document_title: Irish language

question_text: when did they start speaking english in ireland

question_tokens: when did they start speaking english in ireland

text: Irish language

text: Names[edit]

text: In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil (the official written standard) the name of the language is Gaeilge (Irish pronunciation: [ˈɡeːlʲɟə]). Before the spelling reform of 1948, this form was spelled Gaedhilge; originally this was the genitive of Gaedhealg, the form used in Classical Irish.[6] Older spellings of this include Gaoidhealg in Classical Irish [ˈɡeːʝəlˠɡ] and Goídelc [ˈɡoiðelˠɡ] in Old Irish. The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent dh in the middle of Gaedhilge, whereas Goidelic, used to refer to the language family including Irish, is derived from the Old Irish term.

text: Other forms of the name found in the various modern Irish dialects (in addition to south Connacht Gaeilge above) include Gaedhilic/Gaeilic/Gaeilig ([ˈɡeːlʲɪc]) or Gaedhlag ([ˈɡeːl̪ˠəɡ]) in Ulster Irish and northern Connacht Irish and Gaedhealaing/Gaoluinn/Gaelainn ([ˈɡeːl̪ˠɪŋʲ/ˈɡeːl̪ˠɪnʲ])[7][8] in Munster Irish.

text: In Europe the language is usually referred to as Irish, with Gaelic or Irish Gaelic used in some instances elsewhere.[9] The term Irish Gaelic is often used when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).

text: History[edit]

text: Written Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD; this stage of the language is known as Primitive Irish. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish transitioned into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the Latin alphabet and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some Latin words, some via Old Welsh, including ecclesiastical terms: examples are easpag (bishop) from episcopus, and Domhnach (Sunday, from dominica).

text: By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into Middle Irish, which was spoken throughout Ireland and in Scotland and the Isle of Man. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the Ulster Cycle. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man. Early Modern Irish, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating, may be said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on.

text: From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors:

text:
discouragement of its use by Anglo-British administrations
the Catholic church supporting the use of English over Irish
the spread of bilingualism from the 1750s, resulting in language shift[10]

tag: ol

text: It was a change characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, the prohibition on Irish in schools had the sanction of parents.[11] Once it became apparent that immigration to the United States and Canada was likely for a large portion of the population, the importance of learning English became relevant. This allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. It has been estimated that, due to the immigration to the United States because of the Famine, anywhere from a quarter to a third of the immigrants were Irish speakers.[12]

text: Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.[13]

text: This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language.[14] The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature.

text: Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant Church of Ireland also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament, commissioned by Bishop Bedell, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising'" of the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival.[15]

text: Current status[edit]

text: Republic of Ireland[edit]

text: Irish is given recognition by the Constitution of Ireland as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland (English is the other official language). Despite this, almost all government debates and business are conducted in English.[16] In 1938, the founder of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), Douglas Hyde, was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland. The record of his delivering his inaugural Declaration of Office in Roscommon Irish remains almost the only surviving remnant of anyone speaking in that dialect.

text: From the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 (see also History of the Republic of Ireland), a degree of proficiency in Irish was required of all those newly appointed to the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland, including postal workers, tax collectors, agricultural inspectors, Garda Síochána etc. By law if stopped by a Garda and you address him in Gaeilge he must respond using the Irish language.[17] Proficiency in just one official language for entrance to the public service was introduced in 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the Language Freedom Movement.

text: Although the Irish requirement was also dropped for wider public service jobs, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools within the Republic which receive public money (see also Education in the Republic of Ireland). Those wishing to teach in primary schools in the State must also pass a compulsory examination called Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge. The need for a pass in Leaving Certificate Irish or English for entry to the Garda Síochána (police) was introduced in September 2005, and recruits are given lessons in the language during their two years of training. The most important official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by An Coimisinéir Teanga, the Irish language ombudsman).

text: The National University of Ireland requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or GCE/GCSE examinations.[18] Exemptions are made from this requirement for students born outside of the Republic of Ireland, those who were born in the Republic but completed primary education outside it, and students diagnosed with dyslexia. NUI Galway is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3).[19] The University faced controversy, however, in 2016 when it was announced that the next president of the University would not have any Irish. Misneach staged a number of protests against this decision. It was announced in September 2017 that Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh, a fluent Irish speaker, will be NUIG's 13th president.

text: For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in the mainstream (English-medium) schools to achieve competence in the language, even after fourteen years.[20][21][22] The concomitant decline in the number of traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.[23][24][25][26] In 2007, filmmaker Manchán Magan found few speakers and some incredulity while speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary No Béarla.[27]

text: There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in the cities. Most of these are products of an independent education system in which Irish is the sole language of instruction. Such schools are known as Gaelscoileanna. These Irish-medium schools send a much higher proportion of pupils on to tertiary level than do the mainstream schools, and it seems increasingly likely that, within a generation, habitual users of Irish will typically be members of an urban, middle class and highly educated minority.[28] Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.[29]

text: In November 2016, it was reported that many people worldwide were learning Irish through the Duolingo app.[30] Irish president Michael Higgins officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".[31]

text: In the 2016 census, around 10% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly. [32]

text: Gaeltacht[edit]

text: There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a first language. These regions are known individually and collectively as the Gaeltacht, or in the plural as Gaeltachtaí. While the Gaeltacht's fluent Irish speakers, whose numbers have been estimated at twenty or thirty thousand,[33] are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in Gaeltacht areas that Irish continues, to some extent, to be spoken as a community vernacular.

text: According to data compiled by the Department of Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs, only one quarter of households in officially Gaeltacht areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". The Irish Times, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper Foinse, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000".[33]

text: In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas.[34] In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as Gaeltacht. Today, the strongest Gaeltacht areas, numerically and socially, are those of South Connemara, the west of the Dingle Peninsula and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the Fíor-Ghaeltacht ("true Gaeltacht"), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish.

text: There are larger Gaeltacht regions in County Galway (Contae na Gaillimhe), including Connemara (Conamara), the Aran Islands (Oileáin Árann), Carraroe (An Cheathrú Rua) and Spiddal (An Spidéal), on the west coast of County Donegal (Contae Dhún na nGall), and on the Dingle (Corca Dhuibhne) and Iveragh Peninsulas (Uibh Rathach) in County Kerry (Contae Chiarraí).

text: Smaller ones also exist in Counties Mayo (Contae Mhaigh Eo), Meath (Contae na Mí), Waterford (An Rinn, Contae Phort Láirge), and Cork (Contae Chorcaí). Gweedore (Gaoth Dobhair), County Donegal, is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland.

text: Irish language summer colleges in the Gaeltacht are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to céilithe and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged. The most popular summertime Gaeltacht is Coláiste Lurgan[35] in Galway. Its main aim is to promote Irish speaking among young people in an enjoyable and stimulating way.

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972, Northern Ireland had devolved government. During those years the political party holding power in the Stormont Parliament, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists.[36] In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government.[37] The language received a degree of formal recognition in Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement,[38] and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. While the British government promised to create legislation encouraging the language as part of the 2006 St Andrews Agreement,[39] it has yet to do so.[40] The Irish Language is often used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, something which is often protested by organisations and groups such as An Dream Dearg. There is currently an ongoing debate in relation to the status of the language in the form of an Irish Language Act. "An Dream Dearg" have launched a campaign in favour of such an Act notably called "Acht na Gaeilge Anois." [41]

text: European Parliament[edit]

text: Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of the European Union, only co-decision regulations must be available in Irish for the moment, due to a renewable five-year derogation on what has to be translated, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. Any expansion in the range of documents to be translated will depend on the results of the first five-year review and on whether the Irish authorities decide to seek an extension. The Irish government has committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs.[42] Derogation is expected to end completely by 2022.[43]

text: Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish.

text: Outside Ireland[edit]

text: The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast diaspora, chiefly to Britain and North America, but also to Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, which saw many Irish sent to the West Indies. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from the Famine. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was steadily establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them.

text: Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established.[citation needed] In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The Gaelic revival, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of Conradh na Gaeilge being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated.

text: The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, a handful of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada;[44] figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279 Americans claimed to speak Irish at home.[45]

text: The Irish language is also one of the languages of the Celtic League, a non-governmental organisation that promotes self-determination and Celtic identity and culture in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man, known as the Celtic nations. It places particular emphasis on the indigenous Celtic languages. It is recognised by the United Nations as a non-governmental organisation with "Roster Status" and is part of the UN's Economic and Social Council. The organisation has branches in all the Celtic nations and in Patagonia, Argentina, New York City, US, and London, UK.

text: Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the island of Newfoundland, in a form known as Newfoundland Irish.

text: Use[edit]

text: The following 2016 census data shows:

text: The total number of people who answered ‘yes’ to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.

text:
Daily Irish Speakers in Gaeltacht area, 2011-2016

Gaeltacht Area
2011
2016
Actual Change 2011-2016

Cork County
982
872
-110

Donegal County
7,047
5,929
-1,118

Galway City
636
646
10

Galway County
10,085
9,445
-640

Kerry County
2,501
2,049
-452

Mayo County
1,172
895
-277

Meath County
314
283
-31

Waterford County
438
467
29

All Gaeltacht Areas
23,175
20,586
-2,589

text: Dialects[edit]

text: Irish is represented by several traditional dialects and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter, though sometimes referred to as "modern Irish," has acquired a life of its own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.

text: Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide with the provinces of Munster (Cúige Mumhan), Connacht (Cúige Chonnacht) and Ulster (Cúige Uladh). Records of some dialects of Leinster were made by the Irish Folklore Commission and others prior to their extinction. Newfoundland, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see Newfoundland Irish).

text: Leinster[edit]

text: Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all the counties of Leinster: Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Longford, Louth, Meath, Westmeath, Offaly, Wexford and Wicklow. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there were three dialects spoken in Leinster: one main dialect and two of lesser significance. The minor dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the Boyne valley, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. The main dialect was represented by a broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the Liffey estuary and southwards to Wexford, though with many local variations.

text: The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation cr where the standard spelling is cn. The word cnoc (hill) would therefore be pronounced croc. Examples are the placenames Crooksling (Cnoc Slinne) in County Dublin and Crukeen (Cnoicín) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like poll (hole), cill (monastery), coill (wood), ceann (head), cam (crooked) and dream (crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of the vowel ao, which generally became ae in east Leinster (as in Munster), and í in the west (as in Connacht).[47]

text: Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge (1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde.[48] The illustrative phrases he uses include the following (with regularised Irish spelling in brackets):

text:
How are you?
Kanys stato?
[Conas atá tú?]

I am well, thank you
Tam agoomawh gramahogood.
[Tá mé go maith, go raibh maith agat.]

Syr, can you speak Iryshe?
Sor, woll galow oket?
[Sor, 'bhfuil Gaeilge [Gaela'] agat?]

Wyfe, gyve me bread!
Benytee, toor haran!
[A bhean a' tí, tabhair dhomh arán.]

How far is it to Waterford?
Gath haad o showh go port laarg.
[Cá fhad as seo go Port Láirge?]

It is one an twenty myle.
Myle hewryht.
[Míle ar fhichid.]

Whan shal I go to slepe, wyfe?
Gah hon rah moyd holow?
[Cá huain rach' muid a chodladh?]

text: The Pale[edit]

text: The Pale (An Pháil) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from Dalkey, south of Dublin, to the garrison town of Dundalk, with an inland boundary encompassing Naas and Leixlip in the Earldom of Kildare and Trim and Kells in County Meath to the north. Into this area of "Englyshe tunge" the Irish language steadily advanced. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".[49]

text: With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language reversal began to occur, but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than 3%.[50]

text: General decline[edit]

text: English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century, but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):[50]

text: The language saw its most rapid initial decline in Laois, Wexford, Wicklow, County Dublin and perhaps Kildare. The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s and virtually none in the 1860s.[51]

text: The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin.[50] Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in Omeath, County Louth (now available in digital form).[52] The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960.[11]

text: Munster[edit]

text: Munster Irish is mainly spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of Kerry (Contae Chiarraí), Ring (An Rinn) near Dungarvan (Dún Garbháin) in Waterford (Contae Phort Láirge) and Muskerry (Múscraí) and Cape Clear Island (Oileán Chléire) in the western part of Cork (Contae Chorcaí). The most important subdivision in Munster is that between Decies Irish (Na Déise) (spoken in Waterford) and the rest of Munster Irish.

text: Some typical features of Munster Irish are:

text:
The use of endings to show person on verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is in Munster caithfead as well as caithfidh mé, while other dialects prefer caithfidh mé (mé means "I"). "I was and you were" is Bhíos agus bhís as well as Bhí mé agus bhí tú in Munster, but more commonly Bhí mé agus bhí tú in other dialects. Note that these are strong tendencies, and the personal forms Bhíos etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.
Use of independent/dependent forms of verbs that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is chím, which is the independent form – Northern Irish also uses a similar form, tchím), whereas "I do not see" is ní fheicim, feicim being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as ní "not"). Chím is replaced by feicim in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster bheirim I give/ní thugaim is tugaim/ní thugaim in the Standard; gheibhim I get/ní bhfaighim is faighim/ní bhfaighim.
When before -nn, -m, -rr, -rd, -ll and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are diphthongised, thus ceann [caun] "head", cam [kɑum] "crooked", gearr [ɟaːr] "short", ord [oːrd] "sledgehammer", gall [ɡɑul] "foreigner, non-Gael", iontas [uːntəs] "a wonder, a marvel", compánach [kəumˈpɑːnəx] "companion, mate", etc.
A copular construction involving ea "it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said is Éireannach mé and Éireannach is ea mé in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word Éireannach. In effect the construction is a type of "fronting".
Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after insan (sa/san) "in the", den "of the" and don "to/for the" : sa tsiopa, "in the shop", compared to the Standard sa siopa (the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases).
Eclipsis of f after sa: sa bhfeirm, "in the farm", instead of san fheirm.
Eclipsis of t and d after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after insan, den and don: ar an dtigh "on the house", ag an ndoras "at the door".
Stress falls in general found on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel, diphthong, or is -(e)ach, e.g. biorán ("pin"), as opposed to biorán in Connacht and Ulster.

text: Connacht[edit]

text: Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which stretched across the centre of Ireland to the east coast. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in Connemara and the Aran Islands. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway (Gaillimh) and Mayo (Maigh Eo). The northern Mayo dialect of Erris (Iorras) and Achill (Acaill) is in grammar and morphology essentially a Connacht dialect, but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the Plantation of Ulster though it is this form of Irish which is closest to the true original Connacht dialect which would have been spoken in Counties Sligo, Roscommon, Leitrim and East Galway.

text: Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in -achan, e.g. lagachan instead of lagú, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of the Gaeltacht Cois Fharraige area with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word final broad bh and mh as [w], rather than as [vˠ] in Munster. For example, sliabh ("mountain") is pronounced [ʃlʲiəw] in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to [ʃlʲiəβ] in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster e.g. bhí muid is used for "we were" instead of bhíomar.

text: As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before -nn, -m, -rr, -rd, -ll, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant. This can be seen in ceann [cɑ:n] "head", cam [kɑ:m] "crooked", gearr [gʲɑ:r] "short", ord [ourd] "sledgehammer", gall [gɑ:l] "foreigner, non-Gael", iontas [i:ntəs] "a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form '-aibh', when occurring at the end of words like 'agaibh', tends to be pronounced as an 'ee' sound.

text: There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province.

text: In South Connemara, for example, there is an tendency to substitute a "b" sound at the end of words ending in "bh" [β], such as sibh, libh and dóibh, something not found in the rest of Connacht (these words would be pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and "dófa" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as acu (pronounced as "acub") and leo (pronounced as "lyohab"). There is also a tendency to omit the "g" sound in words such as agam, agat and againn, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional.

text: The pronunciation prevalent in the Joyce Country (the area around Lough Corrib and Lough Mask) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words agam, agat and againn and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants. But there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as doiligh (difficult) and foscailte being preferred to the more usual deacair and oscailte. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as í: eile (other), cosa (feet) and déanta (done) tend to be pronounced as eilí, cosaí and déantaí respectively.

text: The Irish of Achill and Erris tends to differ from that of South Connacht in many aspects of vocabulary and, in some instances, of pronunciation. It is often stated that the Irish of these regions has much in common with Ulster Irish, with words ending -mh and -bh having a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as leo and dóibh with "f", giving leofa and dófa respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds words like amharc (meaning "to look" and pronounced "onk"), nimhneach (painful or sore), druid (close), mothaigh (hear), doiligh (difficult), úr (new), and tig le (to be able to – i.e. a form similar to féidir).

text: Irish President Douglas Hyde was possibly one of the last speakers of the Roscommon dialect of Irish.[53]

text: Ulster[edit]

text: Linguistically the most important of the Ulster dialects today is that of the Rosses (na Rossa), which has been used extensively in literature by such authors as the brothers Séamus Ó Grianna and Seosamh Mac Grianna, locally known as Jimí Fheilimí and Joe Fheilimí. This dialect is essentially the same as that in Gweedore (Gaoth Dobhair = Inlet of Streaming Water), and used by native singers Enya (Eithne) and Moya Brennan and their siblings in Clannad (Clann as Dobhar = Family from the Dobhar [a section of Gweedore]) Na Casaidigh, and Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh from another local band Altan.

text: Ulster Irish sounds very different and shares several features with southern dialects of Scottish Gaelic and Manx, as well as having lots of characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish.

text: One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Manx Gaelic and Scots Gaelic is the use of the negative particle cha(n) in place of the Munster and Connacht ní. Though southern Ulster Irish tends to use ní more than cha(n), cha(n) has almost ousted ní in northernmost dialects (e.g. Rosguill and Tory Island), though even in these areas níl "is not" is more common than chan fhuil or cha bhfuil.[54][55]

text: Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending -im as -am, also common to Ulster, Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht/Leinster siúlaim "I walk", Ulster siúlam).

text: Urban aspect[edit]

text: Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale.[56]

text: The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following: gnóthuimh (accusative case, the standard form being gnóthaí), tíorthuibh (accusative case, the standard form being tíortha) and leithscéalaibh (genitive case, the standard form being leithscéalta).[57]

text: English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride’s parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at Drogheda and Athy.[58] In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".[59]

text: There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in Cork so that people could understand it.[60]

text: Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note.[61] Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in Faulkner's Dublin Journal.[62]

text: In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called Old English, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century.[63] The English administrator and traveller Fynes Moryson, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us".[64] The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed.[65]

text: The census of 1851 showed that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations. In 1819 James McQuige, a veteran Methodist lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork, Kinsale and even the Protestant town of Bandon, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish".[66] Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851.[50]

text: The 19th century saw a reduction in the number of Dublin’s Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the century, when the Gaelic revival saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the Conradh na Gaeilge, and accompanied by renewed literary activity.[67] By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish.[68]

text: Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, over the last few decades, of a rapidly expanding independent school system, known generally as Gaelscoileanna. These schools teach entirely through Irish, and there are over thirty in Dublin alone.

text: It is likely that the number of urban native speakers (i.e. people who were born into Irish-speaking households and educated through Irish) is on the increase. It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media.[69] Colloquial urban Irish is changing in unforeseen ways, with attention being drawn to the rapid loss of consonantal mutations (which are intrinsic to the language). It is presently uncertain whether the urban Irish of non-native speakers will become a dialect in its own right or grow further apart from native Gaeltacht Irish and become a creole (i.e. a new language).[69]

text: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ("The Official Standard"), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is the standard language, which is taught in most schools in Ireland, though with strong influences from local dialects. It was published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s.[70]

text: Its development in the 1950s and 1960s had two purposes. One was to simplify Irish spelling, which had retained its Classical spelling, by removing many silent letters, and to give a standard written form that was mutually intelligible by speakers with different dialects.[70] Many aspects of the Caighdeán are essentially those of Connacht Irish; this is because this is the "central" dialect which forms a "bridge", as it were, between the North and South. In practice, dialect speakers pronounce words as in their own dialect; the spelling reflects the pronunciation of Classical Irish. For example, ceann "head" in early modern Irish was pronounced [cenːˠ]. The spelling has been retained, but the word is variously pronounced [caunˠ] in the South, [cɑːnˠ] in Connacht, and [cænːˠ] in the North. Beag "small" was [bʲɛɡ] in early modern Irish, and is now [bʲɛɡ] in Waterford Irish; [bʲɔɡ] in Cork-Kerry Irish; varies between [bʲɔɡ] and [bʲæɡ] in the West; and is [bʲœɡ] in the North.

text: The simplification was weighted in favour of the Western dialect. For example, the early modern Irish leaba, dative case leabaidh [lʲebˠɨʝ] "bed" is pronounced [lʲabˠə] as well as [lʲabˠɨɟ] in Waterford Irish, [lʲabˠɨɟ] in Cork-Kerry Irish, [lʲæbˠə] in Connacht Irish ([lʲæːbˠə] in Cois Fharraige Irish) and [lʲæbˠi] in the North.[Not clear whether these pronunciations are for the nominative or the dative case.] Native speakers from the North and South may consider that leabaidh should be the representation in the Caighdeán rather than the actual leaba. However, leaba is the historically correct nominative form and arguably preferable to the historically incorrect yet common use of the dative form for the nominative.

text: On the other hand, in some cases the Caighdeán retained classical spellings even though none of the dialects had retained the corresponding pronunciation. For example, it has retained the Classical Irish spelling of ar ("on", "for", etc.) and ag ("at", "by", "of", etc.). The first is pronounced [ɛɾʲ] throughout the Goidelic-speaking world (and is written er in Manx, and air in Scottish Gaelic), and should[clarification needed] be written either eir or oir in Irish. The second is pronounced [iɟ] in the South, and [eɟ] in the North and West. Again, Manx and Scottish Gaelic reflect this pronunciation much more clearly than Irish does (Manx ec, Scottish aig).

text: In many cases, however, the Caighdeán can only refer to the Classical language, in that every dialect is different, as for example in the personal forms of ag.

text:
Munster : agùm [əˈɡumˠ], agùt [əˈɡut̪ˠ], igè [ɨˈɟe], icì [ɨˈci], agùing [əˈɡuŋʲ] / aguìng [əˈɡiŋʲ] (West Cork/Kerry agùin [əˈɡunʲ] / aguìn [əˈɡinʲ]), agùibh/aguìbh [əˈɡuβʲ] / [əˈɡiβʲ], acù [əˈkˠu]
Connacht : am [amˠ] (agam [ˈaɡəmˠ]), ad [ˈad̪ˠ] (agad [ˈaɡəd̪ˠ]), aige [ˈeɟɨ], aici [ˈecɨ], ainn [aɲʲ] (againn [ˈaɡɨɲʲ]), aguí [ˈaɡi], acab [ˈakəbˠ]
Ulster : aigheam [ɛimˠ], aighead [ɛid̪ˠ], aige [ˈeɟɨ], aicí [ˈeci], aighinn [ɛiɲʲ], aighif [ɛiɸʲ], acú [ˈakˠu]
Caighdeán : agam [ˈaɡəmˠ], agat [ˈaɡət̪ˠ], aige [ˈeɟɨ], aici [ˈecɨ], againn [ˈaɡɨɲʲ], agaibh [ˈaɡɨβʲ], acu [ˈaku] / [ˈakə]

text: The second purpose was to create a grammatically regularised or "simplified" standard which would make the language more accessible for the majority English-speaking school population. In part this is why the Caighdeán is not universally respected by native speakers. Native speakers traditionally spoke their own dialect (or the Classical dialect if they had knowledge of that). Of course, the simplification of Irish was not the original aim of the developers, who rather saw the Caighdeán as a means of easing second-language learners into the task of learning "full" Irish. The Caighdeán verb system is a prime example, with the reduction in irregular verb forms and personal forms of the verb – except for the first person.

text: The Caighdeán, in general, is used by non-native speakers, frequently from the capital, and is sometimes also called "Dublin Irish" or "Urban Irish". As it is taught in many Irish-language schools (where Irish is the main, or sometimes only, medium of instruction), it is also sometimes called "Gaelscoil Irish". The so-called "Belfast Irish", spoken in that city's Gaeltacht Quarter, is the Caighdeán heavily influenced by Ulster Irish and Belfast English.

text: The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in defining standard Irish. In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the dialects are less noticeable.[71]

text: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil—Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe[edit]

text: As of August 2012,[72] the first major revision of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil is available, both online[73][74]and in print.[75] Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers,[76] including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found.[77]

text: Phonology[edit]

text: This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

text: In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. One notable feature is that consonants (except /h/) come in pairs, one "broad" (velarised, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" (palatalised, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in Russian), in Irish they have a grammatical function.

text:
Consonant phonemes

Labial
Coronal
Dorsal
Glottal

broad
slender
broad
slender
broad
slender

Stop
voiceless
pˠ
pʲ
t̪ˠ
tʲ
k
c

voiced
bˠ
bʲ
d̪ˠ
dʲ
ɡ
ɟ

Fricative/
Approximant
voiceless
fˠ
fʲ
sˠ
ʃ
x
ç
h

voiced
w/v
vʲ

ɣ
j

Nasal
mˠ
mʲ
n̪ˠ
nʲ
ŋ
ɲ

Tap

ɾˠ
ɾʲ

Lateral

l̪ˠ
lʲ

text:
Vowel phonemes

Front
Central
Back

short
long
short
short
long

Close
ɪ
iː

ʊ
uː

Mid
ɛ
eː
ə
ɔ
oː

Open

a

ɑː

text: Diphthongs: iə, uə, əi, əu.

text: Syntax and morphology[edit]

text: Irish is a fusional, VSO, nominative-accusative language. Irish is neither verb nor satellite framed, and makes liberal use of deictic verbs.

text: Nouns decline for 3 numbers: singular, dual, plural; 2 genders: masculine, feminine; and 4 cases: ainmneach (nominative and accusative), gairmeach (vocative), ginideach (genitive), and tabharthach (prepositional). Adjectives agree with nouns in number, gender, and case. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or prefix nouns. Demonstrative adjectives have proximal, medial, and distal forms. The prepositional case is called the dative by convention.

text: Verbs conjugate for 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 aspects: simple, habitual; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 4 moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; relative forms; and in some verbs, independent and dependent forms. Verbs conjugate for 3 persons and an impersonal form in which no agent can be determined. There are two verbs for "to be", one for inherent qualities, and one for transient qualities. The passive voice and many other forms are periphrastic. There are a number of preverbal particles marking the negative, interrogative, subjunctive, relative clauses, etc. There is a verbal noun, and verbal adjective. Verb forms are highly regular, many grammars recognise only 11 irregular verbs.

text: Prepositions inflect for person and number. Different prepositions govern different cases. Some prepositions govern different cases depending on intended semantics. The word ag (at), becomes agam (at me) in the first person singular. When used with the verb bí (to be), ag indicates possession. Irish shares this attribute with Russian.

text:
Tá leabhar agam. "I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at (on) me," cf. Russian "У меня есть книга")
Tá leabhar agat. "You have a book."
Tá leabhar aige. "He has a book."
Tá leabhar aici. "She has a book."
Tá leabhar againn. "We have a book."
Tá leabhar agaibh. "Ye have a book."
Tá leabhar acu. "They have a book."

text: Numerals have 4 forms: abstract, impersonal, personal, and ordinal.

text:
"a dó" Two.
"dhá leabhar" Two books.
"beirt" Two people.
"dara" Second.

text: Initial mutations[edit]

text: In Irish, there are two classes of initial consonant mutations, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives:

text:
Lenition (séimhiú) describes the change of stops into fricatives. Indicated in Gaelic script by a sí buailte (a dot) written above the consonant, it is shown in Latin script by adding a h.

caith! "throw!" – chaith mé "I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle do, now generally omitted)
gá "requirement" – easpa an ghá "lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun)
Seán "John" – a Sheáin! "John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by a, the vocative marker before Sheáin)

Eclipsis (urú) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and nasalisation of voiced stops.

athair "father" – ár n-Athair "our Father"
tús "start", ar dtús "at the start"
Gaillimh "Galway" – i nGaillimh "in Galway"

text: Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish possessive pronouns "her," "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word a.

text:
their shoe – a mbróg (eclipsis)
his shoe – a bhróg (lenition)
her shoe – a bróg (unchanged)

text: Due to initial mutation, prefixes, clitics, suffixes, root inflection, ending morphology, elision, sandhi, epinthesis, and assimilation; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context.

text: Orthography[edit]

text: Modern Irish traditionally used the ISO basic Latin alphabet without the letters j, k, q, w, x, y and z, but with the addition of one diacritic sign, the acute accent (á é í ó ú), known in Irish as the síneadh fada ("long mark"; plural: sínte fada). However, some gaelicised words use those letters: for instance, 'Jeep' is written as 'Jíp' (the letter v has been naturalised into the language, although it is not part of the traditional alphabet, and has the same pronunciation as "bh"). In idiomatic English usage, this diacritic is frequently referred to simply as the fada, where the adjective is used as a noun. The fada serves to lengthen the sound of the vowels and in some cases also changes their quality. For example, in Munster Irish (Kerry), a is /a/ or /ɑ/ and á is /ɑː/ in "father" but in Ulster Irish (Donegal), á tends to be /æː/.

text: Traditional orthography had an additional diacritic – a dot over some consonants to indicate lenition. In modern Irish, the letter h suffixed to a consonant indicates that the consonant is lenited. Thus, for example, 'Gaelaċ' has become 'Gaelach'.

text: Around the time of the Second World War, Séamas Daltún, in charge of Rannóg an Aistriúcháin (the official translations department of the Irish government), issued his own guidelines about how to standardise Irish spelling and grammar. This de facto standard was subsequently approved by the State and called the Official Standard or Caighdeán Oifigiúil. It simplified and standardised the orthography. Many words had silent letters removed and vowel combination brought closer to the spoken language. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one or more were selected.

text: Examples:

text:
Gaedhealg / Gaedhilg(e) / Gaedhealaing / Gaeilic / Gaelainn / Gaoidhealg / Gaolainn → Gaeilge, "Irish language"
Lughbhaidh → Lú, "Louth" (see County Louth Historic Names)
biadh → bia, "food"

text: The standard spelling does not necessarily reflect the pronunciation used in particular dialects. For example, in standard Irish, bia, "food", has the genitive bia. In Munster Irish, however, the genitive is pronounced /bʲiːɟ/.[78] For this reason, the spelling biadh is still used by the speakers of some dialects, in particular those that show a meaningful and audible difference between biadh (nominative case) and bídh (genitive case) "of food, food's". In Munster the latter spelling regularly produces the pronunciation /bʲiːɟ/ because final -idh, -igh regularly delenites to -ig in Munster pronunciation. Another example would be the word crua, meaning "hard". This pronounced /kruəɟ/[79] in Munster, in line with the pre-Caighdeán spelling, cruaidh. In Munster, ao is pronounced /eː/ and aoi pronounced /iː/,[80] but the new spellings of saoghal, "life, world", genitive: saoghail, have become saol, genitive saoil. This produces irregularities in the match-up between the spelling and pronunciation in Munster, because the word is pronounced /sˠeːl̪ˠ/, genitive /sˠeːlʲ/.[81]

text: The dot-above diacritic, called a ponc séimhithe or sí buailte (often shortened to buailte), derives from the punctum delens used in medieval manuscripts to indicate deletion, similar to crossing out unwanted words in handwriting today. From this usage it was used to indicate the lenition of s (from /s/ to /h/) and f (from /f/ to zero) in Old Irish texts.

text: Lenition of c, p, and t was indicated by placing the letter h after the affected consonant; lenition of other sounds was left unmarked. Later both methods were extended to be indicators of lenition of any sound except l and n, and two competing systems were used: lenition could be marked by a buailte or by a postposed h. Eventually, use of the buailte predominated when texts were written using Gaelic letters, while the h predominated when writing using Roman letters.

text: Today, Gaelic type and the buailte are rarely used except where a "traditional" style is required, e.g. the motto on the University College Dublin coat of arms[citation needed] or the symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, The Irish Defence Forces cap badge (Óglaiġ na h-Éireann). Letters with the buailte are available in Unicode and Latin-8 character sets (see Latin Extended Additional chart).[82]


document_title: Michael Oher

question_text: who played the football player in the blind side

root

text: Michael Oher

text: Early life

text: Born Michael Jerome Williams, Jr., in Memphis, Tennessee, he was one of twelve children born to Denise Oher. His mother was an alcoholic and crack cocaine addict, and his father, Michael Jerome Williams, was frequently in prison. He received little attention and discipline during his childhood.[2] He repeated both first and second grades, and attended eleven different schools during his first nine years as a student.[2] He was placed in foster care at age seven, and alternated between living in various foster homes and periods of homelessness.[2][3] Oher's biological father was a former cell mate of Denise Oher's brother and was murdered in prison when Oher was a senior in high school.[2]

tag: p

text: Oher played football during his freshman year at a public high school in Memphis and applied for admission to Briarcrest Christian School at the instigation of acquaintance Tony Henderson, an auto mechanic, with whom he was living temporarily. Henderson was enrolling his son at the school in order to fulfill the dying wish of the boy's grandmother and thought Oher might enroll as well.[2] The school's football coach, Hugh Freeze, submitted Oher's school application to the headmaster, who agreed to accept him if Oher could complete a home study program first. Despite not finishing the program, he was admitted when the headmaster realized that his requirement had removed Oher from the public education system.[2]

text: Coached by Freeze and Tim Long, Briarcrest's offensive line coach, Oher was named Division II (2A) Lineman of the Year in 2003, and First Team Tennessee All-State.[2][4] Scout.com rated Oher a five-star recruit and the No. 5 offensive lineman prospect in the country.[5] Before that season and for his prior 20 months at Briarcrest, Oher had been living with several foster families. In 2004, Leigh Anne and Sean Tuohy, a couple with a daughter and son attending Briarcrest, allowed Oher to live with them and eventually adopted him. The family began tending to his needs after becoming familiar with his difficult childhood. They also hired a tutor for him, who worked with him for 20 hours per week.[2]

text: Oher also earned two letters each in track and basketball. He averaged 22 points and 10 rebounds a game, earning All-State honors by helping lead the basketball team to a 27–6 record, winning the district championship as a senior. Oher was also a state runner-up in the discus as a senior.[6]

text: Oher's low grades were initially a barrier to his acceptance to an NCAA program. He eventually increased his 0.76 grade point average (GPA) to a 2.52 GPA by the end of his senior year so he could attend a Division I school by enrolling in some 10-day-long Internet-based courses from Brigham Young University. Taking and passing the internet courses allowed him to replace Ds and Fs earned in earlier school classes, such as English, with As earned via the Internet.[7] This finally raised his graduating GPA over the required minimum.[2]

text: At the conclusion of his senior season, Oher participated in the 2005 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.

text: College career

text: Though he received scholarship offers from Tennessee, Louisiana State, Alabama, Auburn, and South Carolina, Oher ultimately decided to play for Ed Orgeron at the University of Mississippi, the alma mater of his guardians, Leigh Anne and Sean Tuohy.[8] His decision to play for the Ole Miss Rebels football team sparked an investigation by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first issue was that Oher's grade-point average (GPA) was still too low to meet the requirements for a Division I scholarship at the time of the offer from Ole Miss. That difficulty was corrected by graduation, when Oher completed online classes through Brigham Young University.[2] The second issue was the Tuohys' preexisting relationship with the school and the fact that Ole Miss hired Freeze twenty days after Oher signed his letter of intent.[2][9] Freeze asserted that his position with Ole Miss was not an example of quid pro quo for encouraging Oher to attend the school, but rather the result of his preexisting relationship with Ole Miss offensive coordinator Noel Mazzone.[10] The NCAA did not close its case on its suspicions of collusion. However, it ruled that Ole Miss had committed no NCAA violations in its recruitment of Oher. Freeze was found guilty of secondary violations for contacting other Memphis-area recruits before joining the Ole Miss staff.[2][9]

text: Oher started in ten games as a guard during his first season with the Ole Miss Rebels, becoming a first-team freshman All-American. After shifting to the position of left tackle for the 2006 season, he was named to various preseason All-Conference and All-American teams.[11][12] Oher was named a second-team Southeastern Conference (SEC) offensive lineman after his sophomore season and a first-team SEC offensive lineman after his junior season. Oher was also successful academically at Ole Miss, and his tested IQ score increased 20 to 30 points between when he was measured in the public-school systems growing up and when he was measured in college.[2]

text: On January 14, 2008, Oher declared that he would be entering the 2008 NFL Draft.[13] However, two days later, he announced his withdrawal from the draft to return to Ole Miss for his senior season.[14] After the 2008 season, Oher was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American,[15] made the honor roll for the second time (the first time being his sophomore year),[16][17] and graduated with a degree in criminal justice in the spring of 2009.[18]

text: College awards and honors

text:
2005 First Team Freshman All-American
2005 First Team All-Quad Freshman Chrome [AQFC] Tackle Letius
2005 First Team SEC All-Freshman
2006 Second Team All-SEC
2007 First Team All-SEC
2008 First Team All-American
2008 First Team All-SEC
2008 Shug Jordan Award as the Southeast Offensive Lineman of the Year
2008 Colonel Earl “Red” Blaik Leadership-Scholarship Award
2008 Outland Trophy finalist
2008 Conerly Trophy finalist
2008 Lombardi Award semifinalist
2008 SEC Jacobs Blocking Trophy

tag: ul

text: Professional career

text: Already in 2008, Oher was projected as one of the top prospects for the 2009 NFL Draft.[19] The Baltimore Ravens drafted Oher with the 23rd pick in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft. The Ravens had acquired the pick from the New England Patriots in exchange for their first- and fifth-round draft picks. The Tuohy family was there to witness his draft day selection.[citation needed]

text:
Pre-draft measurables

Ht
Wt
40-yard dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20-ss
3-cone
Vert jump
Broad
BP
Wonderlic

6 ft 4 3⁄8 in
(1.94 m)
309 lb
(140 kg)
5.34 s
1.78 s
3.03 s
4.60 s
7.83 s
30 1⁄2 in
(0.77 m)
8 ft 7 in
(2.62 m)
21 reps
19

All values from NFL Combine[20]

tag: table

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: On July 30, 2009, Oher signed a five-year, $13.8 million contract with the Baltimore Ravens.[21] He started the 2009 season as right tackle, but was moved to left tackle after an injury to lineman Jared Gaither. In week eight, he returned to right tackle.

text: Oher started every game in 2009, eleven at right tackle and five at left tackle. He played right tackle in his first post-season game, January 10, 2010, against the New England Patriots, and did not allow a single sack as the Ravens won 33–14.

text: Oher was second in the voting for Associated Press' NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award, with six votes.[citation needed]

text: Prior to the 2010 NFL season, Oher was moved to the left tackle position.[22] During the 2011 pre-season, the Ravens announced that Oher would be moving back to the right side.[citation needed] On February 3, 2013, Oher won his first Super Bowl ring after the Ravens defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34–31 in Super Bowl XLVII.[23]

text: Tennessee Titans

text: On March 14, 2014, Oher signed a four-year, $20 million contract with the Tennessee Titans.[24] Oher started eleven games for the Titans, and was placed on injured reserve on December 13 after missing the previous two games due to a toe injury. Pro Football Focus graded Oher as the 74th best tackle out of 78 for the 2014 season.[25] The Titans released Oher on February 5, 2015.[26]

text: Carolina Panthers

text: On March 6, 2015, Oher signed a two-year, $7 million contract with the Carolina Panthers. Dave Gettleman, the Panthers GM, said that Oher would be the Panthers' starting left tackle going into the season despite his struggles in Tennessee, saying "We did our homework on Michael, and we feel very strongly that he can be an answer for us. He'll be inserted at left tackle, and we'll go from there."[27][28] Oher cited Cam Newton as an influential factor in his decision to sign with Carolina and Oher responded with one of his best seasons as a professional, protecting Newton's blind side. Oher played in 98.4% of the team's snaps, allowed a career-low four sacks—tied for eighth-fewest in the league—and was penalized only three times for 25 yards.[29]

text: On February 7, 2016, Oher was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.[30]

text: On June 17, 2016, Oher signed a three-year contract extension with the Panthers worth $21.6 million with $9.5 guaranteed.[31] Oher was placed on injured reserve on November 25, 2016 with a concussion—having played in only three games during the 2016 season.[32]

text: On July 20, 2017, Oher was released by the Panthers after a failed physical.[33]

text: Personal life

text: On April 14, 2017, Oher was cited for misdemeanor assault because of an altercation with an Uber driver in Nashville, Tennessee. The alleged incident involved the driver shoving his hands in Oher's face as they were arguing, to which Oher responded by shoving the driver to the ground and kicking him in the leg. Oher was listed in the citation as suspected of using alcohol near the time of the incident. [34][undue weight? – discuss]

text: Books

text: Oher is one of the subjects of Michael Lewis's 2006 book, The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game. Before the book was published, excerpts appeared in The New York Times Magazine as "The Ballad of Big Mike".[2] His portion of the book was adapted for film and was directed by John Lee Hancock.[35] The Blind Side was released in the United States on November 20, 2009. The movie stars Quinton Aaron as Michael Oher, alongside Sandra Bullock and Tim McGraw. The movie was nominated for Academy Awards for both Best Picture and Best Actress for Bullock. Bullock won an Oscar for her portrayal of Leigh Anne Tuohy.

text: Oher wrote his autobiography, I Beat The Odds: From Homelessness to The Blind Side and Beyond, in 2011.[36]


document_title: Eric Steinberg

question_text: who plays emily's dad in pretty little liars

question_tokens: who plays emily 's dad in pretty little liars

text: Eric Steinberg

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Eric Steinberg

Born
(1969-08-26) August 26, 1969 (age 48)
Washington, D.C.

Occupation
Film, television actor

text: Eric D. Steinberg (born August 26, 1969 in Washington, D.C.) is an American actor who played the role of Emily Fields' father in the Freeform hit series Pretty Little Liars.

text: Steinberg attended the University of Vermont and the University of Kent in England prior to receiving an acting fellowship at the University of California at Irvine.

text: Roles[edit]

text:
Lab Rats: Elite Force - Rodissius (2 episodes, 2016)
Second Chance - Cory (1 episode, 2016)
Supergirl - Commander Gor (2 episodes, 2015)
Satisfaction (1 episode, 2014)
Anger Management - Dr. Woo (1 episode, 2014)
Mortal Kombat Legacy - Bi-Han/Sub Zero (2013-)
The Mentalist - Jon (One episode, 2012)
Torchwood - Zheng Yibao (One episode, 2011)
Days of Our Lives - Dr. Lee (2010–2011)
Pretty Little Liars - Wayne Fields (2010-14)
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles - Alex Akagi (November 2008)
The Unit - General Raja (One episode, 2007)
Without A Trace - Ray Greene (One episode, 2007)
The Young and the Restless - Ji Min Kim (September 2006 - September 2007)
Day Break - Danny Yan, "Slim" boy (2 episodes, 2006–2007)
Stargate SG-1 - Netan (5 episodes, 2006–2007)
Numb3rs - ATF Agent Rho (1 episode, 2006)
Nip/Tuck - Dr. Mugavi (1 episode, 2006)
24 - Agent Davis (1 episode, 2006)
NCIS - Marcos Siazon (Season 3 Episode 8)
Charmed - The Dogan (2005 )
CSI: Miami - Daniel Vance (2005)
Largo - Nick Ramirez (2000)
V.I.P. - One Wedding and Val's Funeral - Prince Jordan (1998)
Martin - Mr. Ho (One episode 1997)
Star Trek: First Contact - Lieutenant Paul Porter (1996)
Babylon 5 - Samuel (One episode 1996)
Dog Watch - Bench (1996)
Rage Of Vengeance - Sunghi (1993)
JAG - Tony Yoshigawa


document_title: New Living Translation

question_text: when was the new living translation bible written

text: New Living Translation

text: Translation philosophy[edit]

text:
The Bible in English

Title page to the King James Version

List of English Bible translations
Old English (pre-1066)
Middle English (1066–1500)
Early Modern English (1500–1800)
Modern Christian (1800– )
Modern Jewish (1853– )
Miscellaneous

Main category: Bible translations into English
 Bible portal

v
t
e

text: The New Living Translation used translators from a variety of denominations. The method combined an attempt to translate the original texts simply and literally with a dynamic equivalence synergy approach used to convey the thoughts behind the text where a literal translation may have been difficult to understand or even misleading to modern readers. A part of the reason behind adapting the language for accessibility is the premise that more people will hear the Bible read aloud in a church service than are likely to read it or study it on their own.[4]

text: It has been suggested that this "thought-for-thought" methodology, while making the translation easier to understand, is less accurate than a literal (formal equivalence) method, and thus the New Living Translation may not be suitable for those wishing to undertake detailed study of the Bible.[5]

text: Textual basis[edit]

text: The Old Testament translation was based on the Masoretic Text (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia) and was further compared to other sources such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, Septuagint, Greek manuscripts, Samaritan Pentateuch, Syriac Peshitta, and Latin Vulgate. The New Testament translation was based on the two standard editions of the Greek New Testament (the UBS 4th revised edition and the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition).

text: Translation history[edit]

text: Work on this revision began in 1989 with ninety translators and published in July 1996; 25 years after the publication of The Living Bible. Advanced reader copies of the book of Romans were originally printed as the New Living Version, but eventually renamed the New Living Translation to avoid confusion between this new work and The Living Bible. NLV is still used to identify the New Living Translation in ONIX for Books. Soon after that, a new revision was begun and The Second Edition of the NLT (also called the NLTse) was released in 2004.[6] A revision in 2007 comprised mostly minor textual or footnote changes.[7] Other revisions were released in 2013 and 2015 with minor changes throughout.

text: In 2016, Tyndale House Publishers, Conference of Catholic Bishops of India Commission for Bible, ATC Publishers Bengaluru, and twelve Biblical scholars collaborated to prepare a New Living Translation Catholic Edition.[8]

text: Translation properties[edit]

text: The New Living Translation is (according to its publisher) intended to be easily accessible to readers of modern English. As part of this effort:[4]

text: Weights and measures, money, dates and times etc. are described in modern terms, with footnotes giving the literal translation, for example John 6:7 states

text: with a note that the Greek text reads "Two hundred denarii would not be enough" and an explanation that a denarius was equivalent to a laborer’s full day’s wage.

text:
Some phrases are translated into contemporary English; e.g. "they beat their breasts" (Luke 23:48) is translated as "They went home in deep sorrow", again with footnotes providing more literal interpretations.
Gender-inclusive language is used where the editors believed that it was appropriate, thus ἀδελφοί (adelphoi) is translated "brothers and sisters".

text: Circulation[edit]

text: In July 2008, the NLT gained the No. 1 spot in unit sales, unseating the NIV for the first time in over two decades.[9] According to the Christian Booksellers Association (as of March 2014), the NLT is the second most popular Bible translation based on unit sales, and the fourth most popular based on sales numbers.[3]

text: A Roman Catholic edition of the NLT with the Deuterocanon has been published by ATC Publications in Bangalore, India. The NLT Catholic Edition (NLTCE) has been granted an imprimatur by Oswald Cardinal Gracias, Archbishop of Bombay and President of the Council of Catholic Bishops of India.[10] The imprimatur does not extend to use of the NLTCE in the liturgy, but it has been officially approved by the Roman Catholic Church for private study.[11]

text: The NLT is available in numerous editions as well as numerous study Bible editions, including: The Life Application Study Bible, The Discover God Study Bible, The NLT Study Bible, and the NLT Illustrated Study Bible. The Cornerstone Biblical Commentary series uses the second edition NLT text as its base. In June 2017, the Africa Study Bible was offered to African English readers being edited by Africa International University dean, John Jusu.[12]


document_title: List of The Haves and the Have Nots episodes

question_text: when does season 4 of have and have nots start

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
16
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)

2
20
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)

3
25
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)

4
23
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)

5
23
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Big Surprise"
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
1.77[6]

The Cryer family has prepared a surprise 50th birthday celebration for Jim, but as he arrives, he is stunned when he sees that his latest mistress, Candace, has become friendly with his daughter Amanda and is partaking in the festivities.

2
2
"Playing in the Deep End"
May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)
1.81[6]

Jim has repeatedly requested that Candace leave the family's home, but she continues to disobey him by staying with Amanda.

3
3
"Beautifully Dysfunctional"
June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04)
1.47[7]

Candace commits some mischievous acts that put Jim's career in jeopardy.

4
4
"Entering the Race"
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
1.31[8]

After Jim announces that he plans to run for Governor, Candace holds the affair against Jim and threatens to reveal the news to the media. Hanna is shocked when she discovers an eviction notice on her door.

5
5
"A Woman's Pride"
June 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)
1.32[9]

After her eviction, Hanna goes to Benny with questions regarding possibly adjusting the mortgage on her home.

6
6
"Angry Sex"
June 25, 2013 (2013-06-25)
1.82[10]

Jim falls into Candace's vindictive trap once again and David is irked by the fact that Jim is unable to control himself.

7
7
"A True Friend"
July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)
1.54[11]

Amanda has Wyatt and Jeffrey assist her with the move into her new apartment while Hanna is set up on a blind date by Benny.

8
8
"The Criminal"
July 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)
1.56[12]

Benny prepares for his date by asking to borrow a car, but is arrested and charged with drug possession after falling trap to someone's malicious intent. Amanda seduces her law professor to raise her grade.

9
9
"The Set Up"
July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)
1.61[13]

Katheryn ends up bonding with Hanna over their issues.

10
10
"Number Nine"
July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)
1.80[14]

Katheryn shames Candace directly after Jim reveals his affair.

11
11
"Not My Daughter"
July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)
1.87[15]

Katheryn tells everyone that she is leaving for vacation, but that turns out to be false.

12
12
"In Recovery"
August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)
2.02[16]

Jim and Candace end up in a verbal and physical altercation.

13
13
"What Are You Doing Here?"
August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)
2.14[17]

Information is discovered by a detective that links Benny and Tony. Veronica continues to work toward answers for Benny's case.

14
14
"My Name Is Veronica"
August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)
2.05[18]

Katheryn gets nervous when her secret almost goes public.

15
15
"The Truth Will Set You Free"
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)
2.32[19]

After her secret is revealed, Katheryn tells everyone what she really knows about Jim's secret activities. Jeffrey finally discloses his love for Wyatt.

16
16
"No More Hiding"
September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03)
2.61[20]

Jeffery comes out to his parents; Hanna discloses information to Benny about Tony being his father; Amanda learns about her inheritance; and Wyatt relapses and has a life-changing accident.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth episode in Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots, "Why Didn't You Tell Me?" was not only a series high episode in ratings, but the most watched television program in all of cable for the night.[21] The episode brought in 3.4 million viewers.[22] Among all OWN programming since the network's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February-4-2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots.[21] On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, a season 2 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots—following a hiatus within the season—set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station's history. The record-breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers.[23] Additionally, the episode came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night.[22]

text:
Season 2 episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
"The Black Sedan"
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
2.77[24]

Amanda is having second thoughts about asking for her inheritance. Inside, Katheryn and Jim are arguing about Wyatt's accident Hanna is trying to find out any information about Benny.

18
2
"Wyatt's Nightmare"
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
2.55[25]

Wyatt kills a little girl after a hit-and-run, and Benny ends up on life support. Jim is unsure of what to do next once his campaign begins to fall apart. Amanda has an emotional breakdown.

19
3
"Family Issues"
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
2.84[26]

Hanna disagrees with Tony's suggestion to take Benny off life support. Celine and Katheryn have a confrontation about the former's shabby treatment of Hanna.

20
4
"Unanswered Calls"
January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)
2.78[27]

Jeffrey comes to the conclusion that Wyatt is the one who's at fault for Benny's condition and Lizzie's death.

21
5
"Why Didn't You Tell Me?"
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
3.5[28]

Candace talks with Jim to have Benny relocated to a private hospital.

22
6
"Protecting Wyatt"
February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)
3.01[29]

Jim does everything in his power to keep Wyatt from going to jail. Tony confronts Hanna and serves her with court papers.

23
7
"Amanda's Revenge"
February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)
3.21[30]

Amanda breaks into her professor's home while his family is asleep. Candace is chosen by Hanna to represent her in court.

24
8
"Maggie's Plan"
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
2.88[31]

As Jim gets ready to announce his campaign for Governor, Wyatt's behavior and warnings from Candace becomes too much to handle.

25
9
"March for Justice"
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
3.04[32]

The judge makes a decision and sides with Tony. Hanna begs Tony on her knees to keep Benny on life support.

26
10
"Starting the Race"
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
3.59[33]

Candace tries once again to blackmail Jim and David during their campaign event. Wyatt finally gets arrested.

27
11
"You'll Be Sorry"
May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)
3.11[34]

Wyatt is arrested. Candace is kidnapped by the Malones. Benny shows signs of brain activity.

28
12
"The Confession"
June 3, 2014 (2014-06-03)
2.62[35]

Jim conspires to save his son. Amanda gets a gun. Benny improves.

29
13
"Donald"
June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)
2.42[36]

Jim proclaims his son's innocence. Quincy pays Hanna a surprise visit in search of Candace.

30
14
"The Awakening"
June 17, 2014 (2014-06-17)
2.81[37]

Benny wakes up from his coma.

31
15
"The Vulnerable"
June 24, 2014 (2014-06-24)
2.92[38]

Benny prepares for his release from the hospital. Hanna plans to testify against Wyatt. Maggie tries to seduce David.

32
16
"The Sarandon Hotel"
July 1, 2014 (2014-07-01)
3.47[39]

After escaping her kidnappers, Candace asks Warlock for help. Jeffrey is seduced by Melissa.

33
17
"Again and Again"
July 8, 2014 (2014-07-08)
3.32[40]

David is compromised. Jim is plotting. Candace is panicking.

34
18
"Something's Wrong With Amanda"
July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)
3.26[41]

Amanda leaves the Cryer estate with Quincy. Candace hides out at Jeffrey's apartment. Katheryn and Celine get into another confrontation.

35
19
"Norman Hewens"
July 22, 2014 (2014-07-22)
2.86[42]

A news report claiming that another person is responsible for the hit-and-run saves Wyatt from jail. Katheryn berates Jim about his evil deeds. Hanna attempts to apologize to Jim for her hand in the tragedy, but he won't have it and orders her off his property; however, Katheryn has a tearful and beautiful reunion with her best friend, and offers Hanna her job back and to begin after Benny is settled in. Katheryn then tells Jim off about his attitude towards Hanna and orders him to keep Celine under control or else.

36
20
"Checkmate"
July 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)
3.49[43]

Jim is confronted by Carlos, his illegitimate son with Celine. Katheryn's celebratory dinner party goes awry when Quincy, Candace's ex, shows up as Amanda's date. David and Veronica continue to battle over the fact that Jeffrey is gay. Candace seeks her revenge on Jim. Maggie makes another attempt to sleep with David.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"The Power Dance"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
3.22[44]

Jim is being held hostage by Warlock under Candace's orders.

38
2
"The War Room"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
2.91[45]

Hanna seeks information about Quincy's mother so she can get one step closer to finding her grandson. room.

39
3
"A Southern Brawl"
January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)
2.60[46]

Wyatt gives Celine a taste of reality and he finds out a about his brother Carlos.

40
4
"Amanda's Room"
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)
2.98[47]

Jim gives up and finally gives in to Candace's demands.

41
5
"The Press Conference"
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
2.89[48]

Katheryn gets some devastating news.

42
6
"A Tragic Day"
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
3.42[49]

Everyone else is assembled at the Cryer mansion.

43
7
"April 7, 1979"
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)
3.22[50]

Katheryn tells the story of how she first met Jim.

44
8
"In Crisis"
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
3.28[51]

Katheryn and David try to tell Veronica how wrong she is about Jeffery.

45
9
"A Talk with Jim"
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
2.90[52]

Benny is convinced that Candace has changed her ways.

46
10
"Oscar"
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
3.02[53]

Hanna comforts Jim after Amanda's death.

47
11
"Unglued"
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
3.02[54]

David is angry at Veronica for telling Quincy to beat up Jeffrey.

48
12
"Enough is Enough"
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
3.50[55]

Benny searches for Quincy after he shows up at Hanna's home.

49
13
"Two Funerals"
June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)
3.29[56]

Veronica starts a fire that destroys her mansion and almost claims David's life.

50
14
"In Memoriam"
July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)
2.79[57]

Wyatt's confession to D.A. Sallison sparks controversy.

51
15
"Nine Lives"
July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)
3.17[58]

Hanna finds out that Jim and Katheryn were holding Candace hostage.

52
16
"The Cougar"
July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)
2.85[59]

Hanna covers for Benny after she discovers him in bed with Veronica.

53
17
"Candace Young, Esq."
July 28, 2015 (2015-07-28)
3.01[60]

Candace shows Benny where she works.

54
18
"Benny Does Battle"
August 4, 2015 (2015-08-04)
3.17[61]

Quincy is hurt from the accident.

55
19
"Quincy Jr."
August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)
3.12[62]

Hanna is reunited with Q.

56
20
"A Home For Q"
August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)
3.06[64]

Candace learns that Hanna is seeking custody of Q; and the Cryers and Harringtons try to convince the D.A. that Wyatt's taped confession is a misunderstanding.[63]

57
21
"Candace's Closing"
August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25)
3.19[65]

Candace buys property with the money she extorted from Jim; and Jim is interviewed on TV.

58
22
"Dianna Winchill"
September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)
3.23[66]

While Jim is being interviewed by Dianna Winchill, a surprise guest arrives. Veronica tells Jim that she had planned Wyatt's attack in prison, leading Jim to attack her and later put a hit on her, Professor Cannon, and Prison Guard Terrell by calling three hitmen and ordering a "bloodbath."

59
23
"Vetted"
September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)
3.28[67]

Hanna grows suspicious of Benny's involvement with Veronica and how he acquired his new house; Quincy drives a car through Hanna's home in spite of revenge; Candace decides to let her guard down with Oscar.

60
24
"Sheep's Clothing"
September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)
3.13[68]

Hanna becomes devastated when she learns that Quincy set her house on fire; Maggie tries to talk David into running for Governor; Jeffrey gives Wyatt the necessary ammunition to take his parents down.

61
25
"When The Chickens Come Home"
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
3.71[69]

Hanna and Benny force Candace to tell the truth about everything.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

62
1
"The Waters Run Deep"
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
3.11[70]

Katheryn and Veronica are taken to the police station Candace and Jeffrey disagree on what to do with Quincy's body when interrupted by a knock on the door.
Note: Actress Eva Tamargo who portrays Celine Gonzales leaves the main cast this season, although she is still featured in the opening sequence in the season 4 premiere.

63
2
"Paid In Full"
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
2.73[71]

Katheryn has had a lot of time for reflection while cooling her heels behind bars with Veronica. Candace and Jeffery get a visit from police because of a nosy neighbor.

64
3
"The Right Medicine"
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
2.94[72]

Katheryn is taken aback by the photo of Veronica in the arms of another man. Quincy wakes up and begs for Candace's help.

65
4
"An Evil Soul"
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
3.02[73]

Katheryn is unshaken by the DA's attempt to push. Candace's lies catch up with her.

66
5
"Immunity"
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
2.90[74]

Benny agrees to help Candace hide evidence in Quincy's murder.

67
6
"Making Millions"
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
2.81[75]

Quincy Jr. passes out on Hanna after getting really sick and is taken to the hospital and placed in ICU.

68
7
"A Front Row Seat"
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
2.95[76]

Maggie's lie to David could cause her to lose him forever; Katheryn gets out of jail but she can't find anyone to help Jim or Veronica.

69
8
"Unexpected Visitors"
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
3.07[77]

Candace interrogates the social worker; Hanna is steaking out at Cryer's mansion waiting for their return; Katheryn goes to visit David but little does she know that Wyatt is one step closer to getting his inheritance.

70
9
"I Choose My Son"
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
2.80[78]

Quita and Daylon break into Candace's house but are caught by Pearl, who calls her son Justin and his police squad to arrest them; Justin continues to harass Jeffery.

71
10
"Beg For What You Need"
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
2.64[79]

Candace puts a plan into action to save herself and Benny from War's rage. Katheryn pleads with Hanna to not end their friendship. Veronica handles the hired assassin hiding in her house in an unexpected manner.

72
11
"48 Hours"
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
2.85[80]

Warlock has pushed up Candace's due date, so she goes to the bank to mortgage the houses and Benny's tow yard.

73
12
"My Friend Maggie"
June 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)
2.85[81]

Maggie visit's Veronica's home and gets the surprise of her life

74
13
"Criminology 101"
June 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)
2.63[82]

Veronica treats David with much malice.

75
14
"Giving Candy To A Baby"
July 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)
2.70[83]

After talking with Pearl, Hanna hopes to gain custody of Quincy Jr.

76
15
"The Apple Tree"
July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)
2.64[84]

Katheryn Cryer tries to process difficult news about one of her closest family members

77
16
"The Heart of A Man"
July 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)
2.70[85]

Veronica and Jeffery go to visit Katheryn but Veronica pushes Jeffery to his limit.

78
17
"An Accident"
July 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)
3.05[86]

Jeffrey begins to implode so he calls Candace and Justin for help.

79
18
"A Tragic Assumption"
August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)
3.02[87]

Jennifer arrives at Katheryn's house to tell her that Wyatt is alive.

80
19
"I Am Wolf"
August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)
2.89[88]

Jim teams up with a former enemy in his scheme against Candace.

81
20
"Back In Business"
August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)
2.93[89]

Mitch breaks up the fight between David and Benny; David gets some shocking information about Mitch.

82
21
"The Fugitive"
August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)
2.95[90]

The police are on the look out for Hanna so they question Candace and Benny.

83
22
"The Silk Handkerchief"
August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)
2.95[91]

Benny learns the truth of how Candace financed his property. Candace finally tells him the truth about War and how she got the money, and what Mitch did but he doesn't believe her.

84
23
"Promises Kept"
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
3.24[92]

Katheryn explodes when she is pushed to the limit. Benny finds out the truth about War by Mitch, who also reveals to Benny who he really is.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

85
1
"A Cup of Tea"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
2.99[93]

Veronica tries to escape the Cryer Mansion. Jeffery is still trying to get a hold of Candace. Benny is still upset because of how Candace Mortgaged his house and the tow yard.

86
2
"Waiting for Candace"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
2.16[94]

Veronica and Katheryn have a fight. Benny holds hope that Candace will come through with the money.

87
3
"It's Ok to Love"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
2.68[95]

Veronica is still trying to escape Katheryn's mansion. Erica called Candace to give her an update on things with David.

88
4
"A Mother's Wisdom"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
2.36[96]

Veronica wants to meet with Candace and Jeffery. Jim helps Katheryn clean up a mess she has created.

89
5
"Brilliant Lawyers Lurking"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
2.70[97]

Veronica helps Candace and Jeffery out of a precarious predicament.

90
6
"A Hurricane Offshore"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
2.75[98]

Veronica pays Erica a visit Candace encounters Oscar again. Quit'a finds Wyatt's place and tells him that she's going to take his money.

91
7
"Pieces of The Puzzle"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
2.58[99]

Veronica lets Jim know that if anything happens to her she has dirt on him. Hanna questions Benny and Candace about what they did to Quincy.

92
8
"Praying for Light"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
2.76[100]

Veronica planted a camera in those flowers she delivered to Erica. Hanna does all she can to keep the peace in her family.

93
9
"We All Need Forgiveness"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
2.33[101]

Veronica tells Justin to stay away from Jeffery. Candace makes Charles her latest Mark.

94
10
"Forget The Bubble"
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
2.41[102]

Veronica is pushing Jeffery's buttons. Erica is caught sleeping with David by War.

95
11
"In Pursuit of Prey"
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
3.20[103]

Veronica tries to seduce Benny. Warlock looks for Candace, Mitch returns from jail. Katheryn leaves Jim, Wyatt checks himself into rehab of his own volition.

96
12
"The Fallout From War"
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
2.68[104]

Veronica goes in a rage after Melissa attempts suicide in her bed. In the aftermath of the shootout it is revealed that Quincy Jr is dead.

97
13
"My Grandson's War"
June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)
2.44[105]

Veronica and Katheryn came face-to-face. Katheryn was able to be the friend that Hanna needed in comfort; Mama Rose inflict a bit of fear into Jim Cryer.

98
14
"Mad Day"
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
2.33[106]

Veronica intervened and proved her skills by representing Benny, Jim taunted Veronica, Hanna found herself at Katheryn's new rental home.

99
15
"A Woman Under the Stairs"
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
2.43[107]

Veronica threatens to reveal Officer Justin's secret and accuses him of sexually harassing Jeffrey. David and Jim find their sons. Charles reveals to Candace who he really is.

100
16
"Railroad"
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
2.43[108]

Veronica visits Melissa at the hospital. Katheryn helps Hanna deal with Benny's situation. Wyatt gets released from the hospital. Charles beats Candace at her own game.

101
17
"Elevator Seven"
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
2.30[109]

Veronica tried to confront Erica and David on the elevator about their relationship. Landon tries to warn Charles about Candace. Jeffrey meets up with Landon.

102
18
"A Broken Mirror"
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
2.33[110]

Veronica catches Officer Justin in Jeffrey's hotel room, and records Officer Justin. Jim is trying to find Warlock before Mamma Rose does.

103
19
"Haunted By The Surname"
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
2.40[111]

Veronica is confronted by Officer Justin. Candace starts to see Erica for who she truly is. Candace gets some devastating news.

104
20
"The Enemy Called Trust"
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
2.52[112]

Veronica tells Landon to stay away her son. Jim is shocked to see that his house is on fire. Candace ask Mitch for a favor. Warlock gets caught in a deadly trap.

105
21
"Kate"
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
2.64[113]

Veronica makes Melissa clean her blood out of her bed. Jim and Katheryn implode with emotion. Jim confronts Katheryn, and begs her for retribution.

106
22
"For The Team"
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
2.61[114]

Veronica gives Jeffrey and Officer Justin an ultimatum. Candace and Benny are at odds with each other. David tells Jeffrey to stay away from Veronica.

107
23
"The Veronica Show"
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
2.58[115]

Veronica does something that puts Officer Justin at rage. Candace struggles with sorrow and the death of Quincy Jr. Jim confronts Candace at The Artesian Hotel.