document_title: Centrifugal force

question_text: when does a body experience a centrifugal force

text: Centrifugal force

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Centrifugal force is an outward force apparent in a rotating reference frame.[1][2][3] It does not exist when a system is described relative to an inertial frame of reference. All measurements of position and velocity must be made relative to some frame of reference. For example, an analysis of the motion of an object in an airliner in flight could be made relative to the airliner, to the surface of the Earth, or even to the Sun.[4]  A reference frame that is at rest (or one that moves with no rotation and at constant velocity) relative to the "fixed stars" is generally taken to be an inertial frame. Any system can be analyzed in an inertial frame (and so with no centrifugal force).  However, it is often more convenient to describe a rotating system by using a rotating frame—the calculations are simpler, and descriptions more intuitive.  When this choice is made, fictitious forces, including the centrifugal force, arise.

text: In a rotating reference frame, all objects, regardless of their state of motion, appear to be under the influence of a radially (from the axis of rotation) outward force that is proportional to their mass, to the distance from the axis of rotation of the frame, and to the square of the angular velocity of the frame.[5][6] This is the centrifugal force. As humans usually experience centrifugal force from within the rotating reference frame, e.g. on a merry-go-round or vehicle, this is much more well-known than centripetal force.

text: Motion relative to a rotating frame results in another fictitious force: the Coriolis force. If the rate of rotation of the frame changes, a third fictitious force (the Euler force) is required. These fictitious forces are necessary for the formulation of correct equations of motion in a rotating reference frame[7][8] and allow Newton's laws to be used in their normal form in such a frame (with one exception: the fictitious forces do not obey Newton's third law: they have no equal and opposite counterparts).[7]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Vehicle driving round a curve[edit]

text: A common experience that gives rise to the idea of a centrifugal force is encountered by passengers riding in a vehicle, such as a car, that is changing direction. If a car is traveling at a constant speed along a straight road, then a passenger inside is not accelerating and, according to Newton's second law of motion, the net force acting on him is therefore zero (all forces acting on him cancel each other out). If the car enters a curve that bends to the left, the passenger experiences an apparent force that seems to be pulling him towards the right. This is the fictitious centrifugal force. It is needed within the passenger's local frame of reference to explain his sudden tendency to start accelerating to the right relative to the car—a tendency which he must resist by applying a rightward force to the car (for instance, a frictional force against the seat) in order to remain in a fixed position inside. Since he pushes the seat toward the right, Newton's third law says that the seat pushes him toward the left. The centrifugal force must be included in the passenger's reference frame (in which the passenger remains at rest): it counteracts the leftward force applied to the passenger by the seat, and explains why this otherwise unbalanced force does not cause him to accelerate.[9] However, it would be apparent to a stationary observer watching from an overpass above that the frictional force exerted on the passenger by the seat is not being balanced; it constitutes a net force to the left, causing the passenger to accelerate toward the inside of the curve, as he must in order to keep moving with the car rather than proceeding in a straight line as he otherwise would. Thus the "centrifugal force" he feels is the result of a "centrifugal tendency" caused by inertia.[10] Similar effects are encountered in aeroplanes and roller coasters where the magnitude of the apparent force is often reported in "G's".

text: Stone on a string[edit]

text: If a stone is whirled round on a string, in a horizontal plane, the only real force acting on the stone in the horizontal plane is applied by the string (gravity acts vertically). There is a net force on the stone in the horizontal plane which acts toward the center.

text: In an inertial frame of reference, were it not for this net force acting on the stone, the stone would travel in a straight line, according to Newton's first law of motion. In order to keep the stone moving in a circular path, a centripetal force, in this case provided by the string, must be continuously applied to the stone. As soon as it is removed (for example if the string breaks) the stone moves in a straight line. In this inertial frame, the concept of centrifugal force is not required as all motion can be properly described using only real forces and Newton's laws of motion.

text: In a frame of reference rotating with the stone around the same axis as the stone, the stone is stationary. However, the force applied by the string is still acting on the stone. If one were to apply Newton's laws in their usual (inertial frame) form, one would conclude that the stone should accelerate in the direction of the net applied force—towards the axis of rotation—which it does not do. The centrifugal force and other fictitious forces must be included along with the real forces in order to apply Newton's laws of motion in the rotating frame.

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth constitutes a rotating reference frame because it rotates once a day on its axis.  Because the rotation is slow, the fictitious forces it produces are small, and in everyday situations can generally be neglected.  Even in calculations requiring high precision, the centrifugal force is generally not explicitly included, but rather lumped in with the gravitational force: the strength and direction of the local "gravity" at any point on the Earth's surface is actually a combination of gravitational and centrifugal forces.

text: Weight of an object at the poles and on the equator[edit]

text: If an object is weighed with a simple spring balance at one of the Earth's poles, there are two forces acting on the object: the Earth's gravity, which acts in a downward direction, and the equal and opposite restoring force in the spring, acting upward. Since the object is stationary and not accelerating, there is no net force acting on the object and the force from the spring is equal in magnitude to the force of gravity on the object. In this case, the balance shows the value of the force of gravity on the object.

text: When the same object is weighed on the equator, the same two real forces act upon the object. However, the object is moving in a circular path as the Earth rotates and therefore experiencing a centripetal acceleration. When considered in an inertial frame (that is to say, one that is not rotating with the Earth), the non-zero acceleration means that force of gravity will not balance with the force from the spring. In order to have a net centripetal force, the magnitude of the restoring force of the spring must be less than the magnitude of force of gravity. Less restoring force in the spring is reflected on the scale as less weight — about 0.3% less at the equator than at the poles.[11]  In the Earth reference frame (in which the object being weighed is at rest), the object does not appear to be accelerating, however the two real forces, gravity and the force from the spring, are the same magnitude and do not balance. The centrifugal force must be included to make the sum of the forces be zero to match the apparent lack of acceleration.

text: Note: In fact, the observed weight difference is more — about 0.53%. Earth's gravity is a bit stronger at the poles than at the equator, because the Earth is not a perfect sphere, so an object at the poles is slightly closer to the center of the Earth than one at the equator; this effect combines with the centrifugal force to produce the observed weight difference.[12]

text: Equatorial railway[edit]

text: This thought experiment is more complicated than the previous examples in that it requires the use of the Coriolis force as well as the centrifugal force.

text: If there were a railway line running round the Earth's equator, a train moving westward along it fast enough would remain stationary in a frame moving (but not rotating) with the Earth; it would stand still as the Earth spun beneath it. In this inertial frame the situation is easy to analyze. The only forces acting on the train (assuming no wind resistance or other horizontal forces) are its gravity (downward) and the equal and opposite (upward) force from the track. There is no net force on the train and it therefore remains stationary.

text: In a frame rotating with the Earth the train moves in a circular orbit as it travels round the Earth. In this frame, the upward reaction force from the track and the force of gravity on the train remain the same, as they are real forces. However, in the Earth's (rotating) frame, the train is traveling in a circular path and therefore requires a centripetal (downward) force to keep it on this path. Because this uses a rotating frame, the (fictitious) centrifugal force must be applied to the train. This is equal in value to the required centripetal force but acts in an upward direction — the opposite direction to that required. It would seem that there is a net upward force on the train and it should therefore accelerate upward.

text: The resolution to this paradox lies in the fact that the train is in motion with respect to the rotating frame and is subject to (in addition to the centrifugal force) the Coriolis force, which, in this example, acts downward direction and is twice as strong as centrifugal force.

text: Derivation[edit]

text: For the following formalism, the rotating frame of reference is regarded as a special case of a non-inertial reference frame that is rotating relative to an inertial reference frame denoted the stationary frame.

text: Time derivatives in a rotating frame[edit]

text: In a rotating frame of reference, the time derivatives of any vector function P of time—such as the velocity and acceleration vectors of an object—will differ from its time derivatives in the stationary frame.  If P1 P2, P3 are the components of P with respect to unit vectors i, j, k directed along the axes of the rotating frame,[13] then the first time derivative [dP/dt] of P  with respect to the rotating frame is, by definition, dP1/dt i + dP2/dt j + dP3/dt k.  If the absolute angular velocity  of the rotating frame is ω then the derivative dP/dt of P  with respect to the stationary frame is related to [dP/dt]  by the equation:[14]

text:
where

×

{\displaystyle \times }

 denotes the vector cross product. In other words, the rate of change of P in the stationary frame is the sum of its apparent rate of change in the rotating frame and a rate of rotation

ω

×

P

{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times {\boldsymbol {P}}}

 attributable to the motion of the rotating frame. The vector ω has magnitude ω equal to the rate of rotation and is directed along the axis of rotation according to the right-hand rule.

text: Acceleration[edit]

text: Newton's law of motion for a particle of mass m written in vector form is:

text: where F is the vector sum of the physical forces applied to the particle and a is the absolute acceleration (that is, acceleration in an inertial frame) of the particle, given by:

text: where r is the position vector of the particle.

text: By applying the transformation above from the stationary to the rotating frame three times,[15] the absolute acceleration of the particle can be written as:

text: Force[edit]

text: The apparent acceleration in the rotating frame is [d2r/dt2]. An observer unaware of the rotation would expect this to be zero in the absence of outside forces. However, Newton's laws of motion apply only in the inertial frame and describe dynamics in terms of the absolute acceleration d2r/dt2. Therefore, the observer perceives the extra terms as contributions due to fictitious forces. These terms in the apparent acceleration are independent of mass; so it appears that each of these fictitious forces, like gravity, pulls on an object in proportion to its mass. When these forces are added, the equation of motion has the form:[16][17][18]

text:
From the perspective of the rotating frame, the additional force terms are experienced just like the real external forces and contribute to the apparent acceleration.[19][20] The additional terms on the force side of the equation can be recognized as, reading from left to right, the Euler force

−
m
d

ω

/

d

t
×

r

{\displaystyle -m\operatorname {d} {\boldsymbol {\omega }}/\operatorname {d} t\times {\boldsymbol {r}}}

, the Coriolis force

−
2
m

ω

×

[

d

r

/

d

t

]

{\displaystyle -2m{\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times \left[\operatorname {d} {\boldsymbol {r}}/\operatorname {d} t\right]}

, and the centrifugal force

−
m

ω

×
(

ω

×

r

)

{\displaystyle -m{\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times ({\boldsymbol {\omega }}\times {\boldsymbol {r}})}

, respectively.[21] Unlike the other two fictitious forces, the centrifugal force always points radially outward from the axis of rotation of the rotating frame, with magnitude mω2r, and unlike the Coriolis force in particular, it is independent of the motion of the particle in the rotating frame. As expected, for a non-rotating inertial frame of reference

(

ω

=
0
)

{\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {\omega }}=0)}

 the centrifugal force and all other fictitious forces disappear.[22] Similarly, as the centrifugal force is proportional to the distance from object to the axis of rotation of the frame, the centrifugal force vanishes for objects that lie upon the axis.

text: Absolute rotation[edit]

text: Three scenarios were suggested by Newton to answer the question of whether the absolute rotation of a local frame can be detected; that is, if an observer can decide whether an observed object is rotating or if the observer is rotating.[23][24]

text:
The shape of the surface of water rotating in a bucket. The shape of the surface becomes concave to balance the centrifugal force against the other forces upon the liquid.
The tension in a string joining two spheres rotating about their center of mass. The tension in the string will be proportional to the centrifugal force on each sphere as it rotates around the common center of mass.

text: In these scenarios, the effects attributed to centrifugal force are only observed in the local frame (the frame in which the object is stationary) if the object is undergoing absolute rotation relative to an inertial frame. By contrast, in an inertial frame, the observed effects arise as a consequence of the inertia and the known forces without the need to introduce a centrifugal force. Based on this argument, the privileged frame, wherein the laws of physics take on the simplest form, is a stationary frame in which no fictitious forces need to be invoked.

text: Within this view of physics, any other phenomenon that is usually attributed to centrifugal force can be used to identify absolute rotation. For example, the oblateness of a sphere of freely flowing material is often explained in terms of centrifugal force. The oblate spheroid shape reflects, following Clairaut's theorem, the balance between containment by gravitational attraction and dispersal by centrifugal force. That the Earth is itself an oblate spheroid, bulging at the equator where the radial distance and hence the centrifugal force is larger, is taken as one of the evidences for its absolute rotation.[25]

text: Applications[edit]

text: The operations of numerous common rotating mechanical systems are most easily conceptualized in terms of centrifugal force. For example:

text:
A centrifugal governor regulates the speed of an engine by using spinning masses that move radially, adjusting the throttle, as the engine changes speed. In the reference frame of the spinning masses, centrifugal force causes the radial movement.
A centrifugal clutch is used in small engine-powered devices such as chain saws, go-karts and model helicopters. It allows the engine to start and idle without driving the device but automatically and smoothly engages the drive as the engine speed rises. Inertial drum brake ascenders used in rock climbing and the inertia reels used in many automobile seat belts operate on the same principle.
Centrifugal forces can be used to generate artificial gravity, as in proposed designs for rotating space stations. The Mars Gravity Biosatellite would have studied the effects of Mars-level gravity on mice with gravity simulated in this way.
Spin casting and centrifugal casting are production methods that uses centrifugal force to disperse liquid metal or plastic throughout the negative space of a mold.
Centrifuges are used in science and industry to separate substances. In the reference frame spinning with the centrifuge, the centrifugal force induces a hydrostatic pressure gradient in fluid-filled tubes oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation, giving rise to large buoyant forces which push low-density particles inward. Elements or particles denser than the fluid move outward under the influence of the centrifugal force. This is effectively Archimedes' principle as generated by centrifugal force as opposed to being generated by gravity.
Some amusement rides make use of centrifugal forces. For instance, a Gravitron's spin forces riders against a wall and allows riders to be elevated above the machine's floor in defiance of Earth's gravity.[26]

text: Nevertheless, all of these systems can also be described without requiring the concept of centrifugal force, in terms of motions and forces in a stationary frame, at the cost of taking somewhat more care in the consideration of forces and motions within the system.

text: History of conceptions of centrifugal and centripetal forces[edit]

text: The conception of centrifugal force has evolved since the time of Huygens, Newton, Leibniz, and Hooke who expressed early conceptions of it. Its modern conception as a fictitious force arising in a rotating reference frame evolved in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.[citation needed]

text: Centrifugal force has also played a role in debates in classical mechanics about detection of absolute motion. Newton suggested two arguments to answer the question of whether absolute rotation can be detected: the rotating bucket argument, and the rotating spheres argument.[27] According to Newton, in each scenario the centrifugal force would be observed in the object's local frame (the frame where the object is stationary) only if the frame were rotating with respect to absolute space. Nearly two centuries later, Mach's principle was proposed where, instead of absolute rotation, the motion of the distant stars relative to the local inertial frame gives rise through some (hypothetical) physical law to the centrifugal force and other inertia effects. Today's view is based upon the idea of an inertial frame of reference, which privileges observers for which the laws of physics take on their simplest form, and in particular, frames that do not use centrifugal forces in their equations of motion in order to describe motions correctly.

text: The analogy between centrifugal force (sometimes used to create artificial gravity) and gravitational forces led to the equivalence principle of general relativity.[28][29]

text: Other uses of the term[edit]

text:
While the majority of the scientific literature uses the term centrifugal force to refer to the particular fictitious force that arises in rotating frames, there are a few limited instances in the literature of the term applied to other distinct physical concepts. One of these instances occurs in Lagrangian mechanics. Lagrangian mechanics formulates mechanics in terms of generalized coordinates {qk}, which can be as simple as the usual polar coordinates

(
r
,

θ
)

{\displaystyle (r,\ \theta )}

 or a much more extensive list of variables.[30][31] Within this formulation the motion is described in terms of generalized forces, using in place of Newton's laws the Euler–Lagrange equations. Among the generalized forces, those involving the square of the time derivatives {(dqk   ⁄ dt )2} are sometimes called centrifugal forces.[32][33][34][35] In the case of motion in a central potential the Lagrangian centrifugal force has the same form as the fictitious centrifugal force derived in a co-rotating frame.[36] However, the Lagrangian use of "centrifugal force" in other, more general cases has only a limited connection to the Newtonian definition.

text:
In another instance the term refers to the reaction force to a centripetal force, or reactive centrifugal force. A body undergoing curved motion, such as circular motion, is accelerating toward a center at any particular point in time. This centripetal acceleration is provided by a centripetal force, which is exerted on the body in curved motion by some other body. In accordance with Newton's third law of motion, the body in curved motion exerts an equal and opposite force on the other body. This reactive force is exerted by the body in curved motion on the other body that provides the centripetal force and its direction is from that other body toward the body in curved motion.[37][38]
[39][40]

text:
This reaction force is sometimes described as a centrifugal inertial reaction,[41][42]
that is, a force that is centrifugally directed, which is a reactive force equal and opposite to the centripetal force that is curving the path of the mass.

text:
The concept of the reactive centrifugal force is sometimes used in mechanics and engineering. It is sometimes referred to as just centrifugal force rather than as reactive centrifugal force[43][44]
although this usage is deprecated in elementary mechanics.[45]


document_title: List of NFL quarterbacks with 5,000 passing yards in a season

question_text: who holds the record for most passing yards in a season

root

text:
NFL lists

Current season[show]

2017 season.

Quarterbacks[show]

Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion

by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

Most wins
Playoff records

Most consecutive starts

Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass

Win–loss records 2012

Other lists[show]

Most consecutive starts
(and games played)

Brett Favre's
career achievements

Peyton Manning's
career achievements

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Passing for 5,000 yards in a single regular season is a rare achievement in the National Football League (NFL). Dan Marino was the first player to reach the 5,000 mark when he set an NFL record with 5,084 yards passing in 1984.[1] Marino's record remained intact for over a decade after his retirement in 1999.[2] Peyton Manning currently holds the record with 5,477 passing yards in 2013. Drew Brees is the only NFL quarterback to reach 5,000 yards more than once, having done so five times.[3]

tag: p

text: NFL players with 5,000 passing yards in a season[edit]

text:
Quarterback
Team
Passing yards
Season
Date
Notes

Dan Marino[4]
Miami Dolphins
5,084
1984
000000001984-12-17-0000December 17, 1984
1st in NFL history, 1984 MVP & Offensive Player of the Year

Drew Brees[5]
New Orleans Saints
5,069
2008
000000002008-12-28-0000December 28, 2008
2008 Offensive Player of the Year

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,476
2011
000000002011-12-26-0000December 26, 2011
2nd 5,000-yard season, 2011 Offensive Player of the Year

Tom Brady[6]
New England Patriots
5,235
2011
000000002012-01-01-0000January 1, 2012

Matthew Stafford[7]
Detroit Lions
5,038
2011
000000002012-01-01-0000January 1, 2012
2011 Comeback Player of the Year

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,177
2012
000000002012-12-30-0000December 30, 2012
3rd 5,000-yard season, 2nd consecutive

Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
5,477
2013
000000002013-12-29-0000December 29, 2013
NFL record, 2013 MVP & Offensive Player of the Year

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,162
2013
000000002013-12-29-0000December 29, 2013
4th 5,000-yard season, 3rd consecutive

Drew Brees
New Orleans Saints
5,208
2016
000000002017-01-01-0000January 1, 2017
5th 5,000-yard season

text: 4,000 passing yards in a season[edit]

text: 4,000 yards passing in a season was once considered a very rare feat but has lost a bit of significance over the years. During the 14 game era, only Joe Namath passed for over 4,000 yards in a season with 4,007 yards passing in the 1967 AFL season. During the 1980s and 1990s, 4,000 yards became the standard for the league leaders in the NFL. Over the last decade, 4,000 yards has become almost commonplace in the NFL. In the 2012 season, eleven quarterbacks passed for over 4,000 yards.[8] Peyton Manning has had the most 4,000 yard seasons (14).[9]


document_title: America's Got Talent

question_text: who is the guest judge on americas got talent

question_tokens: who is the guest judge on americas got talent

text: America's Got Talent

text: Format[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Auditions[edit]

text: The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States. Dubbed "Producers' Auditions", they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held.[7] Those that make it through the initial stage, become participants in the "Judges' Auditions", which are held in select cities across the country, and attended by the judges. Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges, whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act, with a live audience present for all performances. At the end of a performance, the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw, whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance, moves on to the next stage, otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage. Each judge is given a buzzer, and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed, hate what is being performed, or feel the act is a waste of their time; if a participant is buzzed by all judges, their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote. Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance. Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges' Auditions are taking place, with the show's presenter standing in the wings of each venue's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant's performance.

text: Between the fifth and seventh season, acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.[10]

text: In the ninth season, the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the "Golden Buzzer", which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise, since it was first introduced on Germany's Got Talent. During auditions, each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows, regardless of the opinion of the other judges; when it was initially used, the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination. The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season.

text: Judge Cuts[edit]

text: Following auditions, successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition, in which they are separated out into a number of groups. Over the course of several weeks, each group performs per week, at a fixed venue, in which that group's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges. Of these acts, the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows; in some seasons, participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a "wildcard" act. The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them, they are immediately eliminated from the competition. Until the second season, acts did not have to perform a second time, instead moving on into the live shows, with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode. From the second season to the eighth, this stage was dubbed as the "Las Vegas" due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip, while in the ninth series, acts performed in New York, with the stage dubbed "Judgement Week".[11]

text: From the tenth season, the stage's format was changed and renamed as "Judge Cuts". In each round, the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows. Like the auditions, the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act, but once used, it could not be used again. Unlike previous seasons, the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round, with seven acts advancing into the live shows, including the one chosen by the guest's golden buzzer. Unlike the previous format for the stage, the venue used varied, but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot.

text: Live shows[edit]

text: During the live shows, the final selection of participants, which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer, are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers' and judges' votes. The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals, and then two semi-finals, aimed at finding that season's finalists. Additional rounds are conducted when required (such as a "Top 8" or a "Top 10", depending on the season). Live episodes are broadcast weekly, and featured performances by guest stars, including previous winners of America's Got Talent. During these stages, the judges still provide feedback on an act's performance when it is over, and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over; in the first season, the judges could not end a performance before it was over. Acts which don't secure a sufficient amount of votes by the public and/or the judges, are eliminated from the competition.

text: Those that make it into the season's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public, with the number of finalists varying between seasons. The act which does is declared the winner for that season, in which they secure the programme's cash prize of  $1 million, and, since Season 3 (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. Between the fifth and eighth season, the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities.[12][13] For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner-up acts.[14] (See #America's Got Talent Live, below.)

text: Judges and Presenters[edit]

text:
Season

Presenter

Judges (chair's order)

1

2

3

4

1

Regis Philbin

Piers Morgan

Brandy

David Hasselhoff

N/A

2

JerrySpringer

Sharon Osbourne

3

4

NickCannon

5

Howie Mandel

6

7

Howard Stern

8

Heidi Klum

Mel B

Howie Mandel

9

10

11

Howie Mandel

Mel B

Heidi Klum

Simon Cowell

12

TyraBanks

13

text: In its first season, the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan, with the program hosted by Regis Philbin. Prior to the start of the second season, Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in,[15][16] leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne,[17] while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show's host.[18] Further changes were made to the panel and show's host, as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season, and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season;[19] Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season, and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result;[citation needed] Morgan left after the sixth season, leading to him being replaced by Howard Stern for the seventh season.

text: In August 2012, Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC.[20][21] While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013,[22] the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition, such as on Britain's Got Talent two years prior. In March 2013, supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season, confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format.[23] In October 2015, Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season.[4] After his eighth year hosting America's Got Talent, Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network;[24] despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties, NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season.[2]

text: Judge Cuts Guest Judge[edit]

text:
Season

Judge Cuts Guest Judge (in order of appearance)

10

Neil Patrick Harris

Michael Bublé

Marlon Wayans

Piers Morgan

11

Ne-Yo

Reba McEntire

George Lopez

Louis Tomlinson

12

Chris Hardwick

DJ Khaled

Laverne Cox

Seal

13

Ken Jeong

Olivia Munn

Martina McBride

Chris Hardwick

text: Season synopses[edit]

text:
Season

Premiere

Finale

Winner

Runner-up

Third place

1

June 21, 2006

August 17, 2006

Bianca Ryan

All That

The Millers

2

June 5, 2007

August 21, 2007

Terry Fator

Cas Haley

Butterscotch

3

June 17, 2008

October 1, 2008

Neal E. Boyd

Eli Mattson

Nuttin' But Stringz

4

June 23, 2009

September 16, 2009

Kevin Skinner

Bárbara Padilla

Recycled Percussion

5

June 1, 2010

September 15, 2010

Michael Grimm

Jackie Evancho

Fighting Gravity

6

May 31, 2011

September 14, 2011

Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.

Silhouettes

Team iLuminate

7

May 14, 2012

September 13, 2012

Olate Dogs

Tom Cotter

William Close

8

June 4, 2013

September 18, 2013

Kenichi Ebina

Taylor Williamson

Jimmy Rose

9

May 27, 2014

September 17, 2014

Mat Franco

Emily West

AcroArmy

10

May 26, 2015

September 16, 2015

Paul Zerdin

Drew Lynch

Oz Pearlman

11

May 31, 2016

September 14, 2016

Grace VanderWaal

The Clairvoyants

Jon Dorenbos

12

May 30, 2017

September 20, 2017

Darci Lynne Farmer

Angelica Hale

Light Balance

13

May 29, 2018

September 19, 2018

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Season 1 (2006)[edit]

text: In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two-hour broadcast was the night's most-watched program on U.S. television and the highest-rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime-time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.[25]

text: On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.

text: In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.

text: The winner of the season was 11-year-old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners-up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.

text: Season 2 (2007)[edit]

text: After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.

text: In AGT's place, another reality-based talent show, Grease: You're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January.[26] In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host,[27] with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.

text: The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner-up was singer Cas Haley.

text: Season 3 (2008)[edit]

text: Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.

text: Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well-known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X's matched the ones on Britain's Got Talent as did the judges' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two-and-a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.

text: Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner-up.

text: Season 4 (2009)[edit]

text: Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29–31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7–8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.[28]

text: The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the 'Las Vegas Callbacks' was renamed 'Vegas Verdicts'. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America's Got Talent logo.

text: On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10-week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner-up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.[29]

text: Season 5 (2010)[edit]

text: For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009.[30] NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.

text: Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.

text: David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show[31] and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show.[32] The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.[33]

text: On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25-city America's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner-up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.[12][13]

text: Season 6 (2011)[edit]

text: Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two-hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three-year contract to stay on Talent.[34]

text: The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.

text: On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra-style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner-up.

text: Season 7 (2012)[edit]

text: Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012.[35] The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.

text: Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight,[36] and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey.[37] In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top-to-bottom makeover", confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark.[38] On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two-and-a-half-hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges' desk and a refreshed design of the "X".

text: On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.[39]

text: On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner-up.

text: Season 8 (2013)[edit]

text: Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013.[40] The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season,[41] but later said that she was staying with the show "for now."[42] Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.[43][44]

text: On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would be joining the show as the new fourth judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added.[45] On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge.[46]

text: An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before.[47] America's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight.[48] Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.[48]

text: On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner-up.

text: Season 9 (2014)[edit]

text: Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET.[49] The producers' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online.[50] Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20–22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.[51]

text: The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept.[11] This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer," which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.[52]

text: For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.

text: On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner-up.

text: Season 10 (2015)[edit]

text: Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.[53]

text: Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return,[54] but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host.[55] On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten[56] and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well.[57] It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.[58]

text: It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout.[59] He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center.[48][60] They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.

text: During NBC's summer press tour, it was announced that America's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer" more like Britain's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows.[61] An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.

text: On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I’ve told you, I’m just too f*cking busy…something's got to give… NBC's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I’d come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season".[62]

text: On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner-up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.

text: Season 11 (2016)[edit]

text: America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015.[63] The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[64] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.[65]

text: On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11.[4] Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern's departure,[66] at the Dolby Theatre.[67]

text: Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California.[68] The season premiered on May 31, 2016.[69]

text: On September 14, 12-year-old singer-songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners-up, and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third.

text: Season 12 (2017)[edit]

text: On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12.[70] Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).[71]

text: On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up, Don't Shoot.[72] NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12,[2] which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[73]

text: On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five.

text: Season 13 (2018)[edit]

text: On February 21, 2018, it was announced that judges Simon Cowell, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning. The season premiered on May 29, 2018.[6]

text: Post-show[edit]

text: America's Got Talent Live[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: America's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America's Got Talent as the main performance.

text: In 2009, America's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten-week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner-up Barbara Padilla and fourth-place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self-named show and Las Vegas.[74]

text: In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25-city tour that featured the season's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show.[75]

text: In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.

text: In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca.[76] Tone hosted the tour.

text: In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.[14]

text: In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.

text: In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.[77]

text: In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne, runner-up Angelica Hale, third-placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.[78]

text: Holiday Spectacular[edit]

text: NBC broadcast the two-hour America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti.[79] The special drew 9.5 million viewers.[80]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.

text: Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.

text: The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating.

text:
Season

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Timeslot (ET)

Seasonviewers

Seasonranking

Date

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

1

June 21, 2006

12.41

Final Performances:  August 16, 2006

2005–06

Wednesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale:  August 17, 2006

12.05

Thursday 9:00 pm

1

2

June 5, 2007

12.93

Final Performances: August 20, 2007

2006–07

Tuesday 8:00 pm

1

Season Finale:  August 21, 2007

13.87

3

June 17, 2008

12.80

Final Performances:  September 30, 2008

10.23

2007–08

Tuesday 9:00 pm (June 17 – August 5)Tuesday 8:00 pm (after August 26)

1

Season Finale: October 1, 2008

12.55

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after August 27)

1

4[81][82][83]

June 23, 2009

11.30

Final Performances: September 15, 2009

13.84

2008–09

Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2009

15.53

Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

5[84][85]

June 1, 2010

12.35

Final Performances: September 14, 2010

14.60

2009–10

Tuesday 9:00 pm

1

Season Finale: September 15, 2010

16.41

Wednesday 9:00 pm

1

6[86][87][88]

May 31, 2011

15.28

Final Performances: September 13, 2011

13.67

2010–11

Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 31 – July 5) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 5)

12.65

1

Season Finale:  September 14, 2011

14.37

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after June 22)

11.49[89]

1

7[90][91][92]

May 14, 2012

10.48

Final Performances:  September 12, 2012

11.05

2011-12

Monday 8:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Tuesday 8:00 pm (after July 3)

10.48[93]

1

Season Finale: September 13, 2012

10.59

Tuesday 9:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 3)

10.58[89]

1

8[94][95][96]

June 4, 2013

12.41

Final Performances: September 17, 2013

11.19

2012–13

Tuesday 8:00 pm

11.22[97]

1

Season Finale: September 18, 2013

11.49

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after July 10)

10.34[98]

1

9[99][100][101]

May 27, 2014

12.00

Final Performances: September 16, 2014

11.46

2013–14

Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 27 – July 15) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 22)

10.31[102]

1

Season Finale: September 17, 2014

12.21

Wednesday 9:00 pm(after July 23)

10.37[103]

1

10[104][105][106]

May 26, 2015

11.09

Final Performances: September 15, 2015

11.33

2014–15

Tuesday 8:00 pm

10.70[107]

1

Season Finale: September 16, 2015

9.54

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 12)

9.07[108]

1

11[109][110][111]

May 31, 2016

11.67

Final Performances: September 13, 2016

13.97

2015–16

Tuesday 8:00 pm

11.71[112]

1

Season Finale: September 14, 2016

14.41

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after July 5)

10.97[113]

1

12[114][115][116]

May 30, 2017

12.37

Final Performances: September 19, 2017

14.70

2016–17

Tuesday 8:00 pm

12.90[117]

1

Season Finale: September 20, 2017

15.64

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 9)

12.00[118]

1

13[119]

May 29, 2018

12.16

Final Performances: September 18, 2018

TBA

2017–18

Tuesday 8:00 pm

TBA

TBA

Season Finale: September 19, 2018

TBA

Wednesday 8:00 pm(after August 15)

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Result

Ref.

2011

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Competition Show

Nominated

[120]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[121]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special

Nominated

[122]

2012

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[123]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer TV Show

Nominated

[124]

Choice Male TV Personality: Nick Cannon

Nominated

[125]

2013

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[126]

2014

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[127]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Nominated

[128]

2015

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[129]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition Show

Nominated

[130]

2016

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Won

[131]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Talent Competition Show

Nominated

[132]

2017

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Reality Series - Competition

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

Favorite TV Competition Show

Nominated

[131]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Reality Show

Won

2018

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Reality Series - Competition

Nominated

text: Top-selling albums by former contestants[edit]

text: Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.

text:
Rank

Former contestant

Total US sales

Albums

1

Jackie Evancho(season 5, runner-up)

3,000,000+[133]

Prelude to a Dream (2009) No. 121[134]
O Holy Night (2010) No. 2 (Platinum certification)[135]
Dream with Me (2011) No. 2 (Gold certification)[135][136]
Heavenly Christmas (2011) No. 11[135][137]
Songs from the Silver Screen (2012) No. 7[138]
Awakening (2014) No. 17[139][140]
Someday at Christmas (2016) No. 93[141]
Two Hearts (2017) No. 100[142] (Evancho's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart)[143]

2

Lindsey Stirling(season 5 quarterfinalist)

856,000+[144]

Lindsey Stirling (2012) No. 23
Shatter Me (2014) No. 2
Brave Enough (2016) No. 5

3

The Texas Tenors (season 4, 4th place)

500,000+[145]

The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound: Remastered Special Edition (2011) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart[146]
O Night Divine (2013) No. 13 Classical Albums chart[147]
You Should Dream (2013) No. 111; No. 5 Classical Albums chart[148]
First 5 Years Live (2014) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart[146]
Rise (2017) No. 22; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart[149]

4

Grace VanderWaal (season 11 winner)

200,000+[150]

Perfectly Imperfect (2016) No. 4
Just the Beginning (2017) No. 22

5

Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. (season 6 winner)

156,000+[151]

That's Life (2011) No. 34[152]
Christmas Made for Two (2013) did not chart

6

Bianca Ryan (season 1 winner)

150,000+[153]

Bianca Ryan (2006) No. 57
Christmas Everyday (2007) did not chart
The True Meaning of Christmas (2009) did not chart

7

Cas Haley (season 2 runner-up)

40,000+[154][155]

Cas Haley (2008) No. 8
Connection (2010) did not chart
La Si Dah (2013) did not chart

8

Michael Grimm (season 5 winner)

22,000+[156]

Michael Grimm Live (2007) did not chart
I Am Michael Grimm (2009) did not chart
Leave Your Hat On (2010) No. 101
Michael Grimm (2011) No. 13

9

Neal E. Boyd (season 3 winner)

6,000+[157]

My American Dream (2009) No. 195

text: Contestants who have competed on other reality shows[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many acts which have competed on America's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America's Best Dance Crew.

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

AISeason

Year

Outcome

1

2006

Jessica Sanchez

11

2012

Runner-up

3

2008

Holli Harden

9

2010

Appeared

4

2009

Thia Megia

10

2011

Finished in the Top 11

4, 9

2009, 2014

Kelli Glover

1

2002

Appeared

6

2011

Shevonne Phillidor

15

2016

Appeared

9

2014

Nick Fradiani, member of Beach Avenue

14

2015

Winner

10

2015

Jenna Renae

15

2016

Top 24

11

2016

Sal Valentinetti

14

2015

Appeared

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

ABDCSeason

Year

Outcome

2

2007

Jabbawockeez

1

2008

Champions

3

2008

Extreme Dance FX

5

2010

Competed as Blended Projekt

3, 4

2008, 2009

SQ Entertainment

1

2008

Runner-up

4

2009

BreakSk8

1

2008

Finished in fourth place

4

2009

FootworKINGz

6

2011

Competed

5

2010

Rated Next Generation (RNG)

7

2012

Finished in Top Four

5

2010

Strikers All-Stars

3

2009

Finished in Top Four

7

2012

787 Crew

6

2011

Competed

9

2014

Flight Crew Jump Rope

5

2010

Finished in fifth place, and competed as Saltare

text: The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:

text:
AGTSeason

Year

Contestant

Show

Season

Year

Network

Outcome

1

2006

Tonya Kay, member of Trey Knight's Stilt World

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?

1

2006

SyFy

5th Place

2

2007

Tammie Brown

RuPaul's Drag Race

1

2009

Logo

8th Place

2

2007

Tika "Sweetie" Rainn

Flavor of Love

1

2006

VH1

8th Place

3

2008

Derrick Barry

RuPaul's Drag Race

8

2016

Logo

5th Place

5

2010

Justin Hopkins

The Voice

2

2012

NBC

Advanced to Battle Rounds

5

2010

Murray SawChuck

Celebracadabra

1

2008

VH1

Appeared

5

2010

Alice Tan Ridley

30 Seconds to Fame

Pilot

2002

Fox

Winner

6

2011

Dani Shay

The Glee Project

2

2012

Oxygen

Appeared

7

2012

Trisha Paytas

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?

2

2007

SyFy

7th Place

7

2012

Horse

American Ninja Warrior

4

2012

G4 and NBC

Competed

7

2012

Bria Kelly

The Voice

6

2014

NBC

Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher

7

2012

Academy of Villains

Fake Off

2

2015

TruTV

Appeared

7

2012

Lightwire Theatre

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

Winners

7, 8

2012, 2013

D'Angelo and Amanda

Live to Dance

1

2011

CBS

Winners

7

2015

Ben Blaque

Britain's Got Talent

10

2010

ITV

Advanced to the semi-finals

8

2015

Alexandr Magala

Britain's Got Talent

10

2010

ITV

9th place

8

2013

Kennedy Davenport

RuPaul's Drag Race

7

2015

Logo

4th Place

8

2013

Tummy Talk

The Gong Show

1

2017

ABC

Appeared

8

2013

Angela Hoover

First Impressions

1

2016

USA Network

Appeared

8

2013

KriStef Brothers

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

7th Place

8

2013

Taylor Williamson

Last Comic Standing

7

2010

NBC

Semifinalist

9

2014

Adrian Romoff

Child Genius

2

2016

Lifetime

Winner

10

2015

Leroy Patterson

Solitary

2

2007

Fox Reality

7th Place

10

2015

Myq Kaplan

Last Comic Standing

7

2010

NBC

Finalist

10

2015

Freelusion Dance Company

Fake Off

1

2014

TruTV

Fourth place, appeared as Freelusion USA

10

2015

Piff the Magic Dragon

Penn & Teller: Fool Us

1

20112014

ITV (U.K.)The CW (U.S.)

Appeared

10

2015

Stevie Starr

Britain's Got Talent

4

2010

ITV

Advanced to the semi-finals[158]

11

2016

Cory Kahaney

Last Comic Standing

1

2003

NBC

Finalist

11

2016

Laura Bretan

Romania's Got Talent

6

2016

Pro TV

Winner[159]

13

2018

The Sacred Riana

Asia's Got Talent

2

2017

AXN Asia

Winner[160]

13

2018

Yumbo Dump

Asia's Got Talent

2

2017

AXN Asia

Semifinalist[161]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB.[162] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.[163]

text: In the United Kingdom, TruTV, along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network, show America's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season.

text: The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia, together with the twelfth series of Britain's Got Talent.


document_title: List of political term limits

question_text: how long can a person be president in germany

text: List of political term limits

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state/government
hideOther

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Algeria
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reform.

 Angola
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Reform.

 Benin
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1990 Constitution.

 Botswana
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1966 Constitution.

 Burkina Faso
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2002 Constitutional Reform.

 Burundi
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform.

 Chad
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform.

 Cameroon
President
Unlimited 7-year terms, from 2008 Constitutional Reform.

 Cape Verde
President
Two 5-year terms, third term only after 5 years.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Central African Republic
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform.

 Comoros
President
Unlimited 5-year non-consecutive terms, since 2009 Constitutional Reform.

 Côte d’Ivoire
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2000 Constitutional Referendum.

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Referendum.

 Republic of the Congo
President
Three 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Referendum.

 Djibouti
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Reform.

 Egypt
President
Two 4-year terms, since 2011 Constitutional Referendum.

 Equatorial Guinea
President
Two 7-year terms, starting from 2011 Constitutional Reform.

 Ethiopia
President
Two 6-year terms, since 1987 Constitutional Reform
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Eritrea
President
Two 5-Year terms, since 1993 Constitutional Reform.

 Gabon
President
Unlimited 7-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform.

 Ghana
President
Two 4-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum.

 Gambia
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Reform.

 Guinea
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Reform.

 Guinea-Bissau
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Kenya
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitution

 Liberia
President
Two 6-year terms, since 1986 Constitutional Referendum.

 Lesotho
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession).
Prime Minister
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1998 Constititional Reform.

 Libya
Presidential Council
No set terms (Transitional)

 Madagascar
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum.

 Malawi
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1995 Constitutional Referendum.

 Mali
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1992 Constitutional Referendum.

 Mauritania
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum

 Mauritius
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Reform.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Morocco
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2011 Constitutional Reforms.

 Mozambique
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2004 Constitutional Reforms.

 Namibia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1999 Constitutional Reforms.

 Niger
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2010 Constitutional Referendum.

 Nigeria
President
Two 4-year terms, since 1999 Constitutional Reforms.

 Rwanda
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform (from 2024).

 São Tomé and Príncipe
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2003 Constitution Reforms.
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Senegal
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reform.

 Seychelles
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2016 Constitutional Reforms.

 Sierra Leone
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum.

 Somalia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1991 Constitutional Referendum.

 South Africa
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1996 Constitutional Referendum.

 South Sudan
President
Two 5-year terms, proposed.

 Sudan
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2015 Constitutional Reform.

 Swaziland
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constititional Reform.

 Tanzania
President
Two 5-year terms, since 1977 Constitutional Reform.

 Togo
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2002 Constitutional Reform.

 Tunisia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2014 Constitutional Referendum.

 Uganda
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2005 Constitutional Reform.

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
President
No set terms (In exile)

 Zambia
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2006 Constitutional Reform.

 Zimbabwe
President
Two 5-year terms, since 2013 Constitutional Referendum.

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state/government
Other

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Argentina
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as President of Argentina again.
Vice President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former Vice President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as Vice President of Argentina again.

Senators
Unlimited 6-year terms.

Deputies
Unlimited 4-year terms.

 Bolivia
President
Two 5-year terms
Vice President
Two 5-year terms

 Brazil
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as President of Brazil again.
Vice President
Two consecutive 4-year terms. Every former Vice President, if they have already served two consecutive terms in a row, has to wait one complete 4-year term, until they can be re-elected into two consecutive 4-year terms as Vice President of Brazil again.

 Canada
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, but the Prime Minister must maintain the support of the House of Commons which has a maximum term of 4 years.

Premier
No directly set terms, but Premiers must maintain the support of their respective provincial or territorial legislative assemblies which have a maximum term of five years.

 Chile
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Colombia
President
One 4-year term
Vice President
One 4-year term

 Costa Rica
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Cuba
President
Two 5-year terms

 Dominican Republic
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 Ecuador
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 El Salvador
President
One 5-year term
Vice President
One 5-year term

 Guatemala
President
One 4-year term
Vice President
Unlimited non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Guyana
President
Two 5-year terms

 Haiti
President
Two non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Honduras
President
One 4-year term
Vice President
One 4-year term

 Mexico
President
One 6-year term (sexenio)

 Nicaragua
President
Unlimited 5-year terms[1]
Vice President
Unlimited 5-year terms

 Panama
President
Two non-consecutive 5-year terms
Vice President
Two non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Paraguay
President
One 5-year term
Vice President
One 5-year term

 Peru
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Trinidad and Tobago
President
Two 5-year terms

 United States
President
Two 4-year terms (except after succeeding to the Presidency and serving for more than two years, in which case only one subsequent four-year term is permitted). Eligibility of former term limited presidents is unclear (see article on Twenty-Second Amendment).
Vice President
Unlimited 4-year terms

Senators
Unlimited 6-year terms

Representatives
Unlimited 2-year terms

 Uruguay
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms
Vice President
Unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms

 Venezuela
President
Unlimited 6-year terms
National Assembly
Unlimited 5-year terms

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state/government
Other

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Afghanistan
President
Two 5-year terms
Chief Executive
5 years Ad hoc

 Bangladesh
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Cambodia
King
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Vietnam
President
Three 5-year terms
Prime Minister
Two 5-year terms

 China
President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform.
Vice President
Unlimited 5-year terms, since 2018 Constitutional Reform.

Premier
Two consecutive 5-year terms (Two consecutive terms of National People's Congress session)

 Hong Kong
Chief Executive
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Members of the Legislative Council
Unlimited 4-year terms

 India
President
Unlimited 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No direct term limits, however they must maintain the support of the Indian Parliament which has a term of five years

 Indonesia
President
Two 5-year terms
Vice President
Two 5-year terms

 Iran
President
Two consecutive and one non-consecutive 4-year terms

 Iraq
President
Two 4-year terms
Prime Minister
Unlimited 4-year terms

 Israel
President
One 7-year term
Prime Minister
Between 1948 and 1996, and since 2001: No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Knesset which has an undefined term not exceeding four years.

Between 1996 and 2001 (when the Prime Minister was directly elected): Unlimited undefined terms. Should these terms exceed seven years, the Prime Minister will not be eligible for immediate re-election.

 Japan
Prime Minister
4-years term with no limit restrictions on number of terms served

Member of the House of Councillors
Unlimited 6-year terms

Member of the House of Representatives
Unlimited maximum 4-year terms

 Kazakhstan
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms (Exception for first President)

 Kyrgyzstan
President
One 6-year term

 Laos
President
Two 5-year terms

 Lebanon
President
Unlimited non-consecutive 6-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Macau
Chief Executive
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Legislative Assembly
Unlimited 4-year terms

 Malaysia
Monarch
Unlimited 5-Year Terms, but because the 9 Sultans of the Malayan states rotate each time between themselves, the unlimited 5-Year Terms are de facto unlimited non-consecutive 5-year terms.
Prime Minister
No term limits
Pakatan Harapan, the current ruling party of Malaysia, had promised to implement a two-term limit for the post of prime minister, in attempt to curb corruption

 Maldives
President
Two 5-year terms (starting 1998)

 Mongolia
President
Two 4-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 North Korea
Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
Unlimited 5-Year Terms
Premier
Unlimited 5-Year Terms

 Pakistan
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Philippines
President
One 6-year term
Vice President
Two 6-year terms

Senators
Three consecutive 6-year terms

Representatives of the House
Three consecutive 3-year terms

All other local government officials
Three consecutive 3-year terms

 South Korea
President
One 5-year term
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Singapore
President
Unlimited 6 year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Sri Lanka
President
Two 5-year terms since 2015
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Syria
President
Two 7-year terms

 Taiwan
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms since 1994[2][3]
Vice President
Same as the president

Members of the Legislative Yuan
Unlimited 4-year terms since 2008[4]

County, city and township councilors, and village chiefs
Unlimited 4-year terms[5]

County magistrates, and city and township mayors
Two consecutive 4-year terms[6]

 Tajikistan
President
Two 7-year terms[7]

 Thailand
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Timor-Leste
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No term limits

 Uzbekistan
President
Two 5-year terms

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state
Head of government (if effectively supreme to a separate head of state)

Title
Maximum number of terms
Title
Maximum number of terms

 Albania
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Albanian Parliament which has a term of four years

 Armenia
President
One 7-year term

 Austria
President
Two 6-year terms. When the current President loses their re-election, they can never again be elected to the Office of Federal President of Austria.
Chancellor
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Council which has a term of five years

 Azerbaijan
President
Unlimited 7-year terms

 Belarus
President
Unlimited 5-year terms

 Belgium
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Representatives which has a term of five years

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Presidency members
Two consecutive 4-year terms

 Bulgaria
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Croatia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Sabor which has a term of four years

 Cyprus
President
Two 5-year terms

 Czech Republic
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of four years

 Denmark
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Folketing which has a term of four years

 Estonia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Riigikogu which has a term of four years

 European Union
President of the European Council
Two 2.5 year terms
President of the European Commission
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the European Parliament which has a term of five years (and also the European Council)

 Finland
President
Two consecutive 6-year terms.[8]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Finnish Parliament which has a term of four years

 France
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime minister
No directly defined terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of five years

 Georgia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister of Georgia
Unlimited 5-year terms

 Germany
President
Two 5-year terms
Chancellor
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Bundestag which has a term of four years

 Greece
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Hellenic Parliament which has a term of four years

 Hungary
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Iceland
President
Unlimited 4-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Althing which has a term of four years

 Ireland
President
Two 7-year terms
Taoiseach (equivalent of Prime Minister)
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Dáil which has a term of five years

 Italy
President
Unlimited 7-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of five years

 Latvia
President
Two 4-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Saeima which has a term of four years

 Lithuania
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Seimas which has a term of four years

 Luxemburg
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies which has a term of four years

 Macedonia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly of Macedonia which has a term of four years

 Malta
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Maltese Parliament which has a term of five years

 Moldova
President
Two consecutive 4-year terms.[9]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Moldovan Parliament which has a term of four years

 Montenegro
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Montenegrin Parliament which has a term of four years

 Netherlands
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
unlimited terms of 4 years, however they must maintain the support of the House of Representatives which has a term of 4 years

 Norway
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Storting which has a term of four years

 Poland
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Sejm which has a term of four years

 Portugal
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms. A former President of Portugal, however, if they have already served two consecutive terms, can also be re-elected to another unlimited non-consecutive 5-year term, after a minimum of five years out of office since the end of their last term in office.
Prime Minister
Presidents of local authorities (concelho and freguesia)
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Assembly of the Republic which has a term of less than four years
Three consecutive 4-year terms

 Romania
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the support of the Senate, both of which have a term of less than four years

 Russia(Asia+Europe)
President
Two consecutive 6-year terms.[10][11][12][13]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the State Duma which has a term of five years

 San Marino
Captain-Regent
Unlimited non-consecutive 6-month terms, but an outgoing Captain Regent of San Marino must wait for a minimum of three years, until they can be elected again into this office.

 Serbia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Slovakia
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms.[14]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Council which has a term of four years

 Slovenia
President
Two 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the National Assembly which has a term of four years

 Spain
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Congress of Deputies which has a term of four years

 Sweden
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Riksdag which has a term of four years

  Switzerland
President of the Confederation
Unlimited non-consecutive 1-year terms
Federal Council
Unlimited 4-year terms

 Turkey
President
Two 5-year terms[15]
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Grand National Assembly which has a term of four years

 United Kingdom
Monarch
No set terms (Hereditary succession)
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the House of Commons which has a term of five years

 Ukraine
President
Two consecutive 5-year terms
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however they must maintain the support of the Verkhovna Rada which has a term of five years

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
Head of state
Other

Title
Maximum number of terms
Office
Maximum number of terms

 Australia
Governor-General
No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term.
Prime Minister
No term limits, 3-year terms

 Federated States of Micronesia
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 Fiji
President
Two 5-year terms
Vice President
Two 5-year terms

 Kiribati
President
Three 4-year terms
Vice President
Three 4-year terms

 Marshall Islands
President
Two 4-year terms

 New Zealand
Governor-General
No term limits, but traditionally serve for one 5-year term.
Prime Minister
No directly set terms, however, must maintain the confidence of the House of Representatives which has 3 year terms.

 Nauru
President
Two 3-year terms

 Palau
President
Two 4-year terms
Vice President
Two 4-year terms

 Samoa
Chief of State
Two 5-year terms since 2007. Before 2007, the Chief of State of Samoa was elected for life.

 Solomon Islands
Governor-General
Two 5-year terms

 Vanuatu
President
One 5-year term


document_title: Cast-iron cookware

question_text: what is the enamel on cast iron pans

question_tokens: what is the enamel on cast iron pans

text: Cast-iron cookware

text: History[edit]

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text: Bare cast-iron vessels have been used for cooking for over two thousand years.[1][unreliable source?] Cast-iron cauldrons and cooking pots were valued as kitchen items for their durability and their ability to retain heat, thus improving the quality of cooking meals. In Europe, before the introduction of the kitchen stove in the middle of the 19th century, meals were cooked in the hearth or fireplace, and cooking pots and pans were designed for use in the hearth. This meant that all cooking vessels had to be designed to be suspended on, or in, a fireplace. Cast-iron pots were made with handles to allow them to be hung over a fire, or with legs so that they could stand up in the fireplace. In addition to Dutch ovens, which were developed with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, a commonly used cast-iron cooking pan called a spider had a handle and three legs used to stand up in the coals and ashes of the fire. Cooking pots and pans with legless, flat bottoms were designed when cooking stoves became popular; this period of the late 19th century saw the introduction of the flat cast-iron skillet.

text: Cast-iron cookware was especially popular among homemakers and housekeepers during the first half of the 20th century. Most American households had at least one cast-iron cooking pan, and brands such as Griswold and Wagner Ware were especially popular. Although those companies folded in the late 1950s and the brands are now owned by the American Culinary Corporation, Wagner and Griswold cast-iron pots and pans from this era continue to see daily use in the present day; they are also highly sought after by antique collectors and dealers. The Lodge Manufacturing company is currently the only major manufacturer of cast-iron cookware in the United States, as most other cookware suppliers use pots and pans made in Asia or Europe.[citation needed]

text: The 20th century also saw the introduction and popularization of enamel-coated cast-iron cookware.

text: Cast iron fell out of favor in the 1960s and 1970s, as teflon-coated aluminum non-stick cookware was introduced and quickly became the item of choice in many kitchens. Today, a large selection of cookware can be purchased from kitchen suppliers, of which cast iron comprises only a small fraction. However, the durability and reliability of cast iron as a cooking tool has ensured its survival, and cast-iron cookware is still recommended by most cooks and chefs as an essential part of any kitchen.

text: Bare cast iron[edit]

text: Cast iron's ability to withstand and maintain very high cooking temperatures makes it a common choice for searing or frying, and its excellent heat retention makes it a good option for long-cooking stews or braised dishes. Because cast-iron skillets can develop a "non-stick" surface, they are also a good choice for egg dishes. Other uses of cast-iron pans include baking, for instance for making cornbread, cobblers and cakes.

text: Most bare cast-iron pots and pans are cast as a single piece of metal, including the handle. This allows them to be used on both the stovetop and in the oven. Many recipes call for the use of a cast-iron skillet or pot, especially so that the dish can be initially seared or fried on the stovetop then transferred into the oven, pan and all, to finish baking. Likewise, cast-iron skillets can double as baking dishes. This differs from many other cooking pots, which have varying components that may be damaged by the excessive temperatures of 400 °F (204 °C) or more.

text: Cast iron is a very slow conductor of heat and forms hot spots if heated too quickly, or on an undersized burner;[2] however, it has excellent heat retention properties, and the entire pan will eventually become extremely hot, including the iron handle or handles.

text: Health effects[edit]

text: An American Dietetic Association study found that cast-iron cookware can leach significant amounts of dietary iron into food. The amounts of iron absorbed varied greatly depending on the food, its acidity, its water content, how long it was cooked, and how old the cookware is. The iron in spaghetti sauce increased 945 percent (from 0.61 mg/100g to 5.77 mg/100g), while other foods increased less dramatically; for example, the iron in cornbread increased 28 percent, from 0.67 to 0.86 mg/100g.[3] Anemics, and those with iron deficiencies, may benefit from this effect,[4] which was the basis for the development of the lucky iron fish, an iron ingot used during cooking to provide dietary iron to those with iron deficiency. People with hemochromatosis (iron overload, bronze disease) should avoid using cast-iron cookware because of the iron leaching effect into the food.

text: Seasoning[edit]

text: A seasoned pan has a stick-resistant coating created by polymerized oils and fats. Seasoning is a process by which a layer of animal fat or vegetable oil is applied and cooked onto cast-iron or carbon steel cookware. New cookware should be vigorously washed in hot water with a strong detergent to remove any casting oils from the cookware's surface. A light coat of oil is applied and the cookware is placed upside down in an oven above a large pan (to drain for an hour), the pan can now be removed, then the oven set to 350 degrees Fahrenheit (180 degrees Celsius) and baked for 30 minutes. Some cookware comes pre-seasoned from the factory. A proper cast iron seasoning protects the cookware from rusting, provides a non-stick surface for cooking, and prevents food from interacting with the iron of the pan. However, frequent use of acidic foods such as tomato sauce can remove the seasoning faster and the cookware will need to be re-seasoned frequently. This can be lessened if initial season is better at polymerizing than standard fats/oils. Enamel-coated cast-iron pans do not need seasoning, as the enamel coating prevents rust in most instances. It is recommended to maintain the seasoning frequently to keep the food from sticking to the iron.

text: Cleaning[edit]

text: Because other cookware cleaning techniques like scouring or washing in a dishwasher can remove or damage the seasoning on a bare cast-iron pan, these pans should not be cleaned like most other cookware. Some chefs advocate never cleaning cast-iron pans at all; simply wiping them out after use, or washing them with hot water and a stiff brush.[5] Others advocate washing with mild soap and water, and then re-applying a thin layer of fat or oil.[6] A third approach is to scrub with coarse salt and a paper towel or clean rag.[7]

text: Brands[edit]

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text: There are many producers of traditional cast iron in France, Italy, Denmark, Sweden and the UK, manufacturing enameled and enameled cookware. In Asia, particularly China, India, Korea and Japan, there is a long history of cooking with cast iron. Well-established brands in the United States include Griswold and Wagner (both brand names owned by the American Culinary Corporation), Camp Chef, Lodge, Bayou Classic, and John Wright.

text: The decline in daily use of cast-iron cookware contributed to the closure of nearly all iron cookware manufacturers in the United States. By the beginning of the 21st century, Lodge Manufacturing was the only remaining manufacturer of cast-iron cookware in the United States; all other makers had closed. However, cast iron saw a resurgence of its popularity in specialty markets, as cooking shows and celebrity chefs brought renewed attention to traditional cooking methods, especially cast iron. In the 2010s, small startup companies such as FINEX, Element Cookware and Borough Furnace were founded, especially to produce new cast-iron cookware for specialty cooking markets; typically, these pans were high-priced and not meant for everyday purchases, in the manner of "luxury" cookware such as Le Creuset and Staub.

text: Enameled cast iron[edit]

text: Enameled cast iron is cast iron that has a vitreous enamel glaze. The enamel coating over the cast iron prevents rusting, eliminates the need to season the metal, and allows more thorough cleaning. Furthermore, pigments used in the enameling process can produce vibrant colors. While enamel-coated cast iron doesn't have the seasoning and cleaning issues of bare cast iron, it can be several times more costly, and does not have some of the benefits of bare cast iron, such as the ability to withstand searing heat and resist sticking. It limits the leaching of dietary iron, and chipping of the enamel coating can be a concern.

text: Well-known manufacturers of enameled cast-iron cookware are Cousances, Le Creuset, Tramontina, Le Chasseur, Lodge, Staub, Descoware, and John Wright. Several newer brands are associated with well-known celebrities and chefs, including Daniel Boulud Kitchen, Martha Stewart, Rachael Ray Cookware (made by Anolon), and Mario Batali (made by Copco).