document_title: Lego

question_text: when did the first lego set come out

question_tokens: when did the first lego set come out

text: Lego

text: History

text: The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), a carpenter from Billund, Denmark, who began making wooden toys in 1932.[7][8] In 1934, his company came to be called "Lego", derived from the Danish phrase leg godt, which means "play well". In 1947, Lego expanded to begin producing plastic toys.[9] In 1949 Lego began producing, among other new products, an early version of the now familiar interlocking bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks". These bricks were based in part on the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, which were patented in the United Kingdom in 1939[10] and released in 1947. Lego modified the design of the Kiddicraft brick after examining a sample that they received from the supplier of an injection-molding machine that Lego purchased.[11] The bricks, originally manufactured from cellulose acetate,[12] were a development of the traditional stackable wooden blocks of the time.[9]

text: The Lego Group's motto is det bedste er ikke for godt which means roughly "only the best is the best" (more literally "the best is never too good").[8] This motto, which is still used today, was created by Christiansen to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality, a value he believed in strongly.[8] By 1951 plastic toys accounted for half of the Lego company's output, even though the Danish trade magazine Legetøjs-Tidende ("Toy-Times"), visiting the Lego factory in Billund in the early 1950s, felt that plastic would never be able to replace traditional wooden toys.[13] Although a common sentiment, Lego toys seem to have become a significant exception to the dislike of plastic in children's toys, due in part to the high standards set by Ole Kirk.[14]

text: By 1954, Christiansen's son, Godtfred, had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group.[13] It was his conversation with an overseas buyer that led to the idea of a toy system. Godtfred saw the immense potential in Lego bricks to become a system for creative play, but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint: their locking ability was limited and they were not versatile.[3] In 1958, the modern brick design was developed; it took five years to find the right material for it, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) polymer.[11][12] The modern Lego brick design was patented on 28 January 1958.[15]

text: The Lego Group's Duplo product line was introduced in 1969 and is a range of simple blocks whose lengths measure twice the width, height and depth of standard Lego blocks and are aimed towards younger children.[13][16]

text: In 1978, Lego produced the first minifigures, which have since become a staple in most sets.[17]

text: In May 2011, Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-134 brought 13 Lego kits to the International Space Station, where astronauts built models to see how they would react in microgravity, as a part of the Lego Bricks in Space program.[18][19]

text: In May 2013, the largest model ever created was displayed in New York City and was made of over 5 million bricks; a 1:1 scale model of an X-wing fighter.[20] Other records include a 112-foot (34 m) tower[21] and a 4 km (2.5 mi) railway.[22][23]

text: In February 2015, Lego replaced Ferrari as the "world's most powerful brand."[6][24]

text: In popular culture

text: Lego's popularity is demonstrated by its wide representation and usage in many forms of cultural works, including books, films and art work. It has even been used in the classroom as a teaching tool.[25] In the US, Lego Education North America is a joint venture between Pitsco, Inc. and the educational division of the Lego Group.[26]

text: In 1998, Lego bricks were one of the original inductees into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York.[27]

text: Design

text: Lego pieces of all varieties constitute a universal system. Despite variation in the design and the purposes of individual pieces over the years, each piece remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1958 still interlock with those made in the current time, and Lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers. Six pieces of 2x4 bricks can be combined in 915,103,765 ways.[28]

text: Each Lego piece must be manufactured to an exacting degree of precision. When two pieces are engaged they must fit firmly, yet be easily disassembled. The machines that manufacture Lego bricks have tolerances as small as 10 micrometres.[29]

text: Primary concept and development work takes place at the Billund headquarters, where the company employs approximately 120 designers. The company also has smaller design offices in the UK, Spain, Germany, and Japan which are tasked with developing products aimed specifically at these markets. The average development period for a new product is around twelve months, split into three stages. The first stage is to identify market trends and developments, including contact by the designers directly with the market; some are stationed in toy shops close to holidays, while others interview children. The second stage is the design and development of the product based upon the results of the first stage. As of September 2008 the design teams use 3D modeling software to generate CAD drawings from initial design sketches. The designs are then prototyped using an in-house stereolithography machine. These prototypes are presented to the entire project team for comment and for testing by parents and children during the "validation" process. Designs may then be altered in accordance with the results from the focus groups. Virtual models of completed Lego products are built concurrently with the writing of the user instructions. Completed CAD models are also used in the wider organisation, for marketing and packaging.[32]

text: Lego Digital Designer is an official piece of Lego software for Mac OS X and Windows which allows users to create their own digital Lego designs.[33] The program once allowed customers to order their custom designs[34] with a service to ship physical models from Digital Designer to consumers; the service ended in 2012.[35]

text: Manufacturing

text: Since 1963, Lego pieces have been manufactured from a strong, resilient plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).[12][29] As of September 2008, Lego engineers use the NX CAD/CAM/CAE PLM software suite to model the elements. The software allows the parts to be optimized by way of mould flow and stress analysis. Prototype moulds are sometimes built before the design is committed to mass production. The ABS plastic is heated to 232 °C (450 °F) until it reaches a dough-like consistency. It is then injected into the moulds at pressures between 25 and 150 tonnes, and takes approximately 15 seconds to cool. The moulds are permitted a tolerance of up to twenty micrometres, to ensure the bricks remain connected.[32] Human inspectors check the output of the moulds, to eliminate significant variations in colour or thickness. According to the Lego Group, about eighteen bricks out of every million fail to meet the standard required.[36] Lego factories recycle all but about 1 percent of their plastic waste from the manufacturing process. If the plastic cannot be re-used in Lego bricks, it is processed and sold on to industries that can make use of it.[37][38]

text: Manufacturing of Lego bricks occurs at several locations around the world. Moulding is done in Billund; Nyíregyháza, Hungary; Monterrey, Mexico and most recently in Jiaxing, China. Brick decorations and packaging are done at plants in Denmark, Hungary, Mexico and Kladno in the Czech Republic. The Lego Group estimates that in five decades it has produced 400 billion Lego blocks.[39] Annual production of Lego bricks averages approximately 36 billion, or about 1140 elements per second. According to an article in BusinessWeek in 2006, Lego could be considered the world's No. 1 tire manufacturer; the factory produces about 306 million small rubber tires a year.[40] The claim was reiterated in 2012.[41]

text: In December 2012, the BBC's More or Less radio program asked the Open University's engineering department to determine "how many Lego bricks, stacked one on top of the other, it would take for the weight to destroy the bottom brick?"[42] Using a hydraulic testing machine, the engineering department determined the average maximum force a 2×2 Lego brick can stand is 4,240 newtons; since an average 2×2 Lego brick has a mass of 1.152 grams (0.0406 oz), according to their calculations it would take a stack of 375,000 bricks to cause the bottom brick to collapse, which represents a stack 3,591 metres (11,781 ft) in height.[42]

text: Private tests have shown several thousand assembly-disassembly cycles before the bricks begin to wear out,[43] although Lego tests show fewer cycles.[44]

text: Lego set themes

text: Since the 1950s, the Lego Group has released thousands of sets with a variety of themes, including space, robots, pirates, trains, Vikings, castle, dinosaurs, undersea exploration, and wild west. Some of the classic themes that continue to the present day include Lego City (a line of sets depicting city life introduced in 1973) and Lego Technic (a line aimed at emulating complex machinery, introduced in 1977).[45]

text: Over the years, Lego has licensed themes from numerous cartoon and film franchises and even some from video games. These include Batman, Indiana Jones, Pirates of the Caribbean, Harry Potter, Star Wars, and Minecraft. Although some of the licensed themes, Lego Star Wars and Lego Indiana Jones, had highly successful sales, Lego has expressed a desire to rely more upon their own characters and classic themes, and less upon licensed themes related to movie releases.[46]

text: For the 2012 Summer Olympics in London Lego released a special Lego Minifigures serie and for the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, Lego released a kit with the Olympic and Paralympic mascots Vinicius and Tom.[47]

text: One of the largest Lego sets commercially produced was a minifig-scaled edition of the Star Wars Millennium Falcon. Designed by Jens Kronvold Fredericksen, it was released in 2007 and contained 5,195 pieces. It was surpassed by a 5,922-piece Taj Mahal. A redesigned Millenium Falcon recently retook the top spot in 2017 with 7,541 pieces.[48]

text: Robotics themes

text: Lego also initiated a robotics line of toys called 'Mindstorms' in 1999, and has continued to expand and update this range ever since. The roots of the product originate from a programmable brick developed at the MIT Media Lab, and the name is taken from a paper by Seymour Papert, a computer scientist and educator who developed the educational theory of constructionism, and whose research was at times funded by the Lego Group.[49]

text: The programmable Lego brick which is at the heart of these robotics sets has undergone several updates and redesigns, with the latest being called the 'EV3' brick, being sold under the name of Lego Mindstorms EV3. The set includes sensors that detect touch, light, sound and ultrasonic waves, with several others being sold separately, including an RFID reader.[50]

text: The intelligent brick can be programmed using official software available for Windows and Mac computers, and is downloaded onto the brick via Bluetooth or a USB cable. There are also several unofficial programs and compatible programming languages that have been made to work with the brick, and many books have been written to support this community.[50]

text: There are several robotics competitions which use the Lego robotics sets. The earliest is Botball, a national U.S. middle- and high-school competition stemming from the MIT 6.270 Lego robotics tournament. Other Lego robotics competitions include Junior FIRST LEGO League (Jr.FLL) for students ages 6–9 and FIRST Lego League (FLL) for students ages 9–16 (age 9–14 in the United States, Canada, and Mexico). Jr.FLL and FLL offer real-world engineering challenges to participants. FLL uses Lego-based robots to complete tasks. Jr.FLL participants build models out of Lego elements. In its 2010 season, there were 16,070 FLL teams in over 55 countries. In its 2010 season, there were 2,147 Jr.FLL teams with 12,882 total student participants in the United States and Canada. The international RoboCup Junior football competition involves extensive use of Lego Mindstorms equipment which is often pushed to its extreme limits.[51]

text: The capabilities of the Mindstorms range have now been harnessed for use in Iko Creative Prosthetic System, a prosthetic limbs system designed for children. Designs for these Lego prosthetics allow everything from mechanical diggers to laser-firing spaceships to be screwed on to the end of a child's limb. Iko is the work of the Chicago-based Colombian designer Carlos Arturo Torres, and is a modular system that allows children to customise their own prosthetics with the ease of clicking together plastic bricks. Designed with Lego's Future Lab, the Danish toy company's experimental research department, and Cirec, a Colombian foundation for physical rehabilitation, the modular prosthetic incorporates myoelectric sensors that register the activity of the muscle in the stump and send a signal to control movement in the attachment. A processing unit in the body of the prosthetic contains an engine compatible with Lego Mindstorms, the company's robotics line, which lets the wearer build an extensive range of customised, programmable limbs.[52][53]

text: Clones of Lego

text: The definitive shape of the Lego bricks, with the inner tubes, was patented by the Lego Group in 1958.[15][54] Several competitors have attempted to take advantage of Lego's popularity by producing blocks of similar dimensions, and advertising them as being compatible with Lego bricks. In 2002, Lego sued the CoCo Toy Company in Beijing for copyright infringement over its "Coko bricks" product. CoCo was ordered to cease manufacture of the products, publish a formal apology and pay damages.[55] Lego sued the English company Best-Lock Construction Toys in German courts in 2004[56] and 2009;[57] the Federal Patent Court of Germany denied Lego trademark protection for the shape of its bricks for the latter case.[58] In 2005, the Lego Company sued Canadian company Mega Bloks for trademark violation, but the Supreme Court of Canada upheld Mega Bloks' rights to sell their product.[59] In 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the eight-peg design of the original Lego brick "merely performs a technical function [and] cannot be registered as a trademark."[60]

text: Related services

text: Official website

text: First launched in 1996, the Lego website has developed over the years, and provides many extra services beyond an online store and a product catalogue. There are also moderated message boards that were founded in 2001.[61] The site also includes instruction booklets for all Lego sets dating back to 2002.[62]

text: My Lego Network is a social networking site that involves items, blueprints, ranks, badges which are earned for completing certain tasks, trading and trophies called masterpieces which allow users to progress to go to the next rank. The website has a built in inbox which allows users to send pre written messages to one another. The Lego Network includes automated non-player characters within called "Networkers", who are able to do things which normal users cannot do, sending custom messages, and selling masterpieces and blueprints. The site also has modules which are set up on the user's page that give the user items, or that display picture compositions. Before My Lego Network, there were Lego Club Pages, which essentially held the same purpose, although the design lacked complex interaction.[63]

text: Theme parks

text: Merlin Entertainments operates seven Legoland amusement parks, the original in Billund, Denmark, the second in Windsor, England, the third in Günzburg, Germany, the fourth in Carlsbad, California, the fifth in Winter Haven, Florida, the sixth in Nusajaya, Malaysia[64] and the seventh in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[65] and the eighth in Shanghai, Peoples of Republic of China.[66] On 13 July 2005, the control of 70% of the Legoland parks was sold for $460 million to the Blackstone Group of New York while the remaining 30% is still held by Lego Group.[67] There are also eight Legoland Discovery Centres, two in Germany, four in the United States, one in Japan and one in the United Kingdom. Two Legoland Discovery Centres opened in 2013: one at the Westchester Ridge Hill shopping complex in Yonkers, NY and one at the Vaughan Mills in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. Another has opened at the Meadowlands complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey in 2014.[68]

text: Retail stores

text: Lego operates 132 so-called "Lego Store" retail shops.[69] There are stores at the Downtown Disney shopping complexes at Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resorts as well as in Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. The opening of each store is celebrated with weekend-long event in which a Master Model Builder creates, with the help of volunteers—most of whom are children—a larger-than-life Lego statue, which is then displayed at the new store for several weeks.[70]

text: Business consultancy

text: Since around 2000, the Lego Group has been promoting "Lego Serious Play", a form of business consultancy fostering creative thinking, in which team members build metaphors of their organizational identities and experiences using Lego bricks. Participants work through imaginary scenarios using visual three-dimensional Lego constructions, imaginatively exploring possibilities in a serious form of play.[71]

text: Related products

text: Video games

text: Lego branched out into the video game market in 1997 by founding Lego Media International Limited, and Lego Island was released that year by Mindscape. After this Lego released titles such as Lego Creator and Lego Racers.

text: After Lego closed down their publishing subsidiary, they moved on to a partnership with Traveller's Tales, and went on to make games like Lego Star Wars, Lego Indiana Jones, Lego Batman, and many more including the very well-received Lego Marvel Super Heroes game, featuring New York City as the overworld and including Marvel characters from the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and more.[72][73] More recently, Lego has created a game based on The Lego Movie, due to its popularity.[74]

text: Board games

text: Lego Games launched in 2009, was a series of Lego-themed board games designed by Cephas Howard and Reiner Knizia[75][76] in which the players usually build the playing board out of Lego bricks and then play with Lego-style players. Examples of the games include "Minotaurus", in which players roll dice to move characters within a brick-build labyrinth, "Creationary", in which players must build something which appears on a card, or "Ramses Pyramid", in which players collect gems and climb up a customizable pyramid. Like many board games, the games use dice. In Lego Games, the dice are Lego, with Lego squares with symbols on Lego studs on the dice, surrounded by rubber. The games vary from simple to complex, some are similar to "traditional" board games, while others are completely different.[77]

text: Films and television

text: Several straight-to-DVD computer animated Bionicle and Hero Factory movies were produced, and Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers was released on DVD in February 2010, a computer-animated film made by Tinseltown Toons.[78]

text: The Lego Movie, a feature film based on Lego toys, was released by Warner Bros. in February 2014.[79] It featured Chris Pratt in the lead role, with substantial supporting characters voiced by Will Arnett, Morgan Freeman, Liam Neeson, Alison Brie, Will Ferrell and Nick Offerman.[80] A contest was held for contestants to submit designs for vehicles to be used in the film.[81] After the release of The Lego Movie, independent Canadian toy retailers reported issues with shortages of Lego products and cited cancellations of Lego pre-orders without warning[82] as a motive to stock compatible, rival products.[83]

text: A spin-off of The Lego Movie, entitled The Lego Batman Movie, directed by Chris McKay was released in the US in February 2017.[84]

text: In June 2013, it was reported that Warner Bros. was developing a feature film adaptation of Lego Ninjago. Brothers Dan Hageman and Kevin Hageman were attached to write the adaptation, while Dan Lin and Roy Lee, along with Phil Lord and Chris Miller, were announced as producers.[85] The film, The Lego Ninjago Movie, was released in September 2017.[86] A computer-generated animated series based on Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu began in 2011, and another based on Legends of Chima began in 2013. A television series of Lego City has also been announced.[87]

text: Books and magazines

text: Lego has an ongoing deal with publisher Dorling Kindersley (DK), who are producing a series of illustrated hardback books looking at different aspects of the construction toy. The first was "The Ultimate Lego Book", published in 1999. More recently, in 2009, the same publisher produced The LEGO Book, which was sold within a slipcase along with Standing Small: A celebration of 30 years of the LEGO minifigure, a smaller book focused on the minifigure. In 2012, a revised edition was published. Also in 2009, DK also published books on Lego Star Wars (Lego Star Wars: The Visual Dictionary) and a range of Lego-based sticker books.[88]

text: Although no longer being published in the United States by Scholastic, books covering events in the Bionicle storyline are written by Greg Farshtey. They are still being published in Europe by AMEET. Bionicle comics, also written by Farshtey, are compiled into graphic novels and were released by Papercutz. This series ended in 2009, after nine years.[89]

text: There is also the Lego Club and Brickmaster magazine, the latter discontinued in 2011.[90]

text: Children's clothing

text: Since 1993, LEGOwear Clothes have been produced and marketed by a Danish company called Kabooki under license from Lego Group. The clothes are for boys and girls from 0 to 12 years old and the partnership also ties in with other Lego products such as 'Ninjago', 'Hero Factory' and the new 'Friends' theme for girls.[91]


document_title: CSV

question_text: what does csv stand for in computer terms

root

text: CSV

text: Organizations[edit]

text:
Christian Social People's Party, a political party in Luxembourg
Clerics of Saint Viator, a Roman Catholic religious institute founded in Lyon, France
Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol, the continental governing body for the sport of volleyball in South America

tag: ul

text: Computing[edit]

text:
Comma-separated values, a file format (usually with a .csv extension)

CSV application support

Certified Server Validation, a spam fighting technique
Cluster Shared Volumes, a Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Failover Clustering technology offering distributed access to Hyper-V virtual machines on shared storage
Computerized system validation, a documentation process

text: Automotive[edit]

text:
Chevrolet Special Vehicles, the Middle-Eastern export versions of the Australian Holden Special Vehicles (HSV)
Corsa Specialised Vehicles, an Australia secondary manufacturer of high performance cars based on Holden products
GM U platform, known as the cross-over sport van, a minivan made by General Motors Corporation

text: Other[edit]

text:
Character Strengths and Virtues, a handbook of human strengths and virtues, by Christopher Peterson and Martin Seligman
Creating Shared Value, a concept linking competitiveness of a company and the health of the communities around it
Critical Settling Velocity, the smallest velocity of a particle before it settles

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CSV.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Cass Ole

question_text: what type of horse was the black stallion

text: Cass Ole

text:
Cass Ole

Cass Ole in The Black Stallion

Breed
Arabian

Sire
Al-Marah Cassanova [1]

Grandsire
Rapture

Dam
La Bahia

Maternal grandsire
Hanrah

Sex
Stallion

Foaled
March 6, 1969

Country
United States

Color
Black

Breeder
Donoghue Arabians

Owner
San Antonio Arabians

Last updated on: January 13, 2008.

text: Cass Ole (March 6, 1969 - June 29, 1993) was a Texan-bred Arabian stallion. Originally bred to be a show horse, he was National Champion in Arabian Western Pleasure in 1975, National Reserve Champion Arabian Ladies Side Saddle in 1976, and U.S. Top Ten Arabian English Pleasure in both 1975 and 1976. He won over 50 championships and over 20 Reserve Championships in his seven-year show career and was high point winner of the King Saud Trophy of the American Horse Show Association (now United States Equestrian Federation). He is best known for his role as The Black in the films The Black Stallion and The Black Stallion Returns, in which he is credited as Cass-Olé.

tag: p

text: The Black Stallion[edit]

text: Horse trainers Glen Randall and his sons J.R. and Corky Randall began their international search for a black Arabian to play The Black in the upcoming film. They found Cass Ole at his ranch in San Antonio, and his temperament and appearance suited him for the role. His owners stipulated that he was not to be used in the running or swimming scenes, so three other horses were obtained for use in those shots, as well as for stunts. Cass Ole and his fellow horse actors trained at a California ranch for several weeks before filming began. He had sessions with the young actor in the lead role, Kelly Reno, so the two could become familiar and get used to working with one another.

text: Cass Ole was naturally a black-colored horse, but he had white markings on his pasterns and a white star on his forehead which were dyed black for his screen time. (In the 2003 IMAX film, The Young Black Stallion, the horse cast for the role was actually a bay and his entire coat was dyed black.)

text: His mane as seen in the two movies was partially enhanced. Like many American horses, Cass Ole had his mane trimmed into a bridle path. While he did have a long mane typical for his breed, its natural length was about equal to the width of his neck, which is the average maximum length that a horse's mane will grow when not specially groomed. Therefore, to hide his bridle path trimming and to create the long flowing mane that was seen in the movie itself, hair extensions were stitched into his mane to provide a fuller and longer look on camera. To grow a mane past its natural length requires it to be kept in braids, regularly conditioned, takes at least a year's time to achieve significant length, and, like humans, some horses' manes simply will not grow beyond a certain length.

text: Later life[edit]

text: After the two films had been released Cass Ole became a celebrity, showing up to be admired at fundraisers and special events. In 1980 he won the Humane Society Award for The Prevention of Cruelty To Animals at the International Horse Show in Washington, D.C. He visited the White House and was present at the Inauguration of President Reagan. He performed before audiences in Italy, Sardinia, Algeria, and Morocco. His last performance took place in the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington. His retirement show was under the direction of professional horse trainer George Gipson of Tenaha, Texas. He stood at stud at his home ranch in Texas, siring over 130 foals. None of them grew up to match his success.

text: Cass Ole was euthanized in 1993 after suffering from severe colic.


document_title: List of Romantic-era composers

question_text: the last of the great austrian romantic composers

text: List of Romantic-era composers

text: Classical-era/Romantic-era composers (born 1770–1799)[edit]

text:
Name

Date born

Date died

Nationality

Comments

Ludwig van Beethoven
1770
1827
German
 Ludwig van Beethovencomposer and pianist, regarded by many as the first Romantic-era composer, most famous for Symphony No. 5 and Für Elise among others.

Ferdinando Carulli
1770
1841
Italian
composer for the guitar, wrote concertos and chamber music.

Édouard Du Puy
1770
1822
Swiss
 Édouard Du Puycomposer, singer, director and violinist.

Peter Hänsel
1770
1831
German-Austrian
composer and violinist.

James Hewitt
1770
1827
American
composer, conductor and music publisher.

Anton Reicha
1770
1836
Czech-French
 Anton Reichacomposer who experimented with irregular time signatures in his keyboard fugues, composed a large number of significant works for wind quintet.

Christian Heinrich Rinck
1770
1846
German
composer and organist.

Jan August Vitásek
1770
1839
Bohemian
composer.

Friedrich Witt
1770
1836
German
composer and cellist.

Johann Baptist Cramer
1771
1858
English
musician of German origin.

Ferdinando Paer
1771
1839
Italian
composer.

Maria Frances Parke
1772
1822
English
composer, pianist and soprano.

François-Louis Perne
1772
1832
French
composer and musicographer.

Josef Triebensee
1772
1846
Bohemian
composer and oboist.

Johann Wilhelm Wilms
1772
1847
Dutch-German
composer, best known for writing Wien Neêrlands Bloed, which served as the Dutch national anthem from 1815 to 1932.

Sophie Bawr
1773
1860
French
composer, writer and playwright.

Pietro Generali
1773
1832
Italian
composer of operas and vocal music.

Václav Tomáš Matějka
1773
1830
Czech
composer.

Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
1773
1820
Italian
mandolin and guitar virtuoso and composer.

Pierre Rode
1774
1830
French
composer and violinist.

Gaspare Spontini
1774
1851
Italian
 Gaspare Spontiniopera composer and conductor (La vestale).

Václav Tomášek
1774
1850
Czech
 Václav Tomášekcomposer and music teacher.

Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse
1774
1842
Danish
composer in the Danish Golden Age.

Johann Anton André
1775
1842
German
composer and music publisher.

François-Adrien Boieldieu
1775
1834
French
 François-Adrien Boieldieucomposer.

João Domingos Bomtempo
1775
1842
Portuguese
composer, pianist and pedagogue.

Bernhard Crusell
1775
1838
Finnish
composer and clarinet player.

Sophia Dussek
1775
1847
Scottish
composer of Italian descent, singer, pianist and harpist.

François de Fossa
1775
1849
French
composer and guitarist.

Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann
1776
1822
German
composer, author of fantasy and horror, jurist, music critic, draftsman and caricaturist.

Joseph Küffner
1776
1856
German
composer and musician.

Philipp Jakob Riotte
1776
1856
German
composer.

Ignaz von Seyfried
1776
1841
Austrian
composer, musician and conductor.

Ludwig Berger
1777
1839
German
composer, pianist and piano teacher.

Pauline Duchambge
1778
1858
French
composer and pianist.

Johann Nepomuk Hummel
1778
1837
Austrian
 Johann Nepomuk Hummelcomposer and pianist, his music bridged the Classical era of music and Romantic era of music.

Sigismund von Neukomm
1778
1858
Austrian
composer and pianist.

Fernando Sor
1778
1839
Spanish
composer for the classical guitar who is credited with elevating the guitar to the level of concert instrument.

William Knyvett
1779
1856
British
composer and singer.

Louise Reichardt
1779
1826
German
composer and songwriter.

Luigi Antonio Calegari
1780
1849
Italian
opera composer.

Conradin Kreutzer
1780
1849
German
composer and conductor.

Louis François Dauprat
1781
1868
French
composer, horn player and music professor at the Conservatoire de Paris.

Anton Diabelli
1781
1858
Austrian
composer, music publisher and editor.

Mauro Giuliani
1781
1828
Italian
 Mauro Giulianicomposer and virtuoso guitarist.

Anthony Heinrich
1781
1861
American
composer.

Sophie Lebrun
1781
1863
German
composer and pianist.

François Joseph Naderman
1781
1835
French
composer, harpist and teacher.

Daniel Auber
1782
1871
French
opera composer, noted for La muette de Portici.

Carlo Coccia
1782
1873
Italian
opera composer.

John Field
1782
1837
Irish
 John Fieldcomposer and pianist, notable for cultivating the nocturne.

Niccolò Paganini
1782
1840
Italian
 Niccolò Paganinicomposer and virtuoso violinist, wrote the 24 Caprices for violin, five concerti for violin, string quartets and works for violin and guitar.

Charlotta Seuerling
1782
1828
Swedish
composer, concert singer, harpsichordist and poet.

Friedrich Dotzauer
1783
1860
German
composer and cellist.

Teresa Belloc-Giorgi
1784
1855
Italian
composer and contralto.

Martin-Joseph Mengal
1784
1851
Belgian
composer and instructor.

Francesco Morlacchi
1784
1841
Italian
composer.

George Onslow
1784
1853
Anglo-French
composer.

Ferdinand Ries
1784
1838
German
 Ferdinand Riescomposer, friend and pupil of Ludwig van Beethoven.

Louis Spohr
1784
1859
German
 Louis Spohrcomposer, violinist and conductor, renowned for chamber music and compositions for violin and harp.

Alexandre Pierre François Boëly
1785
1858
French
composer, organist and pianist.

Bettina von Arnim
1785
1859
German
composer, writer and novelist.

Catherina Cibbini-Kozeluch
1785
1858
Austrian
composer of Bohemian ancestry and pianist.

Isabella Colbran
1785
1845
Spanish
composer and opera singer.

Karol Kurpiński
1785
1857
Polish
composer, conductor and pedagogue.

Marie Bigot
1785
1820
French
composer and piano teacher.

Henry Bishop
1786
1855
English
composer.

Friedrich Kuhlau
1786
1832
German-Danish
 Friedrich Kuhlaucomposer.

Pietro Raimondi
1786
1853
Italian
composer.

Carl Maria von Weber
1786
1826
German
 Carl Maria von Webercomposer, conductor, pianist, guitarist and critic, one of the first significant Romantic opera composers.

Alexander Alyabyev
1787
1851
Russian
composer, conductor and pianist.

Michele Carafa
1787
1872
Italian
opera composer.

Johann Peter Pixis
1788
1874
German
composer and pianist.

Simon Sechter
1788
1867
Austrian
prolific composer, renowned music theorist, teacher, organist and conductor.

Elena Asachi
1789
1877
Romanian
composer of Austrian birth, pianist and singer.

Nicolas-Charles Bochsa
1789
1856
French
composer and musician.

Friedrich Ernst Fesca
1789
1826
German
composer of instrumental music and violinist.

Maria Agata Szymanowska
1789
1831
Polish
composer and virtuoso pianist.

Harriet Browne
1790
1858
English
composer and writer.

Isaac Nathan
1790
1864
Anglo-Australian
composer, musicologist, journalist and self-publicist known as "the father of Australian music".

Carl Czerny
1791
1857
Austrian
 Carl Czernycomposer, teacher and pianist.

Ferdinand Hérold
1791
1833
French
 Ferdinand Héroldoperatic composer.

Giacomo Meyerbeer
1791
1864
German
 Giacomo Meyerbeercomposer for grand opera (Il crociato in Egitto, Les Huguenots, L'Africaine).

Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart
1791
1844
Austrian
 Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart composer, pianist, conductor and teacher and youngest child of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Carlo Evasio Soliva
1791
1853
Swiss-Italian
composer.

Jan Václav Voříšek
1791
1825
Czech
composer, pianist and organist.

Gioachino Rossini
1792
1868
Italian
 Gioachino Rossiniprolific opera composer, best known for  The Barber of Seville.

Hedda Wrangel
1792
1833
Swedish
composer.

Cipriani Potter
1792
1871
English
composer, teacher and pianist.

Gertrude van den Bergh
1793
1840
Dutch
composer and pianist.

Bernhard Klein
1793
1832
German
composer.

Caroline Ridderstolpe
1793
1878
Swedish
composer and singer.

Princess Amalie of Saxony
1794
1870
German
composer.

Ignaz Moscheles
1794
1870
Czech
 Ignaz Moschelescomposer and piano virtuoso, head of the Leipzig Conservatory after Felix Mendelssohn.

Heinrich Marschner
1795
1861
German
considered to be the most important composer of German opera between Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner.

Saverio Mercadante
1795
1870
Italian
 Saverio Mercadantecomposer.

Nikolaos Mantzaros
1795
1872
Italian-Greek
composer.

Franz Berwald
1796
1868
Swedish
composer, little known in his lifetime, but his works, including his four symphonies are better known today.

Helene Liebmann
1796
1835
German
composer and pianist.

Carl Loewe
1796
1869
German
 Carl Loewecomposer, baritone singer and conductor.

Mathilda d'Orozco
1796
1863
Swedish
composer, noble, salonist, poet, writer, singer, amateur actress and harpsichordist.

Giovanni Pacini
1796
1867
Italian
composer.

Emilie Zumsteeg
1796
1857
German
composer, pianist, songwriter and choir conductor.

Luigi Castellacci
1797
1845
Italian
virtuoso on the mandolin and guitar, instrumental composer and author of popular French romances with guitar and piano accompaniments.

Gaetano Donizetti
1797
1848
Italian
 Gaetano Donizettiopera composer, known for Lucia di Lammermoor and L'elisir d'amore among others.

Franz Schubert
1797
1828
Austrian
 Franz Schubertcomposer, best known for his more than 600 lieder, chamber music, piano works and symphonies.

Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
1797
1848
German
composer and writer.

Antonio Rolla
1798
1837
Italian
composer and violin and viola virtuoso.

Olivia Buckley
1799
1847
English
composer, harpist and organist.

Maria Fredrica von Stedingk
1799
1868
Swedish
composer and courtier.

Fromental Halévy
1799
1862
French
 Fromental Halévycomposer.

Oscar I of Sweden
1799
1859
Swedish
 Oscar I of Swedencomposer and king of Sweden and Norway.

text: Repertoire key: B=In Classical Net's basic Timeline of Major Composers 1600–present[1]

text: Early Romantic-era composers (born 1800–19)[edit]

text:
Name

Date born

Date died

Nationality

Comments

Vincenzo Bellini
1801
1835
Italian
 Vincenzo Belliniopera composer, known for I Puritani, Norma and La sonnambula among others.

Tomasz Padura
1801
1871
Ukrainian-Polish
 Tomasz Padurapoet of the so-called Ukrainian school, musician-torbanist and composer-songwriter.

Jean-Baptiste Duvernoy
1802
1880
French
composer and pianist.

Amédée Méreaux
1802
1874
French
composer, his works are somewhat known for their immense difficulties.

Cesare Pugni
1802
1870
Italian
prolific composer of ballet music.

Eliza Flower
1803
1846
English
composer.

Adolphe Adam
1803
1856
French
 Adolphe Adamcomposer, best known for his ballet score, Giselle.

Hector Berlioz
1803
1869
French
 Hector Berliozcomposer, famous for his programmatic symphony, Symphonie Fantastique.

Henri Herz
1803
1888
Austrian
composer and pianist.

Franz Lachner
1803
1890
German
composer and conductor, brother of Ignaz Lachner and Vinzenz Lachner.

Louise Farrenc
1804
1875
French
composer of three symphonies and many chamber works including the earliest known sextet for piano and wind quintet (1852).

Mikhail Glinka
1804
1857
Russian
 Mikhail Glinkanationalist composer whose works include the opera, A Life for the Tsar.

Johann Strauss I
1804
1849
Austrian
 Johann Strauss Idance music composer, famous for Radetzky March.

Fanny Mendelssohn
1805
1847
German
composer and pianist, sister of Felix Mendelssohn, mainly known for her vocal compositions and chamber music.

Leopold von Zenetti
1805
1892
Austrian
composer, mainly known for being one of Anton Bruckner's masters.

Napoléon Coste
1805
1883
French
virtuoso guitarist, teacher and composer.

Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga
1806
1826
Spanish
composer who died at nineteen and by which time he had already been nicknamed the "Spanish Mozart" for his Symphony in D and three string quartets.

Johann Kaspar Mertz
1806
1856
Hungarian
composer, known for his guitar pieces.

Friedrich Burgmüller
1806
1874
German
composer and pianist.

Carlo Curti
1807
1872
Italian
cellist, performer and educator at Royal School of Music in Parma who composed cello and piano music.

Ignaz Lachner
1807
1895
German
conductor, composer and organist, a prolific composer, notable for his chamber music such as his string quartets and trios.

Michael William Balfe
1808
1870
Irish
conductor and composer, remembered for his opera, The Bohemian Girl.

Sebastián Iradier
1809
1865
Spanish
composer, best known for La Paloma.

Felix Mendelssohn
1809
1847
German
 Felix Mendelssohnconductor, music-director, composer and pianist, brother of Fanny Mendelssohn, best known for Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Otto Lindblad
1809
1864
Swedish
composer.

Frédéric Chopin
1810
1849
Polish
 Frédéric Chopincomposer and virtuoso pianist, his output includes nocturnes, ballade, scherzos, etudes and a number of Polish dances such as mazurkas, polonaises and waltzes (including Minute Waltz).

Ferenc Erkel
1810
1893
Hungarian
composer of grand opera.

Otto Nicolai
1810
1849
German
opera composer and conductor, best known for The Merry Wives of Windsor.

Norbert Burgmüller
1810
1836
German
composer and brother of Friedrich Burgmüller, praised by Robert Schumann.

Robert Schumann
1810
1856
German
 Robert Schumanncomposer and pianist, husband of Clara Schumann, a significant lieder writer, a prolific composer, wrote many short piano pieces, four symphonies, concerti and chamber music.

Ludwig Schuncke
1810
1834
German
composer and pianist.

Ferdinand David
1810
1873
German
composer and violinist.

Vinzenz Lachner
1811
1893
German
composer, brother of Franz Lachner and Ignaz Lachner.

Franz Liszt
1811
1886
Hungarian
 Franz Lisztcomposer and virtuoso pianist, wrote a number of tone poems and extended piano technique, best known for his Hungarian Rhapsodies and other solo piano works, one of the most influential and distinguished piano composers of the Romantic era.

Ferdinand Hiller
1811
1885
German
composer, conductor, writer and music-director, close friend of Felix Mendelssohn.

Wilhelm Taubert
1811
1891
German
pianist, composer and conductor whose early works received praise from Felix Mendelssohn.

Ambroise Thomas
1811
1896
French
 Ambroise Thomascomposer, best known for his two operas, Mignon and Hamlet.

Spyridon Xyndas
1812
1896
Greek
opera composer and guitarist.

Sigismond Thalberg
1812
1871
Austrian
composer and one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era.

Louis-Antoine Jullien
1812
1860
French
conductor and composer of light music, king of promenade concerts in England.

Emilie Mayer
1812
1883
German
 Emilie Mayercomposer of eight symphonies as well as overtures, lieder and numerous chamber works.

Friedrich von Flotow
1812
1883
German
 Friedrich von Flotowcomposer, chiefly remembered for his opera, Martha.

Alexandre Dubuque
1812
1898
Russian-French
composer, known for teaching.

Johann Rufinatscha
1812
1893
Austrian
composer.

Alexander Dargomyzhsky
1813
1869
Russian
 Alexander Dargomyzhskycomposer.

Semen Hulak-Artemovsky
1813
1873
Ukrainian
 Semen Hulak-Artemovskyopera composer, singer (baritone), actor and dramatist.

George Alexander Macfarren
1813
1887
English
major opera composer, best known for Robin Hood, She Stoops to Conquer and Helvellyn, also known as a teacher.

Stephen Heller
1813
1888
Hungarian
composer, highly affected the late Romantic composers.

Richard Wagner
1813
1883
German
 Richard Wagnermajor opera composer, best known for his cycle of four operas, Der Ring des Nibelungen.

Ernst Haberbier
1813
1869
German
composer.

Giuseppe Verdi
1813
1901
Italian
 Giuseppe Verdimajor opera composer, best known for Nabucco, Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida and Otello.

Charles-Valentin Alkan
1813
1888
French
composer and virtuoso pianist.

Andonios Liveralis
1814
1842
Greek
opera composer and conductor.

Giuseppe Lillo
1814
1863
Italian
composer, best known for his operas among which is worth noting Odda di Bernaver and Caterina Howard.

Adolf von Henselt
1814
1889
German
composer and pianist.

Josephine Lang
1815
1880
German
composer and pianist.

Ferdinand Praeger
1815
1891
German
composer and pianist.

Robert Volkmann
1815
1883
German
composer, companion of Johannes Brahms.

Józef Władysław Krogulski
1815
1842
Polish
composer and pianist.

William Sterndale Bennett
1816
1875
English
composer, conductor and editor.

Charles Dancla
1817
1907
French
violinist, composer and teacher.

Émile Prudent
1817
1863
French
pianist and composer.

Károly Thern
1817
1886
Hungarian
composer, conductor and teacher.

Niels Gade
1817
1890
Danish
composer, violinist and organist.

Henry Litolff
1818
1891
British
pianist, composer and music publisher, best known for his five Concertos Symphoniques.

Charles Gounod
1818
1893
French
 Charles Gounodcomposer, best known for his two operas, Faust and Roméo et Juliette.

Antonio Bazzini
1818
1897
Italian
violinist, composer and teacher, best known for The Dance of the Goblins.

Alexander Dreyschock
1818
1869
Czech
pianist and composer.

Jacques Offenbach
1819
1880
French
 Jacques Offenbachopera and operetta composer, known for The Tales of Hoffmann and Orpheus in the Underworld.

Franz von Suppé
1819
1895
Austrian
 Franz von Suppécomposer and conductor, notable for his operettas.

Stanisław Moniuszko
1819
1872
Polish
composer, best known as the Father of Polish National Opera.

Clara Schumann
1819
1896
German
composer and pianist, wife of Robert Schumann, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era.

Vatroslav Lisinski
1819
1854
Croatian
composer, famous for his first Croatian opera, Love and Malice and his second Croatian opera, Porin.

text: Middle Romantic-era composers (born 1820–39)[edit]

text:
Name

Date born

Date died

Nationality

Comments

Henri Vieuxtemps
1820
1881
Belgian
 Henri Vieuxtempscomposer and violinist.

Giovanni Bottesini
1821
1889
Italian
conductor, composer and double bass virtuoso.

Josip Runjanin
1821
1878
Croatian
composer.

Emilie Hammarskjöld
1821
1854
Swedish
composer, concert pianist and organist.

Joachim Raff
1822
1882
Swiss-born German
 Joachim Raffcomposer, best known for eleven symphonies, most of them program music.

César Franck
1822
1890
Belgian-born French
 César Franckcomposer, noted for his Symphony in D minor, also a significant composer for the organ.

Luigi Arditi
1822
1903
Italian
composer, violinist and conductor.

Édouard Lalo
1823
1892
French
 Édouard Lalocomposer, remembered for his Symphonie Espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto.

Theodor Kirchner
1823
1903
German
composer and pianist, he wrote over 1,000 piano pieces.

Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly
1823
1896
Kazakhstani
composer.

Anton Bruckner
1824
1896
Austrian
 Anton Brucknercomposer of nine large-scale symphonies (one incomplete) and two more unacknowledged.

Bedřich Smetana
1824
1884
Czech
 Bedřich Smetananationalist composer, best known for his cycle of six symphonic poems, Má vlast and his opera, The Bartered Bride.

Carl Reinecke
1824
1910
German
composer, conductor and pianist, best known for his attachment to classical forms and conducted Gewandhausorchester for nearly 35 years.

Jean-Baptiste Arban
1825
1889
French
composer and virtuoso cornetist, wrote the "Grande méthode complète pour cornet à pistons et de saxhorn" now referred to as the "Trumpeter's Bible".

Johann Strauss II
1825
1899
Austrian
 Johann Strauss IIcomposer known as "The Waltz King", son of Austrian dance music composer Johann Strauss I and elder brother of Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss, best known for Blue Danube Waltz and his opera, Die Fledermaus.

Richard Hol
1825
1904
Dutch
organ composer.

Stephen Foster
1826
1864
American
composer and songwriter known as "the father of American music", best known for "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe" and "Beautiful Dreamer".

Ivar Hallström
1826
1901
Swedish
opera composer.

Ludwig Minkus
1826
1917
Austrian
composer of ballet music.

Prince Gustav, Duke of Uppland
1827
1852
Swedish
composer and the second son of Oscar I of Sweden.

Josef Strauss
1827
1870
Austrian
composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II.

Adolphe Blanc
1828
1885
French
composer of chamber music.

Adrien Barthe
1828
1898
French
composer.

Eduard Rohde
1828
1883
German
composer and organist.

Johann Dubez
1828
1891
Austrian
composer and mandolinist.

Jacques Blumenthal
1829
1908
German
composer.

Patrick Gilmore
1829
1892
Irish-born American
composer and bandleader, best known for his song, When Johnny Comes Marching Home.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk
1829
1869
American
composer, famous for performing his own romantic piano works.

Anton Rubinstein
1829
1894
Russian
conductor, composer and pianist.

Karl Goldmark
1830
1915
Hungarian
 Karl Goldmarkcomposer.

Hans von Bülow
1830
1894
German
conductor, composer and virtuoso pianist.

Theodor Leschetizky
1830
1915
Polish
pianist, professor and composer.

Ivan Larionov
1830
1889
Russian
composer, writer and folklorist.

Kornelije Stanković
1831
1865
Serbian
composer.

Jan Gerard Palm
1831
1906
Curaçaoan
composer, best known for his mazurkas, waltzes, danzas, tumbas, fantasies and serenades.

Hiromori Hayashi
1831
1896
Japanese
composer, known for the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo.

Joseph Joachim
1831
1907
Hungarian
composer, violinist, conductor and teacher.

Eduardo Mezzacapo
1832
1898
Italian
mandolin virtuoso, composer and teacher, known for Aubade for Mandolin, Violin and Guitar and Tarantella "Napoli".

August Söderman
1832
1876
Swedish
composer, best known for his lieder and choral works.

Ivan Zajc
1832
1914
Croatian
composer, conductor, director and teacher, best known for his opera, Nikola Šubić Zrinski and his Croatian patriotic song, U boj, u boj.

Francis Edward Bache
1833
1858
English
composer and organist.

Alexander Borodin
1833
1887
Russian
chemist and nationalist composer, part of the Russian Five, wrote the opera, Prince Igor.

Johannes Brahms
1833
1897
German
 Johannes Brahmscomposer, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period, best known for his four symphonies, Violin Concerto, two piano concertos, and A German Requiem.

Amilcare Ponchielli
1834
1886
Italian
 Amilcare Ponchielliopera composer, known for La Gioconda.

Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska
1834
1861
Polish
 Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowskacomposer.

Julius Reubke
1834
1858
German
 Julius Reubkepiano and organ composer, known for Sonata on the 94th Psalm.

Peter Benoit
1834
1901
Flemish
composer.

Giuseppe Branzoli
1835
1909
Italian
mandolinist, violinist, composer and music historian.

Felix Draeseke
1835
1913
German
composer.

Camille Saint-Saëns
1835
1921
French
 Camille Saint-Saënsmusic critic, composer, pianist and an exceptional organist, best known for his biblical opera, Samson et Dalila.

Henryk Wieniawski
1835
1880
Polish
 Henryk Wieniawskicomposer and violinist, famous for two concertos and character pieces of exceptional difficulty.

Eduard Strauss
1835
1916
Austrian
composer and younger brother of Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss.

César Cui
1835
1918
Russian
 César Cuiarmy officer, music critic and composer of the Russian Five.

Davorin Jenko
1835
1914
Slovenian-born Serbian
composer and conductor.

Friedrich Baumfelder
1836
1916
German
piano, choral, and orchestra composer, in his day known for his 'Tirocinium musicae' and today known for his 'Melody in F major'.

Léo Delibes
1836
1891
French
composer, one of the first significant ballet composers since the Baroque music, known for  Coppélia, Sylvia, and Lakmé.

Antônio Carlos Gomes
1836
1896
Brazilian
opera composer, praised by Franz Liszt and Giuseppe Verdi whose Il Guarany premiered at La Scala in 1870, a first opera ballo for the composer from the New World.

Bertha Tammelin
1836
1915
Swedish
composer, concert pianist and opera singer.

Julius Weissenborn
1837
1888
German
bassoonist, composer and music teacher, famous for his Practical Bassoon School.

Émile Waldteufel
1837
1915
French
 Émile Waldteufelcomposer of light music.

Mily Balakirev
1837
1910
Russian
 Mily Balakirevnationalist composer and the leader of the Russian Five.

Georges Bizet
1838
1875
French
 Georges Bizetcomposer, best known for his final opera, Carmen.

Max Bruch
1838
1920
German
 Max Bruchcomposer, known for his Violin Concerto No. 1, Scottish Fantasy and Kol Nidrei for cello and orchestra.

Modest Mussorgsky
1839
1881
Russian
 Modest Mussorgskynationalist composer and the member of the Russian Five, best known for his piano suite, Pictures at an Exhibition.

John Knowles Paine
1839
1906
American
first native-born American composer to acquire international fame for his large-scale orchestral music.

Josef Rheinberger
1839
1901
German
composer and organist, born in Liechtenstein, primarily noted for his organ music including 20 sonatas.

text: Late Romantic-era composers (born 1840–59)[edit]

text:
Name

Date born

Date died

Nationality

Comments

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1840
1893
Russian
 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskycomposer, best known for his three ballets, The Nutcracker, Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty, his opera, Eugene Onegin, his 1812 Overture, his Piano Concerto No. 1, his Violin Concerto and his seven symphonies.

John Stainer
1840
1901
English
composer and organist.

Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray
1840
1910
French
composer.

Johan Svendsen
1840
1911
Norwegian
composer, conductor and violinist.

Louis Brassin
1840
1884
Belgian
pianist, composer and music educator, best known for his piano transcription of the Magic Fire Music from Wagner's Die Walküre.

Emmanuel Chabrier
1841
1894
French
 Emmanuel Chabrier composer who influenced Maurice Ravel, Les Six, Jean Françaix and many other French composers, known for the opera, L'étoile and the rhapsody, España.

Felip Pedrell
1841
1922
Spanish
composer of opera, zarzuela and church music who taught and influenced Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados and Manuel de Falla.

Giovanni Sgambati
1841
1914
Italian
composer, conductor and pianist.

Antonín Dvořák
1841
1904
Czech
 Antonín Dvořákcomposer, best known for New World Symphony.

Giuseppe Silvestri
1841
1921
Italian
composer and mandolin virtuoso.

Arrigo Boito
1842
1918
Italian
 Arrigo Boitocomposer and librettist, known as a composer for his opera, Mefistofele.

Mykola Lysenko
1842
1912
Ukrainian
 Mykola Lysenkocomposer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist.

Johann Nepomuk Fuchs
1842
1899
Austrian
composer, conductor, teacher and editor.

Jules Massenet
1842
1912
French
 Jules Massenetcomposer, best known for his two operas, Manon and Werther and the Méditation for violin from the opera, Thaïs.

Arthur Sullivan
1842
1900
English
 Arthur Sullivancomposer, known for his operettas in collaboration with William Schwenck Gilbert.

Calixa Lavallée
1842
1891
Canadian
composer, known for the Canadian national anthem, O Canada.

Émile Bernard
1843
1902
French
composer and organist, known for his Divertissement For Doubled Wind Quintet.

Edvard Grieg
1843
1907
Norwegian
 Edvard Griegcomposer, known for his 1875 incidental music, Peer Gynt.

David Popper
1843
1913
Czech
composer and virtuoso cellist, known for his 40 etudes, 4 concertos  and Hungarian Rhapsody for cello and orchestra.

Paul Taffanel
1844
1908
French
 Paul Taffanel flautist, conductor and instructor, regarded as the founder of the French Flute School.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
1844
1908
Russian
 Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakovcomposer and the member of the Russian Five, best known for Flight of the Bumblebee from The Tale of Tsar Saltan.

Pietro Armanini
1844
1895
Italian
composer, virtuoso mandolinist and teacher, known for his performances and two dances, La cigale polka pour (The Grasshopper Polka) and L'éventail polka-mazurka (The Range Mazurka).

Pablo de Sarasate
1844
1908
Spanish
virtuoso violinist and composer, best known for Zigeunerweisen, Carmen Fantasy and his showpieces for the violin.

Charles-Marie Widor
1844
1937
French
composer, known for his works for the organ.

Friedrich Nietzsche
1844
1900
German
philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer.

Ion Ivanovici
1845
1902
Romanian
composer, known for his waltz, Waves of the Danube.

Gabriel Fauré
1845
1924
French
 Gabriel Faurécomposer, known for his chamber music and a requiem among other pieces.

Ignaz Brüll
1846
1907
Austrian
composer and pianist.

Luigi Denza
1846
1922
Italian
opera composer, composed and played for mandolin and guitar.

Ferdinando de Cristofaro
1846
1890
Italian
mandolin virtuoso, pianist, composer and music teacher.

Zygmunt Noskowski
1846
1909
Polish
composer, conductor and teacher.

Robert Fuchs
1847
1927
Austrian
composer and music teacher.

Chiquinha Gonzaga
1847
1935
Brazilian
composer, pianist, and conductor.

Augusta Holmès
1847
1903
French
composer of Irish descent.

Philipp Scharwenka
1847
1917
German-Polish
composer and music teacher, brother of Xaver Scharwenka.

Henri Duparc
1848
1933
French
composer, noted for seventeen melodies.

Hubert Parry
1848
1918
English
 Hubert Parrycomposer, wrote choral song, Jerusalem.

Benjamin Godard
1849
1895
French
composer and violinist.

Ernesto Köhler
1849
1907
Italian
flautist and composer, known by flautists for his instructional work, Progress In Flute Playing.

C. A. Bracco
1850
1903
Italian
mandolinist, violinist, composer and conductor, known for I mandolini a congresso.

Zdeněk Fibich
1850
1900
Czech
 Zdeněk Fibich composer, best known for his two operas, Šárka and The Bride of Messina.

Xaver Scharwenka
1850
1924
German-Polish
composer, pianist and music teacher, brother of Philipp Scharwenka.

Alexandre Luigini
1850
1906
French
composer and conductor.

Max Josef Beer
1851
1908
Austrian
composer.

Josif Marinković
1851
1931
Serbian
composer.

Vincent d'Indy
1851
1931
French
 Vincent d'Indycomposer, teacher of Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud among others.

Francisco Tárrega
1852
1909
Spanish
composer and virtuoso classical guitarist, known as 'the Father of modern classical guitar playing'.

Hans Huber
1852
1921
Swiss
composer.

Charles Villiers Stanford
1852
1924
Irish
 Charles Villiers Stanfordcomposer.

Ciprian Porumbescu
1853
1883
Romanian
composer.

Teresa Carreño
1853
1917
Venezuelan
composer and pianist.

Engelbert Humperdinck
1854
1921
German
opera composer, influenced by Richard Wagner, famous for Hänsel und Gretel.

Leoš Janáček
1854
1928
Czech
composer, known for his two operas, Káťa Kabanová and Jenůfa and his two orchestral pieces, Sinfonietta and Taras Bulba.

Alfredo Catalani
1854
1893
Italian
 Alfredo Catalanicomposer, known for his two operas, Loreley and La Wally.

Moritz Moszkowski
1854
1925
German
composer and pianist who wrote prolifically for the piano, also composed a piano concerto and a violin concerto.

John Philip Sousa
1854
1932
American
 John Philip Sousacomposer and conductor known as "The March King", best known for The Stars and Stripes Forever among other marches.

Bernard Zweers
1854
1924
Dutch
 Bernard Zweerscomposer.

George Whitefield Chadwick
1854
1931
American
composer.

Ernest Chausson
1855
1899
French
 Ernest Chaussoncomposer, influenced by César Franck and Richard Wagner, seen as a bridge from them to Claude Debussy.

Jean Pietrapertosa
1855
1940
Italian-French
composer and mandolin virtuoso.

Julius Röntgen
1855
1932
German-Dutch
composer, influenced by Johannes Brahms, close friend to Edvard Grieg.

Anatoly Lyadov
1855
1914
Russian
 Anatoly Lyadovcomposer, teacher and conductor.

Arnold Mendelssohn
1855
1933
German
composer and music teacher.

Stevan Mokranjac
1856
1914
Serbian
composer.

Giuseppe Martucci
1856
1909
Italian
composer and music teacher.

Sergei Taneyev
1856
1915
Russian
 Sergei Taneyevcomposer, pianist and music teacher.

Christian Sinding
1856
1941
Norwegian
 Christian Sindingcomposer.

Edward Elgar
1857
1934
English
 Edward Elgarcomposer, wrote oratorios, chamber music, concertos and symphonies, best known for his Enigma Variations, Salut d'Amour, Cello Concerto  and his Pomp and Circumstance Marches.

Cécile Chaminade
1857
1944
French
composer and pianist.

Ruggero Leoncavallo
1857
1919
Italian
 Ruggero Leoncavalloopera composer, known almost exclusively for Pagliacci.

Giacomo Puccini
1858
1924
Italian
 Giacomo Pucciniopera composer, known for La bohème, Tosca and Madama Butterfly.

Jenő Hubay
1858
1937
Hungarian
violinist, composer and music teacher, also known by his German name Eugen Huber.

Eugène Ysaÿe
1858
1931
Belgian
 Eugène Ysaÿecomposer and virtuoso violinist, known for his solo sonatas for violin.

Carlo Curti
1859
1926
Italian
 Carlo Curti composer, conductor and instrumentalist on xylophone and mandolin, wrote mandolin method. Also, he conducted the first Mexican Typical Orchestra (Orquesta Típica Mexicana).

Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov
1859
1935
Russian
composer, conductor and teacher.

Victor Herbert
1859
1924
Irish-born American
composer, cellist and conductor, best known for his 1903 operetta, Babes in Toyland.

Sergei Lyapunov
1859
1924
Russian
composer and pianist.

Per Lasson
1859
1883
Norwegian
composer, brother of Norwegian painter, Oda Krohg.

text: Romantic-era/20th-century classical composers (born 1860–79)[edit]

text:
Name

Date born

Date died

Nationality

Comments

Isaac Albéniz
1860
1909
Spanish
 Isaac Albénizcomposer, known for nationalist piano works such as Iberia and a 'set of 12 piano pieces'.

Valborg Aulin
1860
1928
Swedish
pianist and composer.

Gustave Charpentier
1860
1956
French
 Gustave Charpentiercomposer, best known for his opera, Louise.

Gustav Mahler
1860
1911
Austrian
 Gustav Mahlercomposer, one of the most important late-Romantic/early-Modernist composers, his works include nine innovative large-scale and sometimes programmatic symphonies and many lieder.

Edward MacDowell
1860
1908
American
 Edward MacDowellcomposer, best known for his piano concertos and piano suites, his works include his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose".

Hugo Wolf
1860
1903
Austrian
 Hugo Wolfcomposer of lieder, influenced by Richard Wagner.

Ignacy Jan Paderewski
1860
1941
Polish
pianist and composer.

Anton Arensky
1861
1906
Russian
composer, pianist and music teacher.

Spyridon Samaras
1861
1917
Greek
opera composer, widely known for his composition of the song, "Olympic Hymn".

Wilhelm Berger
1861
1911
German
composer, pianist and conductor.

Georgy Catoire
1861
1926
Russian
composer.

Václav Suk
1861
1933
Czech-born Russian
composer, violinist and conductor.

Claude Debussy
1862
1918
French
 Claude Debussycomposer, one of the most prominent figures working within the field of Impressionist music, best known for Clair de Lune from Suite bergamasque.

Frederick Delius
1862
1934
English
 Frederick Deliuscomposer, used chromaticism in many of his compositions.

Edward German
1862
1936
English
 Edward Germancomposer of Welsh descent, known for his three comic operas, Merrie England, A Princess of Kensington and Tom Jones.

Alberto Williams
1862
1952
Argentine
composer and conductor.

Emil von Sauer
1862
1942
German
composer, pianist, editor and teacher.

Pietro Mascagni
1863
1945
Italian
 Pietro Mascagniopera composer, known for Cavalleria Rusticana.

Horatio Parker
1863
1919
American
 Horatio Parkercomposer, organist and teacher.

Gabriel Pierné
1863
1937
French
composer, conductor and organist.

Ricardo Castro
1864
1907
Mexican
composer, works include piano music.

Alberto Nepomuceno
1864
1920
Brazilian
 Alberto Nepomucenocomposer.

Clarence L. Partee
1864
1915
American
 Clarence L. Parteecomposer for banjo, mandolin and guitar.

Guy Ropartz
1864
1955
French
composer and conductor.

Richard Strauss
1864
1949
German
 Richard Strausscomposer, known for Also Sprach Zarathustra (based on the book, Thus Spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche), wrote many tone poems, operas and lieder.

Paul Dukas
1865
1935
French
 Paul Dukascomposer, known for his piece of program music, The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

Eduardo di Capua
1865
1917
Italian
composer, known for his song, "’O sole mio".

Herbert J. Ellis
1865
1903
English
musician (banjo, mandolin and guitar), wrote method books, more than 1000 compositions.

Paul Gilson
1865
1942
Belgian
musician and composer.

Alexander Glazunov
1865
1936
Russian
 Alexander Glazunovcomposer, influenced by Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt.

Albéric Magnard
1865
1914
French
 Albéric Magnardcomposer.

Carl Nielsen
1865
1931
Danish
 Carl Nielsencomposer, renowned for his six symphonies and concerti.

Jean Sibelius
1865
1957
Finnish
 Jean Sibeliuscomposer of seven symphonies and the Violin Concerto in D minor, known also for the  symphonic poems En saga,  Lemminkäinen (which includes the Swan of Tuonela), Finlandia, The Oceanides, and  Tapiola.

Vasily Kalinnikov
1866
1901
Russian
composer of two symphonies.

Tor Aulin
1866
1914
Swedish
violinist, conductor and composer.

Ferruccio Busoni
1866
1924
Italian
 Ferruccio Busonicomposer and pianist, known for his opera, Turandot and his many transcriptions and arrangements of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Francesco Cilea
1866
1950
Italian
composer, particularly known for his two operas, L'arlesiana and Adriana Lecouvreur.

Vladimir Rebikov
1866
1920
Russian
composer and pianist.

Erik Satie
1866
1925
French
 Erik Satiecomposer and pianist, best known for Les Trois Gymnopédies.

Johann Strauss III
1866
1939
Austrian
composer, son of Eduard Strauss.

Learmont Drysdale
1866
1909
Scottish
composer.

Samuel Maykapar
1867
1938
Russian
composer.

Amy Beach
1867
1944
American
 Amy Beachcomposer and pianist.

Umberto Giordano
1867
1948
Italian
 Umberto Giordanoopera composer.

Enrique Granados
1867
1916
Spanish
 Enrique Granadoscomposer and pianist, known for his piano works and chamber music.

Wilhelm Peterson-Berger
1867
1942
Swedish
 Wilhelm Peterson-Bergercomposer, wrote symphonies, operas, vocal and piano music.

Charles Koechlin
1867
1950
French
composer, teacher and writer on music.

Scott Joplin
c. 1867/1868
1917
American
 Scott Joplincomposer and pianist known as "The Ragtime King", best known for Maple Leaf Rag and The Entertainer.

Granville Bantock
1868
1946
British
composer.

Hermann Bischoff
1868
1936
German
composer.

Hamish MacCunn
1868
1916
Scottish
composer, conductor and teacher.

Vittorio Monti
1868
1922
Italian
composer, violinist and conductor, most famous for Csárdás.

José Vianna da Motta
1868
1948
Portuguese
pianist, teacher and composer, most famous for Symphony ‘À Pátria’, Op. 13.

Juventino Rosas
1868
1894
Mexican
 Juventino Rosascomposer, known for his song, "Sobre las Olas".

Jan Brandts Buys
1868
1933
Dutch-Austrian
composer.

Tokichi Setoguchi
1868
1941
Japanese
composer, music educator, conductor and clarinetist, famous for Warship March.

Seth Weeks
1868
1953
American
 Seth Weekscomposer, music educator, jazz bandleader and mandolinist.

Demetrios Lialios
1869
1940
Greek
composer of chamber music.

Julius Conus
1869
1942
Russian
composer and violinist.

Albert Roussel
1869
1937
French
 Albert Rousselcomposer.

Armas Järnefelt
1869
1958
Finnish
composer and conductor.

Harry Lawrence Freeman
1869
1954
American
opera composer, conductor, impresario and teacher, best known for his African-American opera, Voodoo.

Alfred Hill
1869
1960
Australian-New Zealand
composer, conductor and teacher.

Leopold Godowsky
1870
1938
Polish
composer, pianist and teacher.

Zygmunt Stojowski
1870
1946
Polish
composer and pianist.

Franz Lehár
1870
1948
Hungarian
composer, mainly known for his operettas.

Florent Schmitt
1870
1958
French
composer.

Luigi von Kunits
1870
1931
Serbian-born Austrian
composer and conductor, founder of the Pittsburg and Toronto symphony orchestras.

Guillaume Lekeu
1870
1894
Belgian
composer, known for his violin sonata.

Nobu Kōda
1870
1946
Japanese
composer, violinist and music teacher.

Alfredo D'Ambrosio
1871
1914
Italian
violinist and composer.

Giacomo Balla
1871
1958
Italian
futurist composer and artist.

Zacharia Paliashvili
1871
1933
Georgian
 Zacharia Paliashvili composer, known for the eclectic fusion of Georgian folk songs and stories with 19th century Romantic classical themes. He was the founder of the Georgian Philharmonic Society and later, the head of the Tbilisi State Conservatoire.

Henry Kimball Hadley
1871
1937
American
composer and conductor, known for the opera, Cleopatra's Night.

Oreste Ravanello
1871
1938
Italian
composer, known for works for choir and for organ.

Wilhelm Stenhammar
1871
1927
Swedish
 Wilhelm Stenhammarcomposer, conductor and pianist.

Alexander von Zemlinsky
1871
1942
Austrian
 Alexander von Zemlinskycomposer and music teacher, his students include Arnold Schoenberg and Erich Wolfgang Korngold.

Stanislav Binički
1872
1942
Serbian
composer.

Hugo Alfvén
1872
1960
Swedish
 Hugo Alfvéncomposer, known for Swedish Rhapsody, works include choral music and five symphonies.

Julius Fučík
1872
1916
Czech
 Julius Fučíkcomposer and conductor of military bands, known for Entrance of the Gladiators.

Rubin Goldmark
1872
1936
American
composer, pianist, educator and nephew of Karl Goldmark.

Alexander Scriabin
1872
1915
Russian
 Alexander Scriabincomposer and pianist, known for his harmonically adventurous piano sonatas and theatrically orchestral works.

Ralph Vaughan Williams
1872
1958
English
 Ralph Vaughan Williamscomposer, his works include nine symphonies, Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis and other orchestral poems.

Salvator Léonardi
1872
1938
Italian
composer, performer and teacher, known for Souvenir de Catania, Souvenir de Napoli, Souvenir de Sicile and Angeli e Demoni.

William Henry Bell
1873
1946
English
composer, conductor and lecturer.

Leo Fall
1873
1925
Austrian
composer of operettas.

Pascual Marquina Narro
1873
1948
Spanish
prolific orchestral and operatic composer.

Sergei Rachmaninoff
1873
1943
Russian
 Sergei Rachmaninoffcomposer, conductor and virtuoso pianist, wrote three symphonies, four piano concertos, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and solo piano music.

Max Reger
1873
1916
German
prolific composer, known for his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart.

Reynaldo Hahn
1874
1947
Venezuelan
composer, known for his strikingly beautiful and unabashedly tonal melodies.

Gustav Holst
1874
1934
English
 Gustav Holstcomposer, best known for his orchestral suite, The Planets.

Charles Ives
1874
1954
American
composer, member of the American Five, best known for The Unanswered Question and his Concord Sonata.

Arnold Schoenberg
1874
1951
Austrian
 Arnold Schoenbergcomposer, whose early works (e.g. Verklärte Nacht) are influenced by Richard Wagner, but subsequently developed atonalism and serialism with such watershed works as Moses und Aron.

Josef Suk
1874
1935
Czech
 Josef Sukcomposer and violinist.

Franz Schmidt
1874
1939
Austrian
composer, influenced by Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms.

Reinhold Glière
1875
1956
Russian
 Reinhold Glièrecomposer.

Julián Carrillo
1875
1965
Mexican
composer, conductor, violinist and music theorist.

Fritz Kreisler
1875
1962
Austrian
composer and virtuoso violinist, known for his sweet sound, composed short showpieces for the violin.

Richard Wetz
1875
1935
German
composer, influenced by Anton Bruckner.

Maurice Ravel
1875
1937
French
 Maurice Ravelcomposer, best known for Boléro.

Franco Alfano
1875
1954
Italian
composer and pianist.

Albert Ketèlbey
1875
1959
English
composer, conductor and pianist.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
1875
1912
English
composer, known for his trilogy of cantatas, The Song of Hiawatha.

Alexander Koshetz
1875
1944
Ukrainian
 Alexander Koshetzchoral conductor, arranger, composer, ethnographer, writer, musicologist and lecturer.

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
1875
1911
Lithuanian
painter and composer.

Henriette Renié
1875
1956
French
harpist and composer.

Edgar Bara
1876
1962
French
mandolinist and composer, conducted mandolin orchestra.

John Alden Carpenter
1876
1951
American
composer.

Manuel de Falla
1876
1946
Spanish
 Manuel de Fallacomposer, best known for The Three-Cornered Hat.

Flor Alpaerts
1876
1954
Belgian
composer, notable students include the two composers, Denise Tolkowsky and Ernest Schuyten.

Mieczysław Karłowicz
1876
1909
Polish
 Mieczysław Karłowiczcomposer, his style is of late-Romantic and nationalist character.

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
1876
1944
Italian
futurist composer, poet, and editor.

Fermo Dante Marchetti
1876
1940
Italian
composer, best known for the song, "Fascination".

Ludolf Nielsen
1876
1939
Danish
composer, violinist, conductor and pianist.

Carl Ruggles
1876
1971
American
composer, painter and the member of the American Five, best known for his orchestral work, Sun-Treader.

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
1876
1948
Italian
 Ermanno Wolf-Ferraricomposer and music teacher, known for his comic operas.

Nakao Tozan
1876
1956
Japanese
performer and prolific composer, known for his works of the Tozan school.

Petar Krstić
1877
1957
Serbian
composer and conductor.

Antonio Russolo
1877
1942
Italian
futurist composer and brother of Luigi Russolo.

Ernő Dohnányi
1877
1960
Hungarian
conductor, composer and pianist.

Elisabeth Kuyper
1877
1953
Dutch
composer and conductor.

Paul Ladmirault
1877
1944
French
composer.

Mykola Leontovych
1877
1921
Ukrainian
 Mykola Leontovychcomposer, choral conductor and teacher, known for his arrangement of the carol "Shchedryk", known in English as "Carol of the Bells" or as "Ring Christmas Bells".

Sergei Bortkiewicz
1877
1952
Ukrainian
 Sergei Bortkiewiczcomposer and pianist.

Isidor Bajić
1878
1915
Serbian
composer, conductor, pedagogue and publisher.

Gabriel Dupont
1878
1914
French
 Gabriel Dupontcomposer, known for his operas and chamber music.

Joseph Holbrooke
1878
1958
English
composer, conductor and pianist.

Franz Schreker
1878
1934
Austrian
conductor, composer and music teacher, primarily a composer of operas.

Frank Bridge
1879
1941
English
 Frank Bridgecomposer, best known as the teacher of Benjamin Britten; compositions include Oration for cello and orchestra, The Sea for orchestra and four string quartets.

Viggo Brodersen
1879
1965
Danish
composer and pianist.

Joseph Canteloube
1879
1957
French
 Joseph Canteloubecomposer, primarily known for Chants d'Auvergne.

Hamilton Harty
1879
1941
Irish
composer and conductor, best known for An Irish Symphony.

John Ireland
1879
1962
English
composer, whose Piano Concerto is representative.

Alma Mahler
1879
1964
Austrian
composer and wife of Gustav Mahler.

Otto Olsson
1879
1964
Swedish
composer.

Ottorino Respighi
1879
1936
Italian
composer, known for his three symphonic poems, The Fountains of Rome, The Pines of Rome, and Roman Festivals.

Rudolf Sieczyński
1879
1952
Austrian
 Rudolf Sieczyńskicomposer.

Cyril Scott
1879
1970
English
composer, writer and poet.

Rentarō Taki
1879
1903
Japanese
 Rentarō Takicomposer and pianist.

text: Timeline[edit]