document_title: Stanley Cup playoffs

question_text: who gets home field advantage in stanley cup finals

text: Stanley Cup playoffs

text: Current format[edit]

text: The Stanley Cup playoffs consists of four rounds of best-of-seven series. Each series is played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-ice advantage hosts games one, two, five, and seven, while their opponent hosts games three, four, and six. Games five, six, and seven are only played if needed.

text: Eight teams in each conference qualify for the playoffs. In the playoff series format instituted in 2014, the first, second, and third place team in each of the four divisions qualify for the playoffs automatically. Two additional teams from each conference, regardless of divisional alignment, also qualify for the playoffs by having the highest point totals out of the remaining teams in the conference. These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards. Since there is no attention paid to divisional alignment with the wild cards, it is possible for one division in each conference to have five teams in the postseason while the other has just three.

text: In the First Round,[1] the teams are split into two separate brackets by division. Each bracket consists of the top three divisional qualifiers and one of the wild cards. The lower seeded wild card plays against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card plays against the other division winner, and both wild cards are de facto #4 seeds. The other two series match the second and third place teams from the divisions.

text: The winners of both First Round series advance to the Second Round.[1] The reseeding in the previous format, which ensured the top seed would play the lowest remaining seed, was discarded. The winners of these series advance to the Conference Finals and the two Conference Final winners move on to the Stanley Cup Finals.[1]

text: In the first two rounds, the higher-seeded team has home-ice advantage (regardless of point record). Thereafter, it goes to the team with the better regular season record (regardless of seeding); in the case of a tie, the league's standard tiebreaking procedure is applied. The team with home-ice advantage hosts games one, two, five, and seven, while the opponent hosts games three, four, and six (games five through seven are played if necessary).

text: Any ties in the standings at the end of the regular season are broken using the following protocols:

text:
The greater number of games won. Starting in the 2010–11 NHL season, shootout wins are not included in the tie-breaking procedure.
The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
If two clubs are tied, and have not played an equal number of home games against each other, the points earned in the first game played in the city that had the extra game are not included.
If more than two clubs are tied, the higher percentage of available points earned in games among those clubs, and not including any "odd" games, are used to determine the standing.
The greater differential between goals for and against during the entire regular season.
If two clubs are still tied on non-shootout wins, points earned between the tied clubs and regular season goal differential, a one-game playoff is played under Stanley Cup playoff rules.[2]

tag: ol

text: History[edit]

text: The National Hockey League has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion, generally opening up its playoff games to a much larger number of teams, including those with a losing regular season record in some years (the most recent being the seventh and eighth seeded San Jose Sharks and Edmonton Oilers, respectively, in 1999).

text: From the NHL's inception until 1920, both NHL and Pacific Coast Hockey Association teams were eligible for the Stanley Cup. The NHL's regular season was divided into two halves, with the top team from each half moving on to the league finals, which was a two-game total goals series in 1918 and a best-of-seven series in 1919. In 1920, the Ottawa Senators were automatically declared the league champion when the team had won both halves of the regular season. The two halves format was abandoned the next year, and the top two teams faced off for the NHL championship in a two-game total goals series.

text: At the time, the NHL champion would later face the winners of the PCHA and, from 1921, the Western Canada Hockey League in further rounds in order to determine the Stanley Cup champion. During this time, as the rules of the NHL and those of the western leagues differ (the main difference being that NHL rules allowed five skaters while the western leagues allowed six), the rules for each game in the Stanley Cup Finals alternated between those of the NHL and the western leagues. Before the WCHL competed for the Stanley Cup, the Cup championship series a best-of-five series. Following the involvement of the WCHL, one league champion was given a bye straight to the finals (a best-of-three affair starting in 1922), while the other two competed in a best-of-three semifinal. As travel expenses were high during these times, it was often the case that the NHL champions were sent west to compete. In a dispute between the leagues in 1923 about whether to send one or both western league champions east, the winner of the PCHA/WCHL series would proceed to the Stanley Cup Finals, while the loser of the series would face the NHL champion, both series being best-of-three.

text: In 1924 the NHL playoffs expanded from two to three teams (with the top team getting a bye to the two-game total goal NHL finals), but because the first-place Hamilton Tigers refused to play under this format, the second and third place teams played for the NHL championship in a two-game total goals affair. The Stanley Cup Finals returned to a best-of-five format the same year.[3]

text: NHL takes control of Stanley Cup[edit]

text: With the merger of the PCHA and WCHL in 1925 and the merged league's collapse in 1926, the NHL took de facto control of the Stanley Cup.  While the Cup would not be formally deeded to the league until 1947, from 1926 onward the NHL playoffs and the Stanley Cup playoffs are considered synonymous. The NHL was subsequently divided into the Canadian and American divisions for the 1927–28 season. For 1927, six teams qualified for the playoffs, three from each division, with the division semifinals and finals being a two-game total goals affair, and the Stanley Cup Finals becoming a best-of-five series. In 1928, the playoff format was changed so that the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other (i.e. the division winners played each other, the second place teams play each other, and likewise for the third place teams). The first place series was a best-of-five affair, with the winner proceeding to the best-of-three Stanley Cup Finals, while the others were a two-game total goals series. The winner of the second and third place series played each other in a best-of-three series, with the winner earning the other berth to the Stanley Cup Finals. This format had a slight modification the following year, where the semifinal series became a two-game total goals affair and the Stanley Cup Finals became a best-of-five series. The two-game total goals format was abolished in 1937, with those series being changed to best-of-three affairs.[4]

text: Original Six era[edit]

text: The 1930s saw the reduction of teams from ten to seven, and with it an end to the Canadian and American divisions. The Stanley Cup playoffs saw the first- and second-place teams play against each other in a best-of-seven series for one berth in the Stanley Cup Finals, while the third- to sixth-place teams battled in a series of best-of-three matches for the other berth (with the third-place team taking on the fourth-place team, and the fifth-place team against the sixth-place team). In 1939, the Stanley Cup Finals became a best-of-seven series, the format still used today.[4]

text: The 1942–43 season saw the removal of the New York Americans, leaving six remaining teams (known today as the "Original Six"). From 1943 to 1967, all playoff matchups were best-of-seven affairs. The first and third-place teams played in one semifinal, while the second and fourth-place teams played in the other semifinal, with the semifinal winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals. During this time, Detroit Red Wings fans often threw an octopus onto the ice as a good luck charm, as eight wins were required to win the Stanley Cup.[4]

text: Expansion era[edit]

text: The 1967 expansion saw the number of teams double from six to 12 in the 1967–68 season, and with it the creation of the Western and Eastern divisions. The playoff format remained largely the same, with all series remaining best-of-seven, and the division champions battling for the Stanley Cup. The 1970–71 season, because of fan demand, brought forth the first inter-conference playoff matchup outside of the Stanley Cup Finals since the pre-war expansion, which had the winner of the second-place versus fourth-place matchup in one conference take on the winner of the first- versus third-place matchup in the other conference for a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals. The following year had one minor change to its playoff format: a stronger team would face a weaker opponent. Thus, instead of a first-place versus third-place and a second versus fourth-place matchup in the first round, the first round had the first-place versus the fourth and the second versus the third-place. This practice of having stronger teams facing weaker opposition has continued to the present day.[4]

text: The 1974–75 season saw another change to the playoff system to accommodate a league that had expanded to 18 teams in two conferences and four divisions. Under this system, 12 teams qualified for the playoffs. The top team from each division would earn a bye to the quarterfinal, while the second- and third-place teams from each division started their playoff run from a best-of-three preliminary round. In each round of the playoffs, the teams remaining were seeded regardless of divisional or conference alignment, with the preliminary-round series being a best-of-three affair while the remainder of the series remained best-of-seven. The 1977–78 season had one minor change in its playoff format: although the second-place finishers from each division would qualify for the preliminary round, the four playoff spots reserved for the third-place teams were replaced by four wild-card spots—spots for the four teams with the highest regular-season point total that did not finish first or second in their divisions.[4]

text: NHL-WHA merger[edit]

text: With the absorption of four teams from the World Hockey Association in the 1979–1980 season, a new playoff system was introduced where 16 of the league's 21 teams would qualify for postseason play. The four division winners would qualify for the playoffs while twelve wildcard positions rounded out the sixteen teams. At the beginning of each round the teams were seeded based on their regular season point totals, with the preliminary round being a best-of-five series while all other playoff series were best-of-seven.[4]

text: Divisional playoffs[edit]

text: The 1981–1982 season brought forth the return of divisional matchups, with the top four teams from each division qualifying for the playoffs. Division champions would be determined, followed by the Conference champions, who would meet in the Stanley Cup Finals. The division semifinals was a best-of-five affair until the 1986–87 season, when it became a best-of-seven series, while all other series remained best-of seven.[4]

text: Conference playoffs[edit]

text: For the 1993–94 season, the league revamped its playoff structure to become conference-based rather than division-based. Eight teams in each conference qualified for the playoffs. The division first-place teams were seeded first (the team with the best record in the conference) and second in the conference playoffs and received home ice advantage for the first two rounds. The next six best teams in each conference also qualified and were seeded third through eighth. All teams played in the first round: first-place versus eighth, second versus seventh, third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth. All series were best-of-seven, but the arrangement of home games was changed for Central and Pacific division teams. Instead of the normal 2–2–1–1–1 rotation, a series involving teams from both divisions was 2–3–2, with the higher seeded team having the option of starting play at home or on the road (ALL teams with home-ice advantage chose to play the default 2-2-1-1-1 format, from 1995-1998). After each round, surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final, then a conference final. The conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals. Home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular-season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals.[4]

text: In 1998–99, the league was re-organized into two conferences of three divisions apiece, resulting in the playoff format used through 2013.  The qualifiers remained sixteen, but the seeding changed. The three first-place teams in each division qualified and were seeded first through third for the playoffs. Of the other teams in each conference, the top five finishers qualified for the fourth through eighth seedings.  All teams played in the first round: first-place versus eighth, second versus seventh, third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth, by those criteria. After each round, surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final, then a conference final. Like the 1994–1998 system, the conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals, and home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular-season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals.[4]

text: Return to divisional playoffs[edit]

text: The NHL realigned into a four-division, two-conference system for the 2013–14 season. Under the new postseason system, the top three teams in each division make the playoffs, with two wild-cards in each conference (for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference). The format is division-based, similar to the 1981–82 system. In the First Round, the top-ranked team in the conference plays against the lowest-ranked wild-card, while the other division winner plays against the higher ranked wild-card. The second and third place teams in each division then play each other. The first round winners then meet in the Second Round. The third round will still consist of the Western Conference and Eastern Conference Finals, with those conference winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals.[5]

text: Traditions and trends[edit]

text: Compared to other major professional sports leagues, playoff upsets are relatively common in the NHL.[6] According to NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot, this is because the style of competition in the playoffs is different from the regular season: instead of playing different teams every night, the goal is to advance through four best-of-seven playoff series.[7] The Presidents' Trophy winner may have to go through other playoff clubs who might have a hotter goaltender, a better defensive team, or other players that pose matchup problems. If the regular season champion's primary success was only outscoring others, they may be out of luck facing goaltenders that can shut them out.[7] And although rare, another aspect is that the NHL leads the other leagues in game seven comebacks. Only four instances has an NHL team been able to come back from being down 0–3 to win a seven-game series: the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs, the 1975 New York Islanders, the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers, and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings. There has been only one such "reverse sweep" comeback in the MLB postseason (the 2004 Boston Red Sox) and none in the NBA playoffs.

text:
It is the reality of the sport. If your particular strength happens to be that you're really good offensively, and you come up against a hot goaltender and a team that is stout defensively, it might not matter that you were good on a nightly basis scoring goals. And that one particular opponent: you'll have to beat them four times.
NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot explaining the lack of success of Presidents' Trophy winners winning the Stanley Cup.[7]

tag: div

text: Despite having more American-based teams than Canadian-based ones throughout much of the NHL's existence (dating back to the Original Six era when it was two Canadian clubs to four American ones, and now 7 to 24 since 2017), there have been only two times in league history where none of the Canadian teams qualified for the postseason: 1970 and 2016.[8] However, the 1993 Montreal Canadiens remain the last Canadian club to go all the way and win the Stanley Cup.[9]

text: The Stanley Cup playoffs MVP award, the Conn Smythe Trophy is based on the entire NHL postseason instead of just the championship game or series, unlike the playoff MVP awards presented in the other major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada (the Super Bowl MVP, the NBA Finals MVP, and the World Series MVP), although in its history the trophy has never been given to someone that was not in the finals. Doug Gilmour and Peter Forsberg, in 1986 and 1999, respectively, are the only players who have topped the postseason in scoring without making it to the Finals.

text: NHL players have often grown beards when their team is in the playoffs, where they do not shave until their team is eliminated or wins the Stanley Cup. The tradition was started in the 1980s by the New York Islanders, and is often mirrored by the fans, as well.[10][11]

text: At the conclusion of a playoff series, players and coaches line up and exchange handshakes with their counterparts on the opposing team, and this has been described by commentators as "one of the great traditions in sports".[12] However, there have been rare occasions that individual players have refused to participate, such as Gerry Cheevers who left the ice without shaking hands with any of the Flyers in 1978,[13] and Billy Smith who avoided handshakes as he was particularly passionate about losses.[14] More recent examples of players refusing the handshake include the 1996 playoffs when several Detroit Red Wings players protested the dirty hit by the Colorado Avalanche's Claude Lemieux,[15] and in the 2008 playoffs when Martin Brodeur refused to shake Sean Avery's hand after Avery screened him in an earlier game.[14]

text: It is common among players to never touch or hoist the Prince of Wales Trophy (Eastern Conference champion) or Clarence S. Campbell Bowl (Western Conference champion) after they have won the conference finals; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting. There have been six recent exceptions to this – Scott Stevens of the Devils in 2000 and 2003; Sidney Crosby of the Penguins in 2009, 2016, and 2017; and Alex Ovechkin of the Capitals in 2018. In five of these occurrences, their teams went on to win the Stanley Cup. In recent years, the captain of the winning team poses (usually looking solemn) with the conference trophy, and sometimes, the entire team poses as well.[16]

text: There are many traditions and anecdotes associated with the championship trophy, the Stanley Cup.

text: Because the Ice Hockey World Championships are held in the same time period as the Stanley Cup playoffs, the only NHL players who can participate in the former are those on NHL teams that have been eliminated from Stanley Cup contention.[17] This policy has been in place since a 1977 agreement between the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation, which allowed Team Canada to field a team in the World Championships after an-eight year absence.[18][19]

text: Postseason appearances[edit]

text: Correct as of 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs

text: Appearances by active teams[edit]

text:
Team

Appearances[20]

Montreal Canadiens

86 [A]

Boston Bruins

71

Toronto Maple Leafs

67

Detroit Red Wings

64

Chicago Blackhawks

62

New York Rangers

59

St. Louis Blues

41

Philadelphia Flyers

39

Pittsburgh Penguins

33

Dallas Stars

31 [B]

Buffalo Sabres

29

Los Angeles Kings

30

Calgary Flames

28 [C]

Vancouver Canucks

27

Washington Capitals

28

New York Islanders

24

Colorado Avalanche

23 [D][E]

New Jersey Devils

23 [F]

Edmonton Oilers

21 [D]

Arizona Coyotes

19 [D][G]

San Jose Sharks

19

Ottawa Senators

16 [H]

Carolina Hurricanes

13 [D][I]

Anaheim Ducks

14

Nashville Predators

11

Tampa Bay Lightning

10

Minnesota Wild

9

Florida Panthers

5

Columbus Blue Jackets

4

Winnipeg Jets

3 [J]

Vegas Golden Knights

1

text:
Jump up ^ Includes postseason appearances in the National Hockey Association prior to the formation of the NHL in 1917. The NHA, the predecessor league of the NHL, also competed for the Stanley Cup.

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Minnesota North Stars (1967–68 through to 1992–93).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Flames (1972–73 through to 1979–80).

^ Jump up to: a b c d Does not include appearances in the World Hockey Association/Avco Trophy playoffs. Per the conditions of the NHL–WHA merger, the NHL does not officially recognize the WHA history, playoffs and records. Furthermore, during its existence, no WHA champion competed for the Stanley Cup.

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Quebec Nordiques (1979–80 through to 1994–95).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Colorado Rockies (1976–77 through to 1981–82).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for the original Winnipeg Jets (1979–80 through to 1995–96).

Jump up ^ The modern Ottawa Senators (1992–present) are the namesake of the original Senators (1883–1934). The NHL officially treats them as two separate franchises.

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Hartford Whalers (1979–80 through to 1996–97).

Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Thrashers (1999–2000 through to 2010–11).

text: NHL Playoff Results[21][edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out  into another article titled NHL playoff results. (Discuss) (May 2018)

text: Prior to 1927 the NHL playoff champion did not receive the Stanley Cup. In most years the winning team was awarded the O'Brien Trophy but from 1915 through 1926 the NHA/NHL champion would play the PCHA/WHL champion for the Stanley Cup.[22] The results outlined here are only those between NHL teams and do not include any Stanley Cup Finals series before 1927. For the first four years the NHL playoffs entailed the best team from the first half of the season playing a two games against the best team from the second half. The winner was the team that scored the most combined goals. There were no NHL playoffs in 1920 because Ottawa had the best record in both halves and was declared the NHL champion. Starting in 1921 the NHL scrapped the half-season scheme and had the teams with the top two records play for the league title. In 1926 the league introduced a two-game semifinal series for the second- and third-best teams to play for entry into the final against the regular season champion. The following year, with 10 teams in the league, the NHL expanded the playoffs to include six teams. The winners of the Canadian and American divisions would earn byes into the semifinal round while the remaining four would start in the quarterfinals.

text:
NHL Champion

Runner-Up

Semifinals

Quarterfinals

Out of Playoffs

Not in NHL

text: Numbers in table represent each team's appearance in the playoffs

text:
Team

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

Montreal Canadiens

1

2

3

4

5

6

Toronto Arenas[A]

1

Toronto St. Patricks[A]

2

3

4

Ottawa Senators

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Montreal Wanderers

Quebec Bulldogs[B]

Hamilton Tigers[B][C]

Boston Bruins

1

Montreal Maroons

1

2

New York Americans

Pittsburgh Pirates

1

Chicago Black Hawks

1

Detroit Cougars

New York Rangers

1

text:
^ Jump up to: a b The Toronto team began as the 'Arena Athletic Club' before settling on Arenas then changed their name to the St. Patricks and eventually became the Toronto Maple Leafs.

^ Jump up to: a b The Quebec Athletic Club moved to Hamilton after one season in the NHL.

Jump up ^ After the NHL dropped Hamilton as a franchise the expansion New York Americans signed all of Hamilton's players but the two teams are considered distinct.[23]

text: The playoff format was altered slightly in 1929, having the two division winners play one another in the semifinal rather than the winners of the quarterfinal round. Because the NHL took charge of the NHL finals became a best-of series as the Stanley cup championship had been since 1914. A year later the Semifinal round became a best-of series with the division winners playing a five game set and the quarterfinal winners facing off in a best-of-three meeting. In 1931 the meeting between quarterfinal winners reverted to a two-game total-goal series and didn't change back for five years. The next year all series became best-of's and two years after, in 1939, the league ended the divisional format when the Montreal Maroons suspended operations, leaving the league with only 7 teams. Instead, the top two finishers played one another in a best-of-seven semifinal round while the other four playoff teams played best-of-three series to decide the second finalist. The same year the Stanley Cup finals shifted to a best-of-seven series where it has remained ever since (as of 2018).

text:
Team

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

Montreal Canadiens

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Toronto Maple Leafs

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Ottawa Senators[A]

9

10

St. Louis Eagles[A]

Boston Bruins

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Montreal Maroons

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

New York Americans

1

2

3

4

5

Pittsburgh Pirates[B]

2

Philadelphia Quakers[B]

Chicago Black Hawks

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Detroit Cougars[C]

1

Detroit Falcons[C]

2

Detroit Red Wings[C]

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

New York Rangers

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

text:
^ Jump up to: a b The Senators suspended operations for one season in 1931 and returned the following year. In 1934 the team moved to St. Louis and played for 1 season before disbanding

^ Jump up to: a b The Pirates moved to Philadelphia and became the Quakers, playing for 1 season before suspending operations

^ Jump up to: a b c The Detroit team began as the Cougars before changing their name to the Falcons in 1930. After declaring bankruptcy and being bought by James E. Norris they were rechristened as the 'Red Wings'

text: With only six teams in the league the quarterfinal round was ended and the top four finishers made the playoffs. All playoff series became best-of-sevens with the #1 and #3 teams playing in one semifinal while the #2 and #4 seeds met in the other. This arrangement remained unchanged the entire 25-year duration of the 'Original Six' era.

text:
NHL Champion

Runner-Up

Semifinals

Out of Playoffs

text:
Team

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Montreal Canadiens

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Toronto Maple Leafs

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Boston Bruins

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Chicago Black Hawks

12

13

14

Detroit Red Wings

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

New York Rangers

16

17

text:
Team

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

Montreal Canadiens

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

Toronto Maple Leafs

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

Boston Bruins

26

27

28

Chicago Black Hawks

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Detroit Red Wings

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

New York Rangers

18

19

20

21

22

text: When the league doubled its size in 1967 they also doubled the number of playoff teams, reintroducing the quarterfinals but keeping the 1-vs-3 style that existed for the previous quarter-century and keeping all series as best-of-sevens. In 1971 the league altered the semifinals to pit east teams against west teams and followed that by rearranging the first round to have the top seeds play the bottom seeds in intra-conference series. Once they league's size swelled to 18 teams an additional four teams received bids into the postseason. Starting in 1975 the division winners received byes into the second round while the remaining eight teams started in a best-of-three preliminary round with the top seed facing the lowest seed. After the opening round all teams were reseeded for the quarterfinals and semifinals regardless of their division or conference.

text:
NHL Champion

Runner-Up

Semifinals

Quarterfinals

Preliminary Round

Out of Playoffs

Not in NHL

text:
Team

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

Montreal Canadiens

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

Toronto Maple Leafs

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

Boston Bruins

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Chicago Black Hawks

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

Detroit Red Wings

33

34

New York Rangers

23

24

25

26

26

27

28

29

30

31

Los Angeles Kings

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Minnesota North Stars

1

2

3

4

5

6

Oakland Seals[A]

1

2

California Golden Seals[B]

Cleveland Barons[C]

Philadelphia Flyers

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Pittsburgh Penguins

1

2

3

4

5

6

St. Louis Blues

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Buffalo Sabres

1

2

3

4

5

6

Vancouver Canucks

1

2

3

Atlanta Flames

1

2

3

4

5

New York Islanders

1

2

3

4

5

Kansas City Scouts[D]

Colorado Rockies

1

Washington Capitals

text:
Jump up ^ The team started the 1967 season as the 'California Seals' but changed their name to 'Oakland' in November

Jump up ^ Charles O. Finley bought Oakland in 1970 and promptly changed both the team name and their colors but kept the franchise in the same city

Jump up ^ After years of financial struggle the Seals moved to Cleveland and became the Barons, reviving the name of the once-successful AHL team. The NHL's Barons only lasted two seasons before merging with the Minnesota North Stars

Jump up ^ Despite being a new franchise and one of the only professional teams in the area the Scouts could only last two seasons in Kansas City before relocating to Denver

text: When the WHA folded in 1979 four teams were absorbed into the NHL. With 21 teams the NHL expanded the playoffs once more to include 16 with all teams starting in the preliminary round which was increased to a best-of-five series. Teams were seeded regardless of their conference or division 1 through 16 and reseeded after the first two rounds. Starting in 1982 the NHL split the playoffs into eastern- and western-conference with each conference providing 8 teams where it has remained since (as of 2018). Furthermore the NHL had the first two round being played within each division, granting the four regions one entry each into the conference finals. The divisional semifinals were expanded to seven-game-series in 1987.

text:
Team

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

Montreal Canadiens

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

Toronto Maple Leafs

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Boston Bruins

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

Chicago Blackhawks

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

Detroit Red Wings

35

36

37

38

39

40

New York Rangers

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

Los Angeles Kings

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Minnesota North Stars

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Philadelphia Flyers

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Pittsburgh Penguins

7

8

9

10

11

St. Louis Blues

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Buffalo Sabres

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Vancouver Canucks

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Atlanta Flames[A]

6

Calgary Flames

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

New York Islanders

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Colorado Rockies[B]

New Jersey Devils

2

3

4

Washington Capitals

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Edmonton Oilers

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Hartford Whalers

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Quebec Nordiques

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Winnipeg Jets

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

text:
Jump up ^ The Flames moved to Calgary in 1980 after years of flagging attendance

Jump up ^ Arthur Imperatore Sr. bought the Rockies in 1978 with the intent of moving them to New Jersey but those plans were shelved due to the lack of a suitable arena. Colorado would eventually relocate to the Garden State with John McMullen as the owner

text: The NHL added nine franchises from 1991 to 2000 while an additional four moving to new cities (three of those teams were WHA alumni) Despite the increase in league size the NHL playoffs remained static at 16 teams. The league did, however, change the format by dropping the divisional rounds in 1994 with the division winners receiving the top two seeds and the rest being sorted according to their records.

text:
Team

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Montreal Canadiens

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

Toronto Maple Leafs

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

Boston Bruins

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

Chicago Blackhawks

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

Detroit Red Wings

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

New York Rangers

43

44

45

46

47

Los Angeles Kings

18

19

20

21

22

23

Minnesota North Stars[A]

17

Dallas Stars

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Philadelphia Flyers

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

Pittsburgh Penguins

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

St. Louis Blues

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

Buffalo Sabres

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Vancouver Canucks

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Calgary Flames

18

19

20

21

22

New York Islanders

16

17

18

19

20

New Jersey Devils

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Washington Capitals

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Edmonton Oilers

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Hartford Whalers[B]

8

Carolina Hurricanes

9

10

11

Quebec Nordiques[B]

8

9

Colorado Avalanche

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Winnipeg Jets[B]

9

10

11

Phoenix Coyotes

12

13

14

15

16

San Jose Sharks

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Ottawa Senators

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Tampa Bay Lightning

1

2

3

Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

1

2

3

Florida Panthers

1

2

3

Nashville Predators

1

Atlanta Thrashers

Columbus Blue Jackets

Minnesota Wild

1

text:
Jump up ^ Minnesota telegraphed their move when they began wearing new uniforms without a reference to the 'north' part of their nickname in 1992-93

^ Jump up to: a b c In consecutive years three of the four former WHA teams moved to new locales. Of those three Colorado, the franchise with the most success, has not threatened another relocation in the succeeding years (as of 2018)

text: After the NHL lockout in 2004-05 that saw the cancellation of the first Stanley Cup final in 86 years The league went through another stable period where no new franchises were added. The playoffs as well were mostly consistent throughout the period. Only one change occurred; beginning with the 2014 playoffs the league returned to 4 divisions with the top three teams in each division making the playoffs and the two teams in each conference with the best record receiving 'wild card' spots. The better wild card team would play the lesser division champion for each conference and vice versa.

text:
NHL Champion

Runner-Up

Semifinals

Quarterfinals

First Round

Out of Playoffs

Not in NHL

text:
Team

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Montreal Canadiens

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

Toronto Maple Leafs

65

66

Boston Bruins

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Chicago Blackhawks

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

Detroit Red Wings

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

New York Rangers

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

Los Angeles Kings

24

25

26

27

28

29

Dallas Stars

27

28

29

30

31

Philadelphia Flyers

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

Pittsburgh Penguins

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

St. Louis Blues

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

Buffalo Sabres

26

27

28

29

Vancouver Canucks

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

Calgary Flames

23

24

25

26

27

28

New York Islanders

21

22

23

24

New Jersey Devils

17

18

19

20

21

22

Washington Capitals

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

Edmonton Oilers

20

21

Carolina Hurricanes

12

13

Colorado Avalanche

16

17

18

19

Arizona Coyotes

17

18

19

San Jose Sharks

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Ottawa Senators

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Tampa Bay Lightning

4

5

6

7

8

9

Anaheim Ducks

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Florida Panthers

4

5

Nashville Predators

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Atlanta Thrashers

1

Winnipeg Jets

2

Columbus Blue Jackets

1

2

3

Minnesota Wild

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

text: The NHL added Vegas as the first expansion team in 17 years for the 2017-18 season. Though no adjustment occurred as far as the playoffs were concerned, the league also approved an ownership group to make a bid for a 32nd team to be located in Seattle. If approved, the team would not begin play until the 2021-22 season.

text:
Team

2018

Montreal Canadiens

Toronto Maple Leafs

67

Boston Bruins

72

Chicago Blackhawks

Detroit Red Wings

New York Rangers

Los Angeles Kings

30

Dallas Stars

Philadelphia Flyers

39

Pittsburgh Penguins

33

St. Louis Blues

Buffalo Sabres

Vancouver Canucks

Calgary Flames

New York Islanders

New Jersey Devils

23

Washington Capitals

28

Edmonton Oilers

Carolina Hurricanes

Colorado Avalanche

20

Arizona Coyotes

San Jose Sharks

20

Ottawa Senators

Tampa Bay Lightning

10

Anaheim Ducks

14

Florida Panthers

Nashville Predators

11

Winnipeg Jets

3

Columbus Blue Jackets

4

Minnesota Wild

9

Vegas Golden Knights

1


document_title: Kingsbury Commitment

question_text: under terms of the 1956 consent agreement at&t agreed to

root

text: Kingsbury Commitment

text: The Kingsbury Commitment of 1913 was an out-of-court settlement of the government's antitrust challenge of AT&T's growing vertical monopoly over the phone industry. In return for the government's agreement not to pursue its case against AT&T as a monopolist, AT&T agreed to divest the controlling interest it had acquired in the Western Union telegraph company, and to allow non-competing independent telephone companies to interconnect with the AT&T long distance network.[1]

tag: p

text: The government had been increasingly worried that AT&T and the other Bell Companies were monopolizing the industry. Under Theodore N. Vail from 1907, AT&T had bought Bell-associated companies and organized them into new hierarchies. AT&T had also acquired many of the independents, and bought control of Western Union, giving it a monopolistic position in both telephone and telegraph communication. A key strategy was to refuse to connect its long distance network — technologically, by far the finest and most extensive in the land — with local independent carriers. Without the prospect of long distance services, the market position of many independents became untenable. Vail stated that there should be "one policy, one system [AT&T's] and universal service, no collection of separate companies could give the public the service that [the] Bell... system could give."

text: AT&T's strategies prompted complaints and attracted the attention of the Justice Department. Faced with a government investigation for antitrust violations, AT&T entered into negotiations.

text: In the Kingsbury Commitment, actually a letter from AT&T Vice President Nathan Kingsbury of December 19, AT&T agreed with the Attorney General to divest itself of Western Union, to provide long distance services to independent exchanges under certain conditions and to refrain from acquisitions if the Interstate Commerce Commission objected.[2]

text: The Commitment did not settle all the differences between independents and Bell companies, but it did avert the federal takeover many had expected. AT&T was allowed to buy market-share, as long as it sold an equal number of subscribers to independents. Crucially, while the Kingsbury Commitment obliged it to connect its long distance service to independent local carriers, AT&T did not agree to interconnect its local services with other local providers. Nor did AT&T agree to any interconnection with independent long distance carriers.

text: Consequently, AT&T was able to consolidate its control over both the most profitable urban markets and long distance traffic. The Willis Graham Act allowed AT&T to begin acquiring more local telephone systems, with the genial oversight of the Interstate Commerce Commission. By 1924, the ICC approved AT&T’s acquisition of 223 of the 234 independent telephone companies. Between 1921 and 1934, the ICC approved 271 of the 274 purchase requests of AT&T. With the creation of the Federal Communications Commission in 1934, the government regulated the rates charged by AT&T.

text: The entire network was nationalized during World War I from June 1918 to July 1919. Following re-privatization, AT&T resumed its near-monopoly position. In 1956, AT&T and the Justice Department agreed on a consent decree to end an antitrust suit brought against AT&T in 1949. Under the decree, AT&T restricted its activities to those related to running the national telephone system, and special projects for the federal government.

text: In 1968, FCC regulators intervened when the Bell System tried to prevent a mobile communications system, the Carterfone, from connecting to telephone lines. That decision established the principle that customers could connect any lawful device to the telephone network, even to offer a competing service. In the mid 1970s, emerging long distance competitors like MCI and Sprint faced the same tactic of denying interconnection, which regulators quashed, followed by a series of efforts by the Bell System phone companies to escalate the costs of interconnection as an indirect means of excluding competition. These battles resulted a large amount of antitrust litigation and ultimately led to the 1982 breakup of the Bell System. In 1982, AT&T and the Justice Department agreed on tentative terms for settlement of anti-trust suit filed against AT&T in 1974, under which AT&T divested itself of its local telephone operations, which became known as the "Baby Bells." In return, the Justice Department agreed to lift the restrictions on AT&T activities contained in the 1956 Consent Decree.


document_title: Lens (anatomy)

question_text: where is the lens of the eye located

question_tokens: where is the lens of the eye located

text: Lens (anatomy)

text: Structure[edit]

text: The lens is part of the anterior segment of the human eye. In front of the lens is the iris, which regulates the amount of light entering into the eye. The lens is suspended in place by the suspensory ligament of the lens, a ring of fibrous tissue that attaches to the lens at its equator[1][2] and connects it to the ciliary body. Posterior to the lens is the vitreous body, which, along with the aqueous humor on the anterior surface, bathes the lens. The lens has an ellipsoid, biconvex shape. The anterior surface is less curved than the posterior. In the adult, the lens is typically circa 10 mm in diameter and has an axial length of about 4 mm, though it is important to note that the size and shape can change due to accommodation and because the lens continues to grow throughout a person's lifetime.[3]

text: Histology[edit]

text: The lens has three main parts: the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, and the lens fibers. The lens capsule forms the outermost layer of the lens and the lens fibers form the bulk of the interior of the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium, located between the lens capsule and the outermost layer of lens fibers, are found only on the anterior side of the lens. The lens itself lacks nerves, blood vessels, or connective tissue.[4]

text: Lens capsule[edit]

text: The lens capsule is a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. The capsule is elastic and is composed of collagen. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).[3] The capsule is very elastic and so allows the lens to assume a more globular shape when not under the tension of the zonular fibers, which connect the lens capsule to the ciliary body. The capsule varies from 2 to 28 micrometres in thickness, being thickest near the equator and thinnest near the posterior pole.[3]

text: Lens epithelium[edit]

text: The lens epithelium, located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers, is a simple cuboidal epithelium.[3] The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[5] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmotic concentration and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+-ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions.

text: The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.[6]

text: Lens fibers[edit]

text: The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, firmly packed, with diameters typically 4–7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long.[3] The lens fibers stretch lengthwise from the posterior to the anterior poles and, when cut horizontally, are arranged in concentric layers rather like the layers of an onion. If cut along the equator, it appears as a honeycomb. The middle of each fiber lies on the equator.[6] These tightly packed layers of lens fibers are referred to as laminae. The lens fibers are linked together via gap junctions and interdigitations of the cells that resemble "ball and socket" forms.

text: The lens is split into regions depending on the age of the lens fibers of a particular layer. Moving outwards from the central, oldest layer, the lens is split into an embryonic nucleus, the fetal nucleus, the adult nucleus, and the outer cortex. New lens fibers, generated from the lens epithelium, are added to the outer cortex. Mature lens fibers have no organelles or nuclei.

text: Development[edit]

text: Development of the human lens begins at the 4 mm embryonic stage. Unlike the rest of the eye, which is derived mostly from the neural ectoderm, the lens is derived from the surface ectoderm. The first stage of lens differentiation takes place when the optic vesicle, which is formed from outpocketings in the neural ectoderm, comes in proximity to the surface ectoderm. The optic vesicle induces nearby surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. At the 4 mm stage, the lens placode is a single monolayer of columnar cells.

text: As development progresses, the lens placode begins to deepen and invaginate. As the placode continues to deepen, the opening to the surface ectoderm constricts and the lens cells forms a structure known as the lens vesicle. By the 10 mm stage, the lens vesicle has completely separated from the surface ectoderm.

text: After the 10 mm stage, signals from the developing neural retina induces the cells closest to the posterior end of the lens vesicle begin to elongate toward the anterior end of the vesicle.[7] These signals also induce the synthesis of crystallins.[7] These elongating cells eventually fill in the lumen of the vesicle to form the primary fibers, which become the embryonic nucleus in the mature lens. The cells of the anterior portion of the lens vesicle give rise to the lens epithelium.

text: Additional secondary fibers are derived from lens epithelial cells located toward the equatorial region of the lens. These cells lengthen anteriorly and posteriorly to encircle the primary fibers. The new fibers grow longer than those of the primary layer, but as the lens gets larger, the ends of the newer fibers cannot reach the posterior or anterior poles of the lens. The lens fibers that do not reach the poles form tight, interdigitating seams with neighboring fibers. These seams are readily visible and are termed sutures. The suture patterns become more complex as more layers of lens fibers are added to the outer portion of the lens.

text: The lens continues to grow after birth, with the new secondary fibers being added as outer layers. New lens fibers are generated from the equatorial cells of the lens epithelium, in a region referred to as the germinative zone. The lens epithelial cells elongate, lose contact with the capsule and epithelium, synthesize crystallin, and then finally lose their nuclei (enucleate) as they become mature lens fibers. From development through early adulthood, the addition of secondary lens fibers results in the lens growing more ellipsoid in shape; after about age 20, however, the lens grows rounder with time and the iris is very important for this development[3]

text: Several proteins control the embryonic development of the lens: among these, primarily, PAX6, considered the master regulator gene of this organ[8]. Other effectors of proper lens development include the Wnt signaling components BCL9 and Pygo2.[9]

text: Variation[edit]

text: In many aquatic vertebrates, the lens is considerably thicker, almost spherical, to increase the refraction. This difference compensates for the smaller angle of refraction between the eye's cornea and the watery medium, as they have similar refractive indices.[10] Even among terrestrial animals, however, the lens of primates such as humans is unusually flat.[11]

text: In reptiles and birds, the ciliary body touches the lens with a number of pads on its inner surface, in addition to the zonular fibres. These pads compress and release the lens to modify its shape while focusing on objects at different distances; the zonular fibres perform this function in mammals. In fish and amphibians, the lens is fixed in shape, and focusing is instead achieved by moving the lens forwards or backwards within the eye.[11]

text: In cartilaginous fish, the zonular fibres are replaced by a membrane, including a small muscle at the underside of the lens. This muscle pulls the lens forward from its relaxed position when focusing on nearby objects. In teleosts, by contrast, a muscle projects from a vascular structure in the floor of the eye, called the falciform process, and serves to pull the lens backwards from the relaxed position to focus on distant objects. While amphibians move the lens forward, as do cartilaginous fish, the muscles involved are not homologous with those of either type of fish. In frogs, there are two muscles, one above and one below the lens, while other amphibians have only the lower muscle.[11]

text: In the most primitive vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, the lens is not attached to the outer surface of the eyeball at all. There is no aqueous humor in these fish, and the vitreous body simply presses the lens against the surface of the cornea. To focus its eyes, a lamprey flattens the cornea using muscles outside of the eye and pushes the lens backwards.[11]

text: Function[edit]

text: Accommodation[edit]

text: The lens is flexible and its curvature is controlled by ciliary muscles through the zonules. By changing the curvature of the lens, one can focus the eye on objects at different distances from it. This process is called accommodation. At short focal distance the ciliary muscle contracts, zonule fibers loosen, and the lens thickens, resulting in a rounder shape and thus high refractive power. Changing focus to an object at a greater distance requires the relaxation of the lens and thus increasing the focal distance.

text: The refractive index of human lens varies from approximately 1.406 in the central layers down to 1.386 in less dense layers of the lens.[12] This index gradient enhances the optical power of the lens.

text: Aquatic animals must rely entirely on their lens for both focusing and to provide almost the entire refractive power of the eye as the water-cornea interface does not have a large enough difference in indices of refraction to provide significant refractive power. As such, lenses in aquatic eyes tend to be much rounder and harder.

text: Crystallins and transparency[edit]

text: Crystallins are water-soluble proteins that compose over 90% of the protein within the lens.[13] The three main crystallin types found in the human eye are α-, β-, and γ-crystallins. Crystallins tend to form soluble, high-molecular weight aggregates that pack tightly in lens fibers, thus increasing the index of refraction of the lens while maintaining its transparency. β and γ crystallins are found primarily in the lens, while subunits of α -crystallin have been isolated from other parts of the eye and the body. α-crystallin proteins belong to a larger superfamily of molecular chaperone proteins, and so it is believed that the crystallin proteins were evolutionarily recruited from chaperone proteins for optical purposes.[14] The chaperone functions of α-crystallin may also help maintain the lens proteins, which must last a human for his/her entire lifetime.[14]

text: Another important factor in maintaining the transparency of the lens is the absence of light-scattering organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria within the mature lens fibers. Lens fibers also have a very extensive cytoskeleton that maintains the precise shape and packing of the lens fibers; disruptions/mutations in certain cytoskeletal elements can lead to the loss of transparency.[15]

text: The lens blocks most ultraviolet light in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the cornea. High intensity ultraviolet light can harm the retina, and artificial intraocular lenses are therefore manufactured to also block ultraviolet light.[16] People lacking a lens (a condition known as aphakia) perceive ultraviolet light as whitish blue or whitish-violet.[17][18]

text: Nourishment[edit]

text: The lens is metabolically active and requires nourishment in order to maintain its growth and transparency. Compared to other tissues in the eye, however, the lens has considerably lower energy demands.[19]

text: By nine weeks into human development, the lens is surrounded and nourished by a net of vessels, the tunica vasculosa lentis, which is derived from the hyaloid artery.[7] Beginning in the fourth month of development, the hyaloid artery and its related vasculature begin to atrophy and completely disappear by birth.[20] In the postnatal eye, Cloquet's canal marks the former location of the hyaloid artery.

text: After regression of the hyaloid artery, the lens receives all its nourishment from the aqueous humor. Nutrients diffuse in and waste diffuses out through a constant flow of fluid from the anterior/posterior poles of the lens and out of the equatorial regions, a dynamic that is maintained by the Na+/K+-ATPase] pumps located in the equatorially positioned cells of the lens epithelium.[5]

text: Glucose is the primary energy source for the lens. As mature lens fibers do not have mitochondria, approximately 80% of the glucose is metabolized via anaerobic metabolism.[21] The remaining fraction of glucose is shunted primarily down the pentose phosphate pathway.[21] The lack of aerobic respiration means that the lens consumes very little oxygen as well.[21]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text:
Cataracts are opacities of the lens. While some are small and do not require any treatment, others may be large enough to block light and obstruct vision. Cataracts usually develop as the aging lens becomes more and more opaque, but cataracts can also form congenitally or after injury to the lens. Nuclear sclerosis is a type of age-related cataract. Diabetes is another risk factor for cataract. Cataract surgery involves the removal of the lens and insertion of an artificial intraocular lens.
Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation, which is marked by the inability of the eye to focus on nearby objects. The exact mechanism is still unknown, but age-related changes in the hardness, shape, and size of the lens have all been linked to the condition.
Ectopia lentis is the displacement of the lens from its normal position.
Aphakia is the absence of the lens from the eye. Aphakia can be the result of surgery or injury, or it can be congenital.

tag: ul

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
MRI scan of human eye showing lens.

Interior of anterior chamber of eye.

The crystalline lens, hardened and divided.

Section through the margin of the lens, showing the transition of the epithelium into the lens fibers.

The structures of the eye labeled

Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled

This svg file was configured so that the rays, diaphragm and crystalline lens are easily modified[22]


document_title: The Bold Type

question_text: the bold type season 1 how many episodes

text: The Bold Type

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series is centered around three friends – Jane (Katie Stevens), Kat (Aisha Dee), and Sutton (Meghann Fahy) – who all work for Scarlet, a global women's magazine. The show explores their outrageous lives in New York City as they learn to find their own voices and explore their sexuality, identity, love, and fashion.[8]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Katie Stevens as Jane Sloan, a newly promoted writer at Scarlet magazine.[9]
Aisha Dee as Kat Edison, the social media director at Scarlet magazine.[9]
Meghann Fahy as Sutton Brady, an assistant at Scarlet magazine.[9]
Sam Page as Richard Hunter, a member of the Scarlet board of directors and a lawyer for the magazine's publishing group. He is Sutton's lover in the first season.[10]
Matt Ward as Alex Crawford, a writer at Scarlet magazine.[9]
Melora Hardin as Jacqueline Carlyle, editor-in-chief of Scarlet magazine.[11]
Stephen Conrad Moore as Oliver Grayson (season 2; recurring season 1),[12] head of the fashion department at Scarlet magazine.
Nikohl Boosheri as Adena El-Amin (season 2; recurring season 1),[12] a photographer who is Kat's romantic interest.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Emily C. Chang as Lauren Park, the executive editor of Scarlet.
Dan Jeannotte as Ryan Decker, a writer at Pinstripe magazine, who is also Jane's romantic interest. The girls refer to him as "Pinstripe".
Luca James Lee as Ben (season 2)[13]
Siobhan Murphy as Cleo (season 2)[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)

2
10[14]
June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)[14]
TBA

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [14][15]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [14][15]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Gary Fleder
Sarah Watson
June 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)[a]
0.24[16] (preview)
0.36[17] (premiere)

Best friends Jane, Kat and Sutton met as assistants at Scarlet magazine under the guiding eye of editor in chief, Jacqueline. Four years on, Jane is a newly promoted writer, tasked with stalking her ex-boyfriend without the use of social media. Kat, who was promoted to social media director two years ago, goes after Adena, a proud Muslim lesbian artist, who pulled her feature story from the August issue. Meanwhile, Sutton tries not to feel left behind as her friends reach their career goals, and Jane and Kat discover that Sutton has been having a secret affair with Scarlet lawyer, Richard.

2
2
"O Hell No"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Sarah Watson
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)
0.30[17]

At a crossroads, Sutton approaches Lauren about taking the next step in her career, and in a supportive move, Lauren sets her up with Richard for an informational interview which later leads to a job offer in advertisement sales. Jacqueline appoints Jane with writing an article for the sex column, but Jane has never had an orgasm. Struggling for inspiration, Jane visits a sexologist, and after a yoni egg mishap, she writes a completely honest piece. When Adena returns to New York, Kat finds herself questioning her sexual identity as her feelings for Adena continue to grow, and things are further complicated when Kat discovers that Adena has a girlfriend.

3
3
"The Woman Behind the Clothes"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Justin W. Lo
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
0.28[18]

After posting a gender inequality article online, Kat finds herself a victim of Internet trolling. Sutton and Jane are worried for Kat's safety, but Kat's confidence does not see her worried, not until one of the trolls uncovers a topless photo she took. Sutton goes after an assistant's job in the fashion department, but has to juggle preparation for the fashion show, while still being Lauren's assistant. Meanwhile, Jane ditches her date with Ryan to chase an article on a congresswoman, but when she is revoked, Jane comes up with a different angle to get her story.

4
4
"If You Can't Do It with Feeling"
Anna Mastro
Wendy Straker Hauser
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
0.36[19]

Adena asks Kat to write her a letter of recommendation so she can extend her work visa. While taking a walk, a man makes a racist remark towards Adena, and when Kat retaliates, she is arrested for assault. After Jacqueline bails Kat out, Kat and Adena reunite and share a kiss. Jane is invited to speak on a panel about rising political voices under 30, but the panel does not go as Jane had anticipated. Sutton is concerned that Oliver has her professional background confused with one of the other applicants, and when the truth comes out, Sutton puts everything she has into making one last impression, which earns her the fashion assistant job.

5
5
"No Feminism in the Champagne Room"
Jamie Travis
Lynn Sternberger
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
0.35[20]

Jane is sued for defamation after writing an article about a woman who left her finance job to become a stripper. When a settlement hearing does not go as planned, Jane learns of the consequences her article has had. After sharing their first kiss and spending the night together, Kat and Adena deal with their feelings of guilt and trepidation. As Kat overcomes her fear of being in a relationship and is ready to take a leap of faith, Adena reveals she is leaving for Paris to reconcile with her girlfriend. Meanwhile, Sutton receives her contract from Oliver, though her salary is much lower than she initially expected. Gaining confidence to confront Oliver, Sutton asks for some job perks in return for leaving her salary as is for now.

6
6
"The Breast Issue"
Jamie Travis
Matt McGuinness
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
0.34[21]

Kat embarks on a social media campaign to free the nipple, and to raise breast cancer awareness and testing. Jane is assigned to write about a doctor testing women in their 20s for the BRCA mutation. Given that Jane's mother died of breast cancer, she is encouraged by Kat, Sutton, and Jaqueline to test herself for a BRCA mutation, but she is hesitant to do so. Meanwhile, Sutton attempts to prove her capabilities in the fashion department by obtaining a $5000 necklace for Oliver. However, she loses the necklace in a cab and begins a search for the necklace with Alex.

7
7
"Three Girls in a Tub"
Jann Turner
Ian Deitchman & Kristin Robinson
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
0.29[22]

Kat has trouble teaching her new employee how to tweet for Scarlet's social media, and learns to how to manage her expanding team. Jane attempts to juggle dating two men. Sutton begins to make connections in the fashion world for her job. She accidentally attends high tea not realizing why it is called "high tea" before becoming high herself. All three have dinner at Richard's apartment, but end up spending most of the night in the bathtub. Jane tells Ryan that she cannot have a relationship with him because she wants to have a strong relationship with only one man. Sutton makes the difficult decision of breaking up with Richard due to the pressure of keeping their relationship a secret.

8
8
"The End of the Beginning"
Jann Turner
Justin W. Lo & Wendy Straker Hauser
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
0.28[23]

Kat stays over at Jane and Sutton's place while her apartment is being cleaned of bed bugs. Layoff rumors sweep through Scarlet like wildfire as levels of anxiety rise throughout the whole building. All three go on a group date since they have found themselves single for the first time in awhile. Jane and Alex put their hats in the ring for the chance to work for the all-digital magazine Incite. Sutton runs a photoshoot while Oliver is trapped in Cuba, but learns along the way why it is important to standup for herself from Jacqueline. Kat continues to stay in contact with Adena while she is in Paris, but finds out she wants to return to New York since she is unable to reconcile with her girlfriend.

9
9
"Before Tequila Sunrise"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Lynn Sternberger
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
0.36[24]

Due to Donald Trump being back in New York, Sutton, Jane, Ryan, and Alex are stuck in Scarlet. Kat rushes off to see Adena after she has trouble getting back in the country. Kat uses her parents' miles to buy a ticket so as to get behind customs to meet up with Adena. Jane is still unsure about whether to take the job at Incite or stay at Scarlet. After drinking, Sutton and Alex share a kiss and end up hooking up as Adena and Kat do the same at the airport. Kat thinks of going with Adena but ends up deciding to stay.

10
10
"Carry the Weight"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Sarah Watson
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
0.33[25]

Sutton and Alex attempt to have a relationship, but it is cut short when Jacqueline catches them kissing in the stairwell. Richard later confesses to Sutton that he should "have fought for her". Jane is tasked with what she wanted to be her first article at Scarlet, but ended up being her last, about Mia, a sexual assault survivor. Kat buries herself in her work, trying to get over her recent decision of not joining Adena. Kat, Jane, and Sutton learn that Jacqueline is a sexual assault survivor herself. Jane ultimately leaves Scarlet magazine, Kat embarks on an adventure to be with Adena in South America, and Sutton takes Oliver's place at a fashion event.

text: Jump up ^ The pilot episode of The Bold Type was aired as a special preview on June 20, 2017, three weeks before its official television premiere on July 11, 2017.[5]

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [14][15]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [14][15]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"Feminist Army"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Amanda Lasher
June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)
0.30[26]

Kat comes back from her trip with Jane and Sutton greeting her at the airport. She is blissfully in love with Adena and wants everyone to know that she has a girlfriend. Adena is also coming back to New York because her visa has been approved for 3 months. Jane writes her first article for Incite, but the woman that she interviews takes an unexpected turn for her article. A new corporate policy at Scarlet allows Sutton and Richard to date, but she is faced with a dilemma due a gossip about her “sleeping her way to the top”. Adena becomes upset that Kat keep flaunting their fairly new relationship.

12
2
"Rose Colored Glasses"
Victor Nelli Jr.
Wendy Straker Hauser
June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)
0.18[26]

13
3
"The Scarlet Letter"
TBA
TBA
June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)
TBD

14
4
"OMG"
TBA
TBA
June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)
TBD

15
5
"Stride of Pride"
TBA
TBA
July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)
TBD

16
6
"The Domino Effect"
TBA
TBA
July 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)
TBD

17
7
"Betsy"
TBA
TBA
July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)
TBD

18
8
"Plan B"
TBA
TBA
July 24, 2018 (2018-07-24)
TBD

19
9
"Trippin"
TBA
TBA
July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On April 7, 2016, Freeform announced they had given a pilot order to Issues, a series inspired by the life of former Cosmopolitan editor-in-chief Joanna Coles. The show was ordered to series by Freeform in January 2017, and was later renamed to The Bold Type.[8]

text: On March 6, 2017, Freeform announced that The Bold Type would debut on Tuesday, July 11, 2017 at 9:00pm.[4] The pilot was aired as a special preview on June 20, 2017, three weeks before its official premiere date.[5]

text: Freeform renewed the series for a second and third season, consisting of 10 episodes each, on October 4, 2017. At the same time it was announced that Amanda Lasher would assume the role of showrunner after series creator Sarah Watson had "creative differences with the network".[6]

text: In the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Spain, the series premiered exclusively on Amazon Prime Video on February 9, 2018.[27][28]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Sam Page who plays Richard Hunter, a member of the Scarlet board of directors and a lawyer for the magazine's publishing group, was the first cast member to be announced on August 16, 2016,[10] followed by Melora Hardin on August 18, 2016. Hardin had been cast as Jacqueline, the quietly tough and confident Editor in Chief of Scarlet Magazine.[11]

text: Katie Stevens, Aisha Dee and Meghann Fahy were announced as series leads, Jane, Kat, and Sutton on August 22, 2016. Stevens plays Jane, who has just landed her dream job as writer for Scarlet, Dee portrays Kat, the social media director at Scarlet, while Fahy plays Sutton, the last of her friends to still be in an assistant's job. Matt Ward rounds out the main ensemble as Alex, a fellow writer at Scarlet.[9]

text: On March 30, 2017, it was announced that Nikohl Boosheri was set to recur on the series as Adena El-Amin, a photographer who develops a complicated romantic relationship with Kat.[29] Emily C. Chang joined the cast on May 2, 2017, as Lauren Park, a blunt and overworked executive editor at Scarlet Magazine.[30]

text: On March 8, 2018, it was reported that newcomers Luca James Lee and Siobhan Murphy have been tapped for recurring roles for second season. Lee will play Ben, a potential love interest for Jane, while Murphy will portray Cleo, a new board member at the publishing company. In addition, Dan Jeonnette will return as Pinstripe in a guest-role.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The series is shot in Montreal, Canada.[32] Filming for the second season began on February 18, 2018.[33][better source needed]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In Canada, the series airs exclusively on ABC Spark.[34]. In the United Kingdom, the series airs exclusively on Amazon Prime Video with new episodes the day after its broadcast on Freeform in the United States.[35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, season one holds an approval rating of 96%, with an average rating of 7.5/10 based on 24 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Smart, hip, and exuberantly performed, The Bold Type sharply blends its soapy plotting with workplace drama that feels very of-the-moment."[36] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 56 out of 100 based on 8 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[37]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, season 2 holds an approval rating of 100%, with an average rating of 7.1/10 based on 11 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Bold Type presents an aspirational yet refreshingly realistic portrait of young women's careers, friendships and love lives in a big city."[38]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
July 11, 2017
0.2
0.36[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"O Hell No"
July 11, 2017
0.1
0.30[17]
0.2
0.30
0.3
0.60[39]

3
"The Woman Behind the Clothes"
July 18, 2017
0.1
0.28[18]
0.2
0.32
0.3
0.60[40]

4
"If You Can't Do It With Feeling"
July 25, 2017
0.1
0.36[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"No Feminism in the Champagne Room"
August 1, 2017
0.2
0.35[20]
N/A
0.35
N/A
0.70[41]

6
"The Breast Issue"
August 8, 2017
0.2
0.34[21]
N/A
0.40
N/A
0.74[42]

7
"Three Girls in a Tub"
August 15, 2017
0.1
0.29[22]
0.2
0.43
0.3
0.72[43]

8
"The End of the Beginning"
August 22, 2017
0.1
0.28[23]
0.2
0.44
0.3
0.72[44]

9
"Before Tequila Sunrise"
August 29, 2017
0.2
0.36[24]
N/A
0.36
N/A
0.72[45]

10
"Carry the Weight"
September 5, 2017
0.2
0.33[25]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Feminist Army"
June 12, 2018
0.1
0.30[26]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2
"Rose Colored Glasses"
June 12, 2018
0.1
0.18[26]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2018
GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series
The Bold Type
Nominated