document_title: Lever action

question_text: when was the first lever action rifle invented

text: Lever action

text: History[edit]

text: Probably the first lever-action rifles on the market were Colt's 1st and 2nd Model Ring Lever rifles, both cap and ball rifles, produced by the Patent Arms Mfg. Co. Paterson, N.J.-Colt's Patent between 1837 and 1841. The ring-lever was located in front of the trigger. This loading-lever, when pulled, would index the cylinder to the next position and cock the internal hidden hammer.

tag: p

text: The first significant lever-action design was the Spencer repeating rifle, a magazine-fed lever-operated breech-loading rifle designed by Christopher Spencer in 1860. It was fed from a removable seven-round tube magazine, enabling the rounds to be fired one after another, and which, when emptied, could be exchanged for another. Over 20,000 were made, and it was adopted by the United States and used during the American Civil War, marking the first adoption of a removable-magazine-fed infantry-and-cavalry rifle by any country.[citation needed]

text: Unlike later designs, the early Spencer's lever only served to unlock the falling-block action and load a new cartridge from the magazine; it did not cock the hammer, and thus the hammer had to be cocked after the lever was operated to prepare the rifle to fire. The Henry rifle, invented by Benjamin Tyler Henry, a gunsmith employed by Oliver Winchester in 1860, used a centrally located hammer, rather than the offset hammer typical of muzzleloading rifles, and this hammer was cocked by the rearward movement of the Henry's bolt. The Henry also placed the magazine under the barrel, rather than in the butt-stock, a trend followed by most tubular magazines since.

text: The Martini–Henry rifle was the main rifle of British and Empire forces from the early 1870s to the turn of the 20th century and remained in use to the end of World War I. It was used in some areas, either by civilians or by the local military, much longer. Variants copying the Martini–Henry mechanism but using more modern cartridges were also produced; as late as the 1970s a version taking the common Enfield .303 ammunition was common in Afghanistan.

text: John Marlin, founder of Marlin Firearms Company, New Haven, Connecticut, introduced Marlin's first lever-action repeating rifle as the Model 1881. This was chambered in rounds such as the 45/70 and 38/55. Its successor was the 1895 solid top design, which we know as the model 336 today. It also gave rise to the Marlin Model 1894, which is still in production today.

text: By the 1890s, lever-actions had evolved into a form that would last for over a century. Both Marlin and Winchester released new model lever-action rifles in 1894. The Marlin rifle is still in production, whereas production of the Winchester 94 ceased in 2006. While externally similar, the Marlin and Winchester rifles are quite different internally; the Marlin has a single-stage lever action, while the Winchester has a double-stage lever. The double-stage action is easily seen when the Winchester's lever is operated, as first the entire trigger group drops down, unlocking the bolt, and then the bolt is moved rearward to eject the fired cartridge.

text: The fledgling Savage Arms Company became well known after the development of its popular hammerless Models 1895 and 1899 (which became named the Model 99) lever-action sporting rifles. The Models 1899/99 were produced from introduction in 1899 until the expense of producing the rifle, and declining interest in lever-action rifles from the 1950s on, resulted in dropping the Model 99 from production in 2000. Unlike most Winchester and the Marlin lever-action rifles, which used a tubular magazine requiring round-nose or flat-nose bullets, Arthur Savage designed his rifle using a rotary magazine. This allowed the 99 to use cartridges with spitzer pointed bullets for increased ballistic performance. The 99 was produced in many different cartridges and several different model variations. The final models eliminated the very expensive-to-produce rotary magazine, using a detachable box magazine instead. But the 99 was still very expensive to produce when compared to the other lever-action rifles, and the Savage bolt-action rifles and economics determined the fate of the rifle.

text: More recently, Sturm Ruger and Company introduced a number of new lever-action designs in the 1990s, unusual because most lever action designs date from before World War II, in the period before reliable semi-automatic rifles became widely available.

text: Usage in warfare[edit]

text: The Henry Lever Action was used in the US Civil War. Henry Lever Action firearms were used in the US until the Winchester Model 1866 rifle replaced it. The Spencer repeating rifle was also used in the US Civil War. Additionally, rifles using the lever-action design were used extensively during the 1930s by irregular forces in the Spanish Civil War. Typically, these were Winchesters or Winchester copies of Spanish manufacture. At least 9,000 Model 1895 rifles are known to have been provided by the Soviet Union in 1936 to the Spanish Republicans for use in the Spanish Civil War.[1] Both the Russian Empire and the United States adopted the Winchester Model 1895 as a military weapon.[2]

text: Lever-action shotguns[edit]

text: Early attempts at repeating shotguns invariably centered around either bolt-action or lever-action designs, drawing obvious inspiration from the repeating rifles of the time. The earliest successful repeating shotgun was the lever-action Winchester Model 1887, designed by John Browning in 1885 at the behest of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, who wanted to market a repeating shotgun. The lever-action design was chosen for reasons of brand recognition, Winchester being best known for manufacturing lever-action firearms at the time, despite the protestations of Browning, who pointed out that a slide-action design would be much better for a shotgun. Initially chambered for black powder shotgun shells (as was standard at the time), the Model 1887 gave rise to the Winchester Model 1901, a strengthened version chambered for 10ga smokeless powder shells. Their popularity waned after the introduction of slide-action shotguns such as the Winchester Model 1897, and production was discontinued in 1920. Modern reproductions are (or have been), however, manufactured by Armi Chiappa in Italy, Norinco in China and ADI Ltd. in Australia, while Winchester continued to manufacture the .410-bore Model 9410, effectively a Winchester Model 94 chambered for .410-bore shotgun shells, until 2006.

text: French Firearm Manufacturer Verny-Carron has released its Stop and Go Lever action shotgun called the Veloce. It is a unique action which self unloads a fired cartridge but requires a side mounted lever to allow the shotgun to reload and reset the trigger.

text: In more recent times lever action shotguns have seen a resurgence in some markets with the Turkish made Adler A110 Lever action shotgun selling extremely well in the Australian marketplace with over 7000 ordered in under 2 week they are also being imported into North America as well. The success of the Adler in these markets has sparked several other manufactures in Turkey to begin development of and production of their own lever action shotguns. Australian firearm laws strictly control pump and semi-automatic actions while lever-operation falls into a more lenient category, hence the recent popularity of the action in that country.

text: On other applications[edit]

text: A one-off example of lever-action reloading on automatic firearms is the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun. This weapon had a swinging lever beneath its barrel that was actuated by a gas bleed in the barrel, unlocking the breech to reload. This unique operation gave the nickname "potato digger," as the lever swung each time the weapon fired and would dig into the ground if the weapon was not situated high enough on its mount.

text: The Knötgen automatic rifle is another example.

text: Advantages and disadvantages[edit]

text: While lever-action rifles were (and are) popular with hunters and sporting shooters, they were not widely accepted by the military. One significant reason for this was that it is harder to fire a lever-action from the prone position (compared to a straight-pull or rotating-bolt bolt-action rifle), and while possessing a greater rate of fire (contemporary Winchester advertisements claimed their rifles could fire 2 shots a second) than bolt-action rifles, lever-action firearms are also generally fed from a tubular magazine as did most of the bolt actions of that time which limits the type of ammunition that can be used in them. Pointed centerfire spitzer bullets, for example, can cause explosions in a tubular magazine, as the point of each cartridge's projectile rests on the primer of the next cartridge in the magazine (elastomer-tipped Hornady LEVERevolution ammunition overcomes this problem).[3] The tubular magazine may also have a negative impact on the harmonics of the barrel, which limits the theoretical accuracy of the rifle. A tubular magazine under the barrel also pushes the center of gravity forward, which alters the balance of the rifle in ways that are desirable for shooting off hand from a standing position to some shooters. However, there are some lever rifles—such as the Winchester Model 1895, which saw service with the Russian Army in World War I—that use a box magazine. Furthermore, many of the newer lever-action rifles are capable of shooting groups smaller than 1 minute of angle, making them equal to the accuracy of most modern bolt-action rifles as than in the past.

text: Another explanation for the lack of widespread use of lever action designs stems from the initial inability to fire high-pressure cartridges. Safe operation could only be carried out by using low-pressure cartridges in the toggle-lock lever action rifles such as the Henry rifle and the following Winchester Model 1866, Model 73 and Model 76 (which was used by the mounted police of Canada). The new lever action designs, notably the Winchester Model 1886, Model 92 Model 94 and the Model 1895 (in 7.62x54R, a Russian military cartridge), with a strong locking-block action designed by John Moses Browning, were capable of firing higher pressure cartridges. These rifles became available in the late 19th century, too expensive to manufacture, militaries worldwide had put cheap bolt action rifles into service and were unwilling to invest into producing a lever action rifle after having done with an inexpensive bolt action design.

text: Due to the higher rate of fire and shorter overall length than most bolt-action rifles, lever-actions have remained popular to this day for sporting use, especially short- and medium-range hunting in forests, scrub, or bushland. Lever-action firearms have also been used in some quantity by prison guards in the United States, as well as by wildlife authorities/game wardens in many parts of the world.

text: An additional advantage over typical bolt-action rifles is the lack of handedness: lever-actions like pump-actions are frequently recommended as ambidextrous in sporting guidebooks.

text: Cartridges[edit]

text: The cartridges for lever action rifles have a wide variety of calibres, bullet shapes and powder loads, but they fall into two basic categories: Low-pressure cartridges with rounded bullets, and high-pressure cartridges with aerodynamic pointed ("spitzer") bullets.

text: Some lever actions are not as strong as bolt-action or semi-automatic rifle actions. The weaker actions utilize low- and medium-pressure cartridges, somewhat similar to high-powered pistol ammunition. To increase the bullet's energy at the relatively low velocities, these often have larger, heavier bullets than other types of rifles. The most common cartridge is the .30-30, introduced by Winchester with the Model 1894. Other common cartridges include: .38 Special/.357 Magnum, .44 Special/.44 Magnum, .41 Magnum, .444 Marlin, .45-70, .45 Colt, .32-20 Winchester, .35 Remington, .308 Marlin Express, .22 calibre rimfire, and .300 Savage. There is dispute about which of these cartridges can safely be used to hunt large game or large predators. Even in the largest calibres, the low velocities give these cartridges much lower energies than Elephant gun cartridges with comparable calibres. However, even the smallest cartridges fit lightweight, handy rifles that can be excellent for hunting small herbivores, pest control and personal defense.

text: Some stronger, larger pistols (usually revolvers) also accept some of these cartridges, permitting use of the same ammunition in both a pistol and rifle. The rifle's longer barrel and better accuracy permits higher velocities, longer ranges and a wider selection of game. A pistol provides extra security.

text: Some of these cartridges (e.g. the .45-70) are developmental descendants of very early black-powder metallic cartridges. When metallic cartridges and lever-actions were first invented, very small, portable kits were developed for hand-reloading and bullet-molding (so called "cowboy reloading kits"). These kits are still available for most low-pressure lever-action cartridges.[4]

text: Stronger lever actions, such as the action of the Marlin Model 1894 can utilize high-pressure cartridges. Lever-action designs with strong, rotary locking bolts (such as the Browning BLR with seven locking lugs) safely use very high-powered cartridges like the 300 Winchester mag, 300 WSM and 7 MM Remington magnum. Tilting block designs such as the Savage Model 99 are also strong enough to handle high pressures.

text: Many lever actions have a tubular magazine under the barrel. To operate safely, cartridges for these have bullets with rounded tips, and some use rim-fire primers rather than center-fire primers. The safety problem is that long-range aerodynamic supersonic bullets are pointed. In a tubular magazine the points can accidentally fire center-fire cartridges. A related problem is that some pointed bullets have fragile tips, and can be damaged in a tubular magazine. So, some lever actions such as the Savage Model 99 can be fed from either box or rotary magazines. The Winchester Model 1895 also uses a box magazine, and is chambered for .30-06 and other powerful military cartridges. More recently, spitzer bullets with elastomeric tips have been developed.[5]

text: Lever-action shotguns such as the Winchester Model 1887 were chambered in 10 or 12-gauge black powder shotgun shells, whereas the Model 1901 was chambered for 10 gauge smokeless shotshells. Modern reproductions are chambered for 12 gauge smokeless shells, while the Winchester Model 9410 shotgun is available in .410 bore.

text: Other long gun actions[edit]

text:
Bolt action
Pump action
Break-action
Falling-block action
Rolling block
Semi-automatic rifle


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who's won the last 4 nba championships

question_tokens: who 's won the last 4 nba championships

root

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.

tag: ul

text:
Bold

Winning team of the NBA Finals

tag: table

text:
Year

Western Champion

Coach

Result

Eastern Champion

Coach

Reference

1947
Chicago Stags (1) (1, 0–1)
Harold Olsen
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (2) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gottlieb
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (2) (1, 1–0)
Buddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (1, 1–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (1) (1, 0–1)
Red Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (1) [a] (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (1) (1, 0–1)
Al Cervi
[17][18]

1951
Rochester Royals (2) (1, 1–0)
Les Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (1, 0–1)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (1) (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[21]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 0–3)
Al Cervi
[22]

1955
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (1, 0–1)
Charles Eckman
3–4
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
[23]

1956
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (3, 2–1)
George Senesky
[24]

1957
St. Louis Hawks (1) (1, 0–1)
Alex Hannum
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (1) (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[26]

1959
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
0–4
Boston Celtics (1) (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
[27]

1960
St. Louis Hawks (1) (3, 1–2)
Ed Macauley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
[28]

1961
St. Louis Hawks (1) (4, 1–3)
Paul Seymour
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
[29]

1962
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (7, 5–2)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
[30]

1963
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
[31]

1964[b]
San Francisco Warriors (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
[32]

1965
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
[33]

1966
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (2) (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
[34]

1967
San Francisco Warriors (1) (5, 2–3)
Bill Sharman
2–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[35]

1968
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (11, 5–6)
Butch van Breda Kolff
2–4
Boston Celtics (2) (11, 10–1)
Bill Russell
[36]

1969
Los Angeles Lakers (1)  (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
3–4
Boston Celtics (4) (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
[37]

1970
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (13, 5–8)
Joe Mullaney
3–4
New York Knicks (1) (4, 1–3)
Red Holzman
[38]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (1, 1–0)
Larry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1) (1, 0–1)
Gene Shue
[39]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (2) (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[40]

1973
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
1–4
New York Knicks (2) (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
[41]

1974
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (13, 12–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[42]

1975
Golden State Warriors (1) (6, 3–3)
Al Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (2) (2, 0–2)
K.C. Jones
[43]

1976
Phoenix Suns (3) (1, 0–1)
John MacLeod
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[44]

1977[c]
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (1, 1–0)
Jack Ramsey
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[47]

1978
Seattle SuperSonics (4) (1, 0–1)
Lenny Wilkens
3–4
Washington Bullets (3) (3, 1–2)
Dick Motta
[48]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (1) (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[49]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (16, 7–9)
Paul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (6, 2–4)
Billy Cunningham
[50]

1981
Houston Rockets (6) (1, 0–1)
Del Harris
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (15, 14–1)
Bill Fitch
[51]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (17, 8–9)
Pat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[52]

1983
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
0–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
[53]

1984[d]
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (16, 15–1)
K.C. Jones
[54]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (17, 15–2)
K.C. Jones
[55]

1986
Houston Rockets (2) (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (18, 16–2)
K.C. Jones
[56]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (19, 16–3)
K.C. Jones
[57]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (3, 0–3)
Chuck Daly
[58]

1989
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
0–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
[59]

1990
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Adelman
1–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
[60]

1991
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (24, 11–13)
Mike Dunleavy
1–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (1, 1–0)
Phil Jackson
[61]

1992
Portland Trail Blazers (1) (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
[62]

1993
Phoenix Suns (1) (2, 0–2)
Paul Westphal
2–4
Chicago Bulls (2) (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
[63]

1994
Houston Rockets (2) (3, 1–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (2) (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[64]

1995
Houston Rockets (6) (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (1) (1, 0–1)
Brian Hill
[65]

1996
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (3, 1–2)
George Karl
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
[66]

1997
Utah Jazz (1) (1, 0–1)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
[67]

1998
Utah Jazz (1) (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
[68]

1999[e]
San Antonio Spurs (1) (1, 1–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (8) (8, 2–6)
Jeff Van Gundy
[70]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1) (1, 0–1)
Larry Bird
[71]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (9, 3–6)
Larry Brown
[72]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1) (1, 0–1)
Byron Scott
[73]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (1) (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2) (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[74]

2004
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
1–4
Detroit Pistons (3) (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
[75]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (2) (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[76]

2006
Dallas Mavericks (4) (1, 0–1)
Avery Johnson
2–4
Miami Heat (2) (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
[77]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (3) (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (1, 0–1)
Mike Brown
[78]

2008
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (20, 17–3)
Doc Rivers
[79]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (3) (2, 0–2)
Stan Van Gundy
[80]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (4) (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[81]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (2) (2, 1–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[82]

2012[f]
Oklahoma City Thunder (2) (4, 1–3)
Scott Brooks
1–4
Miami Heat (2) (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[85]

2013
San Antonio Spurs (2) (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
3–4
Miami Heat (1) (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[86]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (1) (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (2) (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[87]

2015
Golden State Warriors (1) (7, 4–3)
Steve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (2, 0–2)
David Blatt
[88]

2016
Golden State Warriors (1) (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
3–4
Cleveland Cavaliers (1) (3, 1–2)
Tyronn Lue
[89]

2017
Golden State Warriors (1) (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[90]

2018
Golden State Warriors (2) (10, 6–4)
Steve Kerr
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (4) (5, 1–4)
Tyronn Lue
[91]

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
6
4
10
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
4
5
2016
2007, 2015, 2017, 2018

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[17]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.

Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[45][46]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[69]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[83][84]

Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.

tag: ol


document_title: Brenda & the Tabulations

question_text: who sang it was right on the tip of my tongue

text: Brenda & the Tabulations

text: History[edit]

text: The group had a distinctive, almost doo wop sound, especially at the start, featuring Payton's sweet occasionally rough-edged vocals with background male harmonies. The line-up changed around 1971 with the original three men departing. Two female backing singers (Pat Mercer and Deborah Martin) were brought in to support Payton.

text: The group had a series of hit singles in the late 1960s and early 1970s, mainly in the US soul charts and on small independent labels, Dionn and Top & Bottom, operated by the group's manager, Gilda Woods. However, two were big US pop hits: their first release, "Dry Your Eyes" (Pop #20, R&B #2) on Dionn in 1967 and "Right On The Tip Of My Tongue" (Pop #23, R&B #5) in 1971.[1] The first was written by Payton with group member Maurice Coates and produced by Bob Finiz and the latter written and produced by Van McCoy.

text: The group signed with Epic/Columbia in 1972 but, despite continuing to work with producer Van McCoy, the four singles released were relatively unsuccessful, with only "One Girl Too Late" managing to chart.

text: The group released three albums, Dry Your Eyes on Dionn (1967), Brenda and the Tabulations on Top & Bottom (1970), and I Keep Coming Back For More on Chocolate City/Casablanca (1977), although by the time of the last album, Brenda was a solo act while keeping the group name.

text: Brenda & the Tabulations are one of many recording artists referenced in the song "Life Is a Rock (But the Radio Rolled Me)" by the studio group Reunion.

text: Brenda Payton, who was born on October 24, 1945, died on June 14, 1992, aged 46. Eddie L. Jackson died on May 3, 2010, from a brain aneurysm at the age of 63.[2]

text: The group's music saw a revival in awareness in 2011, when "The Wash" from the Dry Your Eyes album was licensed by Unilever for use in an Axe body wash commercial.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Chart positions[3]
Record label

US
US
R&B

1967
Dry Your Eyes
191
19
Dionn

1971
Brenda & the Tabulations
—
—
Top & Bottom

1977
I Keep Coming Back for More
—
—
Chocolate City

"—" denotes the album failed to chart

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album
Chart positions
Record label

US
US
R&B

2000
Right on the Tip of My Tongue
—
—
Jamie/Guyden

2008
The Dionn Singles Collection 1966-1969
—
—

The Top and Bottom Singles Collection 1969-1971
—
—

"—" denotes the album failed to chart

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated
Chart positions[4]
Album

US
US
R&B

1967
"Dry Your Eyes"
b/w "The Wash"
20
2
Dry Your Eyes

"Stay Together Young Lovers" /
66
44

"Who's Lovin' You"
66
19

"Just Once In A Lifetime"
b/w "Hey Boy"
97
41

"When You're Gone"
b/w "Hey Boy" (from Dry Your Eyes)
58
27
Non-album tracks

1968
"Baby You're So Right For Me" /
86
—

"To The One I Love"
—
45

"That's In The Past"
b/w "I Can't Get Over You"
—
—

1969
"(You Gave Me) A Reason To Live"
b/w "Hey Boy" (from Dry Your Eyes)
—
—

"That's The Price You Have To Pay"
b/w "I Wish I Hadn't Done What I Did"
—
43

"The Touch Of You"
b/w "Stop Sneaking Around" (Non-album track)
50
12
Brenda and The Tabulations

1970
"And My Heart Sang (Tra La La)"
b/w "Lies Lies Lies"
64
12

"Don't Make Me Over"
b/w "You've Changed"
77
15

1971
"A Child No One Wanted"
b/w "Scuze Uz Y'all"
120
42

"Right On The Tip Of My Tongue"
b/w "Always and Forever" (Non-album track)
23
10

"A Part Of You"
b/w "Where There's A Will (There's A Way)"
94
14
Non-album tracks

"Why Didn't I Think Of That"
b/w "A Love You Can Depend On"
107
34

1972
"Little Bit Of Love"
b/w "Let Me Be Happy"
—
—

1973
"One Girl Too Late"
b/w "Magic Of Your Love"
—
48

"Key To My Heart"
b/w "Love Is Just A Carnival"
—
—

"Walk On In"
b/w "I'm In Love"
—
—

1976
"Home To Myself"
b/w "Leave Me Alone"
—
61
I Keep Coming Back For More

1977
"(I'm A) Superstar"
b/w "Take It Or Leave It"
—
31

"I Keep Coming Back For More"
b/w "Let's Go All The Way (Down)"
—
—

1987
"Don't Give Up The Love"
b/w "In The Night"
—
—
Non-album tracks

"—" denotes the single failed to chart


document_title: Burma Railway

question_text: who bombed the bridge over the river kwai

text: Burma Railway

text: History[edit]

text: A railway route between Burma and Thailand, crossing Three Pagodas Pass and following the valley of the Kwhae Noi river in Thailand, had been surveyed by the British government of Burma as early as 1885, but the proposed course of the line – through hilly jungle terrain divided by many rivers – was considered too difficult to undertake.[2]

text: In early 1942, Japanese forces invaded Burma and seized control of the colony from the United Kingdom. To supply their forces in Burma, the Japanese depended upon the sea, bringing supplies and troops to Burma around the Malay peninsula and through the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. This route was vulnerable to attack by Allied submarines, especially after the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. To avoid a hazardous 2,000-mile (3,200 km) sea journey around the Malay peninsula, a railway from Bangkok to Rangoon seemed a feasible alternative.[3] The Japanese began this project in June 1942.[4]

text: The project aimed to connect Ban Pong in Thailand with Thanbyuzayat in Burma, linking up with existing railways at both places. Its route was through Three Pagodas Pass on the border of Thailand and Burma. 69 miles (111 km) of the railway were in Burma and the remaining 189 miles (304 km) were in Thailand. The movement of POWs northward from Changi prison in Singapore and other prison camps in Southeast Asia began in May 1942. After preliminary work of airfields and infrastructure, construction of the railway began in Burma on 15 September 1942 and in Thailand in November. The projected completion date was December 1943.[5][note 1] Most of the construction materials, including tracks and sleepers, were brought from dismantled branches of Malaya's Federated Malay States Railway network and the East Indies' various rail networks.

text: The railway was completed ahead of schedule. On 17 October 1943, construction gangs originating in Burma and working south met up with construction gangs originating in Thailand and working north. The two sections of the line met at kilometre 263, about 18 km (11 mi) south of the Three Pagodas Pass at Konkuita (Kaeng Khoi Tha, Sangkhla Buri District, Kanchanaburi Province).[6]

text: The Burma railway was an impressive accomplishment. As an American engineer said after viewing the project, "What makes this an engineering feat is the totality of it, the accumulation of factors. The total length of miles, the total number of bridges — over 600, including six to eight long-span bridges — the total number of people who were involved (one-quarter of a million), the very short time in which they managed to accomplish it, and the extreme conditions they accomplished it under. They had very little transportation to get stuff to and from the workers, they had almost no medication, they couldn’t get food let alone materials, they had no tools to work with except for basic things like spades and hammers, and they worked in extremely difficult conditions — in the jungle with its heat and humidity. All of that makes this railway an extraordinary accomplishment."[7]

text: The total freight carried during the war was 500,000 tonnes by two Japanese Army divisions.

text: The line was closed in 1947, but the section between Nong Pla Duk and Nam Tok was reopened ten years later in 1957.[1]

text: Workers[edit]

text: Japanese[edit]

text: 12,000 Japanese soldiers, including 800 Koreans, were employed on the railway as engineers, guards, and supervisors of the POW and rōmusha labourers. Although working conditions were far better for the Japanese than the POW and rōmusha workers, about 1,000 (8 percent) of them died during the construction. Japanese soldiers are widely remembered as being cruel and indifferent to the fate of Allied prisoners of war and the Asian rōmusha. Many men in the railway workforce bore the brunt of pitiless or uncaring guards. Cruelty could take different forms, from extreme violence and torture to minor acts of physical punishment, humiliation and neglect.[8]

text: Civilian labourers[edit]

text: The number of Southeast Asian workers recruited or impressed to work on the Burma railway has been estimated to have been more than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (rōmusha). Javanese, Malayan Tamils of Indian origin, Burmese, Chinese, Thai and other Southeast Asians, forcibly drafted by the Imperial Japanese Army to work on the railway, died in its construction.[better source needed][9][10] During the initial stages of the construction of the railway, Burmese and Thai were employed in their respective countries, but Thai workers, in particular, were likely to abscond from the project and the number of Burmese workers recruited was insufficient. The Burmese had welcomed the invasion by Japan to end British rule and cooperated with Japan in recruiting workers.[11][12]

text: In early 1943, the Japanese advertised for workers in Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies, promising good wages, short contracts, and housing for families. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more coercive methods, rounding up workers and impressing them, especially in Malaya. Most of the rōmusha working on the railway were probably coerced, rather than being volunteers. Approximately 90,000 Burmese and 75,000 Malayans worked on the railroad. Other nationalities and ethnic groups working on the railway were Tamils, Chinese, Karen, Javanese, and Singaporean Chinese.[12] Other documents suggest that more than 100,000 Malayan Tamils were brought into the project and around 60,000 perished.[13][14]

text: The working conditions for the rōmusha were deadly. British doctor Robert Hardie wrote:

text: "The conditions in the coolie camps down river are terrible," Basil says, "They are kept isolated from Japanese and British camps. They have no latrines. Special British prisoner parties at Kinsaiyok bury about 20 coolies a day. These coolies have been brought from Malaya under false pretences – 'easy work, good pay, good houses!' Some have even brought wives and children. Now they find themselves dumped in these charnel houses, driven and brutally knocked about by the Jap and Korean guards, unable to buy extra food, bewildered, sick, frightened. Yet many of them have shown extraordinary kindness to sick British prisoners passing down the river, giving them sugar and helping them into the railway trucks at Tarsao."[15]

text: Prisoners of war[edit]

text: The first prisoners of war, 3,000 Australians, to go to Burma left Changi prison at Singapore on 14 May 1942 and journeyed by sea to near Thanbyuzayat, the northern terminus of the railway. They worked on airfields and other infrastructure initially before beginning construction of the railway in October 1942. The first prisoners of war to work in Thailand, 3,000 British soldiers, left Changi by train in June 1942 to Ban Pong, the southern terminus of the railway.[16] More prisoners of war were imported from Singapore and the Dutch East Indies as construction advanced. Construction camps housing at least 1,000 workers each were established every five to 10 miles (8 to 17 km) of the route. Workers were moved up and down the railway line as needed.

text: The construction camps consisted of open-sided barracks built of bamboo poles with thatched roofs. The barracks were about sixty metres (66 yd) long with sleeping platforms raised above the ground on each side of an earthen floor. Two hundred men were housed in each barracks, giving each man a two-foot wide space in which to live and sleep. Camps were usually named after the kilometer where they were located.[17]

text: Conditions during construction[edit]

text: The prisoners of war "found themselves at the bottom of a social system that was harsh, punitive, fanatical, and often deadly."[18] The living and working conditions on the Burma Railway were often described as "horrific", with maltreatment, sickness, and starvation. The estimated total number of civilian labourers and POWs who died during construction varies considerably, but the Australian Government figures suggest that of the 330,000 people that worked on the line (including 250,000 Asian labourers and 61,000 Allied POWs) about 90,000 of the labourers and about 16,000 Allied prisoners died.[19][11]

text: Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as Jack Bridger Chalker, Philip Meninsky, John Mennie, Ashley George Old, and Ronald Searle. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the Australian War Memorial, State Library of Victoria, and the Imperial War Museum in London.

text: One of the earliest and most respected accounts is ex-POW John Coast's Railroad of Death, first published in 1946 and republished in a new edition in 2014.[20][page needed] Coast's work is noted for its detail on the brutality of some Japanese and Korean guards as well as the humanity of others. It also describes the living and working conditions experienced by the POWs, together with the culture of the Thai towns and countryside that became many POWs' homes after leaving Singapore with the working parties sent to the railway. Coast also details the camaraderie, pastimes and humour of the POWs in the face of adversity.[20][page needed]

text: In his book Last Man Out, H. Robert Charles, an American Marine survivor of the sinking of the USS Houston, writes in depth about a Dutch doctor, Henri Hekking, a fellow POW who probably saved the lives of many who worked on the "Death Railway". In the foreword to Charles's book, James D. Hornfischer summarizes: "Dr. Henri Hekking was a tower of psychological and emotional strength, almost shamanic in his power to find and improvise medicines from the wild prison of the jungle". Hekking died in 1994. Charles died in December 2009.

text: Except for the worst months of the construction period, known as the "Speedo" (mid-spring to mid-October 1943), one of the ways the Allied POWs kept their spirits up was to ask one of the musicians in their midst to play his guitar or accordion, or lead them in a group sing-along, or request their camp comedians to tell some jokes or put on a skit.

text: After the railway was completed, the POWs still had almost two years to survive before their liberation. During this time, most of the POWs were moved to hospital and relocation camps where they could be available for maintenance crews or sent to Japan to alleviate the manpower shortage there. In these camps entertainment flourished as an essential part of their rehabilitation. Theatres of bamboo and attap (palm fronds) were built, set, lighting, costumes and makeup devised, and an array of entertainment produced that included music halls, variety shows, cabarets, plays, and musical comedies – even pantomimes. These activities engaged numerous POWs as actors, singers, musicians, designers, technicians, and female impersonators.

text: POWs and Asian workers were also used to build the Kra Isthmus Railway from Chumphon to Kra Buri, and the Sumatra or Palembang Railway from Pekanbaru to Muaro.

text: The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia. Hiroshi Abe, the first lieutenant who supervised construction of the railway at Sonkrai where over 3,000 POWs died, was sentenced to death, later commuted to 15 years in prison, as a B/C class war criminal.

text: After the completion of the railroad, most of the POWs were then transported to Japan. Those left to maintain the line still suffered from appalling living conditions as well as increasing Allied air raids.

text: War crimes trials[edit]

text: After the end of World War II, 111 Japanese military officials were tried for war crimes because of their brutalization of POWs during the construction of the railway, with 32 of these sentenced to death.[21] No compensation or reparations have been provided to Southeast Asian victims.[10]

text: The bridge on the River Kwai[edit]

text: One of the most notable portions of the entire railway line is Bridge 277, the so-called Bridge on the River Kwai, which was built over a stretch of a river that was then known as part of the Mae Klong River. The greater part of the Thai section of the river's route followed the valley of the Khwae Noi River (Khwae, stream/river or tributary; Noi, small; Khwae being frequently mispronounced by non-Thai speakers as Kwai, or the buffalo in the Thai language). This thus gave rise to the name of "River Kwai" in English. In 1960, because of discrepancies between actual facts and fiction and non-realism, the portion of the Mae Klong which passes under the bridge was renamed as the Khwae Yai (แควใหญ่ in the Thai language; in English, "Big Tributary").

text: This bridge was immortalized by Pierre Boulle in his book and the film which was based on it, The Bridge on the River Kwai. However, there are many who point out that both Boulle's story and the film which was adapted from it were utterly unrealistic and do not show how bad and poor the conditions and general treatment of the Japanese-held prisoners-of-war (POWs) were.[22] On the part of the Japanese, many resented the movie's depiction that their engineers' capabilities were inferior and less advanced to those of their British counterparts. In fact, Japanese engineers had already been surveying and planning the route of the railway line since 1937 and they were also highly organized and skilled.[23] The Japanese also accused the film of what they regarded as the "glorification of the superiority of Western civilization" because the British POWs in the film were able to construct a bridge that the Japanese engineers and troops could not.[24]

text: In an interview made by former POW John Coast, which formed a part of the BBC2 documentary Return to the River Kwai in 1969, Boulle outlined the reasoning which led him to conceive the movie character of Lt.Col'. Nicholson, who in the film works to build the fictional bridge and ultimately tries to prevent its destruction by Allied troops. A transcript of the interview and the documentary as a whole can be found in the new edition of John Coast's book, Railroad of Death.[20][page needed] The first wooden railroad bridge over the Khwae Yai was finished in February 1943, which was soon accompanied by a more-modern concrete-and-steel railroad bridge (made up of eleven curved-truss bridge spans which the Japanese builders brought over from Java in the Dutch East Indies in 1942, which by then was under Japanese occupation, as was much of Southeast Asia; this is also the bridge that still remains to this day and has become iconic around the world) in June 1943, with both running in a NNE–SSW direction across the river. It was this Bridge 277 that was meant to be attacked with the help of one of the world's first examples of a precision-guided munition, which was the American VB-1 AZON MCLOS-guided 1,000 lb aerial ordnance on 23 January 1945[25] but bad weather prompted the cancellation of the mission and the AZON was never deployed against the bridge.

text: According to Thai-based Hellfire Tours, the "two bridges were successfully bombed and damaged on 13 February of 1945 by bomber aircraft from the Royal Air Force (RAF). Repairs were carried out by forced labour of POWs shortly after and by April the wooden railroad trestle bridge was back in operation. On 3 April a second bombing raid, this time by Liberator heavy bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF), damaged the wooden railroad bridge once again. Repair work soon commenced afterwards and continued again and both bridges were operational again by the end of May. A second air-raid by the RAF on 24 June finally severely damaged and destroyed the railroad bridges and put the entire railway line out of commission for the rest of the war until the Japanese surrender in August. After Japan's capitulation, the British Army removed about 3.9 kilometers of the original Japanese railroad track on the Thai–Burma border. A survey of the track had shown that its poor construction would not support commercial railroad traffic. The recovered tracks were subsequently sold to Thai Railways and the 130 km Ban Pong–Nam Tok section of railway was relaid and is still in use up to today."[26]

text: The new railway line did not fully connect with the Burmese railroad network as no railroad bridges were built which crossed the river between Moulmein Martaban (the former on the river's southern bank and the latter to the opposite on the northern bank). Thus, ferries were needed as an alternative connecting system. A bridge was not built until the Thanlwin Bridge (carrying both regular road and railroad traffic) was constructed between 2000 and 2005.

text: Hellfire Pass[edit]

text: Hellfire Pass in the Tenasserim Hills was a particularly difficult section of the line to build: it was the largest rock cutting on the railway, it was in a remote area and the workers lacked proper construction tools during building. The Australian, British, Dutch and other Allied prisoners of war, along with Chinese, Malay, and Tamil labourers, were required by the Japanese to complete the cutting. Sixty-nine men were beaten to death by Japanese guards in the twelve weeks it took to build the cutting, and many more died from cholera, dysentery, starvation, and exhaustion.[27][28]

text: Post-war[edit]

text: After the war the railway was in very poor condition and needed heavy reconstruction for use by the Royal Thai Railway system. On 24 June 1949, the portion from Kanchanaburi to Nong Pla Duk (Thai หนองปลาดุก) was finished; on the first of April 1952, the next section up to Wang Pho (Wangpo) was done. Finally, on 1 July 1958 the rail line was completed to Nam Tok (Thai น้ำตก, English Sai Yok "waterfalls".) The portion in use today is some 130 km (81 mi) long. The line was abandoned beyond Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi; the steel rails were salvaged for reuse in expanding the Bangsue railway yard, reinforcing the BKK–Banphachi double track, rehabilitating the track from Thung Song to Trang, and constructing both the Nong Pla Duk–Suphanburi and Ban Thung Pho–Khirirat Nikhom branch lines. Parts of the abandoned route have been converted into a walking trail.

text: Since the 1990s various proposals have been made to rebuild the complete railway, but as of 2014[update] these plans had not been realised. Since a large part of the original railway line is now submerged by the Vajiralongkorn Dam, and the surrounding terrain is mountainous, it would take extensive tunneling to reconnect Thailand with Burma by rail.

text: Deaths[edit]

text:
Prisoner of war workers and deaths on the Burma Railway, 1942–1945[11][29]

Nationality
POWs
deaths
death rate

British
30,131
6,904
7001230000000000000♠23%

Dutch
17,990
2,782
7001150000000000000♠15%

Australian
13,004
2,802
7001220000000000000♠22%

American
686
133
7001190000000000000♠19%

Total
61,811
12,621
7001200000000000000♠20%

text: Estimates of the deaths directly related to the construction of the Burma railway differ depending upon the source. For rōmusha, or impressed workers from Southeast Asia, estimates vary widely, although authorities agree that the percentage of deaths among the rōmusha was much higher than among the foreign prisoners of war. The total number of rōmusha working on the railroad may have reached 300,000 and the number of deaths among them has been estimated as high as fifty percent.[15]

text: The lower death rate of the Dutch POWs compared to other POWs is attributed to the fact that many of them had been born in the Dutch East Indies, some with local heritage, and were thus more accustomed to tropical conditions than the British, Australians, and Americans. Officers fared much better than enlisted men; their weight loss during the construction was 20 to 30 pounds less than that of enlisted men. The survival of POWs was also due to luck. Some cohorts of workers, especially those in more isolated areas, suffered a much higher death rate than others.[30]

text: The quality of medical care the POWs received from their medical personnel for malaria, cholera, dysentery and especially tropical ulcers was important. The difference among POW cohorts depending upon the quality and number of medical doctors was substantial. Many European and American doctors had little experience with tropical diseases. As an example, one cohort of Americans suffered 100 deaths out of 450 personnel. Another American group to which Dr. Hekking, the Dutch doctor with long experience in tropical medicine, was assigned suffered only 9 deaths out of 190 personnel. A Dutch group of 400 workers which included three doctors with extensive tropical medicine experience suffered no deaths at all.[31]

text: Cemeteries and memorials[edit]

text: After the war, the remains of most of the war dead were moved from former POW camps, burial grounds and lone graves along the rail line to official war cemeteries.

text: Three cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) contain the vast majority of Allied military personnel who died on the Burma Railway.

text: Kanchanaburi War Cemetery, in the city of Kanchanaburi, contains the graves of 6,982 personnel comprising:

text:
3,585 British
1,896 Dutch
1,362 Australians
12 members of the Indian Army (including British officers)
2 New Zealanders
2 Danes
8 Canadians[32][33][34]

text: A memorial at the Kanchanaburi cemetery lists 11 other members of the Indian Army, who are buried in nearby Muslim cemeteries.

text: Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery, at Thanbyuzayat, 65 kilometres south of Moulmein has the graves of 3,617 POWs who died on the Burmese portion of the line.

text:
1,651 British
1,335 Australians
621 Dutch
15 Indian Army
3 New Zealanders
1 Canadian[32][33]

text: Chungkai War Cemetery, near Kanchanaburi, has a further 1,693 war graves.

text:
1,373 British
314 Dutch
6 Indian Army[32][33]

text: The remains of United States personnel were repatriated. Of the 668 US personnel forced to work on the railway, 133 died. This included personnel from USS Houston and the 131st Field Artillery Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard. The Americans were called the Lost Battalion as their fate was unknown to the United States for more than two years after their capture.[29]

text: Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. The largest of these is at Hellfire Pass (north of the current terminus at Nam Tok), a cutting where the greatest number of lives were lost. An Australian memorial is at Hellfire Pass. Two other museums are in Kanchanaburi: the Thailand–Burma Railway Centre, opened in March 2003, and the JEATH War Museum. There is a memorial plaque at the Kwai bridge itself and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display.

text: A preserved section of line has been rebuilt at the National Memorial Arboretum in England.

text: Prominent people coerced into building the line[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Sir Harold Atcherley, businessman, public figure and arts administrator in the United Kingdom
Idris James Barwick, author of In the Shadow of Death, died in 1974
Leo Britt, British theatrical producer in Chungkai, Kachu Mountain, and Nakhon Nai
Sir John Carrick, Australian senator
Norman Carter, Australian theatrical producer in Bicycle Camp, Java, in numerous camps on the Burma side of the construction, and later in Tamarkan, Thailand
Jack Bridger Chalker, artist best known for his work recording the lives of prisoners of war in World War II
Anthony Chenevix-Trench (10 May 1919 – 21 June 1979), headmaster of Eton College, 1964–1970 and Fettes College 1972–1979
Sir Albert Coates, chief Australian medical officer on the railway
John Coast, (30 October 1916 – 1989), British writer and music promoter. He wrote one of the earliest and most respected POW memoirs, Railroad of Death (1946).[35]
Col. John Harold Henry Coombes, founder and the first Principal of Cadet College Petaro in Pakistan
Sir Ernest Edward "Weary" Dunlop, Australian surgeon renowned for his leadership of POWs on the railway
Ringer Edwards, Australian soldier who survived crucifixion at the hands of Japanese soldiers while working on the line
Arch Flanagan, (1915–2013), Australian soldier and father of novelist Richard Flanagan and Martin Flanagan
Keith Flanagan (d. 2008) Australian soldier, journalist and campaigner for recognition of Weary Dunlop
William Frankland, British immunologist whose achievements include the popularisation of the pollen count as a piece of weather-related information to the British public and the prediction of increased levels of allergy to penicillin
Ernest Gordon, the former Presbyterian dean of the chapel at Princeton University
R. M. Hare, philosopher
Wim Kan, Dutch comedian and cabaret producer on the Burma side of the railway during the construction period and later in Nakhon Pathom Hospital Camp in Thailand
Hamilton Lamb (d. 7 December 1943), Australian politician and member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, died of illness and malnutrition at railway camp 131 Kilo in Thailand
Eric Lomax, author of The Railway Man, an autobiography based on these events, which has been made into a film of the same name starring Colin Firth and Nicole Kidman
Jacob Markowitz, Romanian-born Canadian physician (1901–1969), AKA the "Jungle Surgeon", who enlisted with the RAMC after being refused into the Canadian military for his Jewish heritage[citation needed]
Tan Sri Professor Sir Alexander Oppenheim, British mathematician, started a POW university for his fellow workers
Frank Pantridge, British physician
Donald Purdie (d. 27 May 1943), British chemistry professor and department head at Raffles College, Singapore; Purdie died during construction of the railway
Rowley Richards, Australian doctor who kept detailed notes of his time as a medical officer on the railway. He later wrote a book detailing his experiences
Rohan Rivett, Australian war correspondent in Singapore; captured after travelling 700 km, predominantly by rowboat, from Singapore; Rivett spent three years working on the Burma railway and later wrote a book chronicling the events.
Ronald Searle, British cartoonist, creator of the St Trinian's School characters
E. W. Swanton (1907–2000), Cricket writer and broadcaster. Mentioned in his autobiography — Sort of a cricket person
Arie Smit (15 April 1916 – 23 March 2016), Dutch artist and colonial army lithographer; captured in East Java by Japanese in March 1942, sent to Changi Prison and worked on Thai section of railway
Philip Toosey, senior Allied officer at the Bridge on the River Kwai
Reg Twigg, British author Survivor on the River Kwai: Life on the Burma Railway, Private in the Leicestershire Regiment, 1913–2013
Tom Uren, Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party; Minister for Urban and Regional Development in Whitlam government
Alistair Urquhart, former Gordon Highlander, born in Aberdeen, Scotland. (8 September 1919 – 7 October 2016), author of the book The Forgotten Highlander in which he recalls how he survived his three years on the railway
Ian Watt (9 March 1917 – 13 December 1999), literary critic, literary historian and professor of English at Stanford University

text: Significant bridges along the line[edit]

text:
346.40-meter iron bridge across Kwae Yai river at Tha Makham km. 56 + 255.1
90-meter Wooden Trestle across Songkalia river km. 294 + 418
56-meter Wooden Trestle across Mekaza river km. 319 + 798
75-meter Wooden Trestle across Zamithi river km. 329 + 678
50-meter Concrete Bridge across Apalong river km. 333 + 258.20
60-meter Wooden Trestle across Anakui river km. 369 + 839.5

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The construction of the railway has been the subject of a novel and an award-winning film, The Bridge on the River Kwai (itself an adaptation of the French language novel The Bridge over the River Kwai); a novel, The Narrow Road to the Deep North by Richard Flanagan, as well as a large number of personal accounts of POW experiences. More recently, the motion picture The Railway Man (based on the book of the same name) also gives insight into the barbaric conditions and suffering that were inflicted upon the workers who built the railway. Flanagan's 2013 book The Narrow Road to the Deep North centres on a group of Australian POWs and their experiences building the railway as slave labour, and was awarded the 2014 Man Booker Prize.


document_title: Over the Hedge (film)

question_text: who plays the exterminator in over the hedge

text: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: While scavenging for food, RJ the raccoon enters the cave of Vincent the bear, who has a wagon full of human food taken from a nearby rest stop. RJ accidentally wakes Vincent from his hibernation, and in a race to escape, causes the stash to roll out onto the nearby highway and get run over. To avoid being eaten himself, RJ promises Vincent that he will completely replace the stash within the week.

text: RJ heads towards a recently built suburban housing development in Chesterton, Indiana, separated from a forest glade by a large hedge. There he discovers a pack of animals recently awoken from their hibernation, led by Verne the turtle; the others include squirrel Hammy, skunk Stella, porcupines Penny and Lou, along with their triplet sons, Spike, Bucky and Quillo; and opossum Ozzie and his daughter Heather. The animals are scared, as the development had been built during their hibernation and they fear they will be unable to forage for food in the small glade. RJ shows them the amount of food humans consume and waste and suggests they forage from the humans. Verne is hesitant but the other animals acquiesce. They make bold attempts to steal food directly from the humans, with RJ secretly guiding them to help collect the food he needs to replace Vincent's stash.

text: When the animals raid the trash cans of the homeowners-association chairman Gladys Sharp, she calls an animal exterminator named Dwayne LaFontant, who offers to install in her backyard an illegal, lethal trap called the Depelter Turbo. Verne sees this and tries to warn the others, but RJ insists they will be okay. Fearing for the safety of the pack, Verne attempts to return what they stole; he and RJ argue, causing a small rampage through the development and destroying the stash RJ had collected for Vincent. RJ rallies the others to raid Gladys' home directly on the night before a large party. With Stella disguised as a cat to distract Gladys' own cat, Tiger, the others enter Gladys' home and collect all the food. RJ inadvertently reveals his duplicity to the animals, just as they are discovered by Gladys who calls Dwayne. RJ escapes with the food for Vincent but leaves the other animals to be captured by Dwayne.

text: As RJ returns the food to Vincent, he sees Dwayne's truck drive by and impulsively uses the food to knock the truck off the road, enraging Vincent. Dwayne is knocked out while the animals get free, and Spike, Bucky and Quillo use video game skills to drive the truck back to the development. RJ pleads to be let in the truck as Vincent tries to catch him, but the others, angry at his duplicity, refuse. Verne convinces the group to forgive RJ since he came back to save them. They return the truck to the development, crashing through Gladys' home, and the animals flee into the hedge. Gladys and Dwayne converge on the animals from one side with a Weedhacker and a Cattle Prod respectively, while Vincent tries to swipe at them from the other. To escape, RJ gives Hammy a caffeinated beverage, allowing the hyperactive squirrel to move incredibly fast. Hammy is able to manipulate Dwayne into capturing Vincent, causing Vincent, Gladys, and Dwayne to be trapped by the Depelter Turbo while the animals escape. The police and animal control arrive, and Vincent is sent to the Rocky Mountains while Gladys and Dwayne are arrested for using the Turbo.

text: RJ and Verne apologize to each other, and RJ is brought into the group, as is Tiger, who became infatuated with Stella even after learning she was a skunk. Verne realizes they have not had a chance to forage for food until Hammy reveals that while sped up, he had been able to collect enough nuts for them all to last the year.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as RJ, a raccoon who is duplicitous, selfish, and extremely intelligent. Despite his hard outer shell, he is revealed to have a sensitive personality, developing feelings of guilt over using his new-found companions to his own ends.
Garry Shandling as Verne, a naturally cynical ornate box turtle, the leader of the foragers. He has his own ways of doing the daily tasks, but his world is turned upside-down when RJ introduces his free-spirited lifestyle into the mix. Though Verne genuinely cares for his family, he tends to condescend to them. A couple of running gags throughout the film are everyone calling him an amphibian and him correcting them with reptile (though Dwayne already knew he was a reptile, but first mistook him as an amphibian), as well as his shell constantly falling off.
Steve Carell as Hammy, a hyperactive American red squirrel, whose mouth moves as fast as his feet and loves cookies. He is naive and childish in nature, with an extremely short attention span. The double entendre of Hammy's constantly trying to find his nuts is a third running gag in the film.
Wanda Sykes as Stella, a short-tempered, sassy striped skunk who is constantly being told by the other foragers that she needs a man in her life.
Eugene Levy as Lou, a North American porcupine father and family patriarch with an overly friendly and optimistic attitude.
Catherine O'Hara as Penny, the porcupine family mother and matriarch; she serves as a ground between their family and the other animals.
Shane Baumel, Sami Kirkpatrick, and Madison Davenport as Spike, Bucky and Quillo, Lou and Penny′s three identical children. They're big on video games and are the most enthusiastic about exploring the world beyond the hedge.

text:
William Shatner and Avril Lavigne as Ozzie and Heather, a Virginia opossum father and daughter who see the world from different points of view; Ozzie often embarrasses Heather when he feigns death to get away from danger.
Omid Djalili as Tiger, a Persian cat whose sense of smell has faded to nothing after years of his "beautiful" evolution, and his full Persian name is "Prince Tigerius Mahmoud Shabazz."[6] He falls in love with Stella – however disguised as a cat for distracting the group while they steal food from Gladys' house, and comes to live with her at the end of the film.
Nick Nolte as Vincent, an American black bear whom RJ owes food and whose barbaric behavior intimidates him. He used to be friends with RJ until he had tried to steal his food and then losing it in traffic. He makes a cameo in Bee Movie.[7]
Allison Janney as Gladys Sharp, a human and president of the Camelot Estates Home Owners Association. She is disgusted by animals and is strict on H.O.A. rules. At the end, Gladys is arrested for using an illegal animal trap called a Depelter Turbo.
Thomas Haden Church as Dwayne LaFontant,[8][9] an over-zealous human pest exterminator hired by Gladys. He is often fooled by plastic garden flamingos, but has an innate sense of the animals surrounding him by sniffing and then killing them. Through this, he can detect the species of any animal that has recently been in the area. He spoofs the Terminator.
Brian Stepanek as Nugent, a playful Rottweiler whose only intelligible word is "Play!", other than barking.

text: Two minor human characters, appearing during the dog chase scene, were voiced by Lee Bienstock and Sean Yazbeck, two participants on The Apprentice 5 as part of a reward for winning a task.[10]

text: In July 2002, Jim Carrey announced he would co-star with Shandling in Over the Hedge.[11] In October 2004, however, he left the project and was replaced with Willis.[12]

text: Reception [edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On opening weekend, the film was in second place to The DaVinci Code,[13] but its gross of $38,457,003 did not quite live up to DreamWorks Animation's other titles released over the past few years.[14] The film had a per-theater average of $9,474 from 4,059 theaters.[14] In its second weekend, the film dropped 30% to $27,063,774 for a $6,612 average from an expanded 4,093 theaters and finishing third,[14] behind X-Men: The Last Stand and The DaVinci Code.[15] Since it was Memorial Day Weekend, the film grossed a total of $35,322,115 over the four-day weekend, resulting in only an 8% slide.[16] In its third weekend, the film held well with a 24% drop to $20,647,284 and once again placing in third behind The Break-Up and X-Men: The Last Stand, for a $5,170 average from 3,993 theaters.[17] The film closed on September 4, 2006 after 112 days of release, grossing $155,019,340 in the United States and Canada, along with $180,983,656 overseas for a worldwide total of $336,002,996.[4] Produced on an $80 million budget,[3] the film was a commercial success.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the film-critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received 75% positive reviews, based on 168 reviews with an average of 6.8/10. The site's consensus states: "Even if it's not an animation classic, Over the Hedge is clever and fun, and the jokes cater to family members of all ages."[18] On another aggregator, Metacritic, the film has a rating of 67/100, indicating "generally favorable."[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[20]

text: Critic Frank Lovece of Film Journal International found that, "DreamWorks' slapstick animated adaptation of the philosophically satiric comic strip ... is a lot of laughs and boasts a much tighter story than most animated features" Ken Fox of TVGuide.com called it "a sly satire of American 'enough is never enough' consumerism and blind progress at the expense of the environment. It's also very funny, and the little woodland critters that make up the cast are a kiddie-pleasing bunch".[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

Annie Awards
Best Animated Feature[22]

Nominated

Character Animation in a Feature Production
Kristof Serrand
Nominated

Character Design in a Feature Production
Nicolas Marlet
Won

Directing in a Feature Production
Tim Johnson & Karey Kirkpatrick
Won

Production Design in a Feature Production
Paul Shardlow
Nominated

Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Thom Enriquez
Nominated

Gary Graham
Won

Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Wanda Sykes
Nominated

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Animated Feature[23]

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Animated Movie

Nominated

Voice From an Animated Movie[24]
Bruce Willis
Nominated

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Animated FIlm[25]

Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie[26]

Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Animated Film[27]

Nominated

Toronto Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Film[28]

Nominated

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was screened as a "work-in-progress" on April 29, 2006, at the Indianapolis International Film Festival,[29] and it premiered on April 30, 2006, in Los Angeles.[2] Nick Nolte, Bruce Willis, Avril Lavigne, Garry Shandling, Wanda Sykes, Catherine O'Hara and Steve Carell attended the premiere.[2] The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 19, 2006.[30] In select New York and Los Angeles theatres, it was accompanied by a DreamWorks Animation's animated short film First Flight.[30] The film was also screened out of competition on May 21, 2006, at the Cannes Film Festival.[31][32]

text: Home media [edit]

text: Over the Hedge was released on DVD by DreamWorks Animation's newly formed Home Entertainment division on October 17, 2006.[33] A short film based on Over the Hedge, titled Hammy's Boomerang Adventure, was released with the DVD.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on May 16, 2006 by Epic Records. Rupert Gregson-Williams composed an original score, while Ben Folds contributed three original songs, along with a rewrite of his song "Rockin' the Suburbs" and a cover of The Clash's "Lost in the Supermarket."[34]

text:
Over the Hedge: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
May 16, 2006

Length
48:45

Label
Epic Records / Sony Music Soundtrax

Producer
Hans Zimmer[34]

text: Track list:

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Family of Me"
Ben Folds
1:28

2.
"RJ Enters the Cave"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
4:37

3.
"The Family Awakes"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
2:33

4.
"Heist"
Ben Folds
3:02

5.
"Lost in the Supermarket"
Ben Folds (Originally by The Clash)
3:30

6.
"Let's Call It Steve"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
3:40

7.
"Hammy Time"
Michael Whitlock
2:28

8.
"Still"
Ben Folds
2:38

9.
"Play?"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
1:49

10.
"Rockin' the Suburbs"
Ben Folds (Featuring a speaking part by William Shatner)
4:57

11.
"The Inside Heist"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
7:38

12.
"RJ Rescues His Family"
Rupert Gregson-Williams
4:18

13.
"Still (Reprise)"
Ben Folds
6:07

Total length:
48:45

text: Video games[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on May 9, 2006. Developed by Edge of Reality, Beenox and Vicarious Visions it was published by Activision for PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows, Xbox, GameCube, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance.[35] Three different versions of Over the Hedge: Hammy Goes Nuts! were released by Activision in the fall of 2006: a miniature golf game for Game Boy Advance, an action adventure game for Nintendo DS, and a platform game for PlayStation Portable.[36]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures.[37]


document_title: Grace and Frankie

question_text: who plays grace's boyfriend in frankie and grace

question_tokens: who plays grace 's boyfriend in frankie and grace

text: Grace and Frankie

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main and Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Jane Fonda
Grace Hanson
Lead

Lily Tomlin
Frances 'Frankie' Bergstein
Lead

Sam Waterston
Sol Bergstein–Hanson
Lead

Martin Sheen
Robert Bergstein–Hanson
Lead

Brooklyn Decker
Mallory Hanson
Main

June Diane Raphael
Brianna Hanson
Main

Ethan Embry
Coyote Bergstein
Main

Baron Vaughn
Nwabudike 'Bud' Bergstein
Main

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Ernie Hudson
Jacob
Recurring

Brittany Ishibashi
Erica
Guest
Recurring

Guest

Geoff Stults
Mitch
Recurring

Guest

Tim Bagley
Peter
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Peter Cambor
Barry
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Craig T. Nelson
Guy
Recurring

Michael Charles Roman
Adam
Guest
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Marsha Mason
Arlene

Guest
Recurring

Swoosie Kurtz
Janet

Guest

Guest

Lindsey Kraft
Allison Giampietro-Smikowitz

Recurring

Megan Ferguson
Nadia

Guest
Recurring

Peter Gallagher
Nick Skolka

Recurring

Jack Plotnick
Paul

Recurring

Lisa Kudrow
Sheree

Recurring

Talia Shire
Teddie

Recurring

Sam Elliott
Phil Milstein

Recurring

Mark Deklin
Roy

Recurring

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

4
13
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]

text: On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]

text: On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]

text: On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]

text: On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: The second season received a more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015

67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[23]

20th Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[24]

73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[25]

Dorian Awards
TV Comedy of the Year

Nominated

[26]

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

LBGTQ TV Show of the Year

Nominated

27th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[27]

19th OFTA Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[28]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Won

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Sam Waterston
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2016

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[29]
[30]

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Contemporary Television Series
Allyson B. Fanger
Nominated

[32]

28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[33]

Artios Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy
Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler
Nominated

[34]

20th OFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[35]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2017

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[36]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Designers[show]

Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Designers[show]

Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson

Nominated

2018

24th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1999

question_text: what was the number one song on june 17 1999

text: Chart history

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1999 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

text:
Issue Date
Song
Artist(s)
Reference

January 2
"I'm Your Angel"
R. Kelly and Céline Dion
[1]

January 9
[2]

January 16
"Have You Ever?"
Brandy
[3]

January 23
[4]

January 30
"...Baby One More Time"
Britney Spears
[5]

February 6
[6]

February 13
"Angel of Mine"
Monica
[7]

February 20
[8]

February 27
[9]

March 6
[10]

March 13
"Believe"
Cher
[11]

March 20
[12]

March 27
[13]

April 3
[14]

April 10
"No Scrubs"
TLC
[15]

April 17
[16]

April 24
[17]

May 1
[18]

May 8
"Livin' la Vida Loca"
Ricky Martin
[19]

May 15
[20]

May 22
[21]

May 29
[22]

June 5
[23]

June 12
"If You Had My Love"
Jennifer Lopez
[24]

June 19
[25]

June 26
[26]

July 3
[27]

July 10
[28]

July 17
"Bills, Bills, Bills"
Destiny's Child
[29]

July 24
"Wild Wild West"
Will Smith featuring Dru Hill and Kool Moe Dee
[30]

July 31
"Genie in a Bottle"
Christina Aguilera
[31]

August 7
[32]

August 14
[33]

August 21
[34]

August 28
[35][36]

September 4
"Bailamos"
Enrique Iglesias
[37]

September 11
[38]

September 18
"Unpretty"
TLC
[39]

September 25
[40]

October 2
[41]

October 9
"Heartbreaker"
Mariah Carey featuring Jay-Z
[42][43]

October 16
[44]

October 23
"Smooth"
Santana featuring Rob Thomas
[45]

October 30
[46]

November 6
[47]

November 13
[48]

November 20
[49]

November 27
[50]

December 4
[51]

December 11
[52]

December 18
[53]

December 25
[54]