document_title: Cleansing of the Temple

question_text: who overthrew the moneychangers' tables in the temple

question_tokens: who overthrew the moneychangers ' tables in the temple

text: Cleansing of the Temple

text: Description[edit]

text: Jesus is stated to have visited the Temple in Jerusalem, where the courtyard is described as being filled with livestock, merchants, and the tables of the money changers, who changed the standard Greek and Roman money for Jewish and Tyrian money.[1] Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover, perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims.[5][6]

text: And making a whip of cords, he drove them all out of the temple, with the sheep and oxen. And he poured out the coins of the money-changers and overturned their tables. And he told those who sold the pigeons, "Take these things away; do not make my Father's house a house of trade."[Jn 2:13–16]

text: "And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, And said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves."

text: In Mark 12:40 and Luke 20:47 Jesus accused the Temple authorities of thieving and this time he names poor widows as their victims, going on to provide evidence of this in Mark 12:42 and Luke 21:2. Dove sellers were selling doves that were sacrificed by the poor who could not afford grander sacrifices and specifically by women. According to Mark 11:16, Jesus then put an embargo on people carrying any merchandise through the Temple—a sanction that would have disrupted all commerce.[4][7] This occurred in the outermost court of the gentiles.

text: Matthew 21:14–16 says the Temple leaders questioned Jesus if he was aware the children were shouting "Hosanna to the Son of David." Jesus responded by saying "from the lips of children and infants you have ordained praise." This phrase incorporates a phrase from the Psalm 8:2, "from the lips of children and infants," believed by followers to be an admission of divinity by Jesus, thus confirming his divinity via prooftexting the Old Testament.[4][7]

text: Chronology[edit]

text: Claims about the Temple cleansing episode in the Gospel of John can be combined with non-biblical historical sources to obtain an estimate of when it occurred. John 2:13 states that Jesus went to the Temple in Jerusalem around the start of his ministry and John 2:20 states that Jesus was told:[8][9]

text: In the Antiquities of the Jews, first-century historian Flavius Josephus wrote that (Ant 15.380) the temple reconstruction was started by Herod the Great in the 18th year of his reign 22 BC, two years before Augustus arrived in Syria in 20 BC to return the son of Phraates IV and receive in return the spoils and standards of three Roman legions (Ant 15.354).[9][10][11][12] Temple expansion and reconstruction was ongoing, and it was in constant reconstruction until it was destroyed in 70 AD by the Romans.[13] Given that it had taken 46 years of construction to that point, the Temple visit in the Gospel of John has been estimated at any time between 24–29 AD. It is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 AD.[8][9][14][15][16]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: David Landry suggests that "the importance of the episode is signaled by the fact that within a week of this incident, Jesus is dead. Matthew, Mark, and Luke agree that this is the event that functioned as the "trigger" for Jesus' death."[17] While most artistic renderings have a more dramatic depiction of Jesus thrashing the merchants, Nathan W. O'Halloran's reading of the Greek word pantas indicates that Jesus took some ropes he found lying around "to drive out the sheep and oxen, like any shepherd or cattle herder would do", followed, no doubt, by their owners.[18] He also notes that the Synoptics do not make mention of a whip; and that Mark uses the word "drove", as it was used elsewhere for the spirit "driving" Jesus into the desert, or Jesus himself "driving" out demons.

text: O'Halloran identifies the actions of Jesus with "a calculated prophetic action evocative of the temple condemnation in Jeremiah 7:1-15".[18] The Gospel of Mark uses the phrase, "Then he taught them..." as Jesus references the prophet Jeremiah. The full quotation from Jeremiah reads:

text: Are you to steal and murder, commit adultery and perjury, burn incense to Baal, go after strange gods that you know not, and yet come to stand before me in this house which bears my name, and say: "We are safe; we can commit all these abominations again"? Has this house which bears my name become in your eyes a den of thieves? I too see what is being done, says the Lord. (Jeremiah 7:9-11)

text: According to later sources[edit]

text: Toledot Yeshu[edit]

text: As with other parts of Jesus's story, there are a number of later embellishments to the narrative of the incident that are generally regarded as legendary or polemical by scholars. The Toledot Yeshu, a parody gospel probably first written down about 1,000 years later but possibly dependent on second-century Jewish-Christian gospel[19] if not oral traditions that might go back all the way to the formation of the canonical narratives themselves,[20] claims that Yeshu had entered the Temple with 310 of his followers. That Christ's followers had indeed entered the Temple, and in fact the Holy of Holies,[21] is also claimed by Epiphanius, who claims that James wore the breastplate of the high priest and the high priestly diadem on his head and actually entered the Holy of Holies,[22] and that John the Beloved had become a sacrificing priest who wore the mitre,[23] which was the headdress of the high priest.

text: Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea[edit]

text: According to the apocryphal Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea, Demas, one of the two robbers who were crucified with Christ,[24] stole the 'secret deposit' of Solomon from the Holy of Holies, an act which Judas blamed on Christ:

text: He [Demas] made attacks upon the rich, but was good to the poor…And he set his hand to robbing the multitude of the Jews, and stole the law itself in Jerusalem, … And to Caiaphas and the multitude of the Jews it was not a Passover, but it was a great mourning to them, on account of the plundering of the sanctuary by the robber … Judas says to the Jews: Come, let us hold a council; for perhaps it was not the robber that stole the law, but Jesus himself, and I accuse him.[25]

text: Yeshu was likewise accused of robbing the shem hamphorash, the 'secret name of god' from the Holy of Holies, in the Toledot Yeshu.[26]

text: In art[edit]

text: The cleansing of the Temple is a commonly depicted event in the Life of Christ, under various titles.

text: El Greco painted several versions:

text:
Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (El Greco, London)
Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (El Greco, Madrid)
Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (El Greco, Minneapolis)
Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (El Greco, New York)
Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (El Greco, Washington)

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Cleansing of the Temple. Unknown artist

Casting out the money changers by Giotto

Christ driving the money changers from the temple by Jan Sanders van Hemessen

Christ Expelling the Money-Changers from the Temple by Nicolas Colombel

Christ Cleansing the Temple by Bernardino Mei

Expulsion of the merchants from the temple by A.N. Mironov


document_title: NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award

question_text: who won the mvp at the all-star game

question_tokens: who won the mvp at the all-star game

root

text: Winners[edit]

text:
^

Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*

Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Player (X)

Denotes the number of times the player has been awarded the MVP award

Team (X)

Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won

tag: table

text:
Season

Player

Position

Nationality

Team

1951

Ed Macauley*

Center/Forward

 United States

Boston Celtics

1952

Paul Arizin*

Forward/Guard

 United States

Philadelphia Warriors

1953

George Mikan*

Center

 United States

Minneapolis Lakers

1954

Bob Cousy*

Guard

 United States

Boston Celtics (2)

1955

Bill Sharman*

Guard

 United States

Boston Celtics (3)

1956

Bob Pettit*

Forward/Center

 United States

St. Louis Hawks

1957

Bob Cousy* (2)

Guard

 United States

Boston Celtics (4)

1958

Bob Pettit* (2)

Forward/Center

 United States

St. Louis Hawks (2)

1959[b]

Elgin Baylor*

Forward

 United States

Minneapolis Lakers (2)

Bob Pettit* (3)

Forward/Center

 United States

St. Louis Hawks (3)

1960

Wilt Chamberlain*

Center

 United States

Philadelphia Warriors (2)

1961

Oscar Robertson*

Guard

 United States

Cincinnati Royals

1962

Bob Pettit* (4)

Forward/Center

 United States

St. Louis Hawks (4)

1963

Bill Russell*

Center

 United States

Boston Celtics (5)

1964

Oscar Robertson* (2)

Guard

 United States

Cincinnati Royals (2)

1965

Jerry Lucas*

Forward/Center

 United States

Cincinnati Royals (3)

1966

Adrian Smith

Guard

 United States

Cincinnati Royals (4)

1967

Rick Barry*

Forward

 United States

San Francisco Warriors (3)

1968

Hal Greer*

Guard/Forward

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

1969

Oscar Robertson* (3)

Guard

 United States

Cincinnati Royals (5)

1970

Willis Reed*

Center/Forward

 United States

New York Knicks

1971

Lenny Wilkens*

Guard

 United States

Seattle SuperSonics

1972

Jerry West*

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (3)

1973

Dave Cowens*

Center/Forward

 United States

Boston Celtics (6)

1974

Bob Lanier*

Center

 United States

Detroit Pistons

1975

Walt Frazier*

Guard

 United States

New York Knicks (2)

1976

Dave Bing*

Guard

 United States

Washington Bullets

1977

Julius Erving*

Forward

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers (2)

1978

Randy Smith

Guard/Forward

 United States

Buffalo Braves

1979

David Thompson*

Guard/Forward

 United States

Denver Nuggets

1980

George Gervin*

Guard/Forward

 United States

San Antonio Spurs

1981

Nate Archibald*

Guard

 United States

Boston Celtics (7)

1982

Larry Bird*

Forward

 United States

Boston Celtics (8)

1983

Julius Erving* (2)

Forward

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers (3)

1984

Isiah Thomas*

Guard

 United States

Detroit Pistons (2)

1985

Ralph Sampson*

Center/Forward

 United States

Houston Rockets

1986

Isiah Thomas* (2)

Guard

 United States

Detroit Pistons (3)

1987

Tom Chambers

Forward/Center

 United States

Seattle SuperSonics (2)

1988

Michael Jordan*

Guard

 United States

Chicago Bulls

1989

Karl Malone*

Forward

 United States

Utah Jazz

1990

Magic Johnson*

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (4)

1991

Charles Barkley*

Forward

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers (4)

1992

Magic Johnson* (2)

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (5)

1993[b]

John Stockton*

Guard

 United States

Utah Jazz (2)

Karl Malone* (2)

Forward

 United States

Utah Jazz (3)

1994

Scottie Pippen*

Forward

 United States

Chicago Bulls (2)

1995

Mitch Richmond*

Guard

 United States

Sacramento Kings (6)

1996

Michael Jordan* (2)

Guard

 United States

Chicago Bulls (3)

1997

Glen Rice

Forward

 United States

Charlotte Hornets

1998

Michael Jordan* (3)

Guard

 United States

Chicago Bulls (4)

1999

Not awarded as the game was canceled due to the league's lockout.[3]

2000[b]

Shaquille O'Neal*

Center

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (6)

Tim Duncan

Forward/Center

 United States[c]

San Antonio Spurs (2)

2001

Allen Iverson*

Guard

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers (5)

2002

Kobe Bryant

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (7)

2003

Kevin Garnett

Forward/Center

 United States

Minnesota Timberwolves

2004

Shaquille O'Neal* (2)

Center

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (8)

2005

Allen Iverson* (2)

Guard

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers (6)

2006

LeBron James^ [d]

Forward

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers

2007

Kobe Bryant (2)

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (9)

2008

LeBron James^ (2)

Forward

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers (2)

2009[b]

Kobe Bryant (3)

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (10)

Shaquille O'Neal* (3) [e]

Center

 United States

Phoenix Suns

2010

Dwyane Wade^

Guard

 United States

Miami Heat

2011

Kobe Bryant (4)

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers (11)

2012

Kevin Durant^

Forward

 United States

Oklahoma City Thunder (3)

2013

Chris Paul^

Guard

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers (2)

2014

Kyrie Irving^

Guard

 United States[a]

Cleveland Cavaliers (3)

2015

Russell Westbrook^

Guard

 United States

Oklahoma City Thunder (4)

2016

Russell Westbrook^ (2)

Guard

 United States

Oklahoma City Thunder (5)

2017

Anthony Davis^

Forward/Center

 United States

New Orleans Pelicans

2018

LeBron James^ (3)

Forward

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers (4)

text: Multi-time winners[edit]

text:
Player
Team
No.
Years

Bob Pettit
St. Louis Hawks
4
1956, 1958, 1959, 1962

Kobe Bryant
Los Angeles Lakers
2002, 2007, 2009, 2011

Oscar Robertson
Cincinnati Royals
3
1961, 1964, 1969

Michael Jordan
Chicago Bulls
1988, 1996, 1998

Shaquille O'Neal
Los Angeles LakersPhoenix Suns
2000, 2004, 2009

LeBron James
Cleveland Cavaliers
2006, 2008, 2018

Bob Cousy
Boston Celtics
2
1954, 1957

Julius Erving
Philadelphia 76ers
1977, 1983

Isiah Thomas
Detroit Pistons
1984, 1986

Karl Malone
Utah Jazz
1989, 1993

Magic Johnson
Los Angeles Lakers
1990, 1992

Allen Iverson
Philadelphia 76ers
2001, 2005

Russell Westbrook
Oklahoma City Thunder
2015, 2016


document_title: Madea's Witness Protection

question_text: who plays madea in madea's witness protection

question_tokens: who plays madea in madea 's witness protection

text: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Plot[edit]

text: George Needleman, a nerdy, high level CFO in New York City, promises his son that he will take him to his Saturday afternoon baseball game after he gets back from the office. He gets to his office and arrives to a harrowing scene; his co-workers are shredding documents and are in a state of chaos. He sees his boss, Walter, who informs him that his company is a Ponzi scheme run by the mob. He is being accused of spearheading the scheme and laundering funds and has to enter his family into a witness protection program. The program relocates them to a refuge where no one will think to look for them: Madea and Joe's house in Georgia.

tag: p

text: Meanwhile, Jake - whose elderly, ailing father is a church pastor who has put him in charge of the church's mortgage fund - stages a robbery (which is unsuccessful). Jake, who has a criminal past but whose father trusts that he has turned over a new leaf, is trying to recover church funds that he has invested in Needleman's company without his father's knowledge or consent, only to lose the entire investment in the Ponzi scheme.

text: The Needlemans' first meeting with Madea and Joe is awkward and bodes poorly for how everyone will get along. However, over time, Madea helps Kate and Cindy relate better to each other and to other family members, while Joe and Kate help George become more confident, more in touch with his surroundings and people around him, and more effective in channeling his emotions. Barbara displays dual sensibilities about "colored people". On one hand, she mistakes Madea for a domestic named Sadie, treats "Sadie" imperiously, and threatens to get her fired. On the other hand, she recognizes Joe as a man she slept with years ago (and George's biological father), and relates to him seductively; she also enjoys Negro spirituals and repeatedly asks to be taken to the African American church down the street from Madea's house.

text: Pastor Nelson's sermon inspires George to recognize a pattern in his company's records that explains where 10% of the stolen funds have been stashed. After church, watching Whoopi Goldberg's Oda Mae Brown character in Ghost inspires George to involve Madea in a plan to redivert funds from the "stashed" accounts back to the charities whose investments were stolen in the Ponzi scheme. The plan requires George (who disguises himself as a Frenchman to avoid detection by the Malone mob "family"), Jake, and Madea (who assumes the identity of an upscale woman named Precious Jackson) to travel to New York City, and for "Precious" to meet with a bank manager to transfer funds from the laundered accounts to the legitimate charities. Madea successfully accomplishes her mission, although she improvises both an expansion of her assumed identity (by pretending to be the oldest Jackson sister) and of the accounts to which "Precious's" funds are transferred by having some money sent to her real bank account, unbeknownst to George and Jake.

text: When George and Jake begin to share their plan with Brian (Perry), he cuts them off and advises them it's illegal. However, after they pull off the caper, Brian informs George that his cooperation with the authorities and his successful efforts to return the charities' funds have given Brian leverage to dismiss the charges against George. Kate points out to George that the situation has strengthened their relationship and their family, and that it is a blessing in disguise. Upon leaving Madea's house, Cindy and Howie ask if they can come back to visit but both Madea and Joe immediately decline (though Madea does so in a sweet demeanor).

text: Before returning to New York, the Needlemans visit Pastor Nelson's church one last time. The Pastor and Jake burn the mortgage papers and the entire congregation celebrates the mortgage's being paid off, and the Needlemans enjoy the Negro spirituals. Madea also enjoys the spiritual music from her front porch, celebrating her new wealth.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tyler Perry as Mabel "Madea" Simmons, Brian Simmons and Uncle Joe Simmons
Eugene Levy as George Needleman
Denise Richards as Kate Needleman
Romeo Miller as Jake Nelson
Doris Roberts as Barbara Needleman
Danielle Campbell as Cindy Needleman,

tag: ul

text: Devan Leos as Howie Needleman,

text:
John Amos as Pastor Nelson
Marla Gibbs as Hattie (cameo)
Tom Arnold as Walter
Jeff Joslin as Lucas

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received generally negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 21% based on 33 reviews.[5] On Metacritic, the film has a 42% rating, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[6]

text: Madea's Witness Protection has received five Golden Raspberry Award nominations including Worst Actress (Tyler Perry as Madea), Worst Director, Worst Screen Couple (Perry and his drag getup), Worst Screen Ensemble and Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened with $25,390,575 in its opening weekend, ranking #4 behind Ted, Magic Mike, and Brave.[7] The film had grossed total of $66,899,242 worldwide, surpassing its $20 million budget.[2]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Madea's Witness Protection was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on October 23, 2012.


document_title: Municipal Corporations in India

question_text: who implements the policies of the municipal body

text: Municipal Corporations in India

text: Other names for Municipal Corporations[edit]

text: Municipal Corporations are referred to by different names in different states (due to regional language variations), all of which are translated to "Municipal Corporation" in English (Except Malayalam-the same word). These names include Nagar Nigam (in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Haryana), Mahanagar Palika (in Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, and Maharashtra), Pouro Nigom (in Assam and West Bengal), Pur Porishod (in Tripura), and Nagar Palika Nigam (in Madhya Pradesh), Nagara Palaka Samstha in Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana and Maanagaraatchi in Tamil Nadu

text: The Vadodara Municipal Corporation is typically called by the name "Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan". The detailed structure of these urban bodies varies from state to state, as per the laws passed by the state legislatures, but the basic structure and function is almost the same.

text: Composition[edit]

text: The area administered by a Municipal Corporation is known as a municipal area. Each municipal area is divided into territorial constituencies known as wards. A Municipal Corporation is made up of a Wards Committee. Each ward has one seat in the Wards Committee. Members are elected to the Wards Committee on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. These members are known as Councillors or Corporators. The number of wards in a municipal area is determined by the population of the city. Some seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women.[1]

text: A State can choose to constitute additional Committees to carry functions of urban local governance, in addition to the Wards Committees. In addition to the Councillors elected from the wards, the legislature of a state may also choose to make provisions for the representation of persons having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, the MPs or MLAs representing the constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the municipal area, and/or the Commissioners of additional committees that the State may have constituted. If a State legislature appoints a person from the first category to a Wards Committee, that individual will not have the right to vote in the meetings of the Municipal Corporation, while MPs, MLAs and Commissioners do have the right to vote in meetings.[1]

text: The largest corporations are in the six metropolitan cities of India, viz. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is the richest municipal corporation in India.[2][3]

text: Administration[edit]

text: The Mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation, but the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner. The office of the Mayor combines a functional role of chairing the Corporation meeting as well as ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city. As per the amended Municipal Corporation Act of 1888, a Deputy Mayor is appointed by the Mayor. The tenure of the Mayor and Deputy Mayor is two and a half years.

text: Executive Officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of Mayor and Councilors.

text: Functions[edit]

text: The Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution lists the subjects that Municipal Corporations are responsible for. Corporations may be entrusted to perform functions and implement schemes including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule.[1]

text:
Urban planning including town planning.
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
Planning for economic and social development.
Roads and bridges.
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management.
Fire services.
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects.
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded.
Slum improvement and upgradation.
Urban poverty alleviation.
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds.
Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums.
Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences.
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries[1]

text: Sources of Income[edit]

text: Its sources of income are taxes on water, houses, markets, entertainment and vehicles (commercial only)paid by residents of the town and grants from the state government.


document_title: Witch-king of Angmar

question_text: where was the witch king of angmar buried

text: Witch-king of Angmar

text: Literature[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: In the manuscript of his notes for translators, Tolkien stated that the Witch-king's name and background were not recorded, but that he was probably of Númenórean descent.[1] In the Second Age, the Rings of Power were forged by the Elves of Eregion under Sauron's direction, and nine of these were given to men of the time, one of whom became the Witch-king. The rings gave them immense power, and they "became mighty in their day, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old."[2] The rings extended their life span, and eventually corrupted them, turning them into the ghastly, undead Nazgûl. The Witch-king became their leader and, as Lord of the Nazgûl, served as Sauron's second in command for over 4,000 years.

text: Campaign against Arnor[edit]

text: A millennium into the Third Age, the Witch-king reappeared in Angmar, a realm in the far North straddling the Misty Mountains. He quickly dominated Angmar, and turned to wage war against the three splinter kingdoms of Arnor (Arthedain, Rhudaur, and Cardolan); for Sauron, seeing that Gondor remained strong, sought to capitalise on the dissension among the northern kingdoms. It was during these northern wars, prosecuted against the Dúnedain for the next several hundred years, that the King of Angmar became known as the Witch-king. Rhudaur was soon compromised; power there was seized by evil Hillmen allied with Angmar. Argeleb I of Arthedain fortified the border against Rhudaur along the Weather Hills, but was killed in battle with Angmar and Rhudaur. The Witch-king then invaded Cardolan. King Arveleg I of Arthedain was killed defending Weathertop, but the palantír there was saved and moved to Fornost. The last Prince of Cardolan was killed, and most of the Dúnedain of Rhudaur were killed or driven out. Later the Great Plague destroyed many of the remaining Dúnedain of Cardolan, and evil spirits from Rhudaur and Angmar infested the burial mounds in the Barrow-downs.[3]

text: Only Arthedain remained to resist the Witch-king (though with frequent help from both Lindon and Rivendell). Araval won a victory over Angmar and sought to reoccupy Cardolan, but the barrow-wights terrified all who tried to live near the Barrows.[4] Finally, as it became apparent that Angmar was preparing another attack, Arvedui appealed for help from King Eärnil II of Gondor. But before help could arrive, Angmar overran Arthedain. The Witch-king captured Fornost Erain, the capital of Arthedain. Arvedui fled north, only to drown in the Ice Bay of Forochel early the next year when the ship from Lindon that rescued him sank.[3]

text: The following summer, arriving too late to save Arvedui, Prince Eärnur of Gondor landed at the harbours of Mithlond with an army from Gondor. The Elves of Lindon and the remnant of the northern Dúnedain joined his army and the combined forces marched against the Witch-king.[5] On the plains west of Fornost Eärnur's army met the army of Angmar, which was forced to retreat toward Fornost. As his army was routed, the Witch-king fled north toward Carn Dûm in Angmar; but Eärnur and Glorfindel, with reinforcements from Rivendell, pursued the retreating party and defeated them. In the process the Witch-king caused the panic of much of Gondor's cavalry, including Eärnur's horse. But with the appearance of Glorfindel the Witch-king fled into the gathering darkness. Eärnur attempted to follow him, but Glorfindel stopped the prince and prophesied, "Do not pursue him! He will not return to these lands. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall."[5]

text: The Witch-king returned to Mordor and led the Nazgûl in the siege of Minas Ithil. The city soon fell to the Nazgûl, and was known afterward as Minas Morgul, the Tower of Black Sorcery. Here the Witch-king made his stronghold, and he was called "the Lord of Morgul".

text: When King Eärnil II of Gondor died, his son Eärnur, the Witch-king's old enemy, inherited the throne. The Witch-king challenged him to single combat, but Eärnur refused. Seven years later, the Witch-king again challenged him; this time the king accepted. Eärnur rode out of Minas Tirith to meet the Witch-king in Minas Morgul. He entered the city's gates and was never seen again. From this time the Stewards of Gondor ruled the kingdom on behalf of the absent line of kings.

text: Pursuit of the Ring[edit]

text: During the time of the events of The Lord of the Rings, Sauron learned from Gollum that the One Ring was held by a hobbit named Baggins in a land called "Shire". Sauron sent the Ringwraiths forth to search for the Ring. The Riders did not at first know the location of the Shire, and were dispelled by Saruman from Isengard, but when they came by chance upon Gríma Wormtongue in Rohan, he told them what he knew of Saruman's plans, including his interest in the Shire and the Shire's location.

text: The Witch-king and the other Nazgûl rode from Mordor and Dol Guldur searching for the Shire. Four entered the Shire, and found that "Baggins" had moved to Buckland. Several Nazgûl attacked Gandalf on Weathertop and tried to ambush Frodo Baggins in Buckland and at Bree. Five, including the Witch-king, finally found Frodo on Weathertop with the other hobbits, accompanied by the Ranger Aragorn. The Ringwraiths attacked the party, and the Witch-king wounded Frodo with a Morgul-blade. Frodo's wound threatened to turn him into a wraith under the control of the Nazgûl.

text: As the company made for Rivendell, the realm of Elrond Half-elven, they met Glorfindel, who loaned Frodo his horse, Asfaloth. Pursued by all nine Nazgûl, the horse carried Frodo across the Bruinen. From the far bank, Frodo defied the Nazgûl. When the Witch-king rode into the water, Elrond, who controlled the river, released a flood that caught three Nazgûl and their horses. Glorfindel advanced and drove the terrified horses of the remaining Nazgûl into the flood. The horses drowned and all nine Nazgûl were swept away.

text: Campaign against Gondor[edit]

text: On their return to Mordor, the Nazgûl were remounted on great winged beasts. The Witch-king returned to Minas Morgul to prepare the assault upon Gondor. His forces attacked Faramir's Rangers in the Battle of Osgiliath and drove them back across the Anduin.

text: The Witch-king soon led large numbers of Orcs, Haradrim, and Easterlings to besiege Minas Tirith in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. After the gates of the city were broken, he rode to enter the city but was prevented from entering by Gandalf.

text: Recalled to the battle by the unexpected advance of the Rohirrim, the Witch-king attacked Théoden, who had outrun his own riders. Snowmane, Théoden's horse, was struck by a dart and fell upon Théoden. As the Witch-king approached him for the kill, Éowyn, the king's niece, barred his way. She decapitated his mount, and the Witch-king replied with a powerful blow from his mace, breaking her arm and her shield. As he prepared to finish her off, the hobbit Meriadoc Brandybuck stabbed the back of the Witch-king's knee with a Dúnedain dagger which bore enchantments deadly to the Witch-king. Éowyn then thrust her sword into the void between the Witch-king's crown and torso. Her sword shattered but the Witch-king's clothing fell to the ground and he vanished with a wailing cry.

text: This fulfilled the prophecy of Glorfindel, for the Witch-king fell not by "the hand of man", but by a woman and a hobbit.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The Witch-king appears in all adaptations of The Lord of the Rings for film, radio and stage.

text: In Ralph Bakshi's adaptation, he is voiced by William Squire and appears mostly as a black armoured figure, having removed his cloak following the attack on the Hobbits in Bree.

text: The Witch-king appears in the Rankin/Bass adaptation of The Return of the King. His physical appearance is much the same as described in the novel, with an invisible head with a crown on top and two red eyes as his only visible feature. His voice was provided by John Stephenson.

text: In New Line Cinema's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, the Witch-king is portrayed by Brent McIntyre, in flashback by Ben Price in The Fellowship of the Ring, and by Lawrence Makoare in The Return of the King. In one movie he was voiced by Andy Serkis. In the first film, the Witch-king leads the Nazgûl in pursuing Frodo and his friends all the way to Weathertop. The Witch-king stabs Frodo with his Morgul blade before being driven off by Aragorn, and pursues the Hobbit and Arwen with the other Nazgûl before they are swept away by a flood that Arwen summons. In The Two Towers, he appears in a few flashbacks when Frodo is at the Dead Marshes. In The Return of the King, the Witch-king leads his forces from Minas Morgul in the siege of Minas Tirith. During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, after mortally wounding Théoden, the Witch-king overpowers Éowyn with his sword and a huge flail. While Éowyn in the book reveals herself as a woman before the fight, the Witch-king in the film is unaware of her true identity until Merry wounds him sufficiently for Éowyn to land the deathblow. In the extended edition, the Witch-king flies up to Minas Tirith, confronts Gandalf, but breaks the wizard's staff before being interrupted by the Rohirrim.

text: The original helmet designed for the Witch-king in The Return of the King was similar to an illustration by John Howe, and this original armour can be seen in the game adaptation by Electronic Arts; but crew members who had not read the books were confused over whether it was Sauron or the Witch-king on the battlefield. This prompted WETA to revise the helmet's design to be more suggestive of a Black Rider; his scenes were then re-shot during the 2003 pick-ups.

text: The Witch-king also appears in Jackson's Hobbit trilogy, first when he attacks Radagast in Dol Guldur as a spectral ghostly figure wielding a Morgul blade. In a departure from the book (where he fled from Angmar to Minas Morgul), the Witch-king's mortal body was buried in the High Fells of Rhudaur with the other fallen kings, and their tombs are sealed with magic. But the Nazgûl are summoned to Dol Guldur by Sauron in his guise as the Necromancer, and appear as spectral beings wearing Morgul armour in the third film when they fight the White Council.

text: In the video game Middle-earth: Shadow of War, the Witch-king appears as one of the two main antagonists, alongside Sauron himself, voiced by Matthew Mercer. He is once again portrayed as the leader of the Nazgûl, as well as the oldest and most powerful. His aim throughout the game is to make Talion one of the Nine. He makes a deal with General Castimir to have Minas Ithil and the Palantír as long as he spares his daughter, Idril. The Witch-king promptly betrays Castimir once he has the Palantír, killing him and ordering the Nazgûl to execute Talion and Idril. While Idril is able to escape as Talion holds off the Nazgûl, the Witch-king quickly defeats Talion and attempts to corrupt him before Eltariel enters and stuns them, kills Talion (who cannot stay dead due to being the host of Celebrimbor's wraith) and escapes. He continues to hold Minas Ithil (now Minas Morgul) until Talion returns, now separated from Celebrimbor and instead using the ring of Isildur (who is a Nazgûl in Shadow of War) to stay alive, now being a Ringwraith himself although not a servant of Sauron. The Witch-king and Talion battle until Talion finally banishes the Witch-king to Barad-dûr with the rest of the Nazgûl, claiming Minas Morgul for himself. Talion keeps Mordor in a state of perpetual war for decades, managing to fight off Sauron's corruption for many years, though eventually, the Witch-king returns and Talion finally succumbs to the corruption, becoming one of the Nazgûl and taking Isildur's place among the Nine.


document_title: Money bill

question_text: who decides whether a bill is a money bill in india

text: Money bill

text: Conventions[edit]

text: It is often a constitutional convention that the upper house may not block a money bill. There is often another requirement that non-money bill-type clauses may not be attached to a money bill. The rationale behind this convention is that the upper house, being appointed or indirectly elected, should not have any right to decide on taxation and public expenditure-related policies as may be framed by the directly elected representatives of the lower house. Therefore, money bills are an exception to the general rule that for a bill to be enacted into a law, it has to be approved by both Houses of the Parliament—the lower house and the upper house.[1]

text: Loss of supply in the lower house is conventionally considered to be an expression of the house's loss of confidence in the government resulting in the government's fall.

text: Requirements in Westminster systems[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: A supply bill in the Australian System is required to pass the House of Representatives, the Senate and be signed by the Governor-General. The Senate has no power or ability to introduce or modify a supply bill, but has the ability to block or defer the passing of a supply bill. The most famous instance where supply was blocked was during the 1975 constitutional crisis. This has resulted in agreements between political parties to prevent the blockage of supply bills through the Senate.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: A money bill is specifically defined by Article 81 of the Constitution of Bangladesh. The President of Bangladesh can send back all bills passed by the Parliament for a review except a money bill. However, a money bill can be introduced to the Parliament only at the President's recommendation. Additionally, tax can only be levied by the Parliament.[2]

text: India[edit]

text: Procedure for a Money Bill:

text:
Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha (the directly elected 'people's house' of the Indian Parliament).
Money bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of parliament, elected by the state and territorial legislatures or appointed by the president). The Rajya Sabha may not amend money bills but can recommend amendments. To make sure that Rajya Sabha doesn't amend the bill by adding some non-money matters (known as Financial Bill), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies the bill as a money bill before sending it to the upper house, and the decision of the Speaker is binding on both the Houses.[3] A money bill must be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, or the bill is deemed to have passed both houses in the form it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha.
When a Money Bill is returned to the Lok Sabha with the recommended amendments of the Rajya Sabha, it is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations.
A money bill is deemed to have passed both houses with any recommended amendments the Lok Sabha chooses to accept, and without any that it chooses to decline.
The definition of "Money Bill" is given in Article 110 of the Constitution of India. A financial bill is not a Money Bill unless it fulfills the requirements of Article 110.
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies if a financial bill is a Money Bill or not.[4]
Policy cut motion - disapproval of the given policy. Symbolically, the members demand that the amount of the demand be reduced to 1 INR. They may also suggest an alternative policy.
Economy cut motion - it is demanded that the amount of the policy be reduced by a specified amount.
Token cut motion - used to show specific grievance against the government. Also states that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs. 100.
A money bill can only be introduced in parliament with prior permission of the President of India.
Finance bill is supposed to be enacted within 75 days (including the Parliament voting and the President assenting).
Money bill cannot be returned by the President to the parliament for its reconsideration, as it is presented in the Lok Sabha with his permission.

tag: ol

text: The concept of money bills in India came to the forefront during the enactment of the Aadhar Act, 2016. In spite of resistance by the opposition, the Aadhaar Bill was certified as a ‘money bill’ by the Speaker of the Lower House. The Upper House proposed certain amendments, but ultimately the BJP-dominated Lower House rejected the amendments suggested by the Upper House and unilaterally enacted the Aadhar Act, 2016. Immediately thereafter, Jairam Ramesh, a senior Congress leader, challenged the speaker’s decision to treat the Aadhar Bill as a ‘money bill’ before the Supreme Court of India. Article 110(3) of the Constitution of India categorically states that 'if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final'. Therefore, one of the prime constitutional questions before the Supreme Court is whether it can review the speaker’s certificate classifying a bill as a ‘money bill’. In three prior cases, the Supreme Court of India has refused to review the Speaker's certificate. However, some commentators have argued that the Court's earlier judgements were incorrect and Article 110(3) made the Speaker’s decision "final" for the purpose of the two Houses of the Parliament, not for the Supreme Court of India.[5] This argument is further supported by the fact that in Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu (AIR 1993 SC 412), the "final" decision of the speaker regarding disqualification of members of the House under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was held to be a judicial decision subject to judicial review. This suggests that the "final" status given by the Indian constitution does not automatically immune the Indian speaker's decision or certificate from judicial review.[6] In view of this crucial constitutional question, it has been suggested that the Supreme Court in Jairam Ramesh v. Union of India should create a constitution bench of at least nine judges to settle the law on this issue.[7]

text: Republic of Ireland[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, the Senate may not delay a money bill (Irish: bille airgid)[8] more than 21 days. The President of Ireland may not refuse to sign a money bill and may not refer such a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. Procedures exist for resolution of disputes as to whether a Bill is a money bill. Since the 1922 constitution (as amended by the Constitution (Amendment No. 12) Act 1930) and under the 1937 constitution, such disputes can be resolved by a committee on privileges.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, section 1(1) of the Parliament Act 1911 provides that the House of Lords may not delay a money bill more than a month. It is at the discretion of the Speaker of the House of Commons to certify which bills are money bills, and his decision is final and is not subject to challenge. Section 1(2) of the Act states:

text: A Money Bill means a Public Bill which in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Commons contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following subjects, namely, the imposition, repeal, remission, alteration, or regulation of taxation; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund, the National Loans Fund or on money provided by Parliament, or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply; the appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof; or subordinate matters incidental to those subjects or any of them. In this subsection the expressions "taxation," "public money," and "loan" respectively do not include any taxation, money, or loan raised by local authorities or bodies for local purposes.[9]

text: The Parliament Act 1911 was the product of the political crisis of 1909. The People's Budget of 1909 proposed by the House of Commons was rejected by the House of Lords. A government whose budget (that is the Finance Bill) is rejected can only resign or dissolve Parliament, because without money it is impossible to govern. The rejection of the Finance Bill in 1909 by the Lords prompted the then British government to initiate steps to curtail the powers of the House of Lords in this regard. This is evident from the Preamble of the 1911 Act which states: "An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons ...".[10]

text: The reference to the National Loans Fund was inserted on 1 April 1968[11] by section 1(5) of the National Loans Act 1968.

text: For this purpose, the expression "Public Bill" does not include any Bill for confirming a Provisional Order.

text: Bradley and Ewing said that the statutory definition of Money Bill is "strictly interpreted".[12] Most annual Finance Bills have not been certified to be Money Bills.[13][14][15]

text: Requirements in non-Westminster systems[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: While the United States of America is not a parliamentary democracy, the Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that all bills raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives, consistent with British constitutional practice; by convention, appropriation bills (bills that spend money) also originate in the House. Unlike in most Westminster systems, there are no limits on the Senate's ability to amend revenue bills or any requirement for the Senate to approve such bills within a certain timeframe. Both appropriations and revenue bills are often referred to as money bills to contrast them with authorization bills. The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Munoz-Flores (1990) held that: "A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment".[16]


document_title: Push-button telephone

question_text: when did push button phones come out in the uk

text: Push-button telephone

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of the use of push-buttons in telephony originated around 1887 with a device called the micro-telephone push-button, but it was not an automatic dialing system as understood later. This use even predated the invention of the rotary dial by Almon Brown Strowger in 1891.[3] The Bell System in the United States relied on manual switched service until 1919, when it reversed its decisions and embraced dialed, automatic switching. The 1951 introduction of direct distance dialing required automatic transmission of dialed numbers between distant exchanges, leading to use of inband multi-frequency signaling within the Long Lines network while individual local subscribers continued to dial using standard pulses.

text: As direct distance dialing expanded to a growing number of communities, local numbers (often four, five or six digits) were extended to standardized seven-digit named exchanges. A toll call to another area code was eleven digits, including the leading 1. In the 1950s, AT&T conducted extensive studies of product engineering and efficiency and concluded that push-button dialing was preferable to rotary dialing.[4]

text: After initial customer trials in Connecticut and Illinois, approximately one fourth of the central office in Findlay, Ohio, was equipped in 1960 with touch-tone digit registers for the first commercial deployment of push-button dialing, starting on 1 November 1960.[5][6]

text: In 1962, Touch-Tone telephones, including other Bell innovations such as portable pagers, were on display for the public to try out at the Bell Systems pavilion at the Seattle World's Fair. Ref. YouTube video entitled "Vintage Roadtrips - 1962 Seattle World's Fair".

text: On 22 April 1963 President John F. Kennedy started the countdown for the opening of the 1964 World's Fair by keying "1964" on a touch-tone telephone in the Oval Office, starting "a contraption which will count off the seconds until the opening".[7] On November 18, 1963, the first electronic push-button system with touch-tone dialing was commercially offered by Bell Telephone to customers in the Pittsburgh area towns of Carnegie and Greensburg, Pennsylvania,[4][8] after the DTMF system had been tested for several years in multiple locations, including Greensburg.

text: This phone, the Western Electric 1500, had only ten buttons. In 1968 it was replaced by the twelve-button model 2500, adding the asterisk or star (*) and pound or hash (#) keys.[9] The use of tones instead of dial pulses relied heavily on technology already developed for the long line network, although the 1963 touch-tone deployment adopted a different frequency set for its dual-tone multi-frequency signaling.

text: Although push-button touch-tone telephones made their debut to the general public in 1963, the rotary dial telephone still was common for many years. In the 1970s the majority of telephone subscribers still had rotary phones, which in the Bell System of that era were leased from telephone companies instead of being owned outright.[10] Adoption of the push-button phone was steady, but it took a long time for them to appear in some areas.[11] At first it was primarily businesses that adopted push-button phones.[12] By 1979, the touch-tone phone was gaining popularity,[12] but it wasn't until the 1980s that the majority of customers owned push-button telephones in their homes; by the 1990s, it was the overwhelming majority.

text: Some exchanges no longer support pulse-dialing[unreliable source?][11] or charge their few remaining pulse-dial users the higher tone-dial monthly rate[13] as rotary telephones become increasingly rare.[14][15][16] Dial telephones are not compatible with some modern telephone features, including interactive voice response systems, though enthusiasts may adapt pulse-dialing telephones using a pulse-to-tone converter.

text: Touch-tone[edit]

text: The international standard for telephone signaling utilizes dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling, more commonly known as touch-tone dialing. It replaced the older and slower pulse dial system.[17][18] The push-button format is also used for all cell phones,[12] but with out-of-band signaling of the dialed number.

text: The touch-tone system uses audible tones for each of the digits zero through nine. Later this was expanded by two keys labeled with an asterisk (*) and the pound or hash sign (#) to represent the 11th and 12th DTMF signals. These signals accommodate various additional services and customer-controlled calling features.[4][19]

text: The DTMF standard assigns specific frequencies to each column and row of push-buttons in the telephone keypad; the columns in the push-button pad have higher-frequency tones, and rows have lower-frequency tones in the audible range. When a button is pressed the dial generates a combination signal of the two frequencies for the selected row and column, a dual-tone signal, which is transmitted over the phone line to the telephone exchange.[4]

text: When announced, the DTMF technology was not immediately available on all switching systems. The circuits of subscribers requesting the feature often had to be moved from older switches that supported only pulse dialing to a newer crossbar, or later an electronic switching system, requiring the assignment of a new telephone number which was billed at a higher monthly rate. Community dial office subscribers would often find the service initially unavailable as these villages were served by a single unattended exchange, often step by step, with service from a foreign exchange impractically expensive. Rural party line service was typically based on mechanical switching equipment which could not be upgraded.[citation needed]

text: While a tone-to-pulse converter could be deployed to any existing mechanical office line using 1970s technology, its speed would be limited to pulse dialing rates.[20][21] The new central office switches were backward-compatible with rotary dialing.

text: DC signalling[edit]

text: In the UK, a brief excursion from standards, GPO telecoms introduced in 1968 their first push-button telephone, the GPO 726 (Ericsson N2000 series [22]), that used neither pulse dialing nor DTMF tones. It used a DC signalling system comprising a number of rectifier diodes[23] arranged in different polarity configuration according to the button pressed. The 726 also requires a ground wire as well as the usual A and B wires. The irony was that with the few installations, the dial signal still had to be converted to pulses in the host PABX. It is now a rare device.

text: DTMF keypad layout[edit]

text:
DTMF dialing

How DTMF dialing sounds

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The standard layout of the keys on the touch-tone telephone was the result of research of the human-engineering department at Bell Laboratories in the 1950s under the leadership of South African-born psychologist John Elias Karlin (1918–2013), who was previously a leading proponent in the introduction of all-number-dialing in the Bell System. This research resulted in the design of the DTMF keypad that arranged the push-buttons into 12 positions in a 3-by-4 position rectangular array, and placed the 1, 2, and 3 keys in the top row for most accurate dialing.[24] The remaining digits occupied the lower rows in sequence from left to right; the 0, however, was placed into the center of the fourth row, while omitting the lower left, and lower right positions. These two positions were later assigned to the asterisk and pound key when the keypad was expanded for twelve buttons in 1969.

text: The engineers had envisioned telephones being used to access computers, and surveyed a business customers for possible uses. This led to the addition of the number sign (#, pound or diamond in this context, hash, square or gate in the UK, and octothorpe by the original engineers) and asterisk or star (*) keys.[citation needed] In military telephone systems four additional signals (A, B, C, D) were defined for signaling call priority.[citation needed] Later, the hash and asterisk keys were used in vertical service codes, such as *67 to suppress caller ID in the Bell System.

text: The DTMF keyboard layout broke with the tradition established in cash registers (and later adopted in calculators and computers) of having the 0 key at the bottom and the remaining keys increasing in rows above.[25] This was due to research conducted by Bell Labs using test subjects unfamiliar with keypads. Comparing various layouts including two-row, two-column, and circular configurations, the study concluded that while there was little difference in speed or accuracy between any of the layouts, the now familiar arrangement with 1 at the top was the most favourably rated.[26]

text: Pulse dialing[edit]

text: Historically, not all push-button telephones used DTMF dialing technology. Some manufacturers implemented pulse dialing with push-button keypads and even Western Electric produced several telephone models with a push-button keypad that could also emit traditional dial pulses. Sometimes the mode was user-selectable with a switch on the telephone. Pulse-mode push-button keypads typically stored the dialed number sequence in a digit collector register to permit rapid dialing for the user. Some push button pulse dial phones allow for double-speed pulse dialing. These allow even faster pulse dialing in exchanges that recognize double-speed pulse dialing.

text: As telephone companies continued to levy surcharges for touch-tone service long after any technical justification ceased to exist,[27] a push-button telephone with pulse dialing capability represented a means for a user to obtain the convenience of push-button dialing without incurring the touch-tone surcharge.

text: Features[edit]

text: Electronics within push-button telephones may provide several usability features, such as last number redial and storage of commonly called numbers. Some telephone models support additional features, such as retrieval of information and data or code and PIN entry.[28]

text: Most analog telephone adapters for Internet-based telecommunications (VoIP) recognize and translate DTMF tones but ignore dial pulses, an issue which also exists for some PBX systems. Like cellular handsets, telephones designed for voice-over-IP use out-of-band signaling to send the dialed number.


document_title: Double (basketball)

question_text: who has the most quadruple doubles in nba history

text: Double (basketball)

text: Double-double[edit]

text: A double-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in two of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common double-double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists.[2] Double-doubles are fairly common in the NBA. During the 2008–09 season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double-doubles during the season.[3]

text: Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.

text: NBA[edit]

text: Double-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season double-double leaders since the 1983–84 season:

text:
^
Denotes active player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

text:
Point-rebound[8]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
841

2
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
811

3
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
774

4
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
741

5
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
727

6
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
706

7
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
665

8
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
580

9
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
543

10
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
510

Point-assist[9]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
714

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
441

3
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
436

4
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
404

5
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
402

6
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
377

7
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
319

8
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
279

9
Williams, DeronDeron Williams^
275

10
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
271

text: Facts[edit]

text: Longest continuous streak of double-doubles: According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double-doubles from 1964 to 1967.[10] Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double-doubles with 220 and 133.[10] This record is before the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The longest streak of double-doubles since the merger was 53 games, achieved by Kevin Love, then of the Minnesota Timberwolves.[11]

text: Triple-double[edit]

text: A triple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple-double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game.[12] The origin of the term "triple-double" is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson's versatility,[13][14] while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980.[15][16] The triple-double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979–80 season.

text: There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple-doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent's basket trying to score a triple-double. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.[17]

text: NBA[edit]

text: From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]

text: Triple-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season triple-double leaders:

text:
All-time triple-double leaders (regular season) (Player must have at least 20 triple doubles)

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles

1
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
181[20]

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
138[20]

3
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
107[21][22]

4
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
79[23]

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
78[20]

6
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
59[20]

7
James, LeBronLeBron James^
55[24]

8
Lever, FatFat Lever
43[20]

9
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
33[25]

10
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
31[26]

Harden, JamesJames Harden^
31[27]

12
Hill, GrantGrant Hill
29[28]

Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
29[29]

14
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
28[20]

15
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
26[30]

16
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
25[20]

17
Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
23

18
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
21

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
21[31]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
21

Webber, ChrisChris Webber
21

22
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
20[32]

text: Facts[edit]

text:
First triple-double in league history: According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook, Dolph Schayes (Syracuse Nationals) might have logged the league's first triple-double on February 8, 1951, versus the New York Knicks. He had 18 points, 22 rebounds and 13 assists.[33]
Averaging a triple-double in a single season: Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati Royals) and Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat.[13][34] During the 1961–62 season, Robertson averaged 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds, and 11.4 assists per game.[13][35] Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once, his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game.[35] Westbrook finished the 2016–17 season averaging 31.6 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.4 assists.[36]
Most triple-doubles in a single season: In 2016–17, Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 42 triple-doubles.[34][37]
Most triple-doubles in road games in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 17 of 42 triple-doubles in away games.[38]
Most 50-point triple-doubles in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded three 50-point triple-doubles in the 2016–17 season. James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50-point triple double with two in the same season.[38] It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50-point triple-doubles during his historic 1961-62 NBA season, but they remain unofficial, as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics.[33]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a single season

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles
Team
NBA season

1
Russell Westbrook
42
Oklahoma City Thunder
2016–17

2
Oscar Robertson
41
Cincinnati Royals
1961–62

3
Wilt Chamberlain
31
Philadelphia 76ers
1967–68

4
Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1960–61

Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1963–64

6
Robertson
22
Cincinnati Royals
1964–65

Chamberlain
22
Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67

James Harden
22
Houston Rockets
2016–17

9
Robertson
20
Cincinnati Royals
1962–63

10
Magic Johnson
18
Los Angeles Lakers
1981–82

Westbrook
18
Oklahoma City Thunder
2015–16

12
Johnson
17
Los Angeles Lakers
1988–89

13
Fat Lever
16
Denver Nuggets
1985–86

14
Michael Jordan
15
Chicago Bulls
1988–89

15
Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–88

Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1990–91

Grant Hill
13
Detroit Pistons
1996–97

Jason Kidd
13
New Jersey Nets
2007–08

Draymond Green
13
Golden State Warriors
2015–16

LeBron James
13
Cleveland Cavaliers
2016–17

20
Kidd
12
New Jersey Nets
2006–07

text:
Most triple-doubles in NBA playoffs: Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple-doubles over his career; LeBron James is second with 19.[39]
Most triple-doubles in NBA Finals: James recorded 9 Finals triple-doubles over his career.
Averaging a triple-double in an NBA Finals: James (Cleveland Cavaliers), in the 2017 Finals, averaged 33.6 points, 12.0 rebounds, and 10.0 assists per game.
Youngest player: James (Cleveland Cavaliers), aged 20 years and 20 days, logged a triple-double on January 19, 2005, versus the Portland Trail Blazers. He had 27 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[40]
Oldest player: Karl Malone (Los Angeles Lakers), aged 40 years and 127 days—the only 40-year-old player to do so—logged a triple-double on November 28, 2003, versus the San Antonio Spurs. He had 10 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[41]
Fastest triple-double: Jim Tucker (Syracuse Nationals), holds the record for the fastest triple double. On February 20, 1955, Tucker, in his rookie year, recorded the mark in just 17 minutes. He finished the game with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104-84 win over the New York Knicks.[42]
Double-triple-double[43] (at least 20 of any 3 statistics): Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) is the only player to have accomplished this; in a February 2, 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons, Chamberlain tallied 22 points, 25 rebounds, and 21 assists.[44]
Most points scored in a triple-double: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple-double with 57 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists on March 29, 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime. The previous record was 53 points, by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden.[45]
Triple-double not including points: The only such triple-double occurred on February 10, 2017, when Draymond Green (Golden State Warriors) scored only 4 points, but collected 12 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies.[46]
Longest continuous streak of triple-doubles: Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) holds the record for the most consecutive triple-doubles. In 1968, from March 8 to March 20, he recorded a triple-double in nine straight games.[47] The second longest streak is seven, a record jointly held by Robertson, Michael Jordan, and Westbrook.[48][49][50]
Triple-doubles by teammates: Has occurred three times in the NBA.

March 14, 1964, Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher had 19 points, 15 rebounds, and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points, 20 rebounds, and 11 assists against the New York Knicks.[51]
January 3, 1989, Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan had 41 points, 11 assists, and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.[52]
April 7, 2007, New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points, 16 rebounds, and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards.[53]

Triple-doubles by opponents: This has occurred only ten times since 1983–84, four times involving Jason Kidd (while playing for three different teams):[33]

Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland (Los Angeles at Washington, February 10, 1984)[54]
Kidd and Clyde Drexler (Dallas at Houston, April 11, 1995)[55]
Kidd and Drexler (Phoenix at Houston, March 22, 1997)[56]
Gary Payton and Chris Webber (Seattle at Sacramento, April 18, 2000)[57]
Kidd and Jay Williams (New Jersey at Chicago, November 9, 2002)[58]
Kidd and Tracy McGrady (New Jersey at Orlando, February 23, 2003)[59]
Caron Butler and Baron Davis (Washington at Golden State, November 23, 2007)[60]
Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter-Williams (Orlando at Philadelphia, December 3, 2013 (2 OT))[61]

Oladipo and Carter-Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat, marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple-doubles in the same game. These were the first career triple-doubles for both players. The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple-doubles in the same game was when Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott did it on March 14, 1964 (they were not rookies).[62]

Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo (Oklahoma City at Milwaukee, March 6, 2016)[63]
LeBron James and Stephen Curry (Cleveland at Golden State, June 4, 2017)

text: NCAA Division I[edit]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a career:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU) with 12 — six in 2014–15 and six again as a senior in 2015–16.[64] Prior to the triple-double being tracked as an NCAA statistic, Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati) had 10—five in 1958–59 and five in 1959–60.[65]
Women's: Suzie McConnell (Penn State, 1984–88) and Louella Tomlinson (Saint Mary's, 2007–11), each with 7.[66]

Consecutive triple-doubles in a single season: David Edwards (Texas A&M), Penny Hardaway (Memphis State), Tony Lee (Robert Morris), Gerald Lewis (SMU), Shaquille O’Neal (LSU), and Kevin Roberson (Vermont) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple-double.[67]

Hardaway had back-to-back triple-doubles for Memphis State (now Memphis) during the 1992–93 season. He recorded 21 points, 15 assists, and 14 rebounds against Georgia State on January 4, 1993 and then recorded 26 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists against Vanderbilt on January 6, 1993.[68]

Most triple-doubles in a single season:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU), with six – performed twice: in the 2014–15 season, and again in 2015–16.[64]
Women's: Danielle Carson (Youngstown State), also with six in the 1985–86 season.[66]

Triple-doubles in NCAA tournament history: The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men's basketball in 1984, then blocks and steals in 1986, so officially this has occurred eight times. However, many tournaments had included assists, steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time, so unofficially this has occurred sixteen times.[69] Only three pre-1986 triple-doubles are included below.

text:
Name
Team
Score
Opponent
Round
Date
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson
Cincinnati
98–85
Louisville
Third place
000000001959-03-21-0000March 21, 1959
39
39
17
10
—
—
[70]

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
95–64
Lamar
Second round
000000001979-03-10-0000March 10, 1979
35
13
17
10

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
101–67
Penn
Final Four
000000001979-03-24-0000March 24, 1979
35
29
10
10
3
0
[70]

Grant, GaryGary Grant
Michigan
97–109
North Carolina
Second round
000000001987-03-14-0000March 14, 1987
39
24
10
10
1
0
[71]

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal
LSU
94–83
BYU
First round
000000001992-03-19-0000March 19, 1992
31
26
13
4
1
11
[70]

Cain, DavidDavid Cain
St. John's
85–67
Texas Tech
First round
000000001993-03-18-0000March 18, 1993
37
12
11
11
1
0
[72]

Miller, AndreAndre Miller
Utah
76–51
Arizona
Elite Eight
000000001998-03-21-0000March 21, 1998
36
18
14
13
2
1
[70]

Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade
Marquette
83–69
Kentucky
Elite Eight
000000002003-03-29-0000March 29, 2003
35
29
11
11
1
4
[70]

Aldrich, ColeCole Aldrich
Kansas
60–43
Dayton
Second round
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
31
13
20
1
0
10
[73]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
76–78
UCLA
First round
000000002011-03-17-0000March 17, 2011
37
23
11
10
4
0
[74]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
89–67
Long Island
Second round
000000002012-03-16-0000March 16, 2012
35
24
12
10
1
0
[75]

text:
Others

Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple-double in history, and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot. On February 3, 2002, in a women's Division I game against Charlotte, she had 12 assists, 10 steals, and 10 rebounds.[76][77]

text: Quadruple-double[edit]

text: A quadruple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game.[78] This feat is extremely rare:[78][79] only four players have officially recorded a quadruple-double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW.[80] The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple-double was Lester Hudson in 2007.[81] The first Division I women's player to have officially recorded a quadruple-double since the NCAA began sponsoring women's sports in 1981–82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989; only two other women have done so since, and none since 1993. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984–85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985–86 for assists and 1987–88 for steals.[66]

text: NBA[edit]

text: Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[82][83]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[79] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[84] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[85]

text: The reason why [the quadruple-double] is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish—so he can get the assists—and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound. A lot of guys can get the points, rebounds and assists, but it's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up. You have to love defense to get a quadruple-double. There's no way around it.

text: The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once.[86]

text:
Name
Date
Team
Score
Opponent
Min
Points
Reb
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Ref

Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond*
000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974
Chicago Bulls
120–115
Atlanta Hawks
45
22
14
13
0 or 1
12
Yes (OT)
[87]

Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986
San Antonio Spurs
120–114
Phoenix Suns
36
20
11
10
10
0
No
[88]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990
Houston Rockets
120–94
Milwaukee Bucks
40
18
16
10
1
11
No
[89]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
San Antonio Spurs
115–96
Detroit Pistons
43
34
10
10
2
10
No
[90]

text: Only seven other players (one did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):

text:
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
Golden State Warriors
Buffalo Braves
43
30
10
11
9
—
No
[91][92]

Steele, LarryLarry Steele
000000001974-11-16-0000November 16, 1974
Portland Trail Blazers
Los Angeles Lakers
44
12
11
9
10
—
No
[93][94]

Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore
000000001985-01-08-0000January 8, 1985
San Antonio Spurs
Golden State Warriors
36
26
11
13
9
—
No
[95]

Bird, LarryLarry Bird*[a]
000000001985-02-18-0000February 18, 1985
Boston Celtics
Utah Jazz
33
30
12
10
9
—
No
[96][97]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
000000001985-10-30-0000October 30, 1985
New Jersey Nets
Indiana Pacers
54
38
11
11
9
—
Yes (3 OT)
[98]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001986-01-10-0000January 10, 1986
Portland Trail Blazers
Milwaukee Bucks
42
26
9
11
10
—
No
[94]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[b]
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
Houston Rockets
Golden State Warriors
40
29
18
9[b]
5
11
No
[99]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001996-11-01-0000November 1, 1996
Houston Rockets
Sacramento Kings
42
25
10
9
10
—
No
[100]

text: Notes

text:
a Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter. After three quarters, head coach K. C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple-double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game. Bird declined, saying that he "already did enough damage."[101][102]
b Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score. However, after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter, they revised the box score, crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple-double in NBA history. NBA's director of operations, Rod Thorn, requested to review the tape. After reviewing the tape, the league disallowed Olajuwon's quadruple-double and announced that his original line—with 9 assists—is official.[103][104]

text: Other men's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of April 2017[update]

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

French National League
Lewis, DerrickDerrick Lewis[c]
000000001990-02-24-0000February 24, 1990
Reims
Lorient
20
11
—
12
10
No
[105]

National Basketball League (Australia)
Rowe, DarenDaren Rowe[d]
000000001990-01-01-00001990
Geelong Supercats
North Melbourne Giants
25
17
11
—
11
No
[106]

Chinese Basketball Association
Hu Xuefeng
000000002004-12-08-0000December 8, 2004
Jiangsu Dragons
Yunnan Bulls
16
10
12
10
—
No
[107]

FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship
Rubio, RickyRicky Rubio
000000002006-08-19-0000August 19, 2006
Spain
Croatia
19
10
13
11
—
No
[108]

Metropolitan Basketball Association
Belano, DonbelDonbel Belano
000000001999-08-14-0000August 14, 1999
Davao Eagles
Nueva Ecija Patriots
19
11
11
10
—
No
[108]

American Basketball Association (2000–)
Staten, JamelJamel Staten
000000002007-02-02-0000February 2, 2007
Minnesota Ripknees
St. Louis Stunners
17
11
11
10
—
No
[109]

NCAA Division I men
Hudson, LesterLester Hudson[e]
000000002007-11-13-0000November 13, 2007
UT Martin
Central Baptist
25
12
10
10
1
No
[81][110]

Continental Basketball Association
Blackburn, JermaineJermaine Blackburn
000000002008-12-20-0000December 20, 2008
East Kentucky Miners
West Virginia Wild
22
10
14
10
—
No
[111]

High school boys
Benimon, JerrelleJerrelle Benimon
000000002009-02-17-0000February 17, 2009
Fauquier HS
Osbourn HS
13
17
11
—
10
No
[112]

Chinese Basketball Association
Williams, ChrisChris Williams
000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009
Qingdao Doublestar
Dongguan Leopards
15
11
11
11
—
No
[113]

High school boys
Isaiah Grant
000000002014-12-06-0000December 6, 2014
Sequoia Pathway Academy
Berean Academy
11
10
10
10
–
No
[114]

NJCAA
Clifford Wilson
000000001979-02-14-0000February 14, 1979
Fulton-Montgomery
Hudson Valley
31
18
10
—
15
No

NJCAA
Monroe Pippins
000000001995-02-09-0000February 9, 1995
Fulton-Montgomery
Herkimer
34
17
10
11
—
No

Ukrainian First league
Vitaliy Bykov
000000002016-12-17-0000December 17, 2016
BC Zaporizhya-2
BC Kramatorsk
14
13
11
12
—
No
[115]

Liga Super Basketball U-18
Natan Oliveira
000000002017-04-08-0000April 8, 2017
Colégio Sul Americano
Rappers
32
11
10
16
—
No
[116]

text: Notes

text:
c This is the only quadruple-double in French National League history.[105]
d This is the only quadruple-double in National Basketball League history.[106]
e This is the only quadruple-double in NCAA Division I men's basketball history.[81] The opponent, Central Baptist, plays in the NAIA.

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of June 2016

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

American Basketball League
Black, DebbieDebbie Black
000000001996-12-08-0000December 8, 1996
Colorado Xplosion
Atlanta Glory
10
14
12
10
—
[117][118]

Israeli Basketball Super League
Brown, EdwinaEdwina Brown
000000002008-12-01-0000December 2008
Ramat Hen
Hapoel Holon
22
10
10
10
—
[119]

Greek Women's Basketball League
Dimitrakou, ZoiZoi Dimitrakou
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
G.S. Megas Alexandros
Aris Holargou
49
18
10
12
—
[120]

Russian Premier League
Kalmykova, MariaMaria Kalmykova
000000002001-01-21-0000January 21, 2001
Chevakata Vologda
Dynamo Kursk
20
15
11
—
11
[121]

European U16 Championship
Verameyenka, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Verameyenka
000000002003-04-20-0000April 20, 2003
Belarus U16 NT
Czech U16 NT
21
10
—
10
12
[122]

AIAW Division I women
Meyers, AnnAnn Meyers
000000001978-02-18-0000February 18, 1978
UCLA
Stephen F. Austin
20
14
10
10
—
[80]

NCAA Division I women
Pettry, VeronicaVeronica Pettry
000000001989-03-04-0000March 4, 1989
Loyola (Chicago)
Detroit
12
10
22
11
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Jones, RamonaRamona Jones
000000001991-01-14-0000January 14, 1991
Lamar
UCF
10
10
10
12
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Tate, SonjaSonja Tate
000000001993-01-27-0000January 27, 1993
Arkansas State
Mississippi Valley State
29
14
10
10
—
[123]

NCAA Division III women
Esteves, EvitaEvita Esteves
000000002004-02-05-0000February 5, 2004
Emmanuel (MA)
Johnson & Wales
10
10
11
13
—
[124][125]

NCAA Division III women
Purnell, DannaDanna Purnell
000000002007-02-10-0000February 10, 2007
SUNY-Old Westbury
New Rochelle
14
10
11
13
—
[124][126]

NCAA Division III women
Williams, LatiquaLatiqua Williams
000000002008-11-16-0000November 16, 2008
Bard
New Rochelle
21
13
10
11
—
[127]

Ukrainian Professional Basketball League
Iagupova, AlinaAlina Iagupova
000000002011-05-15-0000May 15, 2011
BC Dnipro
Luhanski Lastivky
28
15
13
10
—
Stats

text: Quintuple-double[edit]

text: A quintuple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in all five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—-in a single game.[128] There are only two known quintuple-doubles, both only done at the high-school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997.[129] The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.[130]

text: Five-by-five[edit]

text: A five-by-five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks—in a single game.[131] Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973–74 season, so NBA five-by-fives were only possible from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five-by-fives (based on records since the 1984–85 season).[131] Both are also the only players to record five-by-sixes (at least six in all five statistical categories).[131] Only twice has a five-by-five coincided with a triple-double (both by Olajuwon) and only three times has a player recorded a five-by-five without registering at least a double-double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).

text: NBA[edit]

text: The following is a list of known five-by-fives. Note the list contains all five-by-fives since the 1984–85 season, as well as one before. There may be other five-by-fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984–85 season.

text:
Name
Date
Age
Team
Score
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Erving, JuliusJulius Erving
000000001979-12-05-0000December 5, 1979
7004108780000000000♠29 years, 286 days
Philadelphia 76ers
132–120
San Antonio Spurs
28
7
10
5
5
No
[132][133][134]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001987-03-10-0000March 10, 1987
7003881400000000000♠24 years, 48 days
Houston Rockets
127–136
Seattle SuperSonics
38
17
6
7
12
Yes (2OT)
[135]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
7003990300000000000♠27 years, 41 days
Houston Rockets
129–109
Golden State Warriors
29
18
9
5
11
No
[99]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001992-04-11-0000April 11, 1992
7004106730000000000♠29 years, 81 days
Houston Rockets
92–99
Dallas Mavericks
19
13
6
5
5
No
[136]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson
000000001992-11-10-0000November 10, 1992
7003995800000000000♠27 years, 96 days
San Antonio Spurs
104–98
Milwaukee Bucks
29
9
5
5
10
No
[137]

Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman
000000001993-01-15-0000January 15, 1993
7003934000000000000♠25 years, 208 days
New Jersey Nets
110–105
Philadelphia 76ers
21
10
7
5
5
Yes (OT)
[138]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-04-22-0000April 22, 1993
7004110490000000000♠30 years, 91 days
Houston Rockets
112–110
Minnesota Timberwolves
33
13
5
5
5
Yes (OT)
[139]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-11-05-0000November 5, 1993
7004112460000000000♠30 years, 288 days
Houston Rockets
110–88
New Jersey Nets
24
19
6
5
5
No
[140]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-12-30-0000December 30, 1993
7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days
Houston Rockets
110–104
Minnesota Timberwolves
34
10
5
5
8
No
[141]

Divac, VladeVlade Divac
000000001995-02-22-0000February 22, 1995
7003988100000000000♠27 years, 19 days
Los Angeles Lakers
112–100
Philadelphia 76ers
19
12
8
5
5
No
[142]

Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
000000002001-11-16-0000November 16, 2001
7003866200000000000♠23 years, 261 days
Indiana Pacers
113–120
Minnesota Timberwolves
12
9
15
6
5
Yes (2OT)
[143]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-03-0000December 3, 2003
7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days
Utah Jazz
101–107
Houston Rockets
19
5
7
8
5
Yes (OT)
[144]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-10-0000December 10, 2003
7003833000000000000♠22 years, 295 days
Utah Jazz
95–73
New York Knicks
10
12
6
6
5
No
[145]

Camby, MarcusMarcus Camby
000000002004-01-09-0000January 9, 2004
7004108850000000000♠29 years, 293 days
Denver Nuggets
106–96
Utah Jazz
8
11
5
5
8
No
[146]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002006-01-03-0000January 3, 2006
7003908500000000000♠24 years, 319 days
Utah Jazz
90–80
Los Angeles Lakers
14
8
9
6
7
No
[147]

Batum, NicolasNicolas Batum
000000002012-12-16-0000December 16, 2012
7003876800000000000♠24 years, 2 days
Portland Trail Blazers
95–94
New Orleans Hornets
11
5
10
5
5
No
[148]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
000000002015-12-11-0000December 11, 2015
7003941300000000000♠25 years, 282 days
Golden State Warriors
124–119
Boston Celtics
24
11
8
5
5
Yes (2OT)
[149]

text: Facts[edit]

text: All facts based on data since 1985–86:

text:
Greatest five-by-fives (most of each stat): Hakeem Olajuwon, on March 10, 1987, became the first in NBA history to record a five-by-six (at least 6 each of all five statistics: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, steals).[150] It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history. Andrei Kirilenko, on January 3, 2006, recorded a five-by-six against the Lakers. Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon's, Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation.
Most five-by-fives in a career: Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five-by-fives.[131] Andrei Kirilenko, with 3, is the only other player with more than one career five-by-five.
Most five-by-fives in the same season: Only twice has a player recorded two five-by-fives in a season. Olajuwon in the 1993–94 season, and Kirilenko in the 2003–04 season.
Quickest pair of five-by-fives: Kirilenko performed a five-by-five on December 3, 2003, and completed another just a week later, on December 10, 2003. The second quickest five-by-fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5, 1993 and another, 55 days later, on December 30, 1993.
Youngest player: Kirilenko's first NBA five-by-five came on December 3, 2003, making him the youngest to record a five-by-five at age 7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days.
Oldest player: Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five-by-five. His last career five-by-five came on December 30, 1993, at which time he was 7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days old.


document_title: National Hispanic Heritage Month

question_text: when did we start celebrating national hispanic heritage month

text: National Hispanic Heritage Month

text: History[edit]

text: Hispanic Heritage Week was established by legislation sponsored by Rep. Edward R. Roybal (D-Los Angeles) first proclaimed President Lyndon Johnson in 1968.[1][2] The commemorative week was expanded by legislation sponsored by Rep. Esteban E. Torres (D-Pico Rivera) and implemented by President Ronald Reagan in 1988 to cover a 30-day period (September 15 - October 15).[1] It was enacted into law on August 17, 1988 on the approval of Public Law 100-402.

text: September 15 was chosen as the starting point for the celebration because it is the anniversary of independence of five Latin American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. All declared independence in 1821. In addition, Mexico, Chile and Belize celebrate their independence days on September 16, September 18, and September 21, respectively.[3]

text: Hispanic Heritage Month (HHM) also celebrates the long and important presence of Hispanic and Latino Americans in North America. A map of late 18th-century North America shows this presence, from the small outpost of San Francisco founded in Alta California in 1776, through the Spanish province of Texas with its vaqueros (cowboys), to the fortress of St. Augustine, Florida — the first colonial settlement in North America, founded in 1513, ninety-four years before the English landed in Jamestown, Virginia.

text: Events[edit]

text: During HHM, communities celebrate the achievements and contributions of Hispanic and Latino Americans with community festivals, government-sponsored activities and educational activities for students.

text: Northwest Arkansas Hispanic Heritage Festival, located in Fayetteville, Arkansas, established 2013 by the Fayetteville Chamber of Commerce.[4]

text: The El Barrio Latin Jazz festival: This event in the Bronx, NYC starts on September 15 and continues through September 25. People attending the event can learn more about the Latin music scene in Harlem and its global impact while enjoying live jazz performances.

text: The Smithsonian Institution hosts Hispanic Heritage Month events in Washington, D.C.

text: Observances[edit]

text: On September 13, 1988, President Ronald Reagan proclaimed National Hispanic Heritage Month.[5][6][7]