document_title: Glastonbury Festival

question_text: who headlined the first ever glastonbury festival in 1970

text: Glastonbury Festival

text: History[edit]

text: A series of concerts, lectures and recitals called the Glastonbury Festivals was established with a summer school in the town of Glastonbury between 1914 and 1926 by classical composer Rutland Boughton (1878–1960), and with their location attracted a bohemian audience by the standards of the time. They featured works by then-contemporary composers, sponsored by the Clark family, as well as a wide range of traditional works, from Everyman to James Shirley's Cupid and Death.[4]

text: Pilton Festival 1970[edit]

text: Glastonbury was heavily influenced by hippie ethics and the free festival movement in the early 1970s, beginning with the Isle of Wight Festival, which featured performances by The Who, amongst many other artists. Organiser Michael Eavis decided to host the first festival, then called Pilton Festival, after seeing an open-air concert headlined by Led Zeppelin at the 1970 Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music at the nearby Bath and West Showground in 1970.[5] The festival retains vestiges of this tradition such as the Green Fields area, encompassing the Green Futures and Healing Field.

text: The first festival at Worthy Farm was the Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival, mounted by Michael Eavis on Saturday 19 September 1970, and attended by 1,500 people. The original headline acts were The Kinks and Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders but these acts were replaced at short notice by Tyrannosaurus Rex, later known as T. Rex. Tickets were £1. Other billed acts of note were Quintessence, Stackridge, and Al Stewart.[6][7]

text: Glastonbury Free Festival 1971[edit]

text: The "Glastonbury Fair" of 1971[8] was instigated by Andrew Kerr after being found and introduced to Michael Eavis by David Trippas and organised with help from Jean Bradbery, Kikan Eriksdotter, John Massara, Jeff Dexter, Arabella Churchill, Thomas Crimble,[9] Bill Harkin,[10] Gilberto Gil,[11] Mark Irons, John Coleman, and Jytte Klamer. The 1971 festival featured the first incarnation of the "Pyramid Stage". Conceived by Bill Harkin the stage was a one-tenth replica of the Great Pyramid of Giza built from scaffolding and metal sheeting and positioned over a blind spring which was found by dowsing.[12]

text: Performers included David Bowie, Mighty Baby, Traffic, Fairport Convention, Gong, Hawkwind, Skin Alley, The Worthy Farm Windfuckers and Melanie. It was paid for by its supporters and advocates of its ideal, and embraced a mediaeval tradition of music, dance, poetry, theatre, lights, and spontaneous entertainment. The 1971 festival was filmed by Nicolas Roeg and David Puttnam and was released as a film called simply Glastonbury Fayre.[13]

text: Glastonbury Festival 1979[edit]

text: There was a small unplanned event in 1978, when the convoy of vehicles from the Stonehenge festival was directed by police to Worthy Farm; the festival was then revived the following year (1979) by Churchill, Crimble, Kerr and Eavis, in an event for the Year of the Child, which lost money.[14]

text: The 1980s saw the festival become an annual fixture, barring periodic fallow years. In 1981, Michael Eavis took control of the festival, and it was organised in conjunction with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). That year a new Pyramid Stage was constructed from telegraph poles and metal sheeting (repurposed from materials of the Ministry of Defence), a permanent structure which doubled as a hay-barn and cow-shed during the winter.[15]

text: In the 1980s, the children's area of the festival (which had been organised by Arabella Churchill and others) became the starting point for a new children's charity called Children's World.[16] 1981 was the first year that the festival made profits, and Eavis donated £20,000 of them to CND.[17][18] In the following years, donations were made to a number of organisations, and since the end of the Cold War the main beneficiaries have been Oxfam, Greenpeace and WaterAid, who all contribute towards the festival by providing features and volunteers, who work at the festival in exchange for free entry.[19]

text: Since 1983, large festivals have required licences from local authorities. This led to certain restrictions being placed on the festival, including a crowd limit and specified times during which the stages could operate. The crowd limit was initially set at 30,000 but has grown every year to over 100,000.[20]

text: 1984 saw the stage invaded by children during The Smiths set.[21][22] Weather Report played the main stage, and Elvis Costello headlined the last night for almost three hours.[23]

text: In 1985, the festival grew too large for Worthy Farm, but neighbouring Cockmill Farm was purchased.[24] That year saw a wet festival with considerable rain; Worthy Farm is a dairy farm and what washed down into the low areas was a mixture of mud and liquefied cow dung. This did not prevent festival-goers from enjoying the knee-deep slurry in front of the pyramid stage.

text: 1989 was the first year that impromptu, unofficial sound systems sprung up around the festival site – a portent of things to come. These sound systems would play loud, electronic acid house music 'round the clock, with the largest, the Hypnosis sound system, rivaling the volume of some of the official stages and running non-stop throughout the festival.[25]

text: The biggest festival yet was held in 1990; however, the day after the festival ended, violence – between the security guards and new age travellers (the so-called Battle of Yeoman's Bridge) – led to the organisers taking 1991 and 1996 off to rethink the festival. An expanded festival returned in 1992, and this proved a great success.[26] 1992 was the first year that the new age travellers were not initially allowed onto the site free, and a sturdier fence was designed.[27] This success was carried through to 1993 which, like 1992, was hot and dry.

text: In 1994, the Pyramid Stage burned down just over a week before the festival; a temporary main stage was erected in time for the festival.[28] The 1994 festival also introduced a 150 kW wind turbine which provided some of the festival power.[29] This festival also included the setting of a new world record on 26 June when 826 people, juggling at least three objects each, kept 2,478 objects in the air.[30] This was also the year the festival was first televised by Channel 4; concentrating on the main two music stages, providing a glimpse of the festival for those who knew little of it. Channel 4 televised the festival the following year as well, which proved to be very successful.

text: The enhanced TV coverage in 1994 was a crucial factor in ensuring that Orbital's performance at the festival achieved legendary status. As a result of Channel 4's coverage, living rooms across the country were able to experience what a rave might look like, and suddenly dance music – which had been attacked by the establishment and mainstream press for years – didn't seem so dangerous.[31] Indeed, 1994 was a crucial turning point for dance music's role at the festival. Speaking to The Guardian in 2013 about the Orbital gig, Michael Eavis noted that it marked dance music's appearance on the mainstream agenda. "What was previously underground made it on to one of the big stages, and there was no going back from there. As the police and the council made me very well aware, the buzz had been around the raves and the market sound systems and in the travellers' fields for years. But it needed a showcase to make it legal."[31] The gig opened the way for others such as the Chemical Brothers, Massive Attack and Underworld, who all played high-profile stages in the following years – developments that led to the launch of the festival's Dance Village in 1997.

text: 1995 saw the attendance rise drastically due to the security fence being breached on the Friday of the festival. Estimates suggest there may have been enough fence-jumpers to double the size of the festival.[6] This aside, 1995 proved to be a highly successful year with memorable performances from Oasis, Elastica, Pulp, PJ Harvey, Jeff Buckley, Jamiroquai and The Cure. This was also the first year of the festival having a dance tent to cater for the rise in popularity of dance music, following the success of Orbital's headline appearance the previous year. The dance acts of 1995 were led by Massive Attack on the Friday and Carl Cox on the Saturday.[32] The festival took a year off in 1996 to allow the land to recover and give the organisers a break. This would be a pattern which would be followed every five years until 2011, with the gap year moving to 2012. 1996 also saw the release of Glastonbury the Movie which was filmed at the 1993 and 1994 festivals.[33]

text: The festival returned in 1997 bigger than ever. This time there was major sponsorship from The Guardian and the BBC, who had taken over televising the event from Channel 4. This was also the year of the mud,[34] with the site suffering severe rainfalls which turned the entire site into a muddy bog.[35] However those who stayed for the festival were treated to many memorable performances, including Radiohead's headlining Pyramid Stage set on the Saturday which is said to be one of the greatest ever Glastonbury performances.[36] The live recording of "Paranoid Android" from this performance, as well as others such as "The Day Before Yesterday's Man" by The Supernaturals, were released on a BBC CD entitled Mud For It.[37]

text: In 1998 the festival was once again struck with severe floods and storms, and again some festival goers departed early – but those who stayed were treated to performances from acts such as Pulp, Robbie Williams and Blur.[38] Tony Bennett, however, overcame the messy environment in an immaculate white suit and tie.[39] 1998 was also the first year that attendance officially broke the 100,000 mark.[40]

text: Another hot dry year was recorded in 1999, much to the relief of organisers and festival goers. The festival was again overcrowded due to fence-jumpers, but this would not prove to be a major problem until the following year, when an additional 100,000 people gatecrashed the site, increasing the attendance to an estimated 250,000 people total.[6] The 1999 festival is also remembered for the Manic Street Preachers requesting and being given their own backstage toilets; however, it was revealed by the band that this was a joke – the "reserved" sign on the toilet was not at the authorisation of the management.[41]

text: 2000 saw a new Pyramid Stage introduced as well as new features such as The Glade and The Leftfield. The festival was headlined by Chemical Brothers, Travis and David Bowie who played 30 years after his first appearance.[42] The Pyramid Stage also hosted an unusual event on the Saturday morning, with the wedding of two festival-goers, who had written to the organisers asking for permission to get married there, taking place and conducted by actor Keith Allen in front of a small group of friends and any other festival-goers who still happened to be awake.[43] This year also saw an estimated 250,000 people attend the festival (only 100,000 tickets were sold) due to gatecrashers. This led to public safety concerns and the local District Council refused any further licences until the problem was solved.[44] The organisers took 2001 off to devise anti-gatecrashing measures and secure the future of the festival, after the Roskilde Festival 2000 accident (though this was also a scheduled break, one which took place every five years from 1991, the year after the battle of Yeoman's Bridge, until the 2012 Olympics extended the five-year sequence from the planned 2011 rest year). It was at this point that the Mean Fiddler Organisation was invited to help,[45] which was seen by some as a "sell-out" to corporate culture.[46][47]

text: In 2002, the festival returned after its planned fallow year, with the controversial Mean Fiddler now handling the logistics and security — especially installing a substantial surrounding fence (dubbed the "superfence") that reduced numbers to the levels of a decade earlier. The lower attendance led to a much more relaxed atmosphere and massively reduced crime levels compared to previous years.[48] There were some incidents outside the fence involving frustrated individuals who arrived at the festival assuming they would be able to simply jump the fence and not pay for the music and performances, but despite this the event was hailed as a great success by the media companies that had taken an interest in the festival.[49] 2002 also saw Coldplay headline the Pyramid Stage for the first time while the show was closed by a set from Rod Stewart on the Sunday night.[50]

text: There were some criticisms of the 2002 festival that it lacked atmosphere, because of the reduced number of people, which reflected the smaller numbers jumping the fence.[51] The number of tickets was increased to 150,000 for 2003 which sold out within one day of going on sale,[52] in marked contrast to the two months it took to sell 140,000 in 2002. It was also the first year that tickets sold out before the full line-up was announced.[53] This was also the year Radiohead returned to headline the Pyramid Stage. Revenue raised for good causes from ticket and commercial licence sales topped £1 million, half of which went to Oxfam, Greenpeace and Water Aid.[54]

text: In 2004, tickets sold out within 24 hours amid much controversy over the ticket ordering process, which left potential festival goers trying for hours to connect to the overloaded telephone and internet sites.[55] The website got two million attempted connections within the first five minutes of the tickets going on sale and an average of 2,500 people on the phone lines every minute.[56] The festival was not hit by extreme weather, but high winds on the Wednesday delayed entry, and steady rain throughout Saturday turned some areas of the site to mud.[57] The festival ended with Muse headlining the Pyramid Stage on Sunday, after Oasis had headlined on Friday.[58] Franz Ferdinand and Sir Paul McCartney also performed.[58] In the British press publications appeared about the use of psychedelic drugs by festival visitors. The magazine NME pronounced that 2004 would be "the third summer of love" due to the resurgence of the "shroom" that was praised as a natural alternative to ecstasy, which was said to be declining in popularity (LSD fuelled the first summer of love in 1967; ecstasy and LSD the second in 1988).[59]

text: After the 2004 festival, Michael Eavis commented that 2006 would be a year off — in keeping with the previous history of taking one "fallow year" in every five to give the villagers and surrounding areas a rest from the yearly disruption. This was confirmed after the licence for 2005 was granted.[60]

text: In 2005 the 112,500 ticket quota sold out rapidly — in this case in 3 hours 20 minutes.[61] For 2005, the enclosed area of the festival was over 900 acres (3.6 km2),[62] had over 385 live performances,[40] and was attended by around 150,000 people.[63] The Sunday headliner was originally scheduled to be Kylie Minogue, who instead pulled out in May to receive treatment for breast cancer.[64] Basement Jaxx were announced as a replacement on 6 June.[65] Both Coldplay and Basement Jaxx performed a cover of Kylie's "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" during their concert.[66] 2005 saw a big increase in the number of dance music attractions, with the multiple tents of the Dance Village replacing the solitary dance tent of previous years. This new area contained the East and West dance tents, the Dance Lounge, Roots Stage, and Pussy Parlour, as well as a relocated G Stage, formerly situated in the Glade.[67] The introduction of the innovative silent disco by Emily Eavis allowed revellers to party into the early hours without disturbing the locals — a requirement of the festival's licensing.[68][69] Following the death of DJ John Peel in the autumn of 2004, the New Tent was renamed the John Peel Tent, in homage to his encouragement and love of new bands at Glastonbury.[70][71] The opening day of the 2005 festival was delayed by heavy rain and thunderstorms: Several stages, including the Acoustic Tent (and one of the bars), were struck by lightning, and the valley was hit with flash floods that left some areas of the site under more than four feet of water.[72] The severity of the weather flooded several campsites, the worst affected being the base of Pennard Hill, and seriously disrupted site services. However Mendip District Council's review of the festival called it one of the "safest ever" and gives the festival a glowing report in how it dealt with the floods.[63]

text: There was no festival in 2006. Instead, a documentary film directed by Julien Temple was released to make up for the lack of a festival. The film consists of specially shot footage by Temple at the festival, as well as footage sent in by fans and archive footage. Glastonbury was released in the UK on 14 April 2006.[73]

text: Glastonbury 2007 (20–24 June) was headlined by Arctic Monkeys, The Killers, and The Who on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, respectively.[74] Dame Shirley Bassey was also featured.[74] In 2007, over 700 acts played on over 80 stages[75] and the capacity expanded by 20,000 to 177,000.[76] This was the first year that "The Park" area opened. Designed by Emily Eavis, its main stage featured extra sets by several artists playing on the main stages including Pete Doherty and Gruff Rhys, whilst the BBC launched their new "Introducing" stage in the area.[74] The festival had the largest attendance since the construction of the security fence, and the largest legitimate attendance to date: ticket allocation was raised by 27,500 to 137,500, which were charged at £145 and sold out in 1 hour 45 minutes.[77] As an extra precaution against touts (scalpers), purchasers had to pre-register, including submission of a passport photo which was security printed into the ticket.[78] Continued periods of rain throughout much of the festival caused muddy conditions, though without the flooding of 2005, in part due to the new £750,000 flood defences.[79] However this constant rain made the general conditions within the site worse than 2 years before and more like the mud plains of 1998. It was difficult to find anywhere to sit down that had not turned to mud and key choke points, such as the thoroughfare at the front right of the Pyramid stage, turned into a quagmire. Muddy conditions on the temporary roads on the periphery of the site led to delays for people leaving the site.[80] On 25 June, when the vast majority of festival goers were attempting to leave the festival, cars in the western car parks took over nine hours to exit the site. There was no stewarding provision in these areas, no information was disseminated regarding the delays, no organised marshalling of traffic was undertaken by the festival organisers, and no provision of drinking water was made to people stranded in their vehicles. Verbal and physical violence was witnessed between festival goers. When cars were finally allowed to leave the site the surrounding roads were found to be clear.[81] Reported crime was down from 2005 but the number of arrests were "well up", after a proactive operation of the police and security on site. There were 236 reported crimes, down from 267 in 2005; of these, 158 were drug related (183 in 2005).[82] 1,200 people required medical aid with 32 hospitalised,[83] most of which were accidents caused by the mud. There was one fatality: a West Midlands man found unconscious early on the Saturday morning died in Yeovil District Hospital of a suspected drugs overdose.[82]

text: On 20 December 2007, Arabella Churchill, an instrumental figure in the conception of the 1971 festival and since the 1980s area coordinator of the Theatre Field, died at St Edmund's Cottages, Bove Town, Glastonbury at the age of 58. She had suffered a short illness due to pancreatic cancer, for which she had refused chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She was a convert to Buddhism, and arrangements following her death respected her belief. Michael Eavis, paying tribute to her after her death, said "Her vitality and great sense of morality and social responsibility have given her a place in our festival history second to none".[84][85][86]

text: The Glastonbury Festival 2008 was held on 27, 28 and 29 June, headlined by Kings of Leon, Jay-Z and The Verve on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, respectively,[87] with other notable acts including Neil Diamond, Shakin' Stevens, The Levellers,[88] and Stackridge, who opened the first festival in 1970.[89] Continuing the procedure introduced in 2007, ticket buyers had to pre-register and submit a passport photo between 1 February and 14 March in order to buy tickets which went on sale at 9 am on Sunday 6 April.[90] Following 40,000 tickets not being sold, the pre-registration process was reopened on 8 April.[91] Several reasons have been cited for this, including the poor weather of the previous four years[92] and the controversial choice of featuring the hip hop artist, Jay-Z, as a headlining act.[93] A day before the festival began, Michael Eavis announced that there were still around 3,000 tickets remaining, making it possible that it would be the first festival in 15 years not to sell out in advance.[94] It had also been announced that any remaining tickets would be sold from major branches of HMV.[95] This year saw the introduction of a new field adjacent to the Sacred space and Park Stage. Not named by the organisers, the festival goers themselves called it "Flagtopia" in reference to the flags located there.[96] After the huge number of tents left behind in 2007 and when one of Michael Eavis's cows died after ingesting a metal tent-peg left in the soil, the Festival devised its Love the Farm, Leave No Trace campaign which gently pushed revellers to respect the environment and clear up after themselves.[97] The Festival had always pushed a green agenda and new initiatives in 2008 included biodegradable tent pegs handed out free to all campers[98] and biotractors running on waste vegetable oil. These new efforts were rewarded with The Greener Festival Award for 2008 alongside a number of other festivals also committed to environmentally friendly music festivals.[99] The 2008 festival was reported to have cost £22 million to produce.[100][101]

text: The Glastonbury Festival 2009 took place between 24 and 28 June 2009. In marked contrast with previous years, the 137,500 tickets went on sale on 5 October 2008, earlier than ever before, with pre-registered customers able either to pay in full, or place a £50 reserve deposit to be paid by 1 February. Tickets for the festival sold out.[102] The full line up was released on 25 May 2009 and included headliners Blur, Bruce Springsteen and Neil Young on the Pyramid stage.[102] The Other stage was headlined by The Prodigy, Bloc Party and Franz Ferdinand.[103] Other notable performers included Jarvis Cocker, Fairport Convention (who played at the first Glastonbury Festival), Tom Jones, Steel Pulse, Doves, Lady Gaga, Jason Mraz, Nick Cave, Pete Doherty, Hugh Cornwell, Status Quo, The Gaslight Anthem (in which Springsteen appeared on stage during their song "The '59 Sound"), Madness, Dizzee Rascal, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Lily Allen, Kasabian and Florence and the Machine.[102]

text: The Glastonbury Festival 2010 took place between 23 and 28 June. On the last night, Michael Eavis appeared on the main stage with headline artist Stevie Wonder to sing the chorus of the latter's "Happy Birthday", marking the festival's 40th year.[104] Tickets went on sale on 4 October 2009, using the same £50 deposit scheme introduced the previous year;[105] unlike the previous two years, and more in common with earlier festivals, the tickets for the 2010 edition sold out in less than 24 hours.[106] U2 were due to headline the Pyramid Stage on Friday night at Glastonbury 2010, but due to frontman Bono sustaining a back injury they were forced to pull out. According to the media, Bono was "gutted", even having written a song especially for the festival.[107] Damon Albarn's Gorillaz replaced U2,[108] and joined Muse and Stevie Wonder for the Saturday and Sunday headline slots respectively.[109] It was Albarn's second headlining act in two years. Pet Shop Boys returned after 10 years to headline the Other Stage on the Saturday Night. The entire stage set from their Pandemonium Tour was brought in for the performance which was extremely well received. Radiohead's Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood made a surprise appearance with a nine-song set.[110] The weather at the festival was among some of the best ever, the festival-goers enjoying 3 days of abundant sunshine and very warm to hot temperatures, which reached close to 30 degrees on the Sunday; it was the first rain-free festival since 2002 and the hottest since the festival began.[111]

text: During 2010 Michael Eavis received a donation from British Waterways of timber from the old gates at Caen Hill Locks in Wiltshire. This was used to construct a new bridge which was dedicated to the memory of Arabella Churchill.[112] The following year more of the redundant lock gates were used to build the Campo Pequeno amphitheatre.[113][114]

text: The Glastonbury Festival 2011 took place from Wednesday 22 until Sunday 26 June 2011.[115] The tickets were sold out within 4 hours of going on sale on Sunday 3 October 2010. Headline acts for 2011 were U2 on the Friday night, Coldplay on the Saturday and Beyoncé on Sunday.[116] This made Beyoncé the first woman to headline at the festival since 1999.[117]

text: The festival was not held in 2012, giving the site and organisers a "fallow year" which originally would have been in 2011, in keeping with the tradition of taking a break every fifth year. Michael Eavis cited the shortage and likely cost of portable toilets and policing, due to the needs of the 2012 Summer Olympics, as being amongst the reasons.[118] The decision to move the fallow year to 2012 also proved to be a fortunate one, as Somerset experienced spells of persistent heavy rain in the period up to and including the week that the festival would normally have been held. Indeed, Emily Eavis suggested that the festival itself might have been called off, such was the severity of the weather.[119] Registration for tickets to the 2013 festival began in June 2011 and ticket booking opened at 9 am on Sunday 7 October 2012,[120] with 135,000 selling out in a record time of one hour and forty minutes.[121][122] To mark the 2012 Glastonbury weekend, Eavis was invited to guest edit the local paper, the Western Daily Press, on Saturday 23 June.[123]

text: During the 2014 festival, a 26-year-old Berkshire man suffered from a suspected reaction to Ketamine and later died in Bristol Royal Infirmary. Despite this, police reported that crime was down 30% from last year but reminded festival goers to look after their possessions.[124]

text: A few weeks before the 2015 festival Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl fell off a stage during a show in Gothenburg and broke his leg, forcing their late withdrawal from the line-up.[125] Florence and the Machine were moved from second-top on the bill to Friday's headliner, while Florence's vacant gap was filled by Reading & Leeds headliners The Libertines, and their performance was well received.[126] Kanye West and The Who were the headliners for the Saturday and Sunday, respectively. Other notable acts who performed included Motörhead (their final festival appearance in the UK before Lemmy's death), Pharrell Williams, Deadmau5, Patti Smith, the Strypes, Lionel Richie, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Enter Shikari, the Chemical Brothers, Thee Faction, Alt-J, Paloma Faith, Mary J. Blige and Paul Weller, as well as an appearance by the 14th Dalai Lama. On 28 August 2015 it was announced that hundreds of pairs of discarded wellington boots from the 2015 festival were donated to the migrant camp at Calais.[127]

text: On 3 April 2017, It was announced the BBC had renewed its exclusive national rights to broadcast the event until 2022.[128] On 24 June 2017 reggae group Toots and the Maytals were slotted for 17:30, with BBC Four scheduled to show highlights from their set. When they did not show it was suspected they missed their time slot, and BBC broadcaster Mark Radcliffe apologized on their behalf stating, "If you were expecting Toots and the Maytals – and, frankly, we all were – it seems like they were on Jamaican time or something because they didn't make it to the site on time." The group credited with coining the term "reggae" in song was subsequently rescheduled by the Glastonbury Festival organizers giving Toots and the Maytals the midnight slot, with all other acts being shifted by one hour.[129][130][131][132] In 2017 Katy Perry made her 1st appearance at the festival on the Pyramid Stage. The pyramid stage also made a name fitting with her album PRISM, released in 2013.

text: Organisation[edit]

text: Since 1981, the festival has been organised by local farmer and site owner Michael Eavis (through his company Glastonbury Festivals Ltd). Eavis ran the festival with his wife Jean until her death in 1999, and now co-organises the event with his daughter Emily Eavis.[133] Since 2002, Festival Republic (a company consisting of both Live Nation and MCD) has taken on the job of managing the logistics and security of the festival through a 40% stake in the festival management company.[134] Each year a company, joint owned by Glastonbury Festivals Ltd and Festival Republic, is created to run the festival, with profits going to the parent companies. Glastonbury Festivals Ltd donates most of their profits to charities, including donations to local charity and community groups and paying for the purchase and restoration of the Tithe Barn in Pilton.[135]

text: Several stages and areas are managed independently, such as The Left Field which is managed by a cooperative owned by Battersea and Wandsworth TUC,[136] Worthy FM and a field run by Greenpeace.[137] The sound systems on site have a total power of 650,000 watts, with the main stage having 250 speakers.[138] There are over 4,000 toilets, 2000 long-drop and 1300 compost, with water supplies including two reservoirs holding 2,000,000 litres (440,000 imp gal) of water.[138]

text: With the exception of technical and security staff, the festival is mainly run by volunteers. Some 2000 stewards are organised by the aid charity Oxfam. In return for their work at the festival Oxfam receive a donation, which in 2005 was £200,000.[139] Medical facilities are provided by Festival Medical Services who have done so since 1979. The bars are organised by the Workers Beer Company, sponsored by Carlsberg (previously Budweiser), who recruit teams of volunteer staff from small charities and campaign groups. In return for their help, typically around 18 hours over the festival, volunteers are paid in free entry, transport and food, while their charities receive the wages the volunteers earn over the event.

text: Catering, and some retail services, are provided by various small companies, typically mobile catering vans, with over 400 food stalls on site in 2010.[138] The camping retail chain Millets, and independent shops, set up makeshift outlets at the festival. Additionally charities and organisations run promotional or educational stalls, such as the Hare Krishna tent which provide free vegetarian food. Network Recycling manage refuse on the site, and in 2004 recycled 300 tonnes and composted 110 tonnes of waste from the site.[140]

text: Significant logistical operations take place to bring people into the festival by public transport each year. Additional festival trains are provided to Castle Cary railway station, mostly from London Paddington.[141] The station operates as a mini hub with waiting shuttle buses transferring passengers from Castle Cary to the festival site as required. This is an intensive operation on the Wednesday and Thursday each year with local bus and coach operators providing these buses over the two days. Additional extra buses normally provided by Go South Coast run from Bristol to the festival.[141] On the Monday, passengers are transferred back in just one day with additional buses provided to meet the increased requirement. National Express provide extra coaches direct to the festival site from major UK towns and much of this work is subcontracted to smaller coach operators to provide the capacity required.[142]

text: The festival is powered by Aggreko who provide over 27 megawatts of power to the site with 250 bio-diesel generators, run on 60,000 litres of waste vegetable oil (WVO) fuel. The power generated is enough to power the city of Bath and the Pyramid Stage is powered by 4 generators itself. There is 24 km of festoon lighting around the site, also installed by Aggreko. This is run with time clocks so the lights are only on when they are needed, contributing to the festival's green requirements.[143]

text: Location[edit]

text: The festival takes place in South West England at Worthy Farm between the small villages of Pilton and Pylle in Somerset, six miles east of Glastonbury, overlooked by the Glastonbury Tor in the "Vale of Avalon".[144] The area has a number of legends and spiritual traditions, and is a "New Age" site of interest: ley lines are considered to converge on the Tor.[145] The nearest town to the festival site is Shepton Mallet, three miles (5 km) north east, but there continues to be interaction between the people espousing alternative lifestyles living in Glastonbury and the festival. The farm is situated between the A361 and A37 roads.

text: Worthy Farm is situated at grid reference ST 590 397 in a valley at the head of the Whitelake River, between two low limestone ridges, part of the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. On the site is a confluence of the two small streams that make the Whitelake River. In the past the site has experienced problems with flooding, though after the floods that occurred during the 1997 and 1998 festival, drainage was improved. This did not prevent flooding during the 2005 festival, but allowed the flood water to dissipate within hours.[146] The Highbridge branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway ran through the farm on an embankment, but was dismantled in 1966 and now forms a main thoroughfare across the site.[147] Another prominent feature is the high-voltage electricity line which crosses the site east-west.

text: In recent years the site has been organised around a restricted backstage compound, with the Pyramid stage on the north, and Other stage on the south of the compound. Attractions on the east of the site include the acoustic tent, comedy tent and circus. To the south are the green fields, which include displays of traditional and environmentally friendly crafts. In King's Meadow, the hill at the far south of the site, is a modern small megalith circle which, like Stonehenge, is coordinated with the summer solstice, and since 1990 represents a stone circle.[148]

text: Lineups[edit]

text:
Edition
Year
Dates
Tickets sold
Headliners
Notable acts
Ticket price

1
1970
19 September
1,500[149]
T.Rex (replaced The Kinks)[149]

£1[149]

2
1971
22–24 June
12,000[150]
David Bowie[150]
Pink Floyd billed, but cancelled.[151]
Free[150]

3
1978
28–8 July
500[152]
none

N/A

4
1979
21–23 June
12,000[153]
Tim Blake · Peter Gabriel[153]

£5[153]

5
1981
19–21 June
18,000[154]
Hawkwind · Ginger Baker[155]
New Order
£8[154]

6
1982
18–20 June
25,000[155]
Van Morrison · Jackson Browne[155]
U2 billed, but cancelled.
£8[155]

7
1983
17–19 June
30,000[156]
Curtis Mayfield · UB40[156]

£12[156]

8
1984
22–24 June
35,000[157]
The Smiths · Weather Report · Black Uhuru[157]
The Band billed, but did not appear.
£13[157]

9
1985
21–23 June
40,000[158]
Echo & the Bunnymen · Joe Cocker · The Boomtown Rats[158]
The Style Council
£16[158]

10
1986
20–22 June
60,000[159]
The Cure · The Psychedelic Furs · Level 42[159]
Simply Red, Madness
£17[159]

11
1987
19–21 June
60,000[160]
Elvis Costello · Van Morrison · The Communards[160]
New Order
£21[160]

12
1989
16–18 June
65,000[161]
Elvis Costello · Van Morrison · Suzanne Vega[161]
Pixies
£28[161]

13
1990
22–24 June
70,000[162]
The Cure · Happy Mondays · Sinéad O'Connor[162]
Archaos
£38[162]

14
1992
26–28 June
70,000[163]
Carter USM · Shakespears Sister · Youssou N'Dour[163]
Lou Reed, Blur, Primal Scream, Morrissey billed, but cancelled.
£49[163]

15
1993
25–27 June
80,000[164]
The Black Crowes · Christy Moore · Lenny Kravitz (replaced Red Hot Chili Peppers)[164]
The Velvet Underground, Primal Scream
£58[164]

16
1994
24–26 June
80,000[165]
Levellers · Elvis Costello · Peter Gabriel[165]
Johnny Cash, Rage Against the Machine, Björk, Radiohead, Blur, Oasis, Pulp, Saint Etienne
£59[165]

17
1995
23–25 June
80,000[166]
Oasis · Pulp (replaced The Stone Roses) · The Cure[166]
The Offspring, Jeff Buckley, Page and Plant, The Prodigy, The Black Crowes, PJ Harvey
£65[166]

18
1997
27–29 June
90,000[167]
Radiohead · The Prodigy · Ash (replaced Steve Winwood)[167]
The Smashing Pumpkins, Sting, Neil Young billed, but cancelled.
£75[167]

19
1998
26–28 June
100,500[168]
Primal Scream · Blur · Pulp[168]
Bob Dylan, Robbie Williams, Foo Fighters, Tony Bennett, Tori Amos
£80[168]

20
1999
25–27 June
100,500[169]
R.E.M. · Manic Street Preachers · Skunk Anansie[169]
Coldplay, Muse, Ash, Blondie
£83[169]

21
2000
23–25 June
100,000[170]
David Bowie · Travis · The Chemical Brothers[170]
Muse, Coldplay, Cypress Hill
£87[170]

22
2002
28–30 June
140,000[171]
Coldplay · Rod Stewart · Stereophonics[171]
The White Stripes, Roger Waters, Isaac Hayes, Garbage
£97[171]

23
2003
27–29 June
150,000[52]
R.E.M. · Radiohead · Moby[52]
Manic Street Preachers, The Flaming Lips, Yes, Primal Scream
£105[52]

24
2004
25–27 June
150,000[58]
Paul McCartney · Oasis · Muse[58]
James Brown, Kings of Leon, Morrissey, Scissor Sisters, Franz Ferdinand
£112[58]

25
2005
24–26 June
153,000[172]
The White Stripes · Coldplay · Basement Jaxx (replaced Kylie Minogue)[172]
The Killers, New Order, Primal Scream, Elvis Costello, Brian Wilson
£125[172]

26
2007
22–24 June
135,000[74]
Arctic Monkeys · The Killers · The Who[74]
Adele, Arcade Fire, Arcadia Spectacular, Shirley Bassey, Björk, The Kooks, Amy Winehouse
£145[74]

27
2008
27–29 June
134,000[173]
Kings of Leon · Jay Z · The Verve[173]
Leonard Cohen, Neil Diamond, Amy Winehouse, John Mayer, Foals
£155[173]

28
2009
26–28 June
135,000[102]
Neil Young · Bruce Springsteen · Blur[102]
Pendulum, Status Quo, The Prodigy, The Specials, Lady Gaga, The Black Eyed Peas, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Franz Ferdinand
£175[102]

29
2010
25–27 June
135,000[174]
Gorillaz (replaced U2) · Muse · Stevie Wonder[174]
Scissor Sisters, Shakira, The Flaming Lips, Jackson Browne, Pet Shop Boys, Ray Davies, Radiohead's Thom Yorke (secret show, being joined near the end of the set by bandmate Jonny Greenwood), Billy Bragg
£185[174]

30
2011
24–26 June
135,000
U2 · Coldplay · Beyoncé
B.B. King, Morrissey, Paul Simon, Wu-Tang Clan, Radiohead (secret show), Pulp (secret show), Primal Scream, The Wombles (band), Master Musicians of Joujouka, Paddy Nash (with Billy Bragg)
£195

31
2013
28–30 June
135,000
Arctic Monkeys · The Rolling Stones · Mumford & Sons
Dizzee Rascal, Ben Howard, Jake Bugg, Sir Bruce Forsyth, Primal Scream, Vampire Weekend, The Vaccines, Kenny Rogers, Beady Eye, Tame Impala, Hurts Portishead, Billy Bragg, Skrillex (secret show)
£205

32
2014
27–29 June
135,000
Arcade Fire · Metallica · Kasabian
Lily Allen, Arcadia Spectacular, The Black Keys, Blondie, Jake Bugg, Elbow, Dolly Parton, Goldfrapp, Imagine Dragons, Manic Street Preachers, Massive Attack, M.I.A., Pixies, Robert Plant, Lana Del Rey, Skrillex, Jack White, The Tuts, Billy Bragg
£210

33
2015
24–28 June
135,000
Florence and the Machine (replaced Foo Fighters) · Kanye West[175] · The Who
Lionel Richie,[176] Motörhead,[177] Pharrell Williams, The Libertines, Paul Weller, Deadmau5, Alt-J, Paloma Faith, The Waterboys, George Ezra, Patti Smith, Thee Faction, The Chemical Brothers, Burt Bacharach, Enter Shikari, The Moody Blues, Billy Bragg , Jungle
£225

34
2016
22–26 June
135,000
Muse · Adele · Coldplay[178][179]
Jeff Lynne's ELO, PJ Harvey, Beck, Tame Impala, New Order, Foals, Ellie Goulding, Madness, Skepta, Disclosure, The 1975, The Last Shadow Puppets, Earth, Wind & Fire, Jake Bugg, Years & Years, ZZ Top, LCD Soundsystem, Bastille, Bring Me The Horizon, Wolf Alice, Damon Albarn, Cyndi Lauper, Gary Clark Jr., James, MØ, Christine and the Queens, Billy Bragg
£228

35
2017
21–25 June
TBA
Radiohead[180] · Foo Fighters[181] · Ed Sheeran[182]
London Grammar, Biffy Clyro, Liam Gallagher, Katy Perry, Barry Gibb, The xx, The National, Lorde, Royal Blood, Stormzy, Chic, Major Lazer, Alt-J, Boy Better Know, The Jacksons, Kris Kristofferson, Laura Marling, Emeli Sandé, Dizzee Rascal, Solange, Run the Jewels, HAIM, Clean Bandit, George Ezra, Halsey, Busted, Elbow, First Aid Kit, Craig David, Jools Holland, Dua Lipa, Tove Lo, Jamie Cullum, Declan McKenna, Lucy Spraggan, Gabrielle Aplin, Kaiser Chiefs, Napalm Death, The Killers (secret show), Toots and the Maytals, Billy Bragg
£238

text: Accommodation[edit]

text: Most people who stay at Glastonbury Festival camp in a tent. There are different camping areas, each with its own atmosphere. Limekilns and Hitchin Hill Ground are quieter camping areas, whereas Pennard Hill Ground is a lively campsite. Cockmill Meadow is a family campsite and Wicket Ground was introduced in 2011 as a second family-only campsite. A disabled campsite is also available in Spring Ground. Campsite accommodation is provided in the cost of a standard entry ticket but festival-goers must bring their own tents. Tipis have been at the festival for many years. A limited number of fixed tipis are available for hire at the tipi field near the stone circle. Up to six adults can stay in each tipi and each one comes with a groundsheet and raincatcher. Internal bedding and camping equipment is not provided. Tipi Park also offers solar showers and a log-fired yurt sauna to cap off the experience.[183]

text: Campervans, caravans and trailer tents are not allowed into the main festival site. However, the purchase of a campervan ticket in addition to the main ticket allows access to fields just outside the boundary fence; and the cost includes access for the campervan or towing vehicle and the caravan; the car, or other vehicle used to tow the caravan, may be parked alongside it but sleeping is only authorised in the campervan/caravan and connected awning, not in the accompanying vehicle. One additional tent may accompany the caravan/campervan if space within the plot allows. Some people choose to bring or hire a motorhome, though drivers of larger vehicles or motorhomes may have to purchase a second campervan ticket if they cannot fit within the defined plot.[184][185] The 2009 festival saw changes to the campervan fields; commercial vehicles were no longer classed as 'campervans', all campervans had to have a fitted sleeping area and either washing or cooking facilities, and caravans and trailer tents were allowed back at the festival. Prior to this only campervans were allowed on site, caravans and trailers being banned in the early 1990s after a number were stuck in the mud and abandoned.[186]

text: Festival-goers can stay at local B&B accommodation but most are not within walking distance of the festival. There are several independent Glastonbury accommodation providers close to the main site, which include smaller campsites for tents, gypsy caravans, geo-domes, private cottages and more – some festival goers choose to be ferried between the festival and their accommodation by quad-bike or even private helicopter.[187]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: Various artists have written songs entitled Glastonbury or about the festival including Nizlopi,[188] The Waterboys[189] and Scouting for Girls.[190] Cosmic Rough Riders included "Glastonbury Revisited" on their album Enjoy The Melodic Sunshine (Poptones) in 2000.[191] Amy Macdonald, in her song "Let's Start a Band" referenced Glastonbury: "Give me a festival and I'll be your Glastonbury star."[192] Robbie Williams, in his song "The 90s", refers to his surprise appearance on stage with Oasis in 1995, which ultimately led to him leaving Take That: "Everybody's worried 'what the fuck's wrong with Robbie? He's not answering his phone, he's not talking to me, I saw him on the telly at Glastonbury'."[193][194] Joe Strummer wrote the song "Coma Girl" about his experiences at Glastonbury,[195]  — in a BBC interview Bruce Springsteen cited the song as inspiring him to play the 2009 festival.[196] U2 wrote a song titled "Glastonbury" that was supposed to premier with their appearance at the festival, but an injury to Bono forced them to cancel. They instead premiered it in a concert in Turin on their 360° Tour.[197] Marcus Brigstocke's comic creation Giles Wemmbley Hogg had a special mock-documentary made about him going to Glastonbury as part of the Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off series.[198] Deborah Crombie's novel A Finer End takes place in Glastonbury with references to a fictional account of an original 1914 Glastonbury Fayre as well as the contemporary festival.[199] Glastonbury is also a setting in John Osborne's 2014 Radio 4 show The New Blur Album. Roxy Music did a song and album called Avalon, which is the ancient name for Glastonbury (Isle of Avalon).[200]


document_title: List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

question_text: what countries have the highest rate of alcoholism

root

text: WHO (World Health Organization) Data[edit]

text: The WHO publish periodically The Global Status Report on Alcohol:

tag: p

text:
1999 was first published by WHO in 1999.[1]
2004 is the second global status report on alcohol published by WHO
2011 third global report on alcohol published by WHO
2014 fourth global report on alcohol published by WHO with data from 2010.

tag: ul

text: 2010 WHO data[edit]

text: The table below for 191 countries uses 2010 data from the WHO report published in 2014. The methodology used by the WHO calculated use by persons 15 years of age or older. All data in columns refer to year 2010. The column "recorded" refers to the average recorded consumption for the period 2010.  Unrecorded consumption (homebrew, moonshine, smuggled alcohol, surrogate alcohol etc.) was calculated using empirical investigations and expert judgments. Total is the sum of the recorded and unrecorded consumption. The next four columns are a breakdown of the recorded alcohol consumption by type.  Beer refers to malt beer, wine refers to grape wine, spirits refers to all distilled beverages such as vodka and similar products, and the column "other" refers to all other alcoholic beverages, such as rice wine, sake, mead, cider, kvass, and African beers (kumi kumi, kwete, banana beer, millet beer, umqombothi etc.).

text:
Pure alcohol consumption among persons (age 15+) in liters per capita per year, 2010[2]

Rank
Country
Total
Recordedconsumption
Unrecordedconsumption
Beer(%)
Wine(%)
Spirits(%)
Other(%)
2015projection

1
 Belarus
17.6
14.4
3.2
17.3
5.2
46.6
30.9
17.1

2
 Moldova
16.8
6.3
10.5
30.4
5.1
64.5
0
17.4

3
 Lithuania
15.5
12.9
2.5
46.5
7.8
34.1
11.6
16.2

4
 Russia
15.1
11.5
3.6
37.6
11.4
51
0
14.5

5
 Romania
14.4
10.4
4
50
28.9
21.1
0
12.9

6
 Ukraine
13.9
8.9
5
40.5
9
48
2.6
11.8

7
 Andorra
13.8
12.4
1.4
34.6
45.3
20.1
0
9.1

8
 Hungary
13.3
11.3
2
36.3
29.4
34.3
0
12.4

9
 Czech Republic
13
11.8
1.2
53.5
20.5
26
0
14.1

10
 Slovakia
13
11.4
1.7
30.1
18.3
46.2
5.5
12.5

11
 Portugal
12.9
11
1.9
30.8
55.5
10.9
2.8
12.5

12
 Serbia
12.6
9.6
2.9
51.5
23.9
24.6
0
12.9

13
 Grenada
12.5
11.9
0.7
29.3
4.3
66.2
0.2
10.4

14
 Poland
12.5
10.9
1.6
55.1
9.3
35.5
0
11.5

15
 Latvia
12.3
10.5
1.8
46.9
10.7
37
5.4
10.6

16
 Finland
12.3
10
2.3
46
17.5
24
12.6
11.9

17
 South Korea
12.3
9.8
2.5
25
1.6
2.9
70.5
10.9

18
 France
12.2
11.8
0.4
18.8
56.4
23.1
1.7
11.6

19
 Australia
12.2
10.4
1.8
44
36.7
12.5
6.8
12.6

20
 Croatia
12.2
10.2
2
39.5
44.8
15.4
0.2
11.7

21
 Ireland
11.9
11.4
0.5
48.1
26.1
18.7
7.7
10.9

22
 Luxembourg
11.9
11.4
0.5
36.2
42.8
21
0
11.2

23
 Germany
11.8
11.3
0.5
53.6
27.8
18.6
0
10.6

24
 Slovenia
11.6
10.6
1
44.5
46.9
8.6
0
10.9

25
 United Kingdom
11.6
10.4
1.2
36.9
33.8
21.8
7.5
12

26
 Denmark
11.4
10.4
1
37.7
48.2
14.1
0
10.2

27
 Bulgaria
11.4
10.3
1.1
39.3
16.5
44.1
0.1
11.3

28
 Spain
11.2
10
1.2
49.7
20.1
28.2
1.8
10.6

29
 Belgium
11
10.5
0.5
49.2
36.3
14.4
0.1
10.8

30
 South Africa
11
8.2
2.9
48.1
17.8
16.7
17.4
11.5

31
 New Zealand
10.9
9.3
1.6
38.2
33.9
15.2
12.5
11.2

32
 Gabon
10.9
8.9
2
68.3
11.9
19.8
0.1
11.8

33
 Namibia
10.8
6.8
4
96.7
0.3
0.9
2.1
11.8

34
  Switzerland
10.7
10.2
0.5
31.8
49.4
17.6
1.2
10.4

35
 Saint Lucia
10.4
10.1
0.2
29.7
12.6
56.1
1.5
10.4

36
 Austria
10.3
9.7
0.6
50.4
35.5
14
0
8.5

37
 Estonia
10.3
9.5
0.8
41.2
11.1
36.8
10.9
9.4

38
 Greece
10.3
8.3
2
28.1
47.3
24.2
0.4
9.3

39
 Kazakhstan
10.3
6.8
3.5
31.8
3.1
65.1
0
8.2

40
 Canada
10.2
8.2
2
51.2
22
26.8
0
10.3

41
 Nigeria
10.1
9.1
1
8
0.4
0.9
90.7
11.3

42
 Netherlands
9.9
9.4
0.5
46.8
36.4
16.9
0
9.6

43
 Uganda
9.8
8.3
1.5
9.4
0.1
1.9
88.6
10.5

44
 Rwanda
9.8
6.8
3
11.1
0
0.4
88.4
10

45
 Chile
9.6
7.6
2
29.9
40.7
29.4
0
9.3

46
 Argentina
9.3
8.3
1
40.7
48
5.5
5.8
7.6

47
 Burundi
9.3
6.3
3
24.5
0
0.1
75.4
9.8

48
 United States
9.2
8.7
0.5
50
17.3
32.7
0
9

49
 Cyprus
9.2
8.2
1
40.9
24.7
33.7
0.7
9.1

50
 Sweden
9.2
7.2
2
37
46.6
15.1
1.4
8.7

51
 Venezuela
8.9
7.7
1.3
75.6
0.8
23.4
0.2
8.3

52
 Paraguay
8.8
7.3
1.5
51.1
18.2
28.8
2
9.6

53
 Brazil
8.7
7.2
1.5
59.6
4
36.3
0.1
9.1

54
 Sierra Leone
8.7
6.7
2
6.4
0.5
0.7
92.3
8.2

55
 Montenegro
8.7
4.9
3.9
10.9
47
41.7
0.4
13.3

56
 Belize
8.5
6.8
1.7
67.6
2
30.3
0.1
8.3

57
 Cameroon
8.4
5.8
2.6
63.9
22.1
13.8
0.2
7.7

58
 Botswana
8.4
5.4
3
56
11.8
11.5
20.7
7.7

59
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.2
7.7
0.5
44
7.4
48
0.6
7

60
 Guyana
8.1
7.1
1
23
0.3
76.6
0.1
8.6

61
 Peru
8.1
6.1
2
46.8
6.1
47.1
0
5.2

62
 Panama
8
7.2
0.8
69.2
4.6
26
0.2
7.7

63
 Niue
8
7
1
47
1.7
51.3
0
7.7

64
 Palau
7.9
6.9
1
77.7
5.9
16.4
0

65
 Norway
7.7
6.7
1
44.2
34.7
19
2.1
7

66
 Tanzania
7.7
5.7
2
11
0.2
1.8
87
8.1

67
 Georgia
7.7
5.4
2.3
17
49.8
33.2
0.1
6.7

68
 Uruguay
7.6
6.6
1
30.6
59.9
9.5
0
7

69
 Angola
7.5
5.9
1.6
64.3
13.7
17.4
4.7
7.6

70
 Laos
7.3
6.2
1.1
35.6
0
64.4
0
7.5

71
 Japan
7.2
7
0.2
19.2
4.1
52
24.7
7.5

72
 Mexico
7.2
5.5
1.8
75.7
1.5
22.2
0.5
6.8

73
 Ecuador
7.2
4.2
3
67.3
1.2
31.5
0
6.1

74
 Dominica
7.1
6.6
0.5
13.7
7.1
77.9
1.2
6.6

75
 Iceland
7.1
6.6
0.5
61.8
21.2
16.5
0.5
6.9

76
 Thailand
7.1
6.4
0.7
27
0.4
72.6
0
8.3

77
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7.1
4.6
2.5
73.3
9.7
17
0
7.5

78
 São Tomé and Príncipe
7.1
4.2
2.9
23.5
60.2
16.3
0
6.8

79
 Malta
7
6.6
0.4
39.4
32.7
27.2
0.7
7.2

80
 Albania
7
4.9
2.1
31.8
19.8
48.4
0
6.6

81
 Bahamas
6.9
6.3
0.5
34
14.6
50.4
1
4.2

82
 Dominican Republic
6.9
6.2
0.7
54.5
2.7
42.7
0.1
7.6

83
 Mongolia
6.9
4.9
2
27.6
2.8
69.6
0
7.8

84
 Cape Verde
6.9
4
2.9
44.4
1.2
0.2
54.2
7.2

85
 Barbados
6.8
6.3
0.5
39.7
10.2
49.3
0.8
6.5

86
 Burkina Faso
6.8
4.3
2.5
10
3
3.1
83.8
7.4

87
 Italy
6.7
6.5
0.2
23
65.6
11.5
0
6.1

88
 Trinidad and Tobago
6.7
6.4
0.3
54
2
43.8
0.3
6.6

89
 China
6.7
5
1.7
27.8
3
69.2
0
7.6

90
 Lebanon
6.7
3.9
2.8
47.4
39.9
12.6
0
5.7

91
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6.6
6.3
0.3
33.4
3
63.1
0.5
7.2

92
 Equatorial Guinea
6.6
5.8
0.8
27.8
72.2
0
0
8.1

93
 Suriname
6.6
5.6
1
40
2.3
57.2
0.5
6.5

94
 Vietnam
6.6
2
4.6
97.3
0.6
2.1
0
8.7

95
 Lesotho
6.5
2.8
3.7
51.3
0.2
18.9
29.6
6.4

96
 Haiti
6.4
5.9
0.6
0.2
0.2
99.6
0
5.9

97
 Cook Islands
6.4
5.9
0.5
0
22.6
77.4
0
4.8

98
 Colombia
6.2
4.2
2
66.1
1.1
32.5
0.3
6.6

99
 Ivory Coast
6
4
2
16.1
3
0.4
80.5
6.5

100
 Bolivia
5.9
3.8
2.1
76.8
3.8
19.3
0.1
5.8

101
 Swaziland
5.7
4.7
1
33.6
0.8
0.7
65
6.4

102
 Zimbabwe
5.7
4.7
1
23.7
1.7
6.8
67.7
4.8

103
 Seychelles
5.6
4.1
1.5
67
22.2
10.8
0
6.7

104
 Cambodia
5.5
2.2
3.3
45.7
0.8
53.5
0
6.1

105
 Puerto Rico
5.4
4.9
0.5
66.6
6.7
26.4
0.3
-

106
 Netherlands Antilles
5.4
4.9
0.4
36.4
16.4
47
0.3
3.2

107
 Philippines
5.4
4.6
0.9
26.9
0.3
72.7
0
5.6

108
 Costa Rica
5.4
4.4
1
59.3
4.7
35.5
0.5
5.1

109
 Armenia
5.3
3.8
1.5
9.7
5.3
84.9
0
5.5

110
 Cuba
5.2
4.2
1
38.8
2.2
58.9
0
5.5

111
 Nicaragua
5
3.5
1.5
38.8
0.5
60.6
0
4.6

112
 Jamaica
4.9
3.4
1.5
42
4.9
51.4
1.6
5.1

113
 Ghana
4.8
1.8
3
30
9.7
2.9
57.3
5.4

114
 Liberia
4.7
3.1
1.6
10.8
1
88.1
0
5.2

115
 Uzbekistan
4.6
2.4
2.1
18.3
6.3
75.4
0
4.8

116
 Chad
4.4
0.4
4
66.3
3.4
3.8
26.5
4.4

117
 United Arab Emirates
4.3
2.8
1.5
10.3
2.9
86.7
0
4.3

118
 Kyrgyzstan
4.3
2.4
1.9
22.6
4.2
72.9
0.3
3.9

119
 India
4.3
2.2
2.2
6.8
0.1
93.1
0
4.6

120
 Turkmenistan
4.3
2.2
2.2
15.4
26.1
58.4
0
5

121
 Kenya
4.3
1.8
2.5
56.1
1.8
21.6
20.4
4

122
 Ethiopia
4.2
0.7
3.5
49.7
0.6
8.2
41.4
4.3

123
 Honduras
4
3
1
40.1
1.1
58.7
0
4

124
 Guinea-Bissau
4
2.5
1.5
19.6
14.9
22.4
43
4.3

125
 Zambia
4
2.5
1.5
22.7
2.9
13.6
60.7
4

126
 Republic of the Congo
3.9
1.7
2.2
78.4
9.8
10.9
0.8
3.9

127
 Guatemala
3.8
2.2
1.6
41.9
1.6
56.3
0.2
3.9

128
 Central African Republic
3.8
1.8
2
16.2
0.6
2.1
81.1
3.8

129
 North Korea
3.7
3.2
0.5
5.1
0
94.9
0
4.4

130
 Sri Lanka
3.7
2.2
1.5
13
0.1
85.2
1.7
4.5

131
 Mauritius
3.6
2.6
1
66.2
12.3
21.3
0.2
4

132
 Samoa
3.6
2.6
1
70.9
16.6
12.5
0

133
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
3.6
2.3
1.3
24
0.7
2
73.3
3.4

134
 Nauru
3.5
1
2.5
85.4
14.6
0
0
3

135
 Gambia
3.4
2.4
1
5.6
0.7
0.3
93.5
3.2

136
 Federated States of Micronesia
3.3
2.3
1
47
14.1
38.9
0
3.5

137
 El Salvador
3.2
2.2
1
41.7
1.7
56.6
0
3.5

138
 Fiji
3
2
1
67.7
0.9
31.1
0.2
3.2

139
 Papua New Guinea
3
1.5
1.5
51.3
0.9
47.7
0
3.1

140
 Kiribati
3
1
2
36.9
2.2
60.9
0
2.9

141
 Tajikistan
2.8
0.3
2.5
10.2
1.1
88.7
0
2.4

142
 Israel
2.8
0.3
2.5
44
6.2
49.5
0.3
3.1

143
 Sudan
2.7
1.7
1
8
0
13.5
78.5
2.7

144
 Malawi
2.5
1.5
1
9.1
1.2
13.4
76.2
2.5

145
 Macedonia
2.4
1.9
0.5
18.2
29.1
52.4
0.3
2.2

146
 Azerbaijan
2.3
1.3
1
28.7
7.6
63.3
0
2.1

147
 Mozambique
2.3
1.3
1
63
7.3
25.4
4.3
2

148
 Togo
2.3
1.3
1
48.9
26.9
2.4
21.8
1.9

149
   Nepal
2.2
0.2
2
47.7
0.9
51.4
0
2.1

150
 Bahrain
2.1
2
0.1
36.6
6.3
57
0.1
2.4

151
 Benin
2.1
1.1
1
54.6
21.7
7.2
16.5
2.2

152
 Singapore
2
1.5
0.5
70.1
13.5
14.7
1.7
2.9

153
 Turkey
2
1.4
0.6
63.6
8.6
27.9
0
2.4

154
 Madagascar
1.8
0.8
1
56
9.5
34.5
0
1.9

155
 Solomon Islands
1.7
1.2
0.5
81.1
2.1
16.7
0
1.6

156
 Tonga
1.6
1.1
0.5
57.9
7.6
34.3
0.1
2.1

157
 Tunisia
1.5
1.3
0.2
68.6
27.7
3.7
0
1.2

158
 Tuvalu
1.5
1
0.5
10
15.5
74.5
0
1.3

159
 Qatar
1.5
0.9
0.6
1.2
13.9
84.6
0.3
1.3

160
 Vanuatu
1.4
0.9
0.5
40.5
22.8
36.7
0
1.2

161
 Djibouti
1.3
1.1
0.2
23.2
5.3
71.5
0
0.9

162
 Malaysia
1.3
0.3
1
76.2
2
21.8
0.1
1.7

163
 Syria
1.2
1
0.3
8.5
27.9
63.5
0
1.4

164
 Maldives
1.2
0.7
0.5
29.1
29.4
41.2
0
1

165
 Mali
1.1
0.6
0.5
13.3
1.5
2.1
83.1
1

166
 Eritrea
1.1
0.5
0.6
63.6
0
0.1
36.3
1.4

167
 Algeria
1
0.7
0.3
62.6
35.5
0
2
0.6

168
 Iran
1
0
1
24.8
52.1
1
1

169
 Oman
0.9
0.7
0.2
54.6
3.3
42.2
0
0.9

170
 Brunei
0.9
0.6
0.3
89.8
2.3
7.2
0.7
0.8

171
 Morocco
0.9
0.5
0.5
43.5
36.5
19.9
0
0.7

172
 Jordan
0.7
0.5
0.2
22.4
2.1
75.4
0.1
0.7

173
 Bhutan
0.7
0.4
0.3
100
0
0
0
1.1

174
 Guinea
0.7
0.2
0.5
78.9
16.3
3.7
1.1
0.7

175
 Myanmar
0.7
0.1
0.6
82.6
5.7
11.8
0
0.7

176
 Afghanistan
0.7
0
0.7
18.9
38.3
1
1.2

177
 Senegal
0.6
0.3
0.3
55.1
41.3
3.6
0
0.5

178
 Indonesia
0.6
0.1
0.5
84.5
0.1
15.3
0
0.6

179
 Timor-Leste
0.6
0.1
0.5
9.3
75.9
14.8
0
1.2

180
 Iraq
0.5
0.2
0.3
76.1
1
22.9
0
0.5

181
 Somalia
0.5
0
0.5
9.2
19.2
0.5
0.5

182
 Egypt
0.4
0.2
0.2
53.8
5.4
40.3
0.5
0.3

183
 Niger
0.3
0.1
0.2
46
13.2
40.7
0
0.3

184
 Yemen
0.3
0.1
0.2
100
0
0
0
0.2

185
 Comoros
0.2
0.1
0.1
23.3
22.2
54.6
0
0.2

186
 Saudi Arabia
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
1.9
97.9
0.2
0.2

187
 Bangladesh
0.2
0
0.2
9
17.6
0.2
0.2

188
 Kuwait
0.1
0
0.1
58.1
10.8
30.7
0.4
0.1

189
 Libya
0.1
0
0.1
2.5
5
0
0

190
 Mauritania
0.1
0
0.1

0.1

191
 Pakistan
0.1
0
0
1.2
3
0.1
0.1

tag: table

text: Worldwide consumption in 2010 was equal to 6.2 litres of pure alcohol consumed per person aged 15 years or older.

text: 2015 WHO data for OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries[edit]

text: The following is a list of OECD countries by the total alcohol consumption per capita in litres of pure alcohol as published by the World Health Organization in 2015.[3]

text:
Rank
Country
Alcohol consumptionin litres
Relative alcohol consumption

1
 Czech Republic
14.1

14.1

2
 Australia
12.6

12.6

3
 Portugal
12.5

12.5

4
 Slovakia
12.5

12.5

5
 Hungary
12.4

12.4

6
 United Kingdom
12.0

12

7
 Finland
11.9

11.9

8
 France
11.6

11.6

9
 Poland
11.5

11.5

10
 Luxembourg
11.2

11.2

11
 New Zealand
11.2

11.2

12
 Ireland
10.9

10.9

13
 Slovenia
10.9

10.9

14
 South Korea
10.9

10.9

15
 Belgium
10.8

10.8

16
 Germany
10.6

10.6

17
 Spain
10.6

10.6

18
  Switzerland
10.4

10.4

19
 Canada
10.3

10.3

20
 Denmark
10.2

10.2

21
 Netherlands
9.6

9.6

22
 Chile
9.3

9.3

23
 Greece
9.3

9.3

24
 United States
9.0

9

25
 Sweden
8.7

8.7

26
 Austria
8.5

8.5

27
 Japan
7.5

7.5

28
 Norway
7.0

7

29
 Iceland
6.9

6.9

30
 Mexico
6.8

6.8

31
 Italy
6.1

6.1

32
 Israel
3.1

3.1

33
 Turkey
2.4

2.4

text: OECD Data[edit]

text: 2013 OECD statistics[edit]

text: The table below lists OECD countries by the annual consumption of pure alcohol in liters, per person, aged 15 years old and over, as published in the 2013 OECD Health Data. Note that the methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to pure alcohol may differ across countries. Typically beer is weighted as 4–5%, wine as 11–16% and spirits as 40% of pure alcohol equivalent.

text: This table is an accurate reflection of the annual consumption of pure alcohol in litres by OECD countries.

text:
Rank
Country
Liters per capita [4]
Relative size
Year

1
 Austria
12.2

12.2
2011

2
 Estonia
12

12
2011

3
 France
11.8

11.8
2011

4
 Ireland
11.7

11.7
2011

5
 Czech Republic
11.5

11.5
2011

6
 Hungary
11.4

11.4
2011

7
 Luxembourg
11.4

11.4
2011

8
 Germany
11.2

11.2
2011

9
 Slovenia
10.6

10.6
2011

10
 Denmark
10.5

10.5
2011

11
 Poland
10.3

10.3
2011

12
 Portugal
10.3

10.3
2011

13
 United Kingdom
10.3

10.3
2011

14
 Slovakia
10.2

10.2
2011

15
 Australia
10

10
2011

16
  Switzerland
10

10
2011

17
 Belgium
9.8

9.8
2011

18
 Finland
9.8

9.8
2011

19
 Spain
9.8

9.8
2010

20
 New Zealand
9.5

9.5
2011

21
 Netherlands
9.2

9.2
2011

22
 South Korea
8.9

8.9
2011

23
 United States
8.6

8.6
2011

24
 Canada
8

8
2011

25
 Chile
7.9

7.9
2010

26
 Greece
7.4

7.4
2011

27
 Japan
7.3

7.3
2011

28
 Sweden
7.3

7.3
2011

29
 Norway
6.4

6.4
2011

30
 Iceland
6.3

6.3
2010

31
 Italy
6.1

6.1
2010

32
 Mexico
5.1

5.1
2011

33
 Israel
2.6

2.6
2011

34
 Turkey
1.5

1.5
2011


document_title: Carly Corinthos

question_text: who is carly's father on general hospital

question_tokens: who is carly 's father on general hospital

text: Carly Corinthos

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Carly Roberts (Sarah Joy Brown) arrives in town and ingratiates herself into the life of Nurse Bobbie Jones (Jacklyn Zeman) -- her biological mother—when she enrolls in the nursing program at General Hospital. Meanwhile, Carly begins an affair and friendship with mobster Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). After being rejected by Bobbie, Carly seduces Bobbie's husband Doctor Tony Jones (Brad Maule) and she falls in love with him. Bobbie's brother Luke Spencer (Anthony Geary) uncovers Carly's true identity and warns to stop hurting her mother. Bobbie however discovers the affair on her wedding anniversary to Tony, making the two bitter enemies. After a fight with Tony, Carly has a one-night stand with Jason's troubled brother A. J. Quartermaine (Sean Kanan) and ends up pregnant. Carly convinces Jason to claim the child as his own and she gives birth to her son in December 1997 whom Jason names Michael after his best friend, mobster Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard). Jason has Michael christened, Emily and Mike are the godparents and he invites Bobbie. The Quartermaines show up and after much heated discussion Robin convinces Jason to let them stay. Carly shows up near the end but chooses to sit in the back. Carly has a hard time bonding with Michael, but Jason takes care of him and has invited Bobbie into their lives to be the baby's nurse. During a terrible winter storm, Bobbie and Carly find themselves alone in the penthouse and Bobbie tells Carly how much she loved her baby. It snaps Carly out of her depression and she is ready to hold Michael. The two women rush to the restaurant where Jason and Michael are with Emily and Mike. When Carly takes Michael in her arms, she is overwhelmed and tells Bobbie she is her daughter Caroline.  Bobbie doesn't believe her until Virginia Benson (Carly's adoptive Mom) arrives and the Carly's story is confirmed. Tony later kidnaps Michael to protect him from Jason and Sonny's dangerous lifestyle. When Tony manages to avoid prosecution, Carly shoots him and fakes insanity to avoid prison time and ends up being committed. Jason helps get her released and Jason's girlfriend Robin Scorpio (Kimberly McCullough), fed up with Carly being so dependent on Jason, exposes Michael's true paternity. Jason fears his hatred of A.J. will hurt Michael and signs away all rights; however, he remains an integral part of Michael's life. Jason comforts Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst) over the supposed death of her boyfriend, Lucky Spencer (Jonathan Jackson). Carly misunderstands their relationship, and sleeps with Sonny. Jason is unable to deal with the betrayal of Sonny and Carly, and leaves town.

text: In early 2000, after Carly reveals she is pregnant by Sonny as a result of the HateSex, Sonny coerces A. J. into divorcing Carly and signing away his parental rights to Michael. In May 2000, Carly suffers a miscarriage when she falls down the stairs during a confrontation with A. J. Carly and Sonny bond over their loss and they marry in September 2000. Carly and Sonny realize they are truly in love and renew their wedding vows on February 23, 2001. Carly (then Tamara Braun) later tries to force Sonny out of the mob and he divorces her for it. Carly befriends Sonny's sister Courtney Matthews (Alicia Leigh Willis) and supports her relationship with Jason. Still in love with Sonny, Carly is hopeful they can reconcile until she finds him in bed with his attorney Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn) and a distraught Carly is presumed dead after a car accident. Upon Carly's return, she and Sonny remarry only for Sonny's vengeful brother Ric Lansing (Rick Hearst) to drug Carly and make it look like they slept together. In October 2003, Ric kidnaps a pregnant Carly only for her to escape and be taken hostage by Lorenzo Alcazar (Ted King). As Alcazar helps Carly deliver her son Morgan, Sonny believing she is in danger shoots at Alcazar only for the bullet to hit Carly and render her comatose. Carly awakens an in the spring of 2004 meets her biological father John Durant (Corbin Bernsen) who is looking to send both Sonny and Alcazar to prison. When the two are trapped in an elevator together, Alexis tells Carly that Sonny is  her daughter Kristina's father. Carly keeps quiet fearing she might lose Sonny only to confess it later when the Kristina is deathly ill. Feeling betrayed, Sonny divorces Carly again but she agrees to be Kristina's godmother despite their differences.

text: After the divorce, Carly starts seeing Alcazar but her happiness is short lived thanks to A. J. kidnapping Michael (Dylan Cash) and Morgan and Michael is presumed dead leaving Carly devastated. To complicate matters further, Carly (then Jennifer Bransford) discovers that Sonny's girlfriend Reese Marshall (Kari Wührer) is actually her presumed dead best friend—Carly Roberts. While Michael is revealed to be alive, the stress leads to Carly suffering a nervous breakdown, marrying Alcazar and ending up in a mental hospital. Upon her release and after she divorces Alcazar, Carly (Laura Wright) mourns the loss of her best friend Courtney who dies during child birth and becomes a partner in the Metro Court Hotel with Courtney's ex-husband Jasper Jacks (Ingo Rademacher). Carly offers to help Jax raise Courtney's son John only for Robin to expose that Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher) is actually the boy's real father. Carly and Jax bond over the loss and become engaged. However, their wedding plans are halted when Carly must marry Sonny again to keep from testifying against him. In February 2007, Jax's estranged brother Jerry Jacks (Sebastian Roché) holds several guests including Sonny and Carly hostage in the hotel lobby before blowing it up. Carly and Sonny make love after the ordeal only for Carly to divorce him and marry Jax on April 27, 2007. In 2008, Carly gets pregnant only to miscarry after she and Michael get caught in an explosion. When Michael is falls into a coma after taking a bullet meant for Sonny, Carly seduces Sonny into signing over his parental rights to their sons. A furious Jax sleeps with Sonny's ex-girlfriend Kate Howard (Megan Ward) and Carly finds them together. As Michael (Drew Garrett) awakens from his coma suffering from severe anger issues in 2009, Carly discovers she is pregnant. Because the pregnancy is so high risk, Michael goes to live with the Quartermaine family. In October 2009, Sonny's wife Claudia Zacchara (also Sarah Brown) takes Carly hostage when it was revealed that she was behind Michael's shooting. Claudia plans to steal Carly's daughter Josslyn only for Michael to kill her.

text: Carly, Jason and Sonny cover up the murder to protect Michael only for Sonny's cop son Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna) to expose the truth leading to Michael (Chad Duell) being sent to prison. A vengeful Carly pays Brook Lynn Ashton (Adrianne León) to seduce Dante destroy his relationship with her cousin Lulu Spencer (Julie Marie Berman) but her plan fails. Distraught over Michael, Carly and Sonny sleep together again and her marriage to Jax subsequently implodes. Carly's vendetta against Dante strengthens when Michael reveals he was raped in prison and she comes to accept Michael's relationship with ex-stripper Abby (Andrea Bogart) who helps him come clean. When Jason's rival Franco (James Franco) and threatens Carly's family, Shawn Butler (Sean Blakemore) becomes Carly's new bodyguard. When Jax bribes a court official to get sole custody of Josslyn, Carly turns to Sonny who plants drugs on Jax allowing Carly to get full custody. Jax tries to skip town with Josslyn but Shawn stops him and Josslyn returns home safely. Shawn comforts a devastated Carly after Jax is presumed when Sonny sabotages his plane and she sends Morgan (Aaron Refvem) to military school to keep him away from Sonny. Carly later learns Jax is alive but keeps the secret to protect him from Sonny only for an angry and bitter Michael to reveal her lies on New Year's Eve. Grateful to him for keeping Michael out of the mob, Carly starts seeing Johnny Zacchara (Brandon Barash). The romance is short lived due to his affair and eventually marriage to the mentally ill Kate (aka Connie Falconeri) (Kelly Sullivan). Carly finds comfort with publishing mogul Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) only to discover he knew about Johnny's marriage all along. Carly and Sonny are devastated by Jason's sudden death and even more shocked to discover A. J. (Sean Kanan) is alive. Todd and Carly  reconcile and start dating only for her to dump him after she discovers his part in switching Jason's healthy son with stillborn child. In 2013, Jax returns revealing that he and Carly's divorce was never finalized. After the divorce, Franco (also Roger Howarth) resurfaces, Carly wants him gone and plots his murder with Franco. The plans go awry with Olivia Falconeri (Lisa LoCicero) gets shot instead. When everyone is led to believe Franco is Jason's long lost twin Carly falls for him and defends his past actions. Carly is shocked when Morgan (Bryan Craig) elopes with his girlfriend Kiki Jerome (Kristen Alderson). At Morgan and Kiki's wedding reception, Sonny grieving the loss of the recently murdered Connie reveals that Morgan tricked Kiki into marriage by lying about her paternity fearing he'd lose her to Michael. Carly and Olivia support Sonny and convince him to start taking his bipolar medication again. Carly is furious when Morgan a bitter Morgan starts sleeping with his mother-in-law Ava Jerome (Maura West) and working for the rival crime family. In January 2014, Carly is kidnapped by Franco's biological mother Heather Webber (Robin Mattson) who fakes Carly's death and frames Franco for her murder. Fortunately, Franco rescues Carly and they continue their relationship as Carly comforts Michael when A. J. is murdered. Carly and Franco later discover a recording which reveals that Sonny killed A. J. and Ava killed Connie. Carly gives the recording to Sonny who plots to kill Ava only for her to reveal that she is pregnant with either Sonny or Morgan's child. Keeping the secret from Michael draws Sonny and Carly closer and they start an affair despite her recent engagement to Franco. At the wedding, a bitter Franco exposes Sonny's part in A. J.'s murder destroying the entire family and landing Sonny in prison.

text: Carly stands by Sonny during his prison stint and they reunite upon his release from prison and Carly plans to help him raise his and Ava's daughter Avery only for a bitter Michael to take custody of her. Meanwhile, Carly befriends the mysterious Jake Doe (Billy Miller) much to Sonny's dismay. Just as Michael begins to thaw toward his parents and relinquishes custody of Avery, Carly and Sonny become engaged. Meanwhile, Sonny and Carly realize Morgan is in trouble and fear he might be bipolar like Sonny. On their wedding day, Sonny gets shot hours before the wedding and ends up paralyzed. Ava takes custody of Avery and Carly wants to marry Sonny immediately hoping it will help in the custody case. Sonny nearly dies during their first attempt at wedding and they finally remarry on October 14, 2015 at General Hospital surrounded by their entire family. In November 2015 everyone realizes Jake Doe is actually Jason Morgan thanks to Carly, Sam and Spinelli and it is revealed at Elizabeth and Jason's wedding. Carly makes it to the courtroom for Avery's custody case and later explains to Sonny, Morgan, Michael, Ric and Kiki what happened unaware Kiki ran her off the road when she was drunk driving the prior night. Carly and Sonny are devastated when Ava gains custody of Avery but Sonny is allowed supervised visitation, Sonny kinda blames Carly at first. Carly tells Michael about Jason. Carly and Sonny talk about the courtroom hearing and she finally tells Sonny that Jason is alive, Jason comes in and they all discuss things. Carly tries to get Liz to back off Jason so he can see if he wants to be with her or Sam but to let him make his own decision, sparking an argument between the two. Jason confronts Carly on this and tells her to stay out of his and Liz's relationship. Carly is relieved when the truth comes out in December 2015 that Liz knew who Jason was since the Nurse's Ball because it meant Jason wasn't wrapped around her finger any more. On December 24, 2015 The Corinthos-Davis-Falconeri clan all gathered for the holidays and took a family picture. In January 2016 Carly and Sonny attended Robin and Patrick's second wedding as Robin and Carly actually finally put their differences aside and hugged, as Robin did give her credit for always being good for Jason and Sonny and Carly thanked her for saving Jason's life. Sonny's new doctor Mayes was quite rude to Carly and Sonny voiced himself on that but Carly wanted this to work out and told him it was fine and she had to head to the Metro Court. Carly often voices with Michael how angry she is that Sabrina lied about having his baby and to Morgan to make sure he took his bipolar medications.

text: Creation[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Brown, known for her appearance in the children's series VR Troopers, auditioned for the role of Carly in early 1996 opposite Burton, who played Jason. Brown won the role out of seven other actresses including Burton's real-life girlfriend. Despite her own reservations, Brown officially booked the role on February 18, 1996, her 21st birthday.[1][2][3] Brown made her first appearance as Carly on April 5, 1996.[4] In September 1999, Brown revealed to Soaps In Depth that she was contemplating renewing her contract so she could audition for pilot.[5] Brown's plans to officially vacate the role were announced in January 2000.[6] However, Brown extended her contract when the producers agreed to work around her schedule.[5] In December 2000, Brown announced that she wanted to move on and the producers were contemplating a recast. Robin Christopher who played Skye Chandler on All My Children and Gina Tognoni — Kelly Cramer from One Life to Live — were both considered as Brown's replacement.[7][8] The series was also suffering from the departures of several popular actors including Burton and Jonathan Jackson—who played Carly's cousin Lucky Spencer.[8] Brown immediately denied rumors that a dispute with executive producer Jill Farren Phelps led to her departure.[9] Brown filmed her final scenes in early April 2001, and made her final appearance on April 24.[10]

text:
"I really didn't know about the uproar, which was good. But I was informed about it before I started working. I thought to myself, 'Holy guacamole ... I'm going into something here. But all I can do is the best that I can.' I think on some level, a lot of people were waiting for me to fail."[11]
Braun on being a high profile recast (2001).

tag: div

text: In April 2001, Braun was announced as a Carly recast and made her first appearance on May 2, 2001.[12] Initial speculation that Braun was only temporary and the character was slated to be written out was put to rest as Braun was put on contract with the series. According to Phelps, recast was always an option, but it was easier said than done. Phelps told the New York Post that she wasn't interested in a recast, but did so out of necessity. Braun had previously appeared on Party of Five and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The naturally brunette Braun even colored her hair blonde. Braun auditioned opposite Benard four times before booking the gig.[13] Braun answered the casting call for the role of Sarah, which many assumed was a recast of Sarah Webber. In an interview with Soap Opera Digest from September 2001, Braun explained that "Right before booking this job, I had vowed to quit acting and just re-evaluate."[11] After booking the role, Braun immediately did her research. They daytime newcomer admitted that she was nervous about replacing such a popular actress but welcomed the challenge.[14] In early 2005, speculation grew over Braun's future with the soap due to Brown's recent exit from CBS' As the World Turns.[15][16] In February 2005, it was announced that Braun had decided not to renew her contract and would vacate the role. Then president of ABC Daytime, Brian Frons admitted that he would love to have Brown back, but did not want to lose Braun.[17] Braun made her final appearance April 15, 2005.[18]

text: In late March 2005, it was announced that actress Bransford had been cast in the role of Carly. Phelps commented that it would be difficult but viewers would accept the recast as long as the actors made it work.[18] Bransford beat out Melrose Place actress Jamie Luner for the role and The Bold and the Beautiful actress Sarah Buxton. Bransford made her first appearance on April 18, 2005.[18] During Bransford's tenure, Shayne Lamas also made several guest appearances as a teenage Carly in several flashbacks. In September 2005, rumors circulated that Bransford had been let out of her contract with the series when a website claiming Bransford's official web site reported the news. It was also rumored that ABC had rehired Tamara Braun while some reported that the character would be written out completely.[19] The news of Bransford's ousting was confirmed and a spokesperson said "Jennifer's casting in the role Carly did not work out." The spokesperson praised Bransford as a "consummate actress" and wished her luck. Bransford filmed her final scenes on September 9, and made final appearance on October 5, 2005.[20]

text: Wright, who had recently vacated the role of Cassie Layne Winslow on Guiding Light, was rumored to be on a short list of potential recast though Wright refused to comment.[20] After an "exhaustive" search, ABC officially confirmed Wright's casting as the fourth actress to play the role of Carly. Frons commented: "Carly is a complex character and we are excited to bring Laura's talent, beauty and intelligence to this role."[21] While Wright was sad to leave Guiding Light, she was excited to relocate to Los Angeles to play the role of Carly. "Wow! What a challenge" she said. Wright was due to begin filming in October after her contract with CBS expired. Wright made her debut on November 4, 2005.[21] In November 2009, Wright announced on Twitter that she had re-signed with the series for another 4 years officially becoming the longest running actress in the role.[22] In July 2013 during the General Hospital Fan Club Weekend, it was reported that Wright had renewed her contract with the series until 2017.[23] In March 2014, it was announced that both Sarah Brown and Tamara Braun would reprise the role of Carly for the show's 51st anniversary on April 1, 2014 making cameo appearances alongside Wright.[24]

text: Background[edit]

text:
"Carly was coming to Port Charles for the purpose of haunting Bobbie and making her life miserable, out of supposed anger at having been 'abandoned' by her. But of course, she wasn't abandoned, she was given up for adoption, and the network and producers were rightly concerned that we might be 'sending the message' (that phrase that soap writers dread) either that adopted children were hateful and full of rage, or that their adoptive parents were neglectful or otherwise inadequate enough to instill this smoldering resentment of being adopted in their kids... I need not go on."[25]
Patrick Mulcahey on Carly (1999).

text: Officially, former head writers Claire Labine (1993–96) and Robert Guza, Jr. (1996–2000, 2002–11), along with script writers Karen Harris and Patrick Mulcahey, are said to have created the character of Carly.[25][26] In 1999, writer Patrick Mulcahey noted that the character had been somewhat of a work in progress at first. Mulchey explained that she was different from most characters because "We were afraid of her." The character was quite a big deal and very important to the series—so important that one writer even quit over it. "The pitfalls are obvious," Mulcahey said and "I imagine Bob [Guza, the headwriter] promised Wendy [Riche, the executive producer] and ABC that we had no intention of falling into them" the scribe continued. However, the writers themselves had no clue who the character was supposed to be. "That may sound like a horrifying confession, but in daytime, a successful character is always a collaboration between the writers and the actor." Mulcahey said the writers discussed who they felt Carly, as a character, is and that "the actor finds certain other decisions have to be made and makes them, sparks fly between the actor and another actor, we see what's happening on-screen and start playing around with it in the writing- that's how a character takes shape".[25] The variety of actresses that auditioned for the role implied that there was not any set direction for the character.[2] Brown spent the first few months of her tenure crafting a backstory to explain her character's actions.[27] According to her backstory, the character was scripted as being born on November 5, 1973 in Jacksonville, Florida to the 16 year old prostitute Bobbie (Jacklyn Zeman) and immediately placed up for adoption because Bobbie could not care for her.[28][29] The child is adopted by Virginia (Lois Nettleton) and her husband Frank Benson in Pensacola, Florida as Caroline Leigh Benson.[30][31][32] Frank eventually walks out on his family and Virginia works so much that Caroline barely has a chance to develop a relationship with her. According to Brown, Virginia is always a bit cold and bitter toward Caroline. In her teen years, Caroline becomes best friends with Charlotte "Carly" Roberts (Kari Wührer). Carly's father Dan Roberts seduces the young Caroline destroying Carly's family and the girls friendship. Caroline then loses Carly who is presumably killed in a car crash.[27]

text: Development[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015)

text: Using the alias Carly Roberts, the character ingratiates herself into the life of her biological mother Bobbie Spencer (Jacklyn Zeman) through her enrollment in the student nursing program and they start to bond until Bobbie rejects her. Carly then seduces Bobbie's doctor husband Tony Jones and sets her sights on the couple's young son Lucas (Justin Cooper). In Carly's mind, the affair is Bobbie's karma for abandoning her. Carly wants from Bobbie what she feels she didn't get from her adoptive mother.[33] As the affair dismantles a once happy marriage, Sarah Brown maintained Carly's intentions start off pure. With Bobbie shutting her out, Carly goes on the defensive and develops feelings for Tony which she is very reluctant to face. Though she knows the relationship is built on her lies of omission, Tony becomes the center of Carly's life. Meanwhile, Bobbie's brother Luke Spencer (Anthony Geary) recognizes a kindred spirit his niece and "that excites him"—which is why he keeps the secret. As the walls feel like they are closing in on her, Carly becomes impuslive and self-destructive and has a one-night stand with the troubled alcoholic A. J. Quartermaine (Sean Kanan).[34][35] According to Brown, the writing for Carly isn't to garner sympathy from viewers, but being aware her motives creates a certain intrigue.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b The development of Bobbie's first-born daughter was shown in February 1996, under executive producer Wendy Riche and head writer Claire Labine.
The character was later developed and introduced under executive producer, Riche and head writers, Robert Guza, Jr. and Karen Harris and script writer Patrick Mulcahey.

Jump up ^ They were married consecutively from 2000 to 2005.

tag: ol


document_title: Quarter acre

question_text: what are the measurements of a quarter acre

text: Quarter acre

text: In Australian and New Zealand English, a quarter acre is a term for a suburban plot of land. Traditionally, Australians and New Zealanders aspired to own a 3- or 4-bedroom house or bungalow on a section of around a quarter of an acre (about 1,000 square metres), also known locally as the Australian Dream or the New Zealand dream. The land was frequently put to use with vegetable gardens,[1] fruit trees, or lawns for family recreation.

text: The quarter-acre aspiration has changed in recent decades, with sub-divisions, infill housing, apartments, and townhouses becoming more common in large cities, and nearby lifestyle farming blocks becoming popular. Most "quarter-acre" sections are not exactly a quarter of an acre. With urban growth, properties tend to be smaller with new sub-divisions averaging a half or less of the classic quarter-acre.


document_title: Mozart in the Jungle

question_text: mozart in the jungle season 2 cast lawyer

text: Mozart in the Jungle

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Lola Kirke as Hailey Rutledge, an oboist with a yearning ambition to play with the New York Symphony. She develops a strong bond with Rodrigo as the series progresses.
Gael García Bernal as Rodrigo De Souza, the new eccentric conductor of the New York Symphony
Bernadette Peters as Gloria Windsor, the president of the New York Symphony (recurring, season 1; season 2–present)
Malcolm McDowell as Thomas Pembridge, the conductor emeritus of the New York Symphony
Saffron Burrows as Cynthia Taylor, a philandering cellist with the New York Symphony
Hannah Dunne as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Campbell, Hailey's roommate and best friend
Peter Vack as Alex Merriweather, Hailey's dancer boyfriend (seasons 1–2)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Debra Monk as Betty Cragdale, the long-time oboist for the New York Symphony who instantly despises Hailey
Mark Blum as Union Bob, a piccolo player for the symphony and known for bringing up the union rules
Jennifer Kim as Sharon, Rodrigo's assistant
Joel Bernstein as Warren Boyd, the concertmaster for the symphony
Nora Arnezeder as Ana Maria, Rodrigo's estranged violinist wife
John Miller as Dee Dee, the drug-dealing percussionist of the New York Symphony
Rubio Qian as Triangle Tanya, the triangle player of the New York Symphony.
Brennan Brown as Edward Biben, an orchestra board member
Gretchen Mol as Nina, the New York Symphony's lawyer who falls for Cynthia
Makenzie Leigh as Addison, Alex's dancing partner and roommate
Margaret Ladd as Claire, Thomas' ex-wife who dies after hearing his completed symphony.
Jason Schwartzman as Bradford Sharpe, a classical music enthusiast and host of his own podcast, "B-Sharpe"
John Hodgman as Marlin Guggenheim, a purported billionaire infatuated with Hailey
Wallace Shawn as Winslow Eliot, a neurotic concert pianist.
Tenoch Huerta Mejía as Manuel, Rodrigo's childhood friend
Dermot Mulroney as Andrew Walsh, a cello soloist who fraternizes with Hailey.
Monica Bellucci as Alessandra, a reclusive Italian soprano living in Venice, Italy, also known as "La fiamma".

Ana María Martínez provides Alessandra's singing voice.

Sandro Isaack as Pavel, the orchestra's stagehand who becomes friendly with Gloria
Philip Jackson Smith as Mike, a friend of Hailey's whom she recruits to work for the orchestra

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)
December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)

2
10
December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)
December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30)

3
10
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)

4
10
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)

text: Production[edit]

text: The many oboe solos played by the protagonist and other characters throughout the series are performed by Lelie Resnick, principal oboist of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, while the character of Rodrigo is loosely based on Gustavo Dudamel, the Venezuelan music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.[10] Dudamel coached García Bernal before the latter conducted, in the character of Rodrigo, for a real performance of the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, scenes of which were used for the second season opener.[11] Dudamel has a cameo in that episode, acting as a stagehand trying to convince Rodrigo to move to Los Angeles. Other musicians that have cameos in the series are violinist Joshua Bell, pianists Emanuel Ax and Lang Lang, composers Anton Coppola and Nico Muhly, Broadway star Brian d'Arcy James and conductors Alan Gilbert and Bernard Uzan. Blair Tindall, oboist and writer of the book on which the series is based, also appears in a cameo.[12] Interior shots of the home concert hall were filmed at the Performing Arts Center at SUNY Purchase.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of the series received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 'fresh' 95% rating based on 20 critic reviews, with the critical consensus "Though confined to the isolated world of classical music, Mozart in the Jungle's Gael Garcia Bernal makes this charming little show sing."[14] Metacritic gave the series a 73 out of 100, indicating 'generally favorable reviews.'[15] Cory Barker, writing for TV.com, praised the series. "What works so well is that Mozart isn't afraid to throw you into a world you're likely unfamiliar with, but it doesn't swim so far into the deep end that you immediately drown in jargon and distanced dramatic stakes."[16] Robert Lloyd, writing for The Los Angeles Times, also lauded the first season. He stated that "Characters who were mouthpieces for attitudes start to seem like people, more complicated than a thumbnail description can accommodate. You grow interested in what will become of them without expecting or rooting for any particular outcome."[17] Kory Grow of Rolling Stone also praised the series, writing that "[t]hanks to quirky scripts and a smart ensemble cast... it comes off whimsical without ringing off-pitch."[18]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the first season a positive review. "Bernal is both likable and magnetic, and makes the eclectic maestro surge on the screen. He alone is worth streaming the series, but, thankfully, there's a lot more going on here."[19] Brian Lowry, writing for Variety, also lauded the series. "While Mozart is surely a niche confection, the show generally shines by proving long on charm even when it's short on laughs."[20] In a more mixed review, Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a "B-".

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

2015
Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Actor - Television
Gael Garcia Bernal
Won
[21]

2016
Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Comedy
Mozart in the Jungle
Won
[22]

Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Gael Garcia Bernal
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation
Thomas Varga, Andy D'Addario, Bill Higley, Chris Navarro (for "Nothing Resonates Like Rhinoceros Foreskin")
Won
[23]

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Actor - Television
Gael García Bernal
Won
[24]

2017
Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Series – Comedy
Mozart in the Jungle
Nominated
[25]

Best Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Gael Garcia Bernal
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (Half-Hour)
Tobias Datum (for "Now I Will Sing")
Nominated
[26]

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)
Tommaso Ortino, Susanna Codognato, Letizia Santucci (for "Now I Will Sing")
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation
Andy D'Addario, Gary Gegan, Marco Fiumara (for "Now I Will Sing")
Won