde finds out a terrible truth about Samantha that causes their marriage to end; she's already married to a much older man, meaning that their marriage is a sham. Red finds a rival muffler shop is taking all his customers; without much choice, he decides to go into retirement. Jackie makes up a list of qualities she needs in a man and is overwhelmed when she realizes who her perfect match is... it's no other than the very man who has been after her from the beginning - Fez.

195
17
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
David Trainer
Kristin Newman
April 27, 2006 (2006-04-27)
817

Jackie goes to a therapist to understand her feelings for Fez; she learns that she only wanted Kelso and Hyde before since they were unavailable, and now that Fez is dating, she wants him. Hyde keeps a retired Red busy, but regrets it later. Meanwhile, Fez is shocked to find his girlfriend dumping him for a very unusual reason; believing no-one could do better than Fez for sex, she decides to become a nun. Jackie learns of Fez's dilemma, and much to her own surprise, she finds herself still wanting him.

196
18
"We Will Rock You"
David Trainer
Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore
May 4, 2006 (2006-05-04)
818

The gang meets a variety of people at a "Disco Sucks" bonfire. Jackie unsuccessfully tries to use the occasion to get closer to Fez. Kitty and Red have a visit from new neighbors (Barry Williams & Christopher Knight), but there is just something about them that they didn't expect: the new neighbors are gay.

197
19
"Sheer Heart Attack"
David Trainer
Steve Joe & Greg Schaffer
May 4, 2006 (2006-05-04)
819

After numerous amorous adventures, Fez decides to stay with only one girl, and returns to ex-girlfriend (the crazy) Caroline, much to Jackie's dismay. Red and Hyde try to sell unneeded heart pills without Kitty's consent; Red's friends are grateful for them, as one can fall asleep before his wife now. When Kitty mistakenly believes Hyde is stealing his stash, he blackmails Red into getting him a television. However, one of Red's friends shows up for some of the pills, blowing their cover.

198
20
"Leaving Home Ain't Easy"
David Trainer
Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore & Kristin Newman
May 11, 2006 (2006-05-11)
820

Bob wants Red and Kitty to move to Florida with him, while Randy suggests Donna move in with him. To Red's surprise, Bob has decided on the genius move of opening a bait shop in a neighborhood five miles from any other; they end up fighting over what to name the shop, since Bob's ideas are ridiculous puns. Although she had been crying, Jackie snaps back to her old bitchy self; she has decided to harm Fez emotionally, just as he did to her. Among many things, Jackie ruins the buttons on Fez's shirts and graffitis offensive messages on his car. At his wits end, Fez decides to take revenge on Jackie the best way he knows how; he puts green dye in her shampoo. When confronted, Fez tells Jackie that he just made her as ugly on the outside as she is on the inside.

199
21
"Love of My Life"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)
821

Hyde finds a memo from his father, revealing that the Grooves franchise has been sold for a ridiculous amount of money. Fez's friend visits from their home country, bringing more powerful marijuana. Hyde takes too much and hallucinates every one is a copy of himself; as result, he cleans up his act and becomes a more efficient person. At the same time Red and Kitty try to sell their house, and Randy tries to figure out what went wrong in his relationship with Donna. The gang help Hyde understand it wasn't the marijuana that made him freak out; the thought of losing his job and not knowing what to do next was. Hyde's father visits Grooves, revealing that the Point Place store is to be left to Hyde, who "celebrates" with Leo and his father. Fez's friend convinces him to return home, since Jackie has rejected him. However, once Jackie learns just how heartbroken she made Fez, she decides to give being a couple a try, forgiving him. Kitty informs everyone Eric is coming home from Africa.

200
22
"That '70s Finale"
David Trainer
Gregg Mettler
May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)
822

In the 200th episode and series finale, it is December 31, 1979, the final day of the 1970s. In a bit of a clip show, all the characters reminisce about the decade. Hyde helps a hesitant Kitty and Red decide about moving. Fez searches for the perfect time and place for his first kiss with Jackie while Kelso returns to spend the last night of the 1970s with his friends. Kelso also falls off the water tower (again), after being tricked by Fez and Hyde. Red and Kitty announce to their guests that they decided not to move to Florida. As Donna leaves the room for some air, Eric returns just in time for New Year's Eve. He apologizes to Donna, who says things "are a lot different now", and they kiss and reconcile. Eric then joins the guys in the final "circle" of the decade when Donna and Jackie tell them to get upstairs. But before they do, Eric states the last person upstairs has to call Red a dumbass. Everyone races upstairs, leaving Kelso behind after Hyde pushes him. Kelso is the final character to be seen as he grabs "the stupid helmet" and prepares to call Red a dumbass. As the 1970s end, the episode ends in a final shot of the Formans' basement with the kids and adults upstairs counting down to one (with the episode ending abruptly just as they reach "one", and the '70s officially end). Then shows the car license plate one last time reading "That '70s Show" along with the year saying 80. The credits show the gang from season 1 singing Hello it's Me by Todd Rundgren.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Credited from "Somebody to Love" onwards.

tag: ol