document_title: East India Company

question_text: east india company started trade with india from which city in 1608

question_tokens: east india company started trade with india from which city in 1608

text: East India Company

text: Founding[edit]

text: Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean.[7] Permission was granted, and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonaventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594.[7]

text: In 1596, three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea.[7] Three years later, on 22 September 1599,[8] another group of merchants met and stated their intention "to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies (the which it may please the Lord to prosper), and the sums that they will adventure", committing £30,133.[9] Two days later, on 24 September, "the Adventurers" reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project.[9] Although their first attempt had not been completely successful, they nonetheless sought the Queen's unofficial approval to continue, bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £68,373.

text: The Adventurers convened again a year later.[7] This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies.[10] For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan.[10] Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo (half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company), as well as imprisonment at the "royal pleasure".[11]

text: The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or "committees", who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, which appointed them. Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolph's church in Bishopsgate, before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street.[12]

text: Early voyages to the East Indies[edit]

text: Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601[13] and returned in 1603.[14] In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton.[15]

text: Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company's Ascension, and general or commander of the fourth voyage. Thereafter two ships, Ascension and Union (captained by Richard Rowles) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–08.[15]

text: Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.

text: In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

text: Foothold in India[edit]

text: English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612, at Suvali in Surat. The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India, with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire, and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission.[16]

text: In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:[16]

text: Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure. For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.

text: Eventually, the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies, composed primarily of Indian sepoys. As historian William Dalrymple observes,

text: We still talk about the British conquering India, but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality. It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century, but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office, five windows wide, in London, and managed in India by an unstable sociopath – [Robert] Clive.[5]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure EIC ports in China.[17] The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor, and 90 employees[clarification needed] in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

text: In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

text: In 1657, Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company. The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC's status.

text: In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II granted the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.[18]

text: William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal, to obtain a firman, an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire. However, the company's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, interfered with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations.

text: In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690, and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.[19]

text: The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies, primarily composed of Indian sepoys, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In 1613, during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate, the British ship Clove, under the command of Captain John Saris, was the first British ship to call on Japan. Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in Java, and with the assistance of William Adams, a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600, was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu:

text: We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine, Sir Thomas Smythe, Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise, without any hindrance to them or their goods, and to abide, buy, sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations, to tarry here as long as they think good, and to depart at their pleasure.[20]

text: However, unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards, in 1623 the company closed their factory.[21]

text: Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695[edit]

text: In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.[22]

text: Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.

text: In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer, then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company, Gayer claims that "it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj-i-Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar's ship, to make them confess where their money was." The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships, to continue their voyage back to India.

text: When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of £1,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.[23]

text:
An 18th-century depiction of Henry Every, with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background

British pirates that fought during the Child's War engaging the Ganj-i-Sawai

Depiction of Captain Every's encounter with the Mughal Emperor's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj-i-Sawai

text: Forming a complete monopoly[edit]

text: Trade monopoly[edit]

text: The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, and to obtain political power. The company developed a lobby in the English parliament. Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company (pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company), who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, a deregulating act was passed in 1694.[24]

text: This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.[24]

text: It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state. Under this arrangement, the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.[24]

text: In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

text: At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.[25]

text: The war took place on Indian soil, between the company troops and the French forces. In 1757, the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt-Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty. The opinion asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown.[25]

text: With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

text: On the 1 March 1801, the debts of the East India Company to £5,393,989 their effects to £15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793, from £4,988,300 to £7,602,041.

text: Saltpetre trade[edit]

text: Sir John Banks, a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company, began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy, an interest he kept up for most of his life. He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades.

text: He became a Director and later, as Governor of the East India Company in 1672, he arranged a contract which included a loan of £20,000 and £30,000 worth of saltpetre—also known as potassium nitrate, a primary ingredient in gunpowder—for the King "at the price it shall sell by the candle"—that is by auction—where bidding could continue as long as an inch-long candle remained alight.[26]

text: Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.[27]

text: Basis for the monopoly[edit]

text: Colonial monopoly[edit]

text: The Seven Years' War (1756–63) resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories. Robert Clive, the Governor General, led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix, the commander of the French forces in India, and recaptured Fort St George from the French. The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762.[28][better source needed]

text: By the Treaty of Paris, France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

text: East India Company Army and Navy[edit]

text: In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines.[29] The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force, and was used as an instrument of geo-political power and expansion, rather than its original purpose as a guard force, and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent. As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal, Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry, cavalry, artillery and horse artillery units. The navy also grew significantly, vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels, called East Indiamen, it also included warships.

text: Expansion and Conquest[edit]

text: The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.[30]

text: It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion. Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, Bihar, and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, resulting in the conquest of Bengal. This victory estranged the British and the Mughals, since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally.

text: With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

text: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore, offered much resistance to the British forces. Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War, the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799, in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed.

text: The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi, Oudh, Rajputana, and Punjab, where the company's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes. The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company, during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern.

text: A cholera pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.[32] Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10% of the East India Company's officers survived to take the final voyage home.[33]

text: In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company.[34] The three independent armies of the company's Presidencies, with some locally raised irregular forces, expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857.[35] First recruited from mercenaries and low-caste volunteers, the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high-caste Hindus and landowning Muslims.

text: Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.

text: During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the East India Company's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations, including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius.

text: There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim, castes and ethnic groups. The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain. These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873.[36]

text: Opium trade[edit]

text: In the 18th century, Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so, in 1773, the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal, India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation. The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947.[37] As the opium trade was illegal in China, Company ships could not carry opium to China. So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China.[38]

text: Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports, reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor, the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine, Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year. The proceeds of the drug-smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company's factory at Canton and by 1825, most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade.

text: The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy. The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners.

text: In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations.[37] The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share.[39] A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.[37]

text: Regulation of the company's affairs[edit]

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text: Writers[edit]

text: The company employed many junior clerks, known as "writers", to record the details of accounting, managerial decisions, and activities related to the company, such as minutes of meetings, copies of Company orders and contracts, and filings of reports and copies of ship's logs. Several well-known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships, such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England.

text: Financial troubles[edit]

text: Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. The Bengal famine of 1770, in which one-third of the local population died, caused distress in Britain. Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British-administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity.

text: At the same time, there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe. The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help. This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773, which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies, and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay.

text: When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act, they boycotted the company tea. Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act, it also validated the Townshend Acts, setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future. The arrival of tax-exempt Company tea, undercutting the local merchants, triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution.

text: Regulating Acts of Parliament[edit]

text: East India Company Act 1773[edit]

text: By the Regulating Act of 1773 (later known as the East India Company Act 1773), the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms; this clearly established Parliament's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company. The Act recognised the company's political functions and clearly established that the "acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right".

text: Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the company at £40,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.[40] His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.[41]

text: Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.[41]

text: East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act)[edit]

text: The East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act) had two key aspects:

text:
Relationship to the British government: the bill differentiated the East India Company's political functions from its commercial activities. In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly. To accomplish this, the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India, usually referred to as the Board of Control. The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary of State, and four Privy Councillors, nominated by the King. The act specified that the Secretary of State "shall preside at, and be President of the said Board".
Internal Administration of British India: the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor-generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon.

text: Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

text: Act of 1786[edit]

text: The Act of 1786 (26 Geo. 3 c. 16) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act enabled the offices of the Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief to be jointly held by the same official.

text: This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company. After this point, the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the company's Indian territories.[42]

text: East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act)[edit]

text: The company's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793. In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades, the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure, and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company's activities.

text: East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act)[edit]

text: The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company's gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company's finances. The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

text:
asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company;
renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years, but

deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China
required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts

opened India to missionaries

text: Government of India Act 1833[edit]

text: The Industrial Revolution in Britain, the consequent search for markets, and the rise of laissez-faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4 c. 85). The Act:

text:
removed the company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions
renewed for another twenty years the company's political and administrative authority
invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company. As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma,[43] "The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs."
carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor-General in Council with, full power and authority to superintend and, control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters
initiated a machinery for the codification of laws
provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion, place of birth, descent or colour
vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown[44]

text: British influence continued to expand; in 1845, Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar. The company had at various stages extended its influence to China, the Philippines, and Java. It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian-grown opium to China. China's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War (1839–1842).

text: English Education Act 1835[edit]

text: The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India.

text: Government of India Act 1853[edit]

text: This Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 95) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise. It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system.[45]

text: Under the act, for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general's council were separated. It also added six additional members to the governor general's executive committee.[46]

text: Indian Rebellion and disestablishment[edit]

text: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny) resulted in widespread devastation in India: many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur.[47] In the aftermath of the Rebellion, under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858, the British Government nationalised the company. The Crown took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its armed forces.

text: The company remained in existence in vestigial form, continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government (and the supply of Saint Helena) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect, on 1 January 1874. This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874, after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock.[48] The Times commented on 8 April 1873:[49]

text: It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted, and such as none, surely, is likely to attempt in the years to come.

text: Establishments in Britain[edit]

text: The company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726–9; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–62. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.

text: In 1607, the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford. By 1614, the yard having become too small, an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall: the new yard was fully operational by 1617. It was sold in 1656, although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners.

text: In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

text: The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for "writers" (i.e. clerks) in the company's service. It was initially located in Hertford Castle, but moved in 1809 to purpose-built premises at Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire. In 1858 the college closed; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school, now Haileybury and Imperial Service College.

text: The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe, near Croydon, Surrey, to train young officers for service in the company's armies in India. It was based in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The government took it over in 1858, and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861 it was closed, and the site was subsequently redeveloped.

text: In 1818, the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House, Hackney, London, a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838, and thereafter by Dr William Williams. The arrangement outlasted the company itself, continuing until 1870, when the India Office opened its own asylum, the Royal India Asylum, at Hanwell, Middlesex.[50]

text: The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company. The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James's Square, London.[51]

text: Legacy and criticisms[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)

text: The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent, with both positive and harmful effects. Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857, it stimulated the growth of the British Empire. Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857, and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India.

text: The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea, which led to the development of Earl Grey tea.[52]

text: The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service.[53]

text: Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty.[5] Famines, such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries, became more widespread, chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain.[54][55]

text: Macaulayism and the British education system have been blamed for producing a generation of Indians not proud of their distinct heritage.[56]

text: Symbols[edit]

text: Flags[edit]

text:
Historical depictions

Downman (1685)

Lens (1700)

National Geographic (1917)

Rees (1820)

Laurie (1842)

text:
Modern depictions

1600–1707

1707–1801

1801–1874

text: The English East India Company flag changed with history, with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom, and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes.

text: From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag—consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross—representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

text: Regarding the field of the flag, there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes. Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes, with some images showing the top stripe's being red and others showing the top stripe being white.

text: At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag. Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes.[57]

text: Coat of arms[edit]

text: The East India Company's original coat of arms was granted in 1600. The arms was as follows:

text: "Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The shield had as a crest: "A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Harms).[58]

text: The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ (Latin: Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England).[58]

text: Merchant mark[edit]

text:
HEIC Merchant's mark on East India Company Coin: 1791 Half Pice

HEIC Merchant's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp (1852)

text: When the East India Company was chartered in 1600, it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant's mark which often included the mystical "Sign of Four" and served as a trademark. The East India Company's merchant mark consisted of a "Sign of Four" atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials "EIC". This mark was a central motif of the East India Company's coinage[59] and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps.[60]

text: Ships[edit]

text: Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply "Indiamen".[61]

text: During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

text: In addition, the company had its own navy, the Bombay Marine, equipped with warships such as Grappler. These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions, such as the Invasion of Java.

text: At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and ((ship|Ocean|1788 EIC ship|2}}, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena.

text: East India Company (EIC)'s ships were well built, with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports. The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake. Other examples include:

text:
HMS Calcutta (1795)
HMS Glatton (1795)
HMS Hindostan (1795)
HMS Hindostan (1804)
HMS Malabar (1804)
HMS Buffalo (1813)

text: Records[edit]

text: Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues.[62] Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834;[63] and of some of the company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.[64]


document_title: List of Riverdale characters

question_text: who plays veronica lodge's mom on riverdale

question_tokens: who plays veronica lodge 's mom on riverdale

root

text: List of Riverdale characters

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Seasons

1

2

Main characters

KJ Apa

Archie Andrews

Main

Lili Reinhart

Betty Cooper

Main

Camila Mendes

Veronica Lodge

Main

Cole Sprouse

Jughead Jones

Main

Marisol Nichols

Hermione Lodge

Main

Madelaine Petsch

Cheryl Blossom

Main

Ashleigh Murray

Josie McCoy

Main

Mädchen Amick

Alice Cooper

Main

Luke Perry

Fred Andrews

Main

Mark Consuelos

Hiram Lodge

Main

Casey Cott

Kevin Keller

Recurring

Main

Skeet Ulrich

F.P. Jones

Recurring

Main

Recurring characters

Martin Cummins

Tom Keller

Recurring

Robin Givens

Sierra McCoy

Recurring

Nathalie Boltt

Penelope Blossom

Recurring

Lochlyn Munro

Hal Cooper

Recurring

Colin Lawrence

Floyd Clayton

Recurring

Guest

Peter James Bryant

Waldo Weatherbee

Recurring

Sarah Habel

Geraldine Grundy

Recurring

Guest

Ross Butler

Reggie Mantle

Recurring

Charles Melton

Recurring

Jordan Calloway

Chuck Clayton

Recurring

Rob Raco

Joaquin DeSantos

Recurring

Guest

Asha Bromfield

Melody Valentine

Recurring

Cody Kearsley

Marmaduke "Moose" Mason

Recurring

Hayley Law

Valerie Brown

Recurring

Shannon Purser

Ethel Muggs

Recurring

Trevor Stines

Jason Blossom

Recurring

Guest

Olivia Ryan Stern

Tina Patel

Recurring

Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch

Ginger Lopez

Recurring

Major Curda

Dilton Doiley

Recurring

Tiera Skovbye

Polly Cooper

Recurring

Barclay Hope

Clifford Blossom

Recurring

Guest

Claudius Blossom

Recurring

Barbara Wallace

Roseanne "Rose" Blossom

Recurring

Alvin Sanders

Pop Tate

Recurring

Tom McBeath

Smithers

Recurring

Guest

Adain Bradley

Trev Brown

Recurring

Molly Ringwald

Mary Andrews

Recurring

Scott Mcneil

Tall Boy

Guest

Recurring

Emilija Baranac

Midge Klump

Recurring

Brit Morgan

Penny Peabody

Recurring

Stephan Miers

Andre

Recurring

Vanessa Morgan

Antoinette "Toni" Topaz

Recurring

Jordan Connor

Sweet Pea

Recurring

Drew Ray Tanner

Fangs Fogarty

Recurring

Graham Phillips

Nick St. Clair

Recurring

Cameron McDonald

Joseph Svenson

Recurring

Hart Denton

Chic Smith

Recurring

John Behlmann

Arthur Adams

Recurring

tag: table

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Archie Andrews[edit]

text: Archibald "Archie" Andrews (portrayed by KJ Apa) is the son of Fred and Mary Andrews and the boyfriend of Veronica Lodge.[1]

tag: p

text: Archie is a student at Riverdale High School, a budding musician, and a football player for the Riverdale Bulldogs. His team number was number nine, given to him by Coach Clayton. This number was originally Jason Blossom's jersey, and so Archie took it upon himself to retire the jersey in Jason's honor and took the number seventeen in its place. Archie used to be the Captain of the football team but decided to defer his status as captain to Reggie Mantle after he felt more of an affinity with his music. Archie has been best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper since childhood. Betty develops feelings for Archie, in she ends up revealing to him. However, he doesn't reciprocate her feelings and decides to stay just friends with Betty, which causes minor temporary strain in their relationship. He instead is drawn to the new rich girl named Veronica who had just moved to Riverdale from New York following the arrest of her wealthy billionaire father Hiram Lodge after he committed fraud and embezzlement.

text: Betty Cooper[edit]

text: Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper (portrayed by Lili Reinhart) is the daughter of Hal and Alice Cooper, sister of Polly Cooper and half-sister of Charles Smith, the girlfriend of Jughead Jones and the aunt to Jason and Polly's twin babies.[2]

text: Betty is a student at Riverdale High School and longtime best friend of Archie Andrews, Jughead Jones, Kevin Keller and new girl Veronica Lodge. She is also a River Vixen at Riverdale High, as well as an editor for the school's newspaper, The Blue and Gold. Betty's family life was very tense, as her mother was extremely controlling, which led to her sister having a mental breakdown and being sent to live in a group home . Though her parents claimed this was caused by Polly's disastrous relationship with Jason Blossom, Betty knew better. As the only remaining daughter in the Cooper household, she was placed under immense pressure by her mother to be perfect in every way.

text: Veronica Lodge[edit]

text: Veronica Cecilia Lodge (portrayed by Camila Mendes) is the daughter of Hiram and Hermione Lodge, and the girlfriend of Archie Andrews.[3]

text: Veronica is a student at Riverdale High School. In addition, she is the leader of the band Veronica and the Pussycats and a member of the River Vixens. She moved from New York to her mother's hometown of Riverdale due to her father's arrest and subsequent incarceration. She struggles to find the truth behind her father's loyalties and intentions, as she fears what will happen once he is released from prison and back home with them. Meanwhile, she's also trying to reform herself into a better person.

text: Jughead Jones[edit]

text: Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III (portrayed by Cole Sprouse) is the son of F.P. and Mrs. Jones, brother of Jellybean Jones and the boyfriend of Betty Cooper.[2]

text: Jughead was a sophomore at Riverdale High School but following the arrest of his father F.P. Jones, the leader of the Southside Serpents, he was placed into foster care and, as a result, had to transfer to Southside High. While attending the gang and drug-infested high school, he re-opened the school newspaper, The Red and Black, where he was an editor, alongside new recruit, Toni Topaz, the newspaper's photographer, with Robert Phillips, their adviser until his arrest. However, with the closing of Southside High, Jughead has since returned to Riverdale High. He is a close friend of Archie Andrews and Betty Cooper, with whom he’s in a relationship with. He is also a member of the Southside Serpents, which he recently joined following his father's arrest, despite being advised against it, which he has yet to be reprimanded for.

text: Hermione Lodge[edit]

text: Hermione Apollonia Lodge (portrayed by Marisol Nichols) is the wife of Hiram Lodge and the mother of Veronica Lodge.[4]

text: Hermione grew up in Riverdale, and during that time, she would go on to date Fred Andrews. Throughout her high school years, Hermione worked at local businesses such as the Bijou and Spiffany's. During her youth, some would have described Hermione as a mean girl. She even believes her current misfortune was karma finally catching up to her. After she broke up with Fred, she married Hiram Lodge and the two moved to New York City. Together they had a daughter, Veronica. After Hiram was arrested for fraud and embezzlement, Hermione and Veronica left New York City and moved back to Riverdale. After the scandal, the only remaining property that was not seized because it was in Hermione's name was the luxurious apartment building, the Pembrooke, where she resides with her husband and daughter.

text: Cheryl Blossom[edit]

text: Cheryl Marjorie Blossom (portrayed by Madelaine Petsch) is the daughter of Clifford and Penelope Blossom, twin sister of Jason Blossom, and the aunt to Jason and Polly's twin babies.[5] She eventually becomes Toni Topaz's girlfriend.[6]

text: Cheryl is a student at Riverdale High School, head cheerleader of the River Vixens and the self-proclaimed Queen Bee at Riverdale High School. Cheryl's relationship with her family seemed to be quite strained ever since Jason's death. Her mother blamed her for assisting Jason in his attempt to run away from Riverdale, which essentially is what led to his demise. Cheryl's father thinks of her as a train wreck in comparison to Jason, who was considered the "Golden Boy". Cheryl eventually develops romantic feelings for Southside Serpent Toni Topaz, whom she grows close to after they see a movie together.

text: Josie McCoy[edit]

text: Josephine "Josie" McCoy (portrayed by Ashleigh Murray) is the daughter of Myles and Sierra McCoy.[1]

text: Josie is a student at Riverdale High School and was both the lead singer and guitarist of her band, Josie and the Pussycats. After she secretly made the decision to pursue a solo career, Valerie Brown and Melody Valentine disbanded the group. Her father who was a man of music, gave her the name Josephine, after the late singer Josephine Baker. Because of this, she often struggles to gain his approval while also trying to impress him. Unlike her father, Josie's mother Sierra is far more encouraging of her talents, especially where her band and music are concerned. They both enforce "black excellence", especially when the choice of the band members are concerned.

text: Alice Cooper[edit]

text: Alice Cooper (portrayed by Mädchen Amick) is the ex-wife of Hal Cooper, mother of Charles Smith, Betty and Polly Cooper, the grandmother of Jason and Polly's twin babies and the editor and co-owner of the local newspaper The Riverdale Register.[7]

text: Alice grew up on the south side of Riverdale and attended the local high school with Mary Andrews. She began dating Hal Cooper and they later went on to marry and have two daughters, Betty and Polly. During high school she became pregnant and Hal pushed her to have an abortion, as he did not think she was ready to be a mother. She refused an abortion and instead gave the baby up for adoption once he was born. Alice was the editor and co-owner of the local newspaper. One of Alice's greatest kept secrets was that she's a former member of the Southside Serpents. Following her arrest, she severed all ties with the gang, and erased, or at least thought to have erased every article of her arrest from the system archives.

text: Fred Andrews[edit]

text: Frederick "Fred" Andrews (portrayed by Luke Perry) is the ex-husband of Mary Andrews, father of Archie Andrews and the owner of Andrews Construction.[8]

text: Fred was raised in Riverdale, and like his son, attended the local high school, where he was close friends with F.P. Jones, and briefly dated Hermione Lodge, until she chose the rich kid, Hiram Lodge over him. During those high school years, Fred and F.P. spent an entire summer fixing up an old DW bus, which they later came to called "The Shaggin' Wagon". Following that, he and F.P. formed a band their senior year, which they named "The Fred Heads". Apparently, this attracted the attention of a lot of ladies for Fred. He later went on to marry Mary Andrews and she would give birth to their first and only child, Archie Andrews. However, that did not last. He and Mary separated, which was not amicable as the two had trouble being in the same room together without a mediator present and Mary moved away to Chicago.

text: Hiram Lodge[edit]

text: Hiram Lodge (portrayed by Mark Consuelos) is the husband of Hermione Lodge, father of Veronica Lodge and the CEO/President of Lodge Industries.

text: Hiram grew up in Riverdale, where he was known as the rich kid. During this time, he dated Hermione, who broke up with Fred Andrews to be with him. Along with building a relationship with Hermione, he forged a rivalry with Clifford Blossom. It was later revealed that while attending Riverdale High School, Hiram was the wrestling state champion, earning him a trophy for his great achievement. After graduating, he and Hermione moved to New York, and some time later got married and had a daughter, Veronica, and they all lived together in New York living a luxurious lifestyle. However, their fancy life and luxurious living didn't last forever as Hiram was arrested for fraud and embezzlement. Despite his imprisonment, Hiram still ran his business and criminal empire from behind bars. He has been released from prison and has now taken up residence at the Pembrooke in Riverdale with his wife and daughter. Since his release, he has secretly purchased Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe, hiring Pop Tate as manager in exchange for his silence. Hiram is also business partners with Fred Andrews, working on the SoDale project together, an arrangement that was put in place by Hermione, in an effort to legitimize Lodge Industries.

text: Consuelos joined the series in the second season.[9]

text: Kevin Keller[edit]

text: Kevin Keller (portrayed by Casey Cott) is the son of Tom and Mrs. Keller.[10]

text: Kevin is a sophomore at Riverdale High School and the best friend of Betty Cooper. Along with that, he has become Veronica's G.B.F. (gay best friend). Kevin also struggles with his sexuality, as he doesn't have the same options as his friends do. Because of this, it often causes Kevin to act recklessly at times. He has dated Joaquin, as well as had some interaction with Moose Mason, but Joaquin left Riverdale, forcing their break-up and Moose is unwilling to be "out" like Kevin, forcing him to resort to other means in order to feel something. But lately, Kevin has revealed strong feelings towards Moose, that were either rejected or unnoticed.

text: In the season two finale, after Moose is upset about the death of Midge, he and Moose share a kiss.

text: Cott was promoted to series regular for the second season after recurring in the first.[11]

text: F.P. Jones[edit]

text: Forsythe Pendleton "F.P." Jones II (portrayed by Skeet Ulrich) is the ex-husband of Mrs. Jones, father of Jughead and Jellybean Jones and the leader of the Southside Serpents.[12]

text: F.P. grew up in Riverdale and attended Riverdale High School with best friend Fred Andrews, Mary Andrews, Penelope Blossom, Alice Cooper, Hal Cooper and Hermione Lodge.At the age of sixteen, F.P.'s father put him out of the house and "told him to go to hell". Instead, he joined the Southside Serpents, who accepted him as one of their own. Soon thereafter, he enlisted in the army. After serving his country, F.P. returned to Riverdale, picking up from where he left off with the Serpents. F.P. and Fred Andrews later went on to found a construction company together but barely made enough to stay in business. By that time, F.P. had married and become a father to two young children, whom he and his wife would frequently take to the Twilight Drive-In, however, they often couldn't afford tickets for everyone, so the kids would hide in the trunk until they parked. While Fred had his wife and son, Archie, to provide for, F.P. had his family as well as many hospital bills. Due to this, F.P. became involved in a string of criminal activities which would often end with him getting arrested and Fred having to bail him out. Eventually, he became too big of a liability for their company and was forced by Fred to resign.

text: After losing his job, F.P. began drinking heavily which led the Jones family to fall apart. F.P.'s wife left him and took their daughter with her to Toledo to live with the kids' grandparents, and Jughead began living out of the projection booth of the drive-in where he had found employment. F.P. ended up living alone at the Sunnyside Trailer Park, where he continued drinking. At an unknown point, F.P. became the leader of the Southside Serpents, a dangerous biker gang of thugs and criminals.

text: Ulrich was promoted to series regular for the second season after recurring in the first.[13]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text:
Martin Cummins as Tom Keller: The town's police sheriff and Kevin's father.[14]
Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy: The Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy.[15]
Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's mother.
Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper: Polly and Betty's father, and Alice Cooper's husband.[16]
Colin Lawrence as Floyd Clayton: Chuck's father, and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team.
Peter James Bryant as Waldo Weatherbee: Riverdale High School's principal.
Sarah Habel as Geraldine Grundy: Riverdale High School's young music teacher, who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer. It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce, to escape from an abusive relationship. Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie.
Ross Butler (season 1) and Charles Melton (season 2) as Reginald "Reggie" Mantle: Archie's long-time friend and rival, a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster.[17] Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2.[18][19] Melton will be promoted to a series regular in season 3.[20]
Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton: A football-star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player[21]
Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos: The youngest member of the Southside Serpents, who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom's murder.[22]
Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine: The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.
Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke "Moose" Mason: Archie's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin.[17]
Hayley Law as Valerie Brown: The songwriter, bassist, and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie's ex-girlfriend.
Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs: A victim of Chuck Clayton's slut-shaming who is also facing problems with her dad's condition due to Hiram Lodge.[23]
Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom: Cheryl's twin brother, whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale.
Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel: The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel, Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica. Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom's best friends.
Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch as Ginger Lopez: One of Cheryl's best friends.
Major Curda as Dilton Doiley: The leader of the town's troop of Ranger Scouts. Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot.
Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper: Betty's older sister, and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper. She is pregnant with Jason Blossom's children.[24]
Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's father.
Barbara Wallace as Roseanne "Rose" Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's grandmother.
Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate: The owner of the local diner; Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe.[25]
Tom McBeath as Smithers: The Lodge family butler.[21]
Adain Bradley as Trev Brown: Valerie's younger brother.
Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews: Archie's mother, who left Archie and Fred for Chicago.[26]
Scott McNeil as Tall Boy: FP's right hand man, who becomes the de-facto leader of the Serpents in season 2.

tag: ul

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text:
Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump: Moose's girlfriend and member of Riverdale's cheerleading squad.
Brit Morgan as Penny Peabody: A member of the Southside Serpents, who blackmails Jughead in season 2.
Stephan Miers as Andre: The Lodges' capo and personal assistant in season 2.
Vanessa Morgan as Antoinette "Toni" Topaz: A bisexual member of the Southside Serpents, who befriends Jughead in season 2. Morgan will be promoted to a series regular in season 3.[20]
Jordan Connor as Sweet Pea: A member of the Southside Serpents, who befriends Jughead in season 2.
Drew Ray Tanner as Fangs Fogarty: A new member of the Southside Serpents, who was good friend with Joaquin, and befriends Jughead in season 2.
Graham Phillips as Nick St. Clair: A devious, trouble-making bad boy from Veronica's past, who comes to Riverdale looking to win her back in season 2.
Cameron McDonald as Joseph Svenson: The janitor at Riverdale High School in season 2 and notably the only survivor of the Conway family massacre forty years ago by the hands of the Riverdale Reaper.
Hart Denton as Chic Smith: Betty and Polly's long-lost older brother who appears in season 2.[27]
John Behlmann as Arthur Adams: Hermione Lodge's capo who she tasked with applying pressure to Archie Andrews as a test to his loyalty in season 2.
Barclay Hope as Claudius Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's uncle, and Clifford Blossom's estranged twin brother who appears in season 2.[28]

text: Introduced in season three[edit]

text: Penelope Ann Miller as Ms. Wright: The district attorney in charge of prosecuting Archie's murder case in season 3.[29]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo: A successful songwriter from New York.[30]


document_title: Could I Have This Dance

question_text: who sang the song can i have this dance for the rest of my life

text: Could I Have This Dance

text:
"Could I Have This Dance"

Single by Anne Murray

from the album Anne Murray's Greatest Hits

B-side
"Somebody's Waiting"

Released
August 1980

Genre
Country

Length
3:16

Label
Capitol

Songwriter(s)
Wayland Holyfield
Bob House

Producer(s)
Jim Ed Norman

Anne Murray singles chronology

"I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
(1980)
"Could I Have This Dance"
(1980)
"Blessed Are the Believers"
(1981)

"I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
(1980)
"Could I Have This Dance"
(1980)
"Blessed Are the Believers"
(1981)

text: "Could I Have This Dance" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Anne Murray. "Could I Have This Dance" was featured in the 1980 film Urban Cowboy and appeared on both the soundtrack album for that film, as well as on Murray's Greatest Hits compilation, issued in late 1980. It was released in August 1980 and became Anne Murray's fifth number one country hit as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of ten weeks on the country chart.[1] "Could I Have This Dance" was also Anne Murray's tenth Top 40 on the U.S. pop singles chart, hit peaking at number thirty-three.[2] The song was written by Wayland Holyfield and Bob House.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1980)
Peak
position

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
1

Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks
1

Canadian RPM Top Singles
19

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3]
1

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[4]
3

US Billboard Hot 100[5]
33


document_title: Dog days

question_text: when do the dog days of summer start and end

text: Dog days

text: Name[edit]

text: The English name is a calque of the Latin dies caniculares (lit. "the puppy days"), itself a calque of the Greek kynádes hēmérai (κυνάδες ἡμέραι, "dog days").[1] The Greeks knew the star α Canis Majoris by several names, including Sirius (Σείριος, Seírios, "Scorcher"), Sothis (Σῶθις, Sôthis, a transcription of Egyptian Spdt), and the Dog Star (Κῠ́ων, Kúōn).[2] The last name reflects the way Sirius follows the constellation Orion into the night sky.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Sirius is by far the brightest proper star in the night sky, which caused ancient astronomers to take note of it around the world. In Egypt, its return to the night sky became known as a precursor to the annual flooding of the Nile and was worshipped as the goddess Sopdet. In Greece, it became known as the precursor of the unpleasantly hot phase of the summer. Greek poets even recorded the belief that the return of the bright star was responsible for bringing heat and fever with it;[4] it was also associated with sudden thunderstorms.[5] In Homer's Iliad, probably composed in the 8th century BC but representing an earlier tradition,[6] Achilles' approach towards Troy, where he will slay Hector, is illustrated through an extended metaphor about the baleful effects attending the return of Sirius:

text:
τὸν δ᾽ ὃ γέρων Πρίαμος πρῶτος ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι
παμφαίνονθ᾽ ὥς τ᾽ ἀστέρ᾽ ἐπεσσύμενον πεδίοιο,
ὅς ῥά τ᾽ ὀπώρης εἶσιν, ἀρίζηλοι δέ οἱ αὐγαὶ
φαίνονται πολλοῖσι μετ᾽ ἀστράσι νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ,
ὅν τε κύν᾽ Ὠρίωνος ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσι.
λαμπρότατος μὲν ὅ γ᾽ ἐστί, κακὸν δέ τε σῆμα τέτυκται,
καί τε φέρει πολλὸν πυρετὸν δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν:
ὣς τοῦ χαλκὸς ἔλαμπε περὶ στήθεσσι θέοντος.

Priam saw him first, with his old man's eyes,
A single point of light on Troy's dusty plain.
Sirius rises late in the dark, liquid sky
On summer nights, star of stars,
Orion's Dog they call it, brightest
Of all, but an evil portent, bringing heat
And fevers to suffering humanity.
Achilles' bronze gleamed like this as he ran.[7]

text: The rising of Sirius during this period has been calculated as 19 July (Julian).[8] Writing about the same time,[9] Hesiod, however, considered the worst and hottest part of the summer to be the days before Sirius returned to the night sky. During this period, Sirius was invisible from the earth but it was apparently understood to still be in the sky, augmenting the power of the sun:

text:
ἦμος δὴ λήγει μένος ὀξέος ἠελίοιο
καύματος ἰδαλίμου, μετοπωρινὸν ὀμβρήσαντος
Ζηνὸς ἐρισθενέος, μετὰ δὲ τρέπεται βρότεος χρὼς
πολλὸν ἐλαφρότερος: δὴ γὰρ τότε Σείριος ἀστὴρ
βαιὸν ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς κηριτρεφέων ἀνθρώπων
ἔρχεται ἠμάτιος, πλεῖον δέ τε νυκτὸς ἐπαυρεῖ:
τῆμος ἀδηκτοτάτη πέλεται τμηθεῖσα σιδήρῳ
ὕλη, φύλλα δ᾽ ἔραζε χέει, πτόρθοιό τε λήγει:
τῆμος ἄρ᾽ ὑλοτομεῖν μεμνημένος ὥρια ἔργα.

When the piercing power and sultry heat of the sun abate, and almighty Zeus sends the autumn rains, and men's flesh comes to feel far easier,—for then the star Sirius passes over the heads of men, who are born to misery, only a little while by day and takes greater share of night—then, when it showers its leaves to the ground and stops sprouting, the wood you cut with your axe is least liable to worm.[10]

text: This effect of the combination of Sirius' light with the Sun's was understood to have an effect on plants, animals, and women, as well as men:

text:
ἦμος δὲ σκόλυμός τ᾽ ἀνθεῖ καὶ ἠχέτα τέττιξ
δενδρέῳ ἐφεζόμενος λιγυρὴν καταχεύετ᾽ ἀοιδὴν
πυκνὸν ὑπὸ πτερύγων, θέρεος καματώδεος ὥρῃ,
τῆμος πιόταταί τ᾽ αἶγες καὶ οἶνος ἄριστος,
μαχλόταται δὲ γυναῖκες, ἀφαυρότατοι δέ τοι ἄνδρες
εἰσίν, ἐπεὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ γούνατα Σείριος ἄζει,
αὐαλέος δέ τε χρὼς ὑπὸ καύματος...

But when the artichoke flowers, [i.e., June] and the chirping grass-hopper sits in a tree and pours down his shrill song continually from under his wings in the season of wearisome heat, then goats are plumpest and wine sweetest; women are most wanton, but men are feeblest, because Sirius parches head and knees and the skin is dry through heat.[11]

text: About a century later, Alcaeus repeated the theme, advising his listeners to "steep your lungs in wine" before the arrival of the star since "women are at their foulest but men are weak since they are parched in head and knees".[12] In the 3rd century, Aratus' Phenomena describes the time as Sirius blighting the bark of trees with its heat during the time it rises and sets with the sun.[13]

text: The Kean priests of Zeus as Rainmaker and Lord of Moisture[14] observed annual sacrifices before the rise of Sirius to prevent scorching drought.[15][16] This practice was credited to the culture hero Aristaeus.[15][17][18][19] Aristotle mentions the proverbial heat of the dog days as part of his argument against an early formulation of evolution in his Physics.[20]

text: The Romans continued to blame Sirius for the heat of the season and attendant lethargy and diseases.[5] In his Georgics, Vergil notes vintners' efforts to protect their work during the time "when the Dog-star cleaves the thirsty Ground".[22] Seneca's Oedipus complains of "the scorching dog-star's fires".[23] Pliny's Natural History notes an increase in attacks by dogs during July and August, and advises feeding them chicken manure to curb the tendency.[5] In the early 20th century, historians still noted the "discouraging heat" and "oppression" of the dog days of the Roman summer.[24]

text: The period has long featured in western medicine. The 1564 English Hope of Health counseled that purging (bloodletting and induced vomiting) should be avoided during the "Dogge daies" of summer because "the Sunne is in Leo" and "then is nature burnt vp & made weake".[25] The 1729 British Husbandman's Practice claimed that "The Heat of the Sun is so violent that Men's bodies at Midnight sweat as at Midday: and if they be hurt, they be more sick than at any other time, yea very near Dead". It therefore advised men to "abstain all this time from women" and to "take heed of feeding violently".[5] In the 1813 Clavis Calendria, the dog days are a time wherein "the Sea boiled, the Wine turned sour, Dogs grew mad, Quinto raged with anger, and all other creatures became languid; causing to man, among other diseases, burning fevers, hysterics, and phrensies".[26]

text: Even after astrology and its influence on health and agriculture waned in importance, the "dog days" continues to be vaguely applied to the hottest days of the summer, with its attendant effects on nature and society. In North America, it became proverbial among farmers that a dry growing season through the dog days was preferable to the trouble of a wet one:

text:
Dog days bright and clear
Indicate a good year;
But when accompanied by rain,
We hope for better times in vain.[29]

text: Because "July is typically one of the quietest months of the year for stock trading", the term is sometimes used for the lethargic summer markets.[5][30]

text: Span[edit]

text: Various computations of the dog days have placed their start anywhere from 3 July to 15 August and lasting for anywhere from 30 to 61 days.[1] They may begin or end with the cosmical or heliacal rising of either Sirius in Canis Major or Procyon (the "Little Dog Star") in Canis Minor and vary by latitude, not even being visible throughout much of the Southern Hemisphere.[1] Sirius observes a period of almost exactly 365¼ days between risings, keeping it largely consistent with the Julian but not the Gregorian calendar; nonetheless, its dates occur somewhat later in the year over a span of millennia.[1]

text: In antiquity, the dog days were usually reckoned from the appearance of Sirius[2] around 19 July (Julian)[8] to relieving rains and cool winds, although Hesiod seems to have counted the worst of summer as the days leading up to Sirius's reappearance.[10]

text: In Anglo-Saxon England, the dog days ran from various dates in mid-July to early or mid-September.[31] Canonical "dog daies" were observed from July 7 to September 5 in the 16th-century English liturgies.[32][33] They were removed from the prayer books at the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and their term shortened to the time between July 19 and August 20.[34] During the British adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, they were shifted to July 30 to September 7.[34]

text: Many modern sources in the English-speaking world move this still earlier, from July 3 to August 11,[1][34][35][5] ending rather than beginning with or centering on the reappearance of Sirius to the night sky.

text: Scientific basis[edit]

text: Although Sirius is the brightest proper star in the night sky, it is 8.7 light-years (8.23×1013 km) away from Earth and it has no effect whatsoever on the weather or temperature.[5][36] Although the star continues to return to the night sky in the late summer, its position continues to slowly shift relative to the sun and will rise in the middle of winter in about 10,000 years.[5]

text: The effects of summer heat and rainfall patterns are real, but vary by latitude and location according to many factors. For example, London in the UK is farther north than Calgary, Canada, but has a milder climate from the presence of the sea and the warm Gulf Stream current. A medical institution has reported a connection between Finland's dog days and increased risk of infection in deep surgery wounds,[37][38] although that research remains unverified.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: It is possible that the Roch, the legendary medieval patron saint of dogs celebrated by the Catholic Church on 16 August, owes some of his legacy to the dog days.[5] From the period of his self-proclaimed protectorate over the island, the Danish adventurer Jørgen Jürgensen is remembered in Iceland as Jorgen the Dog-Day King (Icelandic: Jörundur hundadagakonungur).[39]

text: In western literature, apart from the Greek and Roman works mentioned above, the dog days appear in John Webster's 1613 play The Duchess of Malfi,[a] Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol,[b] R.H. Davis' 1903 short story "The Bar Sinister",[c] J.M. Synge's 1909 poem "Queens",[d] and Richard Adams's 1972 novel Watership Down.[e] They feature in the children's novels Tuck Everlasting (1973).[f] and Dog Days (2009).[46]

text: In film, the titles of Dog Day Afternoon (1975) and Hundstage (German for "Dog Days"; 2001) evoke their oppressive seasonal settings.[47][48]

text: In music, there are Head of David's "Dog Day Sunrise", covered by Fear Factory in 1995; Florence and the Machine's 2009 "Dog Days Are Over";[49] and Within Temptation's 2013 "Dog Days".

text: "Dog-day" promotions are also a common feature in baseball, used by American ballparks to boost ticket sales during mid-afternoon games.[5]


document_title: Priyanka Yoshikawa

question_text: miss world japan 2016 is a great grand child of a former chief minister of

text: Priyanka Yoshikawa

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Yoshikawa's  mother is Japanese and her father is Bengali Indian. Her great-grandfather Prafulla Chandra Ghosh was the first Chief Minister of West Bengal.[4][5]

text: Yoshikawa was born in Tokyo. From ages 6 to 9, she lived in Sacramento, California. She also lived in Kolkata for one year before returning to Japan.[6] She speaks fluent Japanese, English and Bengali. Before becoming Miss World Japan 2016, she worked as a translator and art therapist, and also has a license to train elephants.[5]

text: Miss World Japan 2016[edit]

text: On 6 September 2016, Yoshikawa was crowned as Miss World Japan 2016 (Miss Japan 2016). She competed at Miss World 2016 pageant on December in United States & placed in the top 20.[7][8]