document_title: Timeline of American women in war and the U.S. military from 1945 to 1999

question_text: who was the first latino female fighter pilot

text: Timeline of women in warfare from 1945 until 1999 in the United States Military[edit]

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The first five African-American women entered the Women's Reserve of the U. S. Coast Guard Reserve (SPARs): Olivia Hooker, D. Winifred Byrd, Julia Mosley, Yvonne Cumberbatch, and Aileen Cooke.[citation needed]
SPAR Marjorie Bell Stewart was awarded the Silver Lifesaving Medal by CAPT Dorothy Stratton, becoming the first SPAR to receive the award.[citation needed]

text: Nellie Jane DeWitt became Superintendent/Director of the United States Navy Nurse Corps.[citation needed]

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25 July The SPARs was inactivated.[citation needed]
Lotus Mort became the first female warrant officer in the U.S. Marine Corps.[citation needed]
The Army-Navy Nurse Act of 1947 (Public Law 36-80C) makes the Army Nurse Corps and Women's Medical Specialist Corps a permanent Staff Corps of the Regular Army and Navy and gives permanent commissioned officer status to Army and Navy nurses.[citation needed]

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31 January: Fannie Salter, keeper of the Turkey Point Lighthouse in upper Chesapeake Bay since 1925 and the last female keeper of a lighthouse in the United States at the time, retired from active service. This ended nearly 150 years during which women were employed as keepers of United States' lighthouses.[citation needed]
June 12, President Harry Truman signed Public Law 625, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act, which allowed women to become permanent, regular members of the U.S. armed forces in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and the recently formed Air Force. Prior to this act, women, with the exception of nurses, served in the military only in times of war. However, the act limited service of women by excluding them from Air Force and Navy vessels and aircraft that might engage in combat. On July 7, 1948, Kay Langdon, Wilma Marchal, Edna Young, Frances Devaney, Doris Robertson, and Ruth Flora became the first six enlisted women to be sworn into the regular U.S. Navy. Esther Blake was the first woman to enlist in the regular U.S. Air Force; she enlisted in the first minute of the first hour of the first day regular Air Force duty was authorized for women on July 8, 1948.[1] On October 15, 1948, the first eight women to be commissioned in the regular U.S. Navy, Joy Bright Hancock, Winifred Quick Collins, Ann King, Frances Willoughby, Ellen Ford, Doris Cranmore, Doris Defenderfer, and Betty Rae Tennant took their oaths as naval officers.[citation needed]
The position Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Women (ACNP(W)) was created from the original WAVES leadership position. This was the first notion of the Office of Women's Policy. The woman officer who held the position was an 0-6 for as long as she filled the billet. No flag rank was allowed per Title 10 USC 6015.[citation needed]
Colonel Katherine A. Towle became the first Director of Women Marines.[citation needed]

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The authority to reestablish the Women's Reserve of the U.S. Coast Guard Reserves (SPARs), approved by the President on 4 August 1949, became effective on 1 November 1949.[citation needed]
The U.S. Air Force Nurse Corps was established.[citation needed]
The first African-American women enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps.[citation needed]

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1950-1953: (Korean War): U.S. servicewomen who had joined the Reserves following World War II are involuntarily recalled to active duty during the war. More than 500 Army nurses serve in the combat zone and many more are assigned to large hospitals in Japan during the war. One Army nurse (Major Genevieve Smith) dies in a plane crash en route to Korea on July 27, 1950, shortly after hostilities begin. Navy nurses serve on hospital ships in the Korean theater of war as well as at Navy hospitals stateside. Eleven Navy nurses die en route to Korea when their plane crashes in the Marshall Islands. Air Force nurses serve stateside, in Japan, and as flight nurses in the Korean theater during the conflict. Three Air Force nurses are killed in plane crashes while on duty. Many other servicewomen are assigned to duty in the theater of operations in Japan and Okinawa.[2][3]
Captain Lillian Kinkella Keil, USAF, who had already made 250 evacuation flights (23 of which were transatlantic) during World War II, made 175 evacuation flights during the Korean War. As a result, she became one of the most decorated women in American military history.[4]

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January: The U.S. Coast Guard Women's Volunteer Reserve is opened to all eligible veteran SPAR officers.[5]
5 April: the U.S. Coast Guard announced that former enlisted women of the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve could apply for enlistment in the Women's Volunteer Reserve, or SPARs. Enlistments would be for a three-year period with written agreement to serve on active duty in time of war or national emergency.[5]
8 August: On 8 August 1950, the U.S. Coast Guard announced the start of an intensive campaign throughout the nation to reenlist former U.S. Coast Guardsmen and Reservists, including SPARs, in the new Coast Guard Reserve.[5]
Ruby Bradley served in the Korean War as Chief Nurse for the 171st Evacuation Hospital. In November 1950, during the Chinese counter-offensive, she refused to leave until she had loaded the sick and wounded onto a plane in Pyongyang while surrounded by 100,000 advancing Chinese soldiers. She was able to jump aboard the plane just as her ambulance exploded from an enemy shell. In 1951, she was named Chief Nurse for the Eighth Army, where she supervised over 500 Army nurses throughout Korea. When she left Korea in June 1953, she was given a full-dress honor guard ceremony, the first woman ever to receive a national or international guard salute.[6]

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Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS) is established in the United States to advise on the recruitment of military women for the Korean War.[2]
President Truman authorized the Services to involuntarily discharge women due to pregnancy or adoption of minor children. Rule also permitted a voluntary discharge to uniformed women for marriage. Rule did not authorize uniformed women any entitlements due to family ("dependents") status, such as non-military spouses.[7]
Arie Taylor becomes the first black person to be a U.S. Women’s Air Force classroom instructor.[8]
Helen E. Myers of Lancaster, Pa., a 1941 graduate of Temple University, is commissioned as the U.S. Army Dental Corps’ first woman dental officer in 1951.[9]

text: U.S. Navy women were accepted for commission in the U.S. Medical Service Corps.[7]

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Barbara O. Barnwell becomes the first female United States Marine to be awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism.[citation needed]
The first female physician is commissioned as a medical officer in the Regular Army of the U.S.[citation needed]
U.S. Navy Hospital Corps women are assigned positions aboard Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) ships for the first time.[citation needed]
Mercedes O. Cubria, a WAC, was promoted to Major and deployed to Japan, where she continued to work in military intelligence. When the Korean War ended in 1953 Cubria was given a medical discharge, and was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for "meritorious achievement in ground operations against the enemy".[10][11]

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3 January - Irene O. Galloway was sworn in as the fourth director of the Women's Army Corps.[12]
Clotilde Dent Bowen became the U.S. Army’s first black female physician to attain the rank of colonel.[8]

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MAJ Emma Baird becomes Assistant Chief, Personnel Branch and is reputed to be the first woman staff officer at the U.S. Military Academy.[13]
Mary Louise Rasmuson became the director of the Women's Army Corps.[14]

text: Elizabeth Splaine became the first U.S. Coast Guard SPAR advanced to warrant officer.[5]

text: 16 December: Anna Der-Vartanian became the U.S. Navy's first female master chief petty officer; this made her the first female master chief in the Navy, as well as the first female E-9 in the entire U.S. Armed Services. She received a personal letter from then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower congratulating her on her accomplishment.[7][15]

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First civilian women hired in non-traditional occupations such as engineering in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
Wilma L. Vaught became the first woman to deploy with a Strategic Air Command operational unit.[16]

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Master Gunnery Sergeant Geraldine M. Moran became the first female Marine to be promoted to E-9.[17]
Grace Peterson became the first female chief master sergeant in the U.S. Air Force.

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The first female U.S. Marine is promoted to Sergeant Major (Bertha Peters Billeb).[2][17]
Lieutenant Charlene I. Suneson became the first line WAVES officer to be ordered to shipboard duty.[citation needed]

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Pearl Faurie became the first SPAR in the U.S. Coast Guard advanced to E-9.[5]
Captain Ruth Alice Erickson, USN, a witness to the attack on Attack on Pearl Harbor, became Director of the United States Navy Nurse Corps.[18][19][20]
Mercedes O. Cubria was recalled to service by the U.S. Army as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis. She worked primarily in the role of de-briefing Cuban refugees, as well as defectors who were fleeing the Cuban communist regime. She also helped the refugees find jobs and places to live. Cubria's work with the refugees proved to be a significant asset to the United States Army and the Central Intelligence Agency. Cubria was awarded the Legion of Merit and continued to serve for the next eleven years.[10][11]
Catherine G. Murray became the first female enlisted Marine to retire from active duty.[21]

text: Alice K. Kurashige became the first Japanese-American woman to be commissioned in the United States Marine Corps.[22][23][24]

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1965-1975: Vietnam War: Some 7,000 American military women serve in Southeast Asia, the majority of them nurses. Eight of the women died in the line of duty.[25] Nurses serve aboard the hospital ship USS SANCTUARY. Nine non-nurse U.S. Navy women serve in country; however no enlisted Navy women are authorized. LT Elizabeth G. Wylie becomes the first woman to serve in Vietnam on the staff of Commander, Naval Forces, Saigon. Barbara Annette Robbins is the first American woman to die in the Vietnam War; she is a secretary for the CIA, and is the first woman at the CIA killed in the line of duty, as well as the youngest CIA employee ever killed. She dies in a car bombing at the U.S. Embassy in Vietnam in 1965, at the age of 21. An Army nurse (1st LT Sharon Ann Lane) is the only US military woman to die from enemy fire in Vietnam. An Air Force flight nurse (Capt Mary Therese Klinker) dies when the C-5A Galaxy transport evacuating Vietnamese orphans she was aboard crashes on takeoff. Six other American military women die in the line of duty - Eleanor Grace Alexander, Pamela Dorothy Donovan, Carol Ann Drazba, Annie Ruth Graham, Elizabeth Ann Jones, and Hedwig Diane Orlowski. Two Army nurses are awarded the Soldier’s Medal for heroism in Vietnam; one is African-American 1LT Diane Lindsay. She is cited for restraining a Vietnamese soldier patient, who had pulled a pin from a live grenade at the 95th Evacuation Hospital in Vietnam. 1LT Lindsay helped convince the soldier to relinquish a second grenade, avoiding additional casualties. CDR Elizabeth Barrett was the highest-ranking female naval line officer to serve in Vietnam and the first woman to hold command in a combat zone.[2][7][26][27][28][29][30]
CWO3 Rose Franco is the first Hispanic woman to become a Chief Warrant Officer in the U.S. Marine Corps.[17]
The U.S. Marine Corps assigns its first woman to attaché duty. Later, she is the first female Marine to serve under hostile fire.[2]
Approximately 75 women enlisted as SK's and YN's in the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve.[5]

text: Army nurse Second Lieutenant Carol Ann Drazba became the first American nurse to die in the Vietnam War; Drazba, 22, and six others died on February 18, 1966, in a helicopter crash in southern Vietnam. There is a statue in her honor in Scranton, Pennsylvania.[31][32]

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Barbara Dulinsky becomes the first female United States Marine to serve in a combat zone.[citation needed]
President Johnson signs Public Law 90-130, lifting grade restrictions and strength limitations on women in the United States military. Among other things, Public Law 90-130 amended 10 USC, eliminating the 2% ceiling on enlisted women.[7] It also allowed female officers to be promoted to Colonel and above.[citation needed]

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Dr. Betsy Lewis, the Academy fine arts librarian, becomes the first female faculty member at West Point when she begins teaching art classes in the English Department to First Class cadets.[13]
Ruth A. Lucas became the first African-American woman to attain the rank of colonel in the U.S. Air Force.[33]
The first Air Force woman is sworn into the Air National Guard (ANG) with the passage of Public Law 90-130, which allows the ANG to enlist women.[2]
Lieutenant Colonel Jenny Wren is the first female U.S Marine to attend Command and Staff College.[17]

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3 January - Barbara J. Bishop becomes the 5th director of the women Marines.[34]
May[35] - Marcelite J. Harris becomes the first woman maintenance officer in the USAF.[36]
Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps (AFROTC) opens to women.[2]
Temple University admits and trains the first 8 women in Army ROTC due to "an error in the academic advising office."[37]
Jeanette I. Sustad became the director of the Women Marines, and remains such until was succeeded by Margaret A. Brewer in 1973.[38]

text: Late 1970s: Women first served in “topside” roles at the American missile alert facilities, such as maintenance and security, beginning in the late 1970s.[39]

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Anna Mae Hays, Chief of the Army Nurse Corps, became the first U.S. female brigadier general on June 11, 1970. Minutes later, Elizabeth Hoisington, Director of the Women’s Army Corps, became the second.[40]
1st Lt Patricia Murphy was named the first female U.S. Marine certified military judge.[17]

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Mildred Inez Caroon Bailey became the director of the Women's Army Corps.[41]
The Air Force promoted the director of Air Force women, Jeanne Holm, as its first female brigadier general.[40]
Jane Leslie Holly, an Auburn University alumni, becomes the first woman to graduate from the AFROTC commissioning source.[citation needed]
A U.S. Air Force woman completes Aircraft Maintenance Officer's School and becomes the first female aircraft maintenance officer.[citation needed]
The first woman is assigned as a flight surgeon in the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve.[2]
A staff sergeant becomes the first female technician in the U.S. Air Force Reserve.[2]

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January: Commander Elizabeth Barrett arrived in Vietnam, and was the highest ranking female naval line officer in Vietnam. By November 1972, she had become the first female commander in a combat zone, leading the 450 enlisted men in the [U.S.] Naval Advisory Group, a position she held until she left Vietnam in March 1973.[42]
28 March: A bill was introduced in the U.S. House to authorize the appointment of women to “any military service academy” although this bill failed. Congress eventually lifted restrictions on 7 October 1975 with a rider attached to the Defense Authorization bill that year (Public Law 94-106).[5]
10 April: The U.S. Coast Guard Commandant, Admiral Chester Bender, established an official board “to determine the need for permanent women officers in the regular Coast Guard.” The board concluded in their report submitted in May 1972 that: 1) "No need for regular women officers in specific billets currently exists in the Coast Guard except in cases where a male applicant with adequate qualifications is not available. This requirement in itself does not justify initiation of a program at this time. In fact, a program of such small size is not desirable; 2) Nevertheless, considering all factors, it is in the overall best interest of the Coast Guard to begin a controlled women officer program with provisions for integration into the regular Coast Guard included; 3); Planning and execution of a women officer program in the Coast Guard is overdue.[5]
August: Wilma L. Vaught became the first female Air Force officer to attend the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.[16]
Hospitalman Elena J. Peckenpaugh was assigned to the first U.S. Navy ship with a mixed male-female crew.[citation needed]
The first women's Reserve Enlisted Basic Indoctrination classes in the U.S. Coast Guard were established in 1972. Four ratings were made available: Yeoman, Storekeeper, Radioman, and Hospital Corpsman.[5]
The U.S. Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) is opened to Army and Navy women.[2]
The U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, publishes Z-116 declaring the Navy's commitment to equal rights and opportunities for women.[2]
Concurrent will All Volunteer Force establishment, the U.S. Department of Defense authorized provisions to permit Services to retain uniformed mothers on a case-by-case basis.[7]
The Hospital Ship USS Sanctuary is the first U.S. Naval vessel to sail with a male/female crew.[2]
Alene Duerk became the first female admiral in the U.S. Navy.[43][44]
Mildred C. Kelly became the first African-American woman E9 (Sergeant Major) in the U.S. Armed Forces.[26]

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February: The first women since 1945 were admitted to Officer Candidate School in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
November 1: Enlistment of women in the U.S. Coast Guard authorized for four-year tours of active duty. The ratings to be held by these women were limited to yeoman (YN), storekeeper (SK), hospital corpsman (HM), photo-journalist (PA), dental technician (DT), and musician (MU).[5]
November 30: Kati Garner qualified as the Navy’s first female SCUBA diver.[45][46]
Legislation ended the Women's Reserve in the U.S. Coast Guard and women were officially integrated into active duty and Coast Guard Reserve. Female reservists then serving on active duty were given the choice of enlisting in the regular Coast Guard or completing their reserve enlistments.[5]
1LT Virginia Fry becomes the first full-time female faculty member at West Point when she serves as a geography instructor in the Department of Earth, Space, and Graphic Sciences.[13]
Combat exclusion for women in the U.S. Coast Guard ends.[5]
Alice Jefferson became the first SPAR to be sworn into the regular U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
Lieutenants Victoria Voge and Jane McWilliams became the U.S. Navy’s first two women flight surgeons.[47]
The first female enlistee was accepted into the regular U.S. Coast Guard on 7 December 1973.[5]
Gail Harris became the first female Intelligence Officer in a Navy aviation squadron in 1973.[48][49][50]
The first U.S. Navy women earn military pilot wings. LTJG Judith Neuffer had been the first woman selected for flight training in 1973.[2][7]
The first woman in the history of the U.S. armed forces is promoted to major general (Mary E. Clarke).[2][51]
Women Officer School (WOS), Newport, Rhode Island, was disestablished, and Officer Candidate School (OCS) training was gender integrated to support men and women.[7]
Pregnancy as a reason for mandatory separation from the U.S. Navy was abolished. Women could now request to remain on active duty if pregnant.[7]
Janet Sebastian Cox became the first woman to join a Kauai unit of the Hawaii National Guard.[52]
The U.S. military accepts its first female chaplain (Dianna Pohlman, in the Navy).[2][53]
The U.S. Supreme Court rules unconstitutional inequities in benefits for the dependents of military women, in the case Frontiero v. Richardson. Until then, military women with dependents were not authorized housing nor were their dependants eligible for the benefits and privileges afforded the dependents of male military members, such as medical, commissary and post exchange, etc.[2]

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January 15: The first group of women ever enlisted as "Regulars" in the U.S. Coast Guard report to Cape May.[5]
February 29: U.S. Coast Guard: Radioman (RM), Fire Control Technician (FT), Telephone Technician (TT), and Boatswain's Mate (BM) rating opened and school-qualified proviso dropped, thus sanctioning non-rated women.[5]
Mixed-gender basic training begins in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
Eleanor L'Ecuyer became the first woman on active duty in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to Captain since World War II.[5]
Faye Glenn Abdellah became the first nurse officer in the U.S. to receive the rank of a two-star rear admiral.[54]
Lieutenant Sally D. Murphy, the first woman to qualify as an aviator in the Army, became the first female U.S. Army aviator and U.S. Army helicopter pilot.[citation needed]
First women commissioned through NROTC.[citation needed]
The Navy became the first U.S. service to graduate a female pilot (LT Barbara Allen Rainey.) They graduated six in 1974.[7][42][55][56]

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March 14: Donna Tobias graduated from Second Class Dive School, thus becoming the Navy’s first woman deep sea diver.[57]
May: Kathleen Byerly became the first female officer in the United States Navy to serve as the flag secretary to an admiral commanding an operational staff.[58] She was one of 12 women named persons of the year by Time Magazine in 1975.[59]
August 11: A Department of Transportation press release noted that the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard, ADM Owen Siler, announced “that women will join the Corps of Cadets at New London. Admiral Siler said his decision to admit women to the Academy was based on the many contributions he expected women to make in the peace-time missions of the Coast Guard. He noted that current statutes do not bar the admission of women to the Coast Guard Academy and that action by Congress will not be required. This decision is also in keeping with the strong commitment of the leadership of the Department of Transportation to assure equal rights for women.” An article in the CGA Alumni Bulletin noted that the Academy “thus becomes the first of the armed forces to open its doors to women.” (Alumni Bulletin (September/October 1975), p. 8.[5]
November: The Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard approved a new uniform for women in the Coast Guard designed by Edith Head, a Hollywood fashion expert.[5]
1975-1980: Project Athena conducted at West Point. This joint Military Academy-Army Research Institute effort was one of the nation's first systematic studies of the integration of women into an all-male institution.[13]
U.S. Navy women were assigned to service craft (e.g., tug boats).[7]
The term Woman Marine is discontinued; all women in the U.S. Marine Corps are considered Marines. Women are allowed in every occupation or billet in the U.S. Marine Corps except Infantry, Artillery, and pilot-aircrew, because of general service restrictions.[citation needed]
Fifteen sea intensive ratings were closed to women in the U.S. Navy.[7]
The U.S. Navy begins screening URL women for CDR, CO, and LCDR XO billets ashore.[2][7]
The U.S. Air Force places the first woman on operational crew status.[2]

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1 January: All aviation ratings in the U.S. Coast Guard opened to women. This completed opening to women all ratings in which "their service would not unacceptably impact the sea-isolated/shore duty ratio." [5]
February 1976: The U.S. Coast Guard Academy first announced the appointments of 50 cadets to enter with the Class of 1980, including three women: Cathryn Lis of Bristol, CT; Susan Kollmeyer of Groton, CT; & Cynthia Snead of Melbourne, FL. The Coast Guard News Release published on 4 February 1976 regarding their announcement noted that: “Of the four largest federal service academies (Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard) the Coast Guard Academy is the first to offer an appointment to a woman.” (USCG News Release No. 7-76; 4 February 1976).[5]
Debra Chambers Buchanan and Debra Lee Wilson became the first female coxswains in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
The United States Air Force Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy become coeducational. USAF eliminates the WAF program; with women more fully integrated with men in the service it is considered unnecessary. 119 women became the first women cadets at West Point when they joined the Class of 1980.[13]
Women are first allowed to train as jet fighter pilots in the U.S. Air Force.[60]
At the end of 1976, Gail Harris was requested by name to report to Kamiseya, Japan, to the Fleet Ocean Surveillance Information Facility and became the first female and first African American female to be designated an Intelligence Watch Specialist in the U.S. Navy, as an Intelligence Watch Officer.[48]
Mrs. Sue Peterson became the first female instructor in the Department of Physical Education at West Point.[13]
The U.S. Navy promoted a female line officer, Fran McKee, to flag rank in 1976. RADM McKee thus became the first Navy woman who was not a nurse to achieve star rank, as well as the first female unrestricted line officer appointed to flag rank.[7][40]
Women began attending U.S. Navy Aviation Officer Candidate School.[7]
2nd Circuit Court decision indicating involuntary pregnancy discharges in the U.S. Navy violated the 5th Amendment.[7]
The U.S. Air Force selects the first female reservist for the undergraduate pilot training program.[2]

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Military veteran status is granted to the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) who flew during World War II.[2]
The first mixed-gender crews afloat in the U.S. Coast Guard occurred in October, 1977 when 24 women reported on board the CGCs Gallatin and Morgenthau as members of their permanent crew. Twelve women—two officers and 10 enlisted—served on board each.[5]
Janna Lambine became the first female designated as a U.S. Coast Guard aviator.[5]
Connie Swaro became the first active-duty female in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to E-7 on 1 August 1977.[5]
Cheryl Stearns became the first female member of the Golden Knights, the U.S. Army's elite parachute team. She served two 3-year tours with them.[61]

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January: YN2 Ella Bragg became the first woman to reenlist in the regular U.S. Coast Guard since the Service began accepting women as regular enlistees.[5]
All officer career fields and enlisted ratings in the U.S. Coast Guard opened to women.[5]
YNC Holly became the first female company commander in the U.S. Coast Guard at TRACEN Cape May. She commanded the first all-female company Gulf-101.[5]
Marlene DeTienne attended the Law Enforcement School of the U.S. Coast Guard in Yorktown as a BM1. DeTienne was the first female active-duty BM1 in the Coast Guard and the first woman to attend LE school. She was invited to be the Coast Guard's enlisted representative to the 1979 DACOWITS Conference and was the only female (and only BM1) in the Ops Center during the 1980 Mariel Boat Lift. She was the first woman to make BM3 by striking.[5]
Margaret A. Brewer, Director of Information and former Director of Women Marines, becomes the first woman to reach the rank of general in the United States Marine Corps, as she is promoted to brigadier general.[40]
The CBS made-for-television movie “Women at West Point” airs.[13]
MAJ Nancy Freebairn becomes the first female tactical officer at West Point.[13]
The women's basketball team called the “Sugar Smacks,” the first women's team to gain varsity status at West Point, finishes its initial varsity year with an 18-5 record.[13]
The first Army woman is promoted to two-star general. She is also the first woman officer to command a major military installation.[citation needed]
The U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) assigns the first woman aircrew member to alert duty.[2]
Judge John Sirica rules the law banning U.S. Navy women from ships to be unconstitutional in the case Owens v. Brown. Congress approves a change to Title 10 USC Section 6015 to permit the Navy to assign women to fill sea duty billets on support and noncombatant ships. The USS Vulcan, a repair ship, receives the first of many Navy women to be assigned shipboard under the amended law.[2][7]
Surface Warfare and Special Operations communities in the U.S. Navy were opened to women.[7]
SKCM Margaret I. Gramlich became the first woman assigned to a Command Master Chief ashore billet in the U.S. Navy.[7]
Navy Nurse Joan C. Bynum became the first black woman promoted to the rank of Captain in the U.S. Navy.[citation needed]
The Women's Army Corps (WAC) is disestablished and its members integrated into the Regular Army of the U.S.[2]
Patricia Fornes, as a first lieutenant, was the first woman officer to serve on a combat missile crew at a Titan II facility.[39]
1978/1979: Jeanette Roberts Burr became the light-keeper of the New Dungeness Light Station, becoming the first uniformed U.S. Coast Guard woman to become a light-keeper. She was the first woman light-keeper since Fannie Salter (who retired in 1947), a civilian Coast Guard employee.[5]

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21 June: SN Ina J. Toays became the first woman to be awarded the U.S. Coast Guard Medal.[5]
Kathy Gerard becomes the first female Brigade Executive Officer at West Point.[13]
COL Mildred Hedberg becomes Chief of Staff, USCC, at West Point.[13]
The women's swimming team at West Point finishes its first varsity season undefeated and captures the New York State AIAW Division B Swimming Varsity Championship.[13]
Beverly Kelley became the first female commanding officer afloat in the U.S. Coast Guard when she took command of the CGC Cape Newagen.[5]
LT Kay Hartzell became the first female commanding officer of an isolated duty station in the U.S. Coast Guard when she took command of LORAN Station Lampedusa, Italy.[5]
Sandra Ward West graduated from C-130 Flight Engineer School in the U.S. Coast Guard at Little Rock AFB, becoming the first woman to both attend and graduate from that school. She was the first female C-130 Flight Engineer.[5]
Second woman to make BM1 in the U.S. Coast Guard: Debra Chambers Buchanan.[5]
Cadet 1/c Linda Johansen became Regimental Commander of the Cadet Corps of the U.S. Coast Guard, the first woman to win Corps command at any of the four service academies.[5]
Gail Harris became the first female and African American instructor at the Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado.[48]
Hazel Johnson-Brown was promoted to brigadier general in 1979, making her the first black woman general officer in the history of the US military and the first black Chief of the Army Nurse Corps. She was also the first Chief holding an earned doctorate.[2][26]
The U.S. Naval Flight Officer (NFO) program opened to women.[7]
The first woman U.S. Naval aviator obtains carrier qualification (LT Lynn Spruill.)[2][7]
The first woman obtained Surface Warfare Officer (SWO) qualification in the U.S. Navy.[7]
The U.S. Marine Corps assigns women as embassy guards.[2]

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June 1980, Petty Officer Jan Freeman was assigned to LORAN Station Kure, becoming one of the first two women assigned to isolated/restricted/independent duty there if not in the entire U.S. Coast Guard. Petty Officer Freeman had protested the restriction of enlisted women from serving at isolated/restricted/independent duty and forced the Commandant to change that policy.[5]
The first classes with women graduate from the United States Air Force Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Military Academy, and the United States Naval Academy. The first woman graduated from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy is Jean M. Butler; 13 other women also graduate as part of the Academy's Class of 1980.[5] 62 women graduate West Point with the Class of 1980. Andrea Hollen, the first woman to graduate West Point, is also the Academy's first woman to win a Rhodes Scholarship.[13] Elizabeth Anne Rowe is the first woman to graduate from the U.S. Naval Academy.[62] Janie Mines is the first African-American female graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy.[42] Kathleen Conley was the first to graduate the Air Force Academy, and later returned to the Academy as an instructor.[63] Linda Garcia Cubero was a member of the first class of women to graduate from the United States Air Force Academy. She is the first Hispanic woman to graduate from any service academy.[64]
The first woman is assigned to command a U.S. Naval Training Command (CAPT Roberta L. Hazard.) [2][7]
September 8: Wilma L. Vaught became the first woman promoted to brigadier general in the comptroller career field.[16]
The first women join the U.S. Navy band.
DACOWITS amended its regulations to include the concerns of U.S. Coast Guard women.[5]
Petty Officer Beth L. Suher was the first female quarters manager in the U.S. Coast Guard. She served at Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole's dining room as well as ADM Paul Yost's quarters in the early 1980s. She received her training at the Culinary Institute of America.[5]
MAJ Cathy Kelly becomes the U.S. Military Academy's first female Permanent Associate Professor when she is named a professor in the Department of Geography and Computer Science.[13]
The first woman was selected for the Limited Duty Officer (LDO) program in the U.S. Navy.[7]

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1 September: Connie Swaro became the first active-duty woman in the U.S. Coast Guard to be promoted to E-8 when she was promoted.[5]
First Class Storekeeper Mary Alice "Mike" Shaffer retired from the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve after 34 years of service. She was the last World War II-era SPAR to retire from the service and was probably the only former SPAR to leave in compliance with legal maximum age requirements.[5]
Bonnie Koppell became the first female rabbi to serve in the U.S. military; she joined the army reserves in 1978 while a rabbinical student at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was ordained in 1981.[65][66][67]
Lieutenant Colleen Cain, the first female U.S. Coast Guard pilot to fly an HH-52, became the first female Coast Guard aviator to qualify as an HH-52 co-pilot, pilot and aircraft commander.[5]
Michelle D. Johnson becomes the first woman to hold the position of Cadet Wing Commander at the United States Air Force Academy, and the first woman to hold the senior-ranking cadet position at any of the U.S. military academies.[citation needed]
Dena Caradimitropoulo becomes the first woman and only the sixth cadet at West Point to win the AAA Special Award for “outstanding achievements and exemplary leadership in athletic competition.” [13]
Kim Hall becomes the first woman at West Point to score 1,000 points in her basketball career.[13]
YN2 Angela Purdy was selected as the first female Sailor of the Year at sea in the U.S. Navy, while serving on board the USS Emory S. Land (AS-39).[7]
Olga E. Custodio qualified for Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) at Laughlin Air Force Base in Texas and graduated in 1981, thus becoming the first Latina to complete the U.S. Air Force military pilot training.[68]

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November:[35] Marcelite J. Harris becomes the first woman to be the Director of Maintenance for the Air Force [36]
Lieutenant Colleen Cain became the first woman in the U.S. Coast Guard killed in the line of duty when the HH-52 she was flying as co-pilot crashed during a SAR mission.[5]
Barbara Allen Rainey became the first U.S. female aviator to be killed during a routine flight in 1982.[56]
First active-duty woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to Public Affairs Chief Petty Officer: PAC Day Boswell.[5]
The U.S. Air Force selects the first woman aviator for Test Pilot School.[2]
The U.S. Marine Corps prohibits women from serving as embassy guards.[2]
Women were permanently assigned to Diego Garcia in the U.S. Navy.[citation needed]
LT Colleen Nevius became first woman selected for Test Pilot School in the U.S. Navy.[citation needed]
RADM Pauline Hartington was the second woman line officer to be appointed Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy.[citation needed]
First U.S. Navy instruction issued on sexual harassment, including definition, enforcement, and training required of service members.[citation needed]

text:
Policy on U.S. Coast Guard women in combat was established: Coast Guard Chief of Staff, RADM Paul A. Yost, Jr., noted: "the men and women on our vessels are trained and function as a team. Removal of women during wartime would degrade operational readiness while replacement personnel are trained and acquire experience." [5]
Jacqueline A. Ball and Deborah R. Winnie were the first Hispanic women to graduate from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy.[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard to be awarded the Air Medal: AD3 Carolyn DeLeo [5]
First female radioman in the U.S. Coast Guard advanced to E-7: Robin Patton.[5]
Lia deBettencourt became the first woman to make U.S. Coast Guard Person of the Year for an entire District (D-5 in 1983 and D-3 in 1985).[5]
The Women's Swimming Team at West Point wins the inaugural ECAC Swimming Championship.[13]
The first U.S. Navy woman completes Test Pilot School.[2]
Approximately 200 U.S. Army and Air Force women are among the forces deployed to Grenada on Operation Urgent Fury. Women serve on air crews, as military police, and as transportation specialists.[2]
The first woman in any U.S. reserve component, an Air Force Reserve officer, is promoted to brigadier general.[2]
LT Susan Cowar became the first woman SWO screened for XO afloat in the U.S. Navy.[7]
Commodore Grace Hopper was the first woman spot promoted to Flag rank in the Restricted Line in the U.S. Navy.[7]
LTJG Jannine Weiss was the U.S. Navy’s first LDO pilot.[7]

text:
First woman to complete U.S. Navy Dive School: BM2 Linda Moroz (she was assigned to the National Strike Force Dive Team, Elizabeth City, NC).[5]
Vivien Crea became the first U.S. Coast Guard female officer assigned as a Military Aide to the President.[5]
First active-duty woman to graduate from the U.S. Coast Guard's CPO Academy: Connie Swaro (17 August 1984).[5]
Karen Short becomes the first woman Regimental Commander and the first woman to command Cadet Basic Training (CBT) at West Point.[13]
Pam Pearson is the first West Point cadet to win all-America honors in women's basketball.[13]
Tracy Hanlon becomes the first female West Point cadet to qualify for Olympic trials.[13]
Kristine Holderied became the first woman to graduate first in her class at the U.S. Naval Academy.[62]
All Operational Air Reconnaissance (VP) squadrons in the U.S. Navy open to women.[7]

text:
March: Catherine Small Long became the first female veteran to be elected to Congress.[69]
3 June: The first U.S. Coast Guard aircraft ever flown by two female pilots conducted a SAR mission off the west coast of Florida. The flight crew consisted of LTJG Vickie Karnes and LTJG Cathy Bierne and they flew a HU-25A from Air Station Miami.[5]
Sherian Grace Cadoria is the first black woman promoted to brigadier general in the regular U.S. Army.[8] When she retired in 1990, she was the highest ranking black woman in the entire military.[70]
Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti became the first Hispanic female in the United States military to attain the rank of general.[71][72]
The US Postal Service issued a stamp honoring Mary McLeod Bethune, an educator and civil rights activist, who pressured U.S. Army leaders to allow black women in the WAAC/WAC during World War II. She assisted in the selection of the first black WAAC officer candidates.[26]
Denise Matthews became the first woman to graduate first in her class at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy.[5]
Lissa Young becomes the first female Deputy Brigade Commander and the first woman to command Cadet Field Training (CFT) at West Point.[13]
Leslie Lewis becomes the first female West Point cadet to win a Marshall Scholarship and a Phi Kappa Phi Scholarship.[13]
First woman to graduate at the top of the class from Damage Controlman School in the U.S. Coast Guard at Governors Island, April 1985.[5]
The first U.S. Air Force Reserve nurse is promoted to brigadier general.[2]
Gail M. Reals became the first woman promoted to general through the U.S. Marine Corps ranks.[73] Margaret A. Brewer had received her star in 1978 by special appointment from President Jimmy Carter and approval of both houses of Congress.[73]
CDR Veronica "Ronne" Froman, first woman assigned as XO of a U.S. Naval Station.[citation needed]

text:
First female U.S. Coast Guardsman to graduate from Navy Rescue Swimmer School and the Coast Guard's first female rescue swimmer: Kelly Mogk (Larson).[5]
First woman promoted to CWO (PERS) in the U.S. Coast Guard: Pamela Jones.[5]
Pam Pearson becomes the first female West Point cadet to win All-America recognition in two sports (basketball and track).[13]
First female MSTC in the U.S. Coast Guard: Lia deBettencourt, 1986.[5]
Rabbi Julie Schwartz became the first woman to serve as an active-duty Jewish chaplain in the U.S. Navy.[74]
Six U.S. Air Force women serve as pilots, copilots and boom operators on the KC-135 and KC-10 tankers that refuel FB-111s during the raid on Libya.[2]
The First Recruiting District in the U.S. Navy has women as both CO and XO.[7]
LT Susan Cowar, SPECOPS officer, became the first woman SWO assigned as XO afloat in the U.S. Navy. SPECOPS officers also had to complete SWO qualifications.)[7]
For the first time in history, the U.S. Air Force Academy's top graduate is a woman.[2]
A Navy woman becomes the first female jet test pilot in any U.S. service.[2]
Rhonda LeBrescu Amtower was the first enlisted female U.S. Marine to attend and graduate the Defense Language Institute, where she studied Mandarin Chinese. After being commissioned she was the first female attaché at the U. S. Hong Kong consulate in 1986.[17]

text:
The Combat Exclusion Law of the United States banning women from warships is lifted.[75]
LT Monyee Kazek and LT Jody Turner were assigned to 270s in 1989 as EOs, becoming the first female EOs of a U.S. Coast Guard cutter. LT Kazek was assigned in 1987 as the Pre-commissioning EO of the CGC Thetis.[5]
The U.S. Navy assigns its first woman Force Master Chief and Independent Duty Corpsman to serve at sea.[2]
The first woman was assigned CO of an NROTC Unit in the U.S. Navy.[7]
CDR Rosemary Bryant Mariner became the first woman screened for command of an aviation unit in the U.S. Navy.[7]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (F&S): Ellen Terrill.[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (MED): Connie Swaro.[5]
CPTs Kathy Gerard Snook and Bobbi Fiedler-Prinslow (both USMA '80) became the first female graduates to serve as USMA faculty members when they both joined the Department of Mathematics.[13]
Deborah Hanagan is the first female West Point cadet to win an Olmstead Scholarship.[13]
Ann Marie Wycoff wins the first national title by a female West Point cadet in capturing the 400-yard Individual Medley and leads the women's swimming team to a record-breaking fifth-place finish at the NCAA Division II Championships.
Teresa Sobiesk becomes the first female West Point cadet in cross country history to win all-America recognition.[13]
The U.S. Air National Guard promoted its first female African-American general officer in 1987 - Air Force nurse Irene Trowell-Harris.[26]

text:
First enlisted woman in the U.S. Coast Guard assigned to officer-in-charge afloat billet: Dianne Bucci, who commanded the CGC Capstan (WYTL-65601) commencing in September 1988.[5]
First woman appointed as U.S. Coast Guard Flight Officer (NFO): LT Samone Vassar.[5]
First African-American woman/first female engineer in the U.S. Coast Guard advanced to E-7: Pamela Autry.[5]
First Asian American female warrant officer in the U.S. Coast Guard: Grace Parmelee.[5]
Christine Siegworth becomes the first female West Point cadet to win a National Science Foundation Fellowship.[13]
The women's cross country team at West Point captures ECAC and NCAA East Coast Regional Division II Championship in qualifying for its first NCAA Division I bid. Three women win All-America honors including a second for Teresa Sobiesk.[13]
Ann Marie Wycoff is named the “Outstanding Female Swimmer” at the NCAA Division II Championships and becomes the first Army athlete to capture four national titles at a single championship event.[13]
NASA selects its first Navy woman as an astronaut, Kathryn D. Sullivan.[2][7]
The U.S. Coast Guard's "Chief Warrant Officer to Lieutenant" program promotes its first woman.[2]
U.S. Marine women are again assigned as embassy guards.[2]
CDR Debra Gernes was first woman selected for command at sea in the U.S. Navy.[7]
Twenty-four Combat Logistics Force (CLF) ships open to women in the U.S. Navy.[7]
Roberta L. Hazard was selected for promotion to rear admiral upper half May 18, 1988, the first woman to be board selected for that grade in the U.S. Navy.[76]
Petty Officer First Class Beth Lambert became the first female selected as Shore Sailor of the Year in the U.S. Navy. She was then meritoriously advanced to Chief Petty Officer.[7]

text:
May 1 - Anne N. Foreman took office as United States Under Secretary of the Air Force. She served in this capacity until January 20, 1993.[77]
Sandra Stosz was the first woman to serve as the military aide to the Secretary of Transportation when she served as Aide to Secretary Sam Skinner from 1989-1990.[5]
First enlisted woman in the U.S. Coast Guard assigned as officer-in-charge ashore: Krystine Carbajal.[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (ELC): Lauren Cantatore.[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (COMMS): Robin Patton.[5]
The Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard initiated the Women in the Coast Guard Study.[5]
Gail Harris became the first female and African American to lead the Intelligence Department for Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron in Rota, Spain, the largest U.S. Navy aviation squadron.[48]
CPTs Heidi Brown (USMA '81) and Mary Finch (USMA '83) become the first female graduates of West Point to serve as tactical officers.[13]
Kristin Baker becomes the first female Brigade Commander at West Point when she is named First Captain of the U.S. Corps of Cadets (Class of 1990).[13]
2LT Laura Slattery (USMA '88) is the first woman to earn the title of distinguished honor graduate of the Air Assault School at West Point.[13]
Carla Miller becomes the first female West Point cadet to be named an all-America Division II in women's soccer by the National Soccer Coaches Association of America.[13]
Gillian Schweitzer becomes the first female West Point cadet to win all-Americas for diving (with success in both the one and three-meter dives).[13]
West Point cadet Ann Marie Wycoff, for the second-straight year, is named “Outstanding Women's Swimmer” at the NCAA Division II Swimming and Diving Championships and becomes the winningest female swimmer in NCAA Division II history, defending her national title in four events en route to her career total of nine. She will ultimately win 19 all-America recognitions.[13]
NASA selects its first Army woman as an astronaut.[2]
The U.S. Navy assigns its first woman as Command Master Chief at sea (Janice Ayers). She serves on board the USS Shenandoah (AD-44).[2][7]
The first woman EA was assigned to CNO in the U.S. Navy.[7]
A woman is the first person trained for a new specialty, Coast Guard Flight Officer. These officers are responsible for tactical coordination of the drug interdiction efforts aboard U.S. Coast Guard aircraft.[2]
770 U.S. women deployed to Panama in Operation Just Cause. Two women commanded Army companies in the operation and three women Army pilots were nominated for Air Medals. Two received the Air Medal with "V" device for participation in a combat mission.[2]
During the invasion of Panama in 1989, CPT Linda Bray became the first woman to lead US troops in battle. CPT Bray commanded the 988th Military Police Company out of Ft. Benning, GA, and ordered her assault team to fire on soldiers of the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) who refused to surrender their positions at a dog kennel.[78]

text: Gail Harris was specifically chosen by the Director of Naval Intelligence and Commander of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command to fill in as Acting Naval Attache, Egypt, for a five-month period, becoming the first female Attache to a Middle Eastern country.[48][49]

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1990-1991 Persian Gulf War: Some 40,000 American military women were deployed during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Desert Shield began with 14 women reservists from the U.S. Coast Guard serving in the Persian Gulf.[5] One female U.S. Army doctor and one U.S. enlisted woman were held as POWs in 1991 during Operation Desert Storm. 600 U.S. Navy women participated in Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Navy women served on hospital ships, supply ships, fleet oilers, ammunition ships, repair ships, and tenders. Female Navy pilots flew helicopters and reconnaissance aircraft. Sixteen U.S. servicewomen were killed during the war.[2][7][25][40]
MAJ Margaret Bahnsen becomes the first female Regimental Tactical Officer at West Point (3rd Regiment), although MAJ Brenda Bradley served as an acting Regimental Tactical Officer in July 1987.[13]
CDR Rosemary Bryant Mariner became the first woman to assume command of an aviation squadron in the U.S. Navy.[7]
CAPT Marsha J. Evans became the first woman to assume command of a U.S. Naval Station.[7]
LCDR Darlene Iskra, SPECOPS officer, became the first woman to assume command of a ship in the U.S. Navy (USS Opportune (ARS-41)).[7]
CMDCM Carol Cooper became the first female Command Master Chief of a U.S. Naval Security Group.[7]
Amy Bratton becomes the first Army woman to qualify for the NCAA Championships in tennis.[13]
LT Sandra Stosz took command of USCGC Katmai Bay, becoming the first female commanding officer of a 140-foot icebreaking tug and also the first woman to command any U. S. Coast Guard vessel on the Great Lakes.[5]
First Women's Policy Advisor appointed in the U.S. Coast Guard: Lane McClelland.[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (BOSN): Anne Visser.[5]
ENS Patricia A. McFetridge becomes the first female U.S. Coast Guard aviator to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross.[5]

text:
27 February: Then-Major Rhonda Cornum, United States Army, was shot down while aboard a helicopter in the Persian Gulf War. She and the others aboard the helicopter were made POWs and subjected to torture. She later co-wrote a book about her experiences, She Went to War: the Rhonda Cornum Story (ISBN 0891415076), with Peter Copeland.[79][80]
1991: Women's Advisory Council established in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
March: Marie Rossi was the first woman in American military history to serve in combat as an aviation unit commander, during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and the first woman pilot in United States history to fly combat missions. She was killed when the CH-47 Chinook she was piloting crashed in Saudi Arabia, on March 1, 1991.[81]
Marilyn Melendez Dykman became the first Hispanic-American female U.S. Coast Guard aviator.[5]
LTJG Katherine Tiongson (née Faverey) took command of USCGC Bainbridge Island, becoming the first Hispanic-American female to command an afloat unit in the U.S. Coast Guard. She was also the first Hispanic-American female intelligence officer in the Coast Guard.[5]
Colleen McCabe ends her record-breaking sports career at West Point with a 21-7 record, a 0.53 ERA (ninth in the nation) and the league's “Player of the Year” her final year. Her records for strikeouts, wins and ERA are still team records.[13]
The U.S. Navy assigns its first women to command a Naval Station and an aviation squadron.[2]
The first U.S. Navy woman assumes command of a ship (CDR Deborah Gernes.)[2][7]
The [U.S.] Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces was created. The Department of Defense delayed implementation of a combat exclusion law change pending results of the Presidential commission.[7]
NCCM Ginger Simpson became the first woman director of the Senior Enlisted Academy in the U.S. Navy.[7]
For the first time in history, a woman is named Brigade Commander at the U.S. Naval Academy (MIDN Julianne Gallina.) [2][7]
The U.S. Air Force Reserve selects its first woman senior enlisted advisor.[2]
The U.S. Congress repeals laws banning women from flying in combat.[2]

text:
June: Paula Coughlin publicly acted as a whistleblower, opening investigations into what would later be known as the Tailhook scandal.[82][83][84][85][86]
Lane I. McClelland became the first active duty woman since SPARs promoted to the rank of captain in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
Rabbi Karen Soria became the first female rabbi to serve in the U.S. Marines, which she did from 1992 until 1996.[87]
First woman commanding officer of an air station in the U.S. Coast Guard: Vivien Crea.[5]
First Hispanic American woman advanced to E-7 in the U.S. Coast Guard: Sonia Colon.[5]
Marcia Geiger becomes the first female West Point cadet to win a Hertz Fellowship.[13]
Cpl. Marlene Shillingford becomes the first woman selected to join the Snowbirds team. The Snowbirds are the Canadian Air Force's aerobatic demonstration flying team.[88]
VCNO establishes guidelines for the proper portrayal of women in training and promotional media, to limit stereotyping and show the contributions women make to the U.S. Navy.[7]
LCDR Barbara Schooley becomes the first woman to assume command of a Reserve ship in the U.S. Navy.[7]
CDR Judy Chesser Coffman, of the U.S. Navy, was the first female helicopter pilot to fly in Antarctica, in support of the National Science Foundation.[7]
BUCM Carol Keehner becomes the first female seabee Master Chief in the U.S. Navy.[7]
CDR Lin Hutton becomes the first female U.S. Navy commanding officer of a Fleet Support Squadron, VRC-40.[7]
Brigadier General Carol Mutter assumes command of the 3d Force Service Support Group, Okinawa, the first woman to command a Fleet Marine Force unit at the flag level.[citation needed]
First mixed gender recruit companies graduate from the U.S. Naval Training Command Orlando.[7]
Gunnery Sergeant Melody Naatz became the first female Drill Instructor in the U.S. Marines.[17]
1992-1993: CPT Margaret Belknap (USMA '81), in the Systems Engineering department, is the first woman to serve as a White House Fellow.[13]

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4 February: The U.S. Navy notified Congress that all aviation squadrons, the Naval Construction Force "Seabees”, and all classes of ships with the exception of Submarines, Mine Counter Measure (MCM), Mine Coastal Hunters (MHC), and Coastal Patrol Boats (PC) were open to women.[7]
July: Sheila Widnall became the first woman to be chosen as Secretary of the Air Force.[89]
The women's soccer team at West Point wins the Patriot League championship for the first time.[13]
First enlisted woman since the SPARs to be advanced to E-9 in the U.S. Coast Guard: Patricia Stolle.[5]
First military woman assigned as Chief Judge of the U.S. Coast Guard: Lane McClelland.[5]
First woman promoted to E-7 in a weapons rating in the U.S. Coast Guard: Jo Wildman.[5]
BM2 Kathy Niles was the first woman in the U.S. Coast Guard to qualify on the 47-foot MLB (47200).[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to MKC: Gayla Thompson. She was also the first woman who held the qualifications for EPO Ashore/Afloat.[5]
Col. Jeannie Leavitt (maiden name Flynn) became the first American female F-15E pilot, and went on to become the first female pilot to graduate from the U.S. Air Force Weapons School.[60]
Chana Timoner became the first female rabbi to hold an active duty assignment as a chaplain in the U.S. Army.[90][91]
The U.S. Congress repeals the law banning women from duty on combat ships.[2]
The Combat Exclusion Law is modified by the FY-94 Defense Authorization Bill.[7]
U.S. women deploy with the USS Fox.[2]
The U.S. Navy conducted its first Feasibility Study on women entering 1120 community and submarine ratings.[7]
The U.S. Secretary of Defense opened combat aviation to women aviators in April. A transition board approved 17 female aviators for transition to combat aircraft in the U.S. Navy. The first two women reported to a tactical squadron - LT Shannon Workman, pilot, and LT Terry Bradford, NFO, in Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 130. Initial female aviators arrived at CVW 11 squadrons.[7]
The U.S. Navy opened enlisted aircrew positions in shore-based combat squadrons, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th Fleet Afloat Staffs, and AORs, AOEs, LCCs, and AGFs. The following ratings became open to women: AW, EW, FC, GS, GSE, and GSM. Opening ratings and unit redesignation increased female sea duty opportunities by 25%.[7]
CAPT Patricia Ann Tracey and CAPT Katharine Laughton were selected by the same selection board for Admiral in the U.S. Navy.[7]
CDR Jane Skiles O'Dea, CDR Lin Hutton, CDR Rosemary Mariner, and Naval Reserve CDR Joellen Oslund were the first women aviators selected for promotion to Captain in the U.S. Navy.[7]
LT Shannon Workman became the first woman pilot to qualify for night landing on a carrier in the U.S. Navy.[7]
LCDR Janet Marnane was the first woman to report to a Carrier Air Group (CAG) staff in the U.S. Navy.[7]
RADM Marsha J. Evans became the first woman to be Commander, U.S. Navy Recruiting Command.[7]
Two women, LTJG Russell and LTJG Schweinfirth, completed a deployment aboard a combatant when they performed 179 days TAD aboard USS Fox (CG 33).[7]
The first U.S. female Naval aviator serves with a combat squadron (LCDR Kathryn P. Hire USNR, NFO, VP-62.) [2][7]
The first woman assumes command of a U.S. Naval base (RADM Louise Wilmot, at Philadelphia.) [2][7]
The U.S. Marine Corps opens pilot positions to women.[2]
2nd Lieutenant Sarah Deal became the first woman Marine selected for Naval aviation training.[citation needed]
The U.S. Army names a woman "Drill Sergeant of the Year" for the first time in the 24-year history of the competition.[2]
The U.S. Army assigned its first female combat pilot.[2]
The U.S. Air Force assigns the first woman to command an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) unit.[2]
The first female service secretary in the history of the U.S. armed forces is appointed.[2]
The first woman in any U.S. reserve component is promoted to major general.[2]
The U.S. Air Force assigns the first woman to command an air refueling unit.[2]

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1 July: Veronica Jones Sharpe retired from active duty after 20 years and 17 days along with two other African-American women, including Petty Officer Vonetta McGee. They were the first African-American enlisted women in the U.S. Coast Guard to retire from active duty after 20 years of service.[citation needed]
Rear Admiral Louise Currie Wilmot retired. At the time of her retirement, she was the highest ranking and most highly decorated woman in the Navy.[92]
Although women had held command cadre positions aboard the U.S. Coast Guard's WPB fleet beginning in 1979 it was not until 1994 that the service began integrating their crews. During that year CGC Monomoy and Pea Island became the first fully integrated patrol boats in the Coast Guard.[5]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard assigned as Executive Assistant to the Commandant: Vivien Crea.[5]
Nadine H. Lewis was the first female YN in the U.S. Coast Guard to be awarded a cutterman's pin.[5]
The first woman assumes command of a U.S. Naval Air Station.[2]
The U S Naval Academy revised the service selection policy and for the first time women midshipmen were required to select warfare specialties under the same guidance as men. On service selection day, 63 women midshipmen chose Surface Warfare for their future career.[7]
Mary R. Henson becomes the first woman nuclear power candidate in the U.S. Navy.[7]
LT Shannon Workman, EA-6B Prowler, becomes the first woman combat pilot to successfully pass fleet carrier qualifications in the U.S. Navy.[7]
Maria A. Chavez, onboard USS MOUNT WHITNEY (AE 34), becomes the first woman frocked to Gunner's Mate (Guns), Third Class, in the U.S. Navy.[7]
USS VELLA GULF (CG 72) became the first U.S. Navy combatant to embark a mixed-gender Light Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helo detachment.[7]
LT Kara Hultgreen became the first U.S. Navy woman fighter pilot to be killed when her F-14 crashed into the sea during flight operations off the USS ABRAHAM LINCOLN (CVN 72).[7]
CAPT Susan Brooker, USNR, became the first woman to assume command of a U.S. Naval Reserve Readiness Command.[7]
AZCS Hedy Rogers-Jones became the first senior enlisted female assigned to VFA-22 in the U.S. Navy.[7]
Petty Officer Margaret Cooper, the first woman underwater "Seabee," graduated with honors from Underwater Seabee Navy Dive School in the U.S. Navy.[7]
The first woman (an Air Force major) copilots the U.S. space shuttle.[2]
The U.S. Air Force Reserve gets its first female fighter pilot.[2]
The United States Department of Defense institutes a policy prohibiting the assigning of women to any unit below brigade level when the unit’s primary mission is direct combat on the ground.[93]
First women to receive permanent assignment orders to a combatant ship (USS Dwight D. Eisenhower) as members of the ship's crew. Sixty-three women receive permanent assignment orders to the ship; RM1 Terry Pelletier is the first to receive her orders. USS Dwight D. Eisenhower completes a successful deployment to Mediterranean with approximately 400 women assigned.[55] The first two Navy women F/A-18 pilots fly combat missions from the USS EISENHOWER as they enforce the no-fly zone over southern Iraq.[citation needed]
Sheri Schweiker, a female West Point cadet, was named the Patriot League's women's softball “Player of the Year” and was the first player in league history to be selected for the first team in all four years.[13]
The women's judo team at West Point, sparked by national champions Becky Trojecki at 106 lbs. and Meghan Clark at 145 lbs., win the national championship for the first time.[13]
Catherine Gaffigan, a West Point cadet, wins the Patriot League cross country championship for the second-consecutive year and leads the team to its first league title this year as she qualifies for the Division I championship.[13]
Holly Pedley becomes the first female West Point cadet soccer player to be named a second team Division I all-America.[13]
Brigadier General Carol Mutter became the first woman major general in the Marine Corps, and the senior woman on active duty in the armed services.[citation needed]

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January: Martha McSally became the first woman in U.S. history to fly a combat aircraft into enemy territory when she flew her initial mission into Iraq to help enforce the United Nations' "no-fly zone."[94][95]
March: Sheila C. Cheston served as General Counsel of the Air Force from March 1995 to October 1998.[96]
25 May [35] - Marcelite J. Harris was promoted to the rank of Major General. She is the first African-American woman to reach that rank.[36]
Kelly Flinn became the first female B-52 pilot in the United States Air Force (USAF).[97]
A U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel becomes the first female space shuttle pilot.[2]
The first African-American woman, an Air Force officer, is promoted to major general.[2]
Rebecca Marier, a Corps Regimental Commander, becomes the first female valedictorian at West Point.[13]
Major Sarah Deal becomes the first United States Marine Corps female aviator.[98]
Doris Hull became the first active duty African-American woman in the U.S. Coast Guard to be promoted to warrant officer.[5]
BM2 Kathy Niles became the first woman in the U.S. Coast Guard to win the Munro Award.[5]
ENS Lucinda Cunnigham from the U.S. Coast Guard became the first female OIC in charge of any of the armed forces' honor guards.[5]
Gilda Jackson became the first African American female U.S. Marine Colonel and the first woman to command the Naval Aviation Depot, Cherry Point, NC.[17]
U.S. Lieutenant Commander Mary Townsend-Manning became the first woman to become eligible to wear the submarine “Dolphins” pin after completing submarine engineering duty officer qualifications.[42]
IS1 Robin Sou became the first female Intelligence Specialist placed for independent duty on board a surface combatant, USS BRISCOE.[citation needed]
First women graduate the U.S. Navy “Seaman to Admiral” program (ENS Elisabeth M. Brown, ENS Donna I. Coccodrilli, ENS Nancy E. Schmidt) and are assigned to Surface Warfare Officer School, Newport, RI.[7]
LTJG Kirsten Culler becomes the first woman to complete training in the T-45 Goshawk, the U.S. Navy's newest training jet, after landing aboard USS CARL VINSON.[7]
CAPT Lin V. Hutton became the first woman to assume command of a U.S. Naval Air Station, NAS Key West.[7]
USS BENFOLD (DDG 65) was delivered as the first US Navy ship to be built, keel up, with habitability modifications necessary for full gender integration.[7]
CDR Judy Chesser Coffman was the first female U.S. Navy flight deck officer (on board the USS Essex), as well as the first to qualify as AV-8B LSO (in Yuma, AZ).[7]
Shannon Faulkner became the first female cadet to enter The Citadel. Faulkner enrolled after a successful lawsuit against the military academy.[99] She joined an otherwise all-male class on August 15, 1995 under the escort of United States Marshals. After four hours of the military indoctrination training,[citation needed] she spent the remainder of the first week in the infirmary before voluntarily resigning, citing emotional and psychological abuse and physical exhaustion. After her departure, the male cadets openly celebrated on the campus.[100]

text:
Rosetta Burke becomes the first female general of the Army National Guard.[101]
Jennifer Oliva and Victoria Huse become the first female West Point cadets to win Truman Scholarships.[13]
The first women in the history of the U.S. armed forces are promoted to three-star rank. Carol Mutter became the first female three star officer in the U.S. Marines. The U.S. Navy's first woman promoted to three-star rank (vice admiral) is Patricia Tracey.[2][42]
The USS LABOON, the Aegis-class destroyer, fired eight TOMAHAWK cruise missiles at Iraq, as part of the joint service strike against Saddam Hussein. LT(JG) Erica Niedermeier, Ordnance Officer, was one of two officers who supervised the strike team, and was one of 22 women assigned to the ship's crew of 340. The missile strikes were the first time female sailors had taken part in combat operations since the Navy opened warship assignments to women in 1994. They were also the first time a woman fired Tomahawk cruise missiles from a U.S. warship in a combat zone.[2][7]
CAPT Roseanne Milroy, NC, USNR, became the first Nurse Corps officer to command a fleet hospital in the U.S. Navy.[7]
CAPT Bonnie Burnham Potter, MC, USN became the first female physician in the Navy, Army, or Air Force to be selected for flag rank.[7]
LCDR Anne M. Krekelberg, CHC, became the first female U.S. Navy chaplain to join a warship, USS BATAAN.[7]
The first woman commands the U.S. Army's Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps.[2]
The first woman commands a U.S. operational flying wing.[2]

text:
Colonel Ann Wright received the State Department Award for Heroism, after helping to evacuate several thousand people during the civil war in Sierra Leone.[102]
Kelly Flinn was discharged from the U.S. Air Force in 1997 after an adulterous affair with the husband of an enlisted subordinate, for military offenses including disobeying a direct order from her commanding officer to break off the affair, and for lying to him about having done so.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] Flinn's trouble with the Air Force received widespread media attention at the time and was discussed in a U.S. Senate hearing on May 22, 1997.[103]
Joyce Johnson became the first female Admiral appointed from the Public Health Service to head the U.S. Coast Guard Health and Safety Directorate.[5]
The U.S. Military Academy conducts a 20th anniversary West Point Conference on Women Cadets recommended by the DA Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS) to discuss gender issues with cadets and make recommendations on ways to improve the West Point climate for women.[13]
COL Maureen LeBoeuf is appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Physical Education becoming the first woman named head of an academic department and “Master of the Sword" at West Point.[13]
The U.S. Army assigns the first woman and the first non-doctor to command an Army hospital.[2]
Martha Rainville becomes the first woman to be named a state Adjutant General when she wins the legislative election for appointment as head of the Vermont National Guard, defeating 16-year incumbent Donald E. Edwards.[2]
Pamela Autry became the first female Chief of the Boat in the U.S. Coast Guard.[5]
Claudia J. Kennedy becomes the first woman in the United States Army to hold a three-star rank.[citation needed]
The 1st group of female Marines complete the male/female integrated U.S. Marine Combat Training Course at Camp Geiger, NC, with LCpl Melissa Ohm as honor graduate.[17]
Gunnery Sgt. Patricia Crimmins became the first female U.S. Marine to earn the drum major military occupational specialty (MOS 5521).[17]
October 18, 1997: The Women in Military Service for America Memorial officially opens to the public.[citation needed]
RADM Bonnie Burnham Potter became the first woman to assume command of National Naval Medical Command Bethesda (NNMC) in the U.S. Navy.[7]

text:
10 June: CDR Maureen Farren became the first woman in the U.S. Navy to command a surface combatant, USS Mt VERNON (LSD 39).[citation needed]
17 December: LT Kendra Williams, F/A-18 pilot, credited as first female pilot to launch missiles in combat. She was flying with the U.S. Navy in support of OPERATION DESERT FOX.[7]
Heather Wilson became the first female combat veteran to be elected to a full term in the United States Congress.[112][113]
RDML Lillian E. Fishburne became the first African-American female to hold the rank of Rear Admiral in the US Navy.[7]
CAPT Deborah Loewer was the first woman in the U.S. Navy selected for a major afloat command. Assumed command of USS CAMDEN (AOE 2) in December.[citation needed]
Sally Brice-O'Hara became the first female commanding officer of a U.S. Coast Guard Training Center.[5]
First two female "Gold Badge" Command Master Chief Petty Officers in the U.S. Coast Guard: Patricia Stolle, Diane Bucci.[5]
First woman Chief Petty Officer Academy School Chief in the U.S. Coast Guard: Sandra O'Toole.[2][5]
The U.S. Air National Guard promotes the first woman to major general.[2]

text:
12 March: CDR Michelle Howard assumed command of USS RUSHMORE (LSD 47). She was the first African American woman to assume command of a surface combatant in the U.S. Navy.[7]
August: Carol A. DiBattiste became United States Under Secretary of the Air Force. She served in this position until 2001.[114]
First woman in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (WEPs): Jo Wildman.[5]
First women in the U.S. Coast Guard promoted to CWO (ENG): Gayla Thompson, Karyn Terry.[5]
LTJG Kathy Niles became the first woman in the U.S. Coast Guard to command an 87-foot WPB when she took command of USCGC Stingray, Mobile, AL.[5]
Nicki Robbins becomes the first Army player selected to the Northeast Regional first team in women's softball.[13]
The Air Force promotes its first woman to lieutenant general.[2]
For the first time, a woman, an Air Force lieutenant colonel, commands the U.S. space shuttle.[2]
The first women graduate from the Virginia Military Institute and The Citadel.[2]
The first African-American woman is selected to command a Navy ship.[2]
Sgt. Kelly L. Anderson is the first woman to successfully complete Designated Marksman School at Fleet Combat Training Center Dam Neck, Virginia.[17]
MHC and MCM-class ships in the U.S. Navy were opened to female officers and enlisted. COROMORANT and KINGFISHER were the first to receive enlisted women.[7]
CMDCM Hedy Roger-Jones became the first female CMC assigned to a Strike Fighter Squadron, NAS Lemoore.[7]
The 28-day Sapper Leader Course at Fort Leonard Wood, Mo., where combat engineers and engineer officers earn the Sapper tab, has been open to women since 1999.[115]
Linda J. Bird, USN was promoted to Rear Admiral (Lower Half) as the first female flag officer in the Supply Corps.[116]


document_title: Orb-weaver spider

question_text: where do orb weavers go during the day

question_tokens: where do orb weavers go during the day

root

text: Orb-weaver spider

text: Web[edit]

text: Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat webs with sticky spiral capture silk. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk.

tag: p

text: The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey insect that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a venomous insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting and/or stinging.

text: Many orb-weavers build a new web each day. Most orb-weavers tend to be active during the evening hours; they hide for most of the day. Generally, towards evening, the spider will consume the old web, rest for approximately an hour, then spin a new web in the same general location. Thus, the webs of orb-weavers are generally free of the accumulation of detritus common to other species, such as black widow spiders.

text: Some orb-weavers do not build webs at all. Members of the genera Mastophora in the Americas, Cladomelea in Africa, and Ordgarius in Australia produce sticky globules, which contain a pheromone analog. The globule is hung from a silken thread dangled by the spider from its front legs. The pheromone analog attracts male moths of only a few species. These get stuck on the globule and are reeled in to be eaten. Interestingly, both types of bolas spiders are highly camouflaged and difficult to locate.

text: The spiny orb-weaving spiders in the genera Gasteracantha and Micrathena look like plant seeds or thorns hanging in their orb-webs. Some species of Gasteracantha have very long, horn-like spines protruding from their abdomens.

text: One feature of the webs of some orb-weavers is the stabilimentum, a crisscross band of silk through the center of the web. It is found in a number of genera, but Argiope, the yellow and banded garden spiders of North America, is a prime example. The band has been hypothesized to be a lure for prey, a marker to warn birds away from the web, and a camouflage for the spider when it sits in the center of the web. However, recent research suggests the stabilimentum actually decreases the visibility of the silk to insects, thus making it harder for prey to avoid the web.[5] The orb-web consists of a frame and supporting radii overlaid with a sticky capture spiral, and the silks used by orb-weaver spiders have exceptional mechanical properties to withstand the impact of flying prey.[6]

text: During the Cretaceous, a radiation of angiosperm plants and their insect pollinators occurred. Fossil evidence shows that the orb web was in existence at this time, which permitted a concurrent radiation of the spider predators along with their insect prey.[7][8] The capacity of orb–webs to absorb the impact of flying prey led orbicularian spiders to become the dominant predators of aerial insects in many ecosystems.[9] Insects and spiders have comparable rates of diversification, suggesting they co-radiated, and the peak of this radiation occurred 100 Mya before the origin of angiosperms.[10] Vollrath and Selden (2007) make the bold proposition that insect evolution was driven less by flowering plants than by spider predation – particularly through orb webs – as a major selective force.

text: Most arachnid webs are vertical and the spiders usually hang with their head downward. A few webs, such as those of orb-weavers in the genus Metepeira have the orb hidden within a tangled space of web. Some Metepiera are semisocial and live in communal webs. In Mexico, such communal webs have been cut out of trees or bushes and used for living fly paper.[citation needed] In 2009, workers at a Baltimore Wastewater Treatment Plant called for help to deal with over 100 million orb-weaver spiders, living in a community that managed to spin a phenomenal web that covered some 4 acres of a building with spider densities in some areas reaching 35,176 spiders per cubic meter.[11]

text: Natural history[edit]

text: The oldest known true orb-weaver is Mesozygiella dunlopi, from the Lower Cretaceous. Several fossils provide direct evidence that the three major orb-weaving families, namely Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae, had evolved by this time, about 140 million years ago.[12] They probably originated during the Jurassic (200 to 140 million years ago). Based on new molecular evidence in silk genes, all three families are likely to have a common origin.[6][8][9]

text: The two families, Deinopoidea and Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The Araneidae weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the Deinopoidea use dry fibrils and sticky silk.[6][13] The Deinopoidea (including the Uloboridae), have a cribellum – a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released.[14]

text: They also have a calamistrum – an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two families of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet there is much similarity between their web form and web construction behavior. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely synapomorphic.[14]

text: If the orb-weaver spiders are a monophyletic group, the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage paraphyletic and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single origin or a dual origin.[14] However, molecular analysis provides more support for a monophyletic origin.[6][8][9]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Araneids species either mate at the central hub of the web, where the male slowly traverses the web, trying not to get eaten, and when reaching the hub, mounts the female; or the male constructs a mating thread inside or outside the web to attract the female via vibratory courtship, and if successful, mating occurs on the thread.[15]

text: In the cannibalistic and polyandrous orb-web spider Argiope bruennichi, the much smaller males are attacked during their first copulation and are cannibalized in up to 80% of the cases.[16] All surviving males die after their second copulation, a pattern observed on other Argiope species. Whether a male survives his first copulation depends on the duration of the genital contact: males that jump off early (before 5 seconds) have a chance of surviving, while males that copulate longer (greater than 10 seconds) invariably die. Prolonged copulation, although associated with cannibalism, enhances sperm transfer and relative paternity.[16]

text: It was observed that when males mated with a non-sibling female, the duration of their copulation was prolonged, and consequently the males were cannibalized more frequently.[17] When males mated with a sibling female, they copulated briefly, and thus were more likely to escape cannibalism. By escaping, their chance of mating again with a non-kin female likely would be increased. These observations suggest that males can adaptively adjust their investment based on the degree of genetic relatedness of the female in order to avoid inbreeding depression.

text: Sexual Size Dimorphism[edit]

text: Sexual dimorphism refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species. One such difference can be in size.

text: Araneids often exhibit size dimorphism typically known as extreme sexual size dimorphism, due to the extent of differences in size. The size difference among species of Araneidae ranges greatly. Some females, such as those of the Nephila pilipes, can be at least 9 times larger than the male, while others are only slightly larger than the male.[18] The larger size female is typically thought to be selected through fecundity selection,[19] the idea that bigger females can produce more eggs, thus more offspring. Although a great deal of evidence points towards the greatest selection pressure on larger female size, there is some evidence that selection can favor small male size as well.

text: Araneids also exhibit a phenomenon called sexual cannibalism, which is commonly found throughout Araneidae.[15] Evidence suggests a negative correlation between sexual size dimorphism and incidences of sexual cannibalism.[19] Other evidence, however, has shown that differences in cannibalistic events among araneids when having smaller or slightly larger males is advantageous.[15]

text: Some evidence has shown that extreme dimorphism may be the result of males avoiding detection by the females. For males of these species, being smaller in size may be advantageous in moving the central hub of a web so female spiders may be less likely to detect the male, or even if detected as prey to be eaten, the small size may indicate little nutritional value. Larger–bodied male araneids may be advantageous when mating on a mating thread because the thread is constructed from the edge of the web orb to structural threads or to nearby vegetation.[15] Here larger males may be less likely to be cannibalized, as the males are able to copulate while the female is hanging, which may make them safer from cannibalism.[15] In one subfamily of Araneid that uses a mating thread, Gasteracanthinae, sexual cannibalism is apparently absent despite extreme size dimorphism.[20]

text: Systematics[edit]

text: As of August 2017[update], the World Spider Catalog placed 172 genera (comprising over 3,100 species) in the family Araneidae.[2]


document_title: Bereet

question_text: who plays bereet in guardians of the galaxy

text: Bereet

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Bereet first appeared in Rampaging Hulk #1-2 (January, April 1977), and was created by Doug Moench and Walt Simonson. She also appeared in Rampaging Hulk #9 (June 1978).

text: This version was subsequently revealed to be an alternate universe version. The mainstream Earth-616 version of Bereet first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #269 (March 1982), and continued to appear in the series in The Incredible Hulk #270-282 (April 1982-April 1983), #285 (July 1983), and #287 (September 1983).

text: Bereet received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Hulk (2004).

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Bereet was a female Krylorian techno-artist who used her alien technology to produce films concerning fictional adventures of herself and the Hulk. Most of the population is obsessed with the escapist movie-like fantasies of techno-art films, leading to her popularity among her people.[1] Bereet later traveled to Earth and became involved with the Hulk while he had Bruce Banner's intelligence, befriending the Hulk and Rick Jones. She also encountered the criminal Jackdaw.[2]

text: Bereet used a number of devices such as the spatial distorter, Banshee Mask, Defendroids, her "pet" Sturky, and a variety of other advanced technological devices.

text: The planet Krylor and its population was destroyed by Ego the Living Planet during the onset of the Maximum Security crossover.[3]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: As a Krylorian, Bereet has a number of traits typical to their avian-mammalian semi-humanoid physique, including highly porous ("hollow") bones; a trilling, musical voice; two fingers and a thumb on each hand; two toes on each foot; red irises; and a deep pink skin color. She uses a number of techno-art creations including her Spatial Distorter (which she always carries over her shoulder like a pocketbook), Banshee Mask, Defendroids, Energy-Eaters, "Flitter," Insula-Sphere, Life Support Spider, "Spindrone," Star Eyes, and "Web-Spider." Bereet demonstrated a number of other techno-art creations in her movie, but it is unrevealed if she used any or all of these in the 616 reality.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Melia Kreiling plays Bereet in the 2014 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy.[4] After Peter Quill retrieves an orb on the planet Morag, he discovers Bereet is still in his ship, apparently from a brief fling. He later drops her off on Xandar while he attempts to sell the orb.


document_title: Headroom (photographic framing)

question_text: headroom leadroom and noseroom are all examples of

text: Headroom (photographic framing)

text: In photography, headroom or head room is a concept of aesthetic composition that addresses the relative vertical position of the subject within the frame of the image. Headroom refers specifically to the distance between the top of the subject's head and the top of the frame, but the term is sometimes used instead of lead room, nose room or 'looking room'[1] to include the sense of space on both sides of the image. The amount of headroom that is considered aesthetically pleasing is a dynamic quantity; it changes relative to how much of the frame is filled by the subject.

text: One rule of thumb taken from classic portrait painting techniques,[2] called the "rule of thirds",[3][4] suggests that the subject's eyes, as a center of interest, are ideally positioned one-third of the way down from the top of the frame.[5][unreliable source?]

text: Moving images such as movie cameras and video cameras have the same headroom issues as still photography, but with the added factors of the movement of the subject, the movement of the camera, and the possibility of zooming in or out.

text: Perceptual psychological studies have been carried out[by whom?] with experimenters using a white dot placed in various positions within a frame to demonstrate that observers attribute potential motion to a static object within a frame, relative to its position. The unmoving object is described as 'pulling' toward the center or toward an edge or corner.[6] Proper headroom is achieved when the object is no longer seen to be slipping out of the frame—when its potential for motion is seen to be neutral in all directions.

text: Headroom changes as the camera zooms in or out, and the camera must simultaneously tilt up or down to keep the center of interest approximately one-third of the way down from the top of the frame.[5] The closer the subject, the less headroom needed.[7] In extreme close-ups, the top of the head is out of the frame,[1] but the concept of headroom still applies via the rule of thirds.[citation needed]

text: In television broadcast camera work, the amount of headroom seen by the production crew is slightly greater than the amount seen by home viewers, whose frames are reduced in area by about 5%.[1] To adjust for this, broadcast camera headroom is slightly expanded so that home viewers will see the correct amount of headroom.[1] Professional video camera viewfinders and professional video monitors often include an overscan setting to compare between full screen resolution and "domestic cut-off"[1] as an aid to achieving good headroom and lead room.

text: One of the most common mistakes that casual camera users make is to have too much headroom: too much space above the subject's head.[8]

text: Examples[edit]

text:
A portrait of guitarist Adrian Legg demonstrates an excessive amount of headroom, with the subject's nose centered in the frame (a common mistake.)

A subtle lack of headroom with the subject's eyes only 28% of the way down from the top, not 33%

Good composition, with the subject's eyes one-third of the distance down from the top of the frame, following the rule of thirds

For moving images, the action of zooming in to fill the frame with the subject requires the simultaneous tilting up of the camera, shown by the red lines, to maintain the correct amount of headroom. Conversely, zooming out requires tilting down.

tag: ul


document_title: List of Governors of Cross River State

question_text: what is the name of the governor of cross river state

text: List of Governors of Cross River State

text: This is a list of administrators and governors of Cross River State, Nigeria, including leaders of South-Eastern State. South-Eastern State was formed on 1967-05-27 when Eastern Region was split into East-Central, Rivers and South-Eastern states. The state was renamed Cross River State in 1976.

text:
South-Eastern State
Title
Took Office
Left Office
Party
Notes

Uduokaha Esuene
Governor
28 May 1967
July 1975
(Military)

Paul Omu
Governor
3 February 1976
July 1978
(Military)

Cross River State
Title
Took Office
Left Office
Party
Notes

Paul Omu
Governor
3 February 1976
July 1978
(Military)

Babatunde Elegbede
Governor
July 1978
October 1979
(Military)

Clement Isong
Governor
October 1979
October 1983
NPN

Donald Etiebet
Governor
October 1983
December 1983
NPN
NAVY CAPTAIN EDET AKPAN ARCHIBONG; MILITARY GOVERNOR FROM JANUARY 1984 -MAY 1984

Dan Archibong
Governor
MAY 1984
1986
{Military}

Eben Ibim Princewill
Governor
1986
December 1989
{Military}

Ernest Attah
Governor
December 1989
January 1992
{Military}

Clement Ebri
Governor
January 1992
November 1993
NRC

Ibrahim Kefas
Administrator
9 December 1993
14 September 1994
{Military}

Gregory Agboneni
Administrator
14 September 1994
22 August 1996
{Military}

Umar Farouk Ahmed
Administrator
22 August 1996
August 1998
{Military}

Christopher Osondu
Administrator
August 1998
May 1999
{Military}

Donald Duke
Governor
29 May 1999
29 May 2007
PDP

Liyel Imoke
Governor
29 May 2007
29 May 2015
PDP

Benedict Ayade
Governor
29 May 2015
Till Date
PDP

tag: table


document_title: The Green Mile (film)

question_text: what was the mouse called in green mile

question_tokens: what was the mouse called in green mile

text: The Green Mile (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a Louisiana assisted-living home in 1999, Paul Edgecomb begins to cry while watching the film Top Hat. His companion Elaine becomes concerned, and Paul explains to her that the film reminded him of the events of 1935, which took place when he was a prison officer, in charge of death row, what they refer to as the "Green Mile".

text: In 1935, Paul supervises officers Brutus Howell, Dean Stanton, Harry Terwilliger, and Percy Wetmore at Cold Mountain Penitentiary. Paul is suffering from a severe bladder infection and receives John Coffey, a physically imposing but mentally challenged black man, into his custody. John had been sentenced to death after being convicted of raping and murdering two white girls. One of the other inmates is a Native-American named Arlen Bitterbuck, who is charged with murder and is the first to be executed. Percy demonstrates a severe sadistic streak, but, as the nephew of Louisiana's First Lady, he is beyond reproach. He is particularly abusive with inmate Eduard Delacroix; he breaks Del's fingers with his baton, steps on a pet mouse named Mr. Jingles, which Del had adopted, repeatedly calls him by a gay slur, and ultimately sabotages his execution by failing to soak the sponge used to conduct electricity to Del's head; Del dies screaming in pain.

text: John begins to demonstrate supernatural powers; he cures Paul's bladder infection, resurrects Mr. Jingles, and heals Melinda Moores, wife of the prison's chief warden, of a brain tumor. This last affliction he releases into Percy, who under its influence shoots another prisoner, mass murderer William Wharton, dead. Wharton had from the moment of his arrival been a troublemaker; he assaulted the guards as he was being escorted into the block, made mischief on two occasions later which caused Paul to order him restrained in the block's padded cell, groped Percy, racially insulted John, and revealed psychically to John that he is, in fact, responsible for the crime for which John was condemned. John then reveals the story psychically to Paul, and, when doing so, he also releases his supernatural energy into Paul. Meanwhile, Percy is committed to the insane asylum.

text: Although distraught over the notion of being executed while innocent, John tells Paul that he does, in fact, wish to die, as he views the world as a cruel place. Mentioning that he had never seen a movie before, John watches Top Hat with the other guards as a last request. John is executed that night but refuses the customary hood, as he is afraid of the dark. Paul concludes his story by telling Elaine that John's was the last execution that he and Brutus supervised; following Coffey's execution, they both took jobs in the juvenile system.

text: Elaine realizes that, since he had a grown son in 1935, Paul must be much older than he looks. Paul reveals that he is, in fact, 108 years of age. Not only is he still alive, so is Del's mouse, Mr. Jingles. Paul then muses that if John's power could make a mouse live for as long as Mr. Jingles has, how much longer does he himself have left?

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb

Dabbs Greer as old Paul Edgecomb

David Morse as Brutus "Brutal" Howell
Bonnie Hunt as Jan Edgecomb
Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey
James Cromwell as Hal Moores
Michael Jeter as Eduard "Del" Delacroix
Doug Hutchison as Percy Wetmore
Sam Rockwell as William "Wild Bill" Wharton
Jeffrey DeMunn as Harry Terwilliger
Barry Pepper as Dean Stanton
Patricia Clarkson as Melinda Moores
Brent Briscoe as Bill Dodge
Harry Dean Stanton as Toot-Toot
Gary Sinise as Burt Hammersmith
Graham Greene as Arlen Bitterbuck
William Sadler as Klaus Detterick
Bill McKinney as Jack Van Hay
Jon Polito as "D" Block Prison Guard
Eve Brent as Elaine Connelly
Paula Malcomson as Marjorie Detterick

text: Production[edit]

text: Darabont adapted the novel into a screenplay in under eight weeks.[3]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Hanks and Darabont met at an Academy Award luncheon in 1994. Stephen King stated he envisioned Hanks in the role and was happy when Darabont mentioned his name.[3]

text: Morse had not heard about the script until he was offered the role. He stated he was in tears by the end of it.[3] Darabont wanted Cromwell from the start, and after he read the script, Cromwell was moved and agreed.[3]

text: Duncan credited his casting to Bruce Willis, with whom he had worked on the film Armageddon one year earlier. According to Duncan, Willis introduced him to Darabont after hearing of the open call for John Coffey.[4]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The official film soundtrack, Music from the Motion Picture The Green Mile, was released on December 19, 1999 by Warner Bros. It contains 37 tracks, primarily instrumental tracks from the film score by Thomas Newman. It also contains four vocal tracks: "Cheek to Cheek" by Fred Astaire, "I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby" by Billie Holiday, "Did You Ever See a Dream Walking?" by Gene Austin, and "Charmaine" by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80%, based on 132 reviews. The critical consensus states "Though The Green Mile is long, critics say it's an absorbing, emotionally powerful experience."[5] The film also has a score of 61 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics indicating "generally favorable reviews'.[6]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 and a half stars out of 4, writing "The film is a shade over three hours long. I appreciated the extra time, which allows us to feel the passage of prison months and years."[7] Forbes commentator Dawn Mendez referred to the character of John Coffey as a "'magic Negro' figure"—a term describing a stereotypical fictional black person depicted in a fictional work as a "saintly, nonthreatening" person whose purpose in life is to solve a problem for or otherwise further the happiness of a white person.[8]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: 1999 Academy Awards[9][10]

text:
Nominated – Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Best Picture – David Valdes, Frank Darabont
Nominated – Best Sound Mixing – Robert J. Litt, Elliot Tyson, Michael Herbick, Willie D. Burton
Nominated – Best Adapted Screenplay – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films

text:
Won – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan
Won – Best Supporting Actress – Patricia Clarkson
Won – Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film
Nominated – Best Director – Frank Darabont
Nominated – Best Music – Thomas Newman

text: 2000 Broadcast Music Incorporated Film & TV Awards

text: Won – Film Music Award – Thomas Newman

text: 2000 Black Reel Awards

text: Won – Theatrical – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards

text:
Won – Favorite Actor – Drama – Tom Hanks
Nominated – Favorite Supporting Actor – Drama – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Favorite Supporting Actress – Drama – Bonnie Hunt

text: 2000 Bram Stoker Awards

text: Nominated – Best Screenplay – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards

text:
Won – Best Screenplay, Adaptation – Frank Darabont
Won – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Best Film

text: 2000 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards

text:
Nominated – Best Supporting Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan
Nominated – Most Promising Actor – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 Directors Guild of America

text: Nominated – Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Golden Globe Awards

text: Nominated – Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 NAACP Image Awards

text: Nominated – Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 MTV Movie Awards

text: Nominated – Best Breakthrough Male Performance – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: 2000 Motion Picture Sound Editors (Golden Reel Awards)

text:
Nominated – Best Sound Editing – Dialogue and ADR – Mark A. Mangini, Julia Evershade
Nominated – Best Sound Editing – Effects and Foley – Mark A. Mangini, Aaron Glascock, Howell Gibbens, David E. Stone, Solange S. Schwalbe

text: 2000 People's Choice Awards

text:
Won – Favorite All-Around Motion Picture
Won – Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture

text: 2001 Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (Nebula Award)

text: Nominated – Best Script – Frank Darabont

text: 2000 Screen Actors Guild Awards

text:
Nominated – Outstanding Performance by a Cast
Nominated – Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role – Michael Clarke Duncan

text: Others[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[11]