document_title: Leave It to Beaver (season 4)

question_text: leave it to beaver season 4 episode 25

question_tokens: leave it to beaver season 4 episode 25

text: Leave It to Beaver (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: The fourth season of Leave It to Beaver debuted on ABC October 1, 1960 with "Beaver Won't Eat" and aired its last episode, "Substitute Father", June 24, 1961. At forty-thousand dollars, "In the Soup" (May 6, 1961) would be the most expensive episode produced during the series' run. Like the previous three seasons, the fourth season consists of 39 black-and-white, full-screen, half-hour episodes (with ads) shot on 35mm film.

text: Opening and closing sequences[edit]

text: The opening sequence shows the stoop of the Pine Street house. June steps from the house carrying the boys' lunches; Ward appears carrying the boys' light jackets. Wally leaves the house. He is handed his lunch then his jacket and steps out of camera range. Beaver leaves the house. He is handed his lunch then his jacket and steps forward as the camera zooms in for his close-up. The closing sequence would use the sequence of the third season. In the closing credits, wardrobe is acknowledged with "Boys' Casual Wear by A-1 Manufacturing Co." and "Miss Billingsley's Dresses by DeDe Johnson". Both sequences are accompanied by the show's theme tune, "The Toy Parade".

text: Casting[edit]

text: As in previous seasons, all four of the show's main players appear in every episode.

text: Cheryl Holdridge made two previous appearances on the show as Gloria Cusick, one of Wally's girlfriends, but, in this season, makes her first appearance as Julie Foster, Wally's classmate and the daughter of one of his teachers. The Cusick character disappears while Julie Foster remains as one of Wally's girlfriends through the following seasons.

text: After sixty-seven appearances as Larry Mondello, Rusty Stevens leaves the show. His departure is attributed to a family move and forces Madge Blake (Larry's mother, Mrs. Mondello) to be written out of the show. Keith Taylor is hired to play Harry, a chubby boy in Beaver's class, whose bulk suggests the Larry Mondello character.

text: Following the season's third episode, "Beaver Becomes a Hero", Jeri Weil leaves the show with thirty-one appearances as Beaver's classroom nemesis, Judy Hensler under her belt. Karen Sue Trent then fills the classroom nemesis role as snooty Penny Woods.

text: The season is essentially Sue Randall's last after twenty-nine appearances as Miss Landers. She would, however, make one isolated fifth season appearance in "Nobody Loves Me" (February 1962). After her departure, Beaver has male teachers or Mrs. Rayburn.

text: Veronica Cartwright makes her last appearance as Violet Rutherford, although she returns to play Peggy MacIntosh in the final season episode, "Don Juan Beaver."

text: Direction and writing[edit]

text: Most of the directorial duties through the fourth season are the purview of Norman Abbott. Hugh Beaumont directs three episodes. Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher write most of the scripts and contribute as teleplay writers.

text: Leave It to Beaver universe[edit]

text: In the fictional world of the show, Beaver enters the fifth grade at Grant Ave. Grammar School and Wally the eleventh grade at Mayfield High. Ward's globe trotting uncle, "Billy" (Edgar Buchanan) makes the first of two appearances on the show. The viewer learns Miss Landers' first name is Alice when Beaver displays a newspaper article announcing her engagement. The adult theme of divorce is touched upon in the second episode, "Beaver's House Guest". Eddie's father, Frank Haskell (but George in other episodes), makes an appearance, phoning from "way up there" in Freeport, in "Eddie Spends the Night". Wally's girlfriends from the past, Mary Ellen Rogers and Alma Hanson, make appearances while new girlfriend Julie Foster is introduced. Wally's one-shot girlfriends this season include Kitty Bannerman, Margie Manners, and Ginny Townsend.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production code

118
1
"Beaver Won't Eat"
Norman Abbott
Bob Ross
October 1, 1960 (1960-10-01)
13254

Beaver won't eat his Brussels sprouts and thus jeopardizes his chance to join an upcoming family outing, to a football game featuring two of the best pro teams, including the Green Bay Packers. June is insistent about Beaver finishing his sprouts. She appeals to Ward, who commands, "Eat, Beaver." Eddie suspects their resolve and encourages Beaver: "Hold the fort, kid. They're cracking." Ward compromises and says Beaver can go with the family but must eat his sprouts the next time they're served. At a restaurant, Beaver finds the vegetable du jour is Brussels sprouts. The wait staff and another diner notice Beaver's reluctance, and intervene, creating a scene. Beaver reluctantly puts one in his mouth and Wally slaps him on the back. Beaver suddenly swallows the sprout. He decides Brussels sprouts are not so bad. Later, Ward and June tell Beaver that he, too, will ask his kids to do things they don't want, out of love. But Ward admits that sometimes even parents make mistakes. Beaver is impressed that his father can admit to making a mistake.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Hal J. Smith as Restaurant Manager, Netta Packer as Customer, Bea Silvern as Waitress.

119
2
"Beaver's House Guest"
Norman Abbott
Arthur Kober
October 8, 1960 (1960-10-08)
13251

Beaver has returned from summer camp, Camp König, heavier, because he's been sharing the treats sent to his new friend, Dryden "Chopper" Cooper. However, Chopper is the victim of his divorced parents' manipulative games: he is shuttled about and the recipient of extravagant gifts as they vie for his affection. When Chopper comes to stay for the weekend, he brings magnificent gifts for the Cleavers, and Beaver envies Chopper's unusual life. Beaver looks hopefully for signs that his parents may be unhappy and themselves get divorced. Until Chopper's mother calls. She has "the weepies" and Chopper is forced to cut short his weekend with Beaver. When Chopper leaves, Beaver realizes he is very lucky to have a stable life and parents who love each another.

Guests: Barry Gordon as Chopper, Clark Howat as Uncle Dave.

120
3
"Beaver Becomes a Hero"
Gene Reynolds
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Frank Gabrielson
October 15, 1960 (1960-10-15)
13252

While fishing with Wally, Beaver retrieves a drifting canoe and returns it to its owner. At school, the story makes the rounds and is embellished into a tale of rescuing a rich man's daughter in a runaway speedboat. It comes to the attention of Miss Landers, as well as a newspaper offer of $25 for each interesting item sent in, money the class might use. Without Beaver's knowledge, thinking Beaver might be hurt if it is found uninteresting, the class sends the story to the newspaper. Beaver is taken aback to find the misinformation in print and corrects the tale in class. Miss Landers suggests he is a real hero for bravely telling the truth.

Guests: Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Burt Mustin as Gus the Fireman, Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Neil Seflinger as Student, Larry Thor as Willard Watson, Jeri Weil as Judy Hensler.

Eddie Haskell has shifted his college hopes to M.I.T., from Annapolis, because it takes too long to become an admiral.

121
4
"Wally, the Lifeguard"
Andrew McCullough
George Tibbles, Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
October 22, 1960 (1960-10-22)
13256

Wally expects to be a lifeguard at Friends Lake but, once on the site, found to be under 18 years old, he is assigned hot dog vending. When his family arrives with Gilbert and Whitey along, Beaver is humiliated with Wally's mundane job and refuses to talk to his brother. Later, Ward tells Beaver he tried to use Wally to make himself a big shot in front of his friends and now is disappointed because it didn't work out. Beaver feels like a heel and begins talking to Wally again.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, John Hiestand as Mr. Burton, Pamela Baird as Mary Ellen Rogers (as Pamela Beaird), Richard Gering as Lifeguard, Carol Sydes as Alma Hanson (uncredited).

122
5
"Beaver's Freckles"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: William Cowley and Peggy Chantler Dick (as Peggy Chantler)
October 29, 1960 (1960-10-29)
13253

Beaver hates his freckles, which Lumpy teases him about. Beaver sandpapers his face and comes to the dinner table wearing his mother's make-up. Ward tries to put Beaver's freckles in proper perspective. Later, Beaver talks to befreckled Clyde Appleby who says he likes his freckles because they attract people's notice. Beaver then begins to like his. Ward says one of the great advantages of being a kid is that problems seldom last more than a day.

Guests: Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Stephen Wootton as Clyde Appleby.

123
6
"Beaver's Big Contest"
Gene Reynolds
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Arthur Kober
November 5, 1960 (1960-11-05)
13255

Beaver sells raffle tickets at $1 apiece and, when he sells a complete book, he gets a free ticket for himself. Beaver wins the raffle's expensive, $3,500 sports car but Ward tells him the car must be sold and the money put in Beaver's bank account. Beaver—who earlier had been told by a snickering Eddie that his father might take away any prizes he won—becomes angry and grows unreasonable, giving Ward the silent treatment. Eventually, Beaver realizes his father is right, the car is sold and Beaver begins talking to his father again.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Burt Mustin as Gus the Fireman, Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello, Mark Allen as Policeman, Lenore Kingston (credit only).

Rusty Stevens leaves the show after 67 appearances as Larry Mondello. Stevens would appear in flashbacks as Larry in the final retrospective episode, "Family Scrapbook". Madge Blake as Larry's mother, Mrs. Mondello, would also leave the show. During the episode, in an interlude, Wally finds June listening dreamily to a recording of Lucia di Lammermoor. Wally is astonished when she tells of seeing it in New York City, and of attending a fight in Madison Square Garden. Later Ward derisively guesses at the old boyfriend she might have seen it with.

124
7
"Miss Landers' Fiance"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
November 12, 1960 (1960-11-12)
13261

While doing yard work for his teacher, with Whitey, Beaver is crushed when he learns Miss Landers is engaged to Tom Brittingham. He gets sick and stays in bed. When Miss Landers arrives at the house with his homework assignment and learns the cause of his illness, she explains to him that teachers have as much right as anyone else to fall in love and get married. Beaver understands. Miss Landers assures Beaver he will like her husband.

Guests: Sue Randall Miss Landers, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Jack Powers as Tom Brittingham.

Brittingham seems to address Miss Landers as Alice, although indistinctly.

125
8
"Eddie's Double-Cross"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
November 19, 1960 (1960-11-19)
13260

After having to pay a whole 80 cents, including tip, for four sodas and sundaes, at Eddie's behest, Wally overhears Eddie's new girl Caroline telling her friends she can't stand Eddie and is only going with him because her boyfriend is grounded for two weeks. After consulting with Ward, Wally tells Eddie, and Eddie accuses his friend of making up stories to move in on his girl. Ward thinks he gave bad advice. Eddie later tells Beaver he realized Wally was telling the truth but didn't like his best friend knowing other people thought he as a creep. Beaver thinks the two should make up and be friends again. Beaver doesn't understand how girls can be considered such rats, but then remembers the story of Samson and Delilah from Sunday school.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Carol Sydes as Alma Hanson, Reba Waters as Caroline Shuster, Audrey Clark as Waitress, Howard Wright as Mr. Newton, Leslie Towner as Caroline's Friend.

126
9
"Beaver's I.Q."
Norman Abbott
Theodore and Mathilde Ferro
November 26, 1960 (1960-11-26)
13257

Beaver has a very poor attitude toward doing homework. Beaver learns from Mrs. Rayburn, subbing for Miss Landers, that the class is to be given an intelligence test. June thinks that the modern intelligence test can tell so much. Beaver says girls are lucky; they can be dumb but still get married. June says girls want to, and can be, doctors and lawyers, too. Then Beaver thinks he may fail the test and studies the encyclopedia. Ward tells him one can't study for an intelligence test. After the test, Beaver just has to tell Mrs. Rayburn that the Nile is 4,150 miles long. Later, Ward and June learn Beaver placed in the top ten. Beaver now thinks he doesn't have to study but Ward says the test is only a measure of potential and he must continue do his homework. Beaver glumly accepts his fate.

Guests: Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Doris Packer as Mrs. Cornelia Rayburn, Burt Mustin as Gus the Fireman, Keith Taylor as Harry.

127
10
"Wally's Glamour Girl"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
December 3, 1960 (1960-12-03)
13259

June sets up a date between Wally and the daughter of an old best friend who's in town, Kitty Bannerman. Wally is nervous and pretends to have a prior engagement. Beaver learns that Wally and Kitty exchanged a series of letters at summer camp. In his letters, in spite of their parents having been best friends, Wally created an exotic life for himself, including non-existent car ownership. Now, if he goes to the dance, Kitty will learn the truth. When Wally's ruse is discovered, Ward angrily insists that Wally will escort Kitty to the dance and have fun, and Ward will drive. When Wally picks Kitty up, Kitty confesses to Wally that she also created a fanciful life in her letters. Wally then confesses his fancies. With the truth out in the open, both feel they are going to have a nice date. When Kitty hears the car, she asks if one of Wally's friends is driving. Wally says he doesn't normally think of it that way, but yeah.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Bernadette Withers as Kitty Bannerman.

128
11
"Chuckie's New Shoes"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
December 10, 1960 (1960-12-10)
13262

Mrs. Murdock asks Wally to take her son Chuckie to buy new shoes; but Eddie wants Wally to go ice-skating with him at the new rink just opening, else Mary Ellen Rogers, and the other dolls, won't talk to him. So, Beaver volunteers for the job. At the department store, Chuckie becomes difficult, throws a tantrum and, when Beaver steps aside to pay for the shoes, wanders off. The boy meets a salesman who knows him and is taken home. When Beaver can't find Chuckie, he calls his father and tells him he's not coming home because he's lost "a whole kid." Ward assures him Chuckie is home safe. As Ward and June head out the door to pick Beaver up, Eddie is at the door, and they're overtly rude to him. Later, they apologize for being abrupt. Eddie says he tries to "make allowances" for people, and Ward and June think they've just been insulted.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Jess Kirkpatrick as Shoe Salesman, Marjorie Reynolds as Mrs. Murdock, Rory Stevens as Chuckie Murdock, Vince Williams as Shopper.

129
12
"Beaver and Kenneth"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
December 17, 1960 (1960-12-17)
13265

Kenneth is a lonely boy at school who steals things. He gives Beaver a few of the stolen items in order to make friends with him. June learns of the various thefts from Miss Landers, and, while housecleaning, finds the stolen items in Beaver's room. Beaver is unaware the items are stolen. Kenneth confesses to Miss Landers. She assures him he doesn't need to steal to make friends.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Gil Rogers as Kenneth Purcel, William Bakewell as Mr. Purcel, Jean Vander Pyl as Mrs. Thompson. Director: Norman Abbott. Writer: Joe Connelly, Bob Mosher.

130
13
"Beaver's Accordion"
Gene Reynolds
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
December 24, 1960 (1960-12-24)
13266

Beaver is sent an impressive-looking offer for a free accordion tryout, which his parents throw away. Beaver finds the diploma-like offer when he's paid to empty the trash. Eddie, holding out a vision of playing it professionally, in a white velvet shirt, emulating Fabian and making good money, convinces him to send away for it in secret. Beaver orders the accordion through the mail for the trial period without his parents' knowledge. He intends to return it but the postage is too expensive. He puts it in a closet and forgets about it. A representative of the accordion company arrives. While Ward scoffs at the man's assertions of their having an accordion, June opens the closet. The accordion bounces noisily down the stairs and is damaged. Ward promises to help Beaver pay for the damage, because he knows how easy it is for a boy to be enticed with offers received in the mail.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, John Hoyt as Mr. Franklin, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Rankin Mansfield as Clerk.

131
14
"Uncle Billy"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
December 31, 1960 (1960-12-31)
13268

Ward's uncle Billy arrives for a visit, leaving a grand looking car parked outside. Billy tells tales and promises the boys all sorts of goodies, including buying Beaver a good fishing pole and reel. Beaver goes to the sporting goods store to help pick out the equipment, but Uncle Billy never shows. Wally, alerted to Uncle Billy's lack of veracity and told to find his missing brother, tries to clue Beaver in; but Beaver won't hear of Billy's not being a man of his word. Beaver storms out, goes to Billy's hotel, and finds him in the barber shop. The barber and manicurist are rolling their eyes over Billy's tales and Beaver is embarrassed. Ward wants to lecture Billy on how his tales and promises hurt people but Beaver asks him not to "holler" at Billy. Beaver knows from experience that people sometimes make up tales to impress others.

Guests: Edgar Buchanan as Uncle Billy, Henry Hunter as Sports Store Clerk, Nancy Reynolds as Manicurist.

132
15
"Teacher's Daughter"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Alan Lipscott and Bob Fisher
January 7, 1961 (1961-01-07)
13264

Wally is spending a suspicious amount of time bathing and making himself smell good. The Cleavers, out shopping, spot Wally in the park with classmate Julie Foster, the daughter of a Mayfield High English teacher. When Wally gets Mr. Foster for English at the start of new semester, Eddie congratulates him on being a real operator, thinking he did it all to help his grade. Wally sees Mr. Foster about transferring to another class, but is reassured that Julie's affections will have no bearing on his grade. Ward wants Wally to date others besides Julie, so Wally abruptly breaks up with Julie and later finds Lumpy strolling with her. Wally—listening to Eddie and now sure "the hatchet" will come out, that he will fail the next English test, and Lumpy get a good grade—sees Mr. Foster, who tells him to tell Mr. Haskell to mind his own business. He also tells Wally not to care so much about what others think, which is advice Wally says he has heard before, from his father. When tests are graded and returned, Wally has an 'A-' and Lumpy an 'F'.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Cheryl Holdridge as Julie Foster, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Ross Elliott as Mr. Foster.

133
16
"Ward's Millions"
Hugh Beaumont
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Theodore and Mathilde Ferro
January 14, 1961 (1961-01-14)
13263

Beaver thinks Ward is worried about money. Beaver wants his father to become a millionaire and buys him a book, How to Become a Millionaire in Twelve Months, on the subject, instead of a new "Red River Sam" cowboy adventure novel. Ward says the book will have an honored place on his shelf; but, in a moment of distraction, June puts the book in the kitchen cookie drawer where Beaver discovers it "all crumbed up". He's hurt and hides up a tree. Ward explains he only said that he'd place the book on his shelf because he didn't want to hurt Beaver's feelings. Beaver admits he didn't really think his father would become a millionaire. Wally explains that such books sell because adults imagine themselves as millionaires, as Beaver imagines himself as Red River Sam. Beaver says he didn't realize that grownups can be as goofy as kids. Wally says to not say anything about that at dinner.

Guests: Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney.

134
17
"Beaver's Secret Life"
Norman Abbott
Wilton Schiller and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
January 21, 1961 (1961-01-21)
13269

Beaver wants to be a writer when he grows up and Ward suggests he keep a journal. So, his parents give him a diary. Beaver records his daily activities in his journal, then begins to elaborate in fanciful ways. When Beaver doesn't come home for supper, Ward and June read his journal looking for clues to his whereabouts. They are shocked and concerned about Beaver's adventures. Beaver later admits they are just stories, and Ward says he was too quick to believe them.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Keith Taylor as Harry.

135
18
"Wally's Track Meet"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
January 28, 1961 (1961-01-28)
13270

Wally is suspended from the track team after a towel fight in the locker room, initiated by Eddie and Lumpy. Ward and June are concerned. Beaver knows the truth about the fight and asks Lumpy to confess because the team will lose the upcoming track meet without Wally. Lumpy confesses; but, rather than reinstating Wally, the coach suspends Eddie and Lumpy. Wally has learned a hard lesson.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Richard Deacon as Fred Rutherford, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, John Close as Coach Henderson, Harold T. Daye as Track Team Member, Tom Jackman as Student.

136
19
"Beaver's Old Buddy"
Norman Abbott
Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
February 4, 1961 (1961-02-04)
13271

Beaver is excited about having an old friend named Jackie Waters stay for the weekend and plans activities around all the things they once enjoyed doing. However, the boys find they have little in common any longer and grow bored with each other's company. Jackie decides to end the visit and calls his parents to pick him up. Ward consoles Beaver over his disappointment and tells him everyone goes through such an experience.

Guests: Gary Hunley as Jackie Waters, Ray Kellogg as Mr. Waters, Shirley Rastatter as Mrs. Waters.

137
20
"Beaver's Tonsils"
Norman Abbott
Theodore and Mathilde Ferro and Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
February 11, 1961 (1961-02-11)
13272

Wally says Beaver has spent a restless night, but he couldn't tell whether Beaver was groaning or singing the theme from Wyatt Earp. June determines that Beaver is sick and his tonsils inflamed. The doctor visits and the possibility of surgery is raised. Richard manages to frighten Beaver, when he delivers his homework, telling of tonsils being "yanked out", mimicking a noisy apparatus used when he saw Paladin perform an operation, and looking appalled at the sight of Beaver's throat. When June tells of Beaver's change of mood, Ward boosts his morale with stories of his own operation, telling of the attention and ice cream he'd received. Beaver now looks forward to the operation and arranges with friends to visit and bring gifts. But the doctor then decides Beaver's tonsils should remain where they are. Beaver is crestfallen over the turn of events, but his parents buy him a telescope to assuage his disappointment.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Burt Mustin as Gus the Fireman, Keith Taylor as Harry, John Gallaudet as Dr. Kirby, Jimmy Carter as Student (Herman, although not addressed as such).

138
21
"The Big Fish Count"
Norman Abbott
Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
February 18, 1961 (1961-02-18)
13273

Eddie tries to put the best face on his seeking employment to pay for his father's electric razor he dropped while trying to carve a blaze on a suede jacket with it. The pet store where Eddie becomes employed holds a fish-counting contest; a pedigree Collie puppy, years shy of rescuing people on TV, is the grand prize. Gilbert and Beaver try to count the fish after school, but it is very difficult to keep track. When Eddie stops by and makes it clear he's in the know, Gilbert thinks they should get Eddie to tell Wally the number while they just listen. Beaver thinks that wrong and goes to Ward, hoping Ward's conscience has a better idea. But Ward says cheating is wrong and just entering the contest can be accomplishment enough. Lumpy does learn the number of fish from Eddie, tells a girl he's trying to impress, and it "gets away from him". The pet store owner is then confronted by a crowd of children who all have the correct count. He fires Eddie. Beaver wins a "constellation" prize—a pair of goldfish. Beaver wonders why fish don't drown. Wally says usually they have gills, except whales, who lost their hands and feet going back into the water two million years ago. Beaver will remember that the next time he's told to take a bath.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Jess Kirkpatrick (as Jesse Kirkpatrick) as Mr. Parker, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Carol Wakefield as Cathy Maddox, Jennie Lynn as Sally Ann Maddox.

June is actually seen vacuuming while wearing a string of pearls in this episode.

139
22
"Beaver's Poster"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Ellis Marcus
February 25, 1961 (1961-02-25)
13275

Beaver finds an old sketchbook of Ward's in the attic. The work is impressive, and June says Ward could have been a professional artist. At school, students are asked to volunteer to make visual displays relating to the Colonial Period. Beaver volunteers to supply one of three posters, the best to win a prize, knowing that his father will do a great job. After Ward says fathers would do almost anything for their families, he refuses to do the poster, other than to offer encouragement and to suggest Paul Revere as a theme. Beaver's own attempt at creating a poster is disastrous, with almost as much paint winding up on his shirt, and with Revere on horseback looking like a "guy rasslin' a pig"; but he enters his work at school anyway. Miss Landers suggests the posters be judged on their originality; and, because Penny and Gilbert admit to having had plenty of help, Beaver's poster easily wins. He gives the prize to Ward for not helping him.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Keith Taylor as Harry, Patty Turner as Linda Dennison, Lei Lani Sorenson as Phyllis, Betty Lynn Budzak as Student, Jimmy Carter as Herman (uncredited).

140
23
"Mother's Helper"
Norman Abbott
Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
March 4, 1961 (1961-03-04)
13274

June calls housekeeper Mrs. Manners for help. Mrs. Manners is busy with other clients and sends her daughter, Margie. Wally becomes smitten and hangs around the kitchen every day to help Margie. June is concerned with Wally's infatuation and calls Mrs. Manners to straighten things out. When Wally comes home from school one day and heads to the kitchen to help Margie, he finds Mrs. Manners instead.

Guests: Candy Moore as Margie Manners, Mary Carroll as Mrs. Manners.

141
24
"The Dramatic Club"
Dann Cahn
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
March 11, 1961 (1961-03-11)
13267

Wally has just become a "three-letter" man, and the family encourages Beaver to become more involved in extra-curricular activities at school. Beaver decides to try out for the Dramatic Club, although his previous acting experience was as a tree in kindergarten. Gilbert fails the audition by giggling through "Incident of the French Camp", but Richard does ventriloquism, Vickie recites "Foreign Children", Harry "Casey at the Bat", and Penny—a budding Shirley Temple—sings an adaptation of "Buffalo Gals". So, Beaver, reciting "Concord Hymn" against such stiff competition, is thrilled when he's cast as the lead in the play, "The Little Dutch Boy". Reading the script, he then discovers to his horror he must kiss a girl onstage. He refuses to participate and locks himself in the bathroom. At school, Vickie, the girl in the play, says she is repulsed with the idea of kissing him. They agree to do the kiss because the show must go on. Beaver will pretend he's kissing Uncle Billy. After the performance, Beaver says he'll never enjoy kissing girls as much as Wally does.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Keith Taylor as Harry, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Katharine Warren as Mrs. Prescott, Betty Lynn Budzak as Victoria 'Vickie' Bennett.

142
25
"Wally and Dudley"
Hugh Beaumont
George Tibbles
March 18, 1961 (1961-03-18)
13276

June's dear friend Ruth and her husband have moved into the neighborhood, and June volunteers Wally to accompany Ruth's son Dudley to school and show him around. Dudley shows up way overdressed and way too polite. Ward, who has misgivings about the arrangement, suggests that at least the funereal, brimmed hat be left behind, but June won't hear of it. Wally tries to steer them away from the danger of encountering Eddie and Lumpy, but Dudley is not to be clued in so easily. Eddie gets Dudley invited to a party, where Eddie and Lumpy plan to embarrass him. The two boys don't know that Dudley has a hidden talent that will help him break the ice with new friends. When the hi-fi fails, Dudley becomes the center of attention of an appreciative crowd with his expert piano playing.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Jimmy Hawkins as Dudley McMillan, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Marta Kristen as Christine Staples, Pamela Baird as Mary Ellen Rogers (as Pamela Beaird), Ed Pagett as Danny.

143
26
"Eddie Spends the Night"
Norman Abbott
Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
March 25, 1961 (1961-03-25)
13278

Wally owes Eddie a sleepover, so Eddie is to spend the weekend at the Cleavers. A fight between Eddie and Wally, over accusations of cheating at chess, may do more than just end the stayover. It might expose some of Eddie's well-hidden personal secrets. Eddie leaves abruptly saying the boys were mean to him. Ward learns Eddie's parents are out of town and Eddie is "edgy" when having to stay home alone. They find Eddie at home with all the lights on and persuade him to return to the house. Eddie, in appreciation of being invited back, volunteers to help with the dishes and actually does much of the work. Later, he admits to Beaver the difficulty of being a bigshot when you're by yourself.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, John Alvin as Frank Haskell.

Eddie's father was played by several different actors over the course of the series including Karl Swenson, George Petrie, and, in this episode, John Alvin. Eddie's father was 'George' in previous episodes and 'Frank' in this one. In a first season episode, Eddie tells a scoutmaster his name is 'Edward Clark Haskell, Jr.', suggesting, of course, that his father's name is 'Edward Clark Haskell, Sr.'.

144
27
"Beaver's Report Card"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Theodore and Mathilde Ferro
April 1, 1961 (1961-04-01)
13277

Beaver is having trouble with dividing fractions in arithmetic, his worst subject, especially when there's "a lot of junk left over". When report cards are passed out Beaver has had to leave school early for the dentist. So, Gilbert delivers Beaver's report card to Lumpy and Eddie, who are visiting the Cleaver house, while Wally showers. Eddie changes Beaver's 'D minus' in math to 'B plus'. Later, Ward and June discover the card and are thrilled with the mark. Ward buys Beaver a new aircraft model he's wanted. June learns from Miss Landers Beaver actually received a 'D minus'. Beaver denies tampering with his report card, but his parents are disbelieving. Wally suspects what has happened and goes to see Eddie, who phones Ward with the truth. Ward promises to ban Eddie from the Cleaver house if he ever does something like that again. Beaver doesn't get to keep the model airplane, because of his poor grade.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford.

145
28
"Mistaken Identity"
Norman Abbott
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
April 8, 1961 (1961-04-08)
13280

Ward has just been invited on a committee to oversee a youth center. So, when Beaver's friend Richard breaks a window at an abandoned house and gives Beaver's name as an alias to the police, it's liable to be particularly embarrassing. In the evening, Ward thinks the courtesy call from a police lieutenant who is also on the committee, and the arresting officer, involves the committee's work and is astonished to learn they are there in response to his son's breaking the law. Beaver is called down, excited at meeting the police, and the arresting officer realizes he's not the boy involved in the incident. The truth is discovered and Richard escapes a break in his friendship with Beaver by apologizing at the first opportunity.

Guests: Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Alan Hewitt as Lieutenant Barnes, Marvin Bryan as Officer Medford.

146
29
"Wally's Dream Girl"
Norman Abbott
Katherine and Dale Eunson
April 15, 1961 (1961-04-15)
13279

The popular new girl at school, Ginny Townsend, recently arrived from Indianapolis, has Wally dreaming about romance, including being found by June dreamily listening to opera love themes on the hi-fi. Wally is too shy to ask her out so June calls her mother and invites the girl to a picnic at Friend's Lake. On the outing, Wally discovers his dream girl is allergic to chicken and breaks out in lumps in the sunshine. Later, June apologizes for meddling but Wally is glad she did and thanks her. He doesn't want a dream girl with lumps.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Linda Bennett as Ginny Townsend.

147
30
"The School Picture"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Dick Conway and Roland MacLane
Story: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
April 22, 1961 (1961-04-22)
13281

Through a series of delays, Beaver's class is the last to be photographed for the yearbook. Beaver and Gilbert agree to make funny faces when their picture is taken. When the photo is snapped, Beaver makes a face but Gilbert doesn't, ruining the picture. The photographer doesn't notice, so when Mrs. Rayburn spots Beaver's face in the photographer's proofs it's too late to re-shoot. She calls Ward to come to the school. At home, Ward disciplines Beaver for his disrespectful act. When the yearbook is published, Beaver discovers the photographer has airbrushed the photo and he's hidden behind a classmate's large hair ribbon.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Doris Packer as Mrs. Cornelia Rayburn, Lenore Kingston as Mrs. Bruce, Gage Clark as Mr. Baxter, Keith Taylor as Harry, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell (voice only - uncredited).

148
31
"Beaver's Rat"
Hugh Beaumont
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
April 29, 1961 (1961-04-29)
13285

Beaver keeps getting bum deals whenever he makes trades with friends and his latest has given him a pet rat, for which he has paid fifty cents. He then sells the rat to Violet Rutherford for three dollars. Fred visits Ward and tells him Beaver pulled a fast one on his daughter. Beaver returns the three dollars and regains the rat. Fred later offers five dollars for the rat because his wife had grown fond him. Beaver accepts only his original fifty cent investment and asks his father why Mr. Rutherford would make such an offer. Ward says we're never too old to do "goofy stuff".

Guests: Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Richard Deacon as Fred Rutherford, Veronica Cartwright as Violet Rutherford.

149
32
"In the Soup"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Joe Connelly, Bob Mosher
Story: Dick Conway, Roland MacLane
May 6, 1961 (1961-05-06)
13287

Beaver and Whitey see a big billboard of a woman holding a cup of soup. A billboard in the neighborhood displays a picture of a woman holding a three-dimensional cup of steaming Zesto Soup. Whitey urges Beaver to climb up to the cup to discover how the steam is produced. Beaver falls into the cup and can't get out. Whitey hurries home. Curious onlookers gather with Wally and his friends among them. Eventually the fire department arrives to rescue Beaver.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Frank Bank as Lumpy Rutherford, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Harry Holcombe as Frank Whitney, Lenore Kingston as Mrs. Whitney, Jack Mann as Fireman, Jimmy Gaines as Little Boy.

Jerry Mathers in his memoirs ...And Jerry Mathers as The Beaver recalls this being the most expensively produced episode in the series.

150
33
"Community Chest"
Norman Abbott
Raphael Blau, Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
May 13, 1961 (1961-05-13)
13284

June plans to go collecting for the Community Chest but there is a conflict with an open house at Wally's school she must attend. Beaver volunteers to collect. June doubts he can do it, but Ward thinks it'll be good experience. Beaver takes Gilbert along for support. After a rocky start, they do well and sit licking ice cream cones on a bench outside the drugstore, when the collection can falls out of Beaver's pocket, only noticed later when Gilbert asks why Beaver has stopped "jingling" while they walk home. At home, Ward says he will replace the money if Beaver goes to every house he visited and records the exact donations made. People gladly contribute again when they realize Beaver lost the original donations. In the meantime, the collection can has been found and returned. Ward tells Beaver people should be given the chance to return the second collections because they gave only after hearing about his loss. Ward then decides he will make the calls, by phone, because he can't ask his son to do what he himself is unwilling to.

Guests: Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Dorothy Neumann as Older Neighbor, Lee Meriwether as Young Neighbor, Claudia Bryar as Mrs. Hirsch, Bruno VeSota as Angry Neighbor.

151
34
"Junior Fire Chief"
Norman Abbott
Bill Manhoff , Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
May 20, 1961 (1961-05-20)
13288

Miss Landers announces a fire prevention project that includes electing a class junior fire chief. Everyone seems to be in the running for the position except Beaver, who doesn't like being a big shot. When Beaver's family encourages him to run, his class elects him. Then Beaver plays the role to the hilt, citing his family and neighbors for various violations. He brags to Gus about writing citations and yelling at people. Gus advises him that more is accomplished by being nice to others, and that he himself hated having to yell and write citations. Beaver realizes the truth of Gus' words and reports to the class that he has torn up the citations he gave. Beaver has learned a lesson and Miss Landers is proud of the junior fire chief.

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Burt Mustin as Gus the Fireman, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Keith Taylor as Harry, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney.

152
35
"Beaver's Frogs"
Norman Abbott
Lou Breslow and Joseph Hoffman
May 27, 1961 (1961-05-27)
13282

Beaver wants to buy a used canoe for $25, when new ones cost $200. Ward says he'll pay one half if Beaver can earn the other half, thinking that's nearly impossible, not really wanting Beaver to have the canoe. So, Beaver needs money. The want-ads aren't much help and Beaver thinks child labor laws keep kids from doing a lot of neat stuff. But Richard, for a ride in the canoe, tells Beaver he knows a man who buys live frogs for 25 cents apiece. Beaver, with Wally, collects lots of frogs at Miller's Pond, keeps them at home, and winds up with enough for his half of the canoe. Then Richard says the frogs will be killed and used in experiments. Beaver has grown fond of his frogs and returns them to the pond. Later, Ward tells Beaver he can earn money by waxing his car but Beaver knows the car doesn't need polishing. He appreciates his father's kindness.

Guests: Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Rory Stevens as Chuckie Murdock.

153
36
"Beaver Goes in Business"
Norman Abbott
Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
June 3, 1961 (1961-06-03)
13258

Beaver and Gilbert start a lawn mowing business, but the first neighbors they ask have ongoing arrangements for getting their lawns done. Eddie, giving the boys "the business", suggests they mow lawns then ask for payment. Beaver and Gilbert clumsily mow a lawn without permission and the homeowner becomes angry. Gilbert quits; he plans to get a newspaper route and have his father deliver the papers. Beaver is encouraged at home by the story of Robert the Bruce and the spider. Beaver then finds a woman whose husband is away, mows her lawn, and gets a five dollar check that bounces. Beaver thought she was a nice lady and his faith in adults is sorely tried. Ward says you must trust people and you must also trust your judgment of people. Ward calls the homeowner, who made a mistake, apologizes, and reimburses Beaver with cash. Beaver's faith is restored, while Wally checks the $5 bill for signs of counterfeiting.

Guests: Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Amzie Strickland as Woman, Jim Nolan as First Man, William Stevens as Second Man.

154
37
"Kite Day"
Norman Abbott
Teleplay: Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
Story: Katherine & Dale Eunson
June 10, 1961 (1961-06-10)
13286

Ward and Beaver build an elaborate kite kit for a special father-and-son event. They are up against knowledgeable competition, as Gilbert boasts his dad is an electrical engineer, and Richard that his father flew a P-38 fighter in the war. However, Beaver, this time, is in it to win. After the kite is built, Gilbert persuades Beaver to give it a trial flight. The kite crashes and is ruined. Beaver hides the kite and hopes the event will be cancelled, going so far as to ask a reputed Indian to teach him a rain dance. Ward finds out, however, and chastises Beaver for his carelessness. Beaver and his father could attend the event with what they have; but Beaver doesn't want that, because every kid wants his father to be the greatest. They buy another, ready-made kite, attend the event, and bring home a prize ribbon.

Guests: Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Jason Robards Sr. as Mr. Henderson, Keith Taylor as Harry.

June places her origins in East St. Louis.

155
38
"Beaver's Doll Buggy"
Anton M. Leader
Dick Conway & Roland MacLane and Joe Connelly & Bob Mosher
June 17, 1961 (1961-06-17)
13289

Beaver has purchased a wheel-less coaster car from Eddie, who had meant to turn it into an ice boat until his father ran over it, perhaps intentionally. Beaver takes Penny Woods up on her standing offer of the wheels from her old doll buggy. Beaver pushes the buggy through the streets of Mayfield, feeling self-conscious, as people stare at such a strange sight and make sarcastic remarks. He takes a more roundabout route. When he's missed, calls are made. The Cleavers find out Beaver's pushing a doll buggy, and they worry for his safety. Beaver spots Richard and Gilbert heading his way, and he shoves the buggy into a weedy ditch. Gilbert finds it and claims the wheels for his own cart. Beaver doesn't have the nerve to tell him the wheels are his. Ward buys Beaver the wheels he needs. Beaver finds it hard to be too nasty to Penny. Eddie reveals that his similar experience was being sent to school with a perm, which is why he likes making other people look like goons first.

Guests: Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Karen Sue Trent as Penny Woods, Jean Vander Pyl as Mrs. Woods, Jennie Lynn as Patty Ann Maddox, Mike Mahoney as Man in the Street.

156
39
"Substitute Father"
David Butler
Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher
June 24, 1961 (1961-06-24)
13290

Ward is getting a taxi to the airport for a trip to St. Louis, wearing an overcoat and hat. On the doorstep Ward leaves Wally as the man of the house. Wally takes being man of the house seriously while Ward is away, telling a shocked Beaver to, "clean out your ears, you little pig". At school, Gilbert boasts of an important hat-wearing trips his father took. As they leave, Beaver is tripped by another kid and falls. He gets up and calls the kid a name that is drowned out by the school bell. However, Miss Landers hears it and is truly shocked at Beaver's language. Beaver stays after school and is sent home with a note. Beaver doesn't want to repeat the word to his mother so Wally goes to the school in Ward's stead. Miss Landers accepts Wally as Beaver's substitute father, after Wally tells how he got Beaver to behave in church. Beaver promises never to use bad words again. At home, Beaver thanks Wally for being a good brother and a good father. June, told what happened, as long as she didn't ask about what was really said, tells Ward to bring home something special for Wally, "let's just say for carving the roast beef so well".

Guests: Sue Randall as Miss Landers, Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Fred Sherman as Taxi Driver.


document_title: History of Kashmir

question_text: kashmir was a part of which mughal province

root

text: History of Kashmir

text: Etymology[edit]

text: According to folk etymology, the name "Kashmir" means "desiccated land" (from the Sanskrit: Ka = water and shimeera = desiccate).[2] In the Rajatarangini, a history of Kashmir written by Kalhana in the mid-12th century, it is stated that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake.[3] According to Hindu mythology, the lake was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla (Varaha-mula).[3] When Kashmir had been drained, Kashyapa asked Brahmins to settle there. This is still the local tradition, and in the existing physical condition of the country, we may see some ground for the story which has taken this form.[3] The name of Kashyapa is by history and tradition connected with the draining of the lake, and the chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley was called Kashyapa-pura, which has been identified with Kaspapyros of Hecataeus (apud Stephanus of Byzantium) and Kaspatyros of Herodotus (3.102, 4.44).[3][4] Kashmir is also believed to be the country meant by Ptolemy's Kaspeiria.[5] Cashmere is an archaic spelling of Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way.

tag: p

text: According to the Mahabharata,[6] the Kambojas ruled Kashmir during the epic period with a Republican system of government[7] from the capital city of Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava.,[8][9] shortened to Rajapura,[10][11][12][13] which has been identified with modern Rajauri.[14]

text: Later, the Panchalas are stated to have established their sway[citation needed]. The name Peer Panjal, which is a part of modern Kashmir, is a witness to this fact. Panjal is simply a distorted form of the Sanskritic tribal term Panchala[citation needed]. The Muslims prefixed the word peer to it in memory of Siddha Faqir and the name thereafter is said to have changed into Peer Panjal.[15] According to legend, Jammu was founded by Hindu King Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century BC. During one of his hunting campaigns he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. The king was impressed and decided to set up a town after his name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and became "Jammu".

text: Historiography[edit]

text: Nilmata Purana (complied c. 500–600 CE)[16] contains accounts of Kashmir's early history. However, being a Puranic source, it has been argued that it suffers from a degree of inconsistency and unreliability.[17][a] Kalhana's Rajatarangini (River of Kings), all the 8000 Sanskrit verses of which were completed by 1150 CE, chronicles the history of Kashmir's dynasties from mythical times to 12th century.[20][21] It relies upon traditional sources like Nilmata Purana, inscriptions, coins, monuments, and Kalhana's personal observations borne out of political experiences of his family.[22][20] Towards the end of the work mythical explanations give way to rational and critical analyses of dramatic events between 11th and 12th centuries, for which Kalhana is often credited as India's first historian.[17][20] During the reign of Muslim kings in Kashmir, three supplements to Rajatarangini were written by Jonaraja (1411–1463 CE), Srivara, and Prajyabhatta and Suka, which end with Akbar's conquest of Kashmir in 1586 CE.[23] The text was translated into Persian by Muslim scholars such as Nizam Uddin, Farishta, and Abul Fazl.[24] Baharistan-i-Shahi and Haidar Mailk's Tarikh-i-Kashmir (completed in 1621 CE) are the most important texts on the history of Kashmir during the Sultanate period. Both the texts were written in Persian and used Rajatarangini and Persian histories as their sources.[25]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Earliest Neolithic sites in the flood plains of Kashmir valley are dated to c. 3000 BCE. Most important of these sites are the settlements at Burzahom, which had two Neolithic and one Megalithic phases. First phase (c. 2920 BCE) at Burzahom is marked by mud plastered pit dwellings, coarse pottery and stone tools. In the second phase, which lasted till c. 1700 BCE, houses were constructed on ground level and the dead were buried, sometimes with domesticated and wild animals. Hunting and fishing were the primary modes of subsistence though evidence of cultivation of wheat, barley, and lentils has also been found in both the phases.[26][27] In the megalithic phase, massive circles were constructed and grey or black burnish replaced coarse red ware in pottery.[28] During the later Vedic period, as kingdoms of the Vedic tribes expanded, the Uttara–Kurus settled in Kashmir.[29][30]

text: In 326 BCE, Porus asked Abisares, the king of Kashmir, to aid him against Alexander the Great in the Battle of Hydaspes. After Porus lost the battle, Abhisares submitted to Alexander by sending him treasure and elephants.[31][32] During the reign of Ashoka (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became a part of the Maurya Empire and Buddhism was introduced in Kashmir. During this period, many stupas, some shrines dedicated to Shiva, and the city of Srinagari (Srinagar) were built.[33] Kanishka (127–151 CE), an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, conquered Kashmir and established the new city of Kanishkapur.[34] Buddhist tradition holds that Kanishka held the Fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir, in which celebrated scholars such as Ashvagosha, Nagarjuna and Vasumitra took part.[35] By the fourth century, Kashmir became a seat of learning for both Buddhism and Hinduism. Kashmiri Buddhist missionaries helped spread Buddhism to Tibet and China and from the fifth century CE, pilgrims from these countries started visiting Kashmir.[36] Kumārajīva (343–413 CE) was among the renowned Kashmiri scholars who traveled to China. He influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing and spearheaded translation of many Sanskrit works into Chinese at the Chang'an monastery.[37]

text: Hepthalites (White Huns) under Toramana crossed over the Hindukush mountains and conquered large parts of western India including Kashmir.[38] His son Mihirakula (c. 502–530 CE) led a military campaign to conquer all of North India. He was opposed by Baladitya in Magadha and eventually defeated by Yasodharman in Malwa. After the defeat, Mihirakula returned to Kashmir where he led a coup on the king. He then conquered of Gandhara where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines. Influence of the Huns faded after Mihirakula's death.[39][40] After seventh century, significant developments took place in Kashmiri Hinduism. In the centuries that followed, Kashmir produced many poets, philosophers, and artists who contributed to Sanskrit literature and Hindu religion.[41] Among notable scholars of this period was Vasugupta (c. 875–925 CE) who wrote the Shiva Sutras which laid the foundation for a monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism. Dualistic interpretation of Shaiva scripture was defeated by Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE) who wrote many philosophical works on Kashmir Shaivism.[42] Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir and strongly influenced Shaivism in Southern India.[43]

text: In the eighth century, Karkota Empire established themselves as rulers of Kashmir.[44] Kashmir grew as an imperial power under the Karkotas. Chandrapida of this dynasty was recognized by an imperial order of the Chinese emperor as the king of Kashmir. His successor Lalitaditya Muktapida lead a successful military campaign against the Tibetans. He then defeated Yashovarman of Kanyakubja and subsequently conquered eastern kingdoms of Magadha, Kamarupa, Gauda, and Kalinga. Lalitaditya extended his influence of Malwa and Gujarat and defeated Arabs at Sindh.[45][46] After his demise, Kashmir's influence over other kingdoms declined and the dynasty ended in c. 855–856 CE.[44] Utpala dynasty founded by Avantivarman followed the Kakrotas. His successor Shankaravarman (885–902 CE) led a successful military campaign against Gurjaras in Punjab.[47][44] Political instability in the 10th century made the royal body guards (Tantrins) very powerful in Kashmir. Under the Tantrins, civil administration collapsed and chaos reigned in Kashmir till they were defeated by Chakravarman.[48] Queen Didda, who descended from the Hindu Shahis of Kabul on her mother's side, took over as the ruler in second half of the 10th century.[44] After her death in 1003 CE, the throne passed to Lohara dynasty.[49] During the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni made two attempts to conquer Kashmir. However, both his campaigns failed because he could not siege the fortress at Lohkot.[50]

text: Muslim rulers[edit]

text: Prelude and Kashmir Sultanate (1346–1580s)[edit]

text: Historian Mohibbul Hasan states that the oppressive taxation, corruption, internecine fights and rise of feudal lords (Damaras) during the unpopular rule of the Lohara dynasty (1003–1320 CE) paved the way for foreign invasions of Kashmir.[51] Suhadeva, last king of the Lohara dynasty, fled Kashmir after Zulju (Dulacha), a Turkic–Mongol chief, led a savage raid on Kashmir.[52][53] Rinchana, a Tibetan Buddhist refugee in Kashmir, established himself as the ruler after Zulju.[54][52] Rinchana's conversion to Islam is a subject of Kashmiri folklore. He was persuaded to accept Islam by his minister Shah Mir, probably for political reasons. Islam had penetrated into countries outside Kashmir and in absence of the support from Hindus, who were in a majority,[55] Rinchana needed the support of the Kashmiri Muslims.[54] Shah Mir's coup on Rinchana's successor secured Muslim rule and the rule of his dynasty in Kashmir.[55]

text: In the 14th century, Islam gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir.[56] Islamic preacher Sheikh Nooruddin Noorani, who is traditionally revered by Hindus as Nund Rishi, combined elements of Kashmir Shaivism with Sufi mysticism in his discourses.[57] The Sultans between 1354–1470 CE were tolerant of other religions with the exception of Sultan Sikandar (1389–1413 CE). Sultan Sikandar imposed taxes on non–Muslims, forced conversions to Islam, and earned the title But–Shikan for destroying idols.[52] Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (c. 1420–1470 CE) invited artists and craftsmen from Central Asia and Persia to train local artists in Kashmir. Under his rule the arts of wood carving, papier-mâché , shawl and carpet weaving prospered.[58] For a brief period in 1470s, states of Jammu, Poonch and Rajauri which paid tributes to Kashmir revolted against the Sultan Hajji Khan. However, they were subjugated by his son Hasan Khan who took over as ruler in 1472 CE.[58] By the mid 16th century, Hindu influence in the courts and role of the Hindu priests had declined as Muslim missionaries immigrated into Kashmir from Central Asia and Persia, and Persian replaced Sanskrit as the official language. Around the same period, the nobility of Chaks had become powerful enough to unseat the Shah Mir dynasty.[58]

text: Mughal general Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a member of ruling family in Kashgar, invaded Kashmir in c. 1540 CE on behalf of emperor Humayun.[52][59] Persecution of Shias, Shafi'is and Sufis and instigation by Suri kings led to a revolt which overthrew Dughlat's rule in Kashmir.[60][59]

text: Mughals (1580s–1750s)[edit]

text: Kashmir did not witness direct Mughal rule till the reign of Mughal padshah (emperor) Akbar the Great, who visited the valley himself in 1589 CE. The Mughal conquered Kashmir and added it in 1586 to his Afghan province Kabul Subah, but Shah Jahan carved it out as a separate subah (imperial top-level province), with seat at Srinagar. During successive Mughal emperors many celebrated gardens, mosques and palaces were constructed. Religious intolerance and discriminatory taxation reappeared when Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ascended to the throne in 1658 CE. After his death, the influence of the Mughal Empire declined.[52][59]

text: In 1700 CE, a servant of a wealthy Kashmir merchant brought Mo-i Muqqadas (the hair of the Prophet), a relic of Muhammad, to the valley. The relic was housed in the Hazratbal Shrine on the banks of Dal Lake.[61] Nadir Shah's invasion of India in 1738 CE further weakened Mughal control over Kashmir.[61]

text: Afghan rulers (1750s–1819)[edit]

text: In 1753, Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali's army, invaded Kashmir and established the rule of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan. Afghan rule in Kashmir was extremely cruel and oppressive, particularly for the Hindus. Locals were extorted from, captured and forced into slavery during this period. Dominance of Afghans declined after Ahmed Shah Abdali's death in 1772, but they ruled Kashmir for another 47 years.[62][61]

text: Sikh rule (1820–1846)[edit]

text: In 1819, the Kashmir valley passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the conquering armies of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Punjab.[63] As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers.[64] However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters, and Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive,[65] protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in Lahore.[66] The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws,[66] which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter,[64] closing down the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and banning the azaan, the public Muslim call to prayer.[66] Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated.[64] However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers; Kashmir became the second highest revenue earner for the Sikh empire. During this time Kashmiri shawls became known world wide, attracting many buyers especially in the west.[66]

text: Earlier, in 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the Raja of Jammu, the kingdom of Jammu (to the south of the Kashmir valley) was also captured by the Sikhs and afterwards, until 1846, became a tributary to the Sikh power.[63] Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, Gulab Singh, subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns, especially the annexation of the Kashmir valley, and, for his services, was appointed governor of Jammu in 1820. With the help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh soon captured for the Sikhs the lands of Ladakh and Baltistan to the east and north-east, respectively, of Jammu.[63]

text: Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (Dogra Rule, 1846–1947)[edit]

text: In 1845, the First Anglo-Sikh War broke out, and Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof till the battle of Sobraon (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir Henry Lawrence. Two treaties were concluded. By the first the State of Lahore (i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for (rupees) ten million of indemnity, the hill countries between Beas and Indus; by the second[67] the British made over to Gulab Singh for (Rupees) 7.5 million all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of Indus and west of Ravi" (i.e. the Vale of Kashmir).[63] The Treaty of Amritsar freed Gulab Singh from obligations towards the Sikhs and made him the Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir.[68] The Dogras' loyalty came in handy to the British during the revolt of 1857 which challenged British rule in India. Dogras refused to provide sanctuary to mutineers, allowed English women and children to seek asylum in Kashmir and sent Kashmiri troops to fight on behalf of the British. British in return rewarded them by securing the succession of Dogra rule in Kashmir.[69] Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857,[68] his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar to the kingdom.[70]

text: The Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was then called) was constituted between 1820 and 1858 and was "somewhat artificial in composition and it did not develop a fully coherent identity, partly as a result of its disparate origins and partly as a result of the autocratic rule which it experienced on the fringes of Empire."[71] It combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits; to the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but which practised Shi'a Islam; to the north, also sparsely populated, Gilgit Agency, was an area of diverse, mostly Shi'a groups; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of different ethnicity than the Kashmir valley.[71]

text: Despite being in a majority the Muslims were made to suffer severe oppression under Hindu rule in the form of high taxes, unpaid forced labor and discriminatory laws.[72] Many Kashmiri Muslims migrated from the Valley to Punjab due to famine and policies of Dogra rulers.[73] The Muslim peasantry was vast, impoverished and ruled by a Hindu elite.[74][75]  The Muslim peasants lacked education, awareness of rights and were chronically in debt to landlords and moneylenders,[74] and did not organize politically until the 1930s.[75]

text: Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. An internal revolt began in the Poonch region against oppressive taxation by the Maharaja.[76] In August, Maharaja's forces fired upon demonstrations in favour of Kashmir joining Pakistan, burned whole villages and massacred innocent people.[77] The Poonch rebels declared an independent government of "Azad" Kashmir on 24 October.[78] Rulers of Princely States were encouraged to accede their States to either Dominion – India or Pakistan, taking into account factors such as geographical contiguity and the wishes of their people. In 1947, Kashmir's population was "77% Muslim and 20% Hindu".[79] To postpone making a hurried decision, the Maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan, which ensured continuity of trade, travel, communication, and similar services between the two. Such an agreement was pending with India.[80] Following huge riots in Jammu, in October 1947, Pashtuns from Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province recruited by the Poonch rebels, invaded Kashmir, along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by the atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way.[81][82] The ostensible aim of the guerilla campaign was to frighten Hari Singh into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to the Government of India for assistance, and the Governor-General Lord Mountbatten[c] agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India.[79] Once the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. India accepted the accession, regarding it provisional[83] until such time as the will of the people can be ascertained. Kashmir leader Sheikh Abdullah endorsed the accession as ad-hoc which would be ultimately decided by the people of the State. He was appointed the head of the emergency administration by the Maharaja.[84] The Pakistani government immediately contested the accession, suggesting that it was fraudulent, that the Maharaja acted under duress and that he had no right to sign an agreement with India when the standstill agreement with Pakistan was still in force.

text: In Early 1948, India sought a resolution of the Kashmir Conflict at the United Nations. Following the set-up of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be ascertained. The then Indian Prime Minister is reported to have himself urged U.N. to poll Kashmir and on the basis of results Kashmir's accession will be decided.[85] However, India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.[79]

text: On 5 January 1949, UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution stated that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite.[86] As per the 1948[87] and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle, that Pakistan secures the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a Truce agreement whose details are to be arrived in future, followed by a plebiscite; However, both countries failed to arrive at a Truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army is to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.[88]

text: In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices; however, since the plebiscite demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured,[79] and eventually led to three more wars over Kashmir in 1965, 1971 and 1999. India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls a third of the region, governing it as Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Vale of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked."[89]

text: The UN Security Council on 20 January 1948 passed Resolution 39 establishing a special commission to investigate the conflict. Subsequent to the commission's recommendation the Security Council, ordered in its Resolution 47, passed on 21 April 1948 that the invading Pakistani army retreat from Jammu & Kashmir and that the accession of Kashmir to either India or Pakistan be determined in accordance with a plebiscite to be supervised by the UN. In a string of subsequent resolutions the Security Council took notice of the continuing failure by India to hold the plebiscite. However, no punitive action against India could be taken by the Security Council because its resolution, requiring India to hold a Plebiscite, was non-binding and the Pakistani army never left the part of the Kashmir, they managed to keep occupied at the end of the 1947 war, required by the Security Council resolution 47.[90]

text: The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist revolution in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.:[89] "By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the Aksai Chin area to provide better communication between Xinjiang and western Tibet. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962."[89] China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the Trans-Karakoram Tract was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1965.

text: In 1949, the Indian government obliged Hari Singh to leave Jammu and Kashmir and yield the government to Sheikh Abdullah, the leader of a popular political party, the National Conference Party.[80] Since then, a bitter enmity has been developed between India and Pakistan and three wars have taken place between them over Kashmir. The growing dispute over Kashmir and the consistent failure of democracy[91] also led to the rise of Kashmir nationalism and militancy in the state.

text: Following the disputed elections in 1987, young disaffected Kashmiris in the Valley such as the HAJY group – Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed Yasin Malik – were recruited by the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front(JKLF) and the popular insurgency in the Kashmir Valley increased in momentum from this point on.[92][93] The year 1989 saw the intensification of conflict in Jammu and Kashmir as Mujahadeens from Afghanistan slowly infiltrated the region following the end of the Soviet-Afghan War the same year.[94] Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir, thus adding fuel to the smouldering fire of discontent in the valley.[95][96][97]

text: Historical demographics of Kashmir[edit]

text: In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims, 689,073 Hindus, 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists. The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 50% of the population.[98] In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "only 524 in every 10,000 of the population (i.e. 5.24%), and in the frontier wazarats of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)."[98] In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% of the population.[98] These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years.[99] In the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93.6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus constituted 4%.[99] In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95%[100] and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 67% and those of Muslims 27%.[100]

text: Among the Muslims of the Kashmir province within the princely state, four divisions were recorded: "Shaikhs, Saiyids, Mughals, and Pathans. The Shaikhs, who are by far the most numerous, are the descendants of Hindus, but have retained none of the caste rules of their forefathers. They have clan names known as krams ..."[101] It was recorded that these kram names included "Tantre", "Shaikh", "Bat", "Mantu", "Ganai", "Dar", "Damar", "Lon", etc. The Saiyids, it was recorded, "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Their kram name is 'Mir.' While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name."[101] The Mughals who were not numerous were recorded to have kram names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg", "Bandi", "Bach" and "Ashaye". Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, ... are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where Pathan colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashtu."[101] Among the main tribes of Muslims in the princely state are the Butts, Dar, Lone, Jat, Gujjar, Rajput, Sudhan and Khatri. A small number of Butts, Dar and Lone use the title Khawaja and the Khatri use the title Shaikh the Gujjar use the title of Chaudhary. All these tribes are indigenous of the princely state which converted to Islam from Hinduism during its arrival in region.

text: Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "Brahmans (186,000), the Rajputs (167,000), the Khattris (48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000)."[98]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Pot, excavated from Burzahom (c. 2700 BCE), depicts horned motifs, which suggest links with sites like Kot-Diji, in Sindh.

A Muslim shawl making family in Kashmir. 1867. Cashmere shawl manufactory, chromolith., William Simpson.

Kashmiri home life c. 1890. Photographer unknown.

Muslim papier-mâché ornament painters in Kashmir. 1895. Photographer: unknown.

Three Hindu priests writing religious texts. 1890s, Jammu and Kashmir, photographer: unknown.

Full-length portrait of two Ladakhi men. 1895, Ladakh, unknown photographer.

tag: ul


document_title: The Longest Yard (2005 film)

question_text: who wins the game in the longest yard

question_tokens: who wins the game in the longest yard

text: The Longest Yard (2005 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Paul Crewe (Adam Sandler) is a former NFL player who, one night, gets drunk and goes joyriding in the Bentley of his girlfriend (Courteney Cox in an uncredited role), crashing it. It is revealed that he was accused of shaving points in a big game, although it was never proven.

text: In prison, Warden Rudolph Hazen (James Cromwell), wishing to boost his prison's reputation for future elections as State Governor, uses threats and confinement in a hot box to coerce Crewe into helping the prison guards' football team, led by the hostile Captain Knauer (William Fichtner). Crewe informs Hazen that what Hazen's team needs is a tune-up game to boost the guards' confidence, and is therefore coerced to form an inmate team to play against the guards. He does so with the help of a newfound friend, Caretaker (Chris Rock). They start off with a poorly organized team, before being noticed by another prisoner, former college football star Nate Scarborough (Burt Reynolds), who decides to help coach the team by gathering several intimidating inmates as a boost to the team's strength.

text: Caretaker tells Crewe that they need more "brothers" on the team. When Crewe goes to the basketball court to ask the black inmates to join the team, their leader, Deacon Moss (Michael Irvin) rebuffs him. Crewe challenges Deacon to a one-on-one basketball game, saying that if he wins, the brothers will join the team, and if Deacon wins, Crewe will leave them alone. Deacon accepts, and despite Deacon's undisguised personal fouls in which he elbows, punches or grabs Crewe, Crewe continues without complaint, because the match is a question of pride and respect. On the game-winning shot, Crewe cleanly steals the ball from Deacon and scores, but Deacon calls a foul. Realizing he wouldn't be allowed to win, Crewe lets Deacon score the final shot. Although Deacon beats Crewe, one of the brothers, a fast runner named Earl Megget (Nelly), impressed with Crewe's decision to take the beating, joins the football team as its running back. When the guards learn of this, they confront Earl in an attempt to provoke an assault by him by saying the racial epithet "nigger", but Earl does not allow himself to be provoked despite intimidation and minor abuse. Having witnessed this, the other "brothers", including Deacon, decide to join the team too.

text: Hazen and the guards continue attempts to hinder Crewe's team by flooding their field, but the team decides to practice in the mud anyway.

text: Inmate Unger (David Patrick Kelly) spies on the activities of the inmates and after being pressured by the guards, rigs Crewe’s radio with an explosive. Caretaker unknowingly enters the cell to give a photo gift to Crewe, but is killed when he tries to turn the dial on the radio.

text: On game day, the inmates are revitalized in the wake of Caretaker's murder when Crewe reveals Caretaker's last gift to the team, quality gear and uniforms from his cousin at Reebok with the team name "Mean Machine" on the uniforms. The Mean Machine overcomes a rough start, due to individual inmates' attempts to retaliate against guards for the abuse they've suffered. Crewe angrily tells the inmates that winning the game is more important and will damage the guards more than their personal grudges, and gets them to play as a team. The first half ends with the score tied. The angered Hazen informs Crewe in private that if he does not lose he will be charged for Caretaker's murder. Crewe acquiesces to Hazen's threat, asking that the guards refrain from using excessive force on the field after getting a comfortable lead, to which Hazen agrees to do so after they obtain a two touchdown lead. After Crewe fakes an injury in order to leave the field, his teammates voice their displeasure over his obvious deserting over the team.

text: After seeing that Hazen has broken his promise and two members of the Mean Machine are injured, Crewe asks Skitchy if the time spent in jail for punching the warden was worth it. Skitchy replies, "It was worth every goddamn second," and inspired Crewe returns to the field. The team initially doubts Crewe’s resolve and allows him to be sacked twice. After running for a first down on 4th and Long, Crewe, realizing that his inmates are still not protecting him due to his prior actions, calls a huddle, and admits to the point shaving that disgraced him, and to the injury that he faked as a result of Hazen's threat, and sabotage to the other inmates, and asks for their forgiveness, putting his hands in the middle of all of them. Moss puts his hand in, followed by the rest of the team.

text: The Mean Machine, united again as a team, quickly scores two touchdowns to cut the guards' lead to 35-28. After Megget is injured after a long run, Scarborough comes in for one play as replacement and scores a touchdown off a trick play involving a fumble called a Fumblerooski. Mean Machine decides to go for the two-point conversion and the win. As they get up to the line they seem to be confused, and Crewe and Scarborough start arguing in order to trick the guards. Moss gets the snap and passes it to Crewe, who scores the winning conversion, winning the game. Knauer, with a newfound respect for Crewe, tells him that he showed extraordinary nerve, and lets him know that he will vouch that Crewe had nothing to do with Caretaker's death.

text: Hazen admonishes Knauer for losing a fixed game and notices that Crewe is heading towards the exit. Eagerly implying Crewe is trying to escape, Hazen orders that Crewe be shot for attempting to escape. Knauer hesitates and at the last moment realizes (and scornfully tells Hazen) that Crewe is only picking up the game football, losing a lot of respect for Hazen as he's left with a shocked look on his face. Crewe returns it to Hazen, telling him to "stick it in [his] trophy case." Moss (Michael Irvin) and Joey Battle (Bill Goldberg) give Hazen a Gatorade shower, and when he tells them that this has earned them a week in the hot box, Battle defiantly yells "Who gives a shit?!"

text: Cast[edit]

text: Cons[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Paul "Wrecking" Crewe
Chris Rock as James "Caretaker" Farrell
Nelly as Earl Megget
David Patrick Kelly as Unger
Terry Crews as "Cheeseburger Eddy"
Nicholas Turturro as Brucie
Bill Goldberg as Joey "Battle" Battaglio
Bob Sapp as Switowski
Steve Reevis as Billy "Baby Face Bob" Rainwater
Lobo Sebastian as Torres
Dalip Singh as Turley
Joey "Coco" Diaz as Anthony "Big Tony" Cobianco
Eddie Bunker as "Skitchy" Rivers
Tracy Morgan as Miss Tucker
Cloris Leachman as Lynette Grey
Burt Reynolds as Coach Nate Scarborough
Michael Irvin as Deacon Moss
D12 as Basketball Convicts

text: Guards[edit]

text:
James Cromwell as Warden Rudolph Hazen
Bill Romanowski as Guard Lambert
Brian Bosworth as Guard Garner
Kevin Nash as Sgt. Engleheart
Steve Austin as Guard Dunham
Michael Papajohn as Guard Papajohn
Conrad Goode as Guard Webster
Brandon Molale as Guard Malloy
Todd Holland as Guard Holland
Walter Williamson as Errol Dandridge
William Fichtner as Cpt. Brian Knauer
John Hockridge as Guard Hock

text: Others[edit]

text:
Allen Covert as Referee
Rob Schneider as Punky
Chris Berman as Himself
Jim Rome as Himself
Patrick Bristow as Walt
Lauren Sanchez as Herself
Dan Patrick as Officer Jack Pugh
Christopher Neiman as Big Ear Cop
Ed Lauter as Duane
Sean Salisbury as Vic
Rob "Revolution" Moore as Gavin
Big Boy as Jesse
Marc S. Ganis as Lorenzo
Shane Ralston as Bradlee
Courteney Cox as Lena (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The movie was filmed at the New Mexico State Penitentiary on Route 14, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The football game at the end of the film was filmed at Murdock Stadium at the El Camino College in Torrance, California. The car chase scene was filmed whereabouts in Long Beach, California. Other parts of the film were filmed in Los Angeles and New Mexico.[citation needed] The golf course scene was filmed at Lost Canyons Golf Club in Simi Valley, California.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film did well at the box office. Its $47.6 million opening weekend was the largest of Sandler's career and only second to The Day After Tomorrow as the largest opening by a movie that was not #1. The film would go on to gross $158.1 million in the United States and Canada and $190 million worldwide. It was the highest-grossing film produced by MTV Films, until it was surpassed by Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters. Despite the large number of remakes released at the theaters, it's worth noting that The Longest Yard is the highest grossing comedy remake of the modern box office era (from 1980 on).[2]

text: Critical response [edit]

text: The overall critical response was mixed. It received a 31% Freshness rating on Rotten Tomatoes, though users, who rated it 62%, generally agreed that it was a play-by-play remake; the greatest complaint from critics was that it replaced the original's uncompromising violence, dark comedy and grit with juvenile humor and visual gags. Roger Ebert, in the critical minority with this title, gave it a "Thumbs Up", defending it later in his Chicago Sun-Times review as a film that "...more or less achieves what most of the people attending it will expect." In the print review, Ebert beseeches his readers to "...seek out a movie you could have an interesting conversation about", citing films not in wide release such as Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist and Kontroll, until finally encouraging his readers to "drop any thought of seeing anything else instead" if they can see Crash.[3] According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[4]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film earned Chris Rock a BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Theatrical Film.[citation needed]

text: Burt Reynolds earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The official soundtrack, which consisted entirely of hip-hop music, was released on May 24, 2005 by Universal Records. It peaked at 11 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

text: The film itself contains a mixture of hip hop and rock music, featuring music by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Norman Greenbaum and AC/DC among others.