document_title: List of largest sports contracts

question_text: who has the biggest contract in the nfl

question_tokens: who has the biggest contract in the nfl

text: List of largest sports contracts

text: Largest sports contracts[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Team
Sport
Length of contract
Contract value (USD)
Average per year (USD)
Average per game5 (USD)
Ref
[1]

01
Giancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins
Baseball
13 years (2014-2027)
$325,000,000
$25,000,000
$154,320.99
[1]

02
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez1R
New York Yankees*
Baseball
10 years (2008–2017)
$275,000,000
$27,500,000
$169,753.09
[2]

03
Neymar
Paris Saint Germain
Association football
5 years (2017-2022)
$270,000,000
$54,000,000
$1,080,000
[3][4][5]

04
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez2R
Texas Rangers*
Baseball
10 years (2001–2010)
$252,000,000
$25,200,000
$155,555.56
[6]

05
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
Detroit Tigers
Baseball
08 !8 years (2016–2023)
$248,000,000
$31,000,000
$191,358.02
[7]

005 !06 (tie)
Cano, RobinsonRobinson Cano
Seattle Mariners
Baseball
10 years (2014–2023)
$240,000,000
$24,000,000
$148,148.15
[8]

005 !06 (tie)
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
Los Angeles Angels
Baseball
10 years (2012–2021)
$240,000,000
$24,000,000
$148,148.15
[9]

007 !07
Harden, JamesJames Harden
Houston Rockets
Basketball
6 years (2017-2023)
$228,000,000
$38,000,000
$463,414.64
[10]

007 !08
Votto, JoeyJoey Votto
Cincinnati Reds
Baseball
10 years (2014-2024)
$225,000,000
$22,500,000
$138,889
[11]

008 !08
Price, DavidDavid Price
Boston Red Sox
Baseball
07 !7 years (2016–2022)
$217,000,000
$31,000,000
$191,358.02
[12]

009 !09
Kershaw, ClaytonClayton Kershaw
Los Angeles Dodgers
Baseball
07 !7 years (2014–2020)
$215,000,000
$30,714,285
$186,120.37
[13]

010 !10
Fielder, PrincePrince FielderInjury
Detroit Tigers*
Baseball
09 !9 years (2012–2020)
$214,000,000
$23,777,777
$146,776.40
[14]

011 !11
Scherzer, MaxMax Scherzer
Washington Nationals
Baseball
07 !7 years (2015–2021)
$210,000,000
$30,000,000
$185,185.19
[15]

012 !12
Greinke, ZackZack Greinke
Arizona Diamondbacks
Baseball
06 !6 years (2016–2021)
$206,500,000
$34,416,667
$212,448.56
[16]

014 !14
Westbrook , RusselRussel Westbrook 6
Oklahoma City Thunder
Basketball
05 !5 years (2018–2023)
$205,000,000
$41,000,000
$491,000.00
[17]

015 !15
Curry, StephSteph Curry6
Golden State Warriors
Basketball
05 !5 years (2017–2022)
$201,200,000
$40,200,000
$490,243.90
[18]

016 !16
Jeter, DerekDerek JeterR
New York Yankees*
Baseball
10 years (2001–2010)
$189,000,000
$18,900,000
$116,666.67
[19]

017 !17 (tie)
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer
Minnesota Twins
Baseball
08 !8 years (2011–2018)
$184,000,000
$23,000,000
$141,975.31
[20]

017|17} (tie)
Heyward, JasonJason Heyward
Chicago Cubs
Baseball
08 !8 years (2016–2023)
$184,000,000
$23,000,000
$141,975.31
[21]

018 !18
Mayweather, FloydFloyd MayweatherR
Showtime*
Boxing
02 !2 years (2013–2015)
$180,000,000+
$72,000,000+
$30,000,000+
[22]

018 !18 (tie)
Teixeira, MarkMark TeixeiraR
New York Yankees*
Baseball
08 !8 years (2009–2016)
$180,000,000
$22,500,000
$138,888.89
[23]

018 !18 (tie)
Verlander, JustinJustin Verlander
Detroit Tigers
Baseball
07 !7 years (2013–2019)
$180,000,000
$25,714,286
$158,730.16
[24]

019 !19 (tie)
Hernández, FélixFélix Hernández
Seattle Mariners
Baseball
07 !7 years (2013–2019)
$175,000,000
$25,000,000
$154,320.99
[25]

020 !20 (tie)
Strasburg, StephenStephen Strasburg
Washington Nationals
Baseball
07 !7 years (2017–2023)
$175,000,000
$25,000,000
$154,320.99
[26]

022 !22
Griffin, BlakeBlake Griffin6
Los Angeles Clippers
Basketball
05 !5 years (2017–2022)
$172,260,000
$34,452,000
$420,146.34
[27]

023 !23
Posey, BusterBuster Posey
San Francisco Giants
Baseball
09 !9 years (2013–2021)
$167,000,000
$18,555,556
$114,540.47
[28]

024 !24 (tie)
Sabathia, CCCC Sabathia
New York Yankees
Baseball
07 !7 years (2009–2015)
$161,000,000
$23,000,000
$141,975.31
[29]

024 !24 (tie)
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
Baltimore Orioles
Baseball
07 !7 years (2016–2022)
$161,000,000
$23,000,000
$141,975.31
[30]

026 !26 (tie)
Kemp, MattMatt Kemp
Los Angeles Dodgers*
Baseball
08 !8 years (2012–2019)
$160,000,000
$20,000,000
$123,456.79
[31]

026 !26 (tie)
Ramírez, MannyManny RamírezR
Boston Red Sox*
Baseball
08 !8 years (2001–2008)
$160,000,000
$20,000,000
$123,456.79
[32]

028 !28
Tulowitzki, TroyTroy Tulowitzki
Colorado Rockies*
Baseball
10 years (2011–2020)
$157,750,000
$15,775,000
$97,376.54
[33]

029 !29 (tie)
Tanaka, MasahiroMasahiro Tanaka
New York Yankees
Baseball
07 !7 years (2014–2020)
$155,000,000
$22,141,857
$136,684.30
[34]

029 !29 (tie)
Lester, JonJon Lester
Chicago Cubs
Baseball
06 !6 years (2015–2020)
$155,000,000
$25,833,333
$159,465.02
[35]

031 !31
González, AdriánAdrián González
Boston Red Sox*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2012–2018)
$154,000,000
$22,000,000
$135,802.67
[36]

032 !32 (tie)
Räikkönen, KimiKimi Räikkönen
Ferrari
Auto racing
03 !3 years (2007–2009)
$153,000,000
$51,000,000
$2,942,307.69

[37]

032 !32 (tie)
Ellsbury, JacobyJacoby Ellsbury
New York Yankees
Baseball
07 !7 years (2014–2020)
$153,000,000
$21,857,142
$134,920.64
[38]

034 !34
Conley Jr., MikeMike Conley Jr.
Memphis Grizzlies
Basketball
5 years (2016–2020)
$152,605,576
$30,521,115
$372,208.72
[39]

035 !35
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
Detroit Tigers
Baseball
08 !8 years (2008–2015)
$152,300,000
$19,037,500
$117,515.43
[40]

036 !36
Helton, ToddTodd HeltonR
Colorado Rockies*
Baseball
11 years (2001–2011)
$151,500,000
$13,772,727
$85,016.83
[41]

037 !37
Greinke, ZackZack Greinke
Los Angeles Dodgers*
Baseball
06 !6 years (2013–2019)
$147,000,000
$24,500,000
$151,234.57
[42]

038 !38
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Real Madrid C.F.
Association football
06 !6 years (2013–2019)
$146,280,000
$24,380,000
$406,333.33
[43]

039 !39
Trout, MikeMike Trout
Los Angeles Angels
Baseball
06 !6 years (2015–2020)
$144,500,000
$24,083,333
$148,662.55
[44]

040 !40
Hamels, ColeCole Hamels
Philadelphia Phillies*
Baseball
06 !6 years (2013–2018)
$144,000,000
$24,000,000
$148,148.15
[45]

041 !41
Crawford, CarlCarl CrawfordR
Boston Red Sox*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2011–2017)
$142,000,000
$20,285,714
$125,220.46
[46]

042 !42
Lillard, DamianDamian Lillard
Portland Trail Blazers
Basketball
05 !5 years (2016–2021)
$139,888,445
$27,977,689
$341,191.33
[47]

043 !43
Luck, AndrewAndrew Luck
Indianapolis Colts
American football
06 !6 years (2016–2021)
$139,125,000
$23,187,500
$1,449,218.75
[48]

044 !44
DeRozan, DeMarDeMar DeRozan
Toronto Raptors
Basketball
05 !5 years (2016–2021)
$139,000,000
$27,800,000
$339,024.39
[49]

045 !45
Wright, DavidDavid Wright
New York Mets
Baseball
08 !8 years (2013–2020)
$138,000,000
$17,250,000
$106,481.48
[50]

046 !46
Santana, JohanJohan Santana
New York Mets*
Baseball
06 !6 years (2008–2013)
$137,500,000
$22,916,667
$141,460.91
[51]

047 !47
Bryant, KobeKobe BryantR
Los Angeles Lakers*
Basketball
07 !7 years (2004–2011)
$136,400,000
$19,485,714
$237,630.66
[52]

048 !48
Soriano, AlfonsoAlfonso SorianoR
Chicago Cubs*
Baseball
08 !8 years (2007–2014)
$136,000,000
$17,000,000
$104,938.27
[53]

049 !49 (tie)
Freeman, FreddieFreddie Freeman
Atlanta Braves
Baseball
08 !8 years (2014–2021)
$135,000,000
$16,875,000
$104,166.67
[54]

049 !49 (tie)
Stafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford
Detroit Lions
American football
05 !5 years (2018–2022)
$135,000,000
$27,000,000
$1,687,500.00
[55]

050 !50
Upton, JustinJustin Upton
Detroit Tigers
Baseball
06 !6 years (2016–2021)
$132,750,000
$22,125,000
$136,574.07
[56]

051 !51
Johnson, CalvinCalvin JohnsonR
Detroit Lions*
American football
08 !8 years (2007–2015)
$132,000,000
$16,500,000
$1,031,250.00
[57]

052 !52 (tie)
Choo, Shin-SooShin-Soo Choo
Texas Rangers
Baseball
07 !7 years (2014–2020)
$130,000,000
$18,571,428
$114,638.45
[58]

052 !52 (tie)
Vick, MichaelMichael Vick3 R
Atlanta Falcons*
American football
10 years (2005–2014)
$130,000,000
$13,000,000
$812,500.00
[59]

052 !52 (tie)
Cueto, JohnnyJohnny Cueto
San Francisco Giants
Baseball
06 !6 years (2016–2021)
$130,000,000
$21,666,667
$133,744.86
[60]

055 !55 (tie)
Davis, AnthonyAnthony Davis
New Orleans Pelicans
Basketball
05 !5 years (2016–2021)
$127,171,313
$25,434,262
$310,173.93
[61]

055 !55 (tie)
Drummond, AndreAndre Drummond
Detroit Pistons
Basketball
05 !5 years (2016–2021)
$127,171,313
$25,434,262
$310,173.93
[62]

055 !55 (tie)
Beal, BradleyBradley Beal
Washington Wizards
Basketball
05 !5 years (2016–2021)
$127,171,313
$25,434,262
$310,173.93
[63]

058 !58
Cutler, JayJay CutlerR
Chicago Bears*
American football
07 !7 years (2014–2020)
$126,700,000
$18,100,000
$1,131,250.00
[64]

059 !59
O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'NealR
Indiana Pacers*
Basketball
07 !7 years (2003–2010)
$126,558,000
$18,079,714
$220,484.32
[65]

060 !60 (tie)
Garnett, KevinKevin GarnettR
Minnesota Timberwolves*
Basketball
06 !6 years (1999–2005)
$126,000,000
$21,000,000
$256,097.56
[66]

060 !60 (tie)
Lewis, RashardRashard LewisR
Orlando Magic*
Basketball
06 !6 years (2007–2013)
$126,000,000
$21,000,000
$256,097.56
[67]

060 !60 (tie)
Wells, VernonVernon WellsR
Toronto Blue Jays*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2008–2014)
$126,000,000
$18,000,000
$111,111.11
[68]

060 !60 (tie)
Zito, BarryBarry ZitoR
San Francisco Giants*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2007–2013)
$126,000,000
$18,000,000
$111,111.11
[68]

060 !60 (tie)
Werth, JaysonJayson Werth
Washington Nationals
Baseball
07 !7 years (2011–2017)
$126,000,000
$18,000,000
$111,111.11
[69]

060 !60 (tie)
Kaepernick, ColinColin Kaepernick
San Francisco 49ers*
American football
06 !6 years (2015–2020)
$126,000,000
$21,000,000
$1,312,500.00
.[70]

060 !60 (tie)
Holiday, JrueJrue Holiday6
New Orleans Pelicans
Basketball
05 !5 years (2017–2022)
$126,000,000
$25,200,000
$307,317.07
[71]

067 !67 (tie)
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies*
Baseball
05 !5 years (2012–2016)
$125,000,000
$25,000,000
$154,320.99
[72]

067 !67 (tie)
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
Los Angeles Angels*
Baseball
05 !5 years (2013–2017)
$125,000,000
$25,000,000
$154,320.99
[73]

067 !67 (tie)
Carr, DerekDerek Carr
Oakland Raiders
American football
05 !5 years (2018–2022)
$125,000,000
$25,000,000
$1,562,500.00
[74]

070 !70
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony
New York Knicks
Basketball
05 !5 years (2014–2019)
$124,064,280
$24,812,856
$302,595.81
[75]

071 !71 (tie)
Schumacher, MichaelMichael SchumacherR
Ferrari*
Auto racing
04 !4 years (1996–1999)
$124,000,000
$31,000,000
$1,907,692.30
[76]

071 !71 (tie)
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin
Washington Capitals
Hockey
13 years (2008–2021)
$124,000,000
$9,538,461
$116,322.70
[77]

073 !73
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson
Atlanta Hawks*
Basketball
06 !6 years (2010–2017)
$123,658,089
$20,609,681
$251,337.58
[78]

074 !74
Webber, ChrisChris WebberR
Sacramento Kings*
Basketball
07 !7 years (2001–2007)
$122,718,750
$17,531,250
$213,795.73
[79]

075 !75
Duncan, TimTim DuncanR
San Antonio Spurs*
Basketball
07 !7 years (2003–2010)
$122,007,704
$17,429,672
$212,556.98
[80]

076 !76
Hampton, MikeMike HamptonR
Colorado Rockies*
Baseball
08 !8 years (2001–2008)
$121,000,000
$15,125,000
$93,364.20
[41]

077 !77
Flacco, JoeJoe Flacco
Baltimore Ravens
American football
06 !6 years (2013–2018)
$120,600,000
$20,100,000
$1,256,250.00
[81]

078 !78 (tie)
Giambi, JasonJason GiambiR
New York Yankees*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2002–2008)
$120,000,000
$17,142,857
$105,820.10
[82]

078 !78 (tie)
Andrus, ElvisElvis Andrus
Texas Rangers
Baseball
08 !8 years (2015–2022)
$120,000,000
$15,000,000
$92,592.59
[83]

078 !78 (tie)
Lee, CliffCliff LeeR
Philadelphia Phillies*
Baseball
05 !5 years (2011–2015)
$120,000,000
$24,000,000
$148,148.15
[84]

078 !78 (tie)
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'NealR
Los Angeles Lakers*
Basketball
07 !7 years (1996–2003)
$120,000,000
$17,142,857
$209,059.23
[85]

078 !78 (tie)
Holliday, MattMatt Holliday
St. Louis Cardinals*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2010–2016)
$120,000,000
$17,142,857
$105,820.10
[86]

078 !78 (tie)
Fitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald
Arizona Cardinals
American football
08 !8 years (2011–2018)
$120,000,000
$15,000,000
$937,500.00
[87]

078 !78 (tie)
Batum, NicolasNicolas Batum
Charlotte Hornets
Basketball
05 !5 years (2016–2021)
$120,000,000
$24,000,000
$292,682.93
[88]

085 !85
Palmer, CarsonCarson Palmer
Cincinnati Bengals*
American football
09 !9 years (2006–2014)
$119,750,000‡
$13,305,555
$831,597.19
[89]

086 !86
Beltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán
New York Mets*
Baseball
07 !7 years (2005–2011)
$119,000,000
$17,000,000
$104,938.27
[90]

087 !87
Harden, JamesJames Harden
Houston Rockets
Basketball
04 !4 years (2016–2020)
$118,103,446
$29,525,861
$360,071.48
[91]

088 !88
Bosh, ChrisChris Bosh
Miami Heat
Basketball
05 !5 years (2014–2019)
$118,000,000
$23,600,000
$287,804.88
[92]

089 !89
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.R
Cincinnati Reds*
Baseball
09 !9 years (2000–2008)
$116,500,000
$12,944,444
$79,903.98
[41]

090 !90 (tie)
McNabb, DonovanDonovan McNabbR
Philadelphia Eagles*
American football
12 !12 years (2002–2013)
$115,000,000‡
$9,583,333
$598,958.31
[93]

090 !90 (tie)
Dalton, AndyAndy Dalton
Cincinnati Bengals
American football
06 !6 years (2015–2020)
$115,000,000‡
$19,166,667
$1,197,916.67
[94]

092 !92
Miller, VonVon Miller
Denver Broncos
American football
06 !6 years (2016–2021)
$114,500,000
$19,083,333
$1,192,708.33
[95]

093 !93
Suh, NdamukongNdamukong Suh
Miami Dolphins
American football
06 !6 years (2015–2020)
$114,000,000
$19,000,000
$1,187,500.00
[96]

094 !94
Horford, AlAl Horford
Boston Celtics
Basketball
04 !4 years (2016–2020)
$113,326,228
$28,331,557
$345,506.79
[97]

095 !95 (tie)
Love, KevinKevin Love
Cleveland Cavaliers
Basketball
05 !5 years (2015–2020)
$113,211,750
$22,642,350
$276,126.22
[98]

095 !95 (tie)
Gasol, MarcMarc Gasol
Memphis Grizzlies
Basketball
05 !5 years (2015–2020)
$113,211,750
$22,642,350
$276,126.22
[99]

097 !97
Cain, MattMatt Cain
San Francisco Giants
Baseball
06 !6 years (2012–2017)
$112,500,000
$18,666,667
$115,226.34
[100]

098 !98
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas4 R
Washington Wizards*
Basketball
06 !6 years (2008–2013)
$111,000,000
$18,500,000
$225,609.76
[101]

099 !99 (tie)
Weber, SheaShea Weber
Nashville Predators*
Hockey
14 !14 years (2012–2026)
$110,000,000
$7,857,143
$95,818.82
[102]

099 !99 (tie)
Rodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers
Green Bay Packers
American football
05 !5 years (2015–2019)
$110,000,000
$22,000,000
$1,375,000.00
[103]

099 !99 (tie)
Zimmermann, JordanJordan Zimmermann
Detroit Tigers
Baseball
05 !5 years (2016–2020)
$110,000,000
$22,000,000
$135,802.47
[104]

099 !99 (tie)
Cespedes, YoenisYoenis Cespedes
New York Mets
Baseball
04 !4 years (2017–2020)
$110,000,000
$27,500,000
$169,753.09
[105]

099 !99 (tie)
Vettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel
Ferrari
Auto racing
03 !3 years (2015–2017)
$110,000,000
$36,666,667
$1,833,333.33
[106]

104 !104 (tie)
James, LeBronLeBron James
Miami Heat*
Basketball
06 !6 years (2010–2016)
$109,837,500
$18,306,250
$223,246.95
[107]

104 !104 (tie)
Bosh, ChrisChris Bosh
Miami Heat
Basketball
06 !6 years (2010–2016)
$109,837,500
$18,306,250
$223,246.95
[107]

106 !106
Romo, TonyTony RomoR
Dallas Cowboys*
American football
06 !6 years (2014–2019)
$108,000,000
$18,000,000
$1,125,000.00
[108]

107 !107
Paul, ChrisChris Paul
Los Angeles Clippers*
Basketball
05 !5 years (2013–2018)
$107,343,478
$21,468,696
$261,813.36
[109]

108 !108
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade
Miami Heat*
Basketball
06 !6 years (2010–2016)
$107,186,000
$17,864,333
$217,857.72
[110]

109 !109
Kemp, ShawnShawn KempR
Cleveland Cavaliers*
Basketball
07 !7 years (1997–2004)
$107,000,000
$15,285,714
$186,411.15
[111]

110 !110
McCollum, C.J.C.J. McCollum
Portland Trail Blazers
Basketball
04 !4 years (2017–2021)
$106,663,450
$26,665,862
$325,193.45
[112]

111
Porter, OttoOtto Porter
Washington Wizards
Basketball
4 years (2017-2021)
$106,524,975
$26,631,244
$324,771.27
[113]

112
Reyes, JoséJosé Reyes
Miami Marlins*
Baseball
06 !6 years (2012–2017)
$106,000,000
$17,666,666
$109,053.50
[114]

113
Howard, JuwanJuwan HowardR
Washington Bullets*
Basketball
07 !7 years (1996–2003)
$105,375,000
$15,053,571
$183,580.14
[115]

114 (tie)
Brown, KevinKevin BrownR
Los Angeles Dodgers*
Baseball
07 !7 years (1999–2005)
$105,000,000
$15,000,000
$92,592.59
[41]

114 !114 (tie)
Bailey, HomerHomer Bailey
Cincinnati Reds
Baseball
06 !6 years (2014–2019)
$105,000,000
$17,500,000
$108,024.61
[116]

114 !114 (tie)
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
Milwaukee Brewers
Baseball
05 !5 years (2016–2020)
$105,000,000
$21,000,000
$129,629.63
[117]

114 !114 (tie)
Mourning, AlonzoAlonzo MourningR
Miami Heat*
Basketball
07 !7 years (1996–2003)
$105,000,000
$15,000,000
$182,926.83
[118]

118 !118
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby
Pittsburgh Penguins
Hockey
12 !12 years (2013–2025)
$104,400,000
$8,700,000
$106,097.56
[119]

119 !119
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
Association football
04 !4 years (2015–2019)
$104,000,000
$26,000,000
$498,000.00
[120]

120 !120
Newton, CamCam Newton
Carolina Panthers
American football
05 !5 years (2015–2020)
$103,800,000
$20,760,000
$1,297,500.00
[121]

121 !121
Ryan, MattMatt Ryan
Atlanta Falcons
American football
05 !5 years (2014–2018)
$103,750,000
$20,750,000
$1,296,875.00
[122]

122 !122
Kidd, JasonJason KiddR
New Jersey Nets*
Basketball
06 !6 years (2003–2009)
$103,572,000
$17,262,000
$210,512.20
[123]

123 !123
Bledsoe, DrewDrew BledsoeR
New England Patriots*
American football
10 !10 years (2001–2010)
$103,000,000
$10,300,000
$643,750.00
[124]

124 !124
Cox, FletcherFletcher Cox
Philadelphia Eagles
American football
06 !6 years (2017–2022)
$102,600,000
$17,100,000
$1,068,750.00
[125]

125 !125
Finley, MichaelMichael FinleyR
Dallas Mavericks*
Basketball
07 !7 years (2001–2008)
$102,265,625
$14,609,375
$178,163.11
[126]

126 !126 (tie)
Roethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger
Pittsburgh Steelers
American football
08 !8 years (2008–2015)
$102,000,000‡
$12,750,000
$796,875.00
[127]

126 !126 (tie)
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid C.F.
Association football
06 !6 years (2009–2015)
$102,000,000
$17,000,000
$400,000.00
[128]

text:
1 – Rodriguez's 2014 salary was reduced to $2,868,853 due to his season-long suspension related to the Biogenesis baseball scandal[129] 2 – Rodriguez opted out of this contract after the 2007 season 3 – Vick's contract was terminated by the Atlanta Falcons after the 2006 season 4 – Arenas was suspended without pay for the majority of the 2009-10 season 5 – Based on regular season games only (excludes any playoff games), also in baseball, starting pitchers usually pitch every five games, resting during the interval between starts 6 - Exact contract figures will be available once the 2017–18 salary cap is set and contracts are officially signed R – retired Injury - While still technically under contract, injury has ended his career * – no longer on team
‡ – entirety of contract salary not guaranteed


document_title: Egocentrism

question_text: what term is used to describe a childs inability to see the world

root

text: Egocentrism

text: During infancy[edit]

text: The main concept infants and young children learn by beginning to show egocentrism is the fact that their thoughts, values, and behaviors are different from those of others, also known as the theory of mind.[9] Initially when children begin to have social interactions with others, mainly the caregivers, they misinterpret that they are one entity, because they are together for a long duration of time and the caregivers often provide for the children's needs. For example, a child may misattribute the act of their mother reaching to retrieve an object that they point to as a sign that they are the same entity, when in fact they are actually separate individuals. As early as 15 months old,[5] children show a mix of egocentrism and theory of mind when an agent acts inconsistently with how the children expect him to behave. In this study the children observed the experimenter place a toy inside one of two boxes, but did not see when the experimenter removed the toy from the original box and placed it in the other box, due to obstruction by a screen. When the screen was removed the children watched the experimenter reach to take the toy out of one of the boxes, yet because the children did not see the switching part, they looked at the experimenter's action much longer when she reached for the box opposite to the one she originally put the toy in. Not only does this show the existence of infants' memory capacity, but it also demonstrates how they have expectations based on their knowledge, as they are surprised when those expectations are not met.

tag: p

text: During childhood[edit]

text: According to George Butterworth and Margaret Harris, during childhood, one is usually unable to distinguish between what is subjective and objective.[10] According to Piaget, "an egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does."[11][unreliable source?]

text: Jean Piaget (1896–1980) developed a theory about the development of human intelligence, describing the stages of cognitive development. He claimed that early childhood is the time of pre-operational thought, characterized by children's inability to process logical thought.[12] According to Piaget, one of the main obstacles to logic that children possess includes centration, "the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others."[13] A particular type of centration is egocentrism – literally, "self-centeredness." Piaget claimed that young children are egocentric, capable of contemplating the world only from their personal perspective. For example, a three-year-old presented his mother a model truck as her birthday present; "he had carefully wrapped the present and gave it to his mother with an expression that clearly showed he expected her to love it."[14] The three-year-old boy had not chosen the present out of selfishness or greediness, but he simply failed to realize that, from his mother's perspective, she might not enjoy the model car as much as he would.

text: Piaget was concerned with two aspects of egocentricity in children: language and morality.[15] He believed that egocentric children use language primarily for communication with oneself. Piaget observed that children would talk to themselves during play, and this egocentric speech was merely the child's thoughts.[16] He believed that this speech had no special function; it was used as a way of accompanying and reinforcing the child's current activity. He theorized that as the child matures cognitively and socially the amount of egocentric speech used would be reduced.[16] However, Vygotsky felt that egocentric speech has more meaning, as it allows the child's growth in social speech and high mental development.[16] In addition to Piaget's theory, he believed that when communicating with others, the child believes that others know everything about the topic of discussion and become frustrated when asked to give further detail.[15]

text: Piaget also believed that egocentrism affects the child's sense of morality.[15] Due to egocentrism, the child is only concerned with the final outcome of an event rather than another's intentions. For example, if someone breaks the child's toy, the child would not forgive the other and the child wouldn't be able to understand that the person who broke the toy did not intend to break it.[15] This phenomenon can also be backed by the evidence from the findings of the case study by Nelson, who studied the use of motives and outcomes by young children as aiding to form their moral judgements.

text: Piaget did a test to investigate egocentrism called the mountains study. He put children in front of a simple plaster mountain range and then asked them to pick from four pictures the view that he, Piaget, would see. The younger children before age seven picked the picture of the view they themselves saw and were therefore found to lack the ability to appreciate a viewpoint different from their own. In other words, their way of reasoning was egocentric. Only when entering the concrete-operational stage of development at age seven to twelve, children became less egocentric and could appreciate viewpoints other than their own. In other words, they were capable of cognitive perspective-taking. However, the mountains test has been criticized for judging only the child's visuo-spatial awareness, rather than egocentrism. A follow up study involving police dolls showed that even young children were able to correctly say what the interviewer would see.[17] It is thought that Piaget overestimated the extent of egocentrism in children. Egocentrism is thus the child's inability to see other people's viewpoints, not to be confused with selfishness. The child at this stage of cognitive development assumes that their view of the world is the same as other peoples.

text: In addition, a more well-known experiment by Wimmer and Perner (1983) called the false-belief task demonstrates how children show their acquisition of theory of mind (ToM) as early as 4 years old.[6] In this task, children see a scenario where one character hides a marble in a basket, walks out of the scene, and another character that is present takes out the marble and put it in a box. Knowing that the first character did not see the switching task, children were asked to predict where the first character would look to find the marble. The results show that children younger than 4 answer that the character would look inside the box, because they have the superior knowledge of where the marble actually is. It shows egocentric thinking in early childhood because they thought that even if the character itself did not see the entire scenario, it has the same amount of knowledge as oneself and therefore should look inside the box to find the marble. As children start to acquire ToM, their ability to recognize and process others' beliefs and values overrides the natural tendency to be egocentric.

text: During adolescence[edit]

text: Although most of the research completed on the study of egocentrism is primarily focused on early childhood development, it has been found to also occur during adolescence.[18] David Elkind was one of the first to discover the presence of egocentrism in adolescence and late adolescence. He argues, "the young adolescent, because of the physiological metamorphosis he is undergoing, is primarily concerned with himself. Accordingly, since he fails to differentiate between what others are thinking about and his own mental preoccupations, he assumes that other people are obsessed with his behavior and appearance as he is himself."[19] This shows that the adolescent is exhibiting egocentrism, by struggling to distinguish whether or not, in actuality, others are as fond of them as they might think because their own thoughts are so prevalent. Adolescents consider themselves as "unique, special, and much more socially significant than they actually are."[13]

text: Elkind also created terms to help describe the egocentric behaviors exhibited by the adolescent population such as what he calls an imaginary audience, the personal fable, and the invincibility fable. Usually when an egocentric adolescent is experiencing an imaginary audience, it entails the belief that there is an audience captivated and constantly present to an extent of being overly interested about the egocentric individual. Personal fable refers to the idea that many teenagers believe their thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique and more extreme than anyone else's.[20] In the invincibility fable, the adolescent believes in the idea that he or she is immune to misfortune and cannot be harmed by things that might defeat a normal person.[13] Egocentrism in adolescence is often viewed as a negative aspect of their thinking ability because adolescents become consumed with themselves and are unable to effectively function in society due to their skewed version of reality and cynicism.

text: There are various reasons as to why adolescents experience egocentrism:

text:
Adolescents are often faced with new social environments (for example, starting secondary school) which require the adolescent to protect the self which may lead to egocentrism.[21]
Development of the adolescent's identity may lead to the individual experiencing high levels of uniqueness which subsequently becomes egocentric – this manifests as the personal fable.[22]
Parental rejection may lead to the adolescents experiencing high levels of self-consciousness, which can lead to egocentrism.[23]

tag: ul

text: A study was completed on 163 undergraduate students to examine the adolescent egocentrism in college students. Students were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire to determine the level of egocentrism present. The questions simply asked for the reactions that students had to seemingly embarrassing situations. It was found that adolescent egocentrism was more prevalent in the female population than the male.[24] This again exemplifies the idea that egocentrism is present in even late adolescence.

text: Results from other studies have come to the conclusion that egocentrism does not present itself in some of the same patterns as it was found originally. More recent studies have found that egocentrism is prevalent in later years of development unlike Piaget's original findings that suggested that egocentrism is only present in early childhood development.[25] Egocentrism is especially dominant in early adolescence, particularly when adolescents encounter new environments, such as a new school or a new peer group.[13]

text: In addition, throughout adolescence egocentrism contribute to the development of self-identity; in order to achieve self-identity, adolescents go through different pathways of "crisis" and "commitment" stages,[26] and higher self-identity achievement was found to be correlated with heightened egocentrism.[27]

text: During adulthood[edit]

text: The prevalence of egocentrism on the individual has been found to decrease between the ages of 15 and 16.[28] However, adults are also susceptible to be egocentric or to have reactions or behaviours that can be categorized as egocentric (Tesch, Whitbourne & Nehrke, 1978).[29]

text: Frankenberger tested adolescents (14–18 years old) and adults (20–89) on their levels of egocentrism and self-consciousness.[30] It was found that egocentric tendencies had extended to early adulthood and these tendencies were also present in the middle adult years.

text: Baron and Hanna looked at 152 participants and tested to see how the presence of depression affected egocentrism.[31] They also tested adults between the ages of 18 and 25, which found that the participants who suffered from depression showed higher levels of egocentrism than those who did not.

text: Finally, Surtees and Apperly found that when adults were asked to judge the number of dots they see and the number of dots the avatar in the computer simulation sees, the presence of the avatar interfered with the participants' judgment-making during the trials. Specifically, these were the trials where the number of dots seen by the participant was inconsistent from the number of dots the avatar saw.[32] Such effect on the participants diminished when the avatar was replaced with a simple yellow or blue line, which concluded that somehow the avatar having a personal attribute implicitly caused the participants to include its "vision" into their own decision making. That said, they made more errors when they saw prompts such as "the avatar sees N" when N was the number of dots the participant saw and not the avatar, which shows that egocentric thought is still predominant in making quick judgments, even if the adults are well aware that their thoughts could differ from others.


document_title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

question_text: who fought on the side of the republicans in the spanish civil war brainly

text: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Belligerents[edit]

text: The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the Northern Meseta, including almost all of Old Castile, as well as La Rioja, Navarra, Alava, the area near Zaragoza in Aragon, most of Galicia, parts of Cáceres in Extremadura and many dispersed pockets in rural Andalucía where the local society still followed ancient traditional patterns and was yet untouched by "modern" thought.[6]

text: Political groups[edit]

text: Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations which in some cases espoused opposed ideologies, such as the  conservative CEDA and Alejandro Lerroux's radicals (liberals), as well as Falangists, Catholics and pro-Monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas (Requetés).[6]

text: Falange[edit]

text: The Falange was originally a Spanish fascist political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former Spanish leader Miguel Primo de Rivera.[7] The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding.[8] Upon being formed, the Falange was officially anti-clerical and anti-monarchist.[9] As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy.[8] In 1934, the Falange merged with the pro-Nazi Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos.[8]

text: Initially, the Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution.[8] The Falange committed acts of violence prior to the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising.[8] Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime.[10] With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the Falange expanded rapidly.[10] By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals.[11]

text: The Falange was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists.[12] After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction.[13] In 1937, Franco announced a decree of unification of the National political movements, particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership.[14] Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their "revolution" being indefinitely postponed.[14]

text: Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally."[15] After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists" disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange.[15] Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated," and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal.[15] Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist National Catholicism, though it continued to criticize Catholic pacifism.[16] Franco's Falange also abandoned hostility to capitalism, with Falange member Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta declaring that Falange's national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism.[17]

text: CEDA[edit]

text: The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism.[18]  The CEDA was led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism.[18] With the advent of the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany, the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy.[18] Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain.[18] Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it."[19] The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles "Jefe", the equivalent of Duce, and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power.[20] The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader José Calvo Sotelo.[21] Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General Emilio Mola.[10] Subsequently, supporters of the CEDA's youth movement, Juventudes de Acción Popular (JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and ceased to exists as a political organisation in 1937.[10]

text: Monarchists[edit]

text: Carlists[edit]

text: The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender Francisco Javier de Borbón as King of Spain.[22] The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist.[23] The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialistic tendencies.[23] The Carlists were led by Manuel Fal Condé and held their main base of support in Navarre.[23] The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic.[12]  The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to the Spanish state, stemming back to 1833 when they launched a six-year civil war against the state.[24] The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions.[24]

text: During the war, the Carlists' militia, the Requetés reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000.[24]

text: Alfonsists[edit]

text: The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII of Spain as monarch following the founding of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the Renovación Española, a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army.[25] Renovación Española did not, however, manage to become a mass political movement.[25]  In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by Antonio Goicoechea, along with the Carlists, met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising.[26] From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader José Calvo Sotelo spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian, corporatist state.[26] Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic.[27] Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents (who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of the CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic.[28]

text: When the war broke out, Infante Juan, the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser Balaeres, which was nearing completion.[29] He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military.[29]

text: Military[edit]

text: Army of Africa[edit]

text: The Army of Africa was a field army garrisoned in Spanish Morocco - a legacy of the Rif War - under the command of General Francisco Franco. It consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Regulares, infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of Spanish Morocco and with Spanish officers as commanders.

text: The Regulares operated as the shock troops of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000 Moroccan troops were airlifted on 20 Junkers Ju 52 planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines.[30]

text: Civil Guard[edit]

text: Foreign support[edit]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Italy under the Fascist leadership of Benito Mussolini supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups.[31]  Italy justified its intervention as an action intended to prevent the rise of Bolshevism in Spain.[32] Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the Soviet Union who were fighting for the Republicans.[33] Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange.[20] Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time.[7]

text: By January 1937, an expeditionary force of 35,000 Italians, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, were in Spain under the command of General Mario Roatta.[22] The contingent was made up of four divisions: Littorio, Dio lo Vuole ("God Wills it"), Fiamme Nere ("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers; the other three of Blackshirt volunteers.[34] Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war.[22] In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending Roberto Farinacci to Spain to urge Franco to unite the National political movements into one fascist "Spanish National Party".[35]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Nazi Germany provided the Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to Peninsular Spain and provided offensive operations against Republican forces.[22] The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the German re-armament. Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War).[36]

text: Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from Spanish Morocco.[37] The Nazi regime sent retired General Wilhelm Faulpel as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faulpel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain.[38] Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans had access to Spain's gold reserve.[38]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar almost immediately supported the National forces.[39] Salazar's Estado Novo regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it.[40] Portugal played a critical role in supplying Franco's forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources.[41]
Despite its discreet direct military involvement — restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force, the so-called "Viriatos" — for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries — the Nationals used to refer to Lisbon as "the port of Castile".[42] In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the Iberian Pact.[39] Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's Estado Novo and not Mussolini's Fascist Italy.[40]

text: Vatican City[edit]

text: Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative Traditionalists and people belonging to pro-Monarchic groups, the religious persecution was squarely and based on evidence probably rightly mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government and defined the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as 'martyrs of the faith'. The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic, included high-ranking officers of the Popular Army such as republican Catholic general Vicente Rojo Lluch, as well as the Catholic Basque nationalists who opposed the rebel faction.[43]

text: Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities, such as shutting down Catholic schools, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by exalted mobs and the desecration of religious buildings.[44]

text:
Forsaken by the Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended from Soviet military assistance, which played into the hands of the portrayal of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state in the Francoist propaganda. By means of its extensive diplomatic network the Holy See used its influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the Vatican flag, for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized.[45]
By 1938, the Vatican City had already officially recognized Franco's Spanish State, being one of the first to do so.[46]

text: Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007:[47]

text: The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them. It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one-sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us. In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.

text: Other supporters[edit]

text: 1,000 to 2,000 English, Irish, French, Russian "Whites", Polish, Romanian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals.[48]


document_title: Rocky Road (Once Upon a Time)

question_text: who framed elsa in once upon a time

question_tokens: who framed elsa in once upon a time

text: Rocky Road (Once Upon a Time)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The Snow Queen's ice cream shop, "Any Given Sundae", is shown in the forest.

text: Event chronology[edit]

text: The Arendelle events take place after "A Tale of Two Sisters". The Storybrooke events take place after "White Out".

text: In the Characters' Past[edit]

text: In the wake of her sister Anna heading off towards Misthaven, a concerned Elsa (Georgina Haig) is now panicking over her sister’s mission, even as Kristoff (Scott Michael Foster) tells her that her kingdom needs her more than Anna does right now. Elsa then receives news that Prince Hans (Tyler Jacob Moore) is leading an army straight to Arendelle, so she has to stay and prevent him from attempting to take control of the kingdom once again. While spying on the former regent and his 12 brothers, Kristoff discovers that Hans has brought with him a sketch of an urn that once it is in use, will be able to trap people. Kristoff, fearing that he will use the urn on Elsa so he can take over Arendelle, returns to warn Elsa, who decides to follow Kristoff along after he volunteers to go after Hans before he carries out his plot.

text: Hours later, and after making a trek towards a cave, Elsa and Kristoff discover the urn that was kept hidden. When Elsa discovers an unfamiliar language encrypted on the item, it leads to confusion between her and Kristoff over whether to destroy it or not, only to be caught off guard by Hans and his brothers, who then takes a sword to Kristoff and demand that Elsa drop the urn or he'll kill him. After Elsa gives in, she hands over the urn to Hans, thens warns Kristoff to search for Anna. Hans then opens the urn to trap Elsa, only to discover that a person is already inside: The Snow Queen. After she is unleashed, The Snow Queen, upset over Hans calling Elsa a monster, freezes him and his brothers flee the cave. The Snow Queen then returns to the palace to get to know Elsa, and reveals to her that she is her aunt after she looks at a portrait of Elsa's parents. She also tells Elsa about finding others like them who may have met the same fate as her.

text: In Storybrooke[edit]

text: Elsa has literally frozen Storybrooke, and hopes to find her sister, Anna (Elizabeth Lail). She accompanies Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) to try to break down the wall of ice she created around Storybrooke, but her powers aren't strong enough to melt the barrier. The two, along with Hook, pay Gold a visit and to find out if he has known Anna based on the necklace Elsa found in his pawn shop. Belle uses the fake dagger to “command” Gold to tell the truth but it fails, as he knows nothing about Elsa or Anna, and wishes them the best of luck finding her. At the same time, Robin Hood (Sean Maguire), Marian, and Roland visit "Any Given Sundae," where the Snow Queen (Elizabeth Mitchell) serves them ice cream, but unknown to them she casts a spell on the ice cream cone that she gave Marian. Afterwards, the family joins the other residents at the Mayor's office, as Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin), who is still trying to balance both maternal and mayoral duties, is holding the first annual “Mayor’s Fireside Chat,” where she assures the citizens that they are no longer afraid of Regina's influence, but it appears that they want Mary Margaret to do something about the town’s snowy fiasco. Mary Margaret then tells the residents about Elsa's presence in Storybrooke and is trying to reassure everyone that she is not dangerous, only to have Marian beginning to start feeling as if something was glossing over her and she passes out. Elsa's presence has also resulted in her becoming a prime suspect, and with her heart slowly freezing, a cure must be found before Marian's heart completely freezes and kills her. The Storybrooke residents blame Elsa, who is being framed by the Snow Queen for the icy cold mayhem. With the entire town ready to go after their newest addition, Emma (who starts to question her abilities as "The Savior") and Hook decide to hide Elsa at the sheriff's office while she and David search for the real suspect.

text: Later on, Emma and David (Josh Dallas) arrive to Robin Hood's campsite in the forest, and as Emma draws her gun and orders whoever is inside the tent to come out, she encounters former Merry Man Will Scarlet (Michael Socha) and she demands to know who he is, but as he about to escape David catches him. Will tells the two that he doesn’t know anything about the ice wall around Storybrooke, but reveals that he went into the ice cream parlor while the electricity was out, and saw that despite the blackout, the products in the back were still frozen. When they arrive at the shop, however, they find the kitchen area in deep freezing temperatures, but Will sneaks off and take the money from the register. Meanwhile, Hook decides to take Elsa to Gold's Pawn Shop instead, where he tells his former archenemy that he knows about the Dagger of Kris that Gold still has in his possession, and promises to keep it a secret, but only on the condition that they find out where they can locate the real suspect, and hopefully, find Anna. Using a piece of Marian's hair strands, Gold casts a spell to serve as a tracer to origin of the freezing spell cast on it. Elsa and Hook are able to trace it back to the Snow Queen in the forest, but as Hook tries to contact Emma with a cellphone, and later by person, the Snow Queen traps Hook's legs in ice, and when she tries to kill Hook with sharp icicles, she tells Elsa that she neutralized her powers, to keep her from interfering. Then, she discovers that Elsa has lost her memories. She tells Elsa that the Rock Trolls wiped her memory, while trying to convince her that it was Anna who had placed her in the urn. As the Snow Queen prepares to use an ice attack on Hook, Emma arrives just in time to use her powers, allowing the Snow Queen to get away upon getting distracted by helping David free Hook before the large icicles could fall on him. Emma was surprised that the Snow Queen knew Emma's name, but Elsa suspects that the Snow Queen might be lying about her remembering their past experience and about her past with Emma, although Emma assures Elsa they'll find out together. Later that night, the Snow Queen is approached by Gold, who asks if Emma remembers her. As it turns out, Gold tells her that Emma will remember her eventually, but when he asked if she needs his help, the Snow Queen declined, and stated that when she's ready to make a deal, she'll come to him. Gold says that he eagerly awaits that moment and walks away. As Emma tries to remember her past encounter with the Snow Queen, Hook confronts her, and explains that after losing Neal, Graham and Walsh, she did not want to lose Hook either. They then share a kiss together.

text: While all this is going on, Regina and Henry team up to attempt to find out the identity of who the fairytale book author is. Before they can do that, Robin arrives to tell Regina about Marian's frozen state. As Regina is quick to suspect Elsa, as she believes that darker magic is behind this but Elsa denies it to Regina. They believe a true love kiss will wake Marian up, but after Robin kisses her, nothing happens. David and Henry surmise that the cold is creating a barrier, preventing the kiss from working, like when Frederick was turned into gold. Later on that evening, Robin confesses that he knows why the kiss did not work, although he kissed Marian, he's still in love with Regina. Regina then tells Henry to bring her a box and pulls her heart out before her body freezes, indicating it is alive and promises Robin that she will find a cure for his wife.

text: Production[edit]

text: This episode is named after the ice cream flavor that the Snow Queen gives to Marian that puts her under a frozen spell.

text: This episode marks the introduction of Michael Socha as Will Scarlet/the Knave of Hearts to the main cast, who previously starred in the spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. On April 1, 2014, it was reported that Michael Socha was in talks to reprise his role as Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts as a series regular in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time.[2] On April 20, 2014, it was confirmed that Michael Socha will become a regular for Season 4 of the parent series.[3]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text:
The episode title is a reference to the Rocky Road ice cream.
Elsa talks about making a living snow man with the Snow Queen, which is a reference to Olaf from Frozen.*
When Mary Margaret is trying to get Neal loaded into her car & worried about spending so much time with him. Dr. Hopper tells her to "let it go" referring to her concern about making up for the time she lost with Emma.
Emma calls the Snow Queen "Dairy Queen", a reference to the ice cream franchise of the same name.
Operation Mongoose is the name of a United States Government mission to overthrow Fidel Castro and return Democracy to Cuba.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: This outing posted a 2.7/7 among 18-49s with 7.92 million viewers tuning in, a 18% drop from the previous episode.[4]

text: In Canada, it delivered 1.963 million viewers, making it the night's second most-watched program.[5]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The episode was met with good reviews, most of it directed towards the performances from Elizebeth Mitchell and Jennifer Morrison.

text: In a review from Entertainment Weekly, Hilary Busis mentioned several good points about this episode, including this one: "And so Once continues to play its favorite game: Families Are Complicated, Y'all! A new baddie who's secretly related to one of our heroes is hardly uncharted territory, but at least Mitchell's presence is livening up the Frozen arc. And while I'm still not sure that Once has done enough to justify devoting this much time to characters from a movie that was released less than a year ago, season 4's third episode did at least have a little more time to spare for the folks who have been around since the pre-"Let It Go" days. (Though we still don't know what the deal is with that damn Fantasia hat.)"[6]

text: Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated the episode 7.5 out of 10, saying "Tonight's Once had entertaining points and featured an intriguing entrance for the Snow Queen. She's a quieter sort of villain, and that's a nice change. We inched closer to finding out how Elsa got trapped in the urn and where Anna is, but the episode fell flat in a few places because characters didn't act like themselves."[7]

text: TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.6 out of 5 stars.[8]


document_title: New Girl (season 1)

question_text: when do schmidt and cece first hook up

question_tokens: when do schmidt and cece first hook up

text: New Girl (season 1)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Zooey Deschanel as Jessica "Jess" Christopher Day
Jake Johnson as Nicholas "Nick" Miller
Max Greenfield as Winston Schmidt
Damon Wayans, Jr. as Coach[a]
Lamorne Morris as Winston Bishop[b]
Hannah Simone as Cecilia "Cece" Parekh

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Caroline
Gillian Vigman as Kim
Justin Long as Paul
Michaela Watkins as Gina
Rachael Harris as Tanya Lamontagne
Lizzy Caplan as Julia
Kali Hawk as Shelby
Dermot Mulroney as Russell

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Jeanne Tripplehorn as Ouli
Natasha Lyonne as Gretchen
Katie Cassidy as Brooke
Lake Bell as Amanda
Eva Amurri as Beth
Stephen Amell as Kyle
June Diane Raphael as Sadie
Jeff Kober as Remy
Clark Duke as Cliff
Ryan Kwanten as Oliver
Joey King as Brianna
Martin Starr as Dirk
Katrina Bowden as Holly
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as Himself
Phil Hendrie as Joe Napoli
Thomas Lennon as Neil

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Jake Kasdan
Elizabeth Meriwether
September 20, 2011 (2011-09-20)
1ATM79
10.28[1]

Heartbroken over her cheating boyfriend, Jessica "Jess" Day (Zooey Deschanel) moves in with three single men, Schmidt (Max Greenfield), Nick (Jake Johnson) and Coach (Damon Wayans, Jr.). The guys try their best to get her out of the apartment and back into the dating life with the help of Jess' best friend Cece (Hannah Simone), but they end up with more than they expect when they find themselves truly caring for her as a friend.

2
2
"Kryptonite"
Jake Kasdan
Elizabeth Meriwether
September 27, 2011 (2011-09-27)
1ATM01
9.28[2]

Jess accidentally breaks the television after a spontaneous living room basketball game; Nick and Schmidt try to convince Jess to retrieve her TV (to replace the one she broke) and personal belongings from the house she had shared with her now ex-boyfriend. After Coach leaves, the original fourth roommate Winston (Lamorne Morris) returns and attempts to manipulate Schmidt into switching rooms since Schmidt now occupies Winston's original and larger bedroom.

3
3
"Wedding"
Jason Winer
Donick Cary
October 4, 2011 (2011-10-04)
1ATM04
8.65[3]

Nick is worried that he will run into Caroline (Mary Elizabeth Ellis), his ex-girlfriend, at a mutual friend's wedding the guys were invited to, and he asks Jess to be his date and pretend to be his girlfriend. At the wedding, Winston takes his job as usher far too seriously and Schmidt attempts to woo Brooke (Katie Cassidy), a former crush, but also catches the eye of his sexually abusive "frenemy," Gretchen (Natasha Lyonne).

4
4
"Naked"
Jake Kasdan
J. J. Philbin
November 1, 2011 (2011-11-01)
1ATM02
7.42[4]

Jess accidentally walks in on Nick naked and laughs, ruining his self-confidence with Amanda (Lake Bell), a new co-worker that he is dating. To ace a job interview Winston tries to brush up on pop culture within the past two years.

5
5
"Cece Crashes"
John Hamburg
Rachel Axler
November 8, 2011 (2011-11-08)
1ATM03
6.84[5]

Cece convinces Jess that Nick may like her as more than a friend, while Schmidt tries to finally get together with Cece.

6
6
"Thanksgiving"
Miguel Arteta
Berkley Johnson
November 15, 2011 (2011-11-15)
1ATM06
6.91[6]

Jess invites Paul (Justin Long), a fellow teacher on whom she has a crush, for Thanksgiving dinner at the apartment. Everyone warms up to Paul except for Nick. Cece becomes attracted to Schmidt while he is cooking Thanksgiving dinner.

7
7
"Bells"
Peyton Reed
Luvh Rakhe
November 29, 2011 (2011-11-29)
1ATM05
7.59[7]

Winston joins Jess' handbell team which she has formed for local delinquents, and he gets carried away with being the best. Nick and Schmidt argue over money.

8
8
"Bad in Bed"
Jesse Peretz
Josh Malmuth
December 6, 2011 (2011-12-06)
1ATM07
6.79[8]

Jess asks the guys for sex advice with Paul. Schmidt competes with a female co-worker (Eva Amurri) at his boss' (Michaela Watkins) baby shower.

9
9
"The 23rd"
Jason Winer
Donick Cary
December 13, 2011 (2011-12-13)
1ATM10
6.82[9]

Schmidt brings the gang along with him to his office Christmas party. Paul tells Jess that he loves her, but her feelings are not mutual. Schmidt makes Cece a special fragrance while Winston becomes friendly with the son of Schmidt's boss.

10
10
"The Story of the 50"
Troy Miller
Luvh Rakhe
January 17, 2012 (2012-01-17)
1ATM08
6.97[10]

Jess agrees to throw Schmidt's 29th birthday party, using a school bus as a party bus. She also invites her boss Tanya (Rachael Harris) to the party. Nick introduces his new girlfriend Julia (Lizzy Caplan) to the gang.

11
11
"Jess and Julia"
Jake Kasdan
Story by: Luvh Rakhe
Teleplay by: Elizabeth Meriwether & Luvh Rakhe
January 31, 2012 (2012-01-31)
1ATM12
7.29[11]

Nick's new lawyer girlfriend, Julia, helps Jess fight a traffic ticket, but it results in a fight between the two girls. Meanwhile, Winston reunites with Shelby (Kali Hawk), an ex-lover of his.

12
12
"The Landlord"
Peyton Reed
Story by: Joe Port & Joe Wiseman
Teleplay by: Berkley Johnson & Josh Malmuth
February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)
1ATM11
6.83[12]

Jess puts the gang's living arrangements in jeopardy when she befriends the quirky landlord (Jeff Kober) against Nick's wishes. Schmidt struggles with how to respond to his boss' (Gillian Vigman) advances.

13
13
"Valentine's Day"
Tucker Gates
Lesley Wake Webster
February 14, 2012 (2012-02-14)
1ATM13
6.47[13]

It's Valentine's Day, and Jess recruits Schmidt to go out and help her find a guy (Ryan Kwanten) to have a one night stand with. Meanwhile, Winston pays a visit to his hopeful girlfriend, Shelby, who is having a girl's night in. Nick spends the evening with a very very busy Julia and her intern, Cliff (Clark Duke), who fancies her. At the end, Jess almost hooks up with Schmidt but doesn't because of Nick discovering her, Schmidt doesn't know what almost happened because he hooked up with Cece.

14
14
"Bully"
Dan Attias
David Walpert
February 21, 2012 (2012-02-21)
1ATM15
6.27[14]

Jess intervenes when a student of hers is getting bullied. She later becomes the target of the bully, Briana (Joey King). Schmidt and Cece continue their sex meetings, but Cece does not want their friends to know about it. Nick is flustered when Julia gives him a cactus as a gift, and he tries to figure out what it means about their relationship.

15
15
"Injured"
Lynn Shelton
Story by: Joe Port & Joe Wiseman and J. J. Philbin
Teleplay by: J. J. Philbin
March 6, 2012 (2012-03-06)
1ATM09
6.00[15]

Nick injures himself after a game of football in the park and refuses to see a doctor because of his lack of insurance. Jess takes him to see her OB/GYN friend, Sadie (June Diane Raphael), for treatment. However, the diagnosis is much more serious than anyone expects, and it causes him to evaluate his life and friends. Meanwhile, Winston must make a decision about his car, and Schmidt and Cece's relationship opens up to a more emotional side.

16
16
"Control"
Jesse Peretz
Brett Baer & Dave Finkel
March 13, 2012 (2012-03-13)
1ATM14
5.74[16]

Jess learns firsthand about Schmidt's phobia regarding clean surroundings. Winston pesters Nick about owing him money from a poker game. Schmidt and Cece continue their sexual relationship, with Cece being the dominant partner, showing up in the middle of the night.

17
17
"Fancyman" (Part 1)
Peyton Reed
J. J. Philbin & Nick Adams
March 20, 2012 (2012-03-20)
1ATM16
5.18[17]

Jess disagrees with a student's father, Russell (Dermot Mulroney), on the child's priorities. When she goes to confront him about it, she ends up falling for him instead. Nick decides that he doesn't need a cell phone. Winston tries to impress Shelby by proving that he knows more trivia than Schmidt does.

18
18
"Fancyman" (Part 2)
Matt Shakman
Berkley Johnson & Kim Rosenstock
March 27, 2012 (2012-03-27)
1ATM17
4.96[18]

Jess and Russell go on their first date, but Jess feels uncomfortable afterward when Russell gives her mixed signals about their relationship. Nick's old college roommate, Dirk (Martin Starr), visits and encourages Nick to date younger female college students. Winston finally gets the nerve to tell Shelby how he feels about her. Through an unusual set of circumstances, Winston finds out about Schmidt and Cece's relationship.

19
19
"Secrets"
David Wain
Josh Malmuth
April 3, 2012 (2012-04-03)
1ATM18
4.59[19]

Winston spills the beans about Schmidt and Cece's relationship and the news finally spreads to Jess who does not take it well. Jess decides the roommates should be free with their secrets and gets more than she bargained for. Meanwhile, Nick goes to Schmidt for dating advice.

20
20
"Normal"
Jesse Peretz
Luvh Rakhe
April 10, 2012 (2012-04-10)
1ATM19
5.23[20]

After spending an entire week at Russell's place, Jess returns the favor by having Russell stay over at the apartment with the guys for a weekend. The weekend however does not turn out as planned. Winston gets his dream job, when he is hired to work for his favorite sports radio host (Phil Hendrie), who turns out to be a short-tempered jerk. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar makes a cameo appearance.

21
21
"Kids"
Tristram Shapeero
Donick Cary & Lesley Wake Webster
April 17, 2012 (2012-04-17)
1ATM20
5.22[21]

Jess meets Russell's ex-wife Ouli (Jeanne Tripplehorn) and agrees to watch their daughter Sara (Annalise Basso), who develops a crush on Nick. Cece is scared that she is pregnant with Schmidt's child. Nick dates an artsy college student Chloe (Chloe Bridges), who is a lot younger than Nick thinks. Winston tries to get his boss on the set of a talk show hosted by Michael Strahan.

22
22
"Tomatoes"
Michael Spiller
David Walpert & Kim Rosenstock
April 24, 2012 (2012-04-24)
1ATM21
5.20[22]

Jess assumes that there is still irritating sexual tension between Russell and his ex-wife Ouli, so she attempts to get the same kind of feelings from him, which doesn't go as planned. Nick attempts to grow tomatoes and temporarily give up on dating, but fails to do so. Cece admits her feelings to Schmidt after he is hospitalized in a sexual incident with her roommate Nadia.

23
23
"Backslide"
Nanette Burstein
David Quandt
May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)
1ATM22
4.40[23]

Jess, still heartbroken over her breakup with Russell, spends the night with Paul, who later reveals that he has a girlfriend, Jenn (Melissa Tang). Nick, who is now back together with Caroline, decides to move in with her. Cece introduces Schmidt to her grandmother (Madhur Jaffrey) and Winston gets his ear pierced during a wild night out with his boss.

24
24
"See Ya"
Michael Spiller
Story by: Elizabeth Meriwether
Teleplay by: Brett Baer & Dave Finkel
May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)
1ATM23
5.61[24]

Nick freaks out about moving in with Caroline, and he, the roommates and Cece end up in the desert with no car keys to drive home, as Nick has thrown them into the sand. Schmidt becomes jealous of Cece, and they argue over the men she sees at her job. Nick and Jess run into a coyote while searching for the keys to the moving van. Nick ultimately decides not to move in with Caroline, and returns to the loft.

tag: table

text: Home media release[edit]

text: Fox Home Entertainment released season 1 on DVD in region 1 on October 2, 2012 a week after the second season premiere. The three disc set includes deleted & extended scenes, audio commentary for three episodes, a gag reel, three featurettes and alternate jokes. A sneak peek to Ben and Kate is also included in the DVD.[25]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Only credited in the pilot.
Jump up ^ Credited from "Krytonite" onwards.

tag: ol


document_title: Young Frankenstein

question_text: who played igor in the movie young frankenstein

text: Young Frankenstein

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dr. Frederick Frankenstein (Gene Wilder) is a lecturing physician at an American medical school and engaged to the tightly wound socialite Elizabeth (Madeline Kahn). He becomes exasperated when anyone brings up the subject of his grandfather Victor Frankenstein (German /ˈfrankenʃtaɪn/, in English traditionally /ˈfrænkenstaɪn/), the infamous mad scientist; to dissociate himself from his forebear, Frederick insists that his surname is pronounced /ˈfrankenstiːn/. When a solicitor informs him that he has inherited his family's estate in Transylvania after the death of his great-grandfather, the Baron Beaufort von Frankenstein, Frederick travels to Europe to inspect the property. At the Transylvania train station, he is met by a hunchbacked, bug-eyed servant named Igor (Marty Feldman), and a lovely young personal assistant named Inga (Teri Garr).

text: Upon arrival at the estate, Frederick meets the forbidding housekeeper Frau Blücher (Cloris Leachman). Upon discovering the secret entrance to his grandfather's laboratory and reading his private journals, Frederick is so captivated that he decides to resume his grandfather's experiments in re-animating the dead. He and Igor steal the corpse of a recently executed criminal, and Frederick sets to work experimenting on the large corpse. Matters go awry when Igor is sent to steal the brain of a deceased revered historian, Hans Delbrück; startled by lightning, he drops and ruins Delbrück's brain. Taking a second brain, Igor returns with a brain labeled "Do Not Use This Brain! Abnormal", which Frederick unknowingly transplants into the corpse.

text: Soon, Frederick is ready to re-animate his creature (Peter Boyle), who is eventually brought to life by electrical charges during a lightning storm. The creature takes its first halting steps, but, frightened by Igor lighting a match, he attacks Frederick and must be sedated. Meanwhile, the townspeople are uneasy at the possibility of Frederick continuing his grandfather's work, unaware of the creature's existence; most concerned is Inspector Kemp (Kenneth Mars), a one-eyed police official with a prosthetic arm, whose German accent is so thick that even his own countrymen cannot understand him. Kemp visits the doctor and subsequently demands assurance that he will not create another monster. Upon returning to the lab, Frederick discovers Blücher setting the creature free. After she reveals the monster's love of violin music and her own romantic relationship with Frederick's grandfather, the creature is enraged by sparks from a thrown switch and escapes from the Frankenstein castle.

text: While roaming the countryside, the monster has frustrating encounters with a young girl and a blind hermit (Gene Hackman). Frederick recaptures the monster and locks the two of them in a room, where he calms the monster's homicidal tendencies with flattery and fully acknowledges his own heritage, shouting out emphatically, "My name is Frankenstein!". Frederick offers the sight of "The Creature" following simple commands to a theater full of illustrious guests. The demonstration continues with Frederick and the monster launching into the musical number "Puttin' On the Ritz". However, the routine ends disastrously when a stage light explodes and frightens the monster, who becomes enraged and charges into the audience, where he is captured and chained by police. Back in the laboratory, Inga attempts to comfort Frederick and the two wind-up sleeping together on the suspended reanimation table.

text: The monster escapes when Frederick's fiancee Elizabeth arrives unexpectedly for a visit, taking Elizabeth captive as he flees. Elizabeth falls in love with the creature due to his inhuman stamina and his enormous penis (referred to as Schwanstücker or Schwanzstück). The townspeople hunt for the monster. Desperate to get the creature back, Frederick plays the violin to lure his creation back to the castle and recaptures him. Just as the Kemp-led mob storms the laboratory, Frankenstein transfers some of his stabilizing intellect to the creature who, as a result, is able to reason with and placate the mob. Elizabeth marries the now erudite and sophisticated monster — with her hair styled identically to that of the female creature from the Bride of Frankenstein, while Inga joyfully learns what her new husband Frederick got in return during the transfer procedure — the monster's Schwanzstücker.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gene Wilder as Dr. Frederick Frankenstein
Peter Boyle as The Monster
Marty Feldman as Igor
Cloris Leachman as Frau Blücher
Teri Garr as Inga
Kenneth Mars as Inspector Kemp
Madeline Kahn as Elizabeth
Richard Haydn as Herr Falkstein
Liam Dunn as Mr. Hilltop
Danny Goldman as Medical Student
Oscar Beregi as Sadistic Jailor
Arthur Malet as Village Elder
Richard Roth as Insp. Kemp's Aide
Monte Landis and Rusty Blitz as Gravediggers
Anne Beesley as Little Girl
Gene Hackman as Blindman

text: Production[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: After several box office failures (which included now-cult classics The Producers and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory), Gene Wilder finally hit box office success with a pivotal role in the 1972 Woody Allen film Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask). It was around that time that Wilder began toying around with an idea for an original story involving the grandson of Victor Frankenstein inheriting his grandfather's mansion and his research.

text: Wilder had played around with screenwriting earlier in his career, writing a few unmade screenplays that were, by his own admission, not very good (the story idea of one of those early screenplays would form the basis of his 2007 novel My French Whore.) While writing his story, he was approached by his agent (and future film mogul) Mike Medavoy who suggested he make a film with Medavoy's two new clients, actor Peter Boyle and comedian Marty Feldman. Wilder mentioned his Frankenstein idea, and within a few days, sent Medavoy four pages of his idea (the entire Transylvania train station scene, which he had started writing after seeing Feldman on Dean Martin's Comedy World.)

text: It was Medavoy who suggested that Wilder talk to Mel Brooks about directing. Wilder had already talked to Brooks about the idea early on. After he wrote the two-page scenario, he called Brooks, who told him that it seemed like a "cute" idea but showed little interest.[9] Though Wilder believed that Brooks would not direct a film that he did not conceive, he again approached Brooks a few months later, when the two of them were shooting Blazing Saddles.

text: In a 2010 interview with Los Angeles Times, Mel Brooks discussed how the film came about:[10]

text: I was in the middle of shooting the last few weeks of Blazing Saddles somewhere in the Antelope Valley, and Gene Wilder and I were having a cup of coffee and he said, I have this idea that there could be another Frankenstein. I said, "Not another! We've had the son of, the cousin of, the brother-in-law. We don't need another Frankenstein." His idea was very simple: What if the grandson of Dr. Frankenstein wanted nothing to do with the family whatsoever. He was ashamed of those wackos. I said, "That's funny."

text: In a 2016 interview with Creative Screenwriting, Brooks elaborated on the writing process. He recalled,

text: Little by little, every night, Gene and I met at his bungalow at the Bel Air Hotel. We ordered a pot of Earl Grey tea coupled with a container of cream and a small kettle of brown sugar cubes. To go with it we had a pack of British digestive biscuits. And step-by-step, ever so cautiously, we proceeded on a dark narrow twisting path to the eventual screenplay in which good sense and caution are thrown out the window and madness ensues.[11]

text: Unlike his previous and subsequent films, Brooks did not appear onscreen as himself in Young Frankenstein, though he recorded several voice parts and portrayed a German villager in one short scene. In 2012, Brooks explained why:

text: I wasn't allowed to be in it. That was the deal Gene Wilder had. He [said], "If you're not in it, I'll do it." [Laughs.] He [said], "You have a way of breaking the fourth wall, whether you want to or not. I just want to keep it. I don't want too much to be, you know, a wink at the audience. I love the script." He wrote the script with me. That was the deal. So I wasn't in it, and he did it.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Mel Brooks wanted at least $2.3 million dedicated to the budget, whereas Columbia Pictures decided that $1.7 million had to be enough. Brooks instead went to 20th Century Fox for distribution, after they agreed to a higher budget.[13] Fox would later sign both Wilder and Brooks to five year contracts at the studio.

text: While shooting, the cast ad-libbed several jokes used in the film. Cloris Leachman improvised a scene in which Frau Blücher offers "varm milk" and Ovaltine to Dr. Frankenstein, while Marty Feldman surreptitiously moved his character's hump from shoulder to shoulder until someone noticed it, and the gag was added to the film, as "Didn't you used to have that on the other side?", an elaboration/follow-up to an earlier joke where Dr. Frankenstein offers his cosmetic services and is met with the response "What hump?"[citation needed]

text: In one of the scenes of a village assembly, one of the authority figures says that they already know what Frankenstein is up to based on five previous experiences. On the DVD commentary track, Mel Brooks says this is a reference to the first five Universal films. In the Gene Wilder DVD interview, he says the film is based on Frankenstein (1931), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Son of Frankenstein (1939) and The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942).[13]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Young Frankenstein was first released onto DVD November 3, 1998.[14] The film was released onto DVD the second time on September 5, 2006.[15] The film then released on DVD the third time on September 9, 2014 as a 40th anniversary edition along with the Blu-ray.[16]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Young Frankenstein

Soundtrack album Dialogue & Music by Original cast

Released
December 15, 1974 (1974-12-15) (LP)
April 29, 1997 (1997-04-29) (CD)

Label
ABC Records (1974)
One Way Records (1997)

text: ABC Records released the soundtrack on LP on December 15, 1974. On April 29, 1997, One Way Records reissued it on CD. There are pieces of dialogue by the actors as well as background and incidental music on the disc. The LP and disc are now out of print and command a very high price on Internet auction sites when available.

text: Track listing

text:
Main Title (Theme from Young Frankenstein)
That's Fron-Kon-Steen!
Train Ride to Transylvania / The Doctor Meets Igor
Frau Blücher
Grandfather's Private Library
It's Alive!
He Was My Boyfriend
My Name Is Frankenstein!
Introduction / Puttin' On the Ritz
A Riot Is an Ugly Thing
He's Broken Loose
The Monster Talks
Wedding Night / End Title
Theme from Young Frankenstein (Disco Version) – performed by Rhythm Heritage

text: Musical adaptation[edit]

text: Brooks adapted the film into a musical of the same name which premiered in Seattle at the Paramount Theatre and ran from August 7 to September 1, 2007.[17] The musical opened on Broadway at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre) on November 8, 2007 and closed on January 4, 2009. It was nominated for three Tony Awards, and starred Tony winner Roger Bart, two-time Tony winner Sutton Foster, Tony & Olivier winner Shuler Hensley, two-time Emmy winner Megan Mullally, three-time Tony nominee Christopher Fitzgerald, and two-time Tony & Emmy winner Andrea Martin.[18]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Sound, Richard Portman and Gene Cantamessa (1975)
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay, Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder (1975)
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, Cloris Leachman (1975)
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture, Madeline Kahn (1975)
WGA Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium, Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder (1975)

text: Cloris Leachman was nominated as a lead despite Madeline Kahn having far more screen time.

text:
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Young Frankenstein (1975)
Nebula Award for Best Dramatic Writing, Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder (1976)
Saturn Award for Best Horror Film, Young Frankenstein (1976)
Saturn Award for Best Direction, Mel Brooks (1976)
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor, Marty Feldman (1976)
Saturn Award for Best Make-up, William Tuttle (1976)
Saturn Award for Best Set Decoration, Robert De Vestel and Dale Hennesy (1976)
Golden Screen Award, Young Frankenstein (1977)
Toronto Film Festival Award for Best Comedic Film, Mel Brooks (1976)

text: Other honors[edit]

text: In 2011, ABC aired a primetime special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, that counted down the best movies chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People. Young Frankenstein was selected as the No. 4 Best Comedy.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #13[20]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Puttin' on the Ritz" – #89[21]

2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Igor: "What hump?" – Nominated[22]

2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[23]
2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[24]


document_title: Palm Springs Aerial Tramway

question_text: what is the elevation of the palm springs tram

text: Palm Springs Aerial Tramway

text: Route[edit]

text: The twelve-and-a-half minute ride begins at the Valley Station (coordinates: 33°50′14″N 116°36′51″W / 33.8372°N 116.6142°W / 33.8372; -116.6142Coordinates: 33°50′14″N 116°36′51″W / 33.8372°N 116.6142°W / 33.8372; -116.6142) at 2,643 ft (806 m) and passes up North America's sheerest mountain face[which?] through five life zones (biomes) on its way to the Mountain Station (coordinates: 33°48′47″N 116°38′19″W / 33.8130°N 116.6385°W / 33.8130; -116.6385) at 8,516 ft (2,596 m) above sea level.[1] Travelers start in the Sonoran Desert and arrive at an alpine forest.[2]

text: The floor of the 18-foot-diameter (5.5 m) aerial tram-cars rotates constantly, making two complete revolutions throughout the duration of the journey so that the passengers can see in all directions without moving. With a maximum capacity of 80 passengers it is the largest of the three rotating aerial trams in the world.[1] The other "Rotair" aerial trams are located in Cape Town, South Africa and Titlis, Switzerland.

text: Passengers disembark at the Mountain Station in the alpine wilderness of Long Valley and Mount San Jacinto State Park. The air can be as much as 40 °F (22 °C) cooler at the top than in the desert. Visitors can walk along nature trails or play in the snow during the winter months. Back-country hiking can be done with a permit from the U.S. Forest Service. There are two restaurants at the summit, one of which specializes in fine dining. Both stations have gift shops specializing in Aerial Tramway-related merchandise as well as educational toys. A video presentation of the history of the attraction plays continuously in a theater at the Mountain Station. It was produced by Palm Springs television station KESQ-TV with voiceovers provided by Palm Springs radio personalities.

text: The view at the top can stretch northward for more than 200 mi (320 km) on a clear day, all the way to Mount Charleston north of Las Vegas, Nevada. Views to the east and west can stretch as far as 75 mi (121 km). California's Salton Sea is plainly visible to the southeast.

text: As it was in 1963, the only way up the mountain to deliver supplies and water is via the aerial-tram cars themselves. Supplies are loaded into the passenger area before the attraction's opening while fresh water is pumped into storage tanks in the car's underbelly.

text: The original aerial-tram cars are now on static display near the entrance to the Valley Station.

text: History[edit]

text: The aerial tram was first proposed by electrical engineer Francis F. Crocker during a 1935 trip to Banning, California, with The Desert Sun newspaper publisher Carl Barkow.[3] During the heat of the day, Crocker's gaze fell upon the snow-capped, 10,804-foot-high (3,293 m) peak of Mount San Jacinto to the east. Crocker then proposed to build an aerial tram up the face of Chino Canyon, an idea that one newspaper dubbed "Crocker's Folly."[citation needed]

text: Toward the end of the decade, Crocker named the co-manager of the Palm Springs Desert Inn, O. Earl Coffman, to chair the construction committee.

text: Both World War II and the Korean War shelved the project. Construction began in 1960. The unprecedented use of helicopters in the construction of four of the aerial tram's five towers helped the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway earn a reputation as a great engineering feat. It was opened in September 1963.

text: In 1963, an aerial-tram car became stuck for 13½ hours because of an electrical problem in the control room.[4]

text: On September 16, 1967, the first episode of the TV show Mannix was broadcast with the tramway as a scene in the show.[5] On October 2, 1971, an episode of Mission: Impossible (Season 6: 3 "The Tram"), filmed at the tramway, was first aired. In the fall of 1966, two episodes of I Spy were filmed in Palm Springs, one of which included footage of the tramway (Season 2: 1), and the other included a brief discussion of the tramway (Season 2: 8). The Columbo episode "Short Fuse" featured the tramway as the location of the climactic scene at the end of the show where the murderer is revealed. The fourth and final Matt Helm movie The Wrecking Crew (1969) contained an action scene filmed at the tram station that featured actors Dean Martin, Sharon Tate, & Nancy Kwan. The 1974 television movie Skyway to Death, shown on the ABC Movie of the Week, had its exterior scenes filmed at the tramway.

text: In June 1984, an aerial-tram car was headed down the mountain when a bolt from a shock absorber snapped, causing a 30-pound (14 kg) piece of metal to crash through a Plexiglas window along the car's roof. Tram passenger Elaine Tseko of Ontario, California, was struck by the piece and died as a result of the injury.[4]

text: In September 1984, during routine maintenance, an auxiliary cable snapped and wrapped around the main cable tracks. The Desert Sun newspaper reported that if the broken cable hadn't wedged itself under the main track cables, a rescue car with the tram's workmen in it could have plummeted down the mountain into the lower tramway station. "Without the snag," a state investigator said, "those two men wouldn't be with us today."[4]

text: In 1985, a flash flood buried vehicles parked in the Valley Station's parking lot in mud and tore up about three-quarters of a mile of Tramway Road. Stranded passengers had to be airlifted from the area.[4]

text: In 2000, the original aerial-tram cars were replaced by new cars that rotate slowly, offering riders a 360° panoramic view of Chino Canyon and the desert valley floor.

text: In October 2003, a steel cable broke and caused a mechanical failure that left more than fifty tramway customers hanging in mid-air and one hundred passengers stranded at the Mountain station for 4½ hours. During the crisis, tramway officials sought a rescue helicopter but could not locate one.[6] The obstruction was removed by a tram operator with no training in maintenance, utilizing a borrowed Leatherman utility knife. The Desert Sun later reported that a cable inspector had discovered a break in the rescue line almost two hours before the incident occurred.[7]

text: Animal park[edit]

text: In the late 1960s, The Tramway Animal Park, now defunct, was owned and operated by Animal Behavior Laboratories of Los Angeles. It was located on 10 acres (40,000 m2) of land leased from the Mt. San Jacinto Winter Park Authority. A portion of the park included a fenced area for reindeer that were allowed to roam throughout Chino Canyon. In addition to reindeer, the park featured tame deer, cockatoos, two dolphins named Buttons and Beau, macaques, and various species of primates (including "Suzie, the show-off chimpanzee"). The animals performed in regularly scheduled shows.[8]

text: Station architecture[edit]

text: Both tramway stations were designed by notable mid-century modern architects. The Valley Station, finished in 1963, was designed by Albert Frey and Robson C. Chambers. The Mountain Station, built in 1961, was designed by architect E. Stewart Williams. Additionally, the distinctive Tramway Gas Station at the foot of Tramway Road was designed by Frey and Chambers.