document_title: On the Up

question_text: who played mrs wembley in on the up

question_tokens: who played mrs wembley in on the up

text: On the Up

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Tony Carpenter is a self-made millionaire who turned his South London minicab firm into a successful chauffeur-driven car service. He lives in a large detached mansion in Esher, surrounded by Rolls Royces and BMWs, with a domestic staff who respect him, and who he adores; Witty and insolent butler/driver Sam (who is also a childhood friend of Tony), acerbic secretary Maggie and cook Mrs Wembley (responsible for the series' catch-phrase of "Just the one", used to respond to the offer of a sherry even if it was her third or fourth).

text: Despite all these advantages, Tony's life is full of conflict:

text:
His working-class background and sensibilities make him uncomfortable with the idea of having domestic staff, and in dealing with local snobs.
Nothing he does seems to please his snooty wife Ruth, who hates his downmarket behaviour, constantly suspects him of infidelity with either his secretary Maggie or friend & model Dawn (both of whom are significantly younger than herself), and cannot abide the "chummy" relationship he has with "servants".
Then there is daughter Stephanie, away from home at a Public School and thus being inculcated with upper / middle class sensibilities, who is embarrassed by both her father's differing outlook, and by the unsettled relationship between her parents.
Finally there is his mother, who is still living in a South London terrace, and never seems impressed with his achievements, finding herself unable to understand why he lives "all the way over there" (in reality about 14 miles away) in his big house.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regular[edit]

text:
Dennis Waterman as Tony Carpenter, the lead character, owner of a luxury car hire business in the Surrey "Stockbroker Belt" and ardent supporter of Charlton Athletic. Although he's proud to be a "self-made man" and enjoys the good life his success has brought, Tony is unashamed of his working class roots and treats his staff more like friends, to the frustration of his wife.
Sam Kelly as Sam Jones, a friend of Tony since their days at Clapham Parochial School. An ex-Merchant Seaman, Sam was the first driver he ever employed, and now works as chauffeur to the Carpenter family. Although Tony is his boss, Sam still behaves more like a friend towards him and isn't afraid to criticise his behaviour. Sam has feelings for Maggie but believes she prefers Tony; however, in the final episode the two get together.
Joan Sims as Mrs. Fiona Wembley, the Carpenter family's cordon bleu cook. She is something of a confidante and mother figure for the others in the house and becomes upset if Tony isn't eating properly. Fond of sherry - leading to her largely inaccurate catchphrase "just the one" - her tippling is indugled by Tony; when she fears the sack because Ruth is returning home, she confides in Sam that she worries another employer wouldn't be so understanding. Late in series one it's revealed that she never actually married Mr Wembley, as he was killed in the Korean war before they could.
Jenna Russell as Maggie Lomax, a young Scottish secretary of strong socialist leanings. She is highly efficient and regularly saves Tony's bacon when things go wrong. She and Ruth make no secret of disliking each other, something which largely stems from Ruth's (accurate) suspicion that Maggie has feelings for Tony. Maggie later gets over Tony and starts a relationship with Sam in the final episode.
Judy Buxton as Ruth Carpenter, who is described in the title song as regarding her husband as a "bit of rough". She enjoys the good life Tony's money provides but is constantly frustrated by his tendency to treat the staff as friends and his disdain for her upper class friends. She has an on-off lover, Stephen, for whom she leaves Tony more than once.
Michelle Hatch as Dawn, a lifelong friend-of-the-family and currently a Lingerie Model. Although she enjoys modelling, she is worried about being seen as a dumb blonde and, with Maggie's help, begins taking adult learning classes. She mostly sees Tony as a father figure, but in one episode attempts to seduce him.
Vanessa Hadaway as Stephanie Carpenter, Ruth and Tony Carpenter's teenage daughter, who attends a very exclusive boarding school. Although both her parents love her, she often ends up a pawn in their power games, with both trying to buy her affection with expensive gifts. Seen as spoilt by the staff, Stephanie's attitude improves somewhat when she gets some tough but genuine love from her grandmother.
Dora Bryan (series 1) then Pauline Letts (series 2 and 3) as Mrs Carpenter Senior, Tony's Mum. Proudly working class and an ardent supporter of the Labour Party, she thinks Tony has forgotten his roots. She and Ruth share a mutual dislike.
Fiona Mollison as Jane Webster (Series 2-3), from nearby Cobham, the mother of Stephanie's school friend Marina. She becomes a new love interest for Tony and is liked by his staff, with Mrs Wembley even allowing her to call her "Fiona".

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jenny Lee as Mrs Purvis, Stephanie's Headmistress
William Lucas as Sir Douglas Hoyle, Mrs Wembley's suitor
Bunny May as Barry, Office Manager of Tony Carpenter's car hire business
Paul Weakley as the Singing Gardener
John Harding as Stephen, Ruth's one-off boyfriend and a solicitor

text: Music[edit]

text: The open titles are accompanied by the 1st movement of the Handel concerti grossi Op.6 No.11 in A major - a classical instrumental piece, played by the Guildhall String Ensemble. However, the closing credits are accompanied by Dennis Waterman's rendition of the series' custom theme tune. This continues a pattern from Minder and Stay Lucky, shows in which he also starred and sang the theme tune.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (1990)[edit]

text:
#
Title
Writer
Director
Original air date

1
"Walking Out"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
4 September 1990 (1990-09-04) [29 minutes]

Tony Carpenter has come to grips with his wife leaving. She's always been driving force behind the energy in the house and the social climbing that Tony needs as a self made man. As Tony comforts his daughter Stephanie, they wonder if this is the final straw or will she be back. The house is then thrown into an uproar when news comes through Stephanie has run away from school.

2
"Mum"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
11 September 1990 (1990-09-11) [29 minutes]

Tony worries how he will explain Ruth walking out on him to his mother. Further concerns about her health push Tony to consider getting her to move in with him. Ruth complicates matters by wanting the question of Stephanie's school open day resolved. Tony and Ruth consider reconciliation, conditional whether they can go a week without a fight.

3
"Mr. Burton"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
18 September 1990 (1990-09-18) [29 minutes]

Ruth has not returned and Tony asks Dawn to act as a model at his stall advertising his business at an upcoming trade fair. Maggie and Mrs Wembley accompany Dawn to a shop to buy a dress for the occasion, where a woman claims to recognize Mrs Wembley as a Miss Hayward, which she denies. At the fair a group of young upper class louts insult Dawn and Tony and his staff join forces to see them off. Back at the house Dawn expresses her gratitude to the others for coming to her defence and later propositions Tony, though he turns her down. Mrs Wembley explains that she is not who they think she is.

4
"Dawn"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
25 September 1990 (1990-09-25) [29 minutes]

Ruth visits, accusing Tony - wrongly - of having had sex with Dawn and announcing that she will not be accompanying him to Stephanie's school open day. He takes the staff instead and an angry Stephanie runs off before telling him she is unsettled by her parents' situation. At least Mrs Wembley acquires an influential new admirer, Sir Douglas Hoyle, chairman of the school governors who comes home to cook zabaglione with her.

5
"Maggie's Dad"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
2 October 1990 (1990-10-02) [29 minutes]

Tony employs his first woman driver, a strident feminist who almost causes a walk-out. Maggie's dour father also comes to visit and makes it clear he has no truck with working-class people living above their stations. Fortunately both matters are resolved thanks to Tony's mum as he organises her birthday party at his house.

6
"Douglas"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
9 October 1990 (1990-10-09) [29 minutes]

Sam gets a call to drive a mystery woman to the airport. It turns out to be Ruth, who is going on holiday with a new lover but did not have the guts to tell Tony herself and wanted Sam to pass on the message. Tony is, however, much cheered when Sir Douglas, now dating Mrs Wembley, agrees to put in a word for him to join the golf club.

7
"Barbados"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
16 October 1990 (1990-10-16) [29 minutes]

Tony resigns from the golf club in protest at the president's anti-Semitism. He then suggests a holiday in Barbados to Maggie, which she sees initially as a knee-jerk reaction to Ruth's trip with her new boyfriend. She is persuaded after Sam is also invited and later Mrs Wembley, expecting a marriage proposal from Sir Douglas and not the offer of being his cook, also comes aboard. Dawn, being hounded by the press after an affair with a footballer, makes up the party. At the airport Tony sees Ruth returning from her holiday, which does not seem to have gone that well.

text: Series 2 (1991)[edit]

text:
#
Title
Writer
Director
Original air date

1
"After the Holiday"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
6 September 1991 (1991-09-06) [29 minutes]

Returning from holiday with his staff Tony finds Ruth in his bed. She is anxious to make a fresh start with him but, knowing the mutual antipathy that exists between her and his staff, he has to be extra diplomatic. When his mother comes to visit, announcing that she would like to move in, everybody expects Ruth to react badly but she is surprisingly welcoming.

2
"Ruth Makes an Effort"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
13 September 1991 (1991-09-13) [29 minutes]

Tony's mum comes to live with him and, whilst Ruth promises to make the effort to get on with her, they are soon disagreeing. Mum identifies with the staff and wants to eat with them whilst Ruth believes that a formal family dinner is in order. Maggie confesses to Mum that she dislikes Ruth but it is the older Mrs Carpenter who, deciding to muck in and help out, drives the cleaning lady away.

3
"Maggie Gives Notice"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
20 September 1991 (1991-09-20) [29 minutes]

Stephanie comes to stay and Ruth takes her shopping in London. Nonetheless Maggie finds it difficult to be civil to Ruth and gives her notice. Tony then discovers that Ruth has bought a flat in London just for the family and he realises how much he needs his staff around him. After cajoling from Sam and his mother he tells Maggie he refuses to accept her notice. Everybody is happy - except Ruth, who retreats to the new flat whilst the others celebrate.

4
"Competition"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
272 September 1991 (1991-09-272) [29 minutes]

Having carpeted dim driver Chalky Smith for moonlighting Tony assumes that similar practice by other drivers is responsible for the fall in his returns but, having sent Dawn undercover, learns that he is being under-cut by ruthless younger rival Jimmy Quinn. Using Chalky as his inside man Tony devises a plan that will leave Quinn substantially out of pocket whilst Tony undercuts him even further.

5
"Meeting Jane Webster"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
4 October 1991 (1991-10-04) [29 minutes]

Tony's mother decides to move back to London, believing she is the reason Ruth is living apart from her son. She goes to see her and tells her not to be a part-time wife though it has little effect and Ruth stays in the flat. Tony takes Stephanie back to school, where he meets Jane Webster, a charming and down-to-earth single parent and they go for a meal together. It is not long before the staff know all about it.

6
"A Date with Jane Webster"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
11 October 1991 (1991-10-11) [29 minutes]

Ruth arrives to talk about Stephanie and manages to antagonize the staff but suggests Tony meet her at the flat to discuss their future. Tony and the staff go to a football match before he drives to the flat but finds Ruth is not there. On the rebound he takes Jane to dinner but she makes it clear she is not there to be used so Tony returns home to find an irate Ruth. She had been in a traffic accident and tried to ring the house with no success. Finally Ruth and Tony decide that sex is perhaps a better idea than discussion - for the time being.

text: Series 3 (1992)[edit]

text:
#
Title
Writer
Director
Original air date

1
"The Golf Tournament"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
28 September 1992 (1992-09-28) [29 minutes]

Ruth has moved back in and decides to throw a fancy dress party, an idea which meets with general approval. However Tony then discovers that he is meant to be playing in a Pro-Am golf tournament in Ireland on that day. Ruth agrees to cancel the party, but Tony, not wanting her to act the martyr, agrees to cancel the golf tournament instead. They settle for a romantic evening in front of the fire as opposed to the other options. Unfortunately Maggie has forgotten to notify the guests that the party is off, and brightly costumed people enter the house.

2
"The Fishing Trip"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
5 October 1992 (1992-10-05) [29 minutes]

Dawn is a regular visitor to Tony's house as Maggie is helping her pass her English exams but Maggie cannot resist telling Ruth that Dawn and Tony have gone fishing together. As a result Ruth spitefully tries to sack Maggie, causing Sam and Mrs Wembley to walk out. However Tony reinstates all of them and Ruth returns to London defeated. Maggie is nonetheless taking a holiday to visit her folks, so Mrs Wembley suggests Dawn improve her social skills by acting as Tony's temporary secretary.

3
"Temporary Secretary"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
12 October 1992 (1992-10-12) [29 minutes]

Dawn arrives to become Tony's secretary in Maggie's absence but unfortunately she has no typing or computer skills. When half Tony's drivers go down with flu though Dawn, Sam and Tony take their places, leaving a confused Mrs Wembley in the office with Tony's mum. At least Tony gets a welcome fare in Jane, who agrees to another date whilst Sam comes to defend Mrs Wembley against a rude gardener.

4
"Parental Choice"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
19 October 1992 (1992-10-19) [29 minutes]

When Stephanie phones to say she is unable to get through to Ruth to collect her for half-term Tony arrives at the school, with Jane, to a frosty reception from Ruth, who has turned up after all. Stephanie opts to go home with Tony though she is unhappy with her parents' situation and feels torn between them as to where to spend the half-term. Fortunately Tony's mum comes up with a classic compromise whilst Mrs Wembley, having sacked the previous gardener for insulting her, finds the perfect replacement.

5
"Stephanie"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
26 October 1992 (1992-10-26) [29 minutes]

Tony plays tennis with Jane before taking her to the house, where she makes a very good impression on the staff. Before she and Tony can get cosy Ruth storms in, angry that Stephanie went to stay with her grandma without telling her and announcing that she is leaving Tony for good. Tony suggests they see his mother to get Stephanie's side of things but Stephanie and her Gran are at the greyhound races.

6
"Divorce"
Bob Larbey
Gareth Gwenlan
2 November 1992 (1992-11-02) [29 minutes]

Ruth demands a family meeting as she wants a divorce and wants to know with whom Stephanie will be living. Stephanie explains that she is sick of being in the middle and expected to take sides and opts to go with Tony's mother. Everybody is thrilled to learn that Ruth will be moving in with her boyfriend Stephen and that they will never have to see her again. To celebrate Maggie kisses Sam and Tony asks Jane Webster out to dinner.


document_title: List of countries by life expectancy

question_text: average life expectancy of a man in england

root

text: List of countries by life expectancy

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Life expectancy equals the average number of years a person born in a given country is expected to live if mortality rates at each age were to remain steady in the future. The life expectancy is shown separately for males and females, as well as a combined figure. Several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list.

tag: p

text: The figures reflect the quality of healthcare in the countries listed as well as other factors including ongoing wars, obesity, and HIV infections.[citation needed]

text: Worldwide, the average life expectancy at birth was 70.5 years (68 years and 4 months for males and 72 years and 8 months for females) over the period 2010–2015 according to United Nations World Population Prospects 2015 Revision,[3] or 69 years (67 years for males and 71.1 years for females) for 2016 according to The World Factbook.[4] According to the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) data, women on average live longer than men in all major regions and in all individual countries except for Mali and Swaziland.[3]

text: The countries with the lowest overall life expectancies per the WHO are Sierra Leone, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Somalia, Swaziland, Angola, Chad, Mali, Burundi, Cameroon, and Mozambique. Of those countries, only Lesotho, Swaziland, and Mozambique in 2011 were suffering from an HIV prevalence rate of greater than 10 percent in the 15–49 age group.[5]

text: Comparing life expectancies from birth across countries can be problematic. There are differing definitions of live birth vs stillbirth even among more developed countries and less developed countries often have poor reporting.[6]

text: Republic of China (Taiwan)'s data is not included in the following WHO statistics since it is not regarded as a sovereign nation but rather a province of the People's Republic of China under One-China Policy. According to the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China, the life expectancy of the 23.5-million Taiwanese people  reached 80.2 years in 2015, up from 79.84 years in 2014. The life expectancy of Taiwanese males averaged 77.01, while that of females reached 83.62, both of which were record highs.[7]

text: Hong Kong is a territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the Hong Kong Department of Health, whose life expectancy reached 84.0 years in 2015 (with men at 81.2 years and women at 87.3 years) surpassing Japan's 83.7 years. The data is not included in the following WHO statistics as a separate entity since Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China, and is not itself a member of the WHO.[8]

text: List by the World Health Organization (2015)[edit]

text: 2015 data[9] published in May 2016.[10]

text: HALE: Health-adjusted life expectancy[11]

text:
Country and regions
Both sexesrank
Both sexes lifeexpectancy
Female rank
Female life expectancy
Male rank
Male life expectancy
Both sexesrank (HALE)
Both sexes lifeexpectancy (HALE)

 Japan
1
83.7
1
86.8
6
80.5
1
74.9

  Switzerland
2
83.4
6
85.3
1
81.3
4
73.1

 Singapore
3
83.1
2
86.1
10
80.0
2
73.9

 Australia
4
82.8
7
84.8
3
80.9
15
71.9

 Spain
4
82.8
3
85.5
9
80.1
9
72.4

 Iceland
6
82.7
10
84.1
2
81.2
7
72.7

 Italy
6
82.7
7
84.8
6
80.5
5
72.8

 Israel
8
82.5
9
84.3
5
80.6
5
72.8

 Sweden
9
82.4
12
84.0
4
80.7
12
72.0

 France
9
82.4
5
85.4
16
79.4
8
72.6

 South Korea
11
82.3
3
85.5
20
78.8
3
73.2

 Canada
12
82.2
10
84.1
8
80.2
10
72.3

 Luxembourg
13
82.0
12
84.0
13
79.8
17
71.8

 Netherlands
14
81.9
20
83.6
10
80.0
11
72.2

 Norway
15
81.8
17
83.7
13
79.8
12
72.0

 Malta
16
81.7
17
83.7
15
79.7
18
71.7

 New Zealand
17
81.6
26
83.3
10
80.0
19
71.6

 Austria
18
81.5
14
83.9
19
79.0
12
72.0

 Ireland
19
81.4
23
83.4
16
79.4
20
71.5

 United Kingdom
20
81.2
27
83.0
16
79.4
21
71.4

 Belgium
21
81.1
22
83.5
22
78.6
26
71.1

 Finland
21
81.1
16
83.8
24
78.3
28
71.0

 Portugal
21
81.1
14
83.9
27
78.2
21
71.4

 Germany
24
81.0
23
83.4
21
78.7
23
71.3

 Greece
24
81.0
20
83.6
24
78.3
15
71.9

 Slovenia
26
80.8
17
83.7
28
77.9
26
71.1

 Denmark
27
80.6
29
82.5
22
78.6
25
71.2

 Cyprus
28
80.5
28
82.7
24
78.3
23
71.3

 Chile
28
80.5
23
83.4
29
77.4
29
70.4

 Costa Rica
30
79.6
30
82.2
31
77.1
31
69.7

 United States
31
79.3
33
81.6
32
76.9
36
69.1

 Cuba
32
79.1
34
81.4
32
76.9
35
69.2

 Czech Republic
33
78.8
32
81.7
38
75.9
33
69.4

 Maldives
34
78.5
41
80.2
32
76.9
32
69.6

 Qatar
35
78.2
43
80.0
29
77.4
47
67.7

 Croatia
36
78.0
36
81.2
42
74.7
33
69.4

 Albania
37
77.8
38
80.7
39
75.1
38
68.8

 Panama
37
77.8
37
81.1
42
74.7
42
68.1

 Brunei
39
77.7
47
79.2
36
76.3
29
70.4

 Estonia
40
77.6
31
82.0
65
72.7
37
68.9

 Poland
41
77.5
35
81.3
52
73.6
39
68.7

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
42
77.4
45
79.7
40
75.0
40
68.6

 United Arab Emirates
43
77.1
57
78.6
35
76.4
44
67.9

 Uruguay
44
77.0
40
80.4
56
73.3
44
67.9

 Bahrain
45
76.9
71
77.9
37
76.2
55
67.0

 Mexico
46
76.7
46
79.5
48
73.9
52
67.4

 Slovakia
46
76.7
41
80.2
62
72.9
42
68.1

 Oman
48
76.6
47
79.2
40
75.0
63
66.7

 Antigua and Barbuda
49
76.4
57
78.6
46
74.1
50
67.5

 Argentina
50
76.3
44
79.9
65
72.7
49
67.6

 Jamaica
51
76.2
57
78.6
48
73.9
58
66.9

 Ecuador
51
76.2
53
79.0
53
73.5
55
67.0

 China
53
76.1
80
77.6
44
74.6
41
68.5

 Montenegro
53
76.1
65
78.1
46
74.1
44
67.9

 Bahamas
53
76.1
50
79.1
62
72.9
65
66.6

 Vietnam
56
76.0
38
80.7
81
71.3
65
66.6

 Hungary
57
75.9
50
79.1
71
72.3
52
67.4

 Turkey
58
75.8
54
78.9
68
72.6
73
66.2

 Macedonia
59
75.7
76
77.8
53
73.5
50
67.5

 Algeria
60
75.6
81
77.5
50
73.8
75
66.0

 Serbia
60
75.6
61
78.4
62
72.9
47
67.7

 Iran
62
75.5
86
76.6
45
74.5
65
66.6

 Peru
62
75.5
66
78.0
59
73.1
80
65.6

 Barbados
62
75.5
71
77.9
59
73.1
65
66.6

 Tunisia
65
75.3
76
77.8
61
73.0
63
66.7

 Saint Lucia
66
75.2
71
77.9
68
72.6
74
66.1

 Malaysia
67
75.0
83
77.3
65
72.7
70
66.5

 Romania
67
75.0
55
78.8
78
71.4
59
66.8

 Brazil
67
75.0
56
78.7
78
71.4
81
65.5

 Lebanon
70
74.9
87
76.5
53
73.5
79
65.7

 Thailand
70
74.9
66
78.0
74
71.9
59
66.8

 Sri Lanka
70
74.9
63
78.3
75
71.6
55
67.0

 Armenia
73
74.8
79
77.7
75
71.6
59
66.8

 Nicaragua
73
74.8
71
77.9
77
71.5
103
63.7

 Colombia
73
74.8
61
78.4
84
71.2
85
65.1

 Kuwait
76
74.7
93
76.0
51
73.7
78
65.8

 Honduras
77
74.6
85
77.0
71
72.3
90
64.9

 Mauritius
77
74.6
76
77.8
78
71.4
59
66.8

 Latvia
77
74.6
47
79.2
95
69.6
54
67.1

 Saudi Arabia
80
74.5
93
76.0
58
73.2
96
64.5

 Bulgaria
80
74.5
66
78.0
86
71.1
72
66.4

 Georgia
82
74.4
63
78.3
91
70.3
70
66.5

 Morocco
83
74.3
99
75.4
56
73.3
90
64.9

 Jordan
84
74.1
96
75.9
70
72.5
88
65.0

 Venezuela
84
74.1
60
78.5
94
70.0
83
65.2

 Paraguay
86
74.0
93
76.0
73
72.2
83
65.2

 Samoa
86
74.0
81
77.5
87
70.9
65
66.6

 Dominican Republic
88
73.9
84
77.1
87
70.9
85
65.1

 Grenada
89
73.6
91
76.1
84
71.2
88
65.0

 Lithuania
89
73.6
50
79.1
104
68.1
75
66.0

 Tonga
91
73.5
88
76.4
89
70.6
75
66.0

 El Salvador
91
73.5
71
77.9
99
68.8
98
64.1

 Cape Verde
93
73.3
103
75.0
81
71.3
97
64.4

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
94
73.2
100
75.2
81
71.3
94
64.6

 Seychelles
94
73.2
66
78.0
98
69.1
81
65.5

 Libya
96
72.7
98
75.6
92
70.1
101
63.8

 Azerbaijan
96
72.7
97
75.8
95
69.6
93
64.7

 Belarus
98
72.3
66
78.0
119
66.5
85
65.1

 Moldova
99
72.1
90
76.2
106
67.9
92
64.8

 Vanuatu
100
72.0
107
74.0
92
70.1
94
64.6

 Guatemala
101
71.9
100
75.2
102
68.5
116
62.1

 Bangladesh
102
71.8
113
73.1
89
70.6
111
62.3

 Suriname
103
71.6
105
74.7
101
68.6
107
63.1

 Ukraine
104
71.3
91
76.1
120
66.3
98
64.1

 Trinidad and Tobago
105
71.2
104
74.8
106
67.9
104
63.3

 Kyrgyzstan
106
71.1
102
75.1
111
67.2
101
63.8

 Egypt
107
70.9
111
73.2
99
68.8
113
62.2

 Bolivia
108
70.7
110
73.3
103
68.2
113
62.2

 North Korea
109
70.6
107
74.0
113
67.0
100
64.0

 Russia
110
70.5
89
76.3
127
64.7
104
63.3

 Kazakhstan
111
70.2
105
74.7
123
65.7
104
63.3

 Belize
112
70.1
113
73.1
110
67.5
111
62.3

 Fiji
113
69.9
113
73.1
113
67.0
108
62.9

 Bhutan
114
69.8
126
70.1
97
69.5
120
61.2

 Tajikistan
115
69.7
109
73.6
116
66.6
116
62.1

 Micronesia
116
69.4
124
70.6
104
68.1
109
62.5

 Uzbekistan
116
69.4
116
72.7
122
66.1
110
62.4

 Solomon Islands
118
69.2
121
70.8
106
67.9
116
62.1

   Nepal
118
69.2
121
70.8
109
67.7
121
61.1

 Indonesia
120
69.1
119
71.2
112
67.1
113
62.2

 Iraq
121
68.9
118
71.8
121
66.2
124
60.0

 Mongolia
122
68.8
111
73.2
127
64.7
119
62.0

 Cambodia
123
68.7
123
70.7
116
66.6
130
58.9

 Philippines
124
68.5
117
72.0
126
65.3
121
61.1

 India
125
68.3
128
69.9
115
66.9
126
59.5

 Timor-Leste
125
68.3
126
70.1
116
66.6
123
60.7

 Sao Tome and Principe
127
67.5
130
69.4
124
65.6
128
59.1

 Senegal
128
66.7
132
68.6
130
64.6
132
58.3

 Myanmar
129
66.6
133
68.5
130
64.6
127
59.2

 Pakistan
130
66.4
137
67.5
125
65.5
134
57.8

 Kiribati
131
66.3
131
68.8
136
63.7
128
59.1

 Turkmenistan
131
66.3
125
70.5
143
62.2
125
59.8

 Guyana
133
66.2
133
68.5
134
63.9
130
58.9

 Rwanda
134
66.1
120
71.1
150
60.9
140
56.6

 Gabon
135
66.0
138
67.2
127
64.7
137
57.2

 Namibia
136
65.8
135
68.3
139
63.1
136
57.5

 Yemen
137
65.7
138
67.2
132
64.3
135
57.7

 Laos
137
65.7
138
67.2
133
64.1
133
57.9

 Botswana
137
65.7
136
68.1
137
63.3
138
56.9

 Madagascar
140
65.5
141
67.0
134
63.9
138
56.9

 Ethiopia
141
64.8
143
66.8
140
62.8
143
56.1

 Congo
142
64.7
144
66.3
138
63.2
140
56.6

 Eritrea
142
64.7
141
67.0
141
62.4
145
55.9

 Syria
144
64.5
128
69.9
154
59.9
143
56.1

 Sudan
145
64.1
146
65.9
141
62.4
145
55.9

 Comoros
146
63.5
151
65.2
144
61.9
145
55.9

 Djibouti
146
63.5
150
65.3
145
61.8
148
55.8

 Haiti
146
63.5
148
65.5
147
61.5
150
55.4

 Kenya
149
63.4
147
65.8
148
61.1
149
55.6

 Mauritania
150
63.1
153
64.6
146
61.6
152
55.1

 Papua New Guinea
151
62.9
149
65.4
152
60.6
142
56.4

 South Africa
151
62.9
145
66.2
158
59.3
153
54.5

 Ghana
153
62.4
155
63.9
149
61.0
151
55.3

 Uganda
154
62.3
154
64.3
153
60.3
156
54.0

 Niger
155
61.8
158
62.8
150
60.9
154
54.2

 Tanzania
155
61.8
156
63.8
154
59.9
155
54.1

 Zambia
155
61.8
152
64.7
161
59.0
158
53.6

 Liberia
158
61.4
157
62.9
156
59.8
160
52.7

 Gambia
159
61.1
159
62.5
156
59.8
157
53.8

 Zimbabwe
160
60.7
160
62.3
161
59.0
163
52.3

 Afghanistan
161
60.5
161
61.9
158
59.3
164
52.2

 Benin
162
60.0
164
61.1
163
58.8
162
52.5

 Burkina Faso
163
59.9
167
60.5
160
59.1
161
52.6

 Togo
163
59.9
164
61.1
164
58.6
159
52.8

 DR Congo
165
59.8
163
61.5
165
58.3
166
51.7

 Burundi
166
59.6
162
61.6
168
57.7
164
52.2

 Guinea
167
59.0
171
59.8
166
58.2
166
51.7

 Guinea-Bissau
168
58.9
167
60.5
169
57.2
168
51.5

 Swaziland
168
58.9
164
61.1
171
56.6
172
50.9

 Malawi
170
58.3
170
59.9
170
56.7
169
51.2

 Mali
171
58.2
175
58.3
166
58.2
171
51.1

 Equatorial Guinea
171
58.2
169
60.0
171
56.6
169
51.2

 Mozambique
173
57.6
172
59.4
175
55.7
175
49.6

 South Sudan
174
57.3
173
58.6
173
56.1
174
49.9

 Cameroon
174
57.3
173
58.6
174
55.9
173
50.3

 Somalia
176
55.0
176
56.6
176
53.5
176
47.8

 Nigeria
177
54.5
177
55.6
177
53.4
177
47.7

 Lesotho
178
53.7
178
55.4
179
51.7
179
46.6

 Cote d'Ivoire
179
53.3
180
54.4
178
52.3
178
47.0

 Chad
180
53.1
179
54.5
179
51.7
180
46.1

 Central African Republic
181
52.5
181
54.1
181
50.9
181
45.9

 Angola
182
52.4
182
54.0
181
50.9
182
45.8

 Sierra Leone
183
50.1
183
50.8
183
49.3
183
44.4

tag: table

text: List by the United Nations, for 2010–2015[edit]

text: On July 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), released World Population Prospects, The 2015 Revision.[3] The following table shows the life expectancy at birth for the period 2010 to 2015.

text: Over 80   77.5–80.0   75.0–77.5   72.5–75.0   70.0–72.5   67.5–70.0   65.0–67.5     60–65   55–60   50–55   45–50   Under 45   not available

text:
Life expectancy at birth (years), UN World Population Prospects 2015

Rank
State/Territory
Overall
Male
Female

1
 Japan
83.74
80.91
86.58

2
 Italy
83.31
80.00
86.49

3
  Switzerland
82.84
80.27
85.23

4
 Singapore
82.66
80.43
84.74

5
 Israel
82.64
79.59
85.61

6
 Iceland
82.30
80.73
83.84

7
 Spain
82.28
79.42
85.05

8
 Australia
83.42
80.33
86.56

9
 Hong Kong
82.07
80.18
83.82

10
 Sweden
81.93
80.10
83.71

11
 France (metropol.)
81.85
78.76
84.87

12
 Canada
81.78
79.69
83.78

13
 New Zealand
81.56
79.71
83.35

14
 South Korea
81.43
77.95
84.63

15
 Luxembourg
81.34
78.94
83.65

16
 Norway
81.32
79.22
83.38

17
 Netherlands
81.31
79.36
83.14

18
 Chile
81.21
78.09
84.12

19
 Martinique ( France)
81.18
77.79
84.36

20
 Austria
81.09
78.47
83.59

21
 Germany
80.66
78.18
83.06

22
 Greece
80.60
77.64
83.60

23
 Ireland
80.57
78.40
82.74

24
 Guadeloupe ( France)
80.56
76.83
83.98

25
 Portugal
80.55
77.43
83.50

26=
 Belgium
80.53
77.95
83.02

26=
 Finland
80.53
77.60
83.40

28=
Channel Islands ( UK)
80.45
78.45
82.39

28=
 United Kingdom
80.45
78.45
82.39

30=
 Malta
80.30
78.55
81.98

30=
 Macau
80.30
78.07
82.51

32
 Slovenia
80.08
76.92
83.14

33
 U.S. Virgin Islands ( US)
80.06
77.24
82.92

34
 Denmark
79.99
78.00
81.94

35
 Cyprus
79.90
77.69
82.17

36
 Réunion ( France)
79.54
76.04
82.90

37
 Mayotte ( France)
79.34
76.04
82.90

38
 Taiwan
79.26
76.43
82.30

39
 Puerto Rico ( US)
79.22
75.19
83.17

40=
 Costa Rica
79.16
76.70
81.69

40=
 Cuba
79.16
77.10
81.27

42
 French Guiana ( France)
78.98
75.75
82.58

43
 United States
78.88
76.47
81.25

44
 Lebanon
78.86
77.14
80.87

45
 Guam ( US)
78.72
76.14
81.47

46
 Brunei
78.44
76.64
80.39

47
 Czech Republic
78.35
75.36
81.27

48
 Qatar
77.89
77.10
79.68

49
 Curaçao ( Netherlands)
77.77
74.50
80.70

50
 Albania
77.49
75.04
80.19

51
 Panama
77.32
74.34
80.49

52
 Poland
77.14
73.06
81.14

53
 Croatia
77.05
73.64
80.38

54
 Uruguay
76.96
73.25
80.44

55
 United Arab Emirates
76.67
76.02
78.23

56
 Estonia
76.52
71.57
81.05

57
 Mexico
76.48
74.04
78.93

58
 Bahrain
76.38
75.58
77.42

59
 Maldives
76.36
75.40
77.41

60
 Oman
76.33
74.66
78.85

61
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
76.26
73.71
78.82

62
 New Caledonia ( France)
76.19
73.55
79.31

63
 French Polynesia ( France)
76.12
73.97
78.55

64
 Slovakia
76.04
72.24
79.73

65
 Montenegro
76.02
73.83
78.18

66
 Argentina
76.01
72.15
79.83

67
 Antigua and Barbuda
75.82
73.29
78.21

68
 Vietnam
75.57
70.73
80.31

69
 Ecuador
75.54
72.82
78.37

70
 Jamaica
75.44
73.07
77.89

71
 China
75.43
73.97
77.02

72
 Aruba ( Netherlands)
75.39
72.89
77.76

73
 Barbados
75.37
72.91
77.71

74
 Republic of Macedonia
75.16
72.87
77.48

75
 Bahamas
75.15
72.02
78.09

76
 Iran
75.06
73.98
76.22

77
 Hungary
74.98
71.23
78.54

78
 Turkey
74.84
71.53
78.12

79
 Saint Lucia
74.81
72.17
77.57

80
 Serbia
74.65
71.83
77.50

81=
 Sri Lanka
74.64
71.24
78.03

81=
 Georgia
74.64
70.91
78.14

83
 Tunisia
74.60
72.30
77.04

84
 Armenia
74.56
70.74
78.39

85
 Malaysia
74.50
72.21
76.88

86
 Nicaragua
74.47
71.38
77.48

87
 Romania
74.46
70.92
78.07

88
 Algeria
74.42
72.14
76.84

89
 Kuwait
74.28
73.34
75.56

90=
 Mauritius
74.15
70.67
77.74

90=
 Peru
74.15
71.54
76.84

92
 Thailand
74.14
70.83
77.58

93
 Saudi Arabia
74.08
72.82
75.47

94
 Brazil
74.05
70.29
77.86

95
 Bulgaria
74.04
70.64
77.56

96=
 Venezuela
73.95
69.93
78.24

96=
 Latvia
73.95
68.85
78.68

98
 Jordan
73.79
72.21
75.52

99
 Colombia
73.75
70.19
77.39

100
 Morocco
73.61
72.60
74.62

101
 Dominican Republic
73.19
70.16
76.45

102
 Grenada
73.17
70.78
75.59

103
 Lithuania
73.07
67.39
78.78

104
 Samoa
73.02
70.02
76.39

105
 Cape Verde
72.97
71.05
74.65

106
 Seychelles
72.94
68.69
77.91

107
 Honduras
72.83
70.39
75.40

108
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
72.75
70.70
74.90

109
 Paraguay
72.74
70.70
74.92

110
 Palestine
72.65
70.74
74.66

111
 El Salvador
72.64
67.89
77.08

112
 Tonga
72.60
69.72
75.56

113
 Vanuatu
71.48
69.59
73.60

114=
 Libya
71.47
68.79
74.41

114=
 Guatemala
71.47
67.92
74.98

116
 Moldova
71.33
67.22
75.43

117
 Belarus
71.08
65.29
76.97

118
 Bangladesh
71.01
69.85
72.26

119
 Suriname
70.90
67.81
74.18

120
 Egypt
70.84
68.71
73.05

121
 Ukraine
70.76
65.73
75.67

122
 Azerbaijan
70.62
67.54
73.77

123
 Kyrgyzstan
70.26
66.35
74.29

124
 Trinidad and Tobago
70.23
66.87
73.84

125
 North Korea
69.91
66.30
73.27

126
 Russia
69.83
64.15
75.55

127
 Belize
69.76
67.19
72.72

128
 Fiji
69.72
66.93
72.89

129
 Syria
69.51
63.98
76.26

130
 Iraq
69.19
66.99
71.44

131=
 Tajikistan
69.07
65.90
72.84

131=
 Kazakhstan
69.07
64.29
73.87

133
   Nepal
69.03
67.64
70.45

134
 Federated States of Micronesia
68.93
67.99
69.85

135
 Mongolia
68.89
64.76
73.29

136
 Bhutan
68.88
68.63
69.09

137
 Indonesia
68.59
66.61
70.70

138
 Uzbekistan
68.25
64.90
71.61

139
 Philippines
67.99
64.72
71.55

140
 Timor-Leste
67.73
66.06
69.51

141
 Bolivia
67.72
65.34
70.21

142=
Western Sahara
67.61
65.89
69.81

142=
 Cambodia
67.61
65.50
69.55

144
 Solomon Islands
67.53
66.19
69.03

145
 India
67.47
66.13
68.93

146
 Guyana
66.24
64.03
68.59

147
 São Tomé and Príncipe
66.23
64.23
68.19

148
 Pakistan
65.88
64.99
66.84

149
 Senegal
65.81
63.86
67.61

150
 Kiribati
65.74
62.55
68.93

151
 Myanmar
65.64
63.58
67.66

152
 Laos
65.51
64.14
66.84

153
 Turkmenistan
65.39
61.31
69.69

154
 Madagascar
64.50
63.02
66.00

155
 Namibia
64.34
61.58
66.95

156
 Botswana
64.12
61.80
66.51

157
 Tanzania
64.04
62.55
65.55

158
 Gabon
63.65
63.15
64.07

159
 Yemen
63.51
62.18
64.88

160
 Rwanda
63.14
59.65
66.30

161
 Ethiopia
63.13
61.30
65.02

162
 Sudan
63.08
61.60
64.60

163
 Eritrea
63.07
60.90
65.18

164
 Comoros
62.83
61.20
64.50

165
 Mauritania
62.77
61.29
64.25

166
 Papua New Guinea
62.31
60.25
64.49

167
 Haiti
62.29
60.18
64.42

168
 Djibouti
61.61
60.04
63.24

169
 Congo
61.42
59.95
62.92

170
 Ghana
61.03
60.06
61.97

171
 Malawi
60.97
59.86
61.98

172
 Niger
60.65
59.85
61.55

173
 Kenya
60.62
59.08
62.17

174
 Liberia
60.25
59.29
61.21

175
 Gambia
59.83
58.54
61.21

176
 Afghanistan
59.82
58.67
61.06

177
 Benin
59.20
57.77
60.61

178
 Togo
59.01
58.28
59.68

179
 Zambia
58.75
57.16
60.33

180
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
58.10
56.67
59.53

181
 Burkina Faso
58.07
56.73
59.33

182
 Guinea
58.04
57.58
58.49

183
 Uganda
57.25
55.67
58.83

184
 Mali
57.23
57.44
56.98

185
 Equatorial Guinea
57.13
55.87
58.57

186
 South Africa
57.11
54.85
59.11

187
 Burundi
56.07
54.18
58.04

188
 South Sudan
55.06
54.10
56.03

189
 Somalia
54.88
53.28
56.51

190
 Cameroon
54.87
53.74
56.02

191
 Zimbabwe
54.78
53.60
55.95

192
 Guinea-Bissau
54.72
53.00
56.50

193
 Mozambique
54.63
52.94
56.18

194
 Nigeria
52.29
51.97
52.61

195
 Angola
51.68
50.20
53.17

196
 Chad
51.13
50.08
52.18

197
 Côte d'Ivoire
50.97
50.21
51.85

198
 Sierra Leone
50.19
49.65
50.74

199
 Central African Republic
49.53
47.83
51.25

200
 Lesotho
49.50
49.19
49.59

201
 Swaziland
49.18
49.69
48.54

text: List from the GBD 2010 study[edit]

text: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study published updated figures in 2012,[12] including recalculations of life expectancies[13] which differ substantially in places from the UN estimates for 2010 (reasons for this are discussed in the freely available appendix to the paper, pages 25–27, currently not available). Although no estimate is given for the sexes combined, for the first time life expectancy estimates have included uncertainty intervals.

text:
Life expectancy at birth (years), Global Burden of Disease 2010

state/territory
Male
95% range
Female
95% range

 World average
67.50
(66.90–68.10)
73.30
(72.80–73.80)

 Afghanistan
58.20
(54.20–62.80)
57.30
(52.20–61.70)

 Albania
72.00
(69.20–74.90)
78.10
(75.90–80.20)

 Algeria
74.30
(73.20–75.40)
76.50
(75.50–77.50)

 Andorra
79.80
(78.80–81.00)
85.20
(84.20–86.20)

 Angola
57.90
(49.50–66.50)
63.90
(56.00–72.00)

 Antigua and Barbuda
74.10
(72.20–75.90)
79.00
(77.30–80.50)

 Argentina
72.50
(72.40–72.60)
79.30
(79.20–79.40)

 Armenia
68.90
(67.20–70.50)
78.50
(77.40–79.60)

 Australia
79.20
(79.10–79.30)
83.80
(83.70–83.90)

 Austria
77.70
(77.50–77.90)
83.30
(83.20–83.50)

 Azerbaijan
68.90
(67.60–70.20)
76.20
(74.90–77.40)

 Bahrain
76.40
(74.80–78.20)
79.10
(77.50–80.70)

 Bangladesh
67.20
(65.60–68.80)
71.00
(69.40–72.80)

 Barbados
74.30
(72.70–76.00)
77.00
(75.60–78.30)

 Belarus
64.10
(63.40–64.90)
76.00
(75.50–76.50)

 Belgium
76.70
(76.40–77.10)
82.30
(81.90–82.60)

 Belize
68.90
(67.30–70.30)
73.60
(72.30–75.00)

 Benin
60.70
(57.60–63.50)
65.90
(63.20–68.50)

 Bhutan
67.60
(60.90–73.30)
71.70
(65.70–77.10)

 Bolivia
69.70
(67.30–72.50)
71.70
(69.50–74.10)

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
74.10
(73.90–74.40)
78.80
(78.50–79.00)

 Botswana
68.10
(63.60–73.60)
74.00
(69.20–80.60)

 Brazil
71.50
(71.20–71.80)
79.70
(79.50–79.90)

 Brunei
75.50
(74.30–76.60)
79.10
(78.00–80.30)

 Bulgaria
70.10
(69.90–70.30)
77.00
(76.80–77.20)

 Burkina Faso
52.80
(46.60–58.10)
57.60
(52.70–62.10)

 Burma
60.70
(51.40–69.80)
67.60
(60.10–73.60)

 Burundi
53.00
(42.70–63.00)
55.20
(45.20–64.60)

 Cambodia
64.60
(63.30–66.00)
70.10
(68.80–71.50)

 Cameroon
57.10
(53.50–60.90)
61.10
(57.80–64.30)

 Canada
78.50
(78.20–78.70)
82.70
(82.50–83.00)

 Cape Verde
70.90
(66.30–75.50)
79.10
(75.30–82.50)

 Central African Republic
43.60
(38.40–49.30)
49.30
(44.00–54.60)

 Chad
53.30
(47.20–58.20)
57.80
(53.00–62.30)

 Chile
75.50
(75.20–75.90)
81.50
(81.20–81.80)

 China
72.90
(71.80–74.00)
79.00
(78.00–80.00)

 Colombia
71.70
(70.20–73.00)
78.30
(77.30–79.40)

 Comoros
61.60
(56.50–65.80)
63.90
(59.10–68.20)

 Congo
56.30
(52.30–60.30)
61.60
(57.90–65.10)

 Costa Rica
77.10
(76.90–77.30)
81.90
(81.60–82.10)

 Côte d'Ivoire
52.80
(48.20–57.10)
60.20
(56.20–63.90)

 Croatia
73.40
(73.20–73.60)
79.90
(79.70–80.10)

 Cuba
76.10
(75.90–76.20)
79.80
(79.60–79.90)

 Cyprus
77.60
(77.10–78.10)
82.90
(82.40–83.40)

 Czech Republic
74.30
(74.20–74.50)
80.70
(80.50–80.80)

 Denmark
76.80
(76.60–77.00)
81.00
(80.80–81.30)

 Djibouti
62.20
(54.60–69.60)
64.40
(55.10–73.70)

 Dominica
70.10
(68.60–71.50)
77.90
(76.40–79.30)

 Dominican Republic
71.30
(70.00–72.80)
76.30
(75.10–77.60)

 DR Congo
52.80
(49.60–55.90)
57.70
(54.70–60.50)

 Ecuador
74.40
(73.30–75.40)
79.80
(78.90–80.60)

 Egypt
68.00
(67.00–69.00)
73.40
(72.50–74.20)

 El Salvador
69.90
(69.30–70.50)
78.20
(77.70–78.60)

 Equatorial Guinea
54.70
(43.50–66.20)
61.80
(52.90–73.80)

 Eritrea
59.00
(54.70–62.90)
62.00
(58.20–65.50)

 Estonia
70.60
(70.30–71.00)
80.60
(80.20–81.00)

 Ethiopia
59.50
(57.50–61.30)
62.30
(60.50–64.10)

 Federated States of Micronesia
63.40
(54.60–71.70)
68.30
(60.80–74.70)

 Fiji
65.60
(63.90–67.30)
68.80
(67.10–70.40)

 Finland
76.80
(76.60–77.00)
83.30
(83.10–83.60)

 France
77.50
(77.20–77.80)
84.30
(84.00–84.50)

 Gabon
55.00
(50.00–60.00)
63.30
(59.50–67.40)

 Georgia
67.40
(66.00–68.70)
77.90
(76.90–78.90)

 Germany
77.50
(77.30–77.70)
82.80
(82.60–83.10)

 Ghana
63.20
(60.70–65.70)
66.70
(64.50–68.90)

 Greece
77.10
(76.80–77.40)
82.10
(81.90–82.40)

 Grenada
68.60
(67.40–69.80)
73.50
(72.20–74.70)

 Guatemala
66.90
(66.30–67.50)
74.00
(73.50–74.50)

 Guinea-Bissau
54.80
(46.10–63.40)
58.60
(50.80–66.60)

 Guinea
58.40
(53.70–62.30)
60.50
(56.30–64.00)

 Guyana
63.10
(60.50–65.90)
69.10
(66.90–71.20)

 Haiti
32.50
(19.80–43.10)
43.60
(31.10–51.70)

 Honduras
70.50
(66.30–74.60)
73.20
(69.80–76.50)

 Hungary
70.40
(70.30–70.60)
78.40
(78.20–78.50)

 Iceland
80.00
(79.40–80.60)
84.40
(83.70–85.00)

 India
63.20
(60.60–65.70)
67.50
(65.50–69.90)

 Indonesia
67.70
(66.00–69.20)
71.80
(70.30–73.30)

 Iran
71.60
(68.50–74.60)
77.80
(75.30–80.20)

 Iraq
70.60
(67.20–73.70)
71.40
(68.30–74.40)

 Ireland
77.60
(77.40–77.90)
82.20
(81.90–82.40)

 Israel
79.20
(79.00–79.40)
82.90
(82.70–83.10)

 Italy
78.90
(78.70–79.10)
83.90
(83.70–84.10)

 Jamaica
73.30
(69.90–77.30)
77.30
(74.30–80.30)

 Japan
79.30
(79.30–79.40)
85.90
(85.80–85.90)

 Jordan
75.70
(73.90–77.50)
75.10
(73.20–77.00)

 Kazakhstan
61.30
(59.10–63.30)
72.20
(70.60–73.70)

 Kenya
62.70
(59.90–65.70)
66.90
(64.60–69.00)

 Kiribati
57.80
(51.30–64.00)
65.00
(59.80–69.70)

 Kuwait
76.10
(75.80–76.40)
79.60
(79.20–79.90)

 Kyrgyzstan
62.20
(60.60–63.90)
71.90
(70.40–73.20)

 Laos
62.40
(54.40–69.70)
67.10
(60.20–73.50)

 Latvia
68.90
(68.60–69.20)
78.50
(78.20–78.70)

 Lebanon
76.20
(74.10–77.90)
78.90
(77.50–80.40)

 Lesotho
44.10
(40.90–48.10)
50.70
(47.20–54.80)

 Liberia
56.50
(54.10–58.90)
57.90
(55.20–60.50)

 Libya
72.90
(70.70–75.00)
76.50
(74.60–78.50)

 Lithuania
68.70
(68.50–68.90)
79.30
(79.10–79.60)

 Luxembourg
78.00
(77.50–78.60)
82.20
(81.70–82.80)

 Republic of Macedonia
72.80
(72.50–73.00)
77.20
(77.00–77.50)

 Madagascar
62.20
(58.90–65.60)
65.10
(61.80–68.10)

 Malawi
50.90
(48.50–53.60)
54.90
(52.70–57.50)

 Malaysia
71.30
(71.00–71.60)
76.50
(76.20–76.80)

 Maldives
77.50
(76.70–78.30)
80.40
(79.70–81.20)

 Mali
56.90
(52.90–60.70)
57.70
(53.80–61.20)

 Malta
77.10
(76.60–77.60)
83.00
(82.40–83.60)

 Marshall Islands
61.90
(57.50–66.00)
66.00
(61.90–70.00)

 Mauritania
63.30
(59.10–67.20)
65.70
(61.80–68.80)

 Mauritius
69.70
(69.30–70.00)
76.90
(76.50–77.30)

 Mexico
72.50
(72.30–72.80)
78.40
(78.20–78.60)

 Moldova
65.50
(65.00–65.80)
74.60
(74.20–74.90)

 Mongolia
60.30
(58.60–62.20)
69.30
(67.80–70.80)

 Montenegro
73.00
(72.20–73.60)
78.20
(77.50–78.90)

 Morocco
70.90
(68.30–73.30)
74.40
(72.20–76.10)

 Mozambique
50.00
(46.90–53.40)
54.90
(51.80–58.30)

 Namibia
58.40
(55.20–61.60)
64.90
(61.90–67.60)

   Nepal
67.70
(65.50–70.10)
70.60
(68.60–72.80)

 Netherlands
78.50
(78.40–78.60)
82.60
(82.40–82.70)

 New Zealand
78.60
(78.40–78.80)
82.70
(82.50–83.00)

 Nicaragua
71.50
(70.60–72.20)
77.50
(76.70–78.20)

 Niger
56.90
(51.70–61.50)
58.70
(54.10–62.60)

 Nigeria
58.80
(56.50–61.40)
60.40
(58.20–62.90)

 North Korea
68.00
(64.90–70.70)
73.30
(70.60–75.50)

 Norway
78.50
(78.30–78.70)
83.10
(82.90–83.40)

 Oman
73.80
(72.20–75.40)
78.90
(77.50–80.10)

 Pakistan
63.90
(60.70–67.10)
67.80
(64.80–70.90)

 Palestine
70.30
(67.90–72.70)
76.40
(74.30–78.30)

 Panama
73.60
(72.30–74.90)
80.20
(78.90–81.50)

 Papua New Guinea
57.50
(48.10–66.50)
60.30
(51.90–69.00)

 Paraguay
71.00
(69.70–72.40)
75.60
(74.70–76.40)

 Peru
75.20
(73.80–76.70)
77.60
(76.10–79.00)

 Philippines
66.60
(65.50–67.80)
73.80
(72.80–74.80)

 Poland
72.10
(72.00–72.20)
80.50
(80.40–80.60)

 Portugal
76.30
(76.20–76.50)
82.30
(82.20–82.50)

 Qatar
78.90
(77.70–80.00)
82.10
(81.10–83.20)

 Romania
70.10
(70.00–70.20)
77.60
(77.40–77.70)

 Russia
63.10
(62.80–63.30)
74.70
(74.40–74.90)

 Rwanda
62.00
(60.10–63.90)
67.10
(65.50–69.00)

 Saint Lucia
70.90
(68.60–73.40)
76.50
(74.50–78.80)

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
69.70
(68.50–71.00)
74.50
(73.10–75.80)

 Samoa
68.40
(65.40–70.90)
73.40
(70.90–75.80)

 São Tomé and Príncipe
68.20
(64.40–71.80)
72.10
(69.00–75.20)

 Saudi Arabia
75.00
(73.60–76.40)
79.90
(78.80–81.00)

 Senegal
63.50
(61.10–66.10)
67.10
(65.20–69.30)

 Serbia
74.00
(73.70–74.20)
79.50
(79.20–79.80)

 Seychelles
61.30
(60.20–62.40)
71.80
(70.70–72.90)

 Sierra Leone
56.50
(53.60–59.30)
60.90
(58.30–63.10)

 Singapore
78.80
(78.60–79.00)
83.30
(83.00–83.50)

 Slovakia
71.60
(71.40–71.70)
79.10
(78.90–79.30)

 Slovenia
75.90
(75.60–76.20)
82.50
(82.20–82.90)

 Solomon Islands
60.50
(52.20–68.10)
64.00
(55.40–71.40)

 Somalia
54.60
(45.40–62.60)
57.20
(47.70–65.60)

 South Africa
57.40
(54.80–59.60)
62.30
(59.90–64.70)

 South Korea
76.50
(76.30–76.70)
82.70
(82.60–82.90)

 Spain
78.40
(78.20–78.70)
84.20
(84.00–84.40)

 Sri Lanka
71.60
(70.30–72.80)
79.80
(78.70–80.70)

 Sudan
66.90
(64.20–69.00)
70.70
(68.80–72.90)

 Suriname
70.10
(68.20–72.20)
75.20
(73.70–76.80)

 Swaziland
47.40
(43.50–51.30)
51.40
(48.00–55.10)

 Sweden
79.20
(79.00–79.40)
83.50
(83.40–83.70)

  Switzerland
79.70
(79.50–79.80)
84.50
(84.30–84.70)

 Syria
75.10
(73.50–76.60)
80.20
(78.90–81.40)

 Taiwan
75.90
(75.80–76.00)
81.90
(81.80–82.00)

 Tajikistan
65.20
(62.70–67.50)
71.50
(69.40–73.60)

 Tanzania
60.90
(58.10–63.70)
62.60
(60.20–65.20)

 Thailand
70.90
(69.10–72.50)
77.50
(76.30–78.80)

 The Bahamas
71.40
(68.50–74.50)
80.40
(76.90–85.50)

 The Gambia
60.80
(53.40–69.00)
64.00
(55.90–72.40)

 Timor-Leste
67.80
(66.30–69.20)
69.70
(68.10–71.20)

 Togo
58.30
(54.70–61.80)
62.10
(58.40–65.60)

 Tonga
67.30
(64.70–69.90)
73.80
(71.40–76.10)

 Trinidad and Tobago
66.20
(65.00–67.40)
75.30
(74.10–76.40)

 Tunisia
74.10
(70.70–77.60)
78.90
(75.70–81.90)

 Turkey
71.20
(69.50–73.00)
77.70
(75.90–79.30)

 Turkmenistan
65.40
(60.70–69.50)
73.40
(69.50–77.20)

 Uganda
58.30
(55.30–61.40)
62.50
(59.80–65.10)

 UK
77.80
(77.80–77.90)
81.90
(81.80–82.00)

 Ukraine
64.50
(63.50–65.30)
74.90
(74.20–75.40)

 United Arab Emirates
75.30
(73.00–77.60)
78.60
(76.50–80.70)

 Uruguay
72.60
(72.10–73.10)
80.40
(79.90–80.90)

 U.S.
75.90
(75.80–75.90)
80.50
(80.50–80.60)

 Uzbekistan
65.60
(61.90–68.80)
72.30
(69.50–75.30)

 Vanuatu
62.20
(54.10–69.50)
66.90
(59.80–72.50)

 Venezuela
70.30
(68.90–71.50)
79.20
(78.40–80.00)

 Vietnam
71.60
(69.30–74.00)
79.60
(78.00–81.10)

 Yemen
65.50
(59.20–71.40)
66.30
(59.30–72.40)

 Zambia
54.30
(51.10–57.70)
57.30
(54.20–60.30)

 Zimbabwe
51.10
(46.60–55.60)
55.10
(51.30–59.30)

text: List by the CIA (2016)[edit]

text: The US CIA published the following life expectancy data in its World Factbook.[1]

text:
Rank
Entity
Overall life expectancy at birth
Male life expectancy at birth
Female life expectancy at birth

1
 Monaco
89.5
85.6
93.5

2
 Japan
85
81.7
88.5

3
 Singapore
85
82.3
87.8

4
 Macau ( China)
84.5
81.6
87.6

5
 San Marino
83.3
80.7
86.1

6
 Iceland
83
80.9
85.3

7
 Hong Kong ( China)
82.9
80.3
85.8

8
 Andorra
82.8
80.6
85.1

9
  Switzerland
82.6
80.3
85

10
 Guernsey
82.5
79.9
85.4

11
 Israel
82.4
80.6
84.4

12
 South Korea
82.4
79.3
85.8

13
 Luxembourg
82.3
79.8
84.9

14
 Australia
82.2
79.8
84.8

15
 Italy
82.2
79.6
85

16
 Sweden
82.1
80.2
84.1

17
 Canada
81.9
79.2
84.6

18
 Jersey
81.9
79.4
84.5

19
 Liechtenstein
81.9
79.7
84.6

20
 France (metropolitan)
81.8
78.7
85.1

21
 Norway
81.8
79.8
83.9

22
 Spain
81.7
78.7
84.9

23
 Austria
81.5
78.9
84.3

24
 Anguilla
81.4
78.8
84.1

25
 Bermuda
81.3
78.1
84.5

26
 Netherlands
81.3
79.2
83.6

27
 Cayman Islands
81.2
78.5
84

28
 Isle of Man
81.2
79.5
83

29
 New Zealand
81.2
79.1
83.3

30
 Belgium
81
78.4
83.7

31
 Finland
80.9
77.9
84

32
 Ireland
80.8
78.5
83.2

33
 Germany
80.7
78.4
83.1

34
 United Kingdom
80.7
78.5
83

35
 Greece
80.5
77.9
83.3

36
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
80.5
78.2
83

37
 Faroe Islands
80.4
77.8
83.1

38
 Malta
80.4
78
82.8

39
 European Union
80.2
77.4
83.2

40
 Taiwan
80.1
77
83.5

41
 U.S. Virgin Islands
80
77
83.2

42
 Turks and Caicos Islands
79.8
77.1
82.7

43
 United States
79.8
77.5
82.1

44
 Wallis and Futuna
79.7
76.7
82.8

45
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
79.5
76.6
82.6

46
 Denmark
79.4
77
82

47
 Gibraltar
79.4
76.6
82.5

48
 Puerto Rico
79.4
75.8
83.1

49
 Portugal
79.3
76.1
82.8

50
 Bahrain
78.9
76.7
81.1

51
 Chile
78.8
75.7
81.9

52
 Cuba
78.7
76.4
81.1

53
 Cyprus
78.7
75.8
81.6

54
 Qatar
78.7
76.7
80.8

55
 British Virgin Islands
78.6
77.2
80.1

56
 Costa Rica
78.6
75.9
81.4

57
 Czech Republic
78.6
75.7
81.8

58
 Panama
78.6
75.8
81.6

59
 Albania
78.3
75.7
81.2

60
 Slovenia
78.2
74.6
82

61
 Dominican Republic
78.1
75.9
80.5

62
 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands)
78.1
75.8
80.6

63
 Kuwait
78
76.6
79.4

64
 Northern Mariana Islands ( US)
78
75.3
80.8

65
 Falkland Islands
77.9
75.6
79.6

66
 Saint Lucia
77.8
75
80.7

67
 New Caledonia ( France)
77.7
73.7
81.9

68
 Lebanon
77.6
76.3
78.9

69
 Poland
77.6
73.7
81.7

70
 United Arab Emirates
77.5
74.8
80.2

71
 Brunei
77.2
74.8
79.6

72
 French Polynesia ( France)
77.2
74.9
79.6

73
 Paraguay
77.2
74.5
80

74
 Uruguay
77.2
74.1
80.5

75
 Argentina
77.1
74
80.4

76
 Slovakia
77.1
73.5
80.9

77
 Dominica
77
74
80.1

78
 Morocco
76.9
73.8
80.1

79
 Algeria
76.8
75.5
78.2

80
 Aruba ( Netherlands)
76.8
73.7
79.9

81
 Ecuador
76.8
73.8
79.9

82
 Sri Lanka
76.8
73.3
80.4

83
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
76.7
73.7
80

84
 Estonia
76.7
71.9
81.7

85
 Antigua and Barbuda
76.5
74.4
78.8

86
 Libya
76.5
74.7
78.3

87
 Georgia
76.2
72.1
80.6

88
 Republic of Macedonia
76.2
73.6
79

89
 Tonga
76.2
74.7
77.8

90
 Tunisia
76.1
74
78.4

91
 Croatia
75.9
72.7
79.2

92
 Hungary
75.9
72.2
79.8

93
 Mexico
75.9
73.1
78.8

94
 Cook Islands
75.8
73
78.8

95
 Venezuela
75.8
72.7
78.9

96
 Colombia
75.7
72.6
79

97
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
75.7
73.3
78.2

98
 Maldives
75.6
73.3
78

99
 Mauritius
75.6
72.2
79.2

100
 Oman
75.5
73.5
77.5

101
 People's Republic of China
75.5
73.5
77.9

102
 Serbia
75.5
72.6
78.5

103
 American Samoa ( US)
75.4
72.4
78.5

104
 Barbados
75.3
73
77.7

105
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
75.3
73.3
77.4

106
 Saudi Arabia
75.3
73.2
77.4

107
 Solomon Islands
75.3
72.7
78.1

108
 Romania
75.1
71.7
78.8

109
 Malaysia
75
72.2
78

110
 West Bank
75
73
77.1

111
 Iraq
74.9
72.6
77.2

112
 Lithuania
74.9
69.5
80.6

113
 Syria
74.9
72.5
77.4

114
 Turkey
74.8
72.5
77.3

115
 El Salvador
74.7
71.4
78.1

116
 Seychelles
74.7
70.2
79.4

117
 Thailand
74.7
71.5
78

118
 Armenia
74.6
71.4
78.3

119
 Jordan
74.6
73.2
76.1

120
 Bulgaria
74.5
71.2
78

121
 Latvia
74.5
69.9
79.3

122
 Montserrat
74.4
75.8
72.9

123
 Grenada
74.3
71.7
77.1

124
 Gaza Strip
73.9
72.3
75.7

125
 Brazil
73.8
70.2
77.5

126
 Uzbekistan
73.8
70.7
77

127
 Peru
73.7
71.7
75.9

128
 Samoa
73.7
70.8
76.8

129
 Jamaica
73.6
72
75.3

130
 Vanuatu
73.4
71.8
75.1

131
 Vietnam
73.4
70.9
76.2

132
 Bangladesh
73.2
71
75.4

133
 Nicaragua
73.2
71.1
75.5

134
 Marshall Islands
73.1
70.9
75.4

135
 Palau
73.1
69.9
76.5

136
 Federated States of Micronesia
72.9
70.8
75

137
 Trinidad and Tobago
72.9
69.9
75.9

138
 Belarus
72.7
67.2
78.6

139
 Egypt
72.7
71.4
74.2

140
 Fiji
72.7
70
75.5

141
 Indonesia
72.7
67.3
69.8

142
 Azerbaijan
72.5
69.5
75.8

143
 Greenland ( Denmark)
72.4
69.7
75.2

144
 The Bahamas
72.4
70
74.8

145
 Guatemala
72.3
70.3
74.4

146
 Suriname
72.2
69.8
74.8

147
 Cabo Verde
72.1
69.8
74.5

148
 Ukraine
71.8
67.1
76.9

149
 Iran
71.4
69.8
73.1

150
 Honduras
71.1
69.5
72.8

151
 Kazakhstan
70.8
65.6
75.7

152
 Kyrgyzstan
70.7
66.5
75.1

153
 Moldova
70.7
66.9
74.8

154
   Nepal
70.7
70.1
71.3

155
 North Korea
70.4
66.6
74.5

156
 Russia
70.3
64.3
76.4

157
 Bhutan
70.1
69.1
71.1

158
 Turkmenistan
70.1
67.1
73.3

159
 Mongolia
69.6
65.4
74.1

160
 Bolivia
69.2
66.4
72.1

161
 Philippines
69.2
65.7
72.9

162
 Belize
68.7
67.2
70.4

163
 India
68.5
67.3
69.8

164
 Guyana
68.4
65.4
71.5

165
 Timor-Leste
68.1
66.5
69.7

166
 Pakistan
67.7
65.8
69.8

167
 Tajikistan
67.7
64.6
71

168
 Papua New Guinea
67.2
65
69.5

169
 Nauru
67.1
63
70.5

170
 Burma
66.6
64.2
69.2

171
 Ghana
66.6
64.1
69.1

172
 Tuvalu
66.5
64.3
68.8

173
 Kiribati
66.2
63.7
68.8

174
 Madagascar
65.9
64.4
67.4

175
 Yemen
65.5
63.4
67.8

176
 Togo
65
62.3
69.7

177
 Eritrea
64.9
62.4
67.5

178
 São Tomé and Príncipe
64.9
63.6
66.3

179
 The Gambia
64.9
62.5
67.3

180
 Cambodia
64.5
62
67.1

181
 Laos
64.3
62.2
66.4

182
 Comoros
64.2
61.9
66.6

183
 Equatorial Guinea
64.2
63.1
65.4

184
 Sudan
64.1
62
66.3

185
 Kenya
64
62.6
65.5

186
 Haiti
63.8
61.2
66.4

187
 Namibia
63.6
62.1
65.1

188
 Djibouti
63.2
60.7
65.8

189
 South Africa
63.1
61.6
64.6

190
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
63
60.7
65.4

191
 Mauritania
63
60.7
65.4

192
 Ethiopia
62.2
59.8
64.7

193
 Tanzania
62.2
60.8
63.6

194
 Benin
61.9
60.5
63.3

195
 Senegal
61.7
59.7
63.8

196
 Malawi
61.2
59.2
63.2

197
 Guinea
60.6
59
62.2

198
 Burundi
60.5
58.8
62.3

199
 Rwanda
60.1
58.5
61.7

200
 Republic of the Congo
59.3
58.1
60.6

201
 Liberia
59
57.3
60.8

202
 Côte d'Ivoire
58.7
57.5
59.9

203
 Cameroon
58.5
57.1
59.9

204
 Sierra Leone
58.2
55.6
60.9

205
 Zimbabwe
58
57.3
58.7

206
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
57.3
55.8
58.9

207
 Angola
56
54.8
57.2

208
 Mali
55.8
53.9
57.7

209
 Burkina Faso
55.5
53.4
57.6

210
 Niger
55.5
54.3
56.8

211
 Uganda
55.4
54
56.9

212
 Botswana
54.5
56.3
52.6

213
 Nigeria
53.4
52.4
54.5

214
 Mozambique
53.3
52.6
54.1

215
 Lesotho
53
52.9
53.1

216
 Zambia
52.5
50.8
54.1

217
 Somalia
52.4
50.3
54.5

218
 Central African Republic
52.3
51
53.7

219
 Gabon
52.1
51.6
52.5

220
 Swaziland
51.6
52.2
51

221
 Afghanistan
51.3
49.9
52.7

222
 Guinea-Bissau
50.6
48.6
52.7

223
 Chad
50.2
49
51.3

text: List by the OECD (2016)[edit]

text:
Life expectancy at birth (years), OECD (2016)[14]

Rank
state/territory
Overall
Male
Female

1
 Japan
84.1
81.0
87.1

2
  Switzerland
83.7
81.7
85.6

3
 Spain
83.4
80.5
86.3

4
 Italy
83.3
81.0
85.6

5
 Luxembourg
82.8
80.1
85.4

6=
 Norway
82.5
80.7
84.2

6=
 Israel
82.5
80.7
84.2

6=
 Australia
82.5
80.4
84.6

9=
 Sweden
82.4
80.6
84.1

9=
 South Korea
82.4
79.3
85.4

9=
 France
82.4
79.2
85.5

12
 Iceland
82.3
80.4
84.1

13
 Canada[15]
81.9
79.8
83.9

14
 Ireland
81.8
79.9
83.6

15=
 New Zealand
81.7
80.0
83.4

15=
 Austria
81.7
79.3
84.1

17
 Netherlands
81.6
80.0
83.2

18=
 Greece
81.5
78.9
84.0

18=
 Finland
81.5
78.6
84.4

18=
 Belgium
81.5
79.0
84.0

21
 Slovenia
81.3
78.2
84.3

22=
 United Kingdom
81.2
79.4
83.0

22=
 Portugal
81.2
78.1
84.3

24
 Germany
81.1
78.6
83.5

25
 Denmark
80.9
79.0
82.8

26
 Chile
79.9
77.1
82.7

27
 Czech Republic
79.1
76.1
82.1

28
 United States
78.6
76.1
81.1

29=
 Turkey
78.0
75.3
80.7

29=
 Poland
78.0
73.9
82.0

31
 Estonia
77.8
73.3
82.2

32
 Slovakia
77.3
73.8
80.7

33
 Hungary
76.2
72.6
79.7

34
 Mexico
75.4
72.9
77.9

35

 Lithuania

74.8

69.5

80.1

36

 Latvia

74.7

69.8

79.6


document_title: History of tropical cyclone naming

question_text: when did hurricanes start being named male names

text: History of tropical cyclone naming

text: Formal start of naming[edit]

text: The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries, with systems named after places, saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin.[1][2][3] Examples include the 1526 San Francisco hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane.[3] Credit for the first usage of personal names for weather is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887–1907.[4] Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet, Greek and Roman mythology and female names, to describe weather systems over Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctic.[2][4] After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director, Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures.[5] This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of the Second World War.[4] Despite falling into disuse the naming scheme was occasionally mentioned in the press, with an editorial published in the Launceston Examiner newspaper on October 5, 1935 that called for the return of the naming scheme.[1][6] Wragge's naming was also mentioned within Sir Napier Shaw’s “Manual of Meteorology” which likened it to a "child naming waves".[1]

text: After reading about Clement Wragge, George Stewart was inspired to write a novel, "Storm", about a storm affecting California which was named Maria.[5][7] The book was widely read after it was published in 1941 by Random House, especially by United States Army Air Corps and United States Navy (USN) meteorologists during World War II.[1][5] During 1944, United States Army Air Forces forecasters (USAAF) at the newly established Saipan weather center, started to informally name typhoons after their wives and girlfriends.[5][8] This practise became popular amongst meteorologists from the United States Airforce and Navy who found that it reduced confusion during map discussions, and in 1945 the United States Armed Services publicly adopted a list of women's names for typhoons of the Pacific.[5][7] However, they were not able to persuade the United States Weather Bureau (USWB) to start naming Atlantic hurricanes, as the Weather Bureau wanted to be seen as a serious enterprise, and thus felt that it was "not appropriate" to name tropical cyclones while warning the United States public.[1][5][9] They also felt that using women's names was frivolous and that using the names in official communications would have made them look silly.[9] During 1947 the Air Force Hurricane Office in Miami started using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet to name significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean.[5] These names were used over the next few years in private/internal communications between weather centres and aircraft, and were not included in public bulletins.[1][5]

text: During August and September 1950, three tropical cyclones (Hurricanes Baker, Dog and Easy) occurred simultaneously and impacted the United States during August and September 1950, which led to confusion within the media and the public.[1][5][10] As a result, during the next tropical cyclone (Fox), Grady Norton decided to start using the names in public statements and in the seasonal summary.[5][10][11] This practice continued throughout the season, until the system was made official before the start of the next season.[1][7] During 1952, a new International Phonetic Alphabet was introduced, as the old phonetic alphabet was seen as too Anglocentric.[5][12] This led to some confusion with what names were being used, as some observers referred to Hurricane Charlie as "Cocoa."[10][13] Ahead of the following season no agreement could be reached over which phonetic alphabet to use, before it was decided to start using a list of female names to name tropical cyclones.[10][13] During the season the names were used in the press with only a few objections recorded, and as a result public reception to the idea seemed favourable. The same names were reused during 1954 with only one change: Gilda for Gail.[10][13] However, as Hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel affected the populated Northeastern United States, controversy raged with several protests over the use of women’s names as it was felt to be ungentlemanly or insulting to womanhood, or both.[10][13][14] Letters were subsequently received that overwhelmingly supported the practise, with forecasters claiming that 99% of correspondence received in the Miami Weather Bureau supported the use of women’s names for hurricanes.[10][15]

text: Forecasters subsequently decided to continue with the current practice of naming hurricanes after women, but developed a new set of names ahead of the 1955 season with the names Carol, Edna and Hazel retired for the next ten years.[1][13] However, before the names could be written, a tropical storm was discovered on January 2, 1955 and named Alice.[13] The Representative T. James Tumulty subsequently announced that he intended to introduce legislation that would call on the USWB to abandon its practice of naming hurricanes after women, and suggested that they be named using descriptive terms instead.[16] Until 1960, forecasters decided to develop a new set of names each year.[13] By 1958, the Guam Weather Center had become the Fleet Weather Central/Typhoon Tracking Center on Guam, and had started to name systems as they became tropical storms rather than typhoons.[17] Later that year during the 1958–59 cyclone season, the New Caledonia Meteorological Office started to name tropical cyclones within the Southern Pacific.[4][18] During 1959 the US Pacific Command Commander in Chief and the Joint Chiefs of Staff decided that the various US Navy and Air Force weather units would become one unit based on Guam entitled the Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center, which continued naming the systems for the Pacific basin.[17][19]

text: In January 1960, a formal naming scheme was introduced for the South-West Indian Ocean by the Mauritius and Madagascan Weather Services. with the first cyclone being named Alix.[20][21][22] Later that year, as meteorology entered a new era with the launching of the world's first meteorological satellite TIROS-1, eight lists of tropical cyclone names were prepared for use in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins.[23][24] In the Atlantic it was decided to rotate these lists every four years, while in the Eastern Pacific the names were designed to be used consecutively before being repeated.[23][24] During 1963, the Philippine Weather Bureau adopted four sets of female Filipino nicknames ending in "ng" from A to Y for use in its self-defined area of responsibility.[25][26][27] Following the international practise of naming tropical cyclones, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology decided at a conference in October 1963 that they would start naming tropical cyclones after women at the start of the 1963–64 cyclone season.[28] The first Western Australian cyclone was subsequently named Bessie on January 6, 1964.[29] In 1965, after two of the Eastern Pacific lists of names had been used, it was decided to start recycling the sets of names on an annual basis like in the Atlantic.[30][31]

text: At its 1969 national conference, the National Organization for Women passed a motion that called for the National Hurricane Center (NHC) not to name tropical cyclones using only female names.[32] Later that year, during the 1969–70 cyclone season, the New Zealand Meteorological Service (NZMS) office in Fiji started to name tropical cyclones that developed within the South Pacific basin, with the first named Alice on January 4, 1970.[4] Within the Atlantic basin the four lists of names were used until 1971, when the newly established United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration decided to inaugurate a ten-year list of names for the basin.[1] Roxcy Bolton subsequently petitioned the 1971, 1972 and 1973 interdepartmental hurricane conferences to stop the female naming; however, the National Hurricane Center responded by stating that there was a 20:1 positive response to the usage of female names.[1] In February 1975, the NZMS decided to incorporate male names into the naming lists for the South Pacific, from the following season after a request from the Fiji National Council of Women who considered the practice discriminatory.[4] At around the same time the Australian Science Minister ordered that tropical cyclones within the Australian region should carry both men's and women's names, as the minister thought "that both sexes should bear the odium of the devastation caused by cyclones."[4] Male names were subsequently added to the lists for the Southern Pacific and each of the three Australian tropical cyclone warning centres ahead of the 1975–76 season.[4][33][34]

text: During 1977 the World Meteorological Organization decided to form a hurricane committee, which held its first meeting during May 1978 and took control of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists.[1] During 1978 the Secretary of Commerce Juanita Kreps ordered NOAA administrator Robert White to cease the sole usage of female names for hurricanes.[1] Robert White subsequently passed the order on to the Director of NHC Neil Frank, who attended the first meeting of the hurricane committee and requested that both men’s and women’s names be used for the Atlantic.[1] The committee subsequently decided to accept the proposal and adopted five new lists of male and female names to be used the following year.[35] The lists also contained several Spanish and French names, so that they could reflect the cultures and languages used within the Atlantic Ocean.[36][37] After an agreement was reached between Mexico and the United States, six new sets of male/female names were implemented for the Eastern Pacific basin during 1978.[38] A new list was also drawn up during the year for the Western Pacific and was implemented after Typhoon Bess and the 1979 tropical cyclone conference.[35][39]

text: As the dual sex naming of tropical cyclones started in the Northern Hemisphere, the NZMS considered adding ethnic Pacific names to the naming lists rather than the European names that were currently used.[4] As a result of the many languages and cultures in the Pacific there was a lot of discussion surrounding this matter, with one name, "Oni," being dropped as it meant "the end of the world" in one language.[4] One proposal suggested that cyclones be named from the country nearest to which they formed; however, this was dropped when it was realized that a cyclone might be less destructive in its formative stage than later in its development.[4] Eventually it was decided to combine names from all over the South Pacific into a single list at a training course, where each course member provided a list of names that were short, easily pronounced, culturally acceptable throughout the Pacific and did not contain any idiosyncrasies.[4] These names were then collated, edited for suitability, and cross-checked with the group for acceptability.[4] It was intended that the four lists of names should be alphabetical with alternating male and female names while using only ethnic names. However, it was not possible to complete the lists using only ethnic names.[4] As a result, there was a scattering of European names in the final lists, which have been used by the Fiji Meteorological Service and NZMS since the 1980–81 season.[4] During October 1985 the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center had to request an additional list, after the names preselected for that season was used up.[40] As a result, the names Xina, York, Zelda, Xavier, Yolanda, Zeke were subsequently added to the naming lists, while a contingency plan of using the Greek alphabet if all of the names were used up was introduced.[41][42]

text: New millennium[edit]

text: During the 30th session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in November 1997, a proposal was put forward by Hong Kong to give Asian typhoons local names and to stop using the European and American names that had been used since 1945.[43][44] The committee's Training and Research Coordination Group was subsequently tasked to consult with members and work out the details of the scheme in order to present a list of names for approval at the 31st session.[43][44] During August 1998, the group met and decided that each member of the committee would be invited to contribute ten names to the list and that five principles would be followed for the selection of names.[44] It was also agreed that each name would have to be approved by each member and that a single objection would be enough to veto a name.[44] A list of 140 names was subsequently drawn up and submitted to the Typhoon Committee's 32nd session, who after a lengthy discussion approved the list and decided to implement it on January 1, 2000.[44][45][46] It was also decided that the Japan Meteorological Agency would name the systems rather than the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[44][47]

text: During its annual session in 2000, the WMO/ESCAP Panel on North Indian Tropical Cyclones agreed in principle to start assigning names to cyclonic storms that developed within the North Indian Ocean.[48] As a result of this, the panel requested that each member country submit a list of ten names to a rapporteur by the end of 2000.[49] At the 2001 session, the rapporteur reported that of the eight countries involved, only India had refused to submit a list of names, as it had some reservations about assigning names to tropical cyclones.[49] The panel then studied the names and felt that some of the names would not be appealing to the public or the media and thus requested that members submit new lists of names.[49] During 2002 the rapporteur reported that there had been a poor response by member countries in resubmitting their lists of names. Over the next year, each country except India submitted a fresh list.[49] By the 2004 session, India had still not submitted its list despite promising to do so. However, the rapporteur presented the lists of names that would be used with a gap left for India's names.[49] The rapporteur also recommended that the naming lists be used on an experimental basis during the season, starting in May or June 2004.[49] The naming lists were then completed in May 2004, after India submitted their names.[50] However, the lists were not used until September 2004, when the first tropical cyclone was named Onil by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).[48][50]

text: At the 22nd hurricane committee in 2000 it was decided that tropical cyclones that moved from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific basin and vice versa would no longer be renamed.[51] Ahead of the 2000–01 season it was decided to start using male names, as well as female names for tropical cyclones developing in the South-West Indian Ocean.[52] RSMC La Reunion subsequently proposed to the fifteenth session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean during September 2001, that the basin adopt a single circular list of names.[53] Along with the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee, RSMC La Reunion also proposed to the session that a tropical cyclone have only one name during its lifetime.[53] However, both of these proposals were rejected in favour of continuing an annual list of names and to rename systems when they moved across 90°E into the South-West Indian Ocean.[53] During the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season the naming of subtropical cyclones restarted, with names assigned to systems from the main list of names drawn up for that year.[54]

text: During March 2004, a rare tropical cyclone developed within the Southern Atlantic, about 1,010 km (630 mi) to the east-southeast of Florianópolis in southern Brazil.[55] As the system was threatening the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, a newspaper used the headline "Furacão Catarina," which was presumed to mean "furacão (hurricane) threatening (Santa) Catarina (the state)".[55] However, when the international press started monitoring the system, it was assumed that "Furacão Catarina" meant "Cyclone Catarina" and that it had been formally named in the usual way.[55] During the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season the names pre-assigned for the North Atlantic basin were exhausted and as a result names from the Greek alphabet were used.[56] There were subsequently a couple of attempts to get rid of the Greek names, as they are seen to be inconsistent with the standard naming convention used for tropical cyclones, and are generally unknown and confusing to the public.[57] However, none of the attempts have succeeded and thus the Greek alphabet will be used should the lists ever be used up again.[57][58] Ahead of the 2007 hurricane season, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) and the Hawaii State Civil Defense requested that the hurricane committee retire eleven names from the Eastern Pacific naming lists.[59] However, the committee declined the request and noted that its criteria for the retirement of names was "well defined and very strict."[60] It was felt that while the systems may have had a significant impact on the Hawaiian Islands, none of the impacts were major enough to warrant the retirement of the names.[60] It was also noted that the committee had previously not retired names for systems that had a greater impact than those that had been submitted.[60] The CPHC also introduced a revised set of Hawaiian names for the Central Pacific, after they had worked with the University of Hawaii Hawaiian Studies Department to ensure the correct meaning and appropriate historical and cultural use of the names.[59][61]

text: On April 22, 2008 the newly established tropical cyclone warning centre in Jakarta, Indonesia named its first system: Durga, before two sets of Indonesian names were established for their area of responsibility ahead of the 2008–09 season.[62][63] At the same time the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, merged their three lists into one national list of names.[64][65] The issue of tropical cyclones being renamed when they moved across 90°E into the South-West Indian Ocean, was subsequently brought up during October 2008 at the 18th session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee.[66] However, it was decided to postpone the matter until the following committee meeting so that various consultations could take place.[66] During the 2009 Tropical Cyclone RSMCs/TCWCs Technical Coordination Meeting, it was reaffirmed that a tropical cyclone name should be retained throughout a system's lifetime, including when moving from one basin to another, to avoid confusion.[67][68] As a result, it was proposed at the following year's RA I tropical cyclone committee, that systems stopped being renamed when they moved into the South-West Indian Ocean from the Australian region.[68] It was subsequently agreed that during an interim period, cyclones that moved into the basin would have a name attached to their existing name, before it was stopped at the start of the 2012–13 season.[68][69] Tropical Cyclone Bruce was subsequently the first tropical cyclone not to be renamed, when it moved into the South-West Indian Ocean during 2013-14.[69] During March 12, 2010, public and private weather services in Southern Brazil, decided to name a tropical storm Anita in order to avoid confusion in future references.[70] A naming list was subsequently set up by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center with the names Arani, Bapo and Cari subsequently taken from that list during 2011 and 2015.[71][72]

text: At its twenty-first session in 2015, the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee reviewed the arrangements for naming tropical storms and decided that the procedure was in need of a "very urgent change".[73] In particular it was noted that the procedure did not take into account, any of the significant improvements in the science surrounding tropical cyclones and that it was biased due to inappropriate links with some national warning systems.[73] As a result the committee decided to keep the current naming procedure, for the next few years and form a task force, in order to develop an alternative cyclone naming procedure.[73] The taskforce could not meet during the intersessional pierod, but planned to meet during the twenty-second session during 2017.

text: Modern day[edit]

text:
Tropical cyclone naming institutions

Basin
Institution
Area of responsibility

Northern Hemisphere

North Atlantic
Eastern Pacific
United States National Hurricane Center
United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center
Equator northward, African Coast – 140°W
Equator northward, 140°W – 180
[74]

Western Pacific
Japan Meteorological Agency
PAGASA (Unofficial)
Equator – 60°N, 180 – 100°E
5°N – 20°N, 115°E – 135°E
[75]
[76]

North Indian Ocean
India Meteorological Department
Equator northward, 100°E – 45°E
[48]

Southern Hemisphere

South-West
Indian Ocean
Mauritius Meteorological Services
Météo Madagascar
Equator – 40°S, 55°E – 90°E
Equator – 40°S, African Coast – 55°E
[77]

Australian region
Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
Papua New Guinea National Weather Service
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Equator – 10°S, 90°E – 141°E
Equator – 10°S, 141°E – 160°E
10°S – 36°S, 90°E – 160°E
[65]

Southern Pacific
Fiji Meteorological Service
Meteorological Service of New Zealand
Equator – 25°S, 160°E – 120°W
25°S – 40°S, 160°E – 120°W
[65]

South Atlantic
Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center (Unofficial)
Equator – 35°S, Brazilian Coast – 20°W
[71]

text: At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centres and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings.[5] Due to the potential for longevity and multiple concurrent storms, the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described.[5] Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists once storms have one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph) depending on which basin it originates in.[74][77][78] However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones have to have gale-force winds occurring near the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere.[65][77]

text: Any member of the World Meteorological Organisation's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists.[65][74][75] A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the tropical cyclone has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage, impacts or for other special reasons.[74] Any tropical cyclone names assigned by the Papua New Guinea National weather Service are automatically retired regardless of any damage caused.[65] A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon, but these names can be rejected and replaced for various reasons.[74][75] These reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, its similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names, and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media.[64][74] PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones, when they have caused at least 7009100000000000000♠₱1 billion in damage and/or have caused at least 300 deaths.[79] There are no names retired within the South-West Indian Ocean, as names that are used are automatically removed from the three naming lists used in that basin.[73]