document_title: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb

question_text: who does hugh jackman play in night at the museum 3

root

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1938 Egypt, a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah, including a young Cecil Fredericks, finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah. The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic.

tag: p

text: In present day New York City, Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History. He and the exhibits, brought to life each night by the tablet, help re-open the Hayden Planetarium. A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced, identifying Larry as his father. Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding, which later causes the exhibits to act erratically, causing mayhem at the planetarium’s reopening. Afterwards, Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party, who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life.

text: Larry reunites with Cecil, now in retirement, who realises the end of the tablet’s magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless. Cecil explains Ahkmenrah’s parents, Merenkahre and Shepseheret, may be able to restore the tablet’s power, but are located in the British Museum. Larry convinces the museum’s curator, Dr. McPhee, to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet, convinced that McPhee knows its secrets. Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum, bypassing the night guard Tilly. To Larry’s surprise, Theodore Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila the Hun, Jedediah, Octavius, Dexter the capuchin monkey, and Laaa have come as well. Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum, the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life.

text: They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton. Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft, but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter. The group find Ahkmenrah’s parents, learning the tablet’s power can be regenerated by moonlight, since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu. Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it, leaving to find Camelot. Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape, Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly, but they become attracted to each other.

text: Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical, starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet’s power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise.

text: Three years later, Larry now works as a teacher, and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York. Tilly becomes the new night guard, and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee, showing him its power, and allowing the exhibits to awaken again. Outside, Larry watches them party inside.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History.[4]

Stiller also plays Laaa, a Neanderthal who resembles Larry.

Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt, the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States.[4]
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy diorama miniature.[4]
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier miniature.[4]
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the director of the Museum of Natural History.[4]
Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps, the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History.
Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot, the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table.[5]
Rebel Wilson as Tilly, the night security guard at the British Museum.[4]
Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films.
Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh.[4]
Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun, the statue of the leader of the Huns.[4]
Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea, the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend.[4]
Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah's father.[7]
Dick Van Dyke as Cecil "C.J." Fredericks, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]

Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil "C.J." Fredericks

Mickey Rooney as Gus, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Andrea Martin as Rose, an archivist at the Museum of Natural History.
Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks, C.J.'s father in the prologue.
Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley, an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue.
Anjali Jay as Shepseheret, the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah.
Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a Capuchin monkey.
Hugh Jackman as Himself (uncredited)
Alice Eve as Herself (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact.
Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head.
Regina Taufen as New York Reporter.

text: Production[edit]

text: On January 21, 2010, co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood, "I think it's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3, in fact. I wonder if someone's not even already working on a script for that. I cannot confirm that for a fact, but I cannot deny it for a fact either... It might be in the works."[9] In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Stiller confirmed the sequel, however, he said that it was only in the "ideas stage".[10] In February 2013 it was announced that the film, directed by Shawn Levy, would be released on December 25, 2014.[11] On September 10, 2013, it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014.[12]

text: On November 8, 2013, actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot.[5] On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley.[6] On December 18, 2013, it was announced that Stiller, Robin Williams, and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel.[13] On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum.[4] On January 14, 2014, the film's release date was moved up from December 25, 2014, to December 19, 2014.[14] On January 23, 2014, it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum.[15] Principal photography and production began on January 27, 2014.[16][17] On May 6, 2014, it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.[18] In May 2014, principal photography ended.[19]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy.[20][21]

text:
Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by Alan Silvestri

Released
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)

Recorded
2014

Genre
Film score

Length
56:52

Label
Varese Sarabande

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6, 2015.[22][23][24]

text: All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.

text:
Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Ahkmenrah Expedition"
3:34

2.
"Performance Prep"
2:02

3.
"LOL"
2:22

4.
"The Grand Re-Opening"
3:13

5.
"The End Will Come"
2:19

6.
"Sneak And Greet"
3:25

7.
"Sir Lancelot"
3:33

8.
"Where Are Jed And Octavius?"
2:50

9.
"Main Hall"
3:24

10.
"Xiangliu"
3:46

11.
"Male Bonding"
2:15

12.
"The Legend Of The Tablet"
3:11

13.
"The Escher Fight"
3:45

14.
"Camelot"
3:49

15.
"The Quest"
2:35

16.
"Seeing Your Boy Become A Man"
3:14

17.
"Laaa Love"
1:53

18.
"A Farewell Kiss"
2:40

19.
"Teddy's Goodbye"
3:02

Total length:
56:52

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2014.[25] It was then released on December 19, 2014 in the United States.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America, and $249.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million.[2]

text: In North America, early analysts were predicting a potential $25–$28 million opening.[27][28] In North America, the film was released on December 19, 2014 across 3,785 theaters.[29] It opened Friday, December 19, 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day, placing at number three at the box office.[30] The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend, earning $17.1 million, which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ($30.4 million) and its sequel ($54.1 million).[31] The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.[32] According to 20th Century Fox, the movie's audience was 51% male, with 54% of the audience under the age of 25. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+", on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend, debuting at #3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar.[33][34][35][36] The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million.[37] It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million, primarily because of China, where it opened at #1 with $26 million.[38] The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ($5.85 million), Brazil ($3.1 million), Malaysia ($3.07 million), the UK ($3 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Germany ($2.1 million) and Singapore ($2 million).[37][39][40]

text: For the weekend of January 16, 2015, the film grossed $17.8 million, which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea.[41]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 48% approval rating, based on 104 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While not without its moments, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a less-than-inspired sendoff for the trilogy."[42] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[43] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review, praising the visual effects and calling the production values "topnotch", and admiring Guillermo Navarro's work. He added, "A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus’ cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family-entertainment juggernaut... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises, but should add much holiday cheer to Fox’s box-office coffers."[44] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, "The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum 'trilogy' turns out to be a good-natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy."[45] Glenn Kenny awarded the film 2½ stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed-set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said, "As talent-packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be—in this third installment... —one doesn’t come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody’s best work. Or at least one certainly shouldn’t, because it won’t materialize."[46] Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying "The third installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb may be the best, and even the generally wound-too-tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate."[47] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced, this outing feels breezier, more enjoyable and less contrived."[48] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying "There's a serenity to museum visits, especially if it's a place you know and love. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, amazingly, recaptures that feeling in big-studio franchise form."[49]

text: Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair, a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion."[50] Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying "It's kind of fun, unembarrassingly, and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so."[51] Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B, saying "There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor."[52] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two out of four stars, saying "The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly. But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert."[53] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Seeing Ben Stiller, the late Robin Williams, and their magically roused gang together again, this time in London, is initially all about indulgent, nostalgic smiles rather than new wows. But then comes the movie’s exceptionally clever and fresh final act, which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs."[54] Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly, with its heart in the past... It’s an exciting opening, and perhaps too exciting for the film’s own good. It’s hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time-honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick."[55] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, saying "Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum, the creaky Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue."[56]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes, pop-culture references, and father-son bonding moments. In other words, it’s exactly the kind of film that shouldn’t be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts — but what a movie it could be if it did."[57] Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "For piquing kids’ interest in history and nature, you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise. But its third installment is more meh than manic, too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors. You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up."[58] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying "The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny. The special effects are often so 1980s-bad, one wonders if it was a deliberate choice, to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers. Time and again, terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand, helpless against the sucking sound of this movie."[59] Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying "None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art, but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise, is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation."[60]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Comedy
Nominated
[61]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Ben Stiller
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Actor
Ben Stiller
Won
[62][63]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 10, 2015.[64] The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1.[65]


document_title: LA to Vegas

question_text: who plays captain dave in la to vegas

question_tokens: who plays captain dave in la to vegas

text: LA to Vegas

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows the lives of crew and passengers of a discount airline that makes regular Friday-to-Sunday getaway flights from Los Angeles to Las Vegas. The stories revolve around recurring themes of hope and disappointment.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kim Matula as Veronica "Ronnie" Messing, a veteran flight attendant for Jackpot Airlines, a budget service operating out of Las Vegas.
Ed Weeks as Colin McCormack, a British professor of economics at UCLA. He and Ronnie strike up a romance after he separates from his wife. He travels to Las Vegas every weekend to visit his son.
Nathan Lee Graham as Bernard Jasser, a flamboyant male flight attendant who works alongside Ronnie.
Olivia Macklin as Nichole Hayes, a professional stripper who uses Jackpot Airlines to fly between Los Angeles and Las Vegas for work.
Peter Stormare as Artem, an eccentric Russian bookie and gambler, who works as a dentist when he is not gambling in Las Vegas.
Dylan McDermott[1] as Captain David "Dave" Pratman, who became a pilot for Jackpot after being honorably discharged from the Air Force (thus ruining his dream of being a fighter pilot). He indulges in drugs, alcohol, and women to forget the pain of his failed marriages.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Amir Talai as Alan, the co-pilot.
Zachary Knighton as Bryan, a chef and Ronnie's boyfriend
Amy Landecker as Patricia Hayes, Nichole's mother and Captain Dave's love interest
Kether Donohue as Meghan, Colin's ex-wife.
Dermot Mulroney as Captain Steve Jasser,[6] one of Pratman's rivals.
Alison Becker as Caroline, a flight attendant for Jackpot
Josh Duhamel as Captain Kyle[7]
Don Johnson as Jack Silver, the CEO of Jackpot Airlines.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1"Pilot"Steven LevitanLon ZimmetJanuary 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)1LAS013.76[9]
Jackpot Airlines flight attendant Ronnie Messing learns during a trip that the coveted job she wanted on Delta's JFK route has gone to her coworker Jill; furious, she quits her job on the spot. She bonds with Colin McCormack, the British economics professor sitting next to her, and the two attempt to have sex before being interrupted by Captain Dave. The experience convinces her to backtrack on her decision, but not before learning that he's married. Frequent flyer Artem, a professional bookie, tries to make money betting on the other passengers, while Captain Dave, struggling with his failed marriage, keeps trying to pick up women to Ronnie's disgust. However, he redeems himself by using Muay Thai to subdue an angry passenger. Colin, who turns out to be separated from his wife, leaves her behind in Vegas for a chance to start a relationship with Ronnie.
2"The Yips and the Dead"Steven LevitanLon ZimmetJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)1LAS022.65[10]
Ronnie decides at the last second to break off a date with Colin, putting their relationship in jeopardy. During a flight, an elderly passenger sitting next to Nicole suddenly passes away, and protocol dictates that the body cannot be disposed of until the plane lands. Despite efforts to cover up the death, Nicole accidentally reveals it and incites panic. A more serious crisis emerges when Captain Dave finds himself unable to land the plane due to a nervous tic, and refuses to let his co-pilot Alan take over out of professional pride. When Alan knocks himself unconscious by tripping over the body, Ronnie enters the cockpit and persuades Dave that his condition is all in his head while Artem rallies the passengers to celebrate that they are still alive. The flight lands successfully, and Ronnie tries to apologize to Colin; he informs her that whatever they had won't work. Ronnie reluctantly agrees and sulks off to get drunk.
3"Two and a Half Pilots"Beth McCarthy-MillerLon ZimmetJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)1LAS032.77[11]
After Captain Dave breaks his wrist, his nemesis Captain Steve is brought in to fly in his place. Almost immediately, Steve's demanding nature clashes with Ronnie and Bernard's laid-back behavior. An argument between Steve and Dave eventually comes to blows; because Steve forced Dave to sit in the cabin, Dave is not considered a pilot, and Steve is arrested for assaulting a passenger. Before Captain Dave can reassume his role as pilot, Captain Kyle is called in as a second replacement. Meanwhile, Colin learns that the play palace he booked for his son's birthday party has been shut down, so Artem and Nicole step in to transform the Grapefroots strip club into something slightly more suitable for young children.
4"The Affair"Linda MendozaAlison BennettJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)1LAS042.61[12]
Jackpot Airlines passengers contend with new, restrictive fees that lock down everything from overhead bins to bathroom access. Ronnie notices Dean, a frequent flier, with an unfamiliar woman and suspects him of cheating on his wife. Against the advice of others, she confronts them, earning the ire of the rest of the plane and prompting Dean to berate her. Colin attempts to make Dean apologize, and after the two get physical, Dean reveals that he is an unmarried air marshal on vacation with his girlfriend and takes Colin into custody. Captain Dave flirts with air traffic controller Gwen and eventually asks her out, only to be met and chastised by her supervisor upon landing.
5"The Fellowship of the Bear"Don ScardinoMathew HarawitzFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)1LAS052.52[13]
Captain Dave insults his plane's cleanup crew, prompting them to expose the plane to odors so foul that the passengers must disembark. As he and Bernard attempt to combat the smells, Dave realizes his insensitivity and buys pastries as an apology, only to give them to a similar-looking crew by mistake. Ronnie and Colin scour the Las Vegas airport and the TSA confiscated items vault looking for his son's favorite stuffed bear, only to watch as a bomb squad disposes of it. After seeing how distraught this makes Colin, Ronnie offers his son a beloved stuffed animal of her own as a replacement. Artem teaches Nicole how to play poker, only to be taken aback when she immediately begins winning.
6"#PilotFight"Eva LongoriaIan BrennanFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)1LAS072.36[14]
Suffering from a toothache, Ronnie visits a dentist's office and immediately flees when she learns the dentist is Artem. Captain Dave and a disgraced Captain Steve reignite their rivalry and challenge each other to a fistfight. As Bernard unsuccessfully tries to stop the conflict, Nichole collects bets from airport employees and travelers, Colin trains Dave to box, and Artem performs an emergency procedure on Ronnie's tooth. Just as the fight begins, Ronnie breaks things up and convinces the two to put their differences aside. Dave helps Steve become reinstated as a pilot, but they quickly begin fighting again when they realize only one of them can be the captain for their return flight.
7"Things to Do in Vegas When You're Grounded"Jeffrey WalkerJosh Bycel & Jonathan FenerMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)1LAS082.08[15]
Jackpot grounds Captain Dave's plane in Las Vegas, and everyone takes advantage of their free evening. Ronnie and Nichole hit the town on a double date in a fancy restaurant with two magicians who constantly perform tricks. Colin receives his divorce papers, and Captain Dave decides to organize a "guy's night" with Artem, Bernard, and Alan joining in. They pre-game back on the plane and get stranded there after the jetway crew pulls the plane away from the gate. After more drinks, Colin realizes he still has feelings for Ronnie, and the rest of the guys convince him to act on them. Colin finally gets off the plane and rushes to meet Ronnie, finding her just as she is leaving with the restaurant's owner.
8"Parking Lot B"Fred SavageDanielle Sanchez-WitzelMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)1LAS062.05[16]
Ronnie gets evicted from her apartment after accidentally lighting its garbage chute on fire. She briefly rooms with Bernard, whose numerous rules quickly get the better of her. She then stays with Captain Dave in Parking Lot B, a trailer park with a music festival vibe and quirky residents. She overstays her welcome there by letting loose too aggressively, and the community kicks her out. Ronnie eventually apologizes to Dave and moves back in with Bernard to help teach herself discipline. Colin receives poor reviews from his students and enlists the help of Bernard and Nichole to improve his job performance, which dramatically improves after he starts using stripping techniques to maintain the attention of his students. Dave loses a bet with Artem and lies about his whereabouts to avoid paying his debt.
9"Overbooked"Jaffar MahmoodMargee MageeMarch 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)1LAS092.17[17]
Jackpot overbooks a flight to Vegas on the same day as a big MMA fight, and the crew must convince four passengers to disembark. Once food and beverage service stop, Nichole begins selling her stockpile of snacks at exorbitant prices. Bryan surprises Ronnie by attempting to stage their first date on the flight, but the demands of contending with the angry passengers prevent her from spending any time with him. Artem is seated next to a ventriloquist, whose rude dummy eventually sends him into a rage, and the ensuing fight vacates their three seats. A dejected Bryan offers to give up his seat as well, and the plane can finally take off. After landing in Vegas, Colin offers to have drinks with a frustrated Ronnie, but Bryan appears and whisks her off on a proper date first.
10"Bernard's Birthday"John RiggiJen D'AngeloMarch 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)1LAS101.98[18]
Nichole's mother Patricia, an uptight politician, joins her in Vegas on the same weekend as Bernard's lavish Bible-themed birthday party, which the regular Jackpot crew attends. Never having told her mother about her profession, Nichole attempts to hide this by pretending to date Captain Dave. While Bernard struggles to impress the party-goers, Colin connects with a woman who is similar to his ex-wife. Their constant flirting makes Ronnie jealous, and her efforts to break them up cause her to neglect Bryan. Dave eventually explains that his relationship with Nichole is a sham and convinces Patricia to go on a date with him. After Dave reveals this, Nichole continues to save face with her mother by pretending to date Ronnie instead. Colin almost goes home with his new woman, but returns to the party after discovering her poor Lyft rating. As the festivities conclude, Ronnie apologizes to Bryan for her absence, and the Jackpot crew inadvertently recreate The Last Supper.
11"Jack Silver"Linda MendozaJason Berger & Amina MunirApril 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)1LAS111.96[19]
Jack Silver, the CEO of Jackpot Airlines, joins the crew on a flight to Vegas as a PR stunt. Colin brags that he has never lost a bet, so Artem and Nichole bet him that he cannot say fewer than 150 words before they land. While fighting over which of them is the more dedicated employee, Ronnie and Bernard drop Jack's lunch, but clean it off and serve it anyway. A teenage boy films this, expecting to go viral with the footage, and Ronnie fears that she will lose her job. While visiting Captain Dave in the cockpit, Jack learns that he is to be indicted upon landing, so he hijacks the plane and attempts to fly to Mexico. Ronnie overrides Jack's lock on the cockpit door and, after Jack escapes by pretending to jump out of the plane, everyone lands safely in Vegas. Nichole convinces the boy to delete his footage of Ronnie by offering to pretend to be his girlfriend. Artem is overjoyed to find that his long-standing cold streak is over thanks to Colin losing their bet, so he forgives Colin's debts.
12"Training Day"Jim HenszLon Zimmet & Jess Pineda & Jeremy RothApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)1LAS122.15[20]
Ronnie, Bernard, and Captain Dave attend Jackpot's yearly training seminar. Unlike the booze-fueled banger of years past, the seminar is straight-laced and orderly thanks to customer complaints about the LA to Vegas crew. Dave makes inroads with the younger pilots by telling embarrassing stories about Ronnie and Bernard's on-duty behavior; these stories spread around the seminar, and the two are suspended indefinitely. Thanks to drugged food from the Jackpot crew in Reno, chaos breaks out on the flight home that the younger crew and pilots cannot contain. With Dave helping from the cockpit, Ronnie and Bernard get the situation under control, and Jackpot shows its gratitude by lifting their suspensions. Meanwhile, Colin, Artem, and Nichole stake out a slot machine in the Vegas airport that's due to pay out a huge jackpot. After luring an old woman away from it and enduring a lengthy power outage, they repeatedly play the machine to no avail; soon after they give up, someone else wins the jackpot.
13"The Dinner Party"Melissa KosarSeth Raab & Nicholas DarrowApril 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)1LAS131.95[21]
To entertain Bryan on his trip to Los Angeles, Ronnie hosts a dinner party at Bernard's apartment and invites the Jackpot crew. Captain Dave arrives with Patricia, hoping to make the night their first official date, but she spends most of the party working. Colin attends with his Uber driver as his date, but her accommodating demeanor makes him wonder if she still considers him a passenger. Artem insists that Nichole read his new action-musical screenplay and is hurt when she criticizes it. With the party underway, Ronnie realizes she didn't order the prepared meals she thought she did; as she scrambles to cook dinner from scratch, the demands of hosting cause her to lash out at everyone. Bryan consoles Ronnie after her outburst, and the two order Taco Bell as a replacement meal. As the party winds down, Bryan asks Ronnie to move in with him in Vegas. Colin hooks up with his date, and Dave breaks up with Patricia after they can't agree on how serious their relationship is.
14"Captain Dave's on a Roll"Jeffrey WalkerJosh Bycel & Jonathan FenerApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)1LAS142.05[22]
Captain Dave's breakup has trapped him in a cynical funk. Artem attempts to cheer him up by bringing him to a casino to play craps, where he begins a remarkable winning streak. With Dave away from the airport, the Jackpot plane cannot take off, and gate agent Caroline demands that he return. While Bernard and Alan stall Caroline, Ronnie and Nichole race off to the casino to find Dave with a drunken Colin who has finally embraced Vegas. Surrounded by an adoring crowd, Dave is buoyed by their love and agrees to return to the airport, where their plane is further delayed by Caroline and Alan hooking up on it. After weighing her decision, Ronnie agrees to move in with Bryan, while Dave plans to buy a ring and propose to Patricia.
15"The Proposal"Linda MendozaLon ZimmetMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)1LAS151.70[23]
Jackpot loses Captain Dave's bag with his engagement ring still inside, putting his proposal plans in jeopardy. Fed up with his lengthy divorce proceedings, Colin tries to help Dave by visiting Meghan at her magic show and demanding that she return their old engagement ring. Ronnie prepares to move in with Bryan, but a second-chance job interview lands her a position on a Delta flight from L.A. to New York City. This forces her to choose between her relationship and her career, a decision made more complex when Colin spontaneously kisses her. On the night of the proposal, Nichole reveals that she stole Dave's bag to stop him from marrying her mother, but ultimately decides that the decision is not hers to make. Dave backs out of the proposal at the last moment, with Nichole assisting him by finally telling her mother that she is a stripper. Much to Colin's shock, Dave rebounds by spending a passionate weekend in L.A. with Meghan. After getting kicked out of her mother's house, Nichole moves in with Bernard, and Ronnie takes a flight to Hong Kong to figure out what she really wants.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 56% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.84/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Refreshingly lewd humor and funny, relatable characters are crammed into LA to Vegas alongside pacing problems and a dearth of punchlines, leaving this sitcom's high-flying potential stuck in an amiable holding pattern."[24] On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

January 2, 2018
1.1/4
3.76[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2

"The Yips and the Dead"

January 9, 2018
0.8/3
2.65[10]
0.6
1.72
1.4
4.37[26]

3

"Two and a Half Pilots"

January 16, 2018
0.9/3
2.77[11]
0.6
1.50
1.5
4.27[27]

4

"The Affair"

January 23, 2018
0.8/3
2.61[12]
0.6
1.45
1.4
4.06[28]

5

"The Fellowship of the Bear"

February 6, 2018
0.8/3
2.52[13]
N/A
1.21
N/A
3.73[29]

6

"#PilotFight"

February 27, 2018
0.7/3
2.36[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7

"Things to Do in Vegas When You're Grounded"

March 6, 2018
0.7/3
2.08[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8

"Parking Lot B"

March 13, 2018
0.7/3
2.05[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9

"Overbooked"

March 20, 2018
0.7/3
2.17[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10

"Bernard's Birthday"

March 27, 2018
0.6/2
1.98[18]
0.5
N/A
1.1[30]
N/A

11

"Jack Silver"

April 3, 2018
0.7/3
1.96[19]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12

"Training Day"

April 10, 2018
0.7/3
2.15[20]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"The Dinner Party"

April 17, 2018
0.6/2
1.95[21]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

14

"Captain Dave's On a Roll"

April 24, 2018
0.7/3
2.05[22]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

15

"The Proposal"

May 1, 2018
0.5/2
1.70[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Courts of California

question_text: the four federal judicial districts in california are

text: Courts of California

text: Courts of California include:

text:
Supreme Court of California[1]

California Courts of Appeal (6 appellate districts)[2]

Superior Courts of California (58 courts, one for each county)[3]

text: Federal courts located in California

text:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (headquartered in San Francisco, having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, the Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon, and Washington)

United States District Court for the Central District of California[4]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of California[5]
United States District Court for the Northern District of California[6]
United States District Court for the Southern District of California[7]

text: Former federal courts of California

text: United States District Court for the District of California (extinct, subdivided)


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

question_text: who had the most 3 pointers in nba history

text: Three-point field goals made leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular-season three-point field goals made.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Rank
Name
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[6]
Total 3-point field
goals made
Total 3-point field
goals attempted
3-point field goal
percentage

1
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
2,972
7,429

.400

2
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
2,560
6,486
.395

3
Terry, JasonJason Terry^
SG/PG
Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)
2,243
5,895
.380

4
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
2,143
5,816
.368

5
Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
SG/SF
Philadelphia 76ers (2003–2007)
Utah Jazz (2007–2010)
Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)
Atlanta Hawks (2012–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
2,049
4,754
.431

Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
2,049
5,485
.374

Crawford, JamalJamal Crawford^
SG/PG
Chicago Bulls (2000–2004)
New York Knicks (2004–2008)
Golden State Warriors (2008–2009)
Atlanta Hawks (2009–2011)
Portland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)
Los Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2017–present)
2,049
5,861
.350

8
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
1,988
5,701
.349

9
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
SG/SF
Boston Celtics (2001–2002)
Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)
Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)
Miami Heat (2016)
Utah Jazz (2016–present)
1,938
5,186
.374

10
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
PG
Golden State Warriors (2009–present)
1,917
4,379
.438

11
Billups , ChaunceyChauncey Billups †
PG/SG
Boston Celtics (1997–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)
Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)
New York Knicks (2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)
1,830
4,725
.387

12
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
1,827
5,546
.330

13
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis†
SF/PF
Seattle SuperSonics (1998–2007)
Orlando Magic (2007–2010)
Washington Wizards (2010–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
1,787
4,625
.386

14
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)
1,780
4,668
.381

15
Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith^
SG
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2004–2006)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2015)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)
1,774
4,747
.374

16
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
SF
Sacramento Kings (1998–2006)
Indiana Pacers (2006)
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2006–2010)
Toronto Raptors (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011)
1,760
4,392
.401

17
Ellis, DaleDale Ellis
SF/SG
Dallas Mavericks (1983–1986)
Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)
San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)
Denver Nuggets (1994–1997)
Charlotte Hornets (2000)
1,719
4,266
.403

18
Nash, SteveSteve Nash†
PG
Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)
Dallas Mavericks (1998–2004)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2015)
1,685
3,939
.428

19
Richardson, JasonJason Richardson†
SG
Golden State Warriors (2001–2007)
Charlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2010)
Orlando Magic (2010–2012)
Philadelphia 76ers (2012–2015)
1,608
4,344
.370

20
Miller, MikeMike Miller^
SF/SG
Orlando Magic (2000–2003)
Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)
Washington Wizards (2009–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2013)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)
Denver Nuggets (2015–2017)
1,590
3,910
.407

21
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
SF
Miami Heat (1989–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1995–1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)
New York Knicks (2000–2001)
Houston Rockets (2001–2003)
Los Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)
1,559
3,896
.400

22
Jones, EddieEddie Jones
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)
Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)
Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)
Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)
1,546
4,147
.373

23
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
PG
Golden State Warriors (1989–1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)
Denver Nuggets (2002)
Indiana Pacers (2003)
1,542
4,345
.355

24
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)
Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)
Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)
1,528
4,278
.357

25
Bibby, MikeMike Bibby
PG
Vancouver Grizzlies (1998–2001)
Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)
Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)
Washington Wizards (2011)
Miami Heat (2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2012)
1,517
3,999
.379

26
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
1,467
4,295
.342

27
Finley, MichaelMichael Finley
SF
Phoenix Suns (1995–1996)
Dallas Mavericks (1996–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010)
1,454
3,880
.375

28
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (2002–present)
1,431
3,863
.370

29
Barry, BrentBrent Barry
SG
Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1998)
Chicago Bulls (1999)
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)
San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)
Houston Rockets (2008–2009)
1,395
3,442
.405

30
Walker, AntoineAntoine Walker
PF
Boston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)
Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)
Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)
1,386
4,264
.325

31
Harden, JamesJames Harden^
SG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)
Houston Rockets (2012–present)
1,382
3,801
.364

32
Majerle, DanDan Majerle
SG/SF
Phoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
1,360
3,798
.358

33
Davis, BaronBaron Davis
PG
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002)
New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)
Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)
Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)
New York Knicks (2012)
1,332
4,159
.320

34
Thompson, KlayKlay Thompson^
SG
Golden State Warriors (2011–present)
1,328
3,171
.419

35
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1998–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
1,326
3,419
.388

36
Houston, AllanAllan Houston
SG
Detroit Pistons (1993–1996)
New York Knicks (1996–2005)
1,305
3,247
.402

37
Dunleavy Jr., MikeMike Dunleavy Jr.^
SF/SG
Golden State Warriors (2002–2007)
Indiana Pacers (2007–2011)
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)
Chicago Bulls (2013–2016)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2016)
Atlanta Hawks (2017)
1,304
3,460
.377

38
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
1,297
3,360
.386

39
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
PG
New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)
1,283
3,816
.336

40
Redick, J.J.J.J. Redick^
SG
Orlando Magic (2006–2014)
Milwaukee Bucks (2013–2014)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2017)
Philadelphia 76ers (2017–present)
1,271
3,064
.415

41
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)
Golden State Warriors (2016–present)
1,260
3,321
.379

42
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell
SG
San Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)
Houston Rockets (1990–1995)
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)
Orlando Magic (1998)
Charlotte Hornets (1998)
Sacramento Kings (1999)
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)
Dallas Mavericks (2001)
1,256
3,931
.320

43
Robinson, CliffordClifford Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
1,253
3,515
.356

44
Matthews, WesleyWesley Matthews^
SG
Utah Jazz (2009–2010)
Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)
Dallas Mavericks (2015–present)
1,252
3,265
.383

Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson†
SG/SF
New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)
San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)
Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)
Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)
Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)
Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
1,252
3,763
.333

46
Battier, ShaneShane Battier†
SF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2006, 2011)
Houston Rockets (2006–2011)
Miami Heat (2011–2014)
1,250
3,254
.384

47
Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher†
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004, 2007–2012)
Golden State Warriors (2004–2006)
Utah Jazz (2006–2007)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012, 2013–2014)
Dallas Mavericks (2012)
1,248
3,341
.374

48
Türkoğlu, HedoHedo Türkoğlu†
SF
Sacramento Kings (2000–2003)
San Antonio Spurs (2003–2004)
Orlando Magic (2004–2009, 2010–2013)
Toronto Raptors (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010)
Los Angeles Clippers (2014–2015)
1,246
3,246
.384

49
Curry, DellDell Curry
SG
Utah Jazz (1986–1987)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1987–1988)
Charlotte Hornets (1988–1998)
Milwaukee Bucks (1999)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2002)
1,245
3,098
.402

50
Williams, JasonJason Williams
PG
Sacramento Kings (1999–2001)
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2005, 2011)
Miami Heat (2005–2008)
Orlando Magic (2009–2011)
1,238
3,784
.327

text: Progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
HOU
Houston Rockets
ORL
Orlando Magic
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHA
Charlotte Bobcats
IND
Indiana Pacers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
TOR
Toronto Raptors

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MIA
Miami Heat
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WAS
Washington Wizards

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

GSW
Golden State Warriors
NYK
New York Knicks
SDC
San Diego Clippers

text:
Progressive 3 point Leaders

Season
Year-by-year leader
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career record
3P
Single season record
3P
Season

1979–80
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
1979–80

1980–81
Mike Bratz000CLE
57
134
134
1980–81

1981–82
Don Buse000IND
73
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
1981–82

1982–83
Mike Dunleavy000 SAS
67
194
194
1982–83

1983–84
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
Darrell Griffith000UTA
154
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
1983–84

1984–85
92
246
Darrell Griffith000UTA
246
92
1984–85

1985–86
Larry Bird*000BOS
82
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
1985–86

1986–87
90
357
357
1986–87

1987–88
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
455
455
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
1987–88

1988–89
Michael Adams000DEN
166
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Michael Adams000DEN
166
1988–89

1989–90
158
568
568
1989–90

1990–91
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
Michael Adams
000DEN 1990–91
000WSB 1991–92
658
Michael Adams
000DEN 1990–91
000WSB 1991–92
658
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
1990–91

1991–92
162
783
783
1991–92

1992–93

Reggie Miller*000IND
Dan Majerle000PHO
167
Dale Ellis
000 SAS 1992–94
000 DEN 1994–97
882
Dale Ellis
000 SAS 1992–94
000 DEN 1994–97
882
1992–93

1993–94
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1,013
1,013
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1993–94

1994–95
John Starks000NYK
217
1,119
1,119
John Starks000NYK
217
1994–95

1995–96
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1,269
1,269
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1995–96

1996–97
Reggie Miller*000IND
229
1,461
1,461
1996–97

1997–98
Wesley Person000CLE
192
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
1997–98

1998–99
Dee Brown000TOR
135
1,702
1,702
1998–99

1999–00
Gary Payton*000SEA
177
1,867
1,867
1999–00

2000–01
Antoine Walker000BOS
221
2,037
2,037
2000–01

2001–02
Allen, RayRay Allen†000MIL
229
2,217
2,217
2001–02

2002–03
201
2,330
2,330
2002–03

2003–04
Peja Stojaković000SAC
240
2,464
2,464
2003–04

2004–05

Quentin Richardson†0PHO
Kyle Korver^00PHI

226
2,560
2,560
2004–05

2005–06
Allen, RayRay Allen†000SEA
269
Allen, RayRay Allen†
000SEA 2005–07
000BOS 2007–12
000MIA 2012–14
1,755
Allen, RayRay Allen†000SEA
269
2005–06

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas00WAS
Raja Bell†00PHO

205
1,920
2006–07

2007–08
Jason Richardson†000CHA
243
2,100
2007–08

2008–09
Rashard Lewis†000ORL
220
2,299
2008–09

2009–10
Aaron Brooks^000HOU
209
2,444
2009–10

2010–11
Dorell Wright†000GSW
194
2,612
Allen, RayRay Allen†
000BOS 2010–12
000MIA 2012–14
2,612
2010–11

2011–12
Ryan Anderson^000ORL
166
2,718
2,718
2011–12

2012–13
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2,857
2,857
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2012–13

2013–14
261
2,973
2,973
2013–14

2014–15
286
Jason Terry^
000HOU 2014–16
000MIL 2016–17
2,076
286
2014–15

2015–16
402
2,169
402
2015–16

2016–17
324
2,242
2016–17

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
3P
Active Player Leader
3P
Career Record
3P
Single Season Record
3P
Season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3-point field goals until the 1979–80 season
Jump up ^ "NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals". Basketball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).
Jump up ^ "2018 Hall of Fame Candidates". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBA Win Shares". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.

tag: ol


document_title: Power (social and political)

question_text: who is associated with study of power in politics

question_tokens: who is associated with study of power in politics

text: Power (social and political)

text: Theories[edit]

text: Five bases[edit]

text: Social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven, in a now-classic study (1959),[4] developed a schema of sources of power by which to analyse how power plays work (or fail to work) in a specific relationship.

text: According to French and Raven, power must be distinguished from influence in the following way: power is that state of affairs which holds in a given relationship, A-B, such that a given influence attempt by A over B makes A's desired change in B more likely. Conceived this way, power is fundamentally relative – it depends on the specific understandings A and B each apply to their relationship, and, interestingly, requires B's recognition of a quality in A which would motivate B to change in the way A intends. A must draw on the 'base' or combination of bases of power appropriate to the relationship, to effect the desired outcome. Drawing on the wrong power base can have unintended effects, including a reduction in A's own power.

text: French and Raven argue that there are five significant categories of such qualities, while not excluding other minor categories. Further bases have since been adduced – in particular by Gareth Morgan in his 1986 book, Images of Organization.[5]

text: Legitimate power[edit]

text: Also called "positional power," it is the power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate power is formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power such as a uniform, a title, or an imposing physical office.

text: Referent power[edit]

text: Referent power is the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build loyalty. It is based on the charisma and interpersonal skills of the power holder. A person may be admired because of specific personal trait, and this admiration creates the opportunity for interpersonal influence. Here the person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities, and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower. Nationalism and patriotism count towards an intangible sort of referent power. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second least obvious power, but the most effective. Advertisers have long used the referent power of sports figures for products endorsements, for example. The charismatic appeal of the sports star supposedly leads to an acceptance of the endorsement, although the individual may have little real credibility outside the sports arena.[6] Abuse is possible when someone that is likable, yet lacks integrity and honesty, rises to power, placing them in a situation to gain personal advantage at the cost of the group's position. Referent power is unstable alone, and is not enough for a leader who wants longevity and respect. When combined with other sources of power, however, it can help a person achieve great success.

text: Expert power[edit]

text: Expert power is an individual's power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified. When they have knowledge and skills that enable them to understand a situation, suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and generally out perform others, then people tend to listen to them. When individuals demonstrate expertise, people tend to trust them and respect what they say. As subject matter experts, their ideas will have more value, and others will look to them for leadership in that area.

text: Reward power[edit]

text: Reward power depends on the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards, it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious but also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or be reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'. If others expect to be rewarded for doing what someone wants, there's a high probability that they'll do it. The problem with this basis of power is that the rewarder may not have as much control over rewards as may be required. Supervisors rarely have complete control over salary increases, and managers often can't control promotions all by themselves. And even a CEO needs permission from the board of directors for some actions. So when somebody uses up available rewards, or the rewards don't have enough perceived value to others, their power weakens. (One of the frustrations of using rewards is that they often need to be bigger each time if they're to have the same motivational impact. Even then, if rewards are given frequently, people can become satiated by the reward, such that it loses its effectiveness).

text: Coercive power[edit]

text: Coercive power is the application of negative influences. It includes the ability to demote or to withhold other rewards. The desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld that ensures the obedience of those under power. Coercive power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment and resistance from the people who experience it. Threats and punishment are common tools of coercion. Implying or threatening that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments – these are examples of using coercive power. Extensive use of coercive power is rarely appropriate in an organizational setting, and relying on these forms of power alone will result in a very cold, impoverished style of leadership.

text: Principles in interpersonal relationships[edit]

text: According to Guerrero, Laura K., and Peter A. Andersen in "Close encounters: Communication in Relationships":[7]

text:
Power as a Perception: Power is a perception in a sense that some people can have objective power, but still have trouble influencing others. People who use power cues and act powerfully and proactively tend to be perceived as powerful by others. Some people become influential even though they don't overtly use powerful behavior.
Power as a Relational Concept: Power exists in relationships. The issue here is often how much relative power a person has in comparison to one's partner. Partners in close and satisfying relationships often influence each other at different times in various arenas.
Power as Resource Based: Power usually represents a struggle over resources. The more scarce and valued resources are, the more intense and protracted are power struggles. The scarcity hypothesis indicates that people have the most power when the resources they possess are hard to come by or are in high demand. However, scarce resource leads to power only if it's valued within a relationship.
The Principle of Least Interest and Dependence Power: The person with less to lose has greater power in the relationship. Dependence power indicates that those who are dependent on their relationship or partner are less powerful, especially if they know their partner is uncommitted and might leave them. According to interdependence theory, quality of alternatives refers to the types of relationships and opportunities people could have if they were not in their current relationship. The principle of least interest suggests that if a difference exists in the intensity of positive feelings between partners, the partner who feels the most positive is at a power disadvantage. There's an inverse relationship between interest in relationship and the degree of relational power.
Power as Enabling or Disabling: Power can be enabling or disabling. Research has been shown that people are more likely to have an enduring influence on others when they engage in dominant behavior that reflects social skill rather than intimidation. Personal power is protective against pressure and excessive influence by others and/or situational stress. People who communicate through self-confidence and expressive, composed behavior tend to be successful in achieving their goals and maintaining good relationships. Power can be disabling when it leads to destructive patterns of communication. This can lead to the chilling effect where the less powerful person often hesitates to communicate dissatisfaction, and the demand withdrawal pattern which is when one person makes demands and the other becomes defensive and withdraws(mawasha, 2006).Both effects have negative consequences for relational satisfaction.
Power as a Prerogative: The prerogative principle states that the partner with more power can make and break the rules. Powerful people can violate norms, break relational rules, and manage interactions without as much penalty as powerless people. These actions may reinforce the powerful person's dependence power. In addition, the more powerful person has the prerogative to manage both verbal and nonverbal interactions. They can initiate conversations, change topics, interrupt others, initiate touch, and end discussions more easily than less powerful people. (See expressions of dominance.)

text: Rational choice framework[edit]

text: Game theory, with its foundations in the Walrasian theory of rational choice, is increasingly used in various disciplines to help analyze power relationships. One rational choice definition of power is given by Keith Dowding in his book Power.

text: In rational choice theory, human individuals or groups can be modelled as 'actors' who choose from a 'choice set' of possible actions in order to try to achieve desired outcomes. An actor's 'incentive structure' comprises (its beliefs about) the costs associated with different actions in the choice set, and the likelihoods that different actions will lead to desired outcomes.

text: In this setting we can differentiate between:

text:
outcome power – the ability of an actor to bring about or help bring about outcomes;
social power – the ability of an actor to change the incentive structures of other actors in order to bring about outcomes.

text: This framework can be used to model a wide range of social interactions where actors have the ability to exert power over others. For example, a 'powerful' actor can take options away from another's choice set; can change the relative costs of actions; can change the likelihood that a given action will lead to a given outcome; or might simply change the other's beliefs about its incentive structure.

text: As with other models of power, this framework is neutral as to the use of 'coercion'. For example: a threat of violence can change the likely costs and benefits of different actions; so can a financial penalty in a 'voluntarily agreed' contract, or indeed a friendly offer.

text: Cultural hegemony[edit]

text: In the Marxist tradition, the Italian writer Antonio Gramsci elaborated the role of ideology in creating a cultural hegemony, which becomes a means of bolstering the power of capitalism and of the nation-state. Drawing on Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince, and trying to understand why there had been no Communist revolution in Western Europe, while it was claimed there had been one in Russia, Gramsci conceptualised this hegemony as a centaur, consisting of two halves. The back end, the beast, represented the more classic, material image of power, power through coercion, through brute force, be it physical or economic. But the capitalist hegemony, he argued, depended even more strongly on the front end, the human face, which projected power through 'consent'. In Russia, this power was lacking, allowing for a revolution. However, in Western Europe, specifically in Italy, capitalism had succeeded in exercising consensual power, convincing the working classes that their interests were the same as those of capitalists. In this way revolution had been avoided.

text: While Gramsci stresses the significance of ideology in power structures, Marxist-feminist writers such as Michele Barrett stress the role of ideologies in extolling the virtues of family life. The classic argument to illustrate this point of view is the use of women as a 'reserve army of labour'. In wartime it is accepted that women perform masculine tasks, while after the war the roles are easily reversed. Therefore, according to Barrett, the destruction of capitalist economic relations is necessary but not sufficient for the liberation of women.[8]

text: Tarnow[edit]

text: Tarnow[9] considers what power hijackers have over air plane passengers and draws similarities with power in the military. He shows that power over an individual can be amplified by the presence of a group. If the group conforms to the leader's commands, the leader's power over an individual is greatly enhanced while if the group does not conform the leader's power over an individual is nil.

text: Foucault[edit]

text: For Michel Foucault real power will always rely on the ignorance of its agents; with the discovery and emergence of Biopower, and Biopolitics a biological and political technology of its population, highlights this fact. No single human, group nor single actor runs the dispositif (machine or apparatus) but power is dispersed through the apparatus as efficiently and silently as possible, ensuring its agents do whatever is necessary. It is because of this action that power is unlikely to be detected, so remains elusive to 'rational' investigation according to Foucault. Foucault quotes a text reputedly written by political economist Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon, entitled Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France (1778), but however, turns out to be written by his secretary Jean-Baptise Moheau (1745–1794) and by emphasizing Biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who constantly refers to Milieus as a plural adjective and sees into the milieu as an expression as nothing more than water air and light confirming the genus within the milieu, in this case the human species, relates to a function of the population and its social and political interaction in which both form an artificial and natural milieu. This milieu(both artificial and natural) appears as a target of intervention for power according to Foucault which is radically different from the previous notions on sovereignty, territory and disciplinary space inter woven into from a social and political relations which function as a species (biological species).[10]

text: Clegg[edit]

text: Stewart Clegg proposes another three-dimensional model with his "circuits of power"[11] theory. This model likens the production and organizing of power to an electric circuit board consisting of three distinct interacting circuits: episodic, dispositional, and facilitative. These circuits operate at three levels, two are macro and one is micro. The episodic circuit is the micro level and is constituted of irregular exercise of power as agents address feelings, communication, conflict, and resistance in day-to-day interrelations. The outcomes of the episodic circuit are both positive and negative. The dispositional circuit is constituted of macro level rules of practice and socially constructed meanings that inform member relations and legitimate authority. The facilitative circuit is constituted of macro level technology, environmental contingencies, job design, and networks, which empower or disempower and thus punish or reward, agency in the episodic circuit. All three independent circuits interact at "obligatory passage points" which are channels for empowerment or disempowerment.

text: Galbraith[edit]

text: JK Galbraith summarizes the types of power as being "condign" (based on force), "compensatory" (through the use of various resources) or "conditioned" (the result of persuasion), and their sources as "personality" (individuals), "property" (their material resources) and "organizational" (whoever sits at the top of an organisational power structure).[12]

text: Gene Sharp[edit]

text: Gene Sharp, an American professor of political science, believes that power depends ultimately on its bases. Thus a political regime maintains power because people accept and obey its dictates, laws and policies. Sharp cites the insight of Étienne de La Boétie.

text: Sharp's key theme is that power is not monolithic; that is, it does not derive from some intrinsic quality of those who are in power. For Sharp, political power, the power of any state – regardless of its particular structural organization – ultimately derives from the subjects of the state. His fundamental belief is that any power structure relies upon the subjects' obedience to the orders of the ruler(s). If subjects do not obey, leaders have no power.[13]

text: His work is thought to have been influential in the overthrow of Slobodan Milosevic, in the 2011 Arab Spring, and other nonviolent revolutions.[14]

text: Björn Kraus[edit]

text: Björn Kraus deals with the epistemological perspective upon power regarding the question about possibilities of interpersonal influence by developing a special form of constructivism (named relational constructivism).[15] Instead of focussing on the valuation and distribution of power, he asks first and foremost what the term can describe at all.[16] Coming from Max Weber's definition of power,[17] he realizes that the term of power has to be split into "instructive power" and "destructive power".[18]:105[19]:126 More precisely, instructive power means the chance to determine the actions and thoughts of another person, whereas destructive power means the chance to diminish the opportunities of another person.[16] How significant this distinction really is, becomes evident by looking at the possibilities of rejecting power attempts: Rejecting instructive power is possible – rejecting destructive power is not. By using this distinction, proportions of power can be analyzed in a more sophisticated way, helping to sufficiently reflect on matters of responsibility.[19]:139 f. This perspective permits to get over an "either-or-position" (either there is power, or there isn't), which is common especially in epistemological discourses about power theories,[20][21][22] and to introduce the possibility of an "as well as-position".[19]:120

text: Unmarked categories[edit]

text: The idea of unmarked categories originated in feminism. The theory analyzes the culture of the powerful. The powerful comprise those people in society with easy access to resources, those who can exercise power without considering their actions. For the powerful, their culture seems obvious; for the powerless, on the other hand, it remains out of reach, élite and expensive.

text: The unmarked category can form the identifying mark of the powerful. The unmarked category becomes the standard against which to measure everything else. For most Western readers, it is posited that if a protagonist's race is not indicated, it will be assumed by the reader that the protagonist is Caucasian; if a sexual identity is not indicated, it will be assumed by the reader that the protagonist is heterosexual; if the gender of a body is not indicated, will be assumed by the reader that it is male; if a disability is not indicated, it will be assumed by the reader that the protagonist is able bodied, just as a set of examples.

text: One can often overlook unmarked categories. Whiteness forms an unmarked category not commonly visible to the powerful, as they often fall within this category. The unmarked category becomes the norm, with the other categories relegated to deviant status. Social groups can apply this view of power to race, gender, and disability without modification: the able body is the neutral body.

text: Counterpower[edit]

text: The term 'counter-power' (sometimes written 'counterpower') is used in a range of situations to describe the countervailing force that can be utilised by the oppressed to counterbalance or erode the power of elites. A general definition has been provided by the anthropologist David Graeber as 'a collection of social institutions set in opposition to the state and capital: from self-governing communities to radical labor unions to popular militias'.[23] Graeber also notes that counter-power can also be referred to as 'anti-power' and 'when institutions [of counter-power] maintain themselves in the face of the state, this is usually referred to as a 'dual power' situation'.[23] Tim Gee, in his 2011 book Counterpower: Making Change Happen,[24] put forward a theory that those disempowered by governments' and elite groups' power can use counterpower to counter this.[25] In Gee's model, counterpower is split into three categories: idea counterpower, economic counterpower, and physical counterpower.[24]

text: Although the term has come to prominence through its use by participants in the global justice/anti-globalization movement of the 1990s onwards,[26] the word has been used for at least 60 years; for instance Martin Buber's 1949 book 'Paths in Utopia' includes the line 'Power abdicates only under the stress of counter-power'.[27][28]:13

text: Other theories[edit]

text:
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) defined power as a man's "present means, to obtain some future apparent good" (Leviathan, Ch. 10).
The thought of Friedrich Nietzsche underlies much 20th century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the "will to power," which he saw as the domination of other humans as much as the exercise of control over one's environment.
Some schools of psychology, notably that associated with Alfred Adler, place power dynamics at the core of their theory (where orthodox Freudians might place sexuality).

text: Psychological research[edit]

text: Recent experimental psychology suggests that the more power one has, the less one takes on the perspective of others, implying that the powerful have less empathy. Adam Galinsky, along with several coauthors, found that when those who are reminded of their powerlessness are instructed to draw Es on their forehead, they are 3 times more likely to draw them such that they are legible to others than those who are reminded of their power.[29][30] Powerful people are also more likely to take action. In one example, powerful people turned off an irritatingly close fan twice as much as less powerful people. Researchers have documented the bystander effect: they found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a "stranger in distress".[31]

text: A study involving over 50 college students suggested that those primed to feel powerful through stating 'power words' were less susceptible to external pressure, more willing to give honest feedback, and more creative.[32]

text: Empathy gap[edit]

text: "Power is defined as a possibility to influence others."[33]:1137

text: The use of power has evolved from centuries.[citation needed] Gaining prestige, honor and reputation is one of the central motives for gaining power in human nature.[citation needed] Power also relates with empathy gaps because it limits the interpersonal relationship and compares the power differences. Having power or not having power can cause a number of psychological consequences. It leads to strategic versus social responsibilities.[citation needed] Research experiments were done[by whom?] as early as 1968 to explore power conflict.[33]

text: Past research[edit]

text: Earlier[when?], research proposed that increased power relates to increased rewards and leads one to approach things more frequently.[citation needed] In contrast, decreased power relates to more constraint, threat and punishment which leads to inhibitions. It was concluded[by whom?] that being powerful leads one to successful outcomes, to develop negotiation strategies and to make more self-serving offers.[citation needed]

text: Later[when?], research proposed that differences in power lead to strategic considerations. Being strategic can also mean to defend when one is opposed or to hurt the decision-maker. It was concluded[by whom?] that facing one with more power leads to strategic consideration whereas facing one with less power leads to a social responsibility.[33]

text: Bargaining games[edit]

text: Bargaining games were explored[by whom?] in 2003 and 2004. These studies compared behavior done in different power given[clarification needed] situations.[33]

text: In an ultimatum game, the person in given power offers an ultimatum and the recipient would have to accept that offer or else both the proposer and the recipient will receive no reward.[33]

text: In a dictator game, the person in given power offers a proposal and the recipient would have to accept that offer. The recipient has no choice of rejecting the offer.[33]

text: Conclusion[edit]

text: The dictator game gives no power to the recipient whereas the ultimatum game gives some power to the recipient. The behavior observed was that the person offering the proposal would act less strategically than would the one offering in the ultimatum game. Self-serving also occurred and a lot of pro-social behavior was observed.[33]

text: When the counterpart recipient is completely powerless, lack of strategy, social responsibility and moral consideration is often observed from the behavior of the proposal given (the one with the power).[33]

text: Abusive power and control[edit]

text: Abusive power and control (or controlling behaviour or coercive control) is the way that abusers gain and maintain power and control over a victim for an abusive purpose such as psychological, physical, sexual, or financial abuse. The abuse can be for various reasons such as personal gain, personal gratification, psychological projection, devaluation, envy or just for the sake of it as the abuser may simply enjoy exercising power and control.

text: Controlling abusers may use multiple tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The tactics themselves are psychologically and sometimes physically abusive. Control may be helped through economic abuse thus limiting the victim's actions as they may then lack the necessary resources to resist the abuse.[34] The goal of the abuser is to control and intimidate the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.[35]

text: Manipulators and abusers control their victims with a range of tactics, including positive reinforcement (such as praise, flattery, ingratiation, love bombing, smiling, gifts, attention), negative reinforcement, intermittent or partial reinforcement, psychological punishment (such as nagging, silent treatment, swearing, threats, intimidation, emotional blackmail, guilt trips, inattention) and traumatic tactics (such as verbal abuse or explosive anger).[36]

text: The vulnerabilities of the victim are exploited with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.[36][37][38] Traumatic bonding can occur between the abuser and victim as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change and a climate of fear.[39] An attempt may be made to normalise, legitimise, rationalise, deny, or minimise the abusive behaviour, or blame the victim for it.[40][41][42]

text: Isolation, gaslighting, mind games and divide and rule are other strategies that are often used. The victim may be plied with alcohol or drugs to help disorientate them.

text: Certain personality types feel particularly compelled to control other people.

text: Tactics[edit]

text: In everyday situations people use a variety of power tactics to push or prompt people into particular action. There are plenty of examples of power tactics that are quite common and employed every day. Some of these tactics include bullying, collaboration, complaining, criticizing, demanding, disengaging, evading, humor, inspiring, manipulating, negotiating, socializing, and supplicating. These power tactics can be classified along three different dimensions:[43][44]

text:
Soft and hard: Soft tactics take advantage of the relationship between person and the target. They are more indirect and interpersonal (e.g., collaboration, socializing). Conversely, hard tactics are harsh, forceful, direct, and rely on concrete outcomes. However, they are not more powerful than soft tactics. In many circumstances, fear of social exclusion can be a much stronger motivator than some kind of physical punishment.
Rational and nonrational: Rational tactics of influence make use of reasoning, logic, and sound judgment, whereas nonrational tactics rely on emotionality and misinformation. Examples of each include bargaining and persuasion, and evasion and put downs, respectively.
Unilateral and bilateral: Bilateral tactics, such as collaboration and negotiation, involve reciprocity on the part of both the person influencing and their target. Unilateral tactics, on the other hand, are enacted without any participation on the part of the target. These tactics include disengagement and fait accompli.

text: People tend to vary in their use of power tactics, with different types of people opting for different tactics. For instance, interpersonally oriented people tend to use soft and rational tactics.[43] Machiavellians, however, tend to use nonrational tactics. Moreover, extroverts use a greater variety of power tactics than do introverts.[45] People will also choose different tactics based on the group situation, and based on whom they are trying to influence. People also tend to shift from soft to hard tactics when they face resistance.[46][47]

text: Balance of power[edit]

text: Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak of the balance of power between parties to a relationship: all parties to all relationships have some power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of constraint rather than of power. Thus 'power' has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of 'power', and its meaning would be lost. Given that power is not innate and can be granted to others, to acquire power you must possess or control a form of power currency.[48]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Power changes those in the position of power and those who are targets of that power.[49]

text: Approach/inhibition theory[edit]

text: Developed by D. Keltner and colleagues,[50] approach/inhibition theory assumes that having power and using power alters psychological states of individuals. The theory is based on the notion that most organisms react to environmental events in two common ways. The reaction of approach is associated with action, self-promotion, seeking rewards, increased energy and movement. Inhibition, on the contrary, is associated with self-protection, avoiding threats or danger, vigilance, loss of motivation and an overall reduction in activity.

text: Overall, approach/inhibition theory holds that power promotes approach tendencies, while reduction in power promotes inhibition tendencies.

text: Positive[edit]

text:
Power prompts people to take action
Makes individuals more responsive to changes within a group and its environment[51]
Powerful people are more proactive, more likely to speak up, make the first move, and lead negotiation[52]
Powerful people are more focused on the goals appropriate in a given situation and tend to plan more task-related activities in a work setting[53]
Powerful people tend to experience more positive emotions, such as happiness and satisfaction, and they smile more than low-power individuals[54]
Power is associated with optimism about the future because more powerful individuals focus their attention on more positive aspects of the environment[55]
People with more power tend to carry out executive cognitive functions more rapidly and successfully, including internal control mechanisms that coordinate attention, decision-making, planning, and goal-selection[56]

text: Negative[edit]

text:
Powerful people are prone to take risky, inappropriate, or unethical decisions and often overstep their boundaries[57][58]
They tend to generate negative emotional reactions in their subordinates, particularly when there is a conflict in the group[59]
When individuals gain power, their self-evaluation become more positive, while their evaluations of others become more negative[60]
Power tends to weaken one’s social attentiveness, which leads to difficulty understanding other people’s point of view[61]
Powerful people also spend less time collecting and processing information about their subordinates and often perceive them in a stereotypical fashion[62]
People with power tend to use more coercive tactics, increase social distance between themselves and subordinates, believe that non-powerful individuals are untrustworthy, and devalue work and ability of less powerful individuals[63]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Tactics[edit]

text: A number of studies demonstrate that harsh power tactics (e.g. punishment (both personal and impersonal), rule-based sanctions, and non-personal rewards) are less effective than soft tactics (expert power, referent power, and personal rewards).[64][65] It is probably because harsh tactics generate hostility, depression, fear, and anger, while soft tactics are often reciprocated with cooperation.[66] Coercive and reward power can also lead group members to lose interest in their work, while instilling a feeling of autonomy in one’s subordinates can sustain their interest in work and maintain high productivity even in the absence of monitoring.[67]

text: Coercive influence creates conflict that can disrupt entire group functioning. When disobedient group members are severely reprimanded, the rest of the group may become more disruptive and uninterested in their work, leading to negative and inappropriate activities spreading from one troubled member to the rest of the group. This effect is called Disruptive contagion or ripple effect and it is strongly manifested when reprimanded member has a high status within a group, and authority’s requests are vague and ambiguous.[68]

text: Resistance to coercive influence[edit]

text: Coercive influence can be tolerated when the group is successful,[69] the leader is trusted, and the use of coercive tactics is justified by group norms.[70] Furthermore, coercive methods are more effective when applied frequently and consistently to punish prohibited actions.[71]

text: However, in some cases, group members chose to resist the authority’s influence. When low-power group members have a feeling of shared identity, they are more likely to form a Revolutionary Coalition, a subgroup formed within a larger group that seeks to disrupt and oppose the group’s authority structure.[72] Group members are more likely to form a revolutionary coalition and resist an authority when authority lacks referent power, uses coercive methods, and asks group members to carry out unpleasant assignments. It is because these conditions create reactance, a complex emotional and cognitive reaction that occurs when individuals feel that their freedom to make choices has been threatened or eliminated. When reactance occurs, individuals strive to reassert their sense of freedom by affirming their authority.

text: Kelman's compliance-identification-internalization theory of conversion[edit]

text: Herbert Kelman[73][74] identified three basic, step-like reactions that people display in response to coercive influence: compliance, identification, and internalization. This theory explains how groups convert hesitant recruits into zealous followers over time.

text: At the stage of compliance, group members comply with authority’s demands, but personally do not agree with them. If authority does not monitor the members, they will probably not obey.

text: Identification occurs when the target of the influence admires and therefore imitates the authority, mimics authority’s actions, values, characteristics, and takes on behaviours of the person with power. If prolonged and continuous, identification can lead to the final stage – internalization.

text: When internalization occurs, individual adopts the induced behaviour because it is congruent with his/her value system. At this stage, group members no longer carry out authority orders but perform actions that are congruent with their personal beliefs and opinions. Extreme obedience often requires internalization.

text: Power literacy[edit]

text: Power literacy refers to how one perceives power, how it is formed and accumulates, and the structures that support it and who is in control of it. In society, power literacy helps the institutional conditioning of power holders by discouraging arbitrary rule and the degradation of social fabrics due to negligence of basic fundamental rights.[75] Critical press[75] as well as education[76][77] can be helpful for heightening power literacy. In a 2014 TED talk Eric Liu notes that "we don't like to talk about power" as "we find it scary" and "somehow evil" with it having a "negative moral valence" and states that the pervasiveness of power illiteracy causes a concentration of knowledge, understanding and clout.[78] Joe L. Kincheloe describes a "cyber-literacy of power" that is concerned with the forces that shape knowledge production and the construction and transmission of meaning, being more about engaging knowledge than "mastering" information, and a "cyber-power literacy" that is focused on transformative knowledge production and new modes of accountability.[79]

text: Quotations[edit]

text: 'The love of power is the love of ourselves.' -William Hazlitt [80]

text: 'Power tends to confuse itself with virtue.. and a great nation is susceptible to the idea that its power is a sign of God's favor.' [81]

text: 'The Bush (the younger) administration.. claims possession of an ultimate truth, that because we are stronger, we must know better and must have right on our side.' [82]