document_title: Métis in Canada

question_text: where do the majority metis live in canada

question_tokens: where do the majority metis live in canada

text: Métis in Canada

text: Self-identity and legal status[edit]

text: In 2011, 451,795 people in Canada identified as Métis. They represented 32.3% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.4% of the total Canadian population.[8] Most Métis people today are not the direct result of intermarriage between First Nations and Europeans. The vast majority of those who identify as Métis are the descendants of unions between generations of Métis individuals.

text: Over the past century, countless Métis have assimilated into the general European Canadian populations, making Métis heritage (and thereby Aboriginal ancestry) more common than is generally realized.[9] Geneticists estimate that 50 percent of today's population in Western Canada have some Aboriginal blood.[10] They could be classified as Métis by any genetic measure but most are not part of its ethnic culture.[10] Unlike First Nations peoples, there is no distinction between "status" and "non-status" Métis. In 2003, the Supreme Court of Canada define Métis as someone who self-identifies as Métis, has an ancestral connection to the historic Métis community, and is accepted by the modern community with continuity to the historic Metis community.[11]

text: Historical view of identity[edit]

text: The most well-known and historically documented mixed-ancestry population in Canadian history are the groups who developed during the fur trade in south-eastern Rupert's Land, primarily in the Red River Settlement (now Manitoba) and the Southbranch Settlements (Saskatchewan). In the late nineteenth century, they organized politically (led by men who had European educations) and had confrontations with the Canadian government. This was not the only place where métissage (mixing) between European and Indigenous people occurred. It was part of the history of colonization from the earliest days of settlements on the Atlantic Coast throughout the Americas.[12]:2, 5 The strong sense of ethnic national identity among the mostly French- and Michif-speaking Métis along the Red River, demonstrated during the Riel Rebellions, resulted in wider use of the term "Métis" as the main word used by Canadians for all mixed Euro-Native groups.

text: Continued organizing and political activity resulted in "the Métis" gaining official recognition from the national government as one of the recognized Aboriginal groups in S.35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, which states:[13]

text: 35. (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal People of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.

text: Section-35(2) does not define criteria for an individual who is Métis. This has left open the question of whether "Métis" in this context should apply only to the descendants of the Red River Métis or to all mixed-ancestry groups and individuals. Many members of First Nations may have mixed ancestry, but identify primarily by the tribal nation, rather than as Métis. Since passage of the 1982 act, many groups in Canada who are not related to the Red River Métis have adopted the word "Métis" as a descriptor.[12]:7

text: Lack of a legal definition[edit]

text: It is not clear who has the moral and legal authority to define the word "Métis". There is no comprehensive legal definition of Métis status in Canada; this is in contrast to the Indian Act which creates an Indian Register for all (Status) First Nations people. Some commentators have argued that one of the rights of an indigenous people is to define its own identity, precluding the need for a government-sanctioned definition.[12]:9–10 The question is open as to who should receive Aboriginal rights flowing from Métis identity. No federal legislation defines the Métis.

text: Alberta is the only province to have defined the term in law. The Métis Settlements Act defines a Métis as "a person of Aboriginal ancestry who identifies with Métis history and culture" in the context of creating a test for legal eligibility for membership in one of Alberta's eight Métis settlements. This test excludes people who are Status Indians (that is, a member of a First Nation), an exclusion which was upheld by the Supreme Court in Alberta v. Cunningham (2011).[12]:10–11

text: The number of people self-identifying as Métis has risen sharply since the late 20th century: between 1996 and 2006, the population of Canadians who self-identify as Métis nearly doubled to approximately 390,000.[12]:2 Until R v. Powley (2003), there was no legal definition of Métis. The case involved a claim by Steven Powley and his son Rodney, two members of the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Métis community, who were asserting Métis hunting rights. The Supreme Court of Canada outlined three broad factors to identify Métis who have rights as Aboriginal peoples:[14]

text:
self-identification as a Métis individual;
ancestral connection to an historic Métis community; and
acceptance by a Métis community.

text: All three factors must be present for an individual to qualify under the legal definition of Métis. In addition, the court stated that

text: [t]he term Métis in s. 35 does not encompass all individuals with mixed Indian and European heritage; rather, it refers to distinctive peoples who, in addition to their mixed ancestry, developed their own customs, ways of life, and recognizable group identity separate from their Indian or Inuit and European forebears.[12]:9 The court was explicit that its ten-point test is not a comprehensive definition of Métis.

text: Questions remain as to whether Métis have treaty rights; this is an explosive issue in the Canadian Aboriginal community today. Some say that as only First Nations could legitimately sign treaties with the government so, by definition, Métis have no Treaty rights.[15] One treaty names Metis in the title: the Halfbreed (Métis in the French version) Adhesion to Treaty 3. Another, the Robinson Superior Treaty of 1850, listed 84 persons classified as "half-breeds" in the Treaty, so included them and their descendants.[16] Hundreds, if not thousands, of Métis were initially included in a number of other treaties, and then excluded under later amendments to the Indian Act.[15]

text: Definitions used by Métis organizations[edit]

text: Two main groups claim to speak for the Métis in Canada: the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (CAP) and the Métis National Council (MNC). Each uses different approaches to define Métis individuals. The CAP, which has nine regional affiliates, represents all Aboriginal people who are not part of the reserve system, including Métis and non-Status Indians. It does not define Métis and uses a broad conception based on self-identification.

text: The MNC broke away from the CAP's predecessor in 1983 because, it says "[i]ts pan-Aboriginal approach to issues did not allow the Métis Nation to effectively represent itself".[12]:11 MNC views the Métis as a single nation with a common history and culture centred on the fur trade of "west central North America" in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

text: In 2003 the MNC, which has five provincial affiliates, adopted its own "Definition of Métis" as follows:

text: Métis means a person who self-identifies as a Métis, is distinct from other aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry, and is accepted by the Métis Nation.[17]

text: Besides these two national umbrella groups, several local, independent Métis organizations have been founded in Canada. In Northern Canada neither the CAP nor the MNC have affiliates; here local Métis organizations deal directly with the federal government and are part of the Aboriginal land claims process. Three of the comprehensive settlements (modern treaties) in force in the Northwest Territories include benefits for Métis people who can prove local Aboriginal ancestry prior to 1921 (Treaty 11).[12]:13

text: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, the relevant federal ministry, deals with both the CAP and the MNC; it does not support a particular definition of Métis. It has begun to work with the provincial member organizations of the MNC to help build up a registry of their members.[12]:12

text: In response to the Powley ruling, Métis organizations have begun issuing Métis identification cards to their members, similar to the Status cards used by Registered Indians. Several organizations are registered with the Canadian government to provide Métis cards.[18] The criteria to receive a card and the rights associated with the card vary with each organization. For example, for membership in the Métis Nation of Alberta, an applicant must provide a documented genealogy and family tree dating to the mid 1800s, proving descent from one or more members of historic Métis groups.[19] The Canadian Métis Council will accept persons of mixed blood (European/Aboriginal blood (Indian ancestry)) and that is distinct from Indian and Inuit, and has genealogical ties to Aboriginal ancestry.[20]

text: The Métis Nation of Ontario requires that successful applicants for what it calls "citizenship", must "see themselves and identify themselves as distinctly Métis. This requires that individuals make a positive choice to be culturally and identifiably Métis".[21] They note that "an individual is not Métis simply because he or she has some Aboriginal ancestry, but does not have Indian or Inuit status".[21] It also requires proof of Métis ancestry: "This requires a genealogical connection to a 'Métis ancestor' – not an Indian or aboriginal ancestor".[21]

text: Cultural definitions[edit]

text: Cultural definitions of Métis identity informs legal and political ones.

text: The 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples stated:

text: Many Canadians have mixed Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal ancestry, but that does not make them Métis or even Aboriginal ... What distinguishes Métis people from everyone else is that they associate themselves with a culture that is distinctly Métis.[12]:12

text: Traditional markers of Métis culture include use of creole Aboriginal-European languages, such as Michif (French-Cree-Dene) and Bungi (Cree-Ojibwa-English); distinctive clothing, such as the arrow sash (ceinture flêchée); and a rich repertoire of fiddle music, jigs and square dances, and practicing a traditional economy based on hunting, trapping, and gathering. But, there is increasing recognition that not all Métis hunted, or wore the sash, or spoke a creole language.[12]:14–15 The term métis is a French adjective meaning "mixed" and in its larger sense applies to all persons of mixed Euro-Indigenous heritage, the noun Métis is specific to the people on the Métis Nation.

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: During the height of the North American fur trade from 1650 onward, many French Canadian and British fur traders married First Nations and Inuit women, mainly First Nations Cree, Ojibwa, or Saulteaux located in the Great Lakes area and to the west. The majority of these fur traders were French and Scottish; the French were Catholic.[10] These marriages are commonly referred to as marriage à la façon du pays or marriage according to the "custom of the country."[22] Their children often grew up primarily in their mothers' cultures but were often also introduced to Catholicism and indigenous belief systems. In many cases, as the fur traders lived with the native women at the location of their tribes, the children grew up in primarily First Nations societies.

text: But, as more Métis lived in communities with a fur trapping tradition, they created a new distinct Aboriginal people in North America. First Nations women were the link between cultures; they provided companionship for the fur traders, introductions to their people and culture, and also aided in their survival. First Nations women were able to translate the native languages, sewed new clothing for their husbands, and generally were involved in resolving any cultural issues that arose. The First Peoples had survived in the west for thousands of years, so the fur traders benefited greatly from their First Nations wives' knowledge of the land and its resources. Métis people were thought of as the bond between the Europeans and First Nations and Inuit peoples of Canada. As adults, the men often worked as interpreters as well as fur trappers in their turn.[10]

text: According to historian Jacob A. Schooley, the Métis developed over at least two generations and with different classes. In the first stage, "servant" (employee) traders of the fur trade companies, known as wintering partners, would stay for the season with First Nations bands, and make a "country marriage" with a high-status native woman. This woman and her children would move to live in the vicinity of a trading post, becoming "House Indians" (as they were called by the company men). House Indians eventually formed distinct bands. Children raised within these "House Indian" bands often became employees of the companies in turn. (Foster cites the legendary York boat captain Paulet Paul as an example). Eventually this second-generation group ended employment with the company and became "freemen" traders and trappers. They lived with their families raising children in a distinct culture that valued free trading and the buffalo hunt in particular. He considered that the third generation, who were sometimes Métis on both sides, were the first true Métis. He suggests that in the Red River region, many "House Indians" (and even some non-"House" First Nations) were assimilated into Métis culture due to the Catholic church's strong presence in that region. In the Fort Edmonton region, many House Indians never adopted a Métis identity but continued to identify primarily as "Cree" and so on.[23][24]

text: The Métis played a vital role in the success of the western fur trade. They were skilled hunters and trappers, and were raised to appreciate both Aboriginal and European cultures.[25] Métis understanding of both societies and customs helped bridge cultural gaps, resulting in better trading relationships.[25] The Hudson's Bay Company discouraged unions between their fur traders and First Nations and Inuit women, while the North West Company (the English-speaking Quebec-based fur trading company) supported such marriages. Trappers typically took First Nations women as wives, too, and operated outside company strictures.[26] The Métis were respected as valuable employees of both fur trade companies, due to their skills as voyageurs, buffalo hunters, and interpreters, and their knowledge of the lands.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: In 1812, many immigrants (mainly Scottish farmers) moved to the Red River Valley in present-day Manitoba. The Hudson's Bay Company, which nominally owned the territory then called Rupert's Land, assigned plots of land to the settlers.[27] The allocation of Red River land caused conflict with those already living in the area as well as with the North West Company, whose trade routes had been cut in half. Many Métis were working as fur traders with both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Others were working as free traders, or buffalo hunters supplying pemmican to the fur trade.[10] The buffalo were declining in number, and the Métis and First Nations had to go farther and farther west to hunt them.[28] Profits from the fur trade were declining because a reduction in European demand due to changing tastes, as well as the need for the Hudson's Bay Company to extend its reach farther from its main posts to get furs.

text: Most references to the Métis in the 19th century applied to the Plains Métis, particularly the Red River Métis.[23] But, the Plains Métis tended to identify by occupational categories: buffalo hunters, and pemmican and fur traders, and "tripmen" in the York boat fur brigades among the men;[23] and moccasin sewers and cooks among the women. The largest community in Assiniboine-Red River district had a different lifestyle and culture from those located in the Saskatchewan, Athabasca, and Peace river valleys to the west.[23]

text: The Government of Canada exerted its power over the people living in Rupert's Land after it acquired the land in the mid-19th century from the Hudson's Bay Company.[29] The Métis and the Anglo-Métis (commonly known as Countryborn, children of First Nations women and Orcadian, Scottish or English men),[30] joined forces to stand up for their rights. They wanted to protect their traditional way of life against an aggressive and distant Anglo-Canadian government and its local colonizing agents.[27] During this time the Canadian government signed treaties (known as the "Numbered Treaties") with various First Nations. These Nations ceded property rights to almost the entire western plains to the Government of Canada. In return for their ceding traditional lands, the Canadian government promised food, education, medical help, and other kinds of support.[31] While the Métis generally did not sign any treaty as a group, they were sometimes included, even listed as "half-breeds" in some records.

text: Louis Riel, well educated in Eastern schools, was the son of one leader and became a leader himself of the Métis in the Red River area. He denounced the government in a speech delivered in late August 1869 from the steps of Saint Boniface Cathedral.[10] The Métis became more fearful when the Canadian government appointed the notoriously anti-French William McDougall as the Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories on September 28, 1869, in anticipation of a formal transfer of lands to take effect in December.[10] The Red River Rebellion of 1869 broke out. Riel executed a dissident Protestant, an act that haunted the rest of his career. The government compromised, resulting in the Manitoba Act and that province's entry into the Canadian Confederation. Due to the execution Riel was charged and fled to the United States in exile.[27]

text: In March 1885, the Métis heard that a contingent of 500 North-West Mounted Police was heading west.[32] They organized using their traditional organizations and formed the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan, with Pierre Parenteau as President and Gabriel Dumont as adjutant-general. Riel took charge of a few hundred armed men. They suffered defeat by Canadian armed forces in a conflict known as the North West Rebellion, which occurred in northern Saskatchewan from March 26 to May 12, 1885.[27] Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States, while Riel, Poundmaker and Big Bear surrendered. Big Bear and Poundmaker each were convicted and received a three-year sentence. On July 6, 1885, Riel was convicted of high treason and was sentenced to hang. Riel appealed but he was executed on November 16, 1885.[27]

text: Land ownership[edit]

text: Issues of land ownership became a central theme, as they sold most of the 600,000 acres they received.[33][34]

text: During the 1930s, political activism arose in Métis communities in Alberta and Saskatchewan over land rights, and some filed land claims for the return of certain lands. Five men, sometimes dubbed "The Famous Five", (James P. Brady, Malcolm Norris, Peter Tomkins Jr., Joe Dion, Felix Callihoo) were instrumental in having the Alberta government form the 1934 "Ewing Commission", headed by Albert Ewing, to deal with land claims.[35] The Alberta government passed the Métis Population Betterment Act in 1938.[35] The act provided funding and land to the Métis. (The provincial government later rescinded portions of the land in certain areas.)[35]

text: The Métis Settlements of Alberta – a Distinct Métis Identity[edit]

text: OUR PEOPLE, OUR LAND, OUR CULTURE, OUR FUTURE – Metis Settlements Motto

text: The Métis settlements in Alberta are the only recognized land base of Métis in Canada and are represented and governed collectively by a unique Métis government known as the Métis Settlements General Council (MSGC),[36] also known as the "All-Council". The MSGC is the provincial, national, and international representative of the Federated Metis Settlements and holds fee simple land title via Letters Patents of 1.25 million acres of land, making the MSGC the largest land holder in the province other than the Crown in the Right of Alberta. The MSGC is the only recognized Metis Governerment in Canada with prescribed land, power, and jurisdiction via the Metis Settlements Act (legislation arsing from legal action taken up by the Metis Settlemetns against the Crown in the 1970’s). The Métis Settlements consist of predominantly Indigenous Métis populations native to Northern Alberta – unique from those of the Red River, the Great Lakes, and other migrant Métis from further east. However, following the Riel and Dumont Resistances some Red-River Métis fled westward, marrying into the contemporary Métis Settlement populations during the end of the 19th century and into the early 20th century. Historically referred to as the "Nomadic Half-breeds", the Métis of Northern Alberta have a unique history and their fight for land is still evident today with the eight contemporary Métis settlements.

text: Following the formal establishment of the Métis Settlements, then called Half-Breed Colonies, in the 1930's by distinct Métis political organization, the Metis populations in Northern Alberta would become the only Metis to secure collectively-held Metis lands. During renewed Indigenous activism during the 1960s into the 1970s, political organizations were formed or revived among the Métis. In Alberta, the Métis Settlements united as: The "Alberta Federation of Métis Settlement Associations" in the mid-1970s. Today, the Federation is represented by the Métis Settlements General Council.[37] During the constitutional talks of 1982, the Métis were recognized as one of the three Aboriginal peoples of Canada, in part by the Federation of Metis Settlements. In 1990, the Alberta government, following years of conferences and negotiations between the Federation of Métis Settlements (FMS) and the Crown in the Right of Alberta, restored land titles to the northern Métis communities through the "Métis Settlement Act", replacing the Métis Betterment Act.[35] Originally the first Métis settlements in Alberta were called colonies and consisted of:

text:
Buffalo Lake (Caslan) or Beaver River
Cold Lake
East Prairie (south of Lesser Slave Lake)
Elizabeth (east of Elk Point)
Fishing Lake (Packechawanis)
Gift Lake (Ma-cha-cho-wi-se) or Utikuma Lake
Kikino
Goodfish Lake
Marlboro
Paddle Prairie (or Keg River)
Peavine (Big Prairie, north of High Prairie)
Touchwood
Wolf Lake (north of Bonnyville)

text: In the 1960s, the settlements of Marlboro, Touchwood, Cold Lake, and Wolf Lake were dissolved by Order-and-Council by the Alberta Government and the remaining Metis Settlers were forced to move into one of the eight remaining Metis Settlements – leaving the 8 contemporary Métis Settlements.

text: The position of Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians was created in 1985 as a portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet.[38] The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development is officially responsible only for Status Indians and largely with those living on Indian reserves. The new position was created in order provide a liaison between the federal government and Métis and non-status Aboriginal peoples, urban Aboriginals, and their representatives.[38]

text: Organizations[edit]

text: The Provisional Government of Saskatchewan was the name given by Louis Riel to the independent state he declared during the North-West Rebellion of 1885 in what is today the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The governing council was named the Exovedate, Latin for "of the flock". The council debated issues ranging from military policy to local bylaws and theological issues. It met at Batoche, Saskatchewan, and exercised real authority only over the Southbranch Settlement. The provisional government collapsed that year after the Battle of Batoche.

text: The Métis National Council was formed in 1983, following the recognition of the Métis as an Aboriginal Peoples in Canada, in Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Métis National Council is composed of five provincial Métis organizations,[39] namely,

text:
Métis Nation British Columbia
Métis Nation of Alberta
Métis Nation-Saskatchewan
Manitoba Métis Federation
Métis Nation of Ontario

text: The Métis people hold province-wide ballot box elections for political positions in these associations, held at regular intervals, for regional and provincial leadership. Métis citizens and their communities are represented and participate in these Métis governance structures by way of elected Locals or Community Councils, as well as provincial assemblies held annually.[40]

text: The Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (CAP) and its nine regional affiliates represent all Aboriginal people who are not part of the reserve system, including Métis and non-Status Indians.

text: Due to differences, the Métis Nation of Canada[41] was founded on January 21, 2009, by Bryce Fequet.[42] The Métis Nation of Canada states that it "is a 'National' organization with a growing membership from all regions of Canada and is the 'national representative' of its members".[43] They are not affiliated with the Métis National Council.

text: Due to political differences to the MNBC, a separate Métis organization in British Columbia was formed in June 2011; it is called the British Columbia Métis Federation (BCMF).[44] They have no affiliation with the Métis National Council and have not been officially recognized by the government.

text: The Canadian Métis Council–Intertribal is based in New Brunswick and is not affiliated with the Métis National Council.[45]

text: The Ontario Métis Aboriginal Association–Woodland Métis is based in Ontario and is not affiliated with the Métis National Council. Its representatives think the MNC is too focused on the Métis of the prairies.[46]

text: The Nation Métis Québec is not affiliated with the Métis National Council.[47]

text: None of these claim to represent all Métis. Other Métis registry groups also focus on recognition and protection of their culture and heritage. They reflect their communities' particular extensive kinship ties and culture that resulted from settlement in historic villages along the fur trade.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Language[edit]

text: A majority of the Métis once spoke, and many still speak, either Métis French or an indigenous language such as Mi'kmaq, Cree, Anishinaabemowin, Denésoliné, etc. A few in some regions spoke a creole or mixed language called Michif. Michif, Mechif or Métchif is a phonetic spelling of the Métis pronunciation of Métif, a variant of Métis.[48] The Métis today predominantly speak French, with English a strong second language, as well as numerous Aboriginal tongues.[49] Métis French is best preserved in Canada.

text: Michif is most used in the United States, notably in the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation of North Dakota. There Michif is the official language of the Métis who reside on this Chippewa (Ojibwe) reservation.[50] After years of decline in use of these languages, the provincial Métis councils are encouraging their revival, teaching in schools and use in communities. The encouragement and use of Métis French and Michif is growing due to outreach after at least a generation of decline.[51]

text: The 19th-century community of Anglo-Métis, more commonly known as Countryborn, were children of people in the Rupert's Land fur trade; they were typically of Orcadian, Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent.[51] Their first languages would have been Aboriginal (Cree language, Saulteaux language, Assiniboine language, etc.) and English. The Gaelic and Scots spoken by Scots and Orcadians became part of the creole language referred to as "Bungee".[52]

text: Flag[edit]

text: The Métis flag is one of the oldest patriotic flags originating in Canada.[53] The Métis have two flags. Both flags use the same design of a central infinity symbol, but are different colours. The red flag was the first flag used. It is currently the oldest flag made in Canada that is still in use. The first red flag was given to Cuthbert Grant in 1815 by the North-West Company. The red flag was also used at the Battle of Seven Oaks, "La Grnoullière" in 1816. Contrary to popular beliefs the red and blue are not cultural or linguistique identifiers and do not represent the companies. [53]

text: Distinction of lower-case m versus upper-case M[edit]

text: The term Métis was originally used simply to refer to mixed-race children of the union of Frenchmen (Europeans) and Native women. The first records of "Métis" were made by 1600 on the East Coast of Canada (Acadia), where French exploration and settlement started.

text: As French Canadians followed the fur trade to the west, they made more unions with different First Nations women, including the Cree. Descendants of English or Scottish and natives were historically called "half-breeds" or "country born". They sometimes adopted a more agrarian culture of subsistence farming and tended to be reared in Protestant denominations.[54] The term eventually evolved to refer to all 'half-breeds' or persons of mixed First Nations-European ancestry, whether descended from the historic Red River Métis or not.

text: Lower case 'm' métis refers to those who are of mixed native and other ancestry, recognizing the many people of varied racial ancestry. Capital 'M' Métis refers to a particular sociocultural heritage and an ethnic self-identification that is based on more than racial classification.[55] Some argue that people who identify as métis should not be included in the definition of 'Métis'. Others view this distinction as recent, artificial, and offensive, criticized for creating from what are newly imagined and neatly defined ethnological boundaries, justification to exclude "other Métis".

text: Some Métis have proposed that only the descendants of the Red River Métis should be constitutionally recognized, as they had developed the most distinct culture as a people in historic times.[56] Such a limitation would result in excluding some of the Maritime, Quebec, and Ontario Métis, classifying them simply by the lower case m métis status. In a recent decision (Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development) 2016 SCC 12), the Supreme Court of Canada has rejected such homogenizing and essentializing definition of Métis identity based on a narrow nationalistic interpretation of Métis identity, recognizing the diversity of Métis communities across Canada, including the existence of Métis communities in Nova Scotia at para 17:[57]

text: [17] There is no consensus on who is considered Métis or a non-status Indian, nor need there be. Cultural and ethnic labels do not lend themselves to neat boundaries. ‘Métis’ can refer to the historic Métis community in Manitoba’s Red River Settlement or it can be used as a general term for anyone with mixed European and Aboriginal heritage. Some mixed-ancestry communities identify as Métis, others as Indian:

text: Distribution[edit]

text: According to the 2006 census in Canada, a total of 389,780 individuals identified as Métis.[58] Alberta had the largest Métis population among the provinces and territories, with 85,495 self-identifying as Métis;[58] of these 7,990 are members of one of Alberta's unique Métis settlements.[59]


document_title: List of Wells Fargo presidents

question_text: who is the president of wells fargo bank

root

text: List of Wells Fargo presidents

text: Presidents of Wells Fargo & Company Express[edit]

text:
Edwin Barber Morgan 1852-1853
Danford N. Barney 1853-1866
Louis McLane (expressman) 1866-1869
Ashbel H. Barney 1869-1870
William Fargo 1870-1872
Lloyd Tevis 1872-1892
John J. Valentine, Sr. 1892-1901
Dudley Evans 1902-1910
William Sproule 1910-1911
Burns D. Caldwell 1911-1918

tag: ul

text: Presidents of Wells Fargo Bank[edit]

text: Nevada Bank[edit]

text:
Louis McLane (expressman) 1875-1881
James Cair Flood 1881-1887
James Graham Fair 1887-1889
John William Mackay 1889-1891
Isaias W. Hellman 1891-1898

text: Nevada National Bank[edit]

text:
Isaias W. Hellman 1898-1905
Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank
Isaias W. Hellman 1905-1920
Isaias W. Hellman Jr. 1920
Frederick L. Lipman 1920-1923

text: Wells Fargo Bank & Union Trust Company[edit]

text:
Frederick L. Lipman 1924-1935
Robert Bruce Motherwell II 1935-1943
Isaias W. Hellman III 1943-1954

text: Wells Fargo Bank[edit]

text: Isaias W. Hellman III 1954-1960

text: Wells Fargo Bank American Trust Company[edit]

text: Ransom M. Cook 1960-1962

text: Wells Fargo Bank[edit]

text:
Ransom M. Cook 1962-1964
H. Stephen Chase 1964-1966
Richard P. Cooley 1966-1978
Carl E. Reichardt 1978-1984
Paul Hazen 1984-1995, 1997-1998
Richard Kovacevich 1998-2007
John Stumpf 2007-2016
Timothy J. Sloan 2016-


document_title: Joffrey Baratheon

question_text: who killed king joffrey in game of thrones

text: Joffrey Baratheon

text: Overview[edit]

text: Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels.[5] He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome.

tag: p

text: Character description[edit]

text: In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister. He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship. Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins.[6]

text: Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm. This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead. He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes. He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others. He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members. Joffrey is one of the story's few characters to display no redeeming qualities whatsoever.

text: Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996).

text: Storylines[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark. At first, Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa. However, he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower; this makes Joffrey's uncle Tyrion have to physically punish him until he shows respect. While on the Kingsroad to King's Landing, Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah. Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword. This causes Arya to hit Joffrey, allowing Mycah to escape. Joffrey then turns on Arya, making her direwolf Nymeria attack Joffrey, injuring him. Later, Joffrey lies about the attack, saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed; however, Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed instead. He later orders his bodyguard and sworn sword Sandor "The Hound" Clegane to kill Mycah and bring him back his corpse, which he does.

text: Later, Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert's son and rightful heir, by examining the family history and realizing that black hair is a dominant trait in the Baratheon line, hence the blonde hair can be attributed to the incestuous relationship of Queen Cersei and Ser Jaime. This causes Eddard to refuse to acknowledge Joffrey's claim to the throne when King Robert dies. He is taken into custody and his guards and household are murdered.

text: Sansa kneels and begs for Joffrey to spare her father's life and give him a chance to confess the treason. Joffrey promises Sansa that if Eddard truly does confess, he would be merciful. Reluctant at first, Eddard begrudgingly accepts Joffrey as the rightful King in order to spare Sansa's life. However, Joffrey, though pleased by Eddard's "confession", says that he has no acceptance for traitors and instead beheads Eddard and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings (1998). He rules with whim and caprice, proving difficult for even his mother to control. Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will, and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him. When Stannis Baratheon attacks King's Landing, Joffrey leaves the battlefield, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin's last-minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell.

text: A Storm of Swords[edit]

text: Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell, cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head, when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged. Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again, and later Joffrey turns on Tywin, who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin. During his wedding feast in the throne room, he presents an extremely offensive play of "The War of the Five Kings, " with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey's wine is poisoned, and he dies in an event known as "The Purple Wedding," in which Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords (2000). It is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators, with assistance from royal fool Ser Dontos Hollard, who successfully smuggles Tyrion's wife Sansa out of King's Landing before either of them can be caught and tried for Joffrey's murder.

text: Later novels[edit]

text: Joffrey is mentioned a few times in the later novels.

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
Tywin Lannister

Joanna Lannister

Tyrion Lannister

Jaime Lannister

Cersei Lannister

Robert Baratheon

Joffrey Baratheon

Myrcella Baratheon

Tommen Baratheon

tag: table

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television.[7][8] Years later young actor Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon.[9]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Joffrey Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms. He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister's children and heir to the Iron Throne. Evil, arrogant, vicious, and cruel, he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father – in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister.

text: First season[edit]

text: After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed.

text: Second season[edit]

text: His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne. He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa. His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father's bastard children in King's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed. When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting. When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin, aided by the forces of House Tyrell. To cement the alliance between their families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell.

text: Third season[edit]

text: The marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty. He also seems to take little interest in his bride, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part. At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage. Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king. Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head, when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged. Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again, and later Joffrey turns on Tywin, who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin.

text: Fourth season[edit]

text: Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of "The War of the Five Kings, " with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa. Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry "that monster". Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King and proceeds to marry Joffrey's widow Margaery.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Jack Gleeson has received positive reviews for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the television series. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the character #4 in their list of the "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".[10] Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to "five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled".[11]


document_title: Knowledge Navigator

question_text: what is the name of the knowledge navigator in built into apple's ios

question_tokens: what is the name of the knowledge navigator in built into apple 's ios

text: Knowledge Navigator

text: Videos[edit]

text: Apple produced several concept videos showcasing the idea. All of them featured a tablet style computer with numerous advanced capabilities, including an excellent text-to-speech system with no hint of "computerese", a gesture based interface resembling the multi-touch interface later used on the iPhone and an equally powerful speech understanding system, allowing the user to converse with the system via an animated "butler" as the software agent.

text: In one vignette a university professor returns home and turns on his computer, in the form of a tablet the size of a large-format book. The agent is a bow-tie wearing butler who appears on the screen and informs him that he has several calls waiting. He ignores most of these, from his mother, and instead uses the system to compile data for a talk on deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest. While he is doing this, the computer informs him that a colleague is calling, and they then exchange data through their machines while holding a video based conversation.

text: In another such video, a young student uses a smaller handheld version of the system to prompt him while he gives a class presentation on volcanoes, eventually sending a movie of an exploding volcano to the video "blackboard". In a final installment a user scans in a newspaper by placing it on the screen of the full-sized version, and then has it help him learn to read by listening to him read the scanned results, and prompting when he pauses.

text: Credits[edit]

text: The videos were funded and sponsored by Bud Colligan, Director of Apple's higher education marketing group, written and creatively developed by Hugh Dubberly and Doris Mitsch of Apple Creative Services, with technical and conceptual input from Mike Liebhold of Apple's Advanced Technologies Group and advice from Alan Kay, then an Apple Fellow.[1] The videos were produced by The Kenwood Group in San Francisco and directed by Randy Field. The director of photography was Bill Zarchy. The post-production mix was done by Gary Clayton at Russian Hill Recording for The Kenwood Group. The product industrial design was created by Gavin Ivester and Adam Grosser of Apple design.

text: Samir Arora, a software engineer at Apple was involved in R&D on application navigation and what was then called hypermedia. He wrote an important white paper entitled “Information Navigation: The Future of Computing". While working for Apple CEO John Sculley at the time, Arora built the technology to show fluid access to linked data displayed in a friendly manner an emerging area of research at Apple.[2]

text: The Knowledge Navigator video premiered in 1987 at Educom, the leading higher education conference, in a keynote by John Sculley, with demos of multimedia, hypertext and interactive learning directed by Bud Colligan.[3]

text: The music featured in this video is Georg Anton Benda 's Harpsichord Concerto in C.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The astute bow tie wearing software agent in the video has been the center of quite a few heated discussions in the domain of human–computer interaction. It was criticized as being an unrealistic portrayal of the capacities of any software agent in the foreseeable future, or even in a distant future.[citation needed] Some user interface professionals like Ben Shneiderman of the University of Maryland, College Park have also criticized its use of a human likeness for giving a misleading idea of the nature of any interaction with a computer, present or future.[citation needed]

text: Some visions put forth by proponents of the Semantic Web have been likened to that of the Knowledge Navigator by Marshall and Shipman, who argue that some of these visions[4] "ignore the difficulty of scaling knowledge-based systems to reason across domains, like Apple's Knowledge Navigator," and conclude that, as of 2003, "scenarios of the complexity of [a previously quoted] Knowledge Navigator-like approach to interacting with people and things in the world seem unlikely."

text: Siri[edit]

text: The notion of Siri was firmly planted at Apple 25 years ago though “Knowledge Navigator” with the voice of the assistant was only a concept prototype.[2] In October 2011, Apple relaunched Siri, a voice activated personal assistant software vaguely similar to that aspect of the Knowledge Navigator.[5]


document_title: Na+/K+-ATPase

question_text: the na/k pump helps a muscle cell maintain a state of

question_tokens: the na / k pump helps a muscle cell maintain a state of

text: Na+/K+-ATPase

text: Sodium–potassium pumps[edit]

text: The sodium pump is a membrane protein that use energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate to perform active transport of sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for potassium ions into the cell. For every adenosine triphosphate molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported, while two potassium are imported; there is hence a net export of a single positive charge per pump cycle. All mammals have four different sodium pump sub-types, or isoforms, that each has unique properties and tissue expression patterns.[1]

text: This was investigated by following the passage of radioactively labeled ions across the plasma membrane of certain cells. It was found that the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions on the two sides of the membrane are interdependent, suggesting that the same carrier transports both ions. It is now known that the carrier is an ATP-ase and that it pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions pumped in.

text: The sodium-potassium pump was discovered in the 1950s by a Danish scientist, Jens Christian Skou, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1997. It marked an important step forward in the understanding of how ions get into and out of cells, and it has a particular significance for excitable cells such as nervous cells, which depend on this pump for responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses.

text: Function[edit]

text: The Na+/K+-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, effect transport, and regulate cellular volume.[2] It also functions as a signal transducer/integrator to regulate MAPK pathway, ROS, as well as intracellular calcium. In most animal cells, the Na+/K+-ATPase is responsible for about 1/5 of the cell's energy expenditure.[citation needed] For neurons, the Na+/K+-ATPase can be responsible for up to 2/3 of the cell's energy expenditure.[3]

text: Resting potential[edit]

text: In order to maintain the cell membrane potential, cells keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the cell (intracellular). The sodium-potassium pump mechanism moves 3 sodium ions out and moves 2 potassium ions in, thus, in total, removing one positive charge carrier from the intracellular space. (Please see Mechanism for details).

text: Transport[edit]

text: Export of sodium from the cell provides the driving force for several secondary active transporters membrane transport proteins, which import glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients into the cell by use of the sodium gradient.

text: Another important task of the Na+-K+ pump is to provide a Na+ gradient that is used by certain carrier processes. In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na+-K+ pump, whereas, on the reabsorbing (lumenal) side, the Na+-glucose symporter uses the created Na+ gradient as a source of energy to import both Na+ and glucose, which is far more efficient than simple diffusion. Similar processes are located in the renal tubular system.

text: Controlling cell volume[edit]

text: Failure of the Na+-K+ pumps can result in swelling of the cell. A cell's osmolarity is the sum of the concentrations of the various ion species and many proteins and other organic compounds inside the cell. When this is higher than the osmolarity outside of the cell, water flows into the cell through osmosis. This can cause the cell to swell up and lyse. The Na+-K+ pump helps to maintain the right concentrations of ions. Furthermore, when the cell begins to swell, this automatically activates the Na+-K+ pump.[citation needed]

text: Functioning as signal transducer[edit]

text: Within the last decade [when?], many independent labs have demonstrated that, in addition to the classical ion transporting, this membrane protein can also relay extracellular ouabain-binding signalling into the cell through regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The downstream signals through ouabain-triggered protein phosphorylation events include activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascades, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) in different intracellular compartments.[4]

text: Protein-protein interactions play a very important role in Na+-K+ pump-mediated signal transduction. For example, Na+-K+ pump interacts directly with Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, to form a signaling receptor complex.[5] Src kinase is inhibited by Na+-K+ pump, while, upon ouabain binding, the Src kinase domain will be released and then activated. Based on this scenario, NaKtide, a peptide Src inhibitor derived from Na+-K+ pump, was developed as a functional ouabain-Na+-K+ pump-mediated signal transduction.[6] Na+-K+ pump also interacts with ankyrin, IP3R, PI3K, PLC-gamma and cofilin.[7]

text: Controlling neuron activity states[edit]

text: The Na+-K+ pump has been shown to control and set the intrinsic activity mode of cerebellar Purkinje neurons[8], accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells[9] and probably other neuron types[10]. This suggests that the pump might not simply be a homeostatic, "housekeeping" molecule for ionic gradients; but could be a computation element in the cerebellum and the brain.[11] Indeed, a mutation in the Na+-K+ pump causes rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism, which has symptoms to indicate that it is a pathology of cerebellar computation.[12] Furthermore, an ouabain block of Na+-K+ pumps in the cerebellum of a live mouse results in it displaying ataxia and dystonia.[13] Alcohol inhibits sodium-potassium pumps in the cerebellum and this is likely how it corrupts cerebellar computation and body co-ordination.[14][15] The distribution of the Na+-K+ pump on myelinated axons, in human brain, was demonstrated to be along the internodal axolemma, and not within the nodal axolemma as previously thought.[16]

text: Mechanism[edit]

text:
The pump, after binding ATP, binds 3 intracellular Na+ ions.[2]
ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at a highly conserved aspartate residue and subsequent release of ADP.
A conformational change in the pump exposes the Na+ ions to the outside. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na+ ions, so they are released.
The pump binds 2 extracellular K+ ions. This causes the dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, transporting the K+ ions into the cell.
The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions than K+ ions, so the two bound K+ ions are released. ATP binds, and the process starts again.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: Endogenous[edit]

text: The Na+/K+-ATPase is upregulated by cAMP.[17] Thus, substances causing an increase in cAMP upregulate the Na+/K+-ATPase. These include the ligands of the Gs-coupled GPCRs. In contrast, substances causing a decrease in cAMP downregulate the Na+/K+-ATPase. These include the ligands of the Gi-coupled GPCRs.

text: Note: Early studies indicated the opposite effect, but these were later found to be inaccurate due to additional complicating factors.[citation needed]

text: Exogenous[edit]

text: The Na+-K+-ATPase can be pharmacologically modified by administrating drugs exogenously.

text: For instance, Na+-K+-ATPase found in the membrane of heart cells is an important target of cardiac glycosides (for example digoxin and ouabain), inotropic drugs used to improve heart performance by increasing its force of contraction.

text: Muscle contraction is dependent on a 100- to 10,000-times-higher-than-resting intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which is caused by Ca2+ release from the muscle cells' sarcoplasmic reticulum. Immediately after muscle contraction, intracellular Ca2+ is quickly returned to its normal concentration by a carrier enzyme in the plasma membrane, and a calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle to relax.

text: Since this carrier enzyme (Na+-Ca2+ translocator) uses the Na gradient generated by the Na+-K+ pump to remove Ca2+ from the intracellular space, slowing down the Na+-K+ pump results in a permanently elevated Ca2+ level in the muscle, which may be the mechanism of the long-term inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides such as digoxin.

text: Discovery[edit]

text: Na+/K+-ATPase was discovered by Jens Christian Skou in 1957 while working as assistant professor at the Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark. He published his work that year.[18]

text: In 1997, he received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase."[19]

text: Genes[edit]

text:
Alpha: ATP1A1[1], ATP1A2[2], ATP1A3[3], ATP1A4[4]. #1 predominates in kidney. #2 is also known as "alpha(+)"
Beta: ATP1B1[5], ATP1B2, ATP1B3[6], ATP1B4

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Mechanism of the sodium-potassium exchange pump.


document_title: The Lord's Prayer (Sister Janet Mead song)

question_text: who sang the lord's prayer in the 70's

question_tokens: who sang the lord 's prayer in the 70 's

text:
"The Lord's Prayer"

Single by Sister Janet Mead

B-side
"Brother Sun and Sister Moon"

Released
February 1974 (1974-02)

Recorded
1973

Genre

Rock
Contemporary Christian

Label
Festival, A&M (U.S.)

Songwriter(s)

Traditional
Arnold Strals

Producer(s)
Martin Erdman

Sister Janet Mead - Australia singles chronology

"The Lord's Prayer"
(1974)
"The Earth is Filled"
(1974)

Sister Janet Mead - US singles chronology

"The Lord's Prayer"
(1974)
"Take My Hand"
(1974)

text: "The Lord's Prayer" is a rock setting of the Lord's Prayer with music by Arnold Strals recorded in 1973 by the Australian nun Sister Janet Mead.[1][2] Mead was known for pioneering the use of contemporary rock music in celebrating the Roman Catholic Mass and for her weekly radio programs.[3] This recording could be considered one of the links in the development of what would become known as contemporary Christian music.

text: The recording was produced by Martin Erdman and originally released by Festival Records in Australia.[3] After reaching number three on the charts in Australia, it went on to become an international smash, selling nearly three million copies worldwide and making the upper reaches of the pop charts in territories as diverse as Canada, Japan, Brazil, Germany, and the United States.[1]

text: In the United States, "The Lord's Prayer", picked up for American distribution by A&M Records (catalog number 1491, b/w "Brother Sun and Sister Moon").[3] It was certified gold for sales of one million copies.[3][4] The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart on 23 February 1974, charted for thirteen weeks and reached a peak of number four during Holy Week in April. The record also reached number two on the Adult Contemporary singles chart.[5] It made Sister Janet the first Roman Catholic nun to have a hit record in the United States since Jeanine Deckers, the Singing Nun, hit #1 with "Dominique" in late 1963.[3] It also became the only song to hit the Top 10, whose entire lyrical content originated from the words of the Bible. More specifically, it is the only Top 10 hit whose lyrics were attributed to Jesus Christ.

text: Mead was nominated for a Grammy for Best Inspirational Performance (although she lost to Elvis Presley's How Great Thou Art) and also became the first Australian artist to sell one million U.S. copies of a record produced in Australia.[3] She donated all of her royalties from the recording's massive international sales to charity, and her record label used their share of the proceeds to build a new state-of-the-art recording studio.[3]

text: Sister Janet re-recorded "The Lord's Prayer" in 1999 for her comeback album, A Time to Sing.[1]


document_title: The Lego Movie

question_text: who does chris pratt play in the lego movie

text: The Lego Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a Lego world populated by anthropomorphic minifigures, the evil Lord Business finds a super weapon called the "Kragle". The wizard Vitruvius attempts to stop him, but is blinded by Business' robots. Before Business leaves with the weapon, Vitruvius prophesies that a person called "the Special" will find the Piece of Resistance, a brick capable of stopping the Kragle.

text: Eight and a half years later, construction worker Emmet Brickowski finds a woman called Wyldstyle searching for something at his construction site after hours. When he investigates, Emmet falls into a hole and finds the Piece of Resistance. Compelled to touch it, Emmet experiences vivid visions and passes out. He awakens with the Piece of Resistance attached to his back, in the custody of Bad Cop, Lord Business's lieutenant. Wyldstyle rescues Emmett, believing him to be the Special, and takes him to meet Vitruvius in the Old West. Emmet learns that Wyldstyle and Vitruvius are "Master Builders"[7]—people capable of building anything from their imagination without the need of instructions—who oppose Business. Wyldstyle explains Business wants to use the Kragle, a tube of Krazy Glue with a weathered label, to freeze the world into perfection. Though disappointed to find Emmet is not a Master Builder, Wyldstyle and Vitruvius are convinced of his potential when he recalls visions of a seemingly human deity referred to as "the Man Upstairs".

text: Emmet, Wyldstyle, and Vitruvius evade Bad Cop's forces with the aid of Batman, Wyldstyle's boyfriend. They go to the hidden Cloud Cuckoo Land, a realm where minifigures can create whatever they desire, to attend a council of Master Builders, all of whom are unimpressed with Emmet and refuse to fight Business. Bad Cop's forces attack, having placed a tracking device on Emmett, and capture everyone except Emmet and a small team of Master Builders. Escaping, Emmet devises a plan to infiltrate Business's office tower and disarm the Kragle, but the group is captured and imprisoned in the Think Tank, where all the Master Builders are forced to make instructions. Trying to retaliate, Vitruvius is decapitated by Business, who sets a self-destruct protocol and leaves everyone to die, including Bad Cop. As he dies, Vitruvius reveals he made up the prophecy. He soon reappears to Emmet as a ghost and tells him that his belief makes him the Special. Strapped to the self-destruct mechanism's battery, Emmet jumps into the abyss outside the tower and severs the connection, saving his friends. Inspired by Emmet's sacrifice, Wyldstyle rallies the Lego people across the universe to use whatever creativity they have to build machines and weapons to fight against Lord Business's forces.

text: Emmet finds himself in the human world as a Lego minifigure unable to move. The events of the story are being played out by a little boy named Finn on his father's expansive Lego set in their basement. His father—"the Man Upstairs"—comes home from work and chastises his son for ruining the set by creating variations of different playsets, and proceeds to permanently rebuild and glue his perceived perfect creations together. Realizing the danger his friends are in, Emmet wills himself to move and gains Finn's attention. Finn returns Emmet and the Piece of Resistance to the set, where Emmet now possesses the powers of a Master Builder and confronts Business. Meanwhile, Finn's father looks at his son's creations and realizes that Finn had based the villainous Business on him and his perfectionism. Through a speech Emmet gives Business, Finn tells his father that he is special and has the power to change everything. Finn reconciles with his father, which plays out as Business having a change of heart, capping the Kragle, and ungluing his victims with mineral spirits. Emmet is hailed as a hero, and begins a relationship with Wyldstyle with Batman's blessing.

text: As a result of Finn's father allowing Finn's younger sister to join them in playing with his Lego sets, aliens from the planet Duplo beam down and announce their plans to destroy them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Pratt as Emmet Brickowski, an everyman and construction worker from Bricksburg
Will Ferrell as Lord Business, president of the Octan Corporation under the name President Business[8][9]

Ferrell also plays "The Man Upstairs," a Lego collector in the live-action part of the film

Elizabeth Banks as "Lucy" Wildstyle, a Master Builder
Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman, a DC Comics superhero who is a Master Builder
Nick Offerman as Metal Beard, a giant makeshift pirate and Master Builder[9]
Alison Brie as Princess Unikitty, a unicorn-horned kitten and Master Builder from Cloud Cuckoo Land[9][10]
Charlie Day as Benny, a "1980-something space guy" who is a Master Builder[8]
Liam Neeson as Bad Cop / Good Cop, a double-headed police officer that leads the Super Secret Police

Neeson also voices Pa Cop, Bad Cop/Good Cop's father

Morgan Freeman as Vitruvius, a blind old wizard who is one of the Master Builders
Channing Tatum as Clark Kent / Superman, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders
Jonah Hill as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders
Cobie Smulders as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders
Jadon Sand as Finn, The Man Upstairs' young son in the live-action part of the film

text: In addition, Anthony Daniels and Billy Dee Williams reprise their Star Wars roles as C-3PO and Lando Calrissian respectively, with Keith Ferguson voicing Han Solo (whom he previously voiced in Robot Chicken and Mad). Shaquille O'Neal voices a Lego version of himself who is a Master Builder alongside two generic members of the 2002 NBA All-Stars.

text: Will Forte, Dave Franco, Jake Johnson, Keegan-Michael Key, Chris McKay, and Jorma Taccone provide voice cameos in the film.

text: Co-director Christopher Miller cameos as a TV presenter in the studio that films the Where Are My Pants? TV series.

text: Production[edit]

text: Dan Lin conceived of the idea for the film and began discussing it with Roy Lee before leaving Warner Bros. to form his own production company, Lin Pictures, in 2008.[11] Meanwhile, Warner Bros. home entertainment executive Kevin Tsujihara had recognized the value of the Lego franchise by engineering the studio's purchase of Lego video game licensee Traveller's Tales in 2007, thought the success of the Lego-based video games indicated a Lego-based film was a good idea, and reportedly "championed" the development of the film.[11][12] By August 2009, Dan and Kevin Hageman were writing the script described as "action adventure set in a Lego world."[13] Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks in June 2010 to write and direct the film.[14] Warner Bros. green-lit the film by November 2011, with a planned 2014 release date. The Australian studio Animal Logic was contracted to provide the animation, which was expected to comprise 80% of the film. By this time Chris McKay, the director of Robot Chicken, had also joined Lord and Miller to co-direct.[15] McKay explained that his role was to supervise the production in Australia once Lord and Miller left to work on 22 Jump Street.[16] In March 2012, Lord and Miller revealed the film's working title, Lego: The Piece of Resistance, and a storyline.[17] In April 2012, Warner Bros. scheduled the film for release on February 28, 2014, a date that subsequently changed.[18]

text:
"We wanted to make the film feel like the way you play, the way I remember playing. We wanted to make it feel as epic and ambitious and self-serious as a kid feels when they play with LEGO. We took something you could claim is the most cynical cash grab in cinematic history, basically a 90 minute LEGO commercial, and turned it into a celebration of creativity, fun and invention, in the spirit of just having a good time and how ridiculous it can look when you make things up. And we had fun doing it.'"

 —Animation supervisor Chris McKay[16]

tag: div

text: By June 2012, Chris Pratt had been cast as the voice of Emmet, the lead Lego character, and Will Arnett voicing Lego Batman; the role of Lego Superman was offered to Channing Tatum.[19] By August 2012, Elizabeth Banks was hired to voice Lucy (later getting the alias "Wyldstyle")[8] and Morgan Freeman to voice Vitruvius, an old mystic.[19][20] In October 2012, Warner Bros. shifted the release date for the film, simply titled Lego, to February 7, 2014.[21] In November 2012, Alison Brie, Will Ferrell, Liam Neeson, and Nick Offerman signed on for roles. Brie voices Unikitty, a member of Emmet's team; Ferrell voices the antagonist President/Lord Business; Neeson voices Bad Cop; and Offerman voices Metal Beard,[22] a pirate seeking revenge on Business.[21]

text: In July 2012, a Lego-user contest announced on the film's Facebook page would choose a winning Lego vehicle to appear in the film.[23] Miller's childhood Space Village playset is utilized in the film.[24]

text: Animal Logic tried to make the film's animation replicate a stop motion film even if everything was done through computer graphics, with the animation rigs following the same articulation limits actual Lego figures have. The camera systems also tried to replicate live action cinematography, including different lenses and a Steadicam simulator. The scenery was projected through The Lego Group's own Lego Digital Designer, which as CG supervisor Aidan Sarsfield detailed, "uses the official LEGO Brick Library and effectively simulates the connectivity of each of the bricks." The saved files were then converted to design and animate in Maya and XSI. At times the minifigures were even placed under microscopes to capture the seam lines, dirt and grime into the digital textures.[25] Benny the spaceman was based on the line of Lego space sets sold in the 1980s, and his design includes the broken helmet chin strap, a common defect of the space sets at that time.[26]

text: The film's total cost, including production, promotion and advertising (P&A), was $100 million.[27] Half of the film's cost was financed by Village Roadshow Pictures.[27] The rest was covered by Warner Bros., with RatPac-Dune Entertainment providing a smaller share as part of its multi-year financing agreement with Warner Bros.[28] Initially Warner Bros. turned down Village Roadshow Pictures when it asked to invest in the film.[27] However, Warner Bros. later changed its mind, reportedly due to lack of confidence in the film, initially offering Village Roadshow Pictures the opportunity to finance 25% of the film, and later, an additional 25%.[27]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Lego Movie premiered at the Regency Village Theatre in Los Angeles, California on February 1, 2014, and was released in theaters on February 7, 2014.[29] The film was released in Australia by the film's co-producer, Roadshow Films.[30]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including a set of Collectible Minifigures. A website was opened up so fans could make minifigure versions of themselves, and later, put that in the film's official trailer. The company recruited a roster of global partners to a broad, multi-category licensing program to support the film.[31][32] Official Lego Brand Stores also scheduled events. Each week of January 2014, a new character poster (Wyldstyle, Batman, Emmet, Lord Business) came with every purchase.[33] By building a creative model in-store, people received a free accessory pack. Barnes & Noble hosted a themed event in January, February, and March.[34] On February 7, 2014, McDonald's released eight collectible holographic/3D cups in Happy Meals to promote the film.[35] A video game based on the film, The Lego Movie Videogame, by TT Fusion for Xbox 360, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation Vita, and Windows, was released on February 4, 2014.[36] An exclusive "Wild West Emmet" minifigure was released with preorders of the game at GameStop.[37]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Lego Movie was released on Digital HD on May 20, 2014. It was released by Warner Home Video on DVD and Blu-ray (2D and 3D) on June 17, 2014. A special Blu-ray 3D "Everything is Awesome Edition" also includes an exclusive Vitruvius minifigure and a collectible 3D Emmett photo.[38]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Lego Movie was met with "nearly unanimous positive reviews."[39] Review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96% approval rating with an average rating of 8.2/10 based on 226 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Boasting beautiful animation, a charming voice cast, laugh-a-minute gags, and a surprisingly thoughtful story, The Lego Movie is colorful fun for all ages."[40] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 83 (indicating "universal acclaim") based on 43 reviews.[41] According to CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, the average grade cinemagoers gave The Lego Movie was A on an A+ to F scale.[42] Filmmaker Edgar Wright, and TIME Magazine film critic Richard Corliss, each named The Lego Movie as one of their favorite films of 2014.[43][44]

text: Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Arriving at a time when feature animation was looking and feeling mighty anemic...The LEGO Movie shows 'em how it's done,"[45] with Peter Debruge of Variety adding that Lord and Miller "irreverently deconstruct the state of the modern blockbuster and deliver a smarter, more satisfying experience in its place, emerging with a fresh franchise for others to build upon."[46] Tom Huddleston of Time Out said, "The script is witty, the satire surprisingly pointed, and the animation tactile and imaginative."[47] Drew Hunt of the Chicago Reader said the filmmakers "fill the script with delightfully absurd one-liners and sharp pop culture references",[48] with A. O. Scott of The New York Times noting that, "Pop-culture jokes ricochet off the heads of younger viewers to tickle the world-weary adults in the audience, with just enough sentimental goo applied at the end to unite the generations. Parents will dab their eyes while the kids roll theirs."[49] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News said the filmmakers "don't sink into cynicism. Their computer animation embraces the retro look and feel of the toys to both ingenious and adorable effect."[50]

text: Claudia Puig of USA Today called the film "a spirited romp through a world that looks distinctively familiar, and yet freshly inventive."[51] Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail asked, "Can a feature-length toy commercial also work as a decent kids’ movie? The bombast of the G.I. Joe and Transformers franchises might suggest no, but after an uninspired year for animated movies, The Lego Movie is a 3-D animated film that connects."[52] Joel Arnold of NPR acknowledged that the film "may be one giant advertisement, but all the way to its plastic-mat foundation, it's an earnest piece of work—a cash grab with a heart."[53] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film "sassy enough to shoot well-aimed darts at corporate branding."[54] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post said that, "While clearly filled with affection for—and marketing tie-ins to—the titular product that's front and center, it's also something of a sharp plastic brick flung in the eye of its corporate sponsor."[55]

text: On the negative side, Kyle Smith of the New York Post called the film "more exhausting than fun, too unsure of itself to stick with any story thread for too long."[56] Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times, while generally positive, found "it falls apart a bit near the end."[57] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap said the film "will doubtless tickle young fans of the toys. It's just too bad that a movie that encourages you to think for yourself doesn't follow its own advice."[58]

text: Television personality, author, filmmaker, radio host and conservative political commentator Glenn Beck praised the film for avoiding "the double meanings and adult humor I just hate."[59]

text: Oscar host Neil Patrick Harris referenced The Lego Movie not being nominated Best Animated Feature, which many critics considered a major snub, saying prior to the award's presentation "If you’re at the Oscar party with the guys who directed 'The Lego Movie,' now would be a great time to distract them."[60]

text: U.S. Senator Ron Johnson criticized the film's anti-corporate message, saying that it taught children that "government is good and business is bad", citing the villain's name of Lord Business. "That's done for a reason", Johnson told WisPolitics.com. "They're starting that propaganda, and it's insidious". The comments were criticized by many, and Russ Feingold brought up the comments on the campaign trail during his 2016 Senate bid against Johnson.[61]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: The Lego Movie grossed $257.8 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $210.3 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $469.2 million.[4] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $229 million.[62]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, the film opened at number one in its first weekend with over $69 million, which was the second highest weekend debut in February, at the time, behind The Passion of the Christ ($83.8 million).[63] The movie retained the top spot at box office in its second weekend by declining only 28% and grossing $49.8 million.[64] The Lego Movie was number one again in its third weekend while declining 37% and grossing $31.3 million.[65] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number three grossing $20.8 million.[66]

text: Elsewhere, The Lego Movie was released in 34 markets in February 7, 2014—the same weekend as its U.S. release. It made $18.7 million on its opening weekend from 5,695 screens from 34 countries.[67] On its opening weekend, which varies depending on the country, it earned $3.8 million in Mexico, $2 million in Spain, $1.8 million in Brazil.[67] With a total gross of £34.3 million, it was the second highest-grossing film in the UK and Ireland in 2014.[68]

text: The popularity of the film led to a shortage of Lego products by September 2014.[69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of Accolades

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

AACTA Awards
Best Visual Effects or Animation
Chris McKay, Amber Naismith, Aidan Sarsfield and Grant Freckelton
Won

Academy Awards
Best Original Song
"Everything is Awesome" written by Shawn Patterson
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Animated Feature Film
David Burrows, Chris McKay
Won

42nd Annual Annie Awards[70]
Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Animated Effects in an Animated Feature Production
Jayandera Danappal, Matt Ebb, Christian Epunan Hernandez, Danielle Brooks, and Raphael Gadot
Nominated

Directing in an Animated Feature Production
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, Directors;
Chris McKay, Co-Director
Nominated

Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Grant Freckelton
Nominated

Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller
Won

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
David Burrows, Todd Hansen, Doug Nicholas, Jonathan Tappin and Courtney O'Brien-Brown
Nominated

Austin Film Critics Association
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

BAFTA Awards[71]
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

Black Reel Awards
Best Voice Performance
Morgan Freeman
Won

45th Annual British Academy Children's Awards[72]
Kid's Vote — Film in 2014
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Children's Feature Film in 2014
The Lego Movie
Won

Broadcast Film Critics Association
Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Won

Best Song
"Everything Is Awesome"
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Won

Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

Dublin Film Critics Circle
Top Ten Films
The Lego Movie
4th Place

Empire Awards
Best Comedy
Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle
Best Animated Film
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Animated Feature Film
Nominated

Golden Tomato Awards 2014
Best Animated Film
Won

Best Wide Release 2014
2nd Place

Grammy Awards
Best Song Written for Visual Media
"Everything Is Awesome"
Nominated

Heartland Film Festival 2014[73]
Truly Moving Picture Award
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller
Won

Houston Film Critics Society
Best Animated Feature Film
The Lego Movie
Won

Best Original Song
"Everything is Awesome"
Won

Kerrang! Awards
Best Film
The Lego Movie
Won

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Animated Movie
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Favorite Movie Actor
Will Arnett (also for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
Nominated

National Board of Review
Best Original Screenplay
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller
Won

Top Ten Films
The Lego Movie
Won

New York Film Critics Circle Awards[74]
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

New York Film Critics Online
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

Online Film Critics Society
Best Picture
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Won

People's Choice Awards[75]
Favorite Family Movie
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Producers Guild of America
Best Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures
Dan Lin
Won

San Diego Film Critics Society
Best Animated
The Lego Movie
Nominated

San Francisco Film Critics Circle[76]
Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Won

Satellite Awards
Best Motion Picture Animated or Mixed Media
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller
Nominated

Best Original Song
"Everything Is Awesome"
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
Best Animated Film
The Lego Movie
Won

16th SXSW Film Festival[77]
SXSW Film Design Award
(Special Jury Recognition)
Brian Mah (Designer)
Won

Teen Choice Awards[78]
Choice Movie: Animated
The Lego Movie
Nominated

Choice Movie: Voice
Chris Pratt

Toronto Film Critics Association
Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Runner-Up

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association[79]
Best Animated Feature
The Lego Movie
Won

Best Original Screenplay
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller
Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Lego Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh, various artists

Released
February 4, 2014

Recorded
2013
Trackdown Studios (Sydney)

Genre
Film soundtrack, film score

Length
58:10

Label
WaterTower Music

Producer
Mark Mothersbaugh, Shawn Patterson, Bartholomew

Mark Mothersbaugh chronology

Last Vegas
(2013)Last Vegas2013
The Lego Movie
(2014)
22 Jump Street
(2014)22 Jump Street2014

Singles from The Lego Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Everything Is Awesome"
Released: January 27, 2014

text: The film's original score was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh, who had previously worked with Lord and Miller on Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs and 21 Jump Street. The Lego Movie soundtrack contains the score as the majority of its tracks. Also included is the song "Everything Is Awesome!!!" written by Shawn Patterson (El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera and Robot Chicken), Joshua Bartholomew[80] and Lisa Harriton,[81] who also perform the song in the movie under the name, Jo Li. The single, released on January 27, 2014, is performed by Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island (Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone) who wrote the rap lyrics, and is the first song played in the end credits of the movie. The soundtrack was released on February 4, 2014 by WaterTower Music.[82]

text:
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Everything Is Awesome!!!"
Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island
2:43

2.
"Prologue"

2:28

3.
"Emmett's Morning"

1:59

4.
"Emmett Falls in Love"

1:11

5.
"Escape"

3:27

6.
"Into the Old West"

1:00

7.
"Wyldstyle Explains"

1:21

8.
"Emmett's Mind"

2:17

9.
"The Transformation"

1:46

10.
"Saloons and Wagons"

3:38

11.
"Batman"

1:23

12.
"Middle Zealand"

0:28

13.
"Cloud Cuckooland and Ben the Spaceman"

1:25

14.
"Emmett's Speech"

2:02

15.
"Submarines and Metal Beard"

1:49

16.
"Requiem for Cuckooland"

1:23

17.
"Reaching the Kragle"

2:35

18.
"Emmett's Plan"

1:54

19.
"The Truth"

3:16

20.
"Wyldstyle Leads"

2:46

21.
"Let's Put It All Back"

2:02

22.
"I Am a Master Builder"

2:48

23.
"My Secret Weapon"

4:19

24.
"We Did It!"

1:31

25.
"Everything Is Awesome!!!"
Jo Li (Joshua Bartholomew and Lisa Harriton)
1:26

26.
"Everything Is Awesome!!! (unplugged)"
Shawn Patterson and Sammy Allen
1:24

27.
"Untitled Self Portrait"
Will Arnett
1:08

28.
"Everything Is Awesome!!! (instrumental sing-a-long)"

2:41

Total length:
58:10

text:
Chart positions

Chart (2014)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[83]
82

UK Independent Album Breakers (OCC)[84]
8

US Billboard 200[85]
37

US Independent Albums (Billboard)[85]
8

US Top Soundtracks (Billboard)[85]
2

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The film's theme song, "Everything is Awesome!!!", has been critically praised and has undergone some close analysis. Eric Brown, writing in the International Business Times, describes the song as a parody of fascism, saying that the song "seems little more than an infectiously catchy parody of watered-down radio pop, right down to the faux-dubstep breakdown. There's a lot more happening under the surface, however."[86] In an interview with Fox News, producer Mark Mothersbaugh says the song "was supposed to be like mind control early in the film. It's totally irritating, this kind of mindless mantra to get people up and working."[87]

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Because of its critical and commercial success, The Lego Movie has been turned into a franchise and a shared fictional universe. It consists of two spin-off films, The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie, both with 2017 release dates,[88][89] a sequel scheduled for release in 2019,[90] and a third spin-off titled The Billion Brick Race.[91] A 4-D ride attraction, based on the film itself, titled The Lego Movie: 4D - A New Adventure, opened at select Legoland theme parks across the globe in 2016.[92]

text: On May 10, 2017, Warner Bros. and Lego announced that the character Unikitty would receive a spin-off television series on Cartoon Network, with Tara Strong voicing the character. The premiere date is yet to be announced.[93]


document_title: Doroteo Jose LRT station

question_text: connecting station of lrt 1 and lrt 2

question_tokens: connecting station of lrt 1 and lrt 2

text: Doroteo Jose LRT station

text: Transportation links[edit]

text: Doroteo Jose station serves as the transfer point between LRT-1 and the LRT-2. The station is connected to Recto station by means of a crossway.

text: The station, being near the University Belt of Manila, serves as an important transfer point for buses, taxis and cycle rickshaws, although this role is also being given to the closer Recto station. Buses stop at the bus terminal on C.M. Recto Avenue.

text: Many provincial bus lines, such as Bataan Transit, serving the corridors of Bataan, Pampanga and Pangasinan and other Northern Luzon Provinces. Other Bus Companies like Genesis Transport Service Inc. (Bataan, Pampanga and Benguet) and Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines (Tarlac) are also serving the Northern Corridors. All those companies provide bus terminals near the station.

text: Station layout[edit]

text:
L3
Overpass

L2
Platforms
Side platform, doors will open on the right

Platform A
← LRT Line 1 towards Roosevelt

Platform B
→ LRT Line 1 towards Baclaran →

Side platform, doors will open on the right

L2
Concourse
Faregates, Ticket Booths, Station Control, shops, Linkbridge to Recto LRT Station, Odeon Terminal Mall, Manila Grand Opera Hotel

L1
Street Level


document_title: Keith (surname)

question_text: where does the last name keith come from

text: Keith (surname)

text: The surname Keith has several origins. In some cases it is derived from Keith in East Lothian, Scotland. In other cases the surname is originated from a nickname, derived from the Middle High German kīt, a word meaning "sprout", "offspring".

text: List of persons with the surname[edit]

text:
Arthur Berriedale Keith (1879–1944), Scottish constitutional lawyer and Sanskrit scholar
Agnes Keith (disambiguation), several people
Alan Keith (1908–2003), British radio presenter
Alexander Keith (disambiguation), several people
Allison Keith (born 1974), United States actor and voice actor
Arthur Keith (1866–1955), Scottish anatomist and anthropologist
Ben Keith (fl. 1950-1960s), United States musician
Ben E. Keith, a United States businessman
Benjamin Franklin Keith (1846–1914), United States vaudeville theatre owner
Bikram Keith (born 1982), Indian-born United States music presenter
Bill Keith (disambiguation), several people
Brandon Keith (born 1984), United States football player
Brian Keith (1921–1997), United States film, television and stage actor
Carl D. Keith (1920–2008), United States chemist and inventor
Charles Keith (fl. 1800s), United States music publisher
Charlton Keith (born 1982), United States football player
Craig Keith (born 1971), American football player
Damon Keith (born 1922), United States jurist
David Keith (born 1954), United States actor and director
Donald Keith (author), pseudonym of a United States writing team, Donald and Keith Monroe
Donald R. Keith (1927–2004), United States Army General
Duncan Keith (born 1983), Canadian ice hockey player
Eartha Kitt, born Eartha Keith (1927-2008), American singer and actress
Elmer Keith (1899–1984), United States firearm enthusiast
Farley Keith (born 1962), United States music producer and disc jockey
Francis Edward James Keith, Scottish military leader
Geoff Keith (1937–1975), British cricketer
George Keith (disambiguation), several people
Gillian Keith (born 1972), Canadian musician
Gordon Keith (radio host) (fl. 1990-2000s), United States radio personality
Hamish Keith (born 1936), New Zealand art scholar
Harold Keith (1903–1998), United States author
Harry Keith (1899–1982), British forester and plant collector
Hastings Keith (1915–2005), United States politician
Headley Keith (1927–1997), South African cricketer
Henry Keith (disambiguation), several people
Ian Keith (1899–1960), United States actor
Isabelle Keith (1898–1979), United States film actress
James Keith (disambiguation), several people
Jeff Keith (born 1958), United States musician
Jeremy Keith (fl. 1990-2000s), British football club manager and owner
Jim Keith (1949–1999), United States author
Joe Keith (born 1978), British footballer
John Keith (disambiguation), several people
John Mouat Keith (1729-1788), father of George Mouat Keith
Kenneth Keith (born 1937), New Zealand jurist
Kenneth Keith, Baron Keith of Castleacre, British businessman
Kenton Keith (born 1980), Canadian football player
Kenton Keith (diplomat) (fl. 1990s), United States ambassador
Kool Keith (fl. 1990-2000s), United States hip hop artist
Leslie Keith (1906–1977), United States musician
Lisa Keith (fl. 1980-2000s), United States musician
Marino Keith (born 1974), Scottish footballer
Marlise Keith (born 1972), South African artist
Matt Keith (born 1983), Canadian ice hockey player
Max Keith (fl. 1930-1940s), German businessman with Coca-Cola Company
Miguel Keith (1951–1970), United States war hero
Mike Keith (disambiguation), several people
Minor C. Keith (1848–1929), United States shipping and railroad businessman
Nathaniel S. Keith (1838–1925), United States engineer and scientist
Penelope Keith (born 1940), British actress
Richard Keith (disambiguation), several people
Robert Keith (disambiguation), several people
Rodd Keith (1937–1974), United States musician and songwriter
Sam Keith (fl. 1970s), United States author
Sam Kieth, United States comics writer and illustrator and film director
Sandra Keith (born 1980), Canadian Olympics athlete
Shannon Keith (fl. 1990-2000s), United States animal rights activist
Sheila Keith (1920–2004), British television and film actress
Slim Keith (1917–1990), United States socialite and fashion icon
Stuart Keith (1931–2003), British ornithologist
Timothy Z. Keith (fl. 1970-2000s), United States psychologist
Tom Keith (1946-2011), United States radio engineer and radio personality
Trever Keith (born 1969), United States musician and music producer
Vicki Keith (born 1961), Canadian swimmer
Warren Keith (fl. 1990-2000s), United States film actor
Willard Keith (1920–1942), United States WWII hero
William Keith (disambiguation), several people
Zak Keith (fl. 1990-2000s), British-born Swedish musician