document_title: List of Test cricket records

question_text: which player has highest score in test cricket

text: List of Test cricket records

text: Listing criteria

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

text: Listing notation

text:
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
(300–3 d) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets, and declared its innings closed
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out

text:
(100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out

text: (5–100) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs

text: indicates a current Test cricketer

text: Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[23] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

text: Team records

text: Team wins, losses and draws

text:
Team

First Test match

Matches

Won

Lost

Tied

Drawn

% Won

 Afghanistan
14 June 2018
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

 Australia
15 March 1877
812
383
219
2
208
47.16

 Bangladesh
10 November 2000
106
10
80
0
16
9.43

 England
15 March 1877
997
356
296
0
345
35.70

 India
25 June 1932
521
144
160
1
216
27.63

 Ireland
11 May 2018
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

 New Zealand
10 January 1930
426
92
170
0
164
21.59

 Pakistan
16 October 1952
413
133
122
0
158
32.20

 South Africa
12 March 1889
425
161
140
0
124
37.88

 Sri Lanka
17 February 1982
269
85
100
0
84
31.59

 West Indies
23 June 1928
530
168
187
1
174
31.69

 Zimbabwe
18 October 1992
105
11
67
0
27
10.47

ICC World XI
14 October 2005
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

Last updated: 20 June 2018[24]

tag: table

text: Result records

text: Greatest win margins (by innings)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

Innings and 579 runs

 England (903–7 d) beat  Australia (201 & 123)
The Oval, London
1938

Innings and 360 runs

 Australia (652–7 d) beat  South Africa (159 & 133)
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2001–02

Innings and 336 runs

 West Indies (614–5 d) beat  India (124 & 154)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
1958–59

Innings and 332 runs

 Australia (645) beat  England (141 & 172)
Brisbane Cricket Ground
1946–47

Innings and 324 runs

 Pakistan (643) beat  New Zealand (73 & 246)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2002

Last updated: 12 December 2016[25]

text: Greatest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

675 runs

 England (521 & 342–8 d) beat  Australia (122 & 66)
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
1928–29

562 runs

 Australia (701 & 327) beat  England (321 & 145)
The Oval, London
1934

530 runs

 Australia (328 & 578) beat  South Africa (205 & 171)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1910–11

492 runs

 South Africa (488 & 344-6 d) beat  Australia (221 & 119)
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2018

491 runs

 Australia (381 & 361–5 d) beat  Pakistan (179 & 72)
WACA Ground, Perth
2004–05

Last updated: 3 April 2018[26]

text: Matches that finished with scores level

text:
Result

Teams

Venue

Season

Tie

 Australia (505 & 232) vs  West Indies (453 & 284)
The Gabba
1960–61

Tie

 India (397 & 347) vs  Australia (574–7 d & 170–5 d)
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Madras
1986–87

Draw

 Zimbabwe (376 & 234) vs  England (406 & 204–5)
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1996–97

Draw

 India (482 & 242–9) vs  West Indies (590 & 134)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
2011–12

Last updated: 15 June 2016[27][28][29]

text: Narrowest win margin (by wickets)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

1 wicket

 England (183 & 263–9) beat  Australia (324 & 121)
The Oval, London
1902

 South Africa (91 & 287–9) beat  England (184 & 190)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1905–06

 England (382 & 282–9) beat  Australia (266 & 397)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1907–08

 England (183 & 173–9) beat  South Africa (113 & 242)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1922–23

 Australia (216 & 260–9) beat  West Indies (272 & 203)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1951–52

 New Zealand (249 & 104–9) beat  West Indies (140 & 212)
Carisbrook, Dunedin
1979–80

 Pakistan (256 & 315–9) beat  Australia (337 & 232)
National Stadium, Karachi
1994–95

 West Indies (329 & 311–9) beat  Australia (490 & 146)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1998–99

 West Indies (273 & 216–9) beat  Pakistan (269 & 219)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1999–00

 Pakistan (175 & 262–9) beat  Bangladesh (281 & 154)
Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, Multan
2003

 Sri Lanka (321 & 352–9) beat  South Africa (361 & 311)
Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo
2006

 India (405 & 216–9) beat  Australia (428 & 192)
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
2010–11

Last updated: 15 June 2016[30]

text: Narrowest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

1 run

 West Indies (252 & 146) beat  Australia (213 & 184)
Adelaide Oval
1992–93

2 runs

 England (407 & 182) beat  Australia (308 & 279)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
2005

3 runs

 Australia (299 & 86) beat  England (262 & 120)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1902

 England (284 & 294) beat  Australia (287 & 288)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1982–83

5 runs

 South Africa (169 & 239) beat  Australia (292 & 111)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1993–94

Last updated: 15 June 2016[31]

text: Victory after following-on

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

10 runs

 England (325 & 437) beat  Australia (586 & 166)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1894–95

18 runs

 England (174 & 356) beat  Australia (401–9 d & 111)
Headingley, Leeds
1981

171 runs

 India (171 & 657–7 d) beat  Australia (445 & 212)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
2000–01

Last updated: 15 June 2016[32]

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Wins

Team

First win

Last win

16

 Australia
 Zimbabwe at Harare, 14 October 1999
 India at Mumbai, 27 February 2001

16

 Australia
 South Africa at Melbourne, 26 December 2005
 India at Sydney, 2 January 2008

11

 West Indies
 Australia at Bridgetown, 30 March 1984
 Australia at Adelaide, 7 December 1984

9

 Sri Lanka
 India at Colombo, 29 August 2001
 Pakistan at Lahore, 6 March 2002

9

 South Africa
 Australia at Durban, 15 March 2002
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 1 May 2003

Last updated: 15 June 2016[33]

text: Team scoring records

text:
Most runs in an innings

Runs

Teams

Venue

Season

952-6 d

 Sri Lanka (v  India)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997

903-7 d

 England (v  Australia)
The Oval, London
1938

849

 England (v  West Indies)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30

790–3 d

 West Indies (v  Pakistan)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

765–6 d

 Pakistan (v  Sri Lanka)
National Stadium, Karachi
2008–09

Last updated: 14 September 2017[34]

text:
Fewest runs in a completed innings

Runs

Teams

Venue

Date

26

 New Zealand (v  England)
Eden Park, Auckland
25 March 1955

30

 South Africa (v  England)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
13 February 1896

 South Africa (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
14 June 1924

35

 South Africa (v  England)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1 April 1899

36

 Australia (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
29 May 1902

 South Africa (v  Australia)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
12 February 1932

Last updated: 14 September 2017[35]

text:
Highest fourth-innings totals to win

Runs

Teams

Venue

Season

418–7

 West Indies (v  Australia)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2002–03

414–4

 South Africa (v  Australia)
WACA Ground, Perth
2008–09

406–4

 India (v  West Indies)
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
1975–76

404–3

 Australia (v  England)
Headingley, Leeds
1948

391–6

 Sri Lanka (v  Zimbabwe)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2017

Last updated: 14 September 2017[36]

text: Individual records

text: Individual records (batting)

text: Career runs

text:
Most career runs

Runs

Player

Period

15,921 (329 innings)

 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

13,378 (287 innings)

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

13,289 (280 innings)

 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

13,288 (286 innings)

 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

12,400 (233 innings)

 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[37]

text:
Most career runs – progression of record

Runs

Player

Record held until

Duration of record

239

 Charles Bannerman
4 January 1882
4 years, 295 days

676

 George Ulyett[a]
13 August 1884
2 years, 222 days

860

 Billy Murdoch[b]
14 August 1886
2 years, 1 day

1,277

 Arthur Shrewsbury
23 January 1902
15 years, 162 days

1,293

 Joe Darling[c]
18 February 1902
26 days

1,366

 Syd Gregory[d]
14 June 1902
116 days

1,531

 Archie MacLaren[e]
13 August 1902
60 days

3,412

 Clem Hill
27 December 1924
22 years, 136 days

5,410

 Jack Hobbs
29 June 1937
12 years, 184 days

7,249

 Wally Hammond
27 November 1970
33 years, 151 days

7,459

 Colin Cowdrey[f]
23 March 1972
1 year, 117 days

8,032

 Garfield Sobers
23 December 1981
9 years, 275 days

8,114

 Geoffrey Boycott
12 November 1983
1 year, 324 days

10,122

 Sunil Gavaskar
25 February 1993
9 years, 105 days

11,174

 Allan Border
25 November 2005
12 years, 273 days

11,953

 Brian Lara
17 October 2008
2 years, 327 days

15,921

 Sachin Tendulkar
current
9 years, 309 days

Last updated: 15 June 2016[38]

Notes:

^[a]  Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs
^[b]  Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs
^[c]  Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs
^[d]  Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs
^[e]  MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs
^[f]  Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs

text: Most runs in each batting position

text:
Batting position

Player

Runs

Average

Opener
 Alastair Cook
11378
45.88

Number 3
 Kumar Sangakkara
11679
60.83

Number 4
 Sachin Tendulkar
13492
54.40

Number 5
 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
6883
56.42

Number 6
 Steve Waugh
3165
51.05

Number 7
 Adam Gilchrist
3948
46.45

Number 8
 Daniel Vettori
2227
39.77

Number 9
 Stuart Broad
1292
20.51

Number 10
 Dale Steyn
518
12.95

Number 11
 Muttiah Muralitharan
623
11.33

Last updated: 17 January 2018[39]

text: Highest career batting average

text:
Average

Player

Period

99.94 (80 innings)

 Donald Bradman
1928–1948

64.02 (108 innings)

 Steve Smith
2010–

61.87 (31 innings)

 Adam Voges
2015–2016

60.97 (41 innings)

 Graeme Pollock
1963–1970

60.83 (40 innings)

 George Headley
1930–1954

60.73 (84 innings)

 Herbert Sutcliffe
1924–1935

Qualification: 20 innings.

Note: If the qualification is removed, the record Test batting average is  Andy Ganteaume's 112.00; Ganteaume was dismissed for 112 runs in his only Test innings.[40] A very few one-Test wonders have never been dismissed, leaving them without a defined Test batting average. Notable players who played only a single Test innings without a dismissal are  Stuart Law (54*, innings declared) and  Andy Lloyd (10*, retired hurt).[41][42]

Last updated: 6 January 2017[43]

text: Innings or series

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of Test cricket triple centuries)

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

380

 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04

375

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94

374

 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

365*

 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

Last updated: 15 June 2015[44]

text:
Highest individual score – progression of record

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

Test match Number

165*

 Charles Bannerman
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77
Test No. 1

211

 Billy Murdoch
 England
The Oval, London
1884
Test No. 16

287

 R. E. Foster
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1903–04
Test No. 78

325

 Andy Sandham
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30
Test No. 193

334

 Don Bradman
 England
Headingley, Leeds
1930
Test No. 196

336*

 Wally Hammond
 New Zealand
Eden Park, Auckland
1932–33
Test No. 226

364

 Len Hutton
 Australia

The Oval, London
1938
Test No. 266

365*

 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58
Test No. 452

375

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94
Test No. 1259

380

 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04
Test No. 1661

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04
Test No. 1696

Last updated: 15 June 2016[45]

text:
Most runs in a match

Runs

Scores

Player

Match

456

333 and 123

 Graham Gooch
v  India at Lord's, 1990

426

334* and 92

 Mark Taylor
v  Pakistan at Peshawar, 1998–99

424

319 and 105

 Kumar Sangakkara
v  Bangladesh at Chittagong, 2013–14

400

400*

 Brian Lara
v  England at St John's, Antigua, 2003–04

380

247* and 133

 Greg Chappell
v  New Zealand at Wellington, 1973–74

380

 Matthew Hayden
v  Zimbabwe at Perth, 2003–04

Last updated: 15 June 2016[46]

text:
Most runs in a series

Runs

Player

Series

974 (7 innings)

 Donald Bradman
v  England, 1930

905 (9 innings)

 Wally Hammond
v  Australia, 1928–29

839 (11 innings)

 Mark Taylor
v  England, 1989

834 (9 innings)

 Neil Harvey
v  South Africa, 1952–53

829 (7 innings)

 Viv Richards
v  England, 1976

Last updated: 15 June 2016[47]

text: Calendar year and between dismissals

text:
Most runs in a calendar year

Runs

Player

Average

Year

1788

 Mohammad Yousuf
99.33
2006

1710

 Vivian Richards
90.00
1976

1656

 Graeme Smith
72.00
2008

1595

 Michael Clarke
106.33
2012

1562

 Sachin Tendulkar
78.10
2010

Last updated: 15 June 2015[48]

text:
Most runs between consecutive dismissals

Runs

Player

Innings

Sequence

Season

614

 Adam Voges
3
269*, 106*, 239
2015-16

497

 Sachin Tendulkar
4
241*, 60*, 194*, 2
2003-04

490

 Garfield Sobers
2
365*, 125
1957-58

489

 Michael Clarke
2
259*, 230
2012-13

473

 Rahul Dravid
4
41*, 200*, 70*, 162
2000-01

Last updated: 21 December 2017[49][50]

text: Highest scores at each batting position

text:
Batting position

Player

Score

Opponent

Venue

Date

Opener
 Matthew Hayden
380
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground
9 October 2003

Number 3
 Brian Lara
400*
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground
10 April 2004

Number 4
 Mahela Jayawardene
374
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground
27 July 2006

Number 5
 Michael Clarke
329*
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground
3 January 2012

Number 6
 Ben Stokes
258
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground
2 January 2016

Number 7
 Donald Bradman
270
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1 January 1937

Number 8
 Wasim Akram
257*
 Zimbabwe
Sheikhupura Stadium
17 October 1996

Number 9
 Ian Smith
173
 India
Eden Park
22 February 1990

Number 10
 Walter Read
117
 Australia
Kennington Oval
11 August 1884

Number 11
 Ashton Agar
98
 England
Trent Bridge
10 July 2013

Last updated: 18 November 2017[51]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Highest individual score as captain

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

374

 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

334*

 Mark Taylor
 Pakistan
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
1998

333

 Graham Gooch
 India
Lord's, London
1990

329*

 Michael Clarke
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2012

Last updated: 15 June 2015[52]

text: Innings carrying the bat

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket)

Runs

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

244*

 Alastair Cook
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
2017–18

223*

 Glenn Turner
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1972

216*

 Marvan Atapattu
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1999–00

206*

 Bill Brown
 England
Lord's, London
1931

202*

 Len Hutton
 West Indies
The Oval, London
1950

Last updated: 29 December 2017[53]

text: Most runs in an over

text:
Runs

Sequence

Batsman

Bowler

Venue

Season

28

4–6–6–4–4–4
 Brian Lara
 Robin Peterson
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2003–04

4–6–2–4–6–6
 George Bailey
 James Anderson
WACA, Perth
2013–14

27

6–6–6–6–2–1
 Shahid Afridi
 Harbhajan Singh
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2005–06

26

4–4–6–0–6–6
 Mitchell Johnson
 Paul Harris
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2008–09

4–0–6–6–6–4
 Brian Lara
 Danish Kaneria
Multan Cricket Stadium
2006–07

4–4–4–4–6–4
 Craig McMillan
 Younis Khan
Seddon Park, Hamilton
2000–01

4–6–6–0–4–6
 Brendon McCullum
 Suranga Lakmal
Hagley Oval, Christchurch, New Zealand
2014–15

4–4–6–6–6–0
 Hardik Pandya
 Malinda Pushpakumara
Pallekele International Cricket Stadium,Sri Lanka
2017

Last updated: 14 August 2017[54]

text: Centuries

text: Most Test centuries

text:
Centuries

Player

Matches

Innings

Inns/Century

51

 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329
6.4

45

 Jacques Kallis
166
280
6.2

41

 Ricky Ponting
168
287
7.0

38

 Kumar Sangakkara
134
233
6.1

36

 Rahul Dravid
164
286
7.9

Last updated: 15 June 2016[55]

text:
Fastest Test centuries

No. of balls

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

54

 Brendon McCullum
 Australia
Hagley Oval, Christchurch
2015–16

56

 Viv Richards
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1985–86

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014

57

 Adam Gilchrist
 England
WACA Ground, Perth
2006–07

67

 Jack Gregory
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1921–22

Last updated: 15 June 2016[56]

text:
Most Test double centuries

Double centuries

Player

Matches

12

 Donald Bradman
52

11

 Kumar Sangakkara
130

9

 Brian Lara
131

7

 Wally Hammond
85

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

Last updated: 15 June 2016[57]

text:
Most Test triple centuries

Triple centuries

Player

Matches

2

 Donald Bradman
52

 Virender Sehwag
104

 Chris Gayle
103

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 11 December 2016[58]

Note:
21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test: see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details[59]

text:
Most Test quadruple centuries

Quadruple centuries

Player

Matches

1

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 15 June 2016[60]

text: Half Centuries

text: Most Test 50+

text:
50+

Player

Matches

Innings

119

 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329

103

 Jacques Kallis
166
280

103

 Ricky Ponting
168
287

99

 Rahul Dravid
164
286

96

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
164
280

Last updated: 15 June 2016[61]

text:
Fastest Test half-centuries

No. of balls

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

21

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014/15

24

 Jacques Kallis
 Zimbabwe
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2004/05

25

 Shane Shillingford
 New Zealand
Sabina Park, Kingston
2014

26

 Shahid Afridi
 India
M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2004/05

 Mohammad Ashraful
 India
Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium, Mirpur
2007

 Dale Steyn
 West Indies
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
2014/15

Last updated: 15 June 2016[62]

text: Most fours in career

text:
Fours

Player

Innings

2058+
 Sachin Tendulkar
329

1654
 Rahul Dravid
286

1559
 Brian Lara
232

1509
 Ricky Ponting
287

1491
 Kumar Sangakkara
233

Key: + means the complete career records aren't known
Last updated: 15 February 2016[63]

text: Individual records (bowling)

text: Career

text:
Most wickets in a career

Wickets

Player

Matches

Average

800

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72

708

 Shane Warne
145
25.41

619

 Anil Kumble
132
29.65

563

 Glenn McGrath
124
21.64

544

 James Anderson
139
27.19

Last updated: 4 August 2018[64]

text:
Most wickets in a career – Progression of record

Wickets

Player

Matches

Average

Record held until

Duration of record

8[a]

 Alfred Shaw
1
10.75
31 March 1877
16 days

14

 Tom Kendall
2
15.35
4 January 1879
1 year, 279 days

94[b]

 Fred Spofforth
18
18.41
12 January 1895
16 years, 8 days

118

 Johnny Briggs
33
17.75
2 January 1904
8 years, 355 days

141

 Hugh Trumble
32
21.78
13 December 1913
9 years, 345 days

189

 Sydney Barnes
27
16.43
4 January 1936
22 years, 22 days

216

 Clarrie Grimmett
37
24.21
24 July 1953
17 years, 201 days

236

 Alec Bedser
51
24.89
26 January 1963
9 years, 186 days

242[c]

 Brian Statham
67
24.27
15 March 1963
48 days

307

 Fred Trueman
67
21.57
1 February 1976
12 years, 323 days

309

 Lance Gibbs
79
29.09
27 December 1981
5 years, 329 days

355

 Dennis Lillee
70
23.92
21 August 1986
4 years, 237 days

373[d]

 Ian Botham
94
27.86
12 November 1988
2 years, 83 days

431

 Richard Hadlee
86
22.29
8 February 1994
5 years, 88 days

434

 Kapil Dev
131
29.64
27 March 2000
6 years, 48 days

519

 Courtney Walsh
132
24.44
8 May 2004
4 years, 42 days

532[e]

 Muttiah Muralitharan
91
22.87
15 October 2004
160 days

708

 Shane Warne
145
25.41
3 December 2007
3 years, 49 days

800

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72
Current
10 years, 262 days

Notes
^[a] Allen Hill took the first Test wicket, but only two in the First Test match. Alfred Shaw (3/51 & 5/35) and Tom Kendall (1/54 & 7/55) both took eight wickets, but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets. Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets (15.35) in seven Tests[65]

^[b] Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne, as did Charles Turner two days later. Briggs overook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide, which Turner missed, and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney. Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets (16.53) in 17 Tests[66]

^[c] Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets (24.84) in 70 Tests

^[d] Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets (28.40) in 102 Tests

^[e] Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets (22.72) in 133 Tests[67]

text:
Best career average

Average

Player

Balls

Wickets

10.75

 George Lohmann
3,830
112

12.70

/ John Ferris[a]
2,302
61

15.54

 Billy Barnes
2,289
51

16.42

 Billy Bates
2,364
50

16.43

 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowledLast updated: 15 June 2016[68]

Note: If the qualification is removed, the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket (i.e. no runs were conceded). This record is shared by Englishmen A N Hornby, Wilf Barber and New Zealander, Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run[69]

^[a]  John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country. He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886–87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891–92.[70]

text:
Best career strike rate

Strike rate

Player

Balls

Wickets

34.1

 George Lohmann
3,830
112

37.7

 /  J. J. Ferris
2,302
61

38.7

 Shane Bond
3,372
87

41.4

 Dale Steyn
17,286
417

41.6

 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowledLast updated: 2 September 2017[71]

text:
Most 5 wickets in an innings

5 wickets in an innings

Player

Matches

67

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

37

 Shane Warne
145

36

 Richard Hadlee
86

35

 Anil Kumble
132

34

 Rangana Herath
92

Last updated: 25 July 2018[72]

text:
Most 10 wickets in a match

10 wickets in a match

Player

Matches

22

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

10

 Shane Warne
145

9

 Richard Hadlee
86

 Rangana Herath
92

8

 Anil Kumble
132

Last updated: 25 July 2018[73]

text: Series

text:
Most wickets in a series

Wickets

Player

Series

49 (4 Tests)

 Sydney Barnes
v  South Africa 1913–14

46 (5 Tests)

 Jim Laker
v  Australia, 1956

44 (5 Tests)

 Clarrie Grimmett
v  South Africa 1935–36

42 (6 Tests)

 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1981

41 (6 Tests)

 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1989

 Rodney Hogg
v  England, 1978–79

Last updated: 15 June 2016[74]

text: Innings

text:
Best figures in an innings

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

10–53

 Jim Laker
 Australia (2nd innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

10–74

 Anil Kumble
 Pakistan
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
1998–99

9–28

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

9–37

 Jim Laker
 Australia (1st innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

9–51

 Muttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
2001–02

Last updated: 15 June 2016[75]

text:
Best figures in an innings – progression of record

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

7–55

 Tom Kendall (in the inaugural Test match)
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77

7–44

 Fred Spofforth
 England
The Oval, London
1882

7–28

 Billy Bates
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1882–83

8–35

 George Lohmann
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1886–87

8–11

 Johnny Briggs
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1888–89

8–7

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
1895–96

9–28

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

10–53

 Jim Laker
 Australia
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

Calculated at the conclusion of each Test
 Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Match records

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

19–90

 Jim Laker
 Australia
Manchester, England,
1956

17–159

 Sydney Barnes
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1913–14

16–136

 Narendra Hirwani
 West Indies
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
1987–88

16–137

 Bob Massie
 England
Lord's, London
1972

16–220

 Muttiah Muralitharan
 England
The Oval, London
1998

Last updated: 15 June 2016[76]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Best figures in an innings as captain

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

9–83

 Kapil Dev
 West Indies
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
1983

8–60

 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Karachi
1982

8–63

 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
2016

8–106

 Kapil Dev
 Australia
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
1985

7–37

 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1995

Last updated: 16 March 2017[77]

text: Match records as captain

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

13–55

 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington, New Zealand
1995

13–135

 Waqar Younis
 Zimbabwe
Southend Club Cricket Stadium, Karachi, Pakistan
1993

13–152

 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare, Zimbabwe
2016

12–100

 Fazal Mahmood
 West Indies
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka, Bangladesh
1959

11–79

 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Pakistan
1982

Last updated: 15 June 2016[78]

text: Individual records (fielding)

text: Most catches in Test career

text:
Catches

Player

Matches

210

 Rahul Dravid
164

205

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

200

 Jacques Kallis
166

196

 Ricky Ponting
168

181

 Mark Waugh
128

Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper[79] Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)

text:
Most dismissals

Dismissals

Player

Matches

555 (532 catches + 23 stumpings)

 Mark Boucher
147

416 (379 catches + 37 stumpings)

 Adam Gilchrist
96

395 (366 catches + 29 stumpings)

 Ian Healy
119

355 (343 catches + 12 stumpings)

 Rod Marsh
96

294 (256 catches + 38 stumpings)

 MS Dhoni
90

Last updated: 15 June 2016[80]

text:
Most catches

Catches

Player

Matches

532

 Mark Boucher
147

379

 Adam Gilchrist
96

366

 Ian Healy
119

343

 Rod Marsh
96

265

 Jeff Dujon
81

Last updated: 15 June 2016[81]

text:
Most stumpings

Stumpings

Player

Matches

52

 Bert Oldfield
54

46

 Godfrey Evans
91

38

 Syed Kirmani
88

 MS Dhoni
90

37

 Adam Gilchrist
96

Last updated: 15 June 2016[82]

text: Individual records (as an all-rounder)

text:
10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match

Player

Runs

Wickets

Date

Opponent

Venue

 Ian Botham[83]

114

13/109

15 February 1980

 India

Mumbai, India

 Imran Khan[83]

117

11/180

3 January 1983

 India

Faisalabad, Pakistan

 Shakib Al Hasan[83]

137

10/124

3 November 2014

 Zimbabwe

Khulna, Bangladesh

Last updated: 15 June 2016[84]

text: Individual records (other)

text:
Most matches played

Matches

Player

Period

200

 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

168

 Steve Waugh
1985–2004

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

166

 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

164

 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
1994–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[85]

text:
Most matches played as captain

Matches

Player

Won

Lost

Drawn

Tied

109

 Graeme Smith
53
29
27
0

93

 Allan Border
32
22
38
1

80

 Stephen Fleming
28
27
25
0

77

 Ricky Ponting
48
16
13
0

74

 Clive Lloyd
36
12
26
0

Last updated: 15 June 2016[86]

text:
Most matches won as captain

Won

Player

Lost

Drawn

Ties

Matches

53

 Graeme Smith
26
26
0
109

48

 Ricky Ponting
16
13
0
77

41

 Steve Waugh
9
7
0
57

36

 Clive Lloyd
12
26
0
74

32

 Allan Border
22
38
1
93

Last updated: 15 June 2016[87]

text: Partnership records

text: Highest partnership for each wicket

text:
Partnership

Runs

Team

Players

Opposition

Venue

Season

1st wicket

415
 South Africa
Graeme Smith (232)
Neil McKenzie (226)
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Divisional Stadium
2008

2nd wicket

576
 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

3rd wicket

624
 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

4th wicket

449
 Australia
Adam Voges (269*)
Shaun Marsh  (182)
 West Indies
Bellerive Oval, Hobart
2015–16

5th wicket

405
 Australia
Sid Barnes (234)
Donald Bradman (234)
 England
Sydney Cricket Ground
1946–47

6th wicket

399
 England
Ben Stokes  (258)
Jonny Bairstow  (150*)
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2015–16

7th wicket

347
 West Indies
Denis Atkinson (219)
Clairmonte Depeiaza (122)
 Australia
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1954–55

8th wicket

332
 England
Jonathan Trott (184)
Stuart Broad  (169)
 Pakistan
Lord's, London
2010

9th wicket

195
 South Africa
Mark Boucher (78)
Pat Symcox (108)
 Pakistan
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
1997–98

10th wicket

198
 England
Joe Root  (154*)
James Anderson  (81)
 India
Trent Bridge, Nottingham
2014

Last updated: 15 June 2016[88]

text: Highest partnerships

text:
Runs

Team

Players

Opposition

Venue

Season

624 (3rd wicket)

 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

576 (2nd wicket)

 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

467 (3rd wicket)

 New Zealand
Andrew Jones (186)
Martin Crowe (299)
 Sri Lanka
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1990–91

451 (2nd wicket)

 Australia
Bill Ponsford (266)
Donald Bradman (244)
 England
The Oval, London
1934

451 (3rd wicket)

 Pakistan
Mudassar Nazar (231)
Javed Miandad (280*)
 India
Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad
1982–83

Last updated: 15 June 2016[89]


document_title: Sierra Leone Labour Congress

question_text: the origin of the sierra leone labour law

root

text: Sierra Leone Labour Congress

text: James Baimba Kabia was Secretary General from 1977 to 1981

tag: p

text:
SLLCFull name
Sierra Leone Labour CongressFounded
1976Affiliation
ITUCKey people
[M. A. Deen  ], President  Kandeh Yilla, General SecretaryOffice location
Freetown, Sierra LeoneCountry
Sierra Leone

text: The Sierra Leone Labour Congress (SLLC) is a national trade union center in Sierra Leone. It was founded in 1976.

text: The SLLC is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.


document_title: Hello, Dolly! (film)

question_text: who played ambrose in the film hello dolly

text: Hello, Dolly! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1890, all of New York City is excited because widowed, brassy Dolly Levi (Barbra Streisand) is in town ("Call On Dolly"). Dolly makes a living through matchmaking and numerous sidelines ("Just Leave Everything to Me"). She is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder (Walter Matthau), the well-known "half-a-millionaire", but it becomes clear that Dolly intends to marry Horace herself. Dolly travels to Yonkers, New York to visit Horace. Ambrose Kemper (Tommy Tune), a young artist, wants to marry Horace's weepy niece, Ermengarde (Joyce Ames), but Horace opposes this because Ambrose's vocation does not guarantee a steady living. Horace, who is the owner of Vandergelder's Hay and Feed, explains to his two clerks, Cornelius Hackl (Michael Crawford) and Barnaby Tucker (Danny Lockin), that he is going to get married because "It Takes a Woman" to cheerfully do all the household chores. He plans to travel to New York City to propose to Irene Molloy (Marianne McAndrew), who owns a hat shop there. Dolly arrives in Yonkers and sends Horace ahead to the city. Before leaving, he tells Cornelius and Barnaby to mind the store.

text: Cornelius decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers. Dolly knows two ladies in New York City they should call on: Irene Molloy and her shop assistant, Minnie Fay (E.J. Peaker). She enters Ermengarde and Ambrose in the upcoming polka competition at the fancy Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York City, so Ambrose can demonstrate his ability to be a breadwinner to Uncle Horace. Cornelius, Barnaby, Ambrose, Ermengarde and Dolly take the train to New York ("Put on Your Sunday Clothes"). Irene and Minnie open their hat shop for the afternoon. Irene does not love Horace Vandergelder and declares that she will wear an elaborate hat to impress a gentleman ("Ribbons Down My Back"). Cornelius and Barnaby arrive at the shop and pretend to be rich. Horace and Dolly arrive and Cornelius and Barnaby hide. Minnie screams when she finds Cornelius hiding in an armoire. Horace is about to open the armoire himself, but Dolly "searches" it and pronounces it empty. After hearing Cornelius sneeze, Horace storms out upon realizing there are men hiding in the shop, although he is unaware that they are his clerks. Dolly arranges for Cornelius and Barnaby, who are still pretending to be rich, to take the ladies out to dinner at Harmonia Gardens to make up for their humiliation. She teaches Cornelius and Barnaby how to dance since they always have dancing at such establishments ("Dancing"). The clerks and the ladies go to watch the Fourteenth Street Association Parade together. Alone, Dolly asks her first husband Ephram's permission to marry Horace, requesting a sign. She resolves to move on with life ("Before the Parade Passes By"). After meeting an old friend, Gussie Granger (Judy Knaiz), on a float in the parade, Dolly catches up with the annoyed Vandergelder as he is marching in the parade. She tells him the heiress Ernestina Semple (changed from the stage version's Ernestina Money; also Judy Knaiz) would be perfect for him and asks him to meet her at Harmonia Gardens that evening.

text: Cornelius is determined to get a kiss before the night is over. Since the clerks have no money to hire a carriage, they tell the girls that walking to the restaurant shows that they've got "Elegance". In a quiet flat, Dolly prepares for the evening ("Love is Only Love"). At the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant, Rudolph (David Hurst), the head waiter, whips his crew into shape for Dolly Levi's return. Horace arrives to meet his date, who is really Dolly's friend Gussie. As it turns out, she is not rich or elegant as Dolly implied, and she soon leaves after being bored by Horace, just as she and Dolly planned.

text: Cornelius, Barnaby and their dates arrive and are unaware that Horace is also at the restaurant. Dolly makes her triumphant return to the restaurant and is greeted in style by the staff ("Hello, Dolly!"). She sits in the now-empty seat at Horace's table and proceeds to tell him that no matter what he says, she will not marry him. Fearful of being caught, Cornelius confesses to the ladies that he and Barnaby have no money, and Irene, who knew they were pretending all along, offers to pay for the meal. She then realizes that she left her handbag with all her money in it at home. The four try to sneak out during the polka contest, but Horace recognizes them and also spots Ermengarde and Ambrose. In the ensuing confrontation, Vandergelder fires Cornelius and Barnaby (although they claim to have already quit) and they are forced to flee as a riot breaks out. Cornelius professes his love for Irene because "It Only Takes a Moment". Horace declares that he wouldn't marry Dolly if she were the last woman in the world. Dolly angrily bids him farewell; while he's bored and lonely, she'll be living the high life ("So Long, Dearie").

text: The next morning, back at the hay and feed store, Cornelius and Irene, Barnaby and Minnie, and Ambrose and Ermengarde each come to collect the money Vandergelder owes them. Chastened, he finally admits that he needs Dolly in his life, but she is unsure about the marriage until Ephram sends her a sign. Vandergelder spontaneously repeats a saying of Ephram's: "Money, pardon the expression, is like manure. It's not worth a thing unless it's spread about, encouraging young things to grow." Cornelius becomes Horace's business partner at the store, and Barnaby fills Cornelius' old position. Horace tells Dolly life would be dull without her, and she promises that she'll "never go away again" ("Finale").

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Barbra Streisand as Dolly Levi
Walter Matthau as Horace Vandergelder
Michael Crawford as Cornelius Hackl
Marianne McAndrew as Irene Molloy
E. J. Peaker as Minnie Fay
Danny Lockin as Barnaby Tucker
Joyce Ames as Ermengarde Vandergelder
Tommy Tune as Ambrose Kemper
Judy Knaiz as Gussie Granger; Ernestina Semple
David Hurst as Rudolph Reisenweber
Fritz Feld as Fritz, German waiter
Richard Collier as Joe, Vandergelder's barber
J. Pat O'Malley as Policeman in park
Louis Armstrong as Orchestra leader
Tucker Smith (uncredited) as Dancer
Jennifer Gan (uncredited) as Miss Bolivia

tag: ul

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Call On Dolly"
"Just Leave Everything To Me"
"Main Titles (Overture)"
"It Takes a Woman"
"It Takes a Woman (Reprise)"
"Put on Your Sunday Clothes"
"Ribbons Down My Back"
"Dancing"
"Before the Parade Passes By"

"Intermission"
"Elegance"
"Love is Only Love"
"Hello, Dolly!"
"It Only Takes a Moment"
"So Long, Dearie"
"Finale"
"End Credits"

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The town of Garrison, New York, was the filming site for scenes in Yonkers.[4] In the opening credits, the passenger train is traveling along the Hudson River. Provided by the Strasburg Rail Road, the train is pulled by Pennsylvania Railroad 1223 (now located in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania) retrofitted to resemble a New York Central & Hudson River locomotive. The locomotive, used in "Put on Your Sunday Clothes", was restored specifically for the film.

text: The Poughkeepsie (Metro-North station) trackside platform was used at the beginning when Dolly was on her way to Yonkers.

text: The church scene was filmed on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, but the church's facade was constructed only for the film. New York City scenes were filmed on the 20th Century-Fox lot in California. Some of the exteriors still exist.

text: The film was photographed in 65 mm Todd-AO by Harry Stradling, Sr.

text: The film was beset by tension on the set, with Streisand clashing with costar Matthau and director Kelly. Michael Kidd, the choreographer, had conflicts with costume designer Irene Sharaff and Kelly, to the point that he and Kelly were no longer on speaking terms.[5] Tensions came to a head in a heated argument between Streisand and Matthau on June 6, 1968, on a hot day in Garrison the day after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: Most of the original Broadway production's score was preserved for the film; however, "Just Leave Everything to Me" and "Love Is Only Love" were not in the stage show. Jerry Herman wrote "Just Leave Everything to Me" especially for Streisand; it effectively replaced "I Put My Hand In" from the Broadway production. However, an instrumental version of parts of "I Put My Hand In" can be heard in the film during the dance competition at the Harmonia Gardens.[6] Herman had previously written "Love is Only Love" for the stage version of Mame, but it was cut before its Broadway premiere. It occurred in the story as Mame tried to explain falling in love to her young nephew Patrick. A brief prologue of "Mrs. Horace Vandergelder" was added to the song to integrate it into this film.[7]

text: Working under the musical direction of Lionel Newman and Lennie Hayton, the very large team of orchestrators included film stalwarts Herbert W. Spencer and Alexander Courage; the original Broadway production arranger, Philip J. Lang, making a rare film outing; and pop arrangers Don Costa and Frank Comstock. All of the actors did their own singing, except for Marianne McAndrew (Irene Molloy) whose singing was dubbed by Melissa Stafford for Irene's vocal solos and Gilda Maiken for when Irene sings with other characters.[8] Choreography was by Michael Kidd.

text: Release[edit]

text: U.S. premieres[edit]

text: The film premiered in New York at Rivoli Theater on December 16, 1969 and at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on December 19. Production had wrapped more than a year earlier, but release was significantly delayed for legal reasons.[9] A clause in the 1965 film sale contract specified that the film could not be released until June 1971 or when the show closed on Broadway, whichever came first. In 1969, the show was still running. Eager to release the film to recoup its cost, Fox negotiated and paid an "early release" escape payment to release the film "Dolly" at an estimated $1–2 million.[9]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received favorable reviews at the time of its release,[2] but some critics feel it was not a success as a musical, with Kelly and Kidd making little use of the widescreen format of the film. Critic Tom Santopietro described their approach as "shoveling more and more bodies on screen with no apparent purpose."[10] Vincent Canby in his New York Times review said that the producer and director "merely inflated the faults to elephantine proportions."[11]

text: In more recent years, Hello Dolly's critical reputation has cooled considerably; as of 2017, it holds a 41% "Rotten" rating on online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10.[12] Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine said of the film: "More infamous for bringing Fox financially to its knees than for being the last major musical directed by Gene Kelly, Hello, Dolly! is one big-assed bull in a china shop. The film cost nearly as much to produce as Cleopatra and made far less at the box office, thus earning the film its reputation as one of Hollywood’s foremost turkeys."[13]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened strongly and initially grossed more than The Sound of Music, but lost momentum and became a disappointment at the box office.[2] It grossed $33.2 million at the box office in the United States,[14] earning a theatrical rental (the distributor's share of the box office after deducting the exhibitor's cut)[15][16] of $15.2 million,[17][18] ranking it in the top five highest-grossing films of the 1969–1970 season.[18][19][3] In total, it earned $26 million in theatrical rentals for Fox,[14] against its $25.335 million production budget.[17] Despite performing well at the box office, it still lost its backers an estimated $10 million.[3]

text: The soundtrack album's sales also did not live up to expectations, and rose to only No. 49 on the Billboard chart.[2]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film won three Academy Awards and was nominated for another four.[20][21]

text:
Won

Best Art Direction - Set Decoration – John DeCuir, Jack Martin Smith, and Herman A. Blumenthal (Art Direction); Walter M. Scott, George James Hopkins, and Raphael Bretton (Set Decoration)
Best Music, Score of a Musical Picture – Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman
Best Sound – Jack Solomon and Murray Spivack

Nominated

Best Picture – Ernest Lehman
Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling Sr. (posthumous nomination)
Best Costume Design – Irene Sharaff
Best Film Editing – William H. Reynolds

text:
23rd British Academy Film Awards[22]

BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role – Barbra Streisand – Nomination
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role – Walter Matthau – Nomination (also for his role in The Secret Life of an American Wife)
BAFTA Award for Best Art Direction – John Decuir – Nomination
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling – Nomination

27th Golden Globe Awards

Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Nomination
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Gene Kelly –  Nomination
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Barbra Streisand –  Nomination
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture – Marianne McAndrew –  Nomination
Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress – Marianne McAndrew –  Nomination

Directors Guild of America Awards 1970

Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film – Gene Kelly –  Nomination

American Cinema Editors

Best Edited Feature Film – William H. Reynolds – Won

text: Others[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Hello, Dolly!" – Nominated[23]

2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[24]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text:
Songs as well as footage from scenes "Put on Your Sunday Clothes" and "It Only Takes a Moment", were prominently featured in the 2008 Disney-Pixar film, WALL-E. WALL-E watches the footage from an old VHS, and learns about the concept of love from the film.
The songs "Elegance" and "Put on Your Sunday Clothes" are heard through any day at the Main Street section of the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World


document_title: Concord, New Hampshire

question_text: when did concord become the capital of new hampshire

text: Concord, New Hampshire

text: History[edit]

text: The area that would become Concord was originally settled thousands of years ago by Abenaki Native Americans called the Pennacook.[1]:65 The tribe fished for migrating salmon, sturgeon, and alewives with nets strung across the rapids of the Merrimack River. The stream was also the transportation route for their birch bark canoes, which could travel from Lake Winnipesaukee to the Atlantic Ocean. The broad sweep of the Merrimack River valley floodplain provided good soil for farming beans, gourds, pumpkins, melons and maize.

text: On January 17, 1725, the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which then claimed territories west of the Merrimack River, granted the Concord area as the Plantation of Penacook.[1]:107 It was settled between 1725 and 1727 by Captain Ebenezer Eastman and others from Haverhill, Massachusetts. On February 9, 1734, the town was incorporated as Rumford,[1]:147 from which Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford would take his title. It was renamed Concord in 1765 by Governor Benning Wentworth following a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and the town of Bow; the city name was meant to reflect the new concord, or harmony, between the disputant towns.[5] Citizens displaced by the resulting border adjustment were given land elsewhere as compensation. In 1779, New Pennacook Plantation was granted to Timothy Walker, Jr. and his associates at what would be incorporated in 1800 as Rumford, Maine, the site of Pennacook Falls.

text: Concord grew in prominence throughout the 18th century, and some of its earliest houses survive at the northern end of Main Street. In the years following the Revolution, Concord's central geographical location made it a logical choice for the state capital, particularly after Samuel Blodget in 1807 opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the Amoskeag Falls downriver, connecting Concord with Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal. In 1808, Concord was named the official seat of state government.[1]:324–326 The 1819 State House is the oldest capitol in the nation in which the state's legislative branches meet in their original chambers. The city would become noted for furniture-making and granite quarrying. In 1828, Lewis Downing joined J. Stephens Abbot to form Abbot and Downing.[1]:339–340 Their most famous product was their Concord stagecoach, widely used in the development of the American West. In the 19th century, Concord became a hub for the railroad industry, with Penacook a textile manufacturing center using water power from the Contoocook River. Today, the city is a center for health care and several insurance companies. It is also home to Concord Litho, one of the largest independently owned commercial printing companies in the country.

text:
First Concord Bridge, 1795

State House c. 1906

Main Street c. 1908

City Hall in 1913

Old Library c. 1915

text: Geography[edit]

text: Concord is located at 43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W / 43.20667°N 71.53806°W / 43.20667; -71.53806 (43.2070, −71.5371).[6]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 67.5 square miles (174.8 km2). 64.2 square miles (166.4 km2) of it is land and 3.2 square miles (8.4 km2) of it is water, comprising 4.79% of the city.[7] Concord is drained by the Merrimack River. Penacook Lake is in the west. The highest point in Concord is 860 feet (260 m) above sea level on Oak Hill, just west of the hill's 970-foot (300 m) summit in neighboring Loudon.

text: Concord lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed,[8] and is centered on the river, which runs from northwest to southeast through the city. Downtown is located on a low terrace to the west of the river, with residential neighborhoods climbing hills to the west and extending southwards towards the town of Bow. To the east of the Merrimack, atop a 100-foot (30 m) bluff, is a flat, sandy plain known as Concord Heights, which has seen most of the city's commercial development since 1960. The eastern boundary of Concord (with the town of Pembroke) is formed by the Soucook River, a tributary of the Merrimack. The Turkey River winds through the southwestern quarter of the city, passing through the campus of St. Paul's School before entering the Merrimack River in Bow. In the northern part of the city, the Contoocook River enters the Merrimack at the village of Penacook. Other village centers in the city include West Concord (actually north of downtown, on the west side of the Merrimack) and East Concord (also north of downtown, but on the east side of the Merrimack).

text: The city's neighboring communities are Bow to the south, Pembroke to the southeast, Loudon to the northeast, Canterbury, Boscawen, and Webster to the north, and Hopkinton to the west.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Concord, as with much of New England, is within the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb), with long, cold, snowy winters, very warm (and at times humid) summers, and relatively brief autumns and springs. In winter, successive storms deliver light to moderate snowfall amounts, contributing to the relatively reliable snow cover. In addition, lows reach at least 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 15 nights per year, and the city straddles the border between USDA Hardiness Zone 5b and 6a.[9] However, thaws are frequent, with one to three days per month with 50 °F (10 °C)+ highs from December to February. Summer can bring stretches of humid conditions as well as thunderstorms, and there is an average of 12 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. The window for freezing temperatures on average begins on September 27 and expires on May 14.[10]

text: The monthly daily average temperature range from 20.6 °F (−6.3 °C) in January to 70.0 °F (21.1 °C) in July. Temperature extremes have ranged from −37 °F (−38 °C) in February 1943 to 102 °F (39 °C) in July 1966.

text:
showClimate data for Concord Municipal Airport, New Hampshire (1981−2010 normals,[a] extremes 1903–present)[b]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

72 (22)

74 (23)

89 (32)

95 (35)

98 (37)

101 (38)

102 (39)

101 (38)

98 (37)

92 (33)

80 (27)

73 (23)

102 (39)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

50.8 (10.4)

53.7 (12.1)

66.6 (19.2)

81.5 (27.5)

88.7 (31.5)

92.0 (33.3)

93.1 (33.9)

91.8 (33.2)

87.7 (30.9)

78.5 (25.8)

68.7 (20.4)

56.0 (13.3)

95.5 (35.3)

Average high °F (°C)

30.8 (−0.7)

34.9 (1.6)

43.8 (6.6)

57.4 (14.1)

68.9 (20.5)

77.4 (25.2)

82.3 (27.9)

80.9 (27.2)

72.6 (22.6)

60.5 (15.8)

48.4 (9.1)

36.3 (2.4)

58.0 (14.4)

Average low °F (°C)

10.4 (−12)

13.8 (−10.1)

22.5 (−5.3)

32.7 (0.4)

42.6 (5.9)

52.5 (11.4)

57.7 (14.3)

56.1 (13.4)

47.4 (8.6)

35.8 (2.1)

28.2 (−2.1)

17.2 (−8.2)

34.8 (1.6)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

−11.2 (−24)

−8.2 (−22.3)

0.8 (−17.3)

19.4 (−7)

28.1 (−2.2)

37.9 (3.3)

45.4 (7.4)

42.0 (5.6)

31.8 (−0.1)

21.2 (−6)

11.1 (−11.6)

−2.8 (−19.3)

−14.6 (−25.9)

Record low °F (°C)

−35 (−37)

−37 (−38)

−20 (−29)

4 (−16)

21 (−6)

30 (−1)

35 (2)

29 (−2)

20 (−7)

10 (−12)

−17 (−27)

−24 (−31)

−37 (−38)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

2.70 (68.6)

2.62 (66.5)

3.27 (83.1)

3.41 (86.6)

3.66 (93)

3.69 (93.7)

3.74 (95)

3.18 (80.8)

3.38 (85.9)

4.04 (102.6)

3.72 (94.5)

3.20 (81.3)

40.61 (1,031.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

18.1 (46)

12.3 (31.2)

11.1 (28.2)

2.8 (7.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

trace

2.6 (6.6)

14.5 (36.8)

61.4 (156)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)

10.8

9.5

11.5

11.8

12.4

12.7

10.9

9.8

9.3

10.1

11.2

10.9

130.9

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)

8.2

6.5

5.3

1.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

1.9

6.6

29.7

Average relative humidity (%)

67.9

66.0

64.8

62.0

65.0

70.9

71.8

74.5

76.3

72.8

73.3

72.3

69.8

Mean monthly sunshine hours

162.8

171.8

210.5

223.2

258.4

274.3

295.8

261.9

214.7

183.4

127.8

134.8

2,519.4

Percent possible sunshine

56

58

57

56

57

60

64

61

57

54

44

48

56

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[10][11][12]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
17901,747—18002,05217.5%18102,39316.6%18202,83818.6%18303,72031.1%18404,89731.6%18508,57675.1%186010,89627.1%187012,24112.3%188013,84313.1%189017,00422.8%190019,63215.5%191021,4979.5%192022,1673.1%193025,22813.8%194027,1717.7%195027,9883.0%196028,9913.6%197030,0223.6%198030,4001.3%199036,00618.4%200040,68713.0%201042,6954.9%Est. 201642,904[3]0.5%U.S. Decennial Census[13]

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 42,695 people, 17,592 households, and 10,052 families residing in the city. The population density was 632.5 people per square mile (244.2/km²). There were 18,852 housing units at an average density of 293.2 per square mile (113.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.8% White, 2.2% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 2.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[14]

text: There were 17,592 households out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were headed by married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26, and the average family size was 2.90.[14]

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.[14]

text: For the period 2009-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $52,695, and the median income for a family was $73,457. Male full-time workers had a median income of $49,228 versus $38,782 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,296. About 5.5% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.[15]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Top employers[edit]

text: According to Concord's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[16] the top employers in the city are:

text:
#

Employer

# of Employees

1

State of New Hampshire

6,450

2

Concord Hospital

3,200

3

Steeplegate Mall

1,233

4

Genesis HealthCare

1,200

5

Concord School District

876

6

New Hampshire Hospital

850

7

Lincoln National Corporation

602

8

Market Basket

533

9

Sanel Auto Parts

525

10

Merrimack Valley School District

500

11

City of Concord

454

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Highways[edit]

text: Interstate 89 and Interstate 93 are the two main interstate highways serving Concord, and join just south of the city limits. Interstate 89 links Concord with Lebanon and the state of Vermont to the northwest, while Interstate 93 connects the city to Plymouth, Littleton, and the White Mountains to the north and Manchester to the south. Interstate 393 is a spur highway leading east from Concord and merging with U.S. Route 4 as a direct route to New Hampshire's seacoast. North-south U.S. Route 3 serves as Concord's Main Street, while U.S. Route 202 and New Hampshire Route 9 cross the city from east to west. Also, state routes 13 and 132 serve the city: Route 13 leads southwest out of Concord towards Goffstown and Milford, while Route 132 travels north parallel to Interstate 93. New Hampshire Route 106 passes through the easternmost part of Concord, crossing I-393 and NH 9 before crossing the Soucook River into the town of Pembroke. To the north, NH 106 leads to Loudon, Belmont, and Laconia.

text: Bus[edit]

text: Local bus service is provided by Concord Area Transit (CAT), with three routes through the city. Regional bus service provided by Concord Coach Lines and Greyhound Lines is available from the Concord Transportation Center at 30 Stickney Avenue next to Exit 14 on Interstate 93, with service south to Boston and points in between, as well as north to Littleton and northeast to Berlin.

text: Other modes[edit]

text: There is no passenger rail service to Concord.

text: General aviation services are available through Concord Municipal Airport, located 2 miles (3 km) east of downtown. There is no commercial air service within the city limits; the nearest such airport is Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, located 23 miles (37 km) to the south.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Government[edit]

text: Concord is governed via the manager-council system. The city council consists of 14 members, ten of which are elected from single-member wards, while the other four are elected at large. The mayor is elected directly every two years. The current mayor is Jim Bouley.[17]

text: According to the Concord city charter, the mayor chairs the council (composed of 15 members, including the mayor).[18]  However, the mayor has very few formal powers over the day-to-day management of the city.[18] The actual operations of the city are overseen by the city manager,[18] currently Thomas J. Aspell, Jr.[19] The current police chief is Bradley S. Osgood.[20]

text: In the New Hampshire Senate, Concord is in the 15th District, represented by Democrat Dan Feltes. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Concord is in the 2nd District, represented by Democrat Andru Volinsky. In the United States House of Representatives, Concord is in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster.

text: New Hampshire Department of Corrections operates the New Hampshire State Prison for Men and New Hampshire State Prison for Women[21] in Concord.

text: Media[edit]

text: Newspapers

text:
The Concord Monitor (daily)
Concord NH Patch (daily)
The Concord Insider (weekly)
The Hippo (weekly)

text: Radio

text:
WKXL 1450 AM (News Talk Information)
WNHN-LP 94.7 FM (Classical music)
WEVO 89.1 FM (Public radio)
WJYY 105.5 FM (Top 40)
WXRG 102.3 FM (Adult Album Alternative)
WICX 102.7FM (Catholic Radio)

text: New Hampshire Public Radio is headquartered in Concord.

text: Television

text:
WPXG-TV (Channel 21) (Ion Television)
Concord TV Public-access television cable TV station

text: Sites of interest[edit]

text: Concord has many landmarks and other tourist attractions.

text: The New Hampshire State House, designed by architect Stuart Park and constructed between 1815 and 1818, is the oldest state house in which the legislature meets in its original chambers.[22] The building was remodeled in 1866, and the third story and west wing were added in 1910.

text: Located directly across from the State House is the Eagle Hotel on Main Street, which has been a downtown landmark since its opening in 1827. U.S. Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, and Benjamin Harrison all dined there, and Franklin Pierce spent the night before departing for his inauguration. Other well-known guests included Jefferson Davis, Charles Lindbergh, Eleanor Roosevelt, Richard M. Nixon (who carried New Hampshire in all three of his presidential bids), and Thomas E. Dewey. The hotel closed in 1961.[23]

text: South from the Eagle Hotel on Main Street is Phenix Hall, which  replaced "Old" Phenix Hall, which burned in 1893. Both the old and new buildings featured multi-purpose auditoriums used for political speeches, theater productions, and fairs. Abraham Lincoln spoke at the old hall in 1860; Theodore Roosevelt, at the new hall in 1912.[24]

text: North on Main Street is the Walker-Woodman House, also known as the Reverend Timothy Walker House, the oldest standing two-story house in Concord.[25] It was built for the Reverend Timothy Walker between 1733 and 1735.

text: On the north end of Main Street is the Pierce Manse, in which President Franklin Pierce lived in Concord before and following his presidency.[26] The mid-1830s Greek Revival house was moved from Montgomery Street to North Main Street in 1971 to prevent its demolition.

text: Beaver Meadow Golf Course, located in the northern part of Concord, is one of the oldest golf courses in New England.[27] Besides this golf course, other important sporting venues in Concord include Everett Arena and Memorial Field.

text: The SNOB (Somewhat North Of Boston) Film Festival, started in the fall of 2002, brings independent films and filmmakers to Concord and has provided an outlet for local filmmakers to display their films. SNOB Film Festival was a catalyst for the building of Red River Theatres, a locally owned, nonprofit, independent cinema in 2007. The SNOB Film Festival is one of the many arts organizations in the city.

text: Other sites of interest include the Capitol Center for the Arts, the New Hampshire Historical Society, which has two facilities in Concord, the Steeplegate Mall on Loudon Road, and the McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center, a planetarium named after Christa McAuliffe, the Concord teacher who died during the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986.

text: Education[edit]

text: Concord's public schools are within the Concord School District, except for schools in the Penacook area of the city, which are within the Merrimack Valley School District, a district which also includes several towns north of Concord. The only public high school in the Concord School District is Concord High School, which has about 2,000 students. The only public middle school in the Concord School District is Rundlett Middle School, which has roughly 1,500 students. Concord School District's elementary schools underwent a major re-configuration in 2012, with three newly constructed schools opening and replacing six previous schools. Kimball School and Walker School were replaced by Christa McAuliffe School on the Kimball School site, Conant School (and Rumford School, which closed a year earlier) were replaced by Abbot-Downing School at the Conant site, and Eastman and Dame schools were replaced by Mill Brook School, serving kindergarten through grade two, located next to Broken Ground Elementary School, serving grades three to five. Beaver Meadow School, the remaining elementary school, was unaffected by the changes.

text: Concord schools in the Merrimack Valley School District include Merrimack Valley High School and Merrimack Valley Middle School, which are adjacent to each other and to Rolfe Park in Penacook village, and Penacook Elementary School, just south of the village.

text: Concord has two parochial schools, Bishop Brady High School and Saint John Regional School.

text: Other area schools include Concord Christian Academy, Parker Academy, Trinity Christian School, Shaker Road School, and St. Paul's School.

text: Concord is also home to NHTI, Concord's Community College, Granite State College, the University of New Hampshire School of Law, and the Franklin Pierce University Doctorate of Physical Therapy program.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.

Jump up ^ Official records for Concord were kept at downtown from September 1868 to April 1941 and at Concord Municipal Airport since May 1941; snow records date from December 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx

tag: ol


document_title: List of 24 hours of Le Mans records

question_text: which manufacturer has the most le mans wins

text: List of 24 hours of Le Mans records

text: Constructor Records[edit]

text: Most wins[edit]

text:
Rank

Constructor

Wins

Years

1

 Porsche

19

1970-1971, 1976-1977, 1979, 1981-1987, 1994,[1] 1996-1998,[2] 2015-2017

2

 Audi

13

2000-2002, 2004-2008, 2010-2014

3

 Ferrari

9

1949, 1954, 1958, 1960-1965

4

 Jaguar

7

1951, 1953, 1955-1957, 1988, 1990

5

 Bentley

6

1924, 1927-1930, 2003

6

 Alfa Romeo

4

1931-1934

 Ford

1966-1969

8

 Matra-Simca

3

1972-1974

 Peugeot

1992-1993, 2009

10

 Lorraine-Dietrich

2

1925-1926

 Bugatti

1937, 1939

12

 Chenard & Walcker

1

1923

 Lagonda

1935

 Delahaye

1938

 Talbot-Lago

1950

 Mercedes-Benz

1952

 Aston Martin

1959

 Mirage

1975

 Renault-Alpine

1978

 Rondeau

1980

 Sauber-Mercedes

1989 [3]

 Mazda

1991

 McLaren

1995

 BMW

1999

 Toyota

2018

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Wins

Constructor

ConsecutiveWins

7

 Porsche

1981 - 1987

6

 Ferrari

1960 - 1965

5

 Audi

2004 - 2008

 Audi

2010 - 2014

4

 Bentley

1927 - 1930

 Alfa Romeo

1931 - 1934

 Ford

1966 - 1969

3

 Jaguar

1955 - 1957

 Matra-Simca

1972 - 1974

 Porsche

1996 - 1998

 Audi

2000 - 2002

 Porsche

2015 - 2017

text: Win(s) by Nations (constructors)[edit]

text:
Nation

Win(s)

Constructor(s)

1

 Germany

34

4

2

 United Kingdom

17

6

3

 France

15

9

4

 Italy

13

2

5

 United States

4

1

6

 Japan

2

2

7

 Switzerland

1 [3]

1

text: Wins by cars[edit]

text:
Wins

Cars

Year

5

 Audi R8

2000-2002, 2004-2005

4

 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300

1931-1934

 Ford GT40

1966-1969

 Porsche 956

1982-1985

 Audi R18

2011-2014

3

 Jaguar D-Type

1955-1957

Ferrari 250 TR

1958, 1960-1961

 Matra Simca MS670

1972-1974

 Porsche 936

1976-1977, 1981

 Audi R10 TDI

2006- 2008

 Porsche 919 Hybrid

2015-2017

2

 Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6

1925-1926

 Bentley Speed Six

1929-1930

 Bugatti Type 57

1937, 1939

 Porsche 917K

1970-1971

 Porsche 962C

1986-1987

 Peugeot 905

1992-1993

 Porsche WSC-95

1996-1997

text: Wins by Team[edit]

text:
Team

Wins

Year(s)

1

 Joest Racing

13

1984-1985, 1996-1997, 2000–2002, 2006-2007, 2010-2014

2

 Porsche

12

1976-1977, 1981-1983, 1986-1987, 1994, 1998, 2015-2017

3

 Scuderia Ferrari

7

1954, 1958, 1960-1964

4

 Jaguar

5

1951, 1953, 1955, 1988, 1990

5

 Bentley Motors Ltd.

4

1927-1930

6

 Matra Sports

3

1972-1974

 Peugeot Sport

1992-1993, 2009

8

 Ecurie Ecosse

2

1956-1957

Shelby-American Inc.

1966-1967

 John Wyer Automotive Engineering

1968-1969

text: Consecutive wins by same car[edit]

text:
Wins

Cars with s/n

Year

2

 Bentley Speed Six #LB2332

1929-1930

 Ford GT40 #P-1075

1968-1969

 Porsche 956 #117

1984-1985

 Porsche WSC-95 #001

1996-1997

text: Other Constructor Records[edit]

text:
Description

Record

Details

Podiums

Most 1-2 finishes
12
 Porsche in 1970, 1971, 1979, 1982-1987, 1996, 1998, 2015

Most Podiums
54
 Porsche [4]

Most Podium Lockouts
8
 Porsche in 1970, 1979, 1982-1986, 1996

Most consecutive podiums
18
 Audi between 1999 and 2016

Most cars of the same brand in a row
8
 Porsche in 1983

Most podiums without winning
3
 Pescarolo [5]

Starts

Most participations by a single constructor
68
 Porsche between 1951 and 2018

Most entries by a single constructor in a single race
33
 Porsche in 1971 (33 starters/49)

Most entries by a single constructor (total)
809
 Porsche since 1951

Most participations without winning
36
 Lola

Most participations without a podium
36
 Lola

Pole Positions

Most consecutive pole positions
6
 Porsche between 1978 and 1983

Fastest Laps

Most fastest laps
14
 Porsche in 1968-1971, 1977, 1979-1981, 1983, 1985-1986, 1988, 1994, 1997

Most consecutive fastest laps
5
 Audi between 2011 and 2015

text: Driver Records[edit]

text: Most Wins[edit]

text:
Drivers

Wins

Years

1

 Tom Kristensen

9

1997, 2000-2005, 2008, 2013

2

 Jacky Ickx

6

1969, 1975-1977, 1981-1982

3

 Derek Bell

5

1975, 1981-1982, 1986-1987

 Frank Biela

2000-2002, 2006-2007

 Emanuele Pirro

2000-2002, 2006-2007

6

 Olivier Gendebien

4

1958, 1960-1962

 Henri Pescarolo

1972-1974, 1984

 Yannick Dalmas

1992, 1994-1995, 1999

9

 Woolf Barnato

3

1928-1930

  Luigi Chinetti

1932, 1934, 1949

 Phil Hill

1958, 1961-1962

 Hurley Haywood

1977, 1983, 1994

 Klaus Ludwig

1979, 1984-1985

 Al Holbert

1983, 1986-1987

 Rinaldo Capello

2003-2004, 2008

 Marco Werner

2005-2007

 Allan McNish

1998, 2008, 2013

 André Lotterer

2011-2012, 2014

 Marcel Fässler

2011-2012, 2014

 Benoît Tréluyer

2011-2012, 2014

text: Most Consecutive Wins[edit]

text:
Drivers

Consecutive Wins

Years

1

 Tom Kristensen

6

2000–2005

2

 Woolf Barnato

3

1928–1930

 Olivier Gendebien

1960–1962

 Henri Pescarolo

1972–1974

 Jacky Ickx

1975–1977

 Emanuele Pirro

2000–2002

 Frank Biela

2000–2002

 Marco Werner

2005–2007

text: Winning drivers per nation[edit]

text:
Rank

Nation

WinningDrivers

1

 United Kingdom

30

2

 France

29

3

 Germany

19

4

 United States

12[6]

5

 Italy

11[6]

6

 Belgium

5

7

 Australia

4

 New Zealand

9

 Austria

3

 Switzerland

 Japan

12

 Denmark

2

 Netherlands

 Sweden

 Spain

16

 Argentina

1

 Canada

 Finland

 Mexico

text: Total driver wins per nation[edit]

text:
Rank

Nation

Wins

1

 France

43

2

 United Kingdom

42

3

 Germany

31

4

 United States

18

 Italy

6

 Belgium

13

7

 Denmark

10

8

 New Zealand

5

 Switzerland

10

 Austria

4

 Australia

12

 Netherlands

3

 Japan

14

 Finland

2

 Sweden

 Spain

17

 Argentina

1

 Canada

 Mexico

text: Win in their First Entries[edit]

text:
Driver

Year

1

 André Lagache

1923

 René Léonard

1923

 Bernard Rubin

1928

 Woolf Barnato

1928

 Luigi Chinetti

1932

 Tazio Nuvolari

1933

 Philippe Etancelin

1934

 Luis Fontés

1935

 Jean-Pierre Wimille

1937

 Peter Walker

1951

 Fritz Riess

1952

 Hermann Lang

1952

 Ivor Bueb

1955

 AJ Foyt

1967

 Hurley Haywood

1977

 Klaus Ludwig

1979

 Andy Wallace

1988

 Christophe Bouchut

1993

 Éric Hélary

1993

 Alexander Wurz

1996

 Tom Kristensen

1997

 Laurent Aïello

1998

 Nico Hülkenberg

2015

 Earl Bamber

2015

 Fernando Alonso

2018

text: Wins in all their entries[edit]

text:
Driver

Number of Entries

Win(s)

Year(s)

1

 Woolf Barnato

3

3

1928-1930

2

 Jean-Pierre Wimille

2

2

1937, 1939

3

 Luis Fontés

1

1

1935

 Hermann Lang

1952

 AJ Foyt

1967

 Tazio Nuvolari

1933

 Nico Hülkenberg

2015

 Fernando Alonso

2018

text: Total Starts[edit]

text:
Driver

Starts

1

 Henri Pescarolo

33

2

 Bob Wollek

30

3

 Yojiro Terada

29

4

 Derek Bell

26

5

 François Migault

25

6

 Jan Lammers

24

 Claude Ballot-Lena

 Emmanuel Collard

9

 Claude Haldi

22

 Pierre Yver

text: Other Driver records[edit]

text:
Description

Record

Details

Wins

Youngest Winner
22 years, 91 days
 Alexander Wurz in 1996

Oldest Winner
47 years, 343 days
 Luigi Chinetti in 1949

Winner with most constructors
4
 Yannick Dalmas (Peugeot, Porsche, Mclaren, BMW)

Biggest gap between two Wins
13 years
 Alexander Wurz (1996 - 2009)

Biggest gap between first and last Win
17 years
 Hurley Haywood (1977 - 1994)

Most starts before first win
16th start
 David Brabham in 2009

Most Wins with the same Driver Line Up
3
 Olivier Gendebien,  Phil Hill (1958, 1961, 1962) Jacky Ickx,  Derek Bell (1975, 1981, 1982) Tom Kristensen,  Frank Biela,  Emanuele Pirro (2000, 2001, 2002) Marcel Fässler,  André Lotterer,  Benoît Tréluyer  (2011, 2012, 2014)

Win from lowest start position
16th
 Hans Herrmann and  Richard Attwood in 1970

Starts and Finishes

Youngest driver to start a race
16 years 202 days
 Matt McMurry (2014)

Oldest driver to start a race
68 years 110 days
 Jack Gerber (2013)

Youngest driver to finish a race
16 years, 203 days
 Matt McMurry (2014)

Oldest driver to finish a race
68 years, 111 days
 Jack Gerber (2013)

Most consecutive starts
30
 Henri Pescarolo (1970 - 1999)

Most consecutive finishes
11
 Johnny O'Connell (1999 - 2009)

Most Time between successive starts
21 years
 Jean Alesi (1989 - 2010)

Most races between first and last start
36
 Jan Lammers (1983 - 2018)

Most starts without finishing one race
14
 Hans Heyer[7]

Most starts without winning (overall)
30
 Bob Wollek

Most Time in the car during 24 hours
24 hours
 Edward Ramsden Hall in 1950[8]

Most Time in the car during 24 hours for a winner
23 h 15 min 17s
 Louis Rosier in 1950[9]

Entries with most constructors
17
 François Migault[10]

Most entries with the same constructor
20
 Bob Wollek with  Porsche (1975-1983, 1986-1990,1993, 1996-2000)

Most entries as team mates
13
 Tracy Krohn and  Niclas Jönsson (2006-2018)

Most finishes
19
 Derek Bell

Most retirements
18
 Henri Pescarolo

Podiums

Most Podiums
14
 Tom Kristensen

Most Podiums without a win (overall)
6
 Bob Wollek

Most consecutive podium finishes
9
 Emanuele Pirro (1999-2007)

Youngest driver on the podium (overall)
18 years, 133 days
 Ricardo Rodriguez (2nd in 1960)

Oldest driver on the podium (overall)
55 years, 110 days
 Mario Andretti (2nd in 1995)

Oldest driver on the podium
68 years, 111 days
 Jack Gerber (3rd in 2013 in the LMGTE-Am category)

Biggest gap between first and last podiums (overall)
19 years, 361 days
 Bob Wollek (1978-1998)

Most races without an overall podium
29
 Yojiro Terada

Pole Position

Most pole positions
5
 Jacky Ickx (1975, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983)

Most consecutive pole positions
3
 Jacky Ickx (1981, 1982, 1983)  Stéphane Sarrazin (2007, 2008, 2009)

Most pole positions with same race wins
3
 Jacky Ickx (1975, 1981, 1982)

Youngest polesitter
23 years, 146 days
 Pedro Rodríguez (1963)

Oldest polesitter
43 years, 220 days
 Bob Wollek (1987)

Fastest Lap

Most fastests laps
5
 Jacky Ickx (1977, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985)

Most consecutive fastests laps
4
 Mike Hawthorn (1955, 1956, 1957, 1958)

Youngest driver to set fastest lap
19 years, 114 days
 Ricardo Rodriguez (1961)

Oldest driver to set fastest lap
51 years, 44 days
 Francis Curzon (1935)

text: Race Records[edit]

text:
Description

Record

Details

Longest distance covered
5410.713 km (397 laps)
 Audi R15+ TDI in 2010

Fastest Lap in race
3:17.475
 Andre Lotterer with an Audi R18 e-tron quattro in 2015

Fastest Lap, (since 1989, pole position)
3:14.791
 Kamui Kobayashi with a Toyota TS050 - Hybrid in 2017

Fastest Lap (until 1989, pole position)
3:13.90
 Pedro Rodríguez with a Porsche 917 in 1971

Smallest winning margin
20 meters
In 1966 between two  Ford GT40[11]

Largest winning margin
349.808 km
In 1927,  Bentley from Salmson

Highest average race speed (winner)
225.228 km/h (140 mph)
 Audi R15+ TDI in 2010

Highest average lap speed (Qualifying)
251.881 km/h (157 mph)
 Kamui Kobayashi with a Toyota TS050 - Hybrid in 2017

Highest average lap speed (Race)
248.459 km/h (154 mph)
 Andre Lotterer with a Audi R18 e-tron quattro in 2015

Top Speed
407 km/h (253 mph)
 Roger Dorchy with a WM P88-Peugeot in 1988

Most cars in a single race
60
In 1950, 1951, 1953, 1955, 2016, 2017

Fewest cars in a single race
17
In 1930

Most Finishers
48
In 2017

Fewest Finishers
6
In 1931

Highest percentage of Finishers
90.9%
In 1923 (30 finishers/33)

Lowest percentage of Finishers
13.7%
In 1970 (7 finishers/51)

Most cars in the Leading Lap
2
In 1933, 1935, 1966, 1969, 1983, 1987, 1988, 2004, 2008 and 2011

Most Time behind the safety car
5h 27min
In 2013

Most Safety cars in a race
12
In 2013

Highest attendance
400,000
In 1969

text: Grid Starting records[edit]

text: Note: The first qualification occurred in 1963.

text: Most Pole Positions by Constructor[edit]

text:
Constructor

Pole Position(s)

Year(s)

1

 Porsche

19

1968-1971, 1978-1983, 1985-1988, 1996-1997, 2015-2016

2

 Audi

8

2000-2002, 2004, 2006, 2011-2013

3

 Peugeot

6

1992-1993, 2007-2010

4

 Toyota

4

1999, 2014, 2017, 2018

4

 Ferrari

3

1963-1964, 1973

 Ford

1965, 1967

7

 Matra-Simca

2

1972, 1974

 Renault-Alpine

1976, 1977

 Sauber-Mercedes

1989, 1991

10

 Mirage

1

1975

 Lancia

1984

 Nissan

1990

 Courage

1994

 Welter Racing

1995

 Mercedes

1998

 Bentley

2003

 Pescarolo

2005

text: Winning Starting Position[edit]

text:
Starting Position

Win(s)

Year(s)

1

1st (Pole)

11

1974, 1975, 1981, 1982, 1997, 2003, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2018

2

2nd

10

1963, 1972, 1976, 1986, 1987, 1992, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006

3

4th

9

1966, 1968, 1973, 1984, 1985, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2017

4

5th

5

1971, 1978, 1998, 2009, 2010

6th

1988, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2014

6

7th

4

1964, 1977, 1983, 1994

7

9th

3

1967, 1990, 1995

8

11th

2

1965, 1989

3rd

1979, 2015

10

14th

1

1969

16th

1970

10th

1980

12th

1991

8th

2005

text: Winning Tyres[edit]

text:
Manufacturer

Win(s)

Year(s)

1

 Dunlop

34

1924-1931, 1935, 1937-1939, 1950-1951, 1953, 1955-1957, 1960-1964, 1977, 1979, 1981-1988, 1991

2

 Michelin

27

1923, 1978, 1989, 1992-1993, 1995, 1998-2018

3

 Goodyear

14

1965-1967, 1970, 1972-1976, 1980, 1990, 1994, 1996-1997

4

 Englebert

5

1932-1934, 1949, 1958

5

 Firestone

3

1968-1969, 1971

6

 Continental

1

1952

 Pirelli

1954

 Avon

1959

text: Winning fuel[edit]

text:
Fuel

Wins

Year(s)

1

Petrol

73

1923–2005

2

Diesel

6

2006–2011

3

Hybrid (Petrol/Electric)

4

2015-2018

4

Hybrid (Diesel/Electric)

3

2012–2014

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 1994 victory is listed with Porsche, although Dauer Sportwagen was the official constructor of the road car, a Porsche 962 heavily modified for street use and race homologation.

Jump up ^ The 1996 and 1997 victories are listed with Porsche, although the car was built by TWR on a modified Jaguar XJR-14 chassis, fitted with a Porsche 962 engine.

^ Jump up to: a b The ACO attributed the 1989 victory to the Swiss constructor Sauber

Jump up ^ 19 victories, 18 second positions and 17 third positions

Jump up ^ 2 second positions and 1 third position

^ Jump up to: a b Luigi Chinetti won Le Mans initially as an Italian, but later won as an American.  His wins are included for both countries.

Jump up ^ He entered 12 times but raced for 2 different cars in 1973 and 1977.

Jump up ^ He became the first and only man to drive solo for the entire distance, despite having a co-driver in the pits ready to take over. He completed 236 laps, which equals to nearly 3,200 km (2,000 miles).

Jump up ^ He won Le Mans with his son Jean-Louis Rosier who raced just 2 laps

Jump up ^ Ferrari, Matra, Ligier, Mirage, Rondeau, De Cadenet, Ford, Lola, WM, Courage, ALD, Cougar, Porsche, Dodge, Marcos, Pilbeam, Dome

Jump up ^ At the finish, Ford decided to stage publicity photo between Miles/Hulme and McLaren/Amon with the No. 5 following, too. According to witnesses, McLaren left a small margin to Miles and it was expected than Miles/Hulme will be declared winner after the examination of the photo finish. But the ACO declared the McLaren/Amon car had won the race, having covered more distance in 24 hours, as it had started the race several places behind the Miles/Hulme car. The ACO estimated the difference to 8 meters.

text:
hidevte24 Hours of Le MansRaces by year
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940–1948: not held
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Related topics
Automobile Club de l'Ouest
Circuit de la Sarthe
Le Mans
Sarthe
Le Mans Prototype
Triple Crown of Motorsport
24 Hours of Le Mans (motorcycle race)
Le Mans Classic
Le Mans Legend
Le Mans start
Dunlop Bridge
Mulsanne Straight
1955 Le Mans disaster
Related lists
List of winners
List of records
List of female partipicants
List of Le Mans Prototypes
List of fatal accidents
In media
Le Mans (film)
Michel Vaillant (film)
24 heures d'amant
"The Race" (The Goodies)
Truth in 24
Radio Le Mans
Video games
LeMans
WEC Le Mans
Le Mans 24
Test Drive Le Mans/Le Mans 24 Hours
Gran Turismo
Race Driver: Grid
Forza Motorsport
Project CARS
iRacing

text: Auto racing lists24 Hours of Le MansAuto racing records


document_title: Integumentary system

question_text: what is the main organs of the integumentary system

text: Integumentary system

text: Skin[edit]

text: The skin is the largest organ in the body. In humans, it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5-2m2 of surface area.[4]

text: The human skin (integument) is composed of at least two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and dermis. (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin[citation needed].) The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.[5] The deepest layer, the hypodermis, is primarily made up of adipose tissue. Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the deeper tissue layers.[6]

text: Epidermis[edit]

text: The epidermis is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its main functions are protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium comprising four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans' cells. The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which produces keratin. Keratin is a fibrous protein that aids in protection. An overwhelming amount of keratin can cause disease and infection as well as some eruptions from the skin that will protrude out of the skin and lead to death.[citation needed] Keratin is also a waterproofing protein. Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off daily. The majority of the skin on the body is keratinized. The only skin on the body that is non-keratinized is the lining of skin on the inside of the mouth. Non-keratinized cells allow water to "stay" atop the structure.

text: The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails. Nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix; growth of nails is 1 mm per week on average. The lunula is the crescent-shape area at the base of the nail, this is a lighter color as it mixes with the matrix cells. Also, the stratum corneum is the top part of the epidermis.

text: Dermis[edit]

text: The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as a collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. The dermis has two layers. One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue. The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging.[5] The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair, feathers, and glands.

text: Hypodermis[edit]

text: The hypodermis, otherwise known as the subcutaneous layer, is a layer beneath the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibres. It is essentially composed of a type of cell known as adipocytes specialised in accumulating and storing fats. These cells are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue.

text: The hypodermis acts as an energy reserve. The fats contained in the adipocytes can be put back into circulation, via the venous route, during intense effort or when there is a lack of energy providing substances, and are then transformed into energy. The hypodermis participates, passively at least, in thermoregulation since fat is a heat insulator.

text: Functions[edit]

text: The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis. All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body. The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body’s first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include:

text:
Protect the body’s internal living tissues and organs
Protect against invasion by infectious organisms
Protect the body from dehydration
Protect the body against abrupt changes in temperature, maintain homeostasis
Help excrete waste materials through perspiration
Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold (see Somatosensory system)
Protect the body against sunburns by secreting melanin
Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light
Store water, fat, glucose, vitamin D
Maintenance of the body form
Formation of new cells from stratum germanium to repair minor injuries
Protect from UV rays.
Regulates body temperature

text: It distinguishes, separates, and protects the organism from its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gas exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, is called integumentary exchange.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Possible diseases and injuries to the human integumentary system include:

text:
Rash
Yeast
Athlete's foot
Infection
Sunburn
Skin cancer
Albinism
Acne
Herpes
Herpes labialis, commonly called cold sores
Impetigo
Rubella
Cancer
Psoriasis
Rabies
Rosacea


document_title: Global wind patterns

question_text: global winds over the united states blow in which direction

text: Global wind patterns

text: It has been suggested that this article be merged into Prevailing winds. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2017.

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2017)

text: Global wind patterns: Winds are named by the direction from which they blow. The globe is encircled by six major wind belts, three in each hemisphere. From pole to equator, they are the polar easterlies, the westerlies, and the trade winds. All six belts move north in the northern summer and south in the northern winter. Each belt occupies about 30 degrees of latitude, that is, one third of the way from the pole to the equator.

text: Polar Easterlies: At about the latitude of Norway, Alaska U.S.A, and northward (60-90 degrees), the Polar easterlies blow irregularly from the east and north.

text: Polar Front: Between the polar easterlies and the westerlies is the polar front.

text: Prevailing Westerlies: At about the latitude of Western Europe and Continental U.S. (30-60 degrees), the Westerlies blow from the west, tending somewhat toward the north. This causes most weather in the United States to move from west to east.

text: Horse Latitudes: Where the Westerlies meet the trade winds at about 30 degrees (Jacksonville, Florida) is the Horse latitudes, also Variables of Cancer, Subtropical High, or Subtropical ridge. This is a region of high pressure, dry air, and variable winds, and is associated with deserts over land.

text: Trade Winds: South of about 30 degrees the northern or northeast trade winds blow mostly from the northeast toward the equator. These were the sailor's favorite winds, since the weather was warm, and the winds usually blew steadily in an advantageous direction. Columbus used these to sail to the Caribbean.

text: Doldrums: At about the equator is Intertropical Convergence Zone or doldrums, a region of light and irregular wind broken by occasional thunderstorms and squalls. The width and exact location of the doldrums were hard to predict. Sailing ships are sometimes becalmed here for many days waiting for a proper wind.

text: Southern hemisphere: In the southern hemisphere the belts are reversed. The southeast trade winds blow from the southeast toward the equator. The southern equivalent of the horse latitudes (or Variables of Cancer) is called the Variables of Capricorn. The southern westerlies start somewhat south of South Africa. They tend to be stronger than the northern westerlies because they are mostly over water (roaring forties). The southern polar easterlies are mostly over Antarctica.

text: Seasonal shifts: All of the belts move north during the northern summer and south during the northern winter. Because global heating and cooling lags behind the position of the sun, they reach their northernmost latitude at or after the end of the northern summer. This brought the trade winds within reach of the Spain and Portugal and determined the sailing time of the Spanish treasure fleet. The northernmost position of the wind belts corresponds to the Atlantic hurricane season.

text: Land and sea breezes: Land gains and loses heat more rapidly than water. During the day, the land warms more rapidly than the water. The air above land warms, becomes thinner, and rises, drawing cooler air landward from the sea. At night, the process reverses, and cool heavy air from the land flows out to sea. These land and sea breezes are important along the coast.

text: Monsoon: The annual equivalent of the daily land and sea breezes is the yearly monsoon. During summer, the continents heat more rapidly than the oceans. Air over the continents warms, thins and rises drawing cooler moist ocean air landward, producing a wet season. During winter, the process reverses and cold, dry heavy air flows outward from the continents, producing a dry season. The monsoon is most striking in south Asia because of the size of the Eurasian landmass and because the Himalayas tend to bottle up the air above the continent. Approximations of the Indian monsoon exist in other places, but they are poorly developed.

text: Ocean Gyre: The fact that the westerlies and trade winds blow in opposite directions and that the continents prevent water from circling the globe contributes to the formation of circular ocean currents, clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis force also plays a part. The trade winds push water west. At the doldrums it flows back east producing the equatorial countercurrent. See Ocean gyre.

text: Coriolis force, Hadley cell and other things: In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes wind and water currents to bend to the right (clockwise). Cold heavy air flows south from the north pole and is bent west, forming the polar easterlies. Warm air rises at the equator drawing air from the north which bends to the west, contributing to the trade winds. The Coriolis effect bends the westerlies and trade winds slightly clockwise in the northern hemisphere.

text: Hot air rises at the doldrums. As it rises, it cools producing thunderstorms. The dry air flows north at a high altitude and descends at the horse latitudes and flows back to the equator with the trade winds. This is called the Hadley cell. There is also a Ferrel cell over the westerlies and a polar cell over the pole. There are other complexities, not all of which are properly understood.