document_title: Chemical polarity

question_text: how does oxygen play a role in polarity

question_tokens: how does oxygen play a role in polarity

text: Chemical polarity

text: Polarity of bonds[edit]

text: Not all atoms attract electrons with the same force. The amount of "pull" an atom exerts on its electrons is called its electronegativity. Atoms with high electronegativities – such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen – exert a greater pull on electrons than atoms with lower electronegativities such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In a bond, this leads to unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms, as electrons will be drawn closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity.

text: Because electrons have a negative charge, the unequal sharing of electrons within a bond leads to the formation of an electric dipole: a separation of positive and negative electric charge. Because the amount of charge separated in such dipoles is usually smaller than a fundamental charge, they are called partial charges, denoted as δ+ (delta plus) and δ− (delta minus). These symbols were introduced by Christopher Kelk Ingold and Edith Hilda Ingold in 1926.[1][2] The bond dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the amount of charge separated and the distance between the charges.

text: These dipoles within molecules can interact with dipoles in other molecules, creating dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.

text: Classification[edit]

text: Bonds can fall between one of two extremes – being completely nonpolar or completely polar. A completely nonpolar bond occurs when the electronegativities are identical and therefore possess a difference of zero. A completely polar bond is more correctly called an ionic bond, and occurs when the difference between electronegativities is large enough that one atom actually takes an electron from the other. The terms "polar" and "nonpolar" are usually applied to covalent bonds, that is, bonds where the polarity is not complete. To determine the polarity of a covalent bond using numerical means, the difference between the electronegativity of the atoms is used.

text: Bond polarity is typically divided into three groups that are loosely based on the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. According to the Pauling scale:

text:
Nonpolar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is less than 0.5
Polar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is roughly between 0.5 and 2.0
Ionic bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 2.0

text: Pauling based this classification scheme on the partial ionic character of a bond, which is an approximate function of the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. He estimated that a difference of 1.7 corresponds to 50% ionic character, so that a greater difference corresponds to a bond which is predominantly ionic.[3]

text: As a quantum-mechanical description, Pauling proposed that the wave function for a polar molecule AB is a linear combination of wave functions for covalent and ionic molecules: ψ = aψ(A:B) + bψ(A+B−). The amount of covalent and ionic character depends on the values of the squared coefficients a2 and b2.[4]

text: Polarity of molecules[edit]

text: While the molecules can be described as "polar covalent", "nonpolar covalent", or "ionic", this is often a relative term, with one molecule simply being more polar or more nonpolar than another. However, the following properties are typical of such molecules.

text: A molecule is composed of one or more chemical bonds between molecular orbitals of different atoms. A molecule may be polar either as a result of polar bonds due to differences in electronegativity as described above, or as a result of an asymmetric arrangement of nonpolar covalent bonds and non-bonding pairs of electrons known as a full molecular orbital.

text: Polar molecules[edit]

text: A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (H2O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out resulting in a net dipole. Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Other examples include sugars (like sucrose), which have many polar oxygen–hydrogen (−OH) groups and are overall highly polar.

text: If the bond dipole moments of the molecule do not cancel, the molecule is polar. For example, the water molecule (H2O) contains two polar O−H bonds in a bent (nonlinear) geometry. The bond dipole moments do not cancel, so that the molecule forms a molecular dipole with its negative pole at the oxygen and its positive pole midway between the two hydrogen atoms. In the figure each bond joins the central O atom with a negative charge (red) to an H atom with a positive charge (blue).

text: The hydrogen fluoride, HF, molecule is polar by virtue of polar covalent bonds – in the covalent bond electrons are displaced toward the more electronegative fluorine atom. Ammonia, NH3, molecule the three N−H bonds have only a slight polarity (toward the more electronegative nitrogen atom). The molecule has two lone electrons in an orbital, that points towards the fourth apex of the approximate tetrahedron, (VSEPR). This orbital is not participating in covalent bonding; it is electron-rich, which results in a powerful dipole across the whole ammonia molecule.

text: In ozone (O3) molecules, the two O−O bonds are nonpolar (there is no electronegativity difference between atoms of the same element). However, the distribution of other electrons is uneven – since the central atom has to share electrons with two other atoms, but each of the outer atoms has to share electrons with only one other atom, the central atom is more deprived of electrons than the others (the central atom has a formal charge of +1, while the outer atoms each have a formal charge of −1⁄2). Since the molecule has a bent geometry, the result is a dipole across the whole ozone molecule.

text: When comparing a polar and nonpolar molecule with similar molar masses, the polar molecule in general has a higher boiling point, because the dipole–dipole interaction between polar molecules results in stronger intermolecular attractions. One common form of polar interaction is the hydrogen bond, which is also known as the H-bond. For example, water forms H-bonds and has a molar mass M = 18 and a boiling point of +100 °C, compared to nonpolar methane with M = 16 and a boiling point of –161 °C.

text: Nonpolar molecules[edit]

text: A molecule may be nonpolar either when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds in a more complex molecule. For example, boron trifluoride (BF3) has a trigonal planar arrangement of three polar bonds at 120°. This results in no overall dipole in the molecule.

text: Not every molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has two polar C=O bonds, but the geometry of CO2 is linear so that the two bond dipole moments cancel and there is no net molecular dipole moment; the molecule is nonpolar.

text: Examples of household nonpolar compounds include fats, oil, and petrol/gasoline. Therefore, most nonpolar molecules are water-insoluble (hydrophobic) at room temperature. Many nonpolar organic solvents, such as turpentine, are able to dissolve non-polar substances.

text: In the methane molecule (CH4) the four C−H bonds are arranged tetrahedrally around the carbon atom. Each bond has polarity (though not very strong). However, the bonds are arranged symmetrically so there is no overall dipole in the molecule. The diatomic oxygen molecule (O2) does not have polarity in the covalent bond because of equal electronegativity, hence there is no polarity in the molecule.

text: Amphiphilic molecules[edit]

text: Large molecules that have one end with polar groups attached and another end with nonpolar groups are described as amphiphiles or amphiphilic molecules. They are good surfactants and can aid in the formation of stable emulsions, or blends, of water and fats. Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water by adsorbing at the liquid–liquid interface.

text:
This amphiphilic molecule has several polar groups (hydrophilic, water-loving) on the right side and a long nonpolar chain (lipophilic, fat-loving) at the left side. This gives it surfactant properties

A micelle – the lipophilic ends of the surfactant molecules dissolve in the oil, while the hydrophilic charged ends remain outside in the water phase, shielding the rest of the hydrophobic micelle. In this way, the small oil droplet becomes water-soluble.

Phospholipids are effective natural surfactants that have important biological functions

Cross section view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids. They can form a micelle and are a vital in forming cell membranes

text: Predicting molecule polarity[edit]

text:
Formula
Description
Example
Name

Polar
AB
Linear molecules
CO
Carbon monoxide

HAx
Molecules with a single H
HF
Hydrogen fluoride

AxOH
Molecules with an OH at one end
C2H5OH
Ethanol

OxAy
Molecules with an O at one end
H2O
Water

NxAy
Molecules with an N at one end
NH3
Ammonia

Nonpolar
A2
Diatomic molecules of the same element
O2
Dioxygen

CxAy
Most carbon compounds
CO2
Carbon dioxide

text: Determining the point group is a useful way to predict polarity of a molecule. In general, a molecule will not possess dipole moment, if the individual bond dipole moments of the molecule cancel each other out. This is because dipole moments are euclidean vector quantities with magnitude and direction, and a two equal vectors who oppose each other will cancel out.

text: Any molecule with a centre of inversion ("i") or a horizontal mirror plane ("σh") will not possess dipole moments. Likewise, a molecule with more than one Cn axis will not possess dipole moment because dipole moments cannot lie in more than one dimension. As a consequence of that constraint, all molecules with D symmetry (Schönflies notation) will, therefore, not have dipole moment because, by definition, D point groups have two or multiple Cn axis.

text: Since C1, Cs,C∞h Cn and Cnv point groups do not have a centre of inversion, horizontal mirror planes or multiple Cn axis, molecules in one of those point groups will have dipole moment.

text: Electrical deflection of water[edit]

text: Contrary to popular misconception, the electrical deflection of a stream of water from a charged object is not based on polarity. The deflection occurs because of electrically charged droplets in the stream, which the charged object induces. A stream of water can also be deflected in a uniform electrical field, which cannot exert force on polar molecules. Additionally, after a stream of water is grounded, it can no longer be deflected. Weak deflection is even possible for nonpolar liquids.[5]


document_title: List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters

question_text: who played violet in charlie and the chocolate factory

root

text: Willy Wonka[edit]

text:
Willy WonkaFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Gene Wilder (1971)Johnny Depp (2005)Voiced by
James Arnold Taylor (2005 video game)JP Karliak (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
Male

tag: table

text: In the novels and films, Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous factory making candies and chocolates. The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest, hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of chocolate bars, promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations. Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves, in the hope that one does not.

tag: p

text: In the book, Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and "marvelously" bright eyes, a high and "flutey" voice, a face "alight of fun and laughter", and quick little jerky movements "like a squirrel". He is enthusiastic, eccentric, charming, talkative, and friendly, but at times insensitive, and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself.

text: In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, he is portrayed by Gene Wilder. While his personality remains generally the same as in the original, he is more melancholy here, and frequently quotes books and poems, including William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet ("Is it my soul that calls upon my name?") or John Masefield's "Sea Fever" ("All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by"), and the famous "Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker" from "Reflections on Ice Breaking" by Ogden Nash, among many others. Toward the end of the film, he tests protagonist Charlie's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward, but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest. And as Charlie places the gobstopper on Wonka's desk, Wonka declares Charlie the winner and apologies for his anger and tell him to meet his assistant Mr. Wilkinson (known earlier as "Slugworth"). He explains they had to test him and Charlie passed. As they go to the Wonkavator, Wonka tells Charlie that the real grand prize is the entire chocolate factory and makes Charlie Bucket the new owner of the Willy Wonka Chocolate factory (as Willy Wonka retires), and the entire family can move in and live there. Wonka also reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly gets everything he ever wanted: he lives happily ever after.

text: In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, he is portrayed by Johnny Depp. In this version, a back-story was added that Willy Wonka's father (being a dentist) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth, and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier. The conflict was so bad on young Wonka (portrayed by Blair Dunlop), that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and couldn't even say the word "parent". He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river. Toward the end of the film, Charlie reconciles the two.

text: Charlie Bucket[edit]

text:
Charlie Bucket
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Peter Ostrum (1971)Freddie Highmore (2005)Voiced by
Freddie Highmore (2005 video game)Lincoln Melcher (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
MaleFamily
Joe Bucket (grandfather)  Josephine Bucket (grandmother) Nathan Bucket (father) Hellen Bucket (mother) George Barenett (grandfather) Georgina Barenett (grandmother)

text: Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, and the film adaptations of these books.[1] He is depicted as a kind-hearted, nice, selfless, sweet, brave, but poor boy that lives with his mother, father and his four grandparents.  In 1971, he has a newspaper route after school. He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers, in films, and on television. Unlike the first four finalists, Charlie is honest and generous. In the 1971 film, Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum, in his only film appearance. His nationality is never explicitly stated, but in the 1971 film, he speaks with an American accent, and in the 2005 film, he speaks with an English accent. The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie's hometown be kept ambiguous.

text: In the novel, at the end of the tour, Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice, and Charlie's family are permitted to move into the factory. In the 1971 film, Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka, thereby passing Wonka's moral test. In the 2005 film, Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie's family to join them in the factory, and Charlie rejects Wonka's offer. When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father, the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka's partner.

text: Grandpa Joe[edit]

text:
Grandpa Joe Bucket
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Jack Albertson (1971)David Kelly (2005)Nigel Planer, Barry James (2013)John Rubinstein (2017)Voiced by
David Kelly (2005 video game)Jess Harnell (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
MaleFamily
Josephine Bucket (wife) Nathan Bucket (son) Hellen Bucket (daughter-in-law) Charlie Bucket (grandson)

text: Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie's four bed-ridden grandparents. He is usually stubborn, senile, and paranoid, but still kind, caring, grandfatherly, excitable, and supportive. He tells Charlie (and the reader) the story of Willy Wonka's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers. When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket, Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy, and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour. In the sequel book, Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie, Willy Wonka, and all members of Charlie's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids. Grandpa Joe's age is given as "ninety-six and a half" in "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", making him the eldest of Charlie's grandparents, but in the musical, it is stated he is almost ninety and a half.

text: The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. In this film, he is often excitable, paranoid, stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie won the contest, and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward, despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour, which indicated that Charlie violated the contract, unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done. He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday.

text: The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role, but he died in 2003 before filming began. This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version. An original backstory to Grandpa Joe's past was added to Tim Burton's film, wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers. When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour, Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back.

text: Augustus Gloop[edit]

text:
Augustus Gloop
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Michael Bollner (1971)Philip Wiegratz (2005)Voiced by
Philip Wiegratz (2005 video game)Rachel Butera (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
MaleFamily
Claire Gloop (mother) Harold Gloop (father)Nationality
German

text: Augustus Gloop is an obese, greedy, gluttonous boy, the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He hails from fictitious Dusselheim, Germany in the 1971 film, and Düsseldorf, Germany in the 2005 film. His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media. In the novel and both films, he is portrayed as "enormously fat". Augustus is the first to be removed from the tour: while drinking from the Chocolate Room’s Chocolate River, he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory's Fudge Room. His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing-machine. In the book, he is depicted leaving the factory, having lost most of his weight, and covered in melted chocolate.

text: In the 1971 film, despite eating constantly, he has decent table manners, is not as obese as he is in the book, and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists. He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film. Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film's production, the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time.

text: In the 2005 film, Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate. He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face. He is a bully towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact, as Augustus offers Charlie a bite of his Wonka Bar and then retracts it, saying Charlie should have brought some himself. As in the book, he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story; but in this version, he is his normal size, licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in. The actor, Philip Wiegratz, wore a fat suit for the production.

text: In the book, both of Augustus's parents accompany him to the factory. Both film versions contradict this, however, and have only his mother go with him.

text: In the 2013 London musical, Augustus Gloop is known as "the Bavarian Beefcake" in his Alpine community. His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they (and sometimes Augustus) butcher themselves. In his number, "More of Him to Love", Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb. They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing, with Augustus in a red, argyle sweater and green shorts. When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow, while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing, "Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop", as they prepare the chocolate, while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe, occasionally getting stuck.

text: Violet Beauregarde[edit]

text:
Violet Beauregarde
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Denise Nickerson (1971)AnnaSophia Robb (2005)Voiced by
AnnaSophia Robb (2005 video game)Dallas Lovato (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
FemaleFamily
Ginger Beauregarde (mother)Sam Beauregarde (father)Nationality
American

text: Violet Beauregarde is the third person to find a Golden Ticket, and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. She is the vain, self-centered, snobby, and gum-obsessed child. Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece "for three months solid", a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel. She is also aggressively competitive, prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing. In the 1971 film, she is shown to be from Miles City, Montana, while in the 2005 film, she is from Atlanta, Georgia.

text: When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room, he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on. The gum doubles as a three-course meal which is composed of tomato soup, roast beef and baked potato, and blueberry pie and ice cream. Violet is intrigued and, despite Wonka's protests, snatches and chews the gum. She is delighted by its effects but, when she reaches the dessert, blueberry pie, her skin starts turning a somewhat blue color and her body begins to swell up, filling with juice. Eventually, Violet's head, legs, and arms get sucked into her gigantic body, but she is still mobile and is able to waddle. When her swelling stops, she resembles a round blueberry, causing Wonka to have the Oompa-Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode. She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children, restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like of a blueberry. Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet's skin back to its original pigment.

text: In the 1971 film, Violet is impatient, arrogant, self-centered, vain, and impulsive. She is accompanied by her father, Sam Beauregarde, a fast-talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet's television interview. She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book. She was polite to everyone, except for Veruca. She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt, with whom she persistently argues. Her blueberry form is relatively small, and her hair color remains unchanged. Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room, with her father following her.

text: In the 2005 film, Violet has a rude, impatient and competitive personality. Aside from gum-chewing, she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning, such as karate. She is accompanied by her single mother, Scarlett Beauregarde (a former baton champion herself) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter, as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet's 263 trophies and medals. Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film. Violet is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie, snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her. She turns blue, although her lips remain red, and swells up into a 10-foot blueberry before being rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting. Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility, which she is actually happy about, although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter's permanently indigo color.

text: In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical, Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African-American, Californian fame-hungry wanna-be, with her agent/father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status, with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show, line of perfume, and a clothing boutique franchise. Her theme is called "The Double-Bubble Duchess". It is revealed that Violet's chewing "skill" was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time. Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance. Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack. Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum (which consisted of tomato soup, roast chicken, potatoes and gravy, Fizzy Orange, cheese and crackers and blueberry pie), she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into a disco number, "Juicy", and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air, resembling a giant purple disco-ball. Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly, with intent to profit from Violet's new size, until Violet explodes. Wonka's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them. In the Broadway version, the song "Juicy" is cut out (the only child-exit song to be cut from the London version), and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa-Loompas to the group.

text: Veruca Salt[edit]

text:
Veruca Salt
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Julie Dawn Cole (1971)Julia Winter (2005)Voiced by
Julia Winter (2005 video game)Emily O'Brien (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
FemaleFamily
Diane Salt (mother)Robert Salt (father)Nationality
British

text: Veruca Salt is a greedy, demanding, manipulative and stingy brat and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. She demands every single thing she wants (and more), the second person to find a Golden Ticket, the third eliminated from the tour. A selfish, rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people's property, Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her. In the 2005 film, it is revealed that she owns a pony, two dogs, four cats, six rabbits, two parakeets, three canaries, a parrot, a turtle, and a hamster, totalling up to 21 pets. But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars, she is judged as a "bad nut" by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent 'garbage chute' and her dad being with her follows suit. Both are later seen leaving the factory "covered in garbage". When she sees the Glass Elevator, she asks her dad to buy her one which causes him to retort that the only thing she'll be getting is a bath. When she demands one again, her dad simply glares at her causing her to remain silent but sulk. Her nationality was never specified in Dahl's novel, but she hails from an upper-class family in the United Kingdom in both films.

text: In the 1971 film adaptation, Veruca has a fiery temper, rudely demands various desires nonstop, brags about her wealth, and chastises anyone who questions her. In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate-filled eggs for Easter, one of which she demands as a new pet. She and Violet, in this film, bicker on two occasions. Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ("I Want it Now") after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese's eggs are "good" or "bad" eggs, and it judges her as a bad one. Her father then follows and is also deemed bad. In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film, Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside.  Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory, but Mr. Salt, having had enough of Veruca's spoiled and selfish behavior, finally decides to discipline her as the near-death experience seems to have finally gotten to him.

text: In the 2005 film adaptation, Veruca's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book, with only a few changes made. Her demeanor is less vehement, but more obnoxious, compared to the 1971 version.  When she leaves the factory (covered in trash), she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator. However, her father, having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa-Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her, sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead, and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further.

text: In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical, Veruca Salt is a British billionaire's daughter, dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - "clubbed and tickled pink". Her father, Sir Robert Salt, is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes. In the Nut Sorting Room, Veruca runs foul of the nut-testing squirrels who deem her a 'bad nut' when she tries to steal one. This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs. They sing a nightmarish ballet "Veruca's Nutcracker Sweet" that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute. In the Broadway version, Veruca's nationality is changed to Russian, and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb, but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa-Loompas will be able to put her back together.

text: Mike Teavee[edit]

text:
Mike Teavee
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Paris Themmen (1971)Jordan Fry (2005)Voiced by
Jordan Fry (2005 video game)Lauren Weisman (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
MaleFamily
Amanda Teavee (mother) Norman Teavee (father)Nationality
American

text: Mike Teavee, a boy that does nothing but watch television, the fourth Golden Ticket finder, and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ‘fires’ while watching gangsters on TV. He is bad-tempered, slothful but also intelligent. How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it. In the 2005 film, he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket: he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise. In the book, both of Mike's parents tour the factory with him. During a display of miniaturization technology, used to transport chocolate, Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size, Willy Wonka has an Oompa-Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum-Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal. Mike is last seen exiting the factory, now 10 ft (3 m) tall because the Oompa-Loompas overstretched him. After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he won't be able to attend school, Mike happily says he can continue watching TV. His angry father then blames the TV for Mike's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home, much to Mike's displeasure.

text: In the 1971 film, Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled "Teevee" in the credits.  Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high-strung mother. He is from Arizona, enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire.  He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know-it-all.  Although easily annoyed, he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids.

text: In the 2005 film, 13-year-old Mike is (portrayed by Jordan Fry) interests are updated to the Internet and video games (especially gory first-person shooters), in addition to television viewing.[2] In this version, he is from Denver, Colorado, and is portrayed as more disrespectful. Whenever he says something critical of Wonka's company, or his ideas, Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling, even though he does not. He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic, though he admits he does not even like chocolate. When Mike demands to know why candy is pointless, Charlie tries to reason with him, saying candy doesn't have to have a point. When they arrive in the Television Chocolate Room, Mike points that Wonka could use his teleportation device to revolutionize mankind, as opposed to distributing his products. When Mr. Teavee tries to reason with Mike, the boy insults Wonka. After the incident in the Television Chocolate room, Willy Wonka has an Oompa-Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy-Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal. When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory, Mike is 10 ft (3 m) tall as well as incredibly thin and flat.

text: In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical, Mike Teavee (now age 10) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic, alcoholic mother, Doris Teavee. Their opening number, "It's Teavee Time!" has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal, functioning household, downplaying Mike's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire, chloroforming a nurse, and stealing a German tank. In the Department of the Future, where Wonka transmits chocolate by television, Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself, much to his mother's horror. Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended, as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room, singing, 'Vidiots'. Near the end, Mrs. Teavee joins the rave, as they conclude that Mike still has a future on 'Mike.com'. When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter, Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby. In the Broadway version of the musical, lyrics in Mike's song and some of Mike's mannerisms reference Donald Trump.

text: Arthur Slugworth[edit]

text:
Arthur Slugworth
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Günter Meisner (1971)Phil Philmar (2005)Voiced by
Walker Edmiston (1971, uncredited), Mick Wingert (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)InformationGender
Male

text: In the book, Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka's rival chocolatiers. Slugworth, along with Wonka's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose, sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka's treats, which he plagiarized, nearly ruining Wonka's factory. After Wonka re-opens his factory (operated exclusively by Oompa-Loompas), Slugworth is never heard from again, but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka's inventing room (laboratory/chocolate room in the book) for three minutes. In the 1971 movie, Willy Wonka states that Slugworth would give his false teeth to get in for just five minutes.

text: Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film. Inside Bill's Candy Shop, Wonka's products and signs are the most visible; but Slugworth's Sizzlers are also prominent, and one is even sold to a child. Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber's candy. Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka's rivals. As each Golden Ticket is found, a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear. After Charlie finds the last ticket, the same man approaches Charlie as well, introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth, and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented 'Everlasting Gobstopper', allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business. Two of the children (Veruca and Mike) respond to Slugworth's bribe; but Charlie, when tempted, returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka. Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth, but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson, and that his offer was a moral test of character. Slugworth/Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner, a West German actor, while his speaking voice is provided by an uncredited Walker Edmiston.

text: Slugworth only makes a split-second appearance in Tim Burton's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka's factory. He is here played by Philip Philmar.

text: In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film, Slugworth is the main antagonist, instead of an enigmatic villain. When he first meets Charlie, he sings a cover of Veruca's song, "I Want it Now!" and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall. He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory, but the two are thwarted by Charlie, Tom, and Jerry. Despite being more emphasized as a villain, he is still revealed to be Wonka's employee Mr. Wilkinson much to Tom & Jerry's dismay.  Nevertheless, the cat and mouse get the last word on Slugworth/Wilkinson (and Spike) by shrinking them with the Wonkavision tech.

text: Mr. Turkentine[edit]

text: Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971, but not in the book or the 2005 film. He has an odd sense of humor, which he uses to express knowledge. He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka. Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out. Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages. He uses a few students as examples for the class, including Charlie. Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class, he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200. Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley.

text: Prince Pondicherry[edit]

text:
Prince Pondicherry
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characterFirst appearance
Charlie and the Chocolate FactoryCreated by
Roald DahlPortrayed by
Nitin Ganatra (2005)InformationGender
Male

text: Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India. He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story. In the story, Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India, that melts in the hot weather, as he had rejected Willy Wonka's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat. His name derives from the city of Pondicherry (officially spelled Puducherry since 2006) in southeastern India.

text: He is absent from the 1971 film version, but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, where he is played by Nitin Ganatra. His story here matches that in the book, except in depicting his wife (Shelley Conn) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace, but was refused due to Wonka dealing with problems of his own at the time that involved spies sent by his rivals.

text: Oompa-Loompas[edit]

text: Oompa-Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory. They are paid in their favorite food, cocoa beans, which were extremely rare on their island.[3][4] The Oompa-Loompas are also mischievous, loving practical jokes and singing songs which, according to Wonka, they are very good at improvising. They sing at the end of each child's demise.

text: In early editions of the novel, the Oompa-Loompas (originally called "Whipple-Scrumpets" before publication[5]) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white-skinned and golden haired. In both editions, despite working in the factory, Oompa-Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing: men wear skins, women wear leaves, and children wear nothing.

text: In the 1971 film, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange-skinned, green-haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen-like pants. Prominent portrayers included Angelo Muscat, Rusty Goffe, George Claydon, Rudy Borgstaller, Jo Kilkenny, Andy Wilday, Malcolm Dixon, Ismed Hassan, Norman Mcglen, Pepe Poupee, Marcus Powell, and Albert Wilkinson.[6]

text: In the 2005 film, the Oompa-Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical. They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland, and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka's Factory. Some of the female Oompa-Loompas, like Doris, work in the administration offices.

text: Vermicious Knids[edit]

text: Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel "U.S.A." in Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator.

text: They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa-Loompas.

text: In the book, Vermicious Knids are huge, dark, egg-shaped predators who swallow their victims whole, and are capable of surviving, operating, and traveling faster than light, in the vacuum of space. Although normally oviform, they can assume any shape at will, while retaining their native texture and features. They originate (according to Mr. Wonka) on the planet Vermes, a fictional planet located (in dialogue) 184,270,000,000 miles (2.9655×1011 kilometres) from Earth (52 times Pluto's distance). In the presence of victims, they cannot resist shaping themselves to spell the word "SCRAM" (the only word they know) before they attack.

text: In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel "U.S.A.". When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel, the Knids consume some of the staff, and the survivors retreat to the capsule. There, the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies, until its retro-rockets are useless; whereupon Wonka, Charlie, and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator, in hope of towing it to Earth, and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain, intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet. The Elevator then returns to Earth, and the Knids are incinerated in Earth's atmosphere.

text: When Nestlé created its interpretation of Wonka's world to sell chocolate bars under the name "Wonka", they released a number of downloadable flash games, wherein Knids seemed to have entered the factory and had the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes.

text: The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl. Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the "K" and "nid", or in Dahl's words, "K'nid". Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral, itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle, κνίδη. Vermicious is a real word, meaning "worm like".

text: The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories, including James and the Giant Peach (where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one) and The Minpins.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Portrayed in other media[edit]

text:
Name
1971 film
2005 film

Mrs. Bucket

Diana Sowle
Helena Bonham Carter

Mr. Bucket

Deceased
Noah Taylor

Mrs. Gloop

Ursula Reit
Franziska Troegner

Mr. Gloop

Kurt Großkurth (uncredited)
Harry Taylor

Mrs. Teavee

Nora Denney credited as Dodo Denney
Cameo (uncredited)

Mr. Teavee

Michael Goodliffe (uncredited)
Adam Godley

Mrs. Beauregarde

Cameo (uncredited)
Missi Pyle

Sam Beauregarde

Leonard Stone
Absent

Mrs. (Henrietta) Salt

Pat Coombs (uncredited)
Francesca Hunt

Mr. (Henry) Salt

Roy Kinnear
James Fox

Grandma Josephine

Franziska Liebing (uncredited)
Eileen Essell

Grandma Georgina

Dora Altmann (uncredited)
Liz Smith

Grandpa George

Ernst Ziegler (uncredited)
David Morris

(Bill) the Candy Store owner

Aubrey Woods
Oscar James

Dr. Wilbur Wonka

Absent
Christopher Lee

Winkelmann

Peter Stuart
Absent

Newscaster

Steve Dunne (uncredited)
Todd Boyce

Tinker

Peter Capell
Absent

Mr. Joepack

Werner Heyking
Absent

Computer Scientist

Tim Brooke-Taylor (uncredited)
Absent

Auctioneer

Frank Delfino (uncredited)
Absent

Prodnose

Absent
Criss Cresswell

Ficklegruber

Absent
Tony Kirwood

Young Willy Wonka

Absent
Blair Dunlop

Princess Pondicherry

Absent
Shelley Conn

Narrator

Absent
Geoffrey Holder


document_title: Gauge factor

question_text: what is the gauge factor of a strain gauge

text: Gauge factor

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Gauge factor (GF) or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance R, to the mechanical strain ε. The gauge factor is defined as:

text: Where

text:
ε = strain =

Δ
L

/

L

0

{\displaystyle \Delta L/L_{0}}

Δ
L

{\displaystyle \Delta L}

 = absolute change in length

L

0

{\displaystyle L_{0}}

 = original length

ν = Poisson's ratio
ρ = Resistivity
ΔR = change in strain gauge resistance
R = unstrained resistance of strain gauge

tag: ul

text: Piezoresistive Effect[edit]

text:
It is a common misconception that the change in resistance of a strain gauge is based solely, or most heavily, on the geometric terms. This is true for some materials (

Δ
ρ
=
0

{\displaystyle \Delta \rho =0}

), and the gauge factor is simply:

text: However, most commercial strain gauges utilise resistors made from materials that demonstrate a strong piezoresistive effect. The resistivity of these materials changes with strain, accounting for the first term of the defining equation above. In constantan strain gauges (the most commercially popular), the effect accounts for 20% of the gauge factor, but in silicon gauges, the contribution of the piezoresistive term is much larger than the geometric terms. This can be seen in the general examples of strain gauges below:

text:
Material
Gauge Factor

Metal foil strain gauge
2-5

Thin-film metal (e.g. constantan)
2

Single crystal silicon
-125 to + 200

Polysilicon
±30

Thick-film resistors
100

p-type Ge
102

text: Effect of Temperature[edit]

text: The definition of the gauge factor does not rely on temperature, however the gauge factor only relates resistance to strain if there are no temperature effects. In practice, where changes in temperature or temperature gradients exist, the equation to derive resistance will have a temperature term. The total effect is:

text: Where

text:
α = temperature coefficient
θ = temperature change

text: Equations

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sources


document_title: Sam Evans

question_text: who does sam end up with on glee

question_tokens: who does sam end up with on glee

text: Sam Evans

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Sam first appears on Glee during the first episode of the show's second season. He is recruited for the school glee club, New Directions, by the club co-captain—and also football quarterback and team captain—Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), and performs Travie McCoy's "Billionaire" with Finn, Puck (Mark Salling), Artie (Kevin McHale) and Mike (Harry Shum, Jr.).[2] Despite his initial enthusiasm, Sam does not show up for the formal audition after seeing Finn get kicked off the football team, and because of the low social status of the glee club members.[2] In Grilled Cheesus, with Sam as quarterback and Finn returned to the team, Sam is injured during a play suggested by Finn, restoring Finn to quarterback.[3] Sam officially joins the glee club in "Duets". Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) immediately shows interest in him, thinking Sam is gay; Sam is unaware of Kurt's reasons, and agrees to be Kurt's duet partner because Kurt's a good singer, holding to his word despite Finn advising against duetting with another guy. Kurt ultimately calls off their duet to save Sam's reputation. After a slushee is thrown in his face, Quinn helps him clean up, and they later become partners in the glee club's duets competition. Sam and Quinn sing "Lucky" by Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat, and win when Finn and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) vote for them to encourage Sam to stay in the club. Over dinner at Breadstix they form a rapport, and Quinn tells Sam that she considers the meal their first date.[4]

text: In "Furt", Sam tells Quinn that he loves her and offers her a promise ring, which she initially will not accept. After another member of the football team, Dave Karofsky (Max Adler), steps up his bullying of Kurt because of Kurt's sexuality, Artie and Mike confront him, and Sam joins the fight when the two are knocked down. Later, impressed by the way Sam stood up for Kurt, Quinn begins wearing his promise ring.[5] In "Comeback", Sam establishes a one-man tribute band to teen singer Justin Bieber, hoping to win over his girlfriend Quinn, who he suspects still has feelings for her ex-boyfriend Finn. He performs "Baby", dedicated to Quinn, and also excites the other girls in the club. Puck, Artie and Mike are impressed by the effect he has on the girls, and convince him to let them join his tribute band; the four later perform "Somebody to Love", to the delight of all the girls in the glee club, and Quinn chooses Sam over Finn. When Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) convinces Sam that Quinn cheated on him with Finn, he breaks up with her and begins dating Santana,[6] though she later dumps him when she announces that she has fallen in love with Karofsky.[7] Sam's father loses his job and their house is foreclosed on, forcing the family of five to live in a single motel room; he hides this from the glee club until it comes out in "Rumours".[8] When Rachel and Mercedes Jones ask Sam to take them to the junior prom, sharing in their "prom on a budget" scheme in "Prom Queen", he agrees.[9] In the season two finale episode "New York", Sam hugs Mercedes after the New Directions finishes performing at the Nationals competition. Back in Ohio, it is revealed that Mercedes and Sam are dating, but it is clear they are keeping it secret.[10]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Sam's father finds a job out of state and Sam has moved there with his family prior to the third season premiere.[11] His first appearance is not until "Hold on to Sixteen", when Rachel and Finn track him down to help New Directions perform at Sectionals. They discover that, unknown to his family and despite being underage, he works in a strip bar in order to help support them—they believe he has a job at a fast food restaurant. Sam gets the permission of his parents to transfer back to McKinley—he will be living with Finn's family—and he helps New Directions defeat their McKinley rivals, the Troubletones at Sectionals. Although Mercedes has found a new boyfriend, Shane, in his absence, Sam tells her boldly that he wants to win her back. He continues to pursue her, including through song, and eventually succeeds in reawakening her feelings toward him. Mercedes ultimately breaks up with Shane in "Heart", but she feels horrible for what she did to him and tells Sam she will not go out with him until she is sure of her feelings.

text: In "Saturday Night Glee-ver", after Mercedes tells the class about her father's lack of support for her musical dreams, and says she is worried that she will not be a good enough singer in the real world, Sam films Mercedes singing "Disco Inferno" and secretly posts the video on YouTube. He shows her the enthusiastic comments garnered by the video, and tells her he believes in her. They kiss. They attend the senior prom together in "Prom-asaurus", and New Directions subsequently wins the Nationals competition. During "Goodbye", Mercedes graduates, and will be heading off to California: she has been signed to an independent record label as a backup singer due to the video Sam posted and she will be taking classes at UCLA.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Sam is shown returning to McKinley High as a senior and, in The New Rachel, he is shown to be enjoying his newfound popularity amongst teenage girls and the school for his impressions and the Glee Club's National Championship, imitating Taylor Lautner to great fanfare and sitting with the popular kids. He is the first to extend his hand to Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist) after the Glee Club insults her mother, apologizing and connecting with her over being under poverty. Between the next two episodes, Britney 2.0 and Makeover, he forges strong friendships with Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris) and Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss). He confronts and saves Brittany in 'Britney 2.0' from a downward spiral and consoles her after her election loss in Makeover, performing Hole's Celebrity Skin with her and developing suspiciously romantic feelings for her on the way, and teams up with Blaine for the Presidential Election in McKinley High, subsequently winning, and comforts him over his troubles with Kurt in Makeover and The Role You Were Born to Play. In Dynamic Duets, Sam demands that Blaine tell him what really happened, and Blaine admits that he hooked with some random guy he befriended on Facebook; Sam comforts him yet again by saying that Blaine hurting Kurt wasn't cool, but if Blaine wants Kurt to forgive him, Blaine has to at least stop antagonizing and killing himself, which leads to them performing David Bowie's "Heroes." He and Brittany then formally begin dating in Glee, Actually, following New Directions' loss at Sectionals. A month later, it is revealed that Blaine has become romantically attracted towards Sam; later, Blaine eventually confesses to Sam about his crush on him, which Sam doesn't hold against Blaine and takes normally.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Sam and Tina hooked up. Sam didn’t get into college.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the premiere episode "Loser Like Me", Sam is seen working under Coach Beiste as an assistant football coach. By the end of the series, He becomes Will's Successor as the coach of New Directions. He is also once again dating Mercedes, who is now a major recording artist.

text: Development[edit]

text: Sam is portrayed by actor Chord Overstreet. Unlike much of the original cast, Glee creator Ryan Murphy did not find Overstreet on Broadway.[12] He landed the role after auditioning with Commodores' "Easy" and Gavin DeGraw's "I Don't Want to Be".[13] He later sang "Billionaire" by Travie McCoy featuring Bruno Mars as a studio test, and eventually sang this in the season premiere "Audition", along with "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" by Poison.[13][14] Following Overstreet's casting, media speculation suggested Sam might have been created as a boyfriend for Kurt.[15][16] Overstreet later confirmed this, but stated that his storyline had been adjusted to pair Sam with Quinn, as a result of the chemistry the producers detected between himself and Agron.[17] Chord Overstreet said of his casting process: "It was like a week long process. I did three or four auditions. I went in the casting office with Robert Ulrich and sang three or four songs. Did the studio test, network test, and I found out the next day and went right into the studio to record 'Billionaire.'"[18]

text: Discussing his character in an interview with The TV Chick, Overstreet commented: "I think I put a little bit of my personality in him. I would say so. I’m such a nice, sweet guy that you don’t even have to act, it's me. I'm kidding, I'm kidding. I'm not that full of myself. It's similar to my personality, I would say. I'm kind of goofy and say stupid things to girls when I’m attracted to them. And when I like them, I say stupid things without thinking like the Avatar stuff, that's very [much] something I would say."[18] Overstreet said that the writers picked up lines from him and gave them to his character:

text: "Actually, yeah. I had Brad Falchuk call me. He called because he was like (sic) 'I hear you do impressions. What impressions do you do?' I was like (sic) I do George Bush, I do Matthew McConaughey, a couple of other ones. And he was like (sic) 'Alright, well thanks.' And then next thing I know, I get the next episode and they wrote it in there. I thought that was hilarious. I was just like (sic) 'YES!' I was so excited to do it, I was like (sic) 'Yesss!' Matthew McConaughey!! I wonder if he watches the show. [I wonder] if he watched the show, and saw my impression, God I hope [so]!"[18]

text: Executive Producer Brad Falchuk said that the relationship between Sam and Mercedes, revealed at the end of the second season, "was born out of the prom episode", and that the characters "have their reasons" for hiding it for now.[19] However, with Overstreet leaving the show after the second season—his option to become a main character was not picked up, and according to Falchuk he decided not to accept a ten-episode recurring role in the third season with the possibility of further episodes or of becoming a series regular after that—Mercedes finds a new boyfriend during the summer.[20][21] On October 24, 2011, Murphy officially announced that Sam would be returning as a recurring character starting with the season's eighth episode, "just in time for Sectionals".[22] Overstreet continued as a series regular for the show's remaining three seasons.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2012)

text: The character has received mainly positive reviews from television critics. Amy Semigran of MTV said of the episode "Duets": "Turns out their strategy, as well as Sam's crush on singing partner Quinn, worked. Despite some mixed signals and apprehension on Quinn's part, the two turned out a cute little rendition of Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat's 'Lucky'. It was so cute, in fact, Mr. Schue awarded them the winners of the challenge and sent them off on what would ultimately turn out to be their first date."[1] The Sam-Quinn relationship has been generally well received by critics. Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times commented: "The is-he-gay-or-is-he-straight storyline is resolved as these two sing a button-cute, guitariffic, blonde-meets-blond rendition of Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat's 'Lucky'. Is Quinn's return to abstinence in danger? Sam-I-Am might not like green eggs and ham, but he sure likes a certain flirty-eyed Cheerio. How do you say 'awww' in Na'vi?"[24]

text: Anthony Benigno of Daily News commented on the relationship: "Meanwhile, Sam and Quinn are partnered, and Sam, having come from an all-boys school and devoid of social skills, takes Quinn's throwaway Avatar reference and runs with it. Yes, folks: our boy is spitting game in Na'vi. And Quinn's kind of digging it. Remember when I said this show was realistic with its sexual tension stuff? I take it back. Anyway, Quinn's kind of feeling Sam, but she'd rather keep her heart cold and shriveled so as not to risk her popularity again, so she tells him to take his hair and get lost. Problem is, she and Sam were the only team who stood a chance of knocking off Rachel and Finn, so Rachel and Finn cement their plan by singing a thoroughly offensive song (I'll get to that in a bit) and reuniting the giant-killers. And so succeeds evil machination #4. Sam and Quinn go on their free dinner on the condition that it soooo isn't a date. But Sam awkwardly praises Quinn's bravery after her fall from grace, while admitting his own terrible secret: he does, in fact, dye his hair." Benigno continues, "In any case, Quinn's heart grows four sizes and she puts away the gift certificate, because Sam, the gentleman, should pay on the first date. Sam's totally loving it, but wait till he realizes he's suddenly out 50 bucks. That's like, a month's worth of peroxide there, dude."[25]