document_title: Long track speed skating

question_text: when did long track speed skating become an olympic sport

text: Long track speed skating

text: History[edit]

text: ISU development[edit]

text: Organized races on ice skates first developed in the 19th century. Norwegian clubs hosted competitions from 1863, with races in the town of Christiania drawing five-digit crowds.[1] In 1884, the Norwegian Axel Paulsen was named Amateur Champion Skater of the World after winning competitions in the United States. Five years later, a sports club in Amsterdam invited to an ice skating event they called a world championship participants from Russia, the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as the host country. The Internationale Eislauf Vereinigung, now known as the International Skating Union, was founded at a meeting of 15 national representatives in Scheveningen in 1892, the first international winter sports federation. The Nederlandse Schaatsrijderbond was founded in 1882[2] and organised the world championships of 1890 and 1891.[3]

text: Competitions were held around tracks of varying lengths—the 1885 match between Axel Paulsen and Remke van der Zee was skated on a track of 6/7 mile (1400 metres)—but the 400-metre track was standardised by ISU in 1892, along with the standard distances for world championships, 500 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m. Skaters started in pairs, each to their own lane, and changed lanes for every lap to ensure that each skater completed the same distance. Competitions were exclusively for amateur skaters. Peter Sinnerud was disqualified for professionalism in 1904 and lost his world title.

text: World records were registered since 1891 and improved rapidly: Jaap Eden lowered the world 5000-metre record by half a minute during the Hamar European Championships in 1894. The record stood for 17 years, and it took 50 years to lower it further by half a minute.[4]

text: Elfstedentocht and Dutch history[edit]

text: The Elfstedentocht (Eleven Cities Tour) was organised as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Other outdoor races developed later, with Noord-Holland hosting a race in 1917, but the Dutch natural ice conditions have rarely been conducive to skating. The Elfstedentocht has been held 15 times since 1909, and, before artificial ice was available in 1962, national championships had been held in 25 of the years between 1887, when the first championship was held in Slikkerveer, and 1961. Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the top long track speed skaters and marathon skaters in the world.

text: Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht. The Alternative Elfstedentocht races take part in other countries, such as Austria, Finland or Canada, and all top marathon skaters as well as thousands of recreative skaters travel from the Netherlands to the location where the race is held. According to the NRC Handelsblad journalist Jaap Bloembergen, the country "takes a carnival look" during international skating championships, despite the fact that "people outside the country are not particularly interested."[5]

text: Olympic Games[edit]

text: At the 1914 Olympic Congress, the delegates agreed to include long track speed skating in the 1916 Olympics, after figure skating had featured in the 1908 Olympics. However, World War I put an end to the plans of Olympic competition, and it was not until the winter sports week in Chamonix in 1924—retroactively awarded Olympic status—that ice speed skating reached the Olympic programme. Charles Jewtraw from Lake Placid, New York, won the first Olympic gold medal, though several Norwegians in attendance claimed Oskar Olsen had clocked a better time.[6] Timing issues on the 500 m were a problem within the sport until electronic clocks arrived in the 1960s; during the 1936 Olympic 500-metre race, it was suggested that Ivar Ballangrud's 500-metre time was almost a second too good.[7] Finland won the remaining four gold medals at the 1924 Games, with Clas Thunberg winning 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres, and allround. It was the only time an allround Olympic gold medal has been awarded in speed skating.

text: Norwegian and Finnish skaters won all the gold medals in World Championships between the world wars, with Latvians and Austrians visiting the podium in the European Championships. At the time, North American races were usually conducted packstyle, similar to the marathon races in the Netherlands, but the Olympic races were to be held over the four ISU-approved distances. The ISU approved the suggestion that the 1932 Olympic speed skating competitions should be held as packstyle races, and Americans won all four gold medals. Canada won five medals, all silver and bronze, while defending World Champion Clas Thunberg stayed at home, protesting against this form of racing.[8] At the World Championships held immediately after the Games, without the American champions, Norwegian racers won all four distances and occupied the top three spots in the allround standings.

text: Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and Japanese skating leaders protested to the USOC, condemning the manner of competition, and expressing the wish that mass start races were never to be held again at the Olympics. However, ISU adopted the short track speed skating branch, with mass start races on shorter tracks, in 1967, arranged international competitions from 1976, and brought them back to the Olympics in 1992.

text: Women's competitions[edit]

text: In the 1930s, women began to be accepted in ISU speed skating competitions. Although women's races had been held in North America for some time and competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in a demonstration event, the ISU did not organise official competitions until 1936. However, Zofia Nehringowa set the first official world record in 1929. Women's speed skating was not very high-profile; in Skøytesportens stjerner (Stars of the skating sport), a Norwegian work from 1971, no female skaters are mentioned on the book's nearly 200 pages, though they had by then competed for nearly 30 years. The women's long track speed skating was since dominated by East Germany and later reunified Germany, who have won 15 of 35 Olympic gold medals in women's long track since 1984.

text: Technical developments[edit]

text: Artificial ice entered the long track competitions with the 1960 Winter Olympics, and the competitions in 1956 on Lake Misurina were the last Olympic competitions on natural ice. 1960 also saw the first Winter Olympic competitions for women. Lidia Skoblikova won two gold medals in 1960 and four in 1964.

text: More aerodynamic skating suits were also developed, with Swiss skater Franz Krienbühl (who finished 8th on the Olympic 10,000 m at the age of 46) at the front of development.[9] After a while, national teams took over development of "body suits". Suits and indoor skating, as well as the clap skate, has helped to lower long track world records considerably; from 1971 to 2007, the average speed on the men's 1500 metres was raised from 45 to 52 km/h (28 to 32 mph). Similar speed increases are shown in the other distances.

text: Professionalism[edit]

text: After the 1972 season, European long track skaters founded a professional league, International Speedskating League, which included Ard Schenk, three-time Olympic gold medallist in 1972, as well as five Norwegians, four other Dutchmen, three Swedes, and a few other skaters. Jonny Nilsson, 1963 world champion and Olympic gold medallist, was the driving force behind the league, which folded in 1974 for economic reasons, and ISU also excluded tracks hosting professional races from future international championships.[10] The ISU later organised its own World Cup circuit with monetary prizes, and full-time professional teams developed in the Netherlands during the 1990s, which led them to a dominance on the men's side only challenged by Japanese 500 m racers and a couple of American allrounders.

text: Racing[edit]

text: All races are held in pairs, for which two lanes on the track are used. Skaters wear bands around their upper arm to identify which lane they started in. The colours are white for inner lane and red for outer lane. At the back straight, the skaters switch lanes, which causes them both to cover the same distance per lap. When both skaters emerge from the corner at exactly the same time, the person currently in the inner lane will have to let the outer lane pass in front of him. This usually does not cause any problems, as the person in the inner lane will generally move much faster than the person in the outer lane.

text: Occasionally, quartet starts are used, for the pragmatic and practical reason of allowing more skaters to complete their races inside a given amount of time. This involves having two pairs of skaters in the lanes at the same time, but with the second pair starting when the first have completed approximately half of the first lap. The skaters in the second pair will then wear yellow and blue arm bands instead of the usual white and red.

text: Rink[edit]

text: Skaters race on a two-lane oval rink similar in dimension to an outdoor athletics track. Indeed, an athletics track covered with ice can function as a speed skating track, such as Bislett stadion in Oslo up to the 1980s. According to the rules of the International Skating Union, a standard track should be either 400 m or 333⅓ m long; 400 m is the standard used for all major competitions. Tracks of other, non-standard lengths, such 200 or 250 m, are also in use in some places for training and/or smaller local competitions. On standard tracks, the curves have a radius of 25–26 m in the inner lane, and each lane is 3–4 m wide.

text: Top international rinks[edit]

text: These rinks have hosted international events (World Cups or international senior championships) since 2005.

text: Indoor[edit]

text:
Gunda-Niemann-Stirnemann-Halle, Erfurt, Germany
Heilongjiang Indoor Rink, Harbin, China
Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink, Changchun, China
Kometa Ice Rink, Kolomna, Russia
Ice Palace Krylatskoye, Moscow, Russia
M-Wave, Nagano, Japan
Ludwig Schwabl Stadion, Inzell, Germany
Oval Lingotto, Turin, Italy
Olympic Oval, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Pettit National Ice Center, West Allis, Wisconsin, United States
Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen, Berlin, Germany
Thialf, Heerenveen, Netherlands
Utah Olympic Oval, Kearns, Utah, United States
Vikingskipet, Hamar, Norway
Alau Ice Palace, Astana, Kazakhstan

text: Of these, the rinks in Calgary (~1100 meters above sea level) and Kearns (1402 m) are located at a high altitude, which is believed to enable faster times than lowland rinks, due to decreased air resistance, and also due to there being less oxygen to create bubbles in the ice. The high altitude is believed to be part of the reason that the 2002 Kearns games broke most of the previous speed-skating Olympic records.[11][12][13]

text: After the completion of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games, the Richmond Olympic oval "...will shed its long track speed skating configuration for a multi-sport layout that will accommodate ice, track, court, paddling and fitness users".[14]

text: Outdoor[edit]

text:
Ice Rink Pinè, Baselga di Pinè, Italy
Ritten Kunsteisbahn, Klobenstein–Collalbo, Italy
High-altitude skating rink Medeo, Kazakhstan
Ice rink COS OPO Zakopane, Poland

text: All four of these are high-altitude rinks.

text: Combination with other sports[edit]

text: Many speed skating venues have ice hockey rinks or no ice area at all inside the oval. A few are suitable also for bandy, like Hamar Olympic Hall, [2] Ice Palace Krylatskoye, [3] and Medeu.[4] National Speed Skating Oval in Beijing, China, which is in the process of being built for the 2022 Winter Olympics, is also designed appropriately for that sport.[15][16] There is a growing cooperation between International Skating Union and Federation of International Bandy, since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built.[17] In Norway there is an agreement in place, stating that an indoor arena intended primarily for either bandy or long track speed skating, shall have ice surface for the other sport as well.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: There are two primary types of skates, traditional ice skates and clap skates. The clap skates were introduced by Viking around 1996. They were considered revolutionary as the blades are hinged at the front of the boot and detach at the heel, allowing the skater a more natural range of movement. This enables a longer stroke while keeping maximum contact with the ice. By the 1998 Winter Olympics, nearly all skaters used clap skates.

text: Both traditional and clap skates use long and straight blades compared to many other ice skating sports. Blades are about 1 mm thick and typically come in lengths from 13 to 18 inches (33 to 46 cm). Most competitive athletes use lengths between 15 and 17 inches (38 and 43 cm), depending on body size and personal preference. The Viking skating factory in Holland still counts as the worlds biggest and innovative producer of clap skates.[18]

text: A lot of attention is given to air resistance. The rules demand that the suits follow the natural shape of the body, preventing the use of, e.g., drop shaped helmets (as seen in cycling) or more inventive "Donald Duck" costumes. However, a lot of time and money is spent developing fabrics, cuts and seams that will reduce drag. Some skaters use low (no thicker than 3 mm) "aerodynamic strips" attached to their suits. These are intended to create turbulent flow in certain areas around the body.

text: Glasses or goggles may also be worn so that the wind does not dry out the eyes.

text: Competition format[edit]

text: Allround[edit]

text: The oldest competition format still in place is the allround event, standardized in 1892 (see History above). Skaters skate four distances (for men: 500 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m), and a ranking is made up based on the times skated on all of these distances. The method of scoring is the same for all combinations. All times are calculated back to 500 m times, so skating the 500 m in 40 seconds gives 40 points, while 1500 m (3×500 m) in 2 minutes (120 seconds, equivalent to 3×40 s) also gives 40 points. Points are calculated to three decimal places, and truncation is applied; the numbers are not rounded. The skater who has the fewest points wins the competition. This system is called samalog. An allround champion may often not have won a single distance—such as Viktor Kosichkin in the 1962 World Championship—or he may win three distances but lose the overall title. Originally, three distance victories won one the championship, but the rules were changed after Rolf Falk-Larssen beat Tomas Gustafson at the 1983 World Championship despite having more points.[19] The ISU organizes an annual World Allround Speed Skating Championships.

text: Sprint championships[edit]

text: The sprint championships are two-day events where skaters run the 500 m and 1000 m on both days. The samalog system is again applied to crown the winner. To counter any systematic bias regarding inner versus outer lanes, skaters change start lanes from the first day to the second. Nations with active skaters arrange annual national sprint championships, and the ISU have been arranging annual World Sprint Speedskating Championships for men and for women since 1970. While there are annual European (Allround) Speedskating Championships, no such championships are arranged for the sprinters.

text: Single distances[edit]

text: A more basic form of speed skating consists of skating a single event. This is the format used for the World Single Distance Championships, which have been arranged since 1996, and the World Cup. The usual distances are the 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m (women only), 5000 m and 10,000 m (men only), but some other distances are sometimes skated as well, such as 100 m and 1 mile. Women occasionally, but rarely, are given the opportunity to skate the 10,000 m, but outside the top-level championships.

text: The 500 m is usually skated with two runs, so that every skater has one race starting in the outer lane and one in the inner. This practice started with the first of the World Single Distance Championships in 1996, and with the 1998 Nagano Olympics; at all earlier Olympics, the 500 m was skated only once. The reason for skating this distance twice is that there is a small but statistically significant average advantage of starting in the inner lane; negotiating the last curve at high speed is typically more difficult in the inner lane than in the outer lane.

text: In addition to international championships, the International Skating Union has organised the Speed Skating World Cup since the 1985–86 season. The World Cup works by ranking skaters by cumulative score during the season, for each distance separately, at specially designated World Cup meets. More specifically, there is for each season a World Cup competition for the 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and combined 5,000 m and 10,000 m, for men; and for the 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and combined 3,000 m and 5,000 m, for women.

text: Starting with the 2011/2012 season the ISU decided to crown one "Grand World Cup Winner" for Men and Ladies as the aggregate of all the scores during the World Cup Season.

text: Team pursuit[edit]

text: The team pursuit is the only team event in top-level long track speed skating and is skated by teams of three skaters. Races resemble the team pursuit event in track cycling.[20] Two teams race at a time, starting at a line in the middle of the straightaway. One team starts on each side of the track. Only the inner lane is used. The distance is eight laps for men and six for women. The team's time is the third skater to cross the finish line.

text: There are several formats for the team pursuit. The Olympic format is unusual in that it is a cup format, with several rounds of exclusion between two teams. In the World Cup and World Championships, one race is skated and the teams are ranked by their finishing time. In the Olympic format, a team that overtakes the other has automatically won the race and the remaining distance is not skated. In practice, the distance is so short that this rarely happens unless one team has a fall.

text: The team pursuit is a new event in major international competitions. The event was introduced at international level at the world junior championships around the turn of the millennium, and to the World Cup in 2003, but it was not considered an official ISU event until around 2004, and eventually introduced at the Olympics in 2006.

text: Marathon[edit]

text: Skaters skate in a large group, and they skate long distances. When conducted at an ice rink oval, the distance is usually around 40 km, akin to the traditional marathon in running. When skated outdoors on natural ice, the distances can be as long as 200 km. An example of this is the famous Elfstedentocht (Eleven cities tour), which is irregularly held in the Netherlands. Alternative versions of this famous event are sometimes held abroad, e.g., in Finland and Canada.

text: In cold winters in the Netherlands, a "National championship" skating marathon on natural ice is organized if it meets the minimum requirement of 12-centimetre thickness. For the first time in 13 years, a Dutch championship ice-skating marathon on natural ice was held in January 2009, in the Oostvaardersplassen wetland near Lelystad in the province of Flevoland, an area of land reclaimed in the 1960s. The women competitors competed in 60 kilometres, and the men, 100 kilometres.

text: An example of a famous marathon outside the Netherlands is the International Big Rideau Lake Speed Skating Marathon in Portland, Ontario, Canada.

text: Notable skaters[edit]

text: The following is the list of athletes who have won the following competitions at least five times in individual events.

text:
Olympic Winter Games
World All-Round Speed Skating Championships
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships

text: As its inclusion would place the athletes who have been active before 1996 at a significant disadvantage, World Single Distance Championships are not included as a primary component of the list, though individual achievements in that competition are noted when applicable. The team pursuit, introduced at the 2006 Olympics and the 2005 World Single Distance Championships, has been left out for a more balanced comparison and to focus on individual achievements.

text: Men[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Born–Died
Olympics
World Allround Championships
World Sprint Championships
Olympics + World Allround/Sprint Championships
World Single Distance Championships
Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Eric Heiden
 United States
1958
5
0
0
5
3
1
0
4
4
0
0
4
12
1
0
13
0
0
0
0
12
1
0
13

Clas Thunberg
 Finland
1893–1973
5
1
1
7
5
1
1
7
0
0
0
0
10
2
2
14
0
0
0
0
10
2
2
14

Sven Kramer
 Netherlands
1986
4
2
2
8
9
0
2
11
0
0
0
0
11
2
2
15
13
2
1
16
24
4
3
31

Ivar Ballangrud
 Norway
1904–1969
4
2
1
7
4
4
3
11
0
0
0
0
8
6
4
18
0
0
0
0
8
6
4
18

Johann Olav Koss
 Norway
1968
4
1
0
5
3
1
1
5
0
0
0
0
7
2
1
10
0
0
0
0
7
2
1
10

Ard Schenk
 Netherlands
1944
3
1
0
4
3
2
4
9
0
0
0
0
6
3
4
13
0
0
0
0
6
3
4
13

Igor Zhelezovski
 Belarus
1963
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
7
6
1
2
9
0
0
0
0
6
1
2
9

Hjalmar Andersen
 Norway
1923–2013
3
0
0
3
3
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
6

Shani Davis
 United States
1982
2
2
0
4
2
1
1
4
1
1
2
4
5
4
3
12
7
2
2
11
12
6
5
23

Oscar Mathisen
 Norway
1888–1954
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
6

text: Women[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Born–Died
Olympics
World Allround Championships
World Sprint Championships
Olympics + World Allround/Sprint Championships
World Single Distance Championships
Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Karin Enke
 East Germany
1961
3
4
1
8
5
2
0
7
6
2
0
8
14
8
1
23
0
0
0
0
14
8
1
23

Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
1966
3
4
1
8
8
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
11
4
1
16
11
3
0
14
22
7
1
30

Ireen Wüst
 Netherlands
1986
3
3
1
6
5
2
2
9
0
1
0
1
8
6
3
17
6
8
1
15
14
14
4
32

Bonnie Blair
 United States
1964
5
0
1
6
0
0
0
0
3
4
2
9
8
4
3
15
0
0
0
0
8
4
3
15

Lidiya Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
1939
6
0
0
6
2
1
3
6
0
0
0
0
8
1
3
12
0
0
0
0
8
1
3
12

Martina Sáblíková
 Czech Republic
1987
3
1
1
5
3
1
1
5
0
0
0
0
6
2
2
10
12
3
0
15
18
5
2
25

Claudia Pechstein
 Germany
1972
4
2
2
8
1
8
2
11
0
0
0
0
5
10
4
19
5
12
9
26
10
22
13
45

Anni Friesinger-Postma
 Germany
1977
1
0
2
3
3
1
1
5
1
2
0
3
5
3
3
11
11
9
1
21
16
12
4
32

Monique Garbrecht-Enfeldt
 Germany
1968
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
5
5
1
1
7
4
2
0
6
9
3
1
13


document_title: Daddy (dog)

question_text: when did daddy die from the dog whisperer

root

text: Daddy (dog)

text:
Daddy

Species
Canis lupus familiaris

Breed
American Pit Bull Terrier

Sex
Male

Born
1994

Died
February 19, 2010 (aged 16)

Owner
Redman
Cesar Millan

Appearance
Cropped ears

tag: table

text:
External images

 Daddy, as puppy

 Daddy, Cesar Millan's pit bull terrier

 Cesar Millan with Daddy

 Daddy with his protégé Junior
(Junior, here as a puppy)

 Daddy, with his protégé, Junior
(Junior, here as an adult)

text: Daddy (1994 ‒ February 19, 2010) was an American Pit Bull Terrier integral to dog trainer Cesar Millan's work and his television series, Dog Whisperer.[1] Daddy became known for his calm temperament, tolerance for smaller dogs and capacity for empathy.[2]

tag: p

text: Millan employed Daddy's temperament to rehabilitate dogs, train dog owners and serve as a role model for a breed often associated with aggressiveness. Daddy appeared frequently in episodes of the Dog Whisperer,[3] with Millan referring to him as his right-hand man[4] and The True Dog Whisperer. According to Millan, Daddy "never made a mistake — never, never. He's never displayed aggression or any other negative behavior. He's just always helped me."[5] In 2009, Millan added "I have never had a dog like Daddy. I've been astounded by his intuition, consoled by his affection, and awed by his silent empathy."[6]

text: Daddy had been with Millan since he was 4 months old, when his previous owner, rapper Redman, asked Millan to care for him.[2] As a puppy he demonstrated a natural insecurity (from having been constantly on the move with Redman) and pronounced strength.[5] By the time Daddy was ten years old — still with Millan, having been raised with a pack of Rottweilers[7] and having survived both cancer and chemotherapy,[8] he was officially adopted by the Millan family.[2]

text: Millan later selected another pit bull puppy, Junior, as Daddy's protégé — to apprentice, learn his temperament and prepare to assume Daddy's role after his death.[4] At the time of Daddy's death at age 16 on February 19, 2010,[4] Millan noted, "he represented what my grandfather taught me, never work against Mother Nature." After the death of Daddy, Junior has now assumed Daddy's role and helps Cesar with rehabilitating dogs by using calm, assertive energy.[9]


document_title: Blood pressure

question_text: a systolic bp value is the pressure when

text: Blood pressure

text: Classification[edit]

text: Systemic arterial pressure[edit]

text:
Classification of blood pressure for adults[3][4][5]

Category
systolic, mmHg
diastolic, mmHg

Hypotension

< 90

< 60

Desired

90–119

90–129[5]

60–79

60–84[5]

Prehypertension (high normal)

120–139

130–139[5]

80–89

85–89[5]

Stage 1 hypertension

140–159

90–99

Stage 2 hypertension

160–179

100–109

Hypertensive urgency

≥ 180

≥ 110

Isolated systolic hypertension

≥ 160

< 90

text: The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.[6] In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.[4]

text: Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health. There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood pressure with hypertension, particularly in older people.[7]

text: The table shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older.[3] It assumes the values are a result of averaging resting blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor.[8][9]

text: In the UK, clinic blood pressures are usually categorized into three groups; low (90/60 or lower), normal (between 90/60 and 139/89), and high (140/90 or higher).[10][11]

text: Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24-hour period, with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night.[12][13] Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night-time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day-time blood pressure.[14] Also, an individual's blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion and time of day (circadian rhythm).

text: Various other factors, such as age and sex, also influence a person's blood pressure. In children, the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height.[15] Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries, based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries.[16] As adults age, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic pressure tends to fall.[17] Consequently, in the elderly, systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range,[18] this is thought to be due to increased stiffness of the arteries.[19]

text: Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small. However, occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for obstructive arterial disease.[20][21]

text:
Reference ranges for blood pressure in children[22]

Stage
Approximate age
Systolic
Diastolic

Infants
1 to 12 months
75–100
50–70

Toddlers and preschoolers
1 to 5 years
80–110
50–80

School age
6 to 12 years
85–120
50–80

Adolescents
13 to 18 years
95–140
60–90

text: Mean arterial pressure[edit]

text: The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP):[23]

text: In practice the contribution of CVP (which is small) is generally ignored and so

text:
MAP can be estimated from measurements of the systolic pressure

P

sys

{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{sys}}}

  and the diastolic pressure

P

dias

{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{dias}}}

 [23]

text: Pulse pressure[edit]

text: The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,[24]

text: The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output, i.e. the heartbeat. Pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of the stroke volume of the heart, the compliance (ability to expand) of the arterial system—largely attributable to the aorta and large elastic arteries—and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree. By expanding under pressure, the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood surge from the heart during a heartbeat. In this way, the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta were not compliant.[24] The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients.

text: Systemic venous pressure[edit]

text:
Site
Normal
pressure range
(in mmHg)[25]

Central venous pressure
3–8

Right ventricular pressure
systolic
15–30

diastolic
3–8

Pulmonary artery pressure
systolic
15–30

diastolic
4–12

Pulmonary vein/
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

2–15

Left ventricular pressure
systolic
100–140

diastolic
3-12

text: Blood pressure generally refers to the arterial pressure in the systemic circulation. However, measurement of pressures in the venous system and the pulmonary vessels plays an important role in intensive care medicine but requires invasive measurement of pressure using a catheter.

text: Venous pressure is the vascular pressure in a vein or in the atria of the heart. It is much less than arterial pressure, with common values of 5 mmHg in the right atrium and 8 mmHg in the left atrium.

text: Variants of venous pressure include:

text:
Central venous pressure, which is a good approximation of right atrial pressure,[26] which is a major determinant of right ventricular end diastolic volume. (However, there can be exceptions in some cases.)[27]
The jugular venous pressure (JVP) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease.
The portal venous pressure is the blood pressure in the portal vein. It is normally 5–10 mmHg[28]

tag: ul

text: Pulmonary pressure[edit]

text: Normally, the pressure in the pulmonary artery is about 15 mmHg at rest.[29]

text: Increased blood pressure in the capillaries of the lung cause pulmonary hypertension, leading to interstitial edema if the pressure increases to above 20 mmHg, and to pulmonary edema at pressures above 25 mmHg.[30]

text: Disorders[edit]

text: Disorders of blood pressure control include: high blood pressure, low blood pressure, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation.

text: High[edit]

text: Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, for example hypertensive emergency.

text: Levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time.

text: Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated.[31]

text: In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see the article on pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140 mmHg) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (<90 mmHg), it is called "isolated systolic hypertension" and may present a health concern.[32][33]

text: For those with heart valve regurgitation, a change in its severity may be associated with a change in diastolic pressure. In a study of people with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements 2 weeks apart for each person, there was an increased severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation when diastolic blood pressure increased, whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased, there was a decreased severity.[34]

text: Low[edit]

text: Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension. Hypotension is a medical concern if it causes signs or symptoms, such as dizziness, fainting, or in extreme cases, shock.[9]

text: When arterial pressure and blood flow decrease beyond a certain point, the perfusion of the brain becomes critically decreased (i.e., the blood supply is not sufficient), causing lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness or fainting.[35]

text: Sometimes the arterial pressure drops significantly when a patient stands up from sitting. This is known as orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension); gravity reduces the rate of blood return from the body veins below the heart back to the heart, thus reducing stroke volume and cardiac output.[citation needed]

text: When people are healthy, the veins below their heart quickly constrict and the heart rate increases to minimize and compensate for the gravity effect. This is carried out involuntarily by the autonomic nervous system. The system usually requires a few seconds to fully adjust and if the compensations are too slow or inadequate, the individual will suffer reduced blood flow to the brain, dizziness and potential blackout. Increases in G-loading, such as routinely experienced by aerobatic or combat pilots 'pulling Gs', greatly increases this effect. Repositioning the body horizontally largely eliminates the problem.[citation needed]

text: Other causes of low arterial pressure include:[citation needed]

text:
Sepsis
Hemorrhage – blood loss
Toxins including toxic doses of blood pressure medicine
Hormonal abnormalities, such as Addison's disease
Eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia

text: Shock is a complex condition which leads to critically decreased perfusion. The usual mechanisms are loss of blood volume, pooling of blood within the veins reducing adequate return to the heart and/or low effective heart pumping. Low arterial pressure, especially low pulse pressure, is a sign of shock and contributes to and reflects decreased perfusion.

text: If there is a significant difference in the pressure from one arm to the other, that may indicate a narrowing (for example, due to aortic coarctation, aortic dissection, thrombosis or embolism) of an artery.[citation needed]

text: Fluctuating blood pressure[edit]

text: Normal fluctuation in blood pressure is adaptive and necessary. Fluctuations in pressure that are significantly greater than the norm are associated with greater white matter hyperintensity, a finding consistent with reduced local cerebral blood flow[36] and a heightened risk of cerebrovascular disease.[37] Within both high and low blood pressure groups, a greater degree of fluctuation was found to correlate with an increase in cerebrovascular disease compared to those with less variability, suggesting the consideration of the clinical management of blood pressure fluctuations, even among normotensive older adults.[37] Older individuals and those who had received blood pressure medications were more likely to exhibit larger fluctuations in pressure.[37]

text: Physiology[edit]

text: During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.[38] The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart.[39] Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.[40] Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.[39]

text: Hemodynamics[edit]

text: Most influences on blood pressure can be understood in terms of their effect on cardiac output and resistance (the determinants of mean arterial pressure).[41]

text: Some factors are:

text:
Blood volume: the greater the blood volume, the higher the cardiac output. There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume, potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure, though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic nervous system response and the renin–angiotensin system.[42][43][44]
Cardiac output: the pumping action of the heart is ultimately responsible for blood pressure. Increases or decreases in cardiac output can result in increases or decreases respectively in blood pressure.[45]
Systemic vascular resistance: the higher the resistance to blood flow, the higher the arterial pressure upstream needs to be to maintain flow. In simple terms, resistance is related to vessel radius by the Hagen-Poiseuille's equation (resistance∝1/radius4, so the smaller the radius, the very much higher the resistance). Other physical factors that affect resistance include: vessel length (the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity (the higher the viscosity, the higher the resistance)[46] and the presence of an arterial stenosis (a narrow stenosis increases resistance to flow, however this increase in resistance rarely if ever increases systemic blood pressure, it decreases downstream flow).[47] Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the calibre of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) increase the calibre of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure.

text: In practice, each individual's autonomic nervous system and other systems regulating blood pressure respond to and regulate all these factors so that, although the above issues are important, they rarely act in isolation and the actual arterial pressure response of a given individual can vary widely in the short and long-term.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: The endogenous regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized:

text:
Baroreceptor reflex: Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem, specifically to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The medulla, by way of the autonomic nervous system, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart's contractions, as well as the systemic vascular resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and right carotid sinuses and in the aortic arch.[48]
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS): This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictor known as angiotensin II.
Aldosterone release: This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassium levels. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis, aldosterone will increase fluid retention, and indirectly, arterial pressure.
Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones (mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase in blood volume results in an increased cardiac output by the Frank–Starling law of the heart, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure.

text: These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. When blood pressure falls many physiological cascades commence in order to return the blood pressure to a more appropriate level.

text:
The blood pressure fall is detected by a decrease in blood flow and thus a decrease in Glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Decrease in GFR is sensed as a decrease in Na+ levels by the macula densa.
The macula densa cause an increase in Na+ reabsorption, which causes water to follow in via osmosis and leads to an ultimate increase in plasma volume. Further, the macula densa releases adenosine which causes constriction of the afferent arterioles.
At the same time, the juxtaglomerular cells sense the decrease in blood pressure and release renin.
Renin converts angiotensinogen (inactive form) to angiotensin I (active form).
Angiotensin I flows in the bloodstream until it reaches the capillaries of the lungs where angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) acts on it to convert it into angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor which will increase bloodflow to the heart and subsequently the preload, ultimately increasing the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands.
Aldosterone further increases the Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

tag: ol

text: Currently, the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertension because if blocked, individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure.[49] The most common automated blood pressure measurement technique is based on the so-called "oscillometric" method.[50] Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not contain mercury.

text: For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken as "one-twenty over eighty").

text: Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.[51]

text: Measuring pressure invasively, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting.

text: Fetal blood pressure[edit]

text: In pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[52]

text: The average blood pressure for full-term infants:[53]

text:
Systolic 65–95 mmHg
Diastolic 30–60 mmHg


document_title: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions

question_text: who won last years ncaa mens basketball championship

text: Championship games[edit]

text:
Legend for "Championship games" table below

Indicator
Meaning

*
Game was decided in an overtime period

Game was decided in a third overtime period

Score
Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game, when available

Year
Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament

text:
Championship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues

Year
Winning team
Winning head coach
Score
Losing team
Losing head coach
Venue
City
Ref.

1939
Oregon
Hobson, HowardHoward Hobson
046.3 !46–33
Ohio State
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
Patten Gymnasium
Evanston, Illinois
[17]

1940
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
060.3 !60–42
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[18]

1941
Wisconsin
Foster, BudBud Foster
039 !39–34
Washington State
Friel, JackJack Friel
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[19]

1942
Stanford
Dean, EverettEverett Dean
053.2 !53–38
Dartmouth
Cowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[20]

1943
Wyoming
Shelton, EverettEverett Shelton
046.2 !46–34
Georgetown
Ripley, ElmerElmer Ripley
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[21]

1944
Utah
Peterson, VadalVadal Peterson
042 !42–40*
Dartmouth
Brown, EarlEarl Brown
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[22][23]

1945
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
049 !49–45
NYU
Cann, HowardHoward Cann
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[24]

1946
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
043 !43–40
North Carolina
Carnevale, BenBen Carnevale
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[25]

1947
Holy Cross
Julian, DoggieDoggie Julian
058.1 !58–47
Oklahoma
Drake, BruceBruce Drake
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[26]

1948
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
058.2 !58–42
Baylor
Henderson, BillBill Henderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[27]

1949
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
046.1 !46–36
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[28]

1950
CCNY
Holman, NatNat Holman
071.2 !71–68
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[29]

1951
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
068.3 !68–58
Kansas State
Gardner, JackJack Gardner
Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[30]

1952
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
080.3 !80–63
St. John's
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[31]

1953
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
069 !69–68
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[32]

1954
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
092.2 !92–76
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[33]

1955
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
077.3 !77–63
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[34]

1956
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
083.2 !83–71
Iowa
O'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor
McGaw Hall
Evanston, Illinois
[35]

1957
North Carolina
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
054.1 !54–53
Kansas
Harp, DickDick Harp
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[36]

1958
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
084.3 !84–72
Seattle
Castellani, JohnJohn Castellani
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[37]

1959
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
071.1 !71–70
West Virginia
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[38]

1960
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
075.4 !75–55
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
[39][40]

1961
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
070 !70–65*
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[41]

1962
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
071.4 !71–59
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[42]

1963
Loyola Chicago
Ireland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland
060.1 !60–58*
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[43]

1964
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
098 !98–83
Duke
Bubas, VicVic Bubas
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[44]

1965
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
091 !91–80
Michigan
Strack, DaveDave Strack
Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon
[45]

1966
Texas Western
Haskins, DonDon Haskins
072.2 !72–65
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[46]

1967
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
079 !79–64
Dayton
Donoher, DonDon Donoher
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[47]

1968
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
078.2 !78–55
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[48]

1969
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.3 !92–72
Purdue
King, GeorgeGeorge King
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[49]

1970
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
080.2 !80–69
Jacksonville
Williams, JoeJoe Williams
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[50]

1971
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
068.2 !68–62
Villanova[a]
Kraft, JackJack Kraft
Astrodome
Houston, Texas
[51]

1972
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
081.2 !81–76
Florida State
Durham, HughHugh Durham
Memorial Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[52]

1973
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
087 !87–66
Memphis State
Bartow, GeneGene Bartow
St. Louis Arena
St. Louis, Missouri
[53]

1974
North Carolina State
Sloan, NormNorm Sloan
076.3 !76–64
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
[54]

1975
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.1 !92–85
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
[55]

1976
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
086 !86–68
Michigan
Orr, JohnnyJohnny Orr
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[56]

1977
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
067 !67–59
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
[57]

1978
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
094 !94–88
Duke
Foster, BillBill Foster
The Checkerdome
St. Louis, Missouri
[58]

1979
Michigan State
Heathcote, JudJud Heathcote
075.3 !75–64
Indiana State
Hodges, BillBill Hodges
Special Events Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
[59]

1980
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
059 !59–54
UCLA[a]
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
Market Square Arena
Indianapolis, Indiana
[60]

1981
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
063.2 !63–50
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[61]

1982
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
063.1 !63–62
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[62]

1983
North Carolina State
Valvano, JimJim Valvano
054.2 !54–52
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
University Arena
Albuquerque, New Mexico
[63]

1984
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
084.2 !84–75
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[64]

1985
Villanova
Massimino, RollieRollie Massimino
066 !66–64
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Rupp Arena
Lexington, Kentucky
[65]

1986
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
072.1 !72–69
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
[66]

1987
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
074 !74–73
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[67]

1988
Kansas
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
083.1 !83–79
Oklahoma
Tubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
[68]

1989
Michigan
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
080.1 !80–79*
Seton Hall
Carlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[69]

1990
UNLV
Tarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian
103 !103–73
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
McNichols Sports Arena
Denver, Colorado
[70]

1991
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
072.2 !72–65
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[71]

1992
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
071.5 !71–51
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[72]

1993
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
077.2 !77–71
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[73]

1994
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
076.1 !76–72
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
[74]

1995
UCLA
Harrick, JimJim Harrick
089.1 !89–78
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[75]

1996
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
076.2 !76–67
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
[76]

1997
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
084.1 !84–79*
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[77]

1998
Kentucky
Smith, TubbyTubby Smith
078.1 !78–69
Utah
Majerus, RickRick Majerus
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[78]

1999
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
077.1 !77–74
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Tropicana Field
St. Petersburg, Florida
[79]

2000
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
089.2 !89–76
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[80]

2001
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
082.3 !82–72
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[81]

2002
Maryland
Williams, GaryGary Williams
064 !64–52
Indiana
Davis, MikeMike Davis
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[82]

2003
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
081.1 !81–78
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[83]

2004
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
082.2 !82–73
Georgia Tech
Hewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[84]

2005
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
075.1 !75–70
Illinois
Weber, BruceBruce Weber
Edward Jones Dome
St. Louis, Missouri
[85]

2006
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
073 !73–57
UCLA
Howland, BenBen Howland
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[86]

2007
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
084.2 !84–75
Ohio State
Matta, ThadThad Matta
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[87]

2008
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
075.2 !75–68*
Memphis[a]
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[88]

2009
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
089.3 !89–72
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan
[89]

2010
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
061 !61–59
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[90]

2011
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
053.1 !53–41
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Reliant Stadium
Houston, Texas
[91]

2012
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
067.1 !67–59
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[92]

2013
Louisville[a]
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
067.1 !82–76
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[93]

2014
Connecticut
Ollie, KevinKevin Ollie
060.2 !60–54
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
[94]

2015
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
068.1 !68–63
Wisconsin
Ryan, BoBo Ryan
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[95]

2016
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !77–74
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
NRG Stadium
Houston, Texas
[96]

2017
North Carolina
Roy Williams
071.3 !71–65
Gonzaga
Mark Few
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
[97]

2018
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !79–62
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[98]

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Teams with multiple championships

Team
Wins
Years won

UCLA
11
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

Kentucky
8
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1996, 1998, 2012

North Carolina
6
1957, 1982, 1993, 2005, 2009, 2017

Duke
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Villanova
3
1985, 2016, 2018

Louisville
2
1980, 1986, 2013[c]

Michigan State
2
1979, 2000

Cincinnati
2
1961, 1962

Florida
2
2006, 2007

North Carolina State
2
1974, 1983

Oklahoma State[b]
2
1945, 1946

San Francisco
2
1955, 1956

text:
Coaches with multiple championships

Team
Wins
Years won

Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
10
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975

Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
4
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958

Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
3
1999, 2004, 2011

Knight, BobBob Knight
3
1976, 1981, 1987

Williams, RoyRoy Williams
3
2005, 2009, 2017

Crum, DennyDenny Crum
2
1980, 1986

Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
2
2006, 2007

Iba, HenryHenry Iba
2
1945, 1946

Jucker, EdEd Jucker
2
1961, 1962

McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
2
1940, 1953

Smith, DeanDean Smith
2
1982, 1993

Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
2
1955, 1956

Wright, JayJay Wright
2
2016, 2018

text: Champions by conference status[edit]

text: Champions by conference at the time of tournaments[edit]

text:
Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference (1915–current)
15
1939, 1942, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[17][38][99][100][101]

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference (1953–current)
14
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
[102][103][104][105][106]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference (1932–current)
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference (1896–current)
10
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000
[118]

Big East Conference !Big East Conference (1979–current)
8
1984, 1985, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2013,[c] 2016, 2018
[93][119][120][121][122]

Independents
6
1944, 1947, 1954, 1963, 1966, 1977
[46][123][124][125][126][127]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference (1907–current)
4
1945, 1946, 1961, 1962
[128][129][130][131]

Big Eight Conference !Big 8 Conference (1907–1996)
2
1952, 1988
[31][68]

Metro Conference !Metro Conference (1975–1995)
2
1980, 1986
[132]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference (1952–current)
2
1955, 1956
[133]

American Athletic Conference !American Athletic Conference (2014–current)
1
2014
[94]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference (1994–current)
1
2008
[134]

Big West Conference !Big West Conference (1969–current)
1
1990
[135]

Metropolitan New York Conference !Metropolitan New York Conference (1933–1963)
1
1950
[136]

Mountain States Conference !Mountain States Conference (1938–1962)
1
1943
[137]

text: Championships by current conference membership[edit]

text:
Championships by current conference membership

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference
16
1957, 1974, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2013,[c] 2015, 2017
[138][139]

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference
16
1939, 1942, 1944, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[140][141]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[142]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference
11
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000, 2002
[143]

American Athletic Conference
6
1961, 1962, 1999, 2004, 2011, 2014
[144][145][146]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference
5
1945, 1946, 1952, 1988, 2008
[147][148][149]

Big East Conference
5
1977, 1984, 1985, 2016, 2018
[122][150][151]

Mountain West Conference !Mountain West Conference
2
1943, 1990
[152][153]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference
2
1955, 1956
[154]

Atlantic 10 Conference !Atlantic 10 Conference
1
1954
[155]

City University of New York Athletic Conference !City University of New York Athletic Conference
1
1950
[156]

Conference USA !Conference USA
1
1966
[157]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference
1
1963
[158]

Patriot League !Patriot League
1
1947
[159]

text: Championships by state[edit]

text:
Championships by state

State
Wins
Years won

California
15
1942, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

North Carolina
13
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017

Kentucky
10
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1996, 1998, 2012, 2013[c]

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Pennsylvania
4
1954, 1985, 2016, 2018

Ohio
3
1960, 1961, 1962

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Michigan
3
1979, 1989, 2000

Oklahoma
2
1945, 1946

Wisconsin
2
1941, 1977

New York
2
1950, 2003

Florida
2
2006, 2007

Oregon
1
1939

Wyoming
1
1943

Utah
1
1944

Massachusetts
1
1947

Illinois
1
1963

Texas
1
1966

Washington, D.C.
1
1984

Nevada
1
1990

Arkansas
1
1994

Arizona
1
1997

Maryland
1
2002

text: Indicates vacated by NCAA


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: when is the state of the union usually given

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text:
Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address.
The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box.
The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box.
Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor. In Guam, the governor delivers an annual State of the Island Address, during his/her term.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work...  We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date

President

Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating

Networks

1/30/2018

Donald Trump

45.551

32.168

26.9

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017

Donald Trump

47.741

33.857

28.7

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016

Barack Obama

31.334

23.040

19.6

ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015

Barack Obama

31.710

23.137

19.9

ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014

Barack Obama

33.299

23.949

20.7

CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013

Barack Obama

33.497

24.767

21.8

FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012

Barack Obama

37.752

27.569

24.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011

Barack Obama

42.789

30.871

26.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010

Barack Obama

48.009

34.182

29.8

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009

Barack Obama

52.373

37.185

32.5

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008

George W. Bush

37.515

27.702

24.7

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007

George W. Bush

45.486

32.968

29.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006

George W. Bush

43.179

30.528

31.2

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005

George W. Bush

39.432

28.359

35.3

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004

George W. Bush

43.411

30.286

28.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003

George W. Bush

62.061

41.447

38.8

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002

George W. Bush

51.773

35.547

33.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001

George W. Bush

39.793

28.201

27.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000

Bill Clinton

31.478

22.536

22.4

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999

Bill Clinton

43.500

30.700

31.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998

Bill Clinton

53.077

36.513

37.2

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997

Bill Clinton

41.100

27.600

28.4

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996

Bill Clinton

40.900

28.400

29.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995

Bill Clinton

42.200

28.100

29.5

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994

Bill Clinton

45.800

31.000

32.9

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993

Bill Clinton

66.900

41.200

44.3

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN


document_title: List of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants (UK)

question_text: who was crowned the first king of the jungle in im a celebrity

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a British reality television show in which celebrity contestants live together in a jungle environment for a few weeks, with no luxuries or contact from the outside world. The celebrities have to complete Bushtucker Trials to earn food for camp; else they have to survive off of basic rations. The first series aired in 2002, and sixteen complete series have aired on ITV up to the end of the latest series in December 2016. All series have been filmed in Queensland, Australia. During each series, contestants are progressively eliminated on the basis of public voting, with the eventual winner being crowned either King or Queen of the Jungle.

text: As of series 16, 185 celebrities have competed. Television personality and former model Katie Price is the only celebrity to have competed in two separate series, whilst Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren is the only person to withdraw from the show before even entering the jungle. In the show's history, seventeen celebrities have withdrawn or walked, before being voted out. In total, there have been ten Kings and six Queens of the Jungle.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Key

Winner – King/Queen of the Jungle

Runner-up

Third place

Withdrew

Participating

text:
Series
Celebrity
Age
Notability
Status

1
Blackburn, TonyTony Blackburn
59
Radio DJ
1st – Winner

1
Palmer-Tomkinson, TaraTara Palmer-Tomkinson
30
Socialite and TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

1
Hamilton, ChristineChristine Hamilton
52
Public speaker and author
3rd – Third place

1
McAndrew, NellNell McAndrew
28
Model and TV presenter
4th – Eliminated

1
Cameron, RhonaRhona Cameron
36
Comedian
5th – Eliminated

1
Day, DarrenDarren Day
34
Actor and singer
6th – Eliminated

1
Benn, NigelNigel Benn
38
Boxer
7th – Eliminated

1
Geller, UriUri Geller
55
Paranormalist
8th – Eliminated

2
Tufnell, PhilPhil Tufnell
36
Cricketer
1st – Winner

2
Fashanu, JohnJohn Fashanu
40
Footballer and TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

2
Barker, LindaLinda Barker
41
Interior designer and TV presenter
3rd – Third place

2
Sleep, WayneWayne Sleep
54
Dancer and choreographer
4th – Eliminated

2
Worrall Thompson, AntonyAntony Worrall Thompson
51
Chef and TV presenter
5th – Eliminated

2
Willcox, ToyahToyah Willcox
44
Singer and actress
6th – Eliminated

2
Guirado, CatalinaCatalina Guirado
29
Model and TV personality
7th – Eliminated

2
Bisson, ChrisChris Bisson
27
Actor
8th – Eliminated

2
Westbrook, DanniellaDanniella Westbrook
29
Actress
9th – Withdrew

2
Lloyd, SiânSiân Lloyd
44
TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

3
Katona, KerryKerry Katona
23
Singer
1st – Winner

3
Bond, JennieJennie Bond
53
TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

3
Andre, PeterPeter Andre
30
Singer
3rd – Third place

3
Brocket, LordLord Brocket
51
TV presenter
4th – Eliminated

3
Price, KatieKatie Price
25
Model
5th – Eliminated

3
Best, AlexAlex Best
31
Model
6th – Eliminated

3
Ruddock, NeilNeil Ruddock
35
Footballer
7th – Eliminated

3
Lydon, JohnJohn Lydon
47
Singer and TV presenter
8th – Withdrew

3
Modahl, DianeDiane Modahl
37
Olympic middle distance runner
9th – Eliminated

3
Read, MikeMike Read
56
Radio DJ
10th – Eliminated

4
Pasquale, JoeJoe Pasquale
43
Comedian
1st – Winner

4
Burrell, PaulPaul Burrell
46
Butler
2nd – Runner-up

4
Cosgrave, FranFran Cosgrave
26
Nightclub manager
3rd – Third place

4
Street-Porter, JanetJanet Street-Porter
57
Journalist
4th – Eliminated

4
Anderton, SophieSophie Anderton
27
Model
5th – Eliminated

4
Fargas, AntonioAntonio Fargas
58
Actor
6th – Eliminated

4
Ferguson, SheilaSheila Ferguson
57
Singer
7th – Eliminated

4
Reeves, VicVic Reeves
45
Comedian and TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

4
Sorrell, NancyNancy Sorrell
30
Model and TV presenter
9th – Eliminated

4
Appleton, NatalieNatalie Appleton
31
Singer
10th – Withdrew

4
Harvey, BrianBrian Harvey
30
Singer
11th – Withdrew

5
Thatcher, CarolCarol Thatcher
52
Journalist and author
1st – Winner

5
Murphy, ShereeSheree Murphy
30
Actress
2nd – Runner-up

5
Owen, SidSid Owen
33
Actor and singer
3rd – Third place

5
Osmond, JimmyJimmy Osmond
42
Singer
4th – Eliminated

5
Ball, BobbyBobby Ball
61
Comedian
5th – Eliminated

5
Costa, AntonyAntony Costa
24
Singer
6th – Eliminated

5
Frost, JennyJenny Frost
27
Singer
7th – Eliminated

5
Dickinson, DavidDavid Dickinson
64
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

5
Davies, KimberleyKimberley Davies
32
Actress
9th – Withdrew

5
Goolden, JillyJilly Goolden
56
Critic
10th – Eliminated

5
Cannon, TommyTommy Cannon
67
Comedian
11th – Eliminated

5
Lordan, ElaineElaine Lordan
38
Actress
12th – Withdrew

6
Willis, MattMatt Willis
23
Singer
1st – Winner

6
Klass, MyleeneMyleene Klass
28
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

6
Donovan, JasonJason Donovan
38
Actor and singer
3rd – Third place

6
Gest, DavidDavid Gest
53
Producer
4th – Eliminated

6
Gaffney, DeanDean Gaffney
28
Actor
5th – Eliminated

6
Leeming, JanJan Leeming
64
TV presenter
6th – Eliminated

6
Burrows, MalandraMalandra Burrows
41
Actress
7th – Eliminated

6
Oruche, PhinaPhina Oruche
34
Actress
8th – Eliminated

6
Booth, LaurenLauren Booth
39
Journalist and activist
9th – Eliminated

6
Brown, FaithFaith Brown
62
Comedian
10th – Eliminated

6
Henshall, ScottScott Henshall
30
Fashion designer
11th – Eliminated

6
Anstis, TobyToby Anstis
35
Radio DJ
12th – Eliminated

7
Biggins, ChristopherChristopher Biggins
58
Actor
1st – Winner

7
Dickinson, JaniceJanice Dickinson
52
Model
2nd – Runner-up

7
Brown, JJ Brown
31
Singer
3rd – Third place

7
Matthews, CerysCerys Matthews
38
Singer
4th – Eliminated

7
Atkinson, GemmaGemma Atkinson
22
Model and actress
5th – Eliminated

7
Ryder Richardson, AnnaAnna Ryder Richardson
43
Interior designer and TV presenter
6th – Eliminated

7
Marsh, RodneyRodney Marsh
63
Footballer
7th – Eliminated

7
Burton Race, JohnJohn Burton Race
50
Chef
8th – Eliminated

7
Franks, LynneLynne Franks
59
Spokeswoman and writer
9th – Eliminated

7
Hopkins, KatieKatie Hopkins
32
Reality TV star
10th – Eliminated

7
Bannerman, MarcMarc Bannerman
34
Actor
11th – Eliminated

8
Swash, JoeJoe Swash
26
Actor
1st – Winner

8
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
52
Tennis player
2nd – Runner-up

8
Takei, GeorgeGeorge Takei
71
Actor
3rd – Third place

8
Van Day, DavidDavid Van Day
51
Singer
4th – Eliminated

8
Webbe, SimonSimon Webbe
30
Singer
5th – Eliminated

8
McLean, NicolaNicola McLean
27
Model
6th – Eliminated

8
Paddick, BrianBrian Paddick
50
Senior policeman and politician
7th – Eliminated

8
Rantzen, EstherEsther Rantzen
68
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

8
Mallett, TimmyTimmy Mallett
53
TV presenter
9th – Eliminated

8
Zucker, CarlyCarly Zucker
24
Personal trainer and model
10th – Eliminated

8
Behr, DaniDani Behr
34
TV presenter
11th – Eliminated

8
Kilroy-Silk, RobertRobert Kilroy-Silk
66
Politician and TV presenter
12th – Eliminated

9
D'Acampo, GinoGino D'Acampo
33
Chef and TV presenter
1st – Winner

9
Woodburn, KimKim Woodburn
67
TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

9
White, JimmyJimmy White
47
Snooker player
3rd – Third place

9
Ryan, JustinJustin Ryan
42
Interior designer and TV presenter
4th – Eliminated

9
Manning, StuartStuart Manning
30
Actor
5th – Eliminated

9
Washington, SabrinaSabrina Washington
31
Singer
6th – Eliminated

9
Hamilton, GeorgeGeorge Hamilton
70
Actor
7th – Withdrew

9
Bugner, JoeJoe Bugner
59
Boxer
8th – Eliminated

9
Fox, SamanthaSamantha Fox
43
Model and singer
9th – Eliminated

9
McAllister, ColinColin McAllister
41
Interior designer and TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

9
Benjamin, LucyLucy Benjamin
39
Actress
11th – Eliminated

9
Price, KatieKatie Price
31
Model and TV personality
12th – Withdrew

9
Dallerup, CamillaCamilla Dallerup
35
Professional dancer
13th – Withdrew

10
Solomon, StaceyStacey Solomon
21
Singer
1st – Winner

10
Ryder, ShaunShaun Ryder
48
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

10
Eclair, JennyJenny Eclair
50
Comedian
3rd – Third place

10
Joly, DomDom Joly
42
Comedian
4th – Eliminated

10
Collins, KaylaKayla Collins
23
Model
5th – Eliminated

10
Santos, AggroAggro Santos
21
Rapper
6th – Eliminated

10
Christie, LinfordLinford Christie
50
Olympic sprinter
7th – Eliminated

10
McKeith, GillianGillian McKeith
51
Nutritionist and TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

10
Ekland, BrittBritt Ekland
68
Actress
9th – Eliminated

10
Hammond, AlisonAlison Hammond
35
TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

10
Öpik, LembitLembit Öpik
45
Politician
11th – Eliminated

10
Gascoigne, SherylSheryl Gascoigne
45
Author
12th – Eliminated

10
Havers, NigelNigel Havers
59
Actor
13th – Withdrew

11
Poynter, DougieDougie Poynter
23
Musician
1st – Winner

11
Wright, MarkMark Wright
24
Reality TV star
2nd – Runner-up

11
Whitbread, FatimaFatima Whitbread
50
Olympic javelin thrower
3rd – Third place

11
Cotton, AntonyAntony Cotton
36
Actor
4th – Eliminated

11
Carson, WillieWillie Carson
68
Jockey
5th – Eliminated

11
Rock, CrissyCrissy Rock
53
Actress
6th – Eliminated

11
Scott, EmilyEmily Scott
28
Model
7th – Eliminated

11
Clement, Jessica-JaneJessica-Jane Clement
26
Model and TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

11
Chase, LorraineLorraine Chase
60
Actress
9th – Eliminated

11
Sharp, PatPat Sharp
50
TV and radio presenter
10th – Eliminated

11
Sinitta
48
Singer
11th – Eliminated

11
Powers, StefanieStefanie Powers
69
Actress
12th – Eliminated

11
Starr, FreddieFreddie Starr
68
Comedian
13th – Withdrew

12
Brooks, CharlieCharlie Brooks
31
Actress
1st – Winner

12
Roberts, AshleyAshley Roberts
31
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

12
Haye, DavidDavid Haye
32
Boxer
3rd – Third place

12
Bristow, EricEric Bristow
55
Darts player
4th – Eliminated

12
Taylor, HugoHugo Taylor
26
Reality TV star
5th – Eliminated

12
Shrager, RosemaryRosemary Shrager
61
Chef
6th – Eliminated

12
Flanagan, HelenHelen Flanagan
22
Actress
7th – Eliminated

12
Baker, ColinColin Baker
69
Actor
8th – Eliminated

12
Robson, LindaLinda Robson
54
Actress
9th – Eliminated

12
Limahl
53
Singer
10th – Eliminated

12
Dorries, NadineNadine Dorries
55
Politician
11th – Eliminated

12
Conley, BrianBrian Conley
51
Comedian
12th – Withdrew

13
Egan, KianKian Egan
33
Singer
1st – Winner

13
Emanuel, DavidDavid Emanuel
61
Fashion designer
2nd – Runner-up

13
Pargeter, LucyLucy Pargeter
36
Actress
3rd – Third place

13
Essex, JoeyJoey Essex
23
Reality TV star
4th – Eliminated

13
Willerton, AmyAmy Willerton
21
Model
5th – Eliminated

13
Adlington, RebeccaRebecca Adlington
24
Olympic swimmer
6th – Eliminated

13
Ribeiro, AlfonsoAlfonso Ribeiro
42
Actor
7th – Eliminated

13
Davis, SteveSteve Davis
56
Snooker player
8th – Eliminated

13
Wright, MatthewMatthew Wright
48
TV presenter
9th – Eliminated

13
Simone, VincentVincent Simone
34
Professional dancer
10th – Eliminated

13
Morse, LailaLaila Morse
68
Actress
11th – Eliminated

13
Giles, AnnabelAnnabel Giles
54
TV presenter
12th – Eliminated

14
Fogarty, CarlCarl Fogarty
49
Superbike racer
1st – Winner

14
Quickenden, JakeJake Quickenden
26
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

14
Sykes, MelanieMelanie Sykes
44
TV presenter
3rd – Third place

14
Currie, EdwinaEdwina Currie
68
Politician
4th – Eliminated

14
Stryder, TinchyTinchy Stryder
28
Rapper
5th – Eliminated

14
Wilkinson, KendraKendra Wilkinson
29
Model and TV personality
6th – Eliminated

14
Michelle, VickiVicki Michelle
63
Actress
7th – Eliminated

14
Buerk, MichaelMichael Buerk
68
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

14
Forde, NadiaNadia Forde
25
Model and TV personality
9th – Eliminated

14
Bullard, JimmyJimmy Bullard
36
Footballer
10th – Eliminated

14
Charles, CraigCraig Charles
50
Actor
11th – Withdrew

14
Collins, GemmaGemma Collins
33
Reality TV star
12th – Withdrew

15
Pattison, VickyVicky Pattison
28
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

15
Shelley, GeorgeGeorge Shelley
22
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

15
McCann, FerneFerne McCann
25
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

15
Dyer, KieronKieron Dyer
36
Footballer
4th – Eliminated

15
Porter, JorgieJorgie Porter
27
Actress
5th – Eliminated

15
Hadley, TonyTony Hadley
55
Singer
6th – Eliminated

15
Bannatyne, DuncanDuncan Bannatyne
66
Entrepreneur
7th – Eliminated

15
Campbell, Lady ColinLady Colin Campbell
66
Socialite and author
8th – Withdrew

15
Eubank, ChrisChris Eubank
49
Boxer
9th – Eliminated

15
Fielding, YvetteYvette Fielding
47
TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

15
Friedman, BrianBrian Friedman
38
Choreographer
11th – Eliminated

15
Constantine, SusannahSusannah Constantine
53
TV presenter
12th – Eliminated

15
Matthews, SpencerSpencer Matthews
26
Reality TV star
13th – Withdrew

16
Moffatt, ScarlettScarlett Moffatt
26
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

16
Dommett, JoelJoel Dommett
31
Comedian
2nd – Runner-up

16
Thomas, AdamAdam Thomas
29
Actor
3rd – Third place

16
Quek, SamSam Quek
28
Olympic hockey player
4th – Eliminated

16
Bridge, WayneWayne Bridge
36
Footballer
5th – Eliminated

16
Roberts, MartinMartin Roberts
53
TV presenter
6th – Eliminated

16
Lamb, LarryLarry Lamb
69
Actor
7th – Eliminated

16
Vorderman, CarolCarol Vorderman
55
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

16
Banjo, JordanJordan Banjo
23
Dancer
9th – Eliminated

16
Jordan, OlaOla Jordan
34
Professional dancer
10th – Eliminated

16
Snowdon, LisaLisa Snowdon
44
TV and radio presenter
11th – Eliminated

16
Baker, DannyDanny Baker
59
Radio DJ
12th – Eliminated