document_title: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

question_text: where is the painting a sunday on la grande jatte

text: Background[edit]

text: In 1879 Georges Seurat enlisted as a soldier in the French army and was back home by 1880. Later, he ran a small painter’s studio in Paris, and in 1883 showed his work publicly for the first time. The following year, Seurat began to work on La Grande Jatte and exhibited the painting in the spring of 1886 with the Impressionists.[2] With La Grande Jatte, Seurat was immediately acknowledged as the leader of a new and rebellious form of Impressionism called Neo-Impressionism.[3]

text: Seurat spent more than two years painting A Sunday Afternoon,[4] focusing meticulously on the landscape of the park. He reworked the original and completed numerous preliminary drawings and oil sketches. He sat in the park, creating numerous sketches of the various figures in order to perfect their form. He concentrated on issues of colour, light, and form. The painting is approximately 2 by 3 meters (7 by 10 feet) in size.

text: Inspired by optical effects and perception inherent in the color theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and others, Seurat adapted this scientific research to his painting.[5] Seurat contrasted miniature dots or small brushstrokes of colors that when unified optically in the human eye were perceived as a single shade or hue. He believed that this form of painting, called divisionism at the time but now known as pointillism, would make the colors more brilliant and powerful than standard brushstrokes. The use of dots of almost uniform size came in the second year of his work on the painting, 1885–86. To make the experience of the painting even more vivid, he surrounded it with a frame of painted dots, which in turn he enclosed with a pure white, wooden frame, which is how the painting is exhibited today at the Art Institute of Chicago.

text: The Island of la Grande Jatte is located at the very gates of Paris, lying in the Seine between Neuilly and Levallois-Perret, a short distance from where La Défense business district currently stands. Although for many years it was an industrial site, it is today the site of a public garden and a housing development. When Seurat began the painting in 1884, the island was a bucolic retreat far from the urban center.

text: The painting was first exhibited at the eighth Impressionist exhibition in May 1886, then in August 1886, dominating the second Salon of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, of which Seurat had been a founder in 1884.[6] Seurat was extremely disciplined, always serious, and private to the point of secretiveness—for the most part, steering his own steady course. As a painter, he wanted to make a difference in the history of art and with La Grand Jatte, succeeded.[7]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: Seurat's painting was a mirror impression of his own painting, Bathers at Asnières, completed shortly before, in 1884. Whereas the bathers in that earlier painting are doused in light, almost every figure on La Grande Jatte appears to be cast in shadow, either under trees or an umbrella, or from another person. For Parisians, Sunday was the day to escape the heat of the city and head for the shade of the trees and the cool breezes that came off the river. And at first glance, the viewer sees many different people relaxing in a park by the river. On the right, a fashionable couple, the woman with the sunshade and the man in his top hat, are on a stroll. On the left, another woman who is also well dressed extends her fishing pole over the water. There is a small man with the black hat and thin cane looking at the river, and a white dog with a brown head, a woman knitting, a man playing a horn, two soldiers standing at attention as the musician plays, and a woman hunched under an orange umbrella. Seurat also painted a man with a pipe, a woman under a parasol in a boat filled with rowers, and a couple admiring their infant child.[8]

text: Some of the characters are doing curious things. The lady on the right side has a monkey on a leash. A lady on the left near the river bank is fishing. The area was known at the time as being a place to procure prostitutes among the bourgeoisie, a likely allusion of the otherwise odd "fishing" rod. In the painting's center stands a little girl dressed in white (who is not in a shadow), who stares directly at the viewer of the painting. This may be interpreted as someone who is silently questioning the audience: "What will become of these people and their class?" Seurat paints their prospects bleakly, cloaked as they are in shadow and suspicion of sin.[9]

text: In the 1950s, historian and Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch drew social and political significance from Seurat’s La Grande Jatte. The historian’s focal point was Seurat’s mechanical use of the figures and what their static nature said about French society at the time. Afterward, the work received heavy criticism by many that centered on the artist’s mathematical and robotic interpretation of modernity in Paris.[8]

text: According to historian of Modernism William R. Everdell, "Seurat himself told a sympathetic critic, Gustave Kahn, that his model was the Panathenaic procession in the Parthenon frieze. But Seurat didn't want to paint ancient Athenians. He wanted 'to make the moderns file past ... in their essential form.' By 'moderns' he meant nothing very complicated. He wanted ordinary people as his subject, and ordinary life. He was a bit of a democract—a "Communard," as one of his friends remarked, referring to the left-wing revolutionaries of 1871; and he was fascinated by the way things distinct and different encountered each other: the city and the country, the farm and the factory, the bourgeois and the proletarian meeting at their edges in a sort of harmony of opposites."[10]

text: The border of the painting is, unusually, in inverted color, as if the world around them is also slowly inverting from the way of life they have known. Seen in this context, the boy who bathes on the other side of the river bank at Asnières appears to be calling out to them, as if to say, "We are the future. Come and join us".[9]

text: Painting materials[edit]

text: Seurat painted the La Grande Jatte in three distinct stages.[11] In the first stage, which was started in 1884, Seurat mixed his paints from several individual pigments and was still using dull earth pigments such as ochre or burnt sienna. In the second stage, during 1885 and 1886, Seurat dispensed with the earth pigments and also limited the number of individual pigments in his paints. This change in Seurat's palette was due to his application of the advanced color theories of his time. His intention was to paint small dots or strokes of pure color that would then mix on the retina of the beholder to achieve the desired color impression instead of the usual practice of mixing individual pigments.

text: Seurat's palette consisted of the usual pigments of his time[12][13] such as cobalt blue, emerald green and vermilion. Additionally, Seurat used then new pigment zinc yellow (zinc chromate), predominantly for yellow highlights in the sunlit grass in the middle of the painting but also in mixtures with orange and blue pigments. In the century and more since the painting's completion, the zinc yellow has darkened to brown—a color degeneration that was already showing in the painting in Seurat's lifetime.[14] The discoloration of the originally bright yellow zinc yellow (zinc chromate) to brownish color is due to the chemical reaction of the chromate ions to orange-colored dichromate ions.[15] In the third stage during 1888-89 Seurat added the colored borders to his composition.

text: The results of investigation into the discoloration of this painting have been ingeniously combined with further research into natural aging of paints to digitally rejuvenate the painting.[16][17]

text: Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago[edit]

text: In 1923, Frederic Bartlett was appointed trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago. He and his second wife, Helen Birch Bartlett, loaned their collection of French Post-Impressionist and Modernist art to the museum. It was Mrs. Bartlett who had an interest in French and avant-garde artists and influenced her husband's collecting tastes. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte was purchased on the advice of the Art Institute of Chicago's curatorial staff in 1924.[18]

text: In conceptual artist Don Celender's 1974–5 book Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers and Collectors, it is claimed that the institute paid $24,000 for the work[18][19] (over $328,000 in 2013 Dollars[20]).

text: In 1958, the painting was loaned out for the only time: to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. On 15 April 1958, a fire there, which killed one person on the second floor of the museum, forced the evacuation of the painting, which had been on a floor above the fire in the Whitney Museum, which adjoined MoMA at the time.[21]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The May 1976 issue of Playboy magazine featured Nancy Cameron—Playmate of the Month in January 1974—on its cover, superimposed on the painting in similar style. The often hidden bunny logo was disguised as one of the millions of dots.[22]

text: The painting and the life of its artist were the basis for the 1984 Broadway musical Sunday in the Park with George by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. Subsequently, the painting is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "Sunday in the Park".

text: The painting is prominently featured in the 1986 comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Such use is parodied, among others, in Looney Tunes: Back in Action and an episode of Family Guy.

text: In the Simpsons episode "Mom and Pop Art" (10x19), Barney Gumble offers to pay for a beer with a handmade reproduction of the painting.

text: At the Old Deaf School Park in Columbus, Ohio, sculptor James T. Mason re-created the painting in topiary form;[23] the installation was completed in 1989.

text: The painting was the inspiration for a commemorative poster printed for the 1993 Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix, with racing cars and the Detroit skyline added.

text: In 2011, the cast of the US version of The Office re-created the painting for a poster to promote the show's seventh-season finale.[24]

text: The cover photo of the June 2014 edition of San Francisco magazine, "The Oakland Issue: Special Edition", features a scene on the shore of Lake Merritt that re-creates the poses of the figures in Seurat's painting.[25]

text: Related works by Seurat[edit]

text:
Study for La Grand Jatte, 1884 Zoom[permanent dead link]

Figures assises, 1884

Die Insel La Grande Jatte mit Ausflüglern, 1884

Paysage et personnages, 1884–85

Groupe de personnages, 1884–85

Esquisse d'ensemble, 1884–85

Femmes au bord de l'eau, 1885–86

Nakedness, 1888


document_title: 2001 World Series

question_text: who scored the winning run in the 2001 world series

root

text: 2001 World Series

text: Background[edit]

text: Arizona Diamondbacks[edit]

text: The Arizona Diamondbacks began play in 1998, along with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, as the youngest expansion team in Major League Baseball (MLB).[4] After a mediocre debut season, the Diamondbacks finished the following year first in the National League (NL) West with a 100–62 record, but lost to the New York Mets in the NL Division series.[5] With several All-Star players like Randy Johnson and Matt Williams, the Diamondbacks had high expectations for the 2000 season, but finished third in the NL West with an 85–77 record.[6] During the offseason, team manager Buck Showalter was fired, and replaced by sportscaster and former player Bob Brenly.[6] The Diamondbacks acquired several notable free agent players during the offseason, including Miguel Batista, Mark Grace, and Reggie Sanders.[7] Most of the Diamondbacks players were above the age of thirty, and had already played on a number of teams prior to the 2001 season.[8] In fact, the Diamondbacks starting lineup for the World Series did not include a player under the age of thirty-one, making them the oldest team by player age in World Series history.[8] With several players nearing the age of retirement, Luis Gonzalez noted that the overall team mentality was "there's too many good guys in here to let this opportunity slip away".[9]

tag: p

text: Although the Diamondbacks were only one game above .500 by the end of April,[10] Gonzalez had a particularly memorable start to the season, in which he tied the MLB record with thirteen home runs during the month of April.[9] The Diamondbacks found greater success in May and June, and at one point at a six-game lead in the NL West. During this span, the team won nine consecutive games, and Johnson tied the MLB record with twenty strikeouts in a nine inning game.[9][10] The six game lead did not last long however, and by the end of July, the Diamondbacks were a half game behind the Los Angeles Dodgers in the West.[10] A resurgent August pushed the team back into first place, a spot they maintained for the rest of the season.[10] By the end of the season, several Diamondbacks players had put up exceptional statistics: Curt Schilling had the most wins of any pitcher in MLB that year with twenty-two, while Johnson nearly broke the single season strikeout record with 372.[9][11] Johnson and Schilling also had the two lowest earned run averages (ERA) in the NL, with 2.49 and 2.98 respectively.[11] Gonzalez ended the season with a .325 batting average and fifty-seven home runs, and finished third in voting for the NL Most Valuable Player Award.[12] The Diamondbacks were also one of the best defensive teams in MLB that year, second in least errors committed, and tied with the Seattle Mariners for the best fielding percentage.[13]

text: The Diamondbacks played the St. Louis Cardinals in the NL Division Series.[11] Schilling threw a shutout in Game 1 to give the Diamondbacks an early series lead,[9] but the Cardinals won Game 2 thanks to a two-run home run from Albert Pujols.[14] Craig Counsell hit a three-run home run late in Game 3 to give the Diamondbacks a 2-1 series lead,[9] but the Cardinals won Game 4 with strong pitching performances from Bud Smith and their relief pitchers.[15] The Diamondbacks clinched the series in Game 5, when Tony Womack hit a game winning single that scored Danny Bautista.[9] They then faced the Atlanta Braves in the NL Championship Series.[11] Johnson also threw a shutout in Game 1,[9] while the Braves hit three home runs in Game 2 to tie the series at one game apiece.[16] Schilling threw a complete game in Game 3,[17] and the Diamondbacks scored eleven runs in a Game 4 victory to take a 3-1 series lead.[18] The Diamondbacks clinched the series in Game 5 with another strong performance from Johnson.[11] With the win, they became the fastest expansion team to reach the World Series, in just their fourth year of play.[9]

text: New York Yankees[edit]

text: The Yankees finished the 2001 season in first place in the AL East with a win-loss record of 95–65 (a winning percentage of .594), 13 1/2 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. The Yankees then defeated the Oakland Athletics 3 games to 2 in the AL Division Series, and the Seattle Mariners 4 games to 1 in the AL Championship Series to advance to their fourth consecutive World Series, and fifth in six years.

text: Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez led the Yankees offensively during the 2001 season. Jeter batted .311 with 21 home runs and 74 RBI in 150 games, while Martinez batted .280 with 34 home runs and 113 RBI in 154 games. Roger Clemens and Mike Mussina were the leaders of the Yankees' pitching staff. Clemens finished with a win-loss record of 20–3, an earned-run average (ERA) of 3.51, and struck out 213 batters in 220.1 innings pitched. Mussina finished with a win-loss record of 17–11, an ERA of 3.15, and struck out 214 batters in 228.2 innings pitched.

text: September 11 and the month of November[edit]

text: After MLB games were postponed as a result of the September 11 attacks, the World Series began Saturday, October 27, 2001, the latest start date ever for a World Series until the 2009 World Series, which started on October 28. The last three games were the first major-league games (other than exhibitions) played in the month of November. This was just the fourth time that no World Series champion was decided within the traditional month of October. The previous three occurrences were in 1904 (no series), 1918 (series held in September because of World War I), and 1994 (series cancelled by the players' strike). Additionally, the Series took place in New York City only seven weeks after the attacks, representing a remarkable boost in morale for the fatigued city.

text: Summary[edit]

text: NL Arizona Diamondbacks (4) vs. AL New York Yankees (3)

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
October 27
New York Yankees – 1, Arizona Diamondbacks – 9
Bank One Ballpark
2:44
49,646[19]

2
October 28
New York Yankees – 0, Arizona Diamondbacks – 4
Bank One Ballpark
2:35
49,646[20]

3
October 30
Arizona Diamondbacks – 1, New York Yankees – 2
Yankee Stadium (I)
3:26
55,820[21]

4
October 31
Arizona Diamondbacks – 3, New York Yankees – 4 (10 innings)
Yankee Stadium (I)
3:31
55,863[22]

5
November 1
Arizona Diamondbacks – 2, New York Yankees – 3 (12 innings)
Yankee Stadium (I)
4:15
56,018[23]

6
November 3
New York Yankees – 2, Arizona Diamondbacks – 15
Bank One Ballpark
3:33
49,707[24]

7
November 4
New York Yankees – 2, Arizona Diamondbacks – 3
Bank One Ballpark
3:20
49,589[25]

tag: table

text: Matchups[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
Saturday, October 27, 2001 6:02 pm (MDT) at Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
2

Arizona
1
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
X
9
10
0

WP: Curt Schilling (1–0)   LP: Mike Mussina (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
ARI: Craig Counsell (1), Luis Gonzalez (1)

text: The Yankees struck first in Game 1 when Derek Jeter was hit by a pitch with one out in the first and scored on Bernie Williams's double two batters later. However, Arizona's Curt Schilling and two relievers held the Yankees scoreless afterward. They managed to get only two walks and two hits for the rest of the game, Scott Brosius's double in the second and Jorge Posada's single in the fourth, both with two outs.

text: Meanwhile, the Diamondbacks tied the game on Craig Counsell's one-out home run in the first off of Mike Mussina. After a scoreless second, Mussina led off the third by hitting Tony Womack with a pitch. He moved to second on Counsell's sacrifice bunt before Luis Gonzalez's home run put the Diamondbacks up 3-1. A single and right fielder David Justice's error put runners on second and third before Matt Williams's sacrifice fly put Arizona up 4-1. After Mark Grace was intentionally walked, Damian Miller's RBI double gave Arizona a 5-1 lead.

text: Next inning, Gonzalez hit a two-out double off of Randy Choate. Reggie Sanders was intentionally walked before Gonzalez scored on Steve Finley's single. An error by third baseman Brosius scored Sanders, put Finley at third, and Williams at second. Both men scored on Mark Grace's double, putting Arizona up 9-1. Though the Diamondbacks got just one more hit for the rest of the game off of Sterling Hitchcock and Mike Stanton (Williams's leadoff single in the seventh), they went up 1-0 in the series.

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
Sunday, October 28, 2001 5:59 pm (MST) at Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0

Arizona
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
X
4
5
0

WP: Randy Johnson (1–0)   LP: Andy Pettitte (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
ARI: Matt Williams (1)

text: Arizona continued to take control of the Series with the strong pitching performance of Randy Johnson. The Big Unit pitched a complete game shutout, allowing only four baserunners and three hits while striking out eleven Yankees. Andy Pettitte meanwhile nearly matched him, retiring Arizona in order in five of the seven innings he pitched. In the second, he allowed a leadoff single to Reggie Sanders, who scored on Danny Bautista's double. Bautista was the only Arizona runner stranded for the entire game. In the seventh, Pettitte hit Luis Gonzalez with a pitch before Sanders grounded into a forceout. After Bautista singled, Matt Williams's three-run home run put Arizona up 4-0. They won the game with that score and led the series two games to none as it moved to New York City.

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
Tuesday, October 30, 2001 8:30 pm (EST) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Arizona
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
3

New York
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
X
2
7
1

WP: Roger Clemens (1–0)   LP: Brian Anderson (0–1)   Sv: Mariano Rivera (1)
Home runs:
ARI: None
NYY: Jorge Posada (1)

text: The game was opened in New York by President George W. Bush, who threw the ceremonial first pitch, a strike to Yankees backup catcher Todd Greene. Bush became the first incumbent U.S. president to throw a World Series first pitch since Jimmy Carter in 1979. He also threw the baseball from the mound where the pitcher would be set (unlike most ceremonial first pitches which are from in front of the mound) and threw it for a strike. Chants of "U-S-A, U-S-A" rang throughout Yankee Stadium. Yankees starter Roger Clemens allowed only three hits and struck out nine in seven innings of work. Yankees closer Mariano Rivera pitched two innings for the save.

text: Jorge Posada's leadoff home run off of Brian Anderson in the second put the Yankees up 1-0. The Diamondbacks loaded the bases in the fourth on two walks and one hit before Matt Williams's sacrifice fly tied the game. Bernie Williams hit a leadoff single in the sixth and moved to second on a wild pitch one out later before Posada walked. Mike Morgan relieved Anderson and struck out David Justice before Scott Brosius broke the tie with an RBI single. The Yankees cut Arizona's series lead to 2-1 with the win.

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
Wednesday, October 31, 2001 8:23 pm (EST) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Arizona
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
6
0

New York
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
4
7
0

WP: Mariano Rivera (1–0)   LP: Byung-hyun Kim (0–1)
Home runs:
ARI: Mark Grace (1)
NYY: Shane Spencer (1), Tino Martinez (1), Derek Jeter (1)

text: Game 4 saw the Yankees send Orlando Hernandez to the mound while the Diamondbacks elected to bring back Curt Schilling on three days' rest. Both pitchers gave up solo home runs, with Schilling doing so to Shane Spencer in the third inning and Hernandez doing so to Mark Grace in the fourth. Hernandez pitched  6 1⁄3 solid innings, giving up four hits while Schilling went seven innings and gave up three.

text: With the game still tied entering the eighth, Arizona struck. After Mike Stanton recorded the first out of the inning, Luis Gonzalez singled and Erubiel Durazo hit a double to bring him in. Matt Williams followed by grounding into a fielder's choice off of Ramiro Mendoza, which scored pinch runner Midre Cummings and gave the team a 3-1 lead.

text: With his team on the verge of taking a commanding 3-1 series lead, Diamondbacks manager Bob Brenly elected to bring in closer Byung-hyun Kim in the bottom of the eighth for a two-inning save. Kim, at 22, became the first Korean-born player ever to play in the MLB World Series. Kim struck out the side in the eighth, but ran into trouble in the ninth.

text: Derek Jeter led off by trying to bunt for a hit but was thrown out by Williams. Paul O'Neill then lined a single in front of Gonzalez. After Bernie Williams struck out, Kim seemed to be out of trouble with Tino Martinez coming to the plate. However, Martinez drove the first pitch he saw from Kim into the right-center field bleachers, tying the score at 3-3. The Yankees were not done, as Jorge Posada walked and David Justice moved him into scoring position with a single. Kim struck Spencer out to end the threat.

text: When the scoreboard clock in Yankee Stadium passed midnight, World Series play in November began, with the message on the scoreboard "Welcome to November Baseball".

text: Mariano Rivera took the hill for the Yankees in the tenth and retired the Diamondbacks in order. Kim went out for a third inning of work and retired Scott Brosius and Alfonso Soriano, but Jeter hit an opposite field walk-off home run on a 3–2 pitch count from Kim. This walk-off home run gave the Yankees a 4–3 victory and tied the Series at two games apiece, making Jeter the first player to hit a November home run and earning him the tongue-in-cheek nickname of "Mr. November".

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
Thursday, November 1, 2001 8:23 pm (EST) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R
H
E

Arizona
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
8
0

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
3
9
1

WP: Sterling Hitchcock (1–0)   LP: Albie Lopez (0–1)
Home runs:
ARI: Steve Finley (1), Rod Barajas (1)
NYY: Scott Brosius (1)

text: Game 5 saw the Yankees return to Mike Mussina for the start while the Diamondbacks sent Miguel Batista, who had not pitched in twelve days, to the mound. Batista pitched a strong  7 2⁄3 scoreless innings, striking out six. Mussina bounced back from his poor Game 1 start, recording ten strikeouts, but allowed solo home runs to Steve Finley and Rod Barajas in the fifth.

text: With the Diamondbacks leading 2–0 in the ninth, Byung-hyun Kim was called upon for the save despite having thrown three innings the night before. Jorge Posada doubled to open the inning, but Kim got Shane Spencer to ground out and then struck out Chuck Knoblauch. Unfortunately, as had happened the previous night, Kim could not hold the lead as Scott Brosius hit a 1–0 pitch over the left field wall, the second straight game tying home run in the bottom of the ninth for the Yankees. Kim was pulled from the game in favor of Mike Morgan who recorded the final out.

text: Morgan retired the Yankees in order in the tenth and eleventh innings, while the Diamondbacks got to Mariano Rivera in the eleventh. Danny Bautista and Erubiel Durazo opened the inning with hits and Matt Williams advanced them into scoring position with a sacrifice bunt. Rivera then intentionally walked Steve Finley to load the bases, then got Reggie Sanders to line out and Mark Grace grounded out to end the inning.

text: Arizona went to Albie Lopez in the twelfth, and in his first at bat he gave up a single to Knoblauch. Brosius moved him over with a bunt, and then Alfonso Soriano ended the game with an RBI single to give the Yankees a 3-2 victory and a 3-2 lead in the series.

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
Saturday, November 3, 2001 5:53 pm (MST) at Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
7
1

Arizona
1
3
8
3
0
0
0
0
X
15
22
0

WP: Randy Johnson (2–0)   LP: Andy Pettitte (0–2)

text: With Arizona in a must-win situation, Randy Johnson pitched seven innings and struck out seven, giving up just two runs. The Diamondbacks struck first when Tony Womack hit a leadoff double off of Andy Pettitte and scored on Danny Bautista's single in the first. Next inning, Womack's bases-loaded single scored two and Bautista's single scored another. The Yankees loaded the bases in the third on a single and two walks, but Johnson struck out Jorge Posada to end the inning. The Diamondbacks broke the game open with eight runs in the bottom half. Pettitte allowed a leadoff walk to Greg Colbrunn and subsequent double to Matt Williams before being relieved by Jay Witasick, who allowed four straight singles to Reggie Sanders, Jay Bell, Damian Miller, and Johnson that scored three runs. After Womack struck out, Bautista's single scored two more runs and Luis Gonzalez's double scored another, with Bautista being thrown out at home. Colbrunn's single and Williams's double scored a run each before Sanders struck out to end the inning. In the fourth, Bell reached first on a strike-three wild pitch before scoring on Miller's double. Johnson struck out before Womack singled to knock Witasick out of the game. With Randy Choate pitching, Yankees second baseman Alfonso Soriano's error on Bautista's ground ball allowed Miller to score and put runners on first and second before Gonzalez's single scored the Diamondbacks' final run. Choate and Mike Stanton kept them scoreless for the rest of the game. Pettitte was charged with six runs in two innings while Witasick was charged with nine runs in 1 1/3 innings. The Yankees scored their only runs in the sixth on back-to-back one-out singles by Shane Spencer and Luis Sojo with runners on second and third. The Diamondbacks hit six doubles and Danny Bautista batted 3-for-4 with five RBIs. The team set a World Series record with 22 hits and defeated the New York Yankees in its most lopsided postseason loss in 293 postseason games. The 15–2 win evened the series at three games apiece and set up a Game 7 for the ages between Roger Clemens and Curt Schilling, again pitching on three days' rest.

text: Game 7[edit]

text:
Sunday, November 4, 2001 5:55 pm (MST) at Bank One Ballpark in Phoenix, Arizona

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
6
3

Arizona
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
3
11
0

WP: Randy Johnson (3–0)   LP: Mariano Rivera (1–1)
Home runs:
NYY: Alfonso Soriano (1)
ARI: None

text: It was a matchup of two twenty-game winners in the Series finale that would crown a new champion. Roger Clemens at 39 years old became the oldest Game 7 starter ever. Curt Schilling had already started two games of the Series and pitched his 300th inning of the season on just three days' rest. The two aces matched each other inning by inning and after seven full innings, the game was tied at 1–1. The Diamondbacks scored first in the sixth inning with a Steve Finley single and a Danny Bautista double (Bautista would be called out at third base). The Yankees responded with an RBI single from Tino Martinez, which drove in Derek Jeter. Brenly stayed with Schilling into the eighth, and the move backfired as Alfonso Soriano hit a solo home run on an 0–2 pitch. After Schilling struck out Scott Brosius, he gave up a single to David Justice, and he left the game trailing 2–1. Brenly brought in Miguel Batista to get out Jeter and then in an unconventional move, brought in the previous night's starter Randy Johnson, who had thrown 104 pitches, in relief to keep it a one-run game. It proved to be a smart move, as Johnson retired pinch hitter Chuck Knoblauch (who batted for the left handed Paul O'Neill) on a fly out to Bautista in right field, then Johnson returned to the mound for the top of the ninth where he got Bernie Williams to fly out to Steve Finley in center field, Martinez to ground out to Tony Womack at shortstop and he then struck out catcher Jorge Posada to send the game to the bottom of the ninth inning.

text: With the Yankees ahead 2–1 in the bottom of the eighth, manager Joe Torre turned the game over to his ace closer Mariano Rivera for a two-inning save. Rivera struck out the side in the eighth, including Arizona's Luis Gonzalez, Matt Williams, and Bautista, lowering his postseason ERA to a Major League–best 0.70.[26][citation needed] Although he was effective in the eighth, this game would end in the third ninth-inning comeback of the Series.

text: Mark Grace led off the inning with a single to center on a 1–0 pitch. Rivera's errant throw to second base on a bunt attempt by Damian Miller on an 0–1 pitch put runners on first and second. Jeter tried to reach for the ball, but got tangled in the legs of pinch-runner David Dellucci, who was sliding in an attempt to break up the double play. During the next at bat, Rivera appeared to regain control when he fielded Jay Bell's bunt and threw out Dellucci at third base, but third baseman Brosius decided to hold onto the baseball instead of throwing to first to complete the double play. Midre Cummings was sent in to pinch-run for Damian Miller. With Cummings at second and Bell at first, the next batter, Womack, hit a double down the right-field line on a 2–2 pitch that tied the game and earned Rivera a blown save. Bell advanced to third and the Yankees pulled the infield and outfield in as the potential winning run stood at third with fewer than two outs. After Rivera hit Craig Counsell with an 0–1 pitch, the bases were loaded. On an 0–1 pitch, Gonzalez lofted a soft single over the drawn-in Jeter that barely reached the outfield grass, plating Jay Bell with the winning run. This ended New York's bid for a fourth consecutive title and brought Arizona its first championship in its fourth year of existence, making the Diamondbacks the fastest expansion team to win a World Series. It was also the first major professional sports championship for the state of Arizona.

text: In 2009, Game 7 was chosen by Sports Illustrated as the Best Postseason Game of the Decade (2000–2009).

text: Composite box[edit]

text: 2001 World Series (4–3): Arizona Diamondbacks (N.L.) over New York Yankees (A.L.)

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R
H
E

Arizona Diamondbacks
2
4
12
9
2
1
3
2
2
0
0
0
37
65
3

New York Yankees
1
1
1
0
0
3
1
1
4
1
0
1
14
42
8

Total attendance: 366,289   Average attendance: 52,327
Winning player's share: $279,260   Losing player's share: $201,014[27]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: For the second consecutive year, Fox carried the World Series over its network with its top broadcast team, Joe Buck and Tim McCarver (himself a Yankees broadcaster). This was the first year of Fox's exclusive rights to the World Series (in the previous contract, Fox only broadcast the World Series in even numbered years while NBC broadcast it in odd numbered years), which it has held ever since (this particular contract also had given Fox exclusive rights to the entire baseball postseason, which aired over its family of networks; the contract was modified following Disney's purchase of Fox Family Channel shortly after the World Series ended, as ESPN regained their postseason rights following a year of postseason games on ABC Family, Fox Family's successor). ESPN Radio provided national radio coverage for the fourth consecutive year, with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan calling the action.

text: Locally, the Series was broadcast by KTAR-AM in Phoenix with Thom Brennaman, Greg Schulte, Rod Allen and Jim Traber, and by WABC-AM in New York City with John Sterling and Michael Kay. This would be Sterling and Kay's last World Series working together, and Game 7 would be the last Yankee broadcast on WABC. Kay moved to television and the new YES Network the following season and WCBS picked up radio rights to the Yankees. It was Kay who announced Derek Jeter's game-winning home run in Game 4 of the series and subsequently anointed him as "Mr. November".

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: After the Yankees lost the World Series, several players moved onto other teams or retired, the most notable changes being the signing of Jason Giambi to replace Martinez, and the retirements of Brosius and O'Neill. Martinez would later finish his career with the Yankees in 2005 after spending the previous three years in St. Louis and Tampa Bay.

text: After winning the NL West again in 2002 the Diamondbacks were swept 3–0 by St. Louis in the NLDS. From here they declined, losing 111 games in 2004 as Bob Brenly was fired during that season. Arizona would not win another NL West title until 2007. Schilling was traded to the Boston Red Sox after the 2003 season and in 2004 helped lead them to their first world championship since 1918. He helped them win another championship in 2007 and retired after four years with Boston, missing the entire 2008 season with a shoulder injury. Johnson was traded to the Yankees after the 2004 season, a season that saw him throw a perfect game against the Atlanta Braves, though he would be traded back to the Diamondbacks two years later and finish his career with the San Francisco Giants in 2009. The last player from the 2001 Diamondbacks roster, Lyle Overbay, retired following the 2014 season with the Milwaukee Brewers while the last player from the 2001 Yankees, Randy Choate, retired on February 16, 2017.[28]

text: From 2002 through 2007, the Yankees' misfortune in the postseason continued, with the team losing the ALDS to the Anaheim Angels in 2002, the World Series to the Florida Marlins in 2003, the ALCS to the Boston Red Sox (in the process becoming the first ever team in postseason history to blow a 3-0 series lead) in 2004, the ALDS again to the Angels in 2005, the ALDS to Detroit in 2006, and the ALDS to Cleveland in 2007. Joe Torre's contract was allowed to expire and he was replaced by Joe Girardi in 2008, a season in which the Yankees would miss the playoffs for the first time since 1993. The Yankees won their 27th World Series in 2009, defeating the defending champion Philadelphia Phillies in six games.

text: Buster Olney, who covered the Yankees for The New York Times before joining ESPN, would write a book titled The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty. The book is a play by play account of Game 7 in addition to stories about key players, executives, and moments from the 1996–2001 dynasty. In a 2005 reprinting, Olney included a new epilogue covering the aftermath of the 2001 World Series up to the Boston Red Sox epic comeback from down 3–0 in the 2004 ALCS.

text: As of 2017[update], this is the state of Arizona's only world championship among the four major professional sports.

text: DVD[edit]

text: On October 11, 2005, A&E Home Video released the New York Yankees Fall Classic Collectors Edition (1996–2001) DVD set. Game 4 of the 2001 World Series is included in the set. On April 29, 2008, The Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 World Series DVD set was released. All seven games are included on this set.

text: Quotes from the Series[edit]

text: All quotes are from Joe Buck

text: One on, two out. Martinez hits one to deep right-center field, at the wall...tie game!

text: Jeter hits it into right. Back at the wall, GAME OVER! Yankees win and the series is tied!

text: Tying run at the plate, runner at second, two out, 2-0 Arizona here in Game 5. Brosius hits one into left! Back at the wall, the Yankees have tied it again!

text: Diamondbacks won Game 1, they won Game 2. The Yankees swept at home, Diamondbacks won last night. Yankees lead in Game 7 2-1 in the ninth. Two on, one out AND WOMACK! INTO RIGHT FIELD A HIT! Here comes Cummings, it's tied! Going to third is Bell! Tony Womack delivers, it's 2-2!

text: Floater...CENTER FIELD! The Diamondbacks are world champions!

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fagan, Ryan. "World Series: Ranking the 10 best Fall Classics of all time". The Sporting News. Sporting News. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2017/11/1/16589848/world-series-2017-dodgers-astros-game-7
Jump up ^ Johnson, Chuck (October 23, 2001). "Diamondbacks quenching fans' thirst for winner". USA Today. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Magruder, Jack (October 11, 1999). "D'backs' future looks promising". Arizona Daily Star. p. 1D.
^ Jump up to: a b Magruder, Jack (October 31, 2000). "D'backs hire Brenly - Former major-league catcher's knowledge, vivacious personality convince Colangelo". Arizona Daily Star. p. C1.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Steve (October 27, 2001). "D-Backs wasted no time in building a winner". MLB.com. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hummel, Rick (October 23, 2001). "D'Backs Move Into Series With Loads Of Experience - Problem Is That Not Much Has Been In Postseason". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. D4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Destiny in the Desert: The 2001 World Series (DVD). Major League Baseball Productions. 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Schedule". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Verducci, Tom (December 17, 2001). "The Power of Two". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 95 no. 24. pp. 112–115.
Jump up ^ "2001 Awards Voting". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2001 MLB Team Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ostermeier, Joe (October 11, 2001). "Cards Even Series At 1-1 - Williams, Pujols Show How To Do It". Belleville News-Democrat. p. 1D.
Jump up ^ Fallstrom, R.B. (October 14, 2001). "Cards extend series Rookie's pitching forces final game". Charleston Gazette-Mail. p. P4E.
Jump up ^ Reid, Jason (October 18, 2001). "Glavine, Braves knot NLCS - Atlanta hands Arizona its first loss at home in playoffs". Charleston Gazette-Mail. p. 3B.
Jump up ^ "2001 National League Championship Series (NLCS) Game 3, Diamondbacks at Braves, October 19". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2001 National League Championship Series (NLCS) Game 4, Diamondbacks at Braves, October 20". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 1 – New York Yankees vs. Arizona Diamondbacks". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 2 – New York Yankees vs. Arizona Diamondbacks". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 3 – Arizona Diamondbacks vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 4 – Arizona Diamondbacks vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 5 – Arizona Diamondbacks vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 6 – New York Yankees vs. Arizona Diamondbacks". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 World Series Game 7 – New York Yankees vs. Arizona Diamondbacks". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "All-time and Single-Season Postseason Pitching Leaders | Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
Jump up ^ "World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/02/16/sweeny-randy-choate-retirement/

tag: ol


document_title: Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence

question_text: who was the oldest signer of the declaration of independance

text: Date of signing[edit]

text: The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining. The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that it was signed by Congress on the day when it was adopted on July 4, 1776.[1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress, the official public record of the Continental Congress. The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777, and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date (the official copy was handwritten).[2]

text: In 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.[3] "No person signed it on that day nor for many days after", he wrote.[4] His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821.[5] The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration.

text: On July 15, New York's delegates got permission from their convention to agree to the Declaration.[6] The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads:

text: Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America" & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress.[7]

text: The entry for August 2 states:

text: The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members.[8]

text: In 1884, historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution, and had not been signed by Congress until August 2.[9] Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4, and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2.[10] Neither Jefferson nor Adams ever wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4, yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams: "No such scene, with all the delegates present, ever occurred at Philadelphia."[11]

text: Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and that the others signed on or after August 2.[12] Ritz argues that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4, as Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin had stated, and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken.[13] He believes that McKean's testimony was questionable,[14] and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution. According to Ritz, this resolution did not call for a new document to be created, but rather for the existing one to be given a new title, which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence. He reasons that the phrase "signed by every member of Congress" in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so.[15]

text: List of signers[edit]

text: Fifty-six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence:

text:
President of Congress

1.  John Hancock (Massachusetts Bay)
New Hampshire

2.  Josiah Bartlett
3.  William Whipple
4.  Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts Bay

5.  Samuel Adams
6.  John Adams
7.  Robert Treat Paine
8.  Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

9.  Stephen Hopkins
10.  William Ellery
Connecticut

11.  Roger Sherman
12.  Samuel Huntington
13.  William Williams
14.  Oliver Wolcott
New York

15.  William Floyd
16.  Philip Livingston
17.  Francis Lewis
18.  Lewis Morris

New Jersey

19.  Richard Stockton
20.  John Witherspoon
21.  Francis Hopkinson
22.  John Hart
23.  Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania

24.  Robert Morris
25.  Benjamin Rush
26.  Benjamin Franklin
27.  John Morton
28.  George Clymer
29.  James Smith
30.  George Taylor
31.  James Wilson
32.  George Ross
Delaware

33.  Caesar Rodney
34.  George Read
35.  Thomas McKean
Maryland

36.  Samuel Chase
37.  William Paca
38.  Thomas Stone
39.  Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia

40.  George Wythe
41.  Richard Henry Lee
42.  Thomas Jefferson
43.  Benjamin Harrison
44.  Thomas Nelson, Jr.
45.  Francis Lightfoot Lee
46.  Carter Braxton
North Carolina

47.  William Hooper
48.  Joseph Hewes
49.  John Penn
South Carolina

50.  Edward Rutledge
51.  Thomas Heyward, Jr.
52.  Thomas Lynch, Jr.
53.  Arthur Middleton
Georgia

54.  Button Gwinnett
55.  Lyman Hall
56.  George Walton

text: Signer details[edit]

text: Eight delegates never signed the Declaration, out of about 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776:[16] John Alsop, George Clinton, John Dickinson, Charles Humphreys, Robert R. Livingston, John Rogers, Thomas Willing, and Henry Wisner.[17] Clinton, Livingston, and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place. Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing. Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2. Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document.[18] Dickinson refused to sign, believing the Declaration premature, but he remained in Congress. George Read had voted against the resolution of independence, and Robert Morris had abstained—yet they both signed the Declaration.

text: The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock, who presumably signed first as President of Congress.[19] Hancock's large, flamboyant signature became iconic, and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for "signature".[20] Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories. Edward Rutledge (age 26) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin (age 70) the oldest.

text: Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated, including William Hooper[22] and Samuel Chase, but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2. Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2, including Lewis Morris, Oliver Wolcott, Thomas McKean, and possibly Elbridge Gerry. Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August, but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October, respectively.[23]

text: New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign. Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4: Matthew Thornton, William Williams, Benjamin Rush, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, George Ross, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton.[24] Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November.[25]  By the time that he signed it, there wasn't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates, so he placed his signature at the end of the document.[26]

text: The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside. The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson, and those names were printed rather than signatures. The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18, 1777, when the Congress ordered that an "authenticated copy" be sent to each of the 13 states, including the names of the signers.[27] This copy is called the Goddard Broadside; it was the first to list all the signers[28] except for Thomas McKean, who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published.  Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration, and his name doesn't appear on the Goddard Broadside, even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside.

text: Stories and legends[edit]

text: Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration, when the document had become an important national symbol. In one famous story, John Hancock supposedly said that Congress, having signed the Declaration, must now "all hang together", and Benjamin Franklin replied: "Yes, we must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately." The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin's death.[29]


document_title: Daulatabad, Maharashtra

question_text: who change the name of devgiri to daulatabad

text: Daulatabad, Maharashtra

text: Mythological origin[edit]

text: Lord Shiva is believed to have been stayed on the hills surrounding this region. Hence the fort was originally known as Devagiri, literally (Hills of Gods).[14][15]

text: Fort of Daulatabad[edit]

text: The area of the city  the hill-fortress of Devagiri (sometimes Latinised to Deogiri). It  stands on a conical hill, about 200 meters high. Much of the lower slopes of the hill has been cut away by  Yadava dynasty rulers to leave 50 meter vertical sides to improve defenses. The fort is a place of extraordinary strength. The only means of access to the summit is  by a narrow bridge, with passage for not more than two people abreast, and a long gallery, excavated in the rock, which has for the most part a very gradual upward slope.[16]

text: About midway along  this gallery, the access gallery has steep stairs, the top of which is covered by a grating destined in time of war to form the hearth of a huge fire kept burning by the garrison above.[17] At the summit, and at intervals on the slope, are specimens of massive old cannon facing out over the surrounding countryside. Also at the mid way, there is a cave entrance meant to confuse the enemies.[18]

text: The fort had the following specialities which are listed along with their advantages :

text:
No separate exit from the fort, only one entrance/exit - This is designed to confuse the enemy soldiers to drive deep into the fort in search of an exit, at their own peril.
No parallel gates - This is designed to break the momentum of the  invading army. Also, the flag mast is on the left hill, which the enemy will try to capitualte, thus will always turn left. But the real gates of the fort are on the right & the false ones on the left, thus confusing the enemy.
Spikes on the gates - In the era before gunpowder, intoxicated elephants were used as a battering ram to break open the gates. The presence of spikes ensured that the elephants died of injury.
Complex arrangement of entryways, curved walls, false doors - Designed to confuse the enemy, false, but well-designed gates on the left side lured the enemy soldiers in & trapped them inside, eventually feeding them to crocodiles.
The hill is shaped like a smooth tortoise back - this prevented the use of mountain lizards as climbers, because they cannot stick to it.

text: The City[edit]

text:
Devagiri (190 57’ N; 750 15’ E) is located at a distance of 15 km northwest of Aurangabad, the district headquarters and midway to Ellora group of caves.[19]
The original widespread capital city is now mostly unoccupied and has been reduced to a village. Much of its survival depends on the tourists to the old city and the adjacent fort.

text: History[edit]

text: The site had been occupied since at least 100 BCE, and now has remains of Hindu & Buddhist temples similar to those at Ajanta and Ellora.

text: The city is said to have been founded c. 1187 by Bhillama V, a Yadava prince who renounced his allegiance to the Chalukyas and established the power of the Yadava dynasty in the west.[20] During the rule of the Yadava king Ramachandra, Alauddin Khalji of Delhi Sultanate raided Devagiri in 1296, forcing the Yadavas to pay a hefty tribute.[21] When the tribute payments stopped, Alauddin sent a second expedition to Devagiri in 1308, forcing Ramachandra to become his vassal.[22]

text: In 1328, Muhammad bin Tughluq of Delhi Sultanate transferred the capital of his kingdom to Devagiri, and renamed it Daulatabad. Some scholars ague that the idea behind transfering the capital was rational, because it lay more or less in the centre of the kingdom, and geographically secured the capital from the north-west frontier attacks.

text: In the Daulatabad fort, he found the area arid & dry. Hence he built a huge reservoir for water storage & connected it with a far-away river. He used siphon system to fill up the reservoir. However, his capital-shift strategy failed miserably due to lack of application & other factors. Hence he shifted back to Delhi & earned him the moniker "Mad King".

text: The next important event in the Daulatabad fort time-line was the construction of the Chand Minar by the Bahmani ruler Hasan Gangu Bahmani, also known as Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah (r. 3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358).

text: Hasan Gangu built the Chand Minar as a replica of the Qutb Minar of Delhi, of which he was a great fan of. He employed Iranian architects to built the Minar who used Lapis Lazuli & Red Ochre for coloring. Currently, the Minar is out of bounds  for the tourists, because of a suicide case.

text: As we move further into the fort, we can see the Chini Mahal, a VIP prison built by Aurangzeb. In this prison, he kept Abul Hasan Tana Shah of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty of Hyderabad. The antecedents of Abul Hasan Tana Shah, the last Qutub Shahi king are shrouded in mystery. Although a kinsman of the Golconda royals, he spent his formative years as a disciple of renowned Sufi saint Shah Raju Qattal, leading a spartan existence away from the pomp and grandeur of royalty. Shah Raziuddin Hussaini, popularly known as Shah Raju, was held in high esteem by both the nobility and commoners of Hyderabad. Abdullah Qutub Shah, the seventh king of Golconda was among his most ardent devotees. He died in prison leaving no male heir to the throne.

text: In this Chini Mahal, Sambhaji maharaj, son of Shivaji maharaj was kept.

text:
Most of the present-day fortification was constructed under the Bahmanis and the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar.[23]
The Mughal Governor of the Deccan under Shah Jahan, captured the fortress in 1632 and imprisoned the Nizam Shahi prince Husain Shah.[24]

text: Monuments[edit]

text: The outer wall, 2.75 miles (4.43 km) in circumference, once enclosed the ancient city of Devagiri and between this and the base of the upper fort are three lines of defences.

text: Along with the fortifications, Devagiri contains several notable monuments, of which the chief are the Chand Minar and the Chini Mahal.[25] The Chand Minar is a tower 210 ft (64 m). high and 70 ft (21 m). in circumference at the base, and was originally covered with beautiful Persian glazed tiles.  It was erected in 1445 by Ala-ud-din Bahmani to commemorate his capture of the fort. The Chini Mahal (literally: China Palace), is the ruin of a building once of great beauty. In it Abul Hasan Tana Shah, the last of the Qutb Shahi kings of Golconda, was imprisoned by Aurangzeb in 1687.[20]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Road Transport[edit]

text: Devagiri is in the outskirts of Aurangabad, and is on the Aurangabad - Ellora road (National Highway 2003). Aurangabad is well connected by road and 20 km away from Devagiri.[26]

text: Rail Transport[edit]

text: Daulatabad railway station is located on the Manmad-Purna section of South Central Railways[27] and also on the Mudkhed-Manmad section of the Nanded Division of South Central Railway. Until reorganisation in 2005, it was a part of the Hyderabad Division Aurangabad is a major station near to Devagiri. The Devagiri Express regularly operates between Mumbai and Secunderabad via Aurangabad, Maharashtra

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Front view of Daulatabad fort

Chand Minar

garden in fort premises

City view Daulatabad

Reservoir

Jain relics

Jain Relics

tag: ul


document_title: Shot clock

question_text: when did the shot clock start in the nba

text: Shot clock

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The NBA (National Basketball Association) had problems attracting fans (and positive media coverage) before the shot clock's inception.[2] This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game; without the shot clock, teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty. If one team chose to stall, the other team (especially if behind) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw. Very low-scoring games with many fouls were common, which bored fans. The most extreme case occurred on November 22, 1950, when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record-low score of 19–18, including 3–1 in the fourth quarter.[3] The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting (they attempted 13 shots for the game) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers' dominant George Mikan. The Pistons' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write "[The Pistons] gave pro basketball a great black eye."[4] NBA President Maurice Podoloff said, "In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores."[5] A few weeks after the Pistons/Lakers game, the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six-overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period, the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last-second shot. The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock.

text: Creation[edit]

text: The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse, New York, where Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24-second version during a scrimmage game.[6] According to Biasone, "I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot."[3][7] Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954–55 season, a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship.

text: Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock. Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni, a scout for the Nats, Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24-second clock.[8] Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard, often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin.[9] Ferris, who loved mathematics, ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48-minute game (2,880) by the average number of shots taken in a game (120) to get to the 24-second time limit per possession.[10] While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock, it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule.

text: Use and reaction[edit]

text: When it was first introduced by the NBA, the 24-second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play, as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot. According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes, "We thought we had to take quick shots – a pass and a shot was it – maybe 8–10 seconds... But as the game went on, we saw the inherent genius in Danny's 24 seconds – you could work the ball around [the offensive zone] for a good shot."[7]

text: The shot clock, together with some rule changes concerning fouls, revolutionized NBA basketball. In the last pre-clock season (1953–54), teams averaged 79 points per game; in the first year with the clock (1954–55), the average was 93 points,[3] which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use (1957–58).[11] The advent of the shot clock (and the resulting increase in scoring) coincided with an increase in attendance, which increased 40% within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game.[12]

text: The shot clock received near-universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA. Coach and referee Charley Eckman said, "Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24-second rule."[13] Boston Celtic all-star Bob Cousy said, "Before the new rule, the last quarter could be deadly. The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely, and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody. In the meantime, nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up. With the clock, we have constant action. I think it saved the NBA at that time. It allowed the game to breathe and progress."[14] League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock "the most important event in the NBA."[3] The league itself states, "Biasone's invention rescue[d] the league."[13]

text: Adoption by other leagues[edit]

text: Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock. The American Basketball League used a 30-second shot clock for its two years in existence (1961–1963). The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30-second clock when it launched in 1967–68, switching to the NBA's 24-second length for its final season (1975–76).

text: In the 1969–70 season, women's collegiate basketball (at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) used a 30-second shot clock on an experimental basis, officially adopting it for the 1970–71 season.[15] Unlike the women's side, there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men's NCAA basketball, due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game. However, after extreme results like an 11–6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973, support for a men's shot clock began to build.[16] The NCAA introduced a 45-second shot clock for the men's game in the 1985–86 season, reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993–94 season[17] and 30 seconds in the 2015–16 season.[18]

text: From its inception in 1975, the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25-second shot clock. This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league's main venues, the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum (the latter no longer used by the league), could only be set at 5-second intervals. The league later adopted a 24-second clock starting from the 1995 season. The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23-second clock from its maiden season in 1998. In Filipino college basketball, the NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30-second clock; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001–02 season, the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001.

text: Operation[edit]

text: In the NBA (since 1954), Women's National Basketball Association (since 2006), and FIBA play (since 2000; 30-second from 1956 to 2000), the shot clock counts down 24 seconds, thus often being called the "24-second clock." If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim, or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound, steal, or out-of-bounds play, the shot clock resets. Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a "shot clock violation" and a loss of possession to the other team. Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires—a shot clock signal, illuminated lights on the shot clock (NBA, FIBA, Euroleague, and many venues using an NBA-style transparent shot clock), and in the NBA and Euroleague only, a yellow LED light strip on the backboard. In the 2011–12 NBA season and 2014–15 Euroleague, the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second, allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last-second shots easily.[19] In the 2016-17 NBA season, a new 'official timekeeper' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock/shot clock system, putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time.[20] Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season.

text: Furthermore, the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt. Rule changes in the NBA since 1998, and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock, after which it is reset to 14 seconds.

text: The (W)NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds (if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock), in the (W)NBA, if the defence causes the jump ball, the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain, where it is reset to 5.0 seconds.

text: Also in FIBA play, if the offense retains control of a ball following a rebound, the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds.

text: Since the 2015–16 season, all American college basketball uses a 30-second shot clock, while Canadian university basketball uses a 24-second clock. The American women's game has used a 30-second clock since the 1970s, but the men's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985. The men's limit was originally 45 seconds, and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015. The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S., does not mandate the use of a shot clock, instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association. Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011.[21] Currently, eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30 seconds in high school competition: California, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington.[21]

text:
Organization
Duration

NBA
24 seconds
14 seconds (offensive retains control after fouls)

WNBA

U Sports (Canadian universities)

NCAA
30 seconds

United States high school basketball
30 seconds (some states only)

FIBA
24 seconds (full-court game)
14 seconds (reset when offense retains ball)
12 seconds (3x3 half-court)[22]

text:
Sport
Organization
Duration

Lacrosse
MLL
60 seconds

NLL
30 seconds

Ringette
N/A
30 seconds

Water polo
FINA
30 seconds

Canoe polo
ICF
60 seconds

Ten-pin bowling
PBA
25 seconds

Snooker
Snooker Shoot-Out
15 seconds (first five minutes)
10 seconds (last five minutes)

Carom billiards
(Three-cushion billiards)
World Championship
European Championship
World Cup
40 seconds[23]
(3 time-outs (40 sec.) possible)

text: Similar rules in basketball[edit]

text: The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half-court and into the offensive zone (or front court) within a referee's count (this rule was first introduced in 1933, predating the shot clock by over 2 decades). In men's college basketball, the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds, the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8-second limit in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team.

text: Generally, the 10-second (or 8-second) count is independent from the shot clock's operation; in fact, a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm. Women's college basketball introduced the 10-second limit in 2013–2014, and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but "will use the shot clock to determine if a 10-second violation has occurred." As a general reference, it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 (FIBA/[W]NBA; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds, the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console, which is posted as 15 on the clock) or 20 (college) before a violation can be called.[24]


document_title: Jake Johnson

question_text: where did nick from new girl go to college

text: Jake Johnson

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Johnson was born in Evanston, Illinois, a northern suburb of Chicago, the son of Eve Johnson, an artist who made stained glass windows, and Ken Weinberger, who owned a car dealership.[2][3] He was named after his maternal uncle, Mark Johnson, who died at the age of 26 in a motorcycle accident in 1977, a year before Jake was born. Jake's father is from an Ashkenazi Jewish family, while his mother's ancestry is English, Irish, and Polish Catholic.[4] Johnson attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, IL. His parents divorced when he was two, and he and his older siblings, brother Dan and sister Rachel, were raised by his single mother. Johnson then took his mother's last name during high school.[5] Johnson has stated that since his 20s, his father has resurfaced and now they are close.[6]

text: Career[edit]

text: Johnson grew up a fan of the Second City improv troupe. He graduated from New Trier High School in Winnetka and started his post-secondary education at the University of Iowa. While in Iowa City, he wrote a play, which wound up earning him admission to the Dramatic Writing Department at NYU's prestigious Tisch School of the Arts, followed by the 2002 John Golden Playwriting Prize and the Sloan Fellowship for Screenwriting. The New York City off-Broadway group, The Ensemble Studio Theater, produced his play Cousins.

text: While in New York, Johnson started the sketch comedy troupe The Midwesterners, modeling their material and style after HBO's sketch comedy Mr. Show with Bob and David. After moving to Los Angeles, Johnson supported himself as a waiter and a production assistant, also scoring a series of bit feature and guest TV roles. In 2007, he landed a more regular gig with the TBS mini-show Derek and Simon: The Show, produced by Bob Odenkirk.[citation needed]

text: In 2009, he appeared in the mockumentary Paper Heart. In 2010, Johnson was cast in a small role in the Russell Brand comedy, Get Him to the Greek. He played Uma Thurman's character's brother in the romantic comedy Ceremony, and as a buddy of Ashton Kutcher's character in No Strings Attached. In 2011, he played Jesus in A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas. In 2012, he appeared in the film version of 21 Jump Street, which starred Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum. Johnson made an appearance at the 2012 Sundance Festival as one of the leads in Safety Not Guaranteed.[7]

text: Since 2011, Johnson has been starring as Nick Miller alongside Zooey Deschanel on New Girl. In 2013, he appeared in the music video for "Rouse Yourself", a song by indie-soul band JC Brooks & the Uptown Sound alongside his Safety Not Guaranteed co-star Aubrey Plaza.[8] He is also starring (as a fictional version of himself) in a series of Dodge Dart commercials with Craig Robinson. In 2015, he played park informatician Lowery in Jurassic World. [9][10]

text: Drunk History[edit]

text: The web series Drunk History, which led to the 2013 TV series Drunk History, was inspired by a 2007 conversation that Johnson had with series creator Derek Waters. Johnson, while drunk, was trying to describe the story of Otis Redding's death to Waters, and Waters was inspired to build a series around history narrated by drunk people. Johnson later appeared in the first episode of the web series (as Aaron Burr), as well as episode 8 of the TV series' first season (as William B. Travis)[11] and episode 9 of the series' third season (as Boris Spassky).

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Bunny Whipped
Basketball Player

2008
Redbelt
Guayabera Shirt Man

2009
Paper Heart
Nicholas Jasenovec

2010
Get Him to the Greek
Jazz Man

2010
Ceremony
Teddy

2011
Spilt Milk
Todd

2011
No Strings Attached
Eli

2011
A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas
Jesus Christ

2012
Safety Not Guaranteed
Jeff Schwensen

2012
21 Jump Street
Principal Dadier

2013
Drinking Buddies
Luke

2013
The Pretty One
Basel

2013
Coffee Town
Will's Roommate

2014
The Lego Movie
Barry (voice)
Cameo

2014
Neighbors
Sebastian Cremmington

2014
Let's Be Cops
Ryan O'Malley

2015
Digging for Fire
Tim
Also co-writer and producer

2015
Jurassic World
Lowery Cruthers

2016
Joshy
Reggie

2016
Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates
Ronnie

2017
Win It All
Eddie Garrett
Also co-writer and producer

2017
Smurfs: The Lost Village
Grouchy Smurf (voice)

2017
Becoming Bond
Peregrine Carruthers
Documentary

2017
The Mummy
Sergeant Chris Vail

2018
Tag
Randy

2018
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse
Peter Parker / Spider-Man (voice)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
Derek and Simon: The Show
Jake
6 episodes

2007
Curb Your Enthusiasm
Man on Cell Phone
Episode: "The N Word"

2007
The Unit
Martin
Episode: "MPs"

2009
Lie to Me
Howard Crease
Episode: "Love Always"

2010
FlashForward
Powell
Episode: "Countdown"

2011–present
New Girl
Nick Miller
Main cast, 7 seasons
Nominated – Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series (2013)
Nominated – TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy (2013)
Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Best Actor Comedy (2012, 2013)
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2013)

2011
Allen Gregory
Joel Zadak (voice)
6 episodes

2012
NTSF:SD:SUV::
Jorgen
Episode: "The Real Bicycle Thief"

2013
Ghost Ghirls
Eddie Hanson
Episode: "Home Is Where The Haunt Is"

2013; 2015
High School USA!
Mr. Structor (voice)
Main role

2013–2015
Drunk History
Various
2 episodes

2015
Comedy Bang! Bang!
Himself
Episode: "Jake Johnson Wears a Light Blue Button-Up Shirt and Brown Shoes"

2015
No Activity
Cutler
Episode: "The American"

2015–2016
BoJack Horseman
Oxnard (voice)
2 episodes

2016
Easy
Drew
Episode: "Chemistry Read"

2016
We Bare Bears
Dave (voice)
Episode: "The Island"

2017
Comrade Detective
Stan (voice)
Recurring role

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2015
Lego Jurassic World
Lowery Cruthers
Voice

2015
Lego Dimensions
Lowery Cruthers
Voice[12]


document_title: Kepler's laws of planetary motion

question_text: who discovered the three laws of planetary motion

question_tokens: who discovered the three laws of planetary motion

text: Kepler's laws of planetary motion

text: Comparison to Copernicus[edit]

text: Kepler's laws improve the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus:

text:
The planetary orbit is a circle
The Sun is at the center of the orbit
The speed of the planet in the orbit is constant

text: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give good approximations of planetary motion; but Kepler's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus'.

text: Kepler's corrections are not at all obvious:

text:
The planetary orbit is not a circle, but an ellipse.
The Sun is not at the center but at a focal point of the elliptical orbit.
Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant, but the area speed is constant.

text: The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox, around 186 days, unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox, around 179 days. A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the Sun parallel to the equator of the Earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio, so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately

text: which is close to the correct value (0.016710219) (see Earth's orbit). The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 4, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21 or 22.

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: It took nearly two centuries for the current formulation of Kepler's work to take on its settled form. Voltaire's Eléments de la philosophie de Newton (Elements of Newton's Philosophy) of 1738 was the first publication to use the terminology of "laws".[4][5] The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers in its article on Kepler (p. 620) states that the terminology of scientific laws for these discoveries was current at least from the time of Joseph de Lalande.[6] It was the exposition of Robert Small, in An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler (1804) that made up the set of three laws, by adding in the third.[7] Small also claimed, against the history, that these were empirical laws, based on inductive reasoning.[5][8]

text: Further, the current usage of "Kepler's Second Law" is something of a misnomer. Kepler had two versions, related in a qualitative sense: the "distance law" and the "area law". The "area law" is what became the Second Law in the set of three; but Kepler did himself not privilege it in that way.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609, having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe.[10][3][11] Kepler's third law was published in 1619.[12][3] Notably, Kepler had believed in the Copernican model of the solar system, which called for circular orbits, but could not reconcile Brahe's highly precise observations with a circular fit to Mars' orbit (Mars coincidentally having the highest eccentricity of all planets except Mercury[13]). His first law reflected this discovery.

text: Kepler in 1621 and Godefroy Wendelin in 1643 noted that Kepler's third law applies to the four brightest moons of Jupiter.[Nb 1] The second law, in the "area law" form, was contested by Nicolaus Mercator in a book from 1664, but by 1670 his Philosophical Transactions were in its favour. As the century proceeded it became more widely accepted.[14] The reception in Germany changed noticeably between 1688, the year in which Newton's Principia was published and was taken to be basically Copernican, and 1690, by which time work of Gottfried Leibniz on Kepler had been published.[15]

text: Newton is credited with understanding that the second law is not special to the inverse square law of gravitation, being a consequence just of the radial nature of that law; while the other laws do depend on the inverse square form of the attraction. Carl Runge and Wilhelm Lenz much later identified a symmetry principle in the phase space of planetary motion (the orthogonal group O(4) acting) which accounts for the first and third laws in the case of Newtonian gravitation, as conservation of angular momentum does via rotational symmetry for the second law.[16]

text: Formulary[edit]

text: The mathematical model of the kinematics of a planet subject to the laws allows a large range of further calculations.

text: First law of Kepler[edit]

text: The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.

text: Mathematically, an ellipse can be represented by the formula:

text:
where

p

{\displaystyle p}

 is the semi-latus rectum, ε is the eccentricity of the ellipse, r is the distance from the Sun to the planet, and θ is the angle to the planet's current position from its closest approach, as seen from the Sun. So (r, θ) are polar coordinates.

text: For an ellipse 0 < ε < 1 ; in the limiting case ε = 0, the orbit is a circle with the sun at the centre (i.e. where there is zero eccentricity).

text: At θ = 0°, perihelion, the distance is minimum

text:
At θ = 90° and at θ = 270° the distance is equal to

p

{\displaystyle p}

.

text: At θ = 180°, aphelion, the distance is maximum (by definition, aphelion is – invariably – perihelion plus 180°)

text: The semi-major axis a is the arithmetic mean between rmin and rmax:

text: The semi-minor axis b is the geometric mean between rmin and rmax:

text: The semi-latus rectum p is the harmonic mean between rmin and rmax:

text: The eccentricity ε is the coefficient of variation between rmin and rmax:

text: The area of the ellipse is

text: The special case of a circle is ε = 0, resulting in r = p = rmin = rmax = a = b and A = πr2.

text: Second law of Kepler[edit]

text: A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.[1]

text: The orbital radius and angular velocity of the planet in the elliptical orbit will vary. This is shown in the animation: the planet travels faster when closer to the sun, then slower when farther from the sun. Kepler's second law states that the blue sector has constant area.

text:
In a small time

d
t

{\displaystyle dt\,}

 the planet sweeps out a small triangle having base line

r

{\displaystyle r\,}

 and height

r

d
θ

{\displaystyle r\,d\theta }

 and area

d
A
=

1
2

⋅
r
⋅
r
d
θ

{\displaystyle dA={\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot r\cdot rd\theta }

 and so the constant areal velocity is

d
A

d
t

=

1
2

r

2

d
θ

d
t

.

{\displaystyle {\frac {dA}{dt}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}r^{2}{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}.}

text:
The area enclosed by the elliptical orbit is

π
a
b
.

{\displaystyle \pi ab.\,}

 So the period

P

{\displaystyle P\,}

 satisfies

text: and the mean motion of the planet around the Sun

text: satisfies

text: Third law of Kepler[edit]

text: The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

text: This captures the relationship between the distance of planets from the Sun, and their orbital periods.

text: Kepler enunciated in 1619[12] this third law in a laborious attempt to determine what he viewed as the "music of the spheres" according to precise laws, and express it in terms of musical notation.[17] So it was known as the harmonic law.[18]

text: Using Newton's Law of gravitation (published 1687), this relation can be found in the case of a circular orbit by setting the centripetal force equal to the gravitational force:

text:
m
r

ω

2

=
G

m
M

r

2

{\displaystyle mr\omega ^{2}=G{\frac {mM}{r^{2}}}}

text: Then, expressing the angular velocity in terms of the orbital period and then rearranging, we find Kepler's Third Law:

text:
m
r

(

2
π

T

)

2

=
G

m
M

r

2

→

T

2

=

(

4

π

2

G
M

)

r

3

→

T

2

∝

r

3

{\displaystyle mr{\bigg (}{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\bigg )}^{2}=G{\frac {mM}{r^{2}}}\rightarrow T^{2}={\bigg (}{\frac {4\pi ^{2}}{GM}}{\bigg )}r^{3}\rightarrow T^{2}\propto r^{3}}

text:
A more detailed derivation can be done with general elliptical orbits as well as the center of mass. This results in replacing a circular radius,

r

{\displaystyle r}

, with the elliptical semi-major axis,

a

{\displaystyle a}

, as well as replacing the large mass

M

{\displaystyle M}

 with

M
+
m

{\displaystyle M+m}

. However, with planet masses being so much smaller than the sun, this correction is often ignored. The full corresponding formula is:

text:
where

M

{\displaystyle M}

 is the mass of the sun,

m

{\displaystyle m}

 is the mass of the planet, and

G

{\displaystyle G}

 is the gravitational constant,

T

{\displaystyle T}

 is the orbital period and

a

{\displaystyle a}

 is the elliptical semi-major axis.

text: The following table shows the data used by Kepler to empirically derive his law:

text:
Data used by Kepler (1618)

Planet
Mean distance to sun [AU]
Period [days]

R

3

/

T

2

∗

10

6

[

A
U

3

/

d
a
y

2

]

{\displaystyle R^{3}/T^{2}*10^{6}[{\rm {AU}}^{3}/{\rm {day}}^{2}]}

Mercury
0.389
87.77
7.64

Venus
0.724
224.70
7.52

Earth
1
365.25
7.50

Mars
1.524
686.95
7.50

Jupiter
5.2
4332.62
7.49

Saturn
9.510
10759.2
7.43

text: Upon finding this pattern Kepler wrote:[19]

text:
"I first believed I was dreaming...But it is absolutely certain and exact that the ratio which exists between the period times of any two planets is precisely the ratio of the 3/2th power of the mean distance."

translated from "Harmonies of the World" by Kepler (1619)

tag: div

text: For comparison, here are modern estimates:

text:
Modern data (Wolfram Alpha Knowledgebase 2018)

Planet
Semi-major axis [AU]
Period [days]

R

3

/

T

2

∗

10

6

[

A
U

3

/

d
a
y

2

]

{\displaystyle R^{3}/T^{2}*10^{6}[{\rm {AU}}^{3}/{\rm {day}}^{2}]}

Mercury
0.38710
87.9693
7.496

Venus
0.72333
224.7008
7.496

Earth
1
365.2564
7.496

Mars
1.52366
686.9796
7.495

Jupiter
5.20336
4332.8201
7.504

Saturn
9.53707
10775.599
7.498

Uranus
19.1913
30687.153
7.506

Neptune
30.0690
60190.03
7.504

text: Planetary acceleration[edit]

text: Isaac Newton computed in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler's first and second law.

text:
The direction of the acceleration is towards the Sun.
The magnitude of the acceleration is inversely proportional to the square of the planet's distance from the Sun (the inverse square law).

text: This implies that the Sun may be the physical cause of the acceleration of planets. However, Newton states in his Principia that he considers forces from a mathematical point of view, not a physical, thereby taking an instrumentalist view.[20] Moreover, he does not assign a cause to gravity.[21]

text: Newton defined the force acting on a planet to be the product of its mass and the acceleration (see Newton's laws of motion). So:

text:
Every planet is attracted towards the Sun.
The force acting on a planet is directly proportional to the mass of the planet and is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the Sun.

text: The Sun plays an unsymmetrical part, which is unjustified. So he assumed, in Newton's law of universal gravitation:

text:
All bodies in the solar system attract one another.
The force between two bodies is in direct proportion to the product of their masses and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them.

text: As the planets have small masses compared to that of the Sun, the orbits conform approximately to Kepler's laws. Newton's model improves upon Kepler's model, and fits actual observations more accurately (see two-body problem).

text: Below comes the detailed calculation of the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler's first and second laws.

text: Acceleration vector[edit]

text:
From the heliocentric point of view consider the vector to the planet

r

=
r

r

^

{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =r{\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}

 where

r

{\displaystyle r}

 is the distance to the planet and

r

^

{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}

 is a unit vector pointing towards the planet.

text:
where

θ
^

{\displaystyle {\hat {\boldsymbol {\theta }}}}

 is the unit vector whose direction is 90 degrees counterclockwise of

r

^

{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}

, and

θ

{\displaystyle \theta }

 is the polar angle, and where a dot on top of the variable signifies differentiation with respect to time.

text: Differentiate the position vector twice to obtain the velocity vector and the acceleration vector:

text: So

text: where the radial acceleration is

text: and the transversal acceleration is

text: Inverse square law[edit]

text: Kepler's second law says that

text: is constant.

text:
The transversal acceleration

a

θ

{\displaystyle a_{\theta }}

 is zero:

text: So the acceleration of a planet obeying Kepler's second law is directed towards the sun.

text:
The radial acceleration

a

r

{\displaystyle a_{r}}

 is

text: Kepler's first law states that the orbit is described by the equation:

text: Differentiating with respect to time

text: or

text: Differentiating once more

text:
The radial acceleration

a

r

{\displaystyle a_{r}}

 satisfies

text: Substituting the equation of the ellipse gives

text:
The relation

b

2

=
p
a

{\displaystyle b^{2}=pa}

 gives the simple final result

text:
This means that the acceleration vector

r
¨

{\displaystyle \mathbf {\ddot {r}} }

 of any planet obeying Kepler's first and second law satisfies the inverse square law

text: where

text:
is a constant, and

r

^

{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}

 is the unit vector pointing from the Sun towards the planet, and

r

{\displaystyle r\,}

 is the distance between the planet and the Sun.

text:
According to Kepler's third law,

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

 has the same value for all the planets. So the inverse square law for planetary accelerations applies throughout the entire solar system.

text: The inverse square law is a differential equation. The solutions to this differential equation include the Keplerian motions, as shown, but they also include motions where the orbit is a hyperbola or parabola or a straight line. See Kepler orbit.

text: Newton's law of gravitation[edit]

text: By Newton's second law, the gravitational force that acts on the planet is:

text:
where

m

planet

{\displaystyle m_{\text{planet}}}

 is the mass of the planet and

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

 has the same value for all planets in the solar system. According to Newton's third Law, the Sun is attracted to the planet by a force of the same magnitude. Since the force is proportional to the mass of the planet, under the symmetric consideration, it should also be proportional to the mass of the Sun,

m

Sun

{\displaystyle m_{\text{Sun}}}

. So

text:
where

G

{\displaystyle G}

 is the gravitational constant.

text: The acceleration of solar system body number i is, according to Newton's laws:

text:
where

m

j

{\displaystyle m_{j}}

 is the mass of body j,

r

i
j

{\displaystyle r_{ij}}

 is the distance between body i and body j,

r

^

i
j

{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}_{ij}}

 is the unit vector from body i towards body j, and the vector summation is over all bodies in the world, besides i itself.

text: In the special case where there are only two bodies in the world, Earth and Sun, the acceleration becomes

text: which is the acceleration of the Kepler motion. So this Earth moves around the Sun according to Kepler's laws.

text: If the two bodies in the world are Moon and Earth the acceleration of the Moon becomes

text: So in this approximation the Moon moves around the Earth according to Kepler's laws.

text: In the three-body case the accelerations are

text: These accelerations are not those of Kepler orbits, and the three-body problem is complicated. But Keplerian approximation is the basis for perturbation calculations. See Lunar theory.

text: Position as a function of time [edit]

text: Kepler used his two first laws to compute the position of a planet as a function of time. His method involves the solution of a transcendental equation called Kepler's equation.

text: The procedure for calculating the heliocentric polar coordinates (r,θ) of a planet as a function of the time t since perihelion, is the following four steps:

text: The important special case of circular orbit, ε = 0, gives θ = E = M. Because the uniform circular motion was considered to be normal, a deviation from this motion was considered an anomaly.

text: The proof of this procedure is shown below.

text: Mean anomaly, M[edit]

text: The Keplerian problem assumes an elliptical orbit and the four points:

text: and

text: The problem is to compute the polar coordinates (r,θ) of the planet from the time since perihelion, t.

text: It is solved in steps. Kepler considered the circle with the major axis as a diameter, and

text:
The sector areas are related by

|

z
s
p

|

=

b
a

⋅

|

z
s
x

|

.

{\displaystyle |zsp|={\frac {b}{a}}\cdot |zsx|.}

text:
The circular sector area

|

z
c
y

|

=

a

2

M

2

.

{\displaystyle \ |zcy|={\frac {a^{2}M}{2}}.}

text: The area swept since perihelion,

text: is by Kepler's second law proportional to time since perihelion. So the mean anomaly, M, is proportional to time since perihelion, t.

text: where n is the mean motion.

text: Eccentric anomaly, E[edit]

text: When the mean anomaly M is computed, the goal is to compute the true anomaly θ. The function θ = f(M) is, however, not elementary.[22] Kepler's solution is to use

text: as an intermediate variable, and first compute E as a function of M by solving Kepler's equation below, and then compute the true anomaly θ from the eccentric anomaly E. Here are the details.

text: Division by a2/2 gives Kepler's equation

text: This equation gives M as a function of E. Determining E for a given M is the inverse problem. Iterative numerical algorithms are commonly used.

text: Having computed the eccentric anomaly E, the next step is to calculate the true anomaly θ.

text: True anomaly, θ[edit]

text: Note from the figure that

text: so that

text:
Dividing by

a

{\displaystyle a}

 and inserting from Kepler's first law

text: to get

text: The result is a usable relationship between the eccentric anomaly E and the true anomaly θ.

text: A computationally more convenient form follows by substituting into the trigonometric identity:

text: Get

text: Multiplying by 1 + ε gives the result

text: This is the third step in the connection between time and position in the orbit.

text: Distance, r[edit]

text: The fourth step is to compute the heliocentric distance r from the true anomaly θ by Kepler's first law:

text: Using the relation above between θ and E the final equation for the distance r is: