document_title: History of the British Army

question_text: who led the first set of british troops into battle

question_tokens: who led the first set of british troops into battle

text: History of the British Army

text: Origins[edit]

text: The English Army was first established as a standing military force in 1660.[2][3][4] In 1707 many regiments of the English and Scottish armies were already combined under one operational command and stationed in the Netherlands fighting in the War of Spanish Succession. Consequently, although the regiments were now part of the new British military establishment, they remained under the same operational command, and so not only were the regiments of the old armies transferred in situ to the new army so too was the institutional ethos, customs, and traditions, of the old standing armies that had been created shortly after the restoration of the monarchy 47 years earlier.

text: Stuart Asquith argues for roots before 1660:[5]

text: Many authorities quote the Restoration of 1660 as the birth date of our modern British Army. While this may be true as far as continuity of unit identity is concerned, it is untrue in a far more fundamental sense. The evidence of history shows that the creation of an efficient military machine [, The New Model Army,] and its proving on the battlefield, predates the Restoration by 15 years. It was on the fields of Naseby, Dunbar and Dunes that the foundations of the British professional army were laid.

text: The New Model Army was the first full-time professional army raised within the three kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland.[6] It was created in 1645 by the English Long Parliament and it proved supreme in field. At the end of the First Civil War the New Model Army survived attempts by Parliament to disband it. Winston Churchill described its prowess thus:[7]

text: The Story of the Second English Civil War is short and simple. King, Lords and Commons, landlords, merchants, the City and the countryside, bishops and presbyters, the Scottish army, the Welsh people, and the English Fleet, all now turned against the New Model Army. The Army beat the lot!

text: Having survived Parliament's attempts to disband it, the New Model Army prospered as an institution during the Interregnum. It was disbanded in 1660 with the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II.

text: At his restoration Charles II sought to create a small standing army made up of some former Royalist and New Model Army regiments. On 26 January 1661, Charles II issued the Royal Warrant that created the first regiments of what would become the British Army,[8] although Scotland and England maintained separate military establishments until the Acts of Union 1707.[9]

text: King Charles put into these regiments those cavaliers who had attached themselves to him during his exile on the European continent and had fought for him at the Battle of the Dunes against the Roundheads of the Protectorate and their French allies. For political expediency he also included some elements of the New Model Army. The whole force consisted of two corps of horse and five or six of infantry. It is, however, on this narrow and solid basis that the structure of the English army was gradually erected. The horse consisted of two regiments the Life Guards (formed from exiled cavaliers) ; and The Blues (or The Oxford Blues), formed by Lord Oxford, out of some of the best New Model Army horse regiments. The foot regiments were Grenadier Guards (initially two regiments Lord Wentworth's Regiment and John Russell's Regiment of Guards which amalgamated in 1665), the Coldstream Guards (the New Model Army regiment of General Monck), the Royal Scots (formed from the Scotch guard in France), and the Second Queen's Royals.[10]

text: Many of Charles' subjects were uneasy at his creation of this small army. Pamphleteers wrote tracts voicing the fear of a people who within living memory had experienced the Rule of the Major-Generals and had liked neither the imposition of military rule, or the costs of keeping an army in being when the country was not at war with itself or others. People also remembered the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" of Charles I and feared that a standing army under royal command would allow monarchs in the future to ignore the wishes of Parliament.[11]

text: The English were not fully reconciled to the need for a standing army until the reign of William III when the near perpetual wars with other European states made a modest standing army a necessity to defend England and to maintain her prestige in the world. But public opinion, always anxious of the bad old days, was resolved to allow itself no rest until it had defined the prerogatives of the crown on this delicate point. Parliament finally succeeded in acquiring a control over the army, and under a general bill, commonly called the Mutiny Act, laid down the restrictions which, whilst respecting the rights of the sovereign, were likewise to shield the liberty of the people. It did this by making the standing army conditional on an annually renewed act of parliament.[12] To this day, annual continuation notices are required for the British Army to remain legal. On paper, this also guarantees representative government, as Parliament must meet at least once a year to ratify the Order in Council renewing the Army Act (1955) for a further year.[13] As another measure to avoid a dangerous concentration of power in the hands of any one person, responsibility for the various branches of the army and its administration were deliberately assigned to different high officials.

text: Creation of British Army[edit]

text: The order of seniority for the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. Scottish and Irish regiments were only allowed to take a rank in the English army from the date of their arrival in England or the date when they were first placed on the English establishment. For example, in 1694 a board of general officers was convened to decide upon rank of English, Irish and Scots regiments serving in the Netherlands, the regiment that became known as the Scots Greys were designated as the 4th dragoons because there were three English regiments raised prior to 1688 when the Scot Greys were first placed on the English establishment. In 1713 when a new board of general officers was convened to decide upon rank of several regiments, the seniority of the Scots Greys was reassessed and based on their entry into England in June 1685. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons and so after some delay the Scots Greys obtained the rank of 2nd dragoons in the British Army.[14]

text: Eighteenth century[edit]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: By the middle of the century, the army's administration had developed the form which it would retain for more than a hundred years. Ultimately, the main bodies responsible for the army were:

text:
The War Office was responsible for day-to-day administration of the army, and for the cavalry and infantry;[15]
The Board of Ordnance was responsible for the supply of weapons and ammunition, and administered the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers;[16]
The Commissariat was responsible for the supply of rations and transport. It occasionally raised its own fighting units, such as "battoemen" (armed watermen and pioneers in North America).[17]

text: None of these bodies were usually represented in the Cabinet, nor were they responsible for overall strategy, which was in the hands of the Secretary of State for War[15] (an office later merged into the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies). The resulting tangled lines of control often greatly hampered efficient operation through and beyond the Napoleonic Wars.

text: In the field, a commander's staff consisted of an Adjutant General (who handled finance, troop returns and legal matters),[18] and a Quartermaster General (who was responsible for billeting and organising movements).[19] There were separate commanders of the Artillery, and Commissary Officers who handled the supplies. The commander of an Army might also have a Military Secretary, responsible for appointments, courts martial and official correspondence. In the field as in peacetime, the conflicting lines of responsibility often caused problems.

text: Infantry and cavalry units had originally been known by the names of their colonels, such as "Sir John Mordaunt's Regiment of Foot". This could be confusing if Colonels succeeded each other rapidly; and two regiments (the Buffs and the Green Howards) had to be distinguished by their facing colour in official correspondence because for several years, both had Colonels named Howard. In time, these became the official names of the regiments. In 1751 a numeral system was adopted,[20] with each regiment gaining a number according to their rank in the order of precedence, so John Mordaunt's Regiment became the 47th Regiment of Foot.[21]

text: The later Jacobite risings were centred in the Scottish Highlands. From the late 17th century, the Government had organised Independent Highland Companies in the area, from clans which supported the Hanoverian monarchs or the Whig governments, to maintain order or influence in the Highlands. In 1739 the first full regiment, the 42nd Regiment of Foot, was formed in the region.[22] More were subsequently raised. For many years, highland regiments were to be the most colourful and distinctive units in the British Army, retaining much of the traditional highland dress such as the kilt.

text: Towards the end of the 18th century, the battalion became the major tactical unit of the army. On the continent of Europe, where large field formations were usual, a regiment was a formation of two or more battalions, under a colonel who was a field commander. The British Army, increasingly compelled to disperse units in far-flung colonial outposts, made the battalion the basic unit, under a lieutenant colonel. The function of the Regiment became administrative rather than tactical. The Colonel of a regiment remained an influential figure but rarely commanded any of its battalions in the field. Many regiments consisted of one battalion only, plus a depot and recruiting parties in Britain or Ireland if the unit was serving overseas. Where more troops were required for a war or garrison duties, second, third and even subsequent battalions of a regiment were raised, but it was rare for more than one battalion of a regiment to serve in the same brigade or division.[23]

text: Strategy and Role[edit]

text: From the late 17th century onwards, the British army was to be deployed in three main areas of conflict (America, Europe and Scotland), one of which (Scotland) was effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.[24] The major theatre was often the continent of Europe. Not only did Britain's monarchs have dynastic ties with Holland or Hanover, but Britain's foreign policy often required intervention to maintain a balance of power in Europe (usually at the expense of France).

text: Within England and especially Scotland, there were repeated attempts by the deposed House of Stewart to regain the throne, leading to severe uprisings. These were often related to European conflict, as the Stuart Pretenders were aided and encouraged by Britain's continental enemies for their own ends. After the Battle of Culloden in 1746, these rebellions were crushed.[24]

text: Finally, as the British empire expanded, the army was increasingly involved in service in the West Indies, North America and India.[25] Troops were often recruited locally, to lessen the burden on the Army. Sometimes these were part of the British army, for example the 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot.[26] On other occasions (as in the case of troops raised by the British East India Company), the local forces were administered separately from the British Army, but cooperated with it.

text: Troops sent to serve overseas could expect to serve there for years, in an unhealthy climate far removed from the comforts of British society. This led to the army being recruited from the elements of society with the least stake in it; the very poorest or worst-behaved. The red-coated soldier, "Thomas Lobster", was a much-derided figure.[27]

text: Seven Years War[edit]

text: The Seven Years' War, which took place from 1755 to 1763, has sometimes been described as the first true world war, in that conflict took place in almost every continent and on almost all the oceans. Although there were early setbacks, British troops eventually were victorious in every theatre.[28]

text: Britain's main enemy was France, as was usual. The war can be said to have started in North America, where it was known as the French and Indian War. The early years saw several British defeats.[29] The British units first despatched to the Continent were untrained in the bush warfare they met. To provide light infantry, several corps such as Rogers' Rangers were raised from the colonists. (A light infantry regiment, the 80th Regiment of Light-Armed Foot, was raised by Colonel Thomas Gage, but subsequently disbanded). During the war, General James Wolfe amalgamated companies from several regiments into an ad hoc unit, the Louisbourg Grenadiers.[30]

text: There were also disagreements between high-ranking British officers and the North American colonists. It was laid down that even the most senior Provincial officers were subordinate to comparatively junior officers in the British Army. The first concern of the colonists' representatives was the protection of the settlers from raids by Indian war parties, while the British generals often had different strategic priorities. Partly through the naval superiority gained by the Royal Navy, Britain was eventually able to deploy superior strength in North America, winning a decisive battle at Quebec.[31]

text: Similarly, in India, the French armies and those of the most powerful Indian rulers were defeated after a prolonged struggle, allowing the steady expansion of British-controlled territory.[32]

text: In Europe, although Britain's allies (chiefly Prussia) carried the main burden of the struggle, British troops eventually played an important role at the decisive Battle of Minden.[28]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The result of this war was to leave Britain as the dominant imperial power in North America, and the only European power east of the Mississippi (although it would return southern Florida to Spain). There was increasing tension between the British government and the American colonists, especially when it was decided to maintain a standing army in North America after the war. For the first time, the British Army would be garrisoned in North America in significant numbers in a time of peace.[33]

text: With the defeat of France, the British government no longer sought actively to curry the favour of Native Americans. Urged by his superiors to cut costs, Commander in Chief General Jeffrey Amherst initiated policy changes that helped prompt Pontiac's War in 1763, an uprising against the British military occupation of the former New France.[34] Amherst was recalled during the war and replaced as commander in chief by Thomas Gage.[35]

text: American War of Independence[edit]

text: For the British Army, the American War of Independence had its origins in the military occupation of Boston in 1768. Tensions between the army and local civilians helped contribute to the Boston Massacre of 1770, but outright warfare did not begin until 1775, when an army detachment was sent to seize colonial munitions at Lexington and Concord.[35]

text: Reinforcements were sent to America to put down what was initially expected to be a short-lived rebellion. Because the British army was understrength at the outset of the war, the British government hired the armed forces of several German states, referred to generically as "Hessians", to fight in North America. As the war dragged on, the ministry also sought to recruit Loyalist soldiers. Five American units (known as the American Establishment, formed in 1779) were placed on the regular army roster, though there were many other Loyalist units.[36]

text: When the war ended in 1783 with defeat and the independence of the United States, many of the Loyalists fled north to Canada, where many subsequently served with the British Army. The Army itself had established many British units during the war to serve in North America or provide replacements for garrisons. All but three (the 23rd Regiment of (Light) Dragoons and two Highland infantry regiments, the 71st and 78th Foot) were disbanded immediately after the war.[37]

text: The Army was forced to adapt its tactics to the poor communications and forested terrain of North America. Large numbers of light infantry (detached from line units) were organised, and the formerly rigid drills of the line infantry were modified to a style known as "loose files and an American scramble". While the British defeated the colonists in most of the set-piece battles of the war, none of these had any decisive result, whereas the British defeats at the Battle of Saratoga and Siege of Yorktown adversely affected British morale, prestige and manpower.[38][39]

text: Napoleonic Wars[edit]

text: The British Army during the Napoleonic Wars experienced a time of rapid change. At the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, the army was a small, awkwardly administered force of barely 40,000 men.[40] By the end of the period, the army had been through a series of structural, recruitment, tactical and training reforms and its manpower had vastly increased. At its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men.[41] The British infantry was "the only military force not to suffer a major reverse at the hands of Napoleonic France."[42]

text: The later nineteenth century[edit]

text: During the long reign of Queen Victoria, British society underwent great changes such as industrialisation and the enactment of liberal reforms within Britain. The period was also marked by the steady expansion and consolidation of the British Empire. The role of the military was to defend the Empire and, for the Army, to control the natives.[43]

text: The Crimean War (1854–56) had so many blunders and failures—most famously the ill-advised "Charge of the Light Brigade"—that it became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in Britain was outraged at the failures of traditional methods in the face of modernization everywhere else in British society; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations exposed a multiplicity of grave problems. However, the reform campaign was not well organized. This allowed the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army to pull itself together and block all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interests by the Army, and further talk of reform went nowhere.[44] The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.[45]

text: These two wars demonstrated that reforms were urgently needed to guarantee that the Army could protect both the home nation and the Empire. Nevertheless, reform did not take place until much later when Liberal governments enacted wide-ranging reforms (the Cardwell Reforms and Childers Reforms) from 1870 to 1881.[46] These gave the army the form it would take at the outbreak of the First World War.

text: The Industrial Revolution had changed the Army's weapons, transport and equipment, and social changes such as better education had prompted changes to the terms of service and outlook of many soldiers. Nevertheless, it retained many features inherited from the Duke of Wellington's army, and since its prime function was to maintain the expanding British Empire, it differed in many ways from the conscripted armies of continental Europe. For example, it did not undertake large-scale manoeuvres. Indeed, the Chobham Manoeuvres of 1853 involving 7,000 troops were the first such manoeuvres since the Napoleonic Wars.[47]

text: First World War (1914–18)[edit]

text: The British Army during World War I could trace its origins to the increasing demands of imperial expansion together with inefficiencies highlighted during the Crimean War, which led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century.[46] These gave the British Army its modern shape, and defined its regimental system. The Esher Report in 1904, recommended radical reform of the British Army, such as the creation of an Army Council, a General Staff and the abolition of the office of Commander in Chief of the Forces and the creation of a Chief of the General Staff.[48] The Haldane Reforms in 1907, created an expeditionary force of seven divisions, it also reorganized the volunteers into a new Territorial Force of fourteen cavalry brigades and fourteen infantry divisions, and changed the old militia into the special reserve to reinforce the expeditionary force.[49]

text: The British Army was different from the French and German Armies at the beginning of the conflict in that it was made up from volunteers not conscripts.[50] It was also considerably smaller than its French and German counterparts.[51] The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw the bulk of the changes in the Haldane reforms put to the test. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of six divisions was quickly sent to the Continent, while the Territorial Forces fourteen divisions and Reserves were mobilised as planned to provide a second line.[52]

text: During the war there were three distinct British Armies. The 'first' army was the small volunteer force of about 400,000 soldiers (comprising the Regular Army of 247,000[53] and Territorial Force of 145,000[54]), over half of which were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire. This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force. Together they formed the BEF, for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles. The 'second' army was Kitchener's Army, formed from the volunteers in 1914–1915, which was destined to go into action at the Battle of the Somme.[55] The 'third' was formed after the introduction of conscription in January 1916 and by the end of 1918 the British Army had reached its peak of strength of four million men and could field over seventy divisions.[53]

text: The war also saw the introduction of new weapons and equipment. The Maxim machine gun was replaced by the improved and lighter Vickers and Lewis machine guns, the Brodie helmet was supplied for better personnel protection against shrapnel and the Mark I tank was invented to try to end the stalemate of trench warfare.[56]

text: The vast majority of the British Army fought in France and Belgium on the Western Front but some units were engaged in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Africa and Mesopotamia, mainly against the Ottoman Empire. One battalion also fought in China during the Siege of Tsingtao.[57]

text: Inter-War period (1919–1939)[edit]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: In the immediate aftermath of the First World War, Britain faced serious economic woes. Heavy defence cuts were consequently imposed by the British Government in the early 1920s as part of a reduction in public expenditure known as the "Geddes Axe" after Sir Eric Geddes.[58] The Government introduced the Ten Year Rule, stating its belief that Britain would not be involved in another major war for 10 years from the date of review. This ten-year rule was continually extended until it was abandoned in 1932.[58] The Royal Tank Corps (which later became the Royal Tank Regiment) was the only corps formed in World War I that survived the cuts. Corps such as the Machine Gun Corps were disbanded, their functions being taken by specialists within infantry units.[59] One new corps was the Royal Signals, formed in 1920 from within the Royal Engineers to take over the role of providing communications.[60]

text: Within the cavalry, sixteen regiments were amalgamated into eight, producing the "Fraction Cavalry"; units with unwieldy titles combining two regimental numbers. There was a substantial reduction in the number of infantry battalions and the size of the Territorial Force, which was renamed the Territorial Army. On 31 July 1922, the Army also lost six Irish regiments (5 infantry and 1 cavalry) on the creation of the Irish Free State.[61] Many Irishmen from the south nevertheless continued to join the British Army.

text: Until the early 1930s, the Army was effectively reduced to the role of imperial policeman, concentrated on responding to the small imperial conflicts that rose up across the Empire. It was unfortunate that certain of the officers who rose to high rank and positions of influence within the army during the 1930s were comparatively backward-looking.[62] This meant that trials such as the Experimental Mechanized Force of 1927–28 did not go as far as they might have.[63]

text: Operations[edit]

text: One of the first post-war campaigns that the Army took part in was the Allied intervention in Russia in 1919 to assist the "White Army" against the Communist Bolsheviks during their Civil War.[64] The British Army was also maintaining occupation forces in the defeated powers of World War I. In Germany, a British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) was established.[65] The BAOR would remain in existence until 1929 when British forces were withdrawn.[66] Another British occupation force was based in Constantinople in Turkey, and a number of British units fought against Turkish rebels during the Turkish War of Independence. A small British Military Mission was also advising the Polish Army during the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921).[67]

text: The Army, throughout the inter-war period, also had to deal with quelling paramilitary organisations seeking the removal of the British. In British Somaliland, Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (known to the British Army as 'The Mad Mullah', although he was neither mad nor a mullah) resumed his campaign against the British, a campaign he had first begun in 1900.[68] The operations against him were prominent due to the newly formed RAF being instrumental in his defeat. The Army also took part in operations in Ireland against the IRA during the Anglo-Irish War. Both sides committed atrocities, some units becoming infamous, such as the paramilitary Black and Tans where many recruits were veterans of the First World War.[69] The British Army was also supporting Indian Army operations in the North-West Frontier of British India against numerous tribes, known collectively as the Pathans, hostile to the British. The Army had been operating in the volatile North-West Frontier area since the mid-19th century. The last major uprising that the Army had to deal with before the start of the Second World War, was the uprising in Palestine that began in 1936.[70]

text: Rearmament and development[edit]

text: By the mid-1930s, Germany was controlled by Hitler's Nazi Party and was becoming increasingly aggressive and expansionist. Another war with Germany appeared certain. The Army was not properly prepared for such a war, lagging behind the technologically advanced and potentially much larger Heer of the German Wehrmacht. With each armed service vying for a share of the defence budget, the Army came last behind the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force in allocation of funds.[71]

text: During the years after the First World War, the Army's strategic concepts had stagnated. Whereas Germany, when it began rearming following Hitler's rise to power, eagerly embraced concepts of mechanised warfare as advocated by individuals such as Heinz Guderian, many high-ranking officers in Britain had little enthusiasm for armoured warfare, and the ideas of Basil Liddell Hart and J.F.C. Fuller were largely ignored.[72]

text: One step to which the Army was committed was the mechanisation of the cavalry, which had begun in 1929. This first proceeded at a slow pace, having little priority. By the mid-1930s, mechanisation in the British Army was gaining momentum and on 4 April 1939, with the mechanisation process nearing completion, the Royal Armoured Corps was formed to administer the cavalry regiments and Royal Tank Regiment (except for the Household Cavalry). The mechanisation process was finally completed in 1941 when the Royal Scots Greys abandoned their horses.[73]

text: After the Munich Crisis in 1938, a serious effort was undertaken to expand the Army, including the doubling in size of the Territorial Army, helped by the reintroduction of conscription in April 1939.[74] By mid-1939 the Army consisted of 230,000 Regulars and 453,000 Territorials and Reservists.[75] Most Territorial formations were understrength and badly equipped. Even this army was dwarfed, yet again, by its continental counterparts. Just before the war broke out, a new British Expeditionary Force was formed.[76] By the end of the year, over 1 million had been conscripted into the Army. Conscription was administered on a better planned basis than in the First World War. People in certain reserved occupations, such as dockers and miners, were exempt from being called up as their skills and labour were necessary for the war effort.[77]

text: Between 1938 and 1939, following a substantial expansion in the Army, a number of new organisations were formed, including the Auxiliary Territorial Service for women in September 1938; its duties were vast, and helped release men for front-line service.[78]

text: Second World War (1939–45)[edit]

text: The British Army in 1939 was a volunteer army that introduced conscription shortly before the declaration of war with Germany. During the early years of the Second World War, the army suffered defeat in almost every theatre it deployed, due to a variety of reasons, mainly because of decisions made before the war and politicians and senior commanders being unclear on what the army's role was. With mass conscription the expansion of the army was reflected in the creation of more divisions, army corps, armies and army groups. From 1943, the British Army's fortunes turned and it hardly suffered a strategic defeat.[79]

text: The pre-war British Army was trained and equipped to garrison and police the British Empire and, as became evident during the war, was woefully unprepared and ill-equipped to conduct a war against multiple enemies on multiple fronts. At the start of the war the army was small in comparison to its enemies', and remained an all-volunteer force until 1939. By the end of the war the British Army had grown to number over 3.5 million.[80]

text: The British Army fought around the world, with campaigns in Norway, Belgium and France in 1940 and, after the collapse of both the latter countries, in Africa, the Mediterranean and Middle East and the Far East. After a series of setbacks, retreats and evacuations the British Army and its Allies eventually gained the upper hand. This started with victory over the Italian and German forces in the Tunisia Campaign.[81] Italy was then forced to surrender after the invasion of Sicily and mainland Italy.[82] Then in the last years of the war, the British Army, with its allies, returned to France, driving the German Army back into Germany and in the Far East forced the Japanese back from the Indian border into Burma.[83] Both the Germans and Japanese were defeated by 1945, and surrendered within months of each other.[84]

text: With the expansion of the British Army to fight a world war, new armies had to be formed, and eventually army groups were created to control even larger formations. In command of these new armies, eight men would be promoted to the rank of field marshal. The army commanders not only had to manage the new armies, but also a new type of soldier in formations that had been created for special service, which included the Special Air Service, Army Commandos and the Parachute Regiment.[85]

text: End of the Empire and Cold War (1945-1990)[edit]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: The United Nations (UN) was formed on 24 October 1945, with Britain one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council.[86] The British Empire at the time was considered a global power, despite its military having been surpassed by the two new superpowers—the USA and Soviet Union. Another global organisation, known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), was established on 4 April 1949 with Britain one of its founding members.[87] The creation of NATO signified the beginning of the "Cold War" between the ideologically divided "Western Allies" and the Eastern Communist powers, controlled by the Soviet Union; they created their own NATO equivalent in 1955, known as the Warsaw Pact.[88] An integral part of NATO's defences in the now divided Europe was the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in West Germany, the British Army's new overseas 'home' that replaced independent India. The British Army, just as in the aftermath of World War I, had established BAOR in the immediate aftermath of the war which was centred on I Corps (upon its re-establishment in 1951),[89] at its peak reaching about 80,000 troops. At home, there were five regional commands: Eastern, Western, Northern, Scottish, and Southern Command, which all eventually merged to become HQ UK Land Forces or UKLF in 1972.[90]

text: The Army was beginning to draw down its forces, beginning demobilisation shortly after the end of the war. The Territorial units were placed in 'suspended animation', being reconstituted upon the reformation of the TA in 1947. On 1 January 1948, National Service, the new name for conscription, formally came into effect.[91] The Army was, however, being reduced in size upon the end of British rule in India, including the second battalions of every Line Infantry regiment either amalgamating with the 1st Battalions to maintain the 2nd Battalion's history and traditions, or simply disband, thus ending the two-battalion policy implemented by Childers in 1881. This proved too severe a decision for the overstretched Army, and a number of regiments reformed their second battalion in the 1950s. The year 1948 also saw the Army receive four Gurkha regiments (eight battalions in total) transferred to them from the Indian Army and were formed into the Brigade of Gurkhas, initially based in Malaya.[92]

text: More reforms of the armed forces took place with the 1957 Defence White Paper, which saw further reductions implemented; the Government realised after the debacle of the Suez War that Britain was no longer a global superpower and decided to withdraw from most of its commitments in the world, limiting the armed forces to concentrating on NATO, with an increased reliance upon nuclear weapons. The White Paper announced that the Army would be reduced in size from about 330,000 to 165,000, with National Service ending by 1963 (it officially ended on 31 December 1960, with the last conscript being discharged in May 1963) with the intention of making the Army into an entirely professional force. This enormous reduction in manpower led to, between 1958 and 1962, eight cavalry and thirty infantry regiments being amalgamated, the latter amalgamations producing fifteen single-battalion regiments. Brigade cap badges superseded the regimental cap badge in 1959.[93]

text: Many of the regiments created during the 1957 White Paper would have only a brief existence, most being amalgamated into new 'large' regiments -- The Queen's, Royal Fusiliers, Royal Anglian, Light Infantry, Royal Irish Rangers, and the Royal Green Jackets—all of whose 'junior' battalions were disbanded by the mid-1970s. Two regiments -- The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) and The York and Lancaster Regiment—opted to be disbanded rather than amalgamated. The fourteen administrative brigades (created in 1948) were replaced by six administrative divisions in 1968,[94] with regimental cap badges being re-introduced the following year. The Conservative Government came to power in 1970, one of its pledges included the saving of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders after a popular campaign to save it had been provoked by the announcement of its intended demise. The Government also decided to stop the planned amalgamation of The Gloucestershire Regiment with The Royal Hampshire Regiment. Further cavalry and infantry regiments were, however, amalgamated between 1969 and 1971, with six cavalry (into three)[95][96] and six infantry (also into three) regiments doing so.[97][98]

text: For the structure of the Army during this period, see List of British Army regiments (1962). HQ UK Land Forces was formed in 1972, and the previous home commands were effectively downgraded to districts.[99]

text: Post-WWII Operations Outside Great Britain[edit]

text: The Far East[edit]

text: In the immediate aftermath of the war in the Far East, the Army was tasked with reoccupying former British territories such as Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The British Army also played an active part, if only briefly, in the military actions by other European nations in their attempts to restore their pre–World War II governance, occupation, and control of South-Eastern Asian countries.

text: For example, British and Indian Army forces were sent to the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies in September 1945 to disarm and help repatriate the Japanese occupation forces. It was a month after the local nationalists—who had been provided with arms by the Japanese—had declared an independent Indonesia. The situation in Java was quite chaotic with much violence taking place. The British and Indian forces experienced fierce resistance from the nationalists; the former Japanese occupation force was also employed by the British to help maintain order, and fought alongside the British and Indian forces. Dutch forces gradually arrived in number and the British and Indians left by November 1946.[100]

text: A similar situation existed in French Indochina after Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. British and Indian troops, commanded by Major-General Douglas Gracey, were deployed to occupy the south of the country shortly afterwards, while Nationalist Chinese attempted to occupy the northern areas of Vietnam. Vietnam was at this time in chaos and the population did not want French rule restored. The British military decided to rearm numerous French POWs—who then went on a rampage—and British forces also re-armed Japanese troops to help maintain order. The British and Indians departed by February 1946 and the First Indochina War began shortly afterwards. War in Vietnam would continue for more than twenty years.[101]

text: British De-colonialisation and the British Army[edit]

text: The latter part of the 1940s saw the British start to begin to withdraw from the Empire, the Army playing a prominent role in its dismantlement. The first colony the British withdrew from was India, the largest British possession as measured by population, though not the largest by geographical area.

text: In 1947 the British government announced India would become independent on 15 August, after being separated into two countries, one mostly Muslim (Pakistan) and the other mostly Hindu (India). The last British Army unit to leave active service in the Indian subcontinent was the 1st Battalion, The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's) on 28 February 1948.[102]

text: In Palestine, there was a surge in attacks against the British mandate and occupation by Zionist organisations such as Irgun and the Stern Gang after the British attempted to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine. British military and other forces eventually withdrew in 1948 and the State of Israel was established on 14 May.[103]

text: Elsewhere, within British territories, Communist guerrillas launched an uprising in Malaya, starting the Malayan Emergency.[104]

text: In the early 1950s, trouble began in Cyprus, and in Kenya—the Mau Mau uprising.[105] In Cyprus, an organisation known as EOKA sought unity with Greece, the situation being stabilised just before Cyprus was given independence in 1960.[105] Kenya was one of many deployments for the Army in Africa during the 1950s, most of the others being former Italian colonies placed in the temporary control of Britain and the British Army.

text: Korea[edit]

text: The British Army also participated in the 1st Commonwealth Division during the Korean War (1950–53), fighting in battles such as Imjin River which included Gloster Hill.[91]

text: More British De-colonialisation[edit]

text: Elsewhere, the Army withdrew from the Suez Canal Zone in Egypt in 1955. The following year, along with France and Israel, the British invaded Egypt in a conflict known as the Suez War, after the Egyptian leader, President Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal which privately owned businesses in Britain and France owned shares in. The British Army contributed forces to the amphibious assault on Suez and British paratroopers took part in the airborne assault. This brief war was a military success. However, international pressure, especially from the US government, soon forced the British government to withdraw all their military forces soon afterwards. British military forces were replaced by UN peacekeeping troops.[106]

text: In the 1960s two conflicts featured heavily with the Army, the Aden Emergency[105] and the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in Borneo.[104]

text: Operations within the United Kingdom[edit]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: In 1969 a surge of sectarian violence and attacks in Northern Ireland against Catholics by Protestants, loyalists and the RUC in which seven people were killed, hundreds more wounded and thousands of Catholic families were driven from their homes led to British troops being sent into Northern Ireland to try to stop the violence. This became Operation Banner.[107] Among those killed in the attacks by the RUC was Trooper Hugh McCabe, the first British soldier to die in the conflict.[108] The troops were initially welcomed by the Catholic community as they believed the troops would protect them; however, this developed into opposition as the troops began to support the RUC, and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), a militant break-away from the IRA which had been quiet since the 1962 cessation of the Border Campaign, began to target British troops. The British Army's operations in the early phase of its deployment had it placed in a policing role, for which, in many cases, it was ill-suited. This involved seeking to prevent confrontations between the Catholics and Protestants, as well as putting down riots and stopping Republican and Loyalist paramilitary groups from committing terrorist attacks.[109]

text: However, as the Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 grew in ferocity in the early 1970s, the Army was increasingly caught in a situation where its actions were directed against the IRA and the Catholic Irish nationalist community which harboured it. In the early period of the conflict, British troops mounted several major field operations. The first of these was the Falls Curfew of 1971, when over 3,000 troops imposed a 3-day curfew on the Falls Road area of Belfast and fought a sustained gun battle with local IRA men. In Operation Demetrius in June 1971, 300 paramilitary suspects were interned without trial, an action which provoked a major upsurge in violence.[110] The largest single British operation of the period was Operation Motorman in 1972, when about 21,000 troops were used to restore state control over areas of Belfast and Derry, which were then controlled by republican paramilitaries.[111] The British Army's reputation suffered further from an incident in Derry on 30 January 1972, Bloody Sunday in which 13 Catholic civilians were murdered by The Parachute Regiment.[112] The biggest single loss of life for British troops in the conflict came at Narrow Water, where eighteen British soldiers were killed in a PIRA bomb attack on 27 August 1979, on the same day Lord Mountbatten of Burma was assassinated by the PIRA in a separate attack.[113] In all almost 500 British troops died in Northern Ireland between 1969 and 1997.[114] Most of these deaths however occurred in the early 1970s, when British troops were placed at the forefront of the conflict and had little experience in dealing with a low intensity conflict in a predominantly urban, heavily populated area.

text: By the late 1970s, the British Army was replaced to some degree as "frontline" security service, in preference for the local Royal Ulster Constabulary and the Ulster Defence Regiment (raised 1970) as part of the Ulsterisation policy. By the 1980s and early 1990s, British Army casualties in the conflict had dropped. Moreover, British Special Forces had some successes against the PIRA - see Operation Flavius and the Loughgall Ambush.[115] Nevertheless, the conflict tied up over 12,000 British troops on a continuous basis until the late 1990s and was ended with the Good Friday Agreement which detailed a path to a political solution to the conflict.[116]

text: Operation Banner came to an end in 2007 making it the longest continuous operation in the British Army's history, lasting over thirty-eight years. Troop numbers where reduced to 5,000.[117]

text: England[edit]

text: In 1980, the Special Air Service emerged from its secretive world when its most high-profile operation, the ending of the Iranian Embassy Siege in London, was broadcast live on television.[118] By the 1980s, even though the Army was being increasingly deployed abroad, most of its permanent overseas garrisons were gone, with the largest remaining being the BAOR in Germany, while others included Belize, Brunei, Gibraltar, and Hong Kong.

text: Falklands War[edit]

text: One remaining garrison provided by the Royal Marines was the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, 6,000 to 8,000 miles (13,000 km) (11,000 to 15,000 km) from Britain. The Argentinians invaded the Falklands in April 1982. The British quickly responded and the Army had an active involvement in the campaign to liberate the Falklands upon the landings at San Carlos, taking part in a series of battles that led to them reaching the outskirts of the capital, Stanley. The Falklands War ending with the formal surrender of the Argentinian forces on 14 June.[119]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: The collapse of the Soviet Union, ending the Cold War, saw a new defence white paper, Options for Change produced.[120] This saw inevitable reductions in the British armed forces. The Army experienced a substantial cut in its manpower (reduced to about 120,000),[120] which included yet more regimental amalgamations, including two of the large regiments of the 1960s—the Queen's Regiment and Royal Irish Rangers—and the third battalions of the remaining large regiments being cut. The British Army in Germany was also affected, with the British Army of the Rhine replaced by British Forces Germany and personnel numbers being reduced from about 55,000 to 25,000; the replacement of German-based I Corps by the British-led Allied Rapid Reaction Corps also took place.[121] Nine of the Army's administrative corps were amalgamated to form the Royal Logistic Corps and the Adjutant General's Corps). One major development was the disbandment of the Women's Royal Army Corps (though the largest elements were absorbed by the AGC) and their integration into services that had previously been restricted to men; however, women were still prohibited from joining armoured and infantry units. The four Gurkha regiments were amalgamated to form the three-battalion Royal Gurkha Rifles, reduced to two in 1996 just before the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997.[122]

text: The Labour Party became the country's new government and after their election victory in 1997 a new defence white paper was prepared, known as the Strategic Defence Review (1998).[123] Some of the Army's reforms included the creation of two deployable divisions -- 1st (UK) Armoured Division and 3rd Mechanised Division, with the 1st Division being based in Germany—and three 'regenerative' divisions -- 2nd, 4th, and 5th Divisions. The 16 Air Assault Brigade was formed from 24 Airmobile Brigade and elements of 5 Airborne Brigade to provide the Army with increased mobility, and would include the Westland WAH-64 Apache attack helicopter. Other attempts to make the Army more mobile was the creation of the Joint Rapid Reaction Force, intended to provide a corps-sized force capable of reacting quickly to situations similar to Bosnia. The Army Air Corps's helicopters also helped form the multi-service Joint Helicopter Command.[124]

text: For the structure of the British Army during this period, see List of British Army regiments (1994).

text: Another defence review was published in 2004, known as Delivering Security in a Changing World. The defence white paper stated that the Army's manpower would be reduced by 1,000, with four infantry battalions being cut and the manpower being redistributed elsewhere. One of the most radical aspects of the reforms was the announcement that most single-battalion regiments would amalgamate into large regiments, with most of the battalions retaining their previous regimental titles in their battalion names. The TA would also be further integrated into the Army, with battalions being numbered into the regiment's structure. These are reminiscent, in some respects, to the Cardwell-Childers reforms and the 1960s reforms.[125]

text: The elite units of the Army are also playing an increasingly prominent role in the Army's operations and the SAS was allocated further funds in the 2004 defence paper, conveying the SAS's increasing importance in the War on Terror. Another élite unit became operational in 2005, the Special Reconnaissance Regiment.[126] The 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment became the core of a tri-service Special Forces Support Group formed in 2006 to support the SAS and the Navy's SBS, being described as the Army's equivalent to the U.S. Army Rangers.[127]

text: Operations[edit]

text: The end of the Cold War did not provide the British Army with any respite, and the political vacuum left by the Soviet Union has seen a surge of instability in the world. Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait, one of its neighbours, in 1990, provoking condemnation from the United Nations, primarily led by the United States. The Gulf War and the British contribution, known as Operation Granby, was large, with the Army providing about 28,000 troops and 13,000 vehicles, mostly centred on 1 (UK) Armoured Division. After air operations ended, the land campaign against Iraq began on 24 February. 1st Armoured Division took part in the left-hook attack that helped destroy many Iraqi units. The ground campaign had lasted just 100-hours, Kuwait being officially liberated on 27 February.[128]

text: The British Army has also played an increasingly prominent role in peacekeeping operations, gaining much respect for its comparative expertise in the area. In 1992, during the wars in the Balkans provoked by the gradual disintegration of Yugoslavia, UN forces intervened in Croatia and later Bosnia. British forces contributed as part of UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force).[129] The force was a peacekeeping one, but with no peace to keep, it proved ineffective and was replaced by the NATO IFOR though this was in turn replaced the following year by SFOR.[130] As of 2005, Britain's contribution numbers about 3,000 troops. In 1999 the UK took a lead role in the NATO war against Slobodan Milošević's forces in Kosovo.[131] After the air war ended, the Parachute Regiment and Royal Gurkha Rifles provided the spearhead for ground forces entering Kosovo. In 2000, British forces, as part of Operation Palliser, intervened in a civil war ravaging Sierra Leone, with the intention of evacuating British, Commonwealth and EU citizens. The SAS also played a prominent role when they, along with the Paras, launched the successful Operation Barras to rescue 6 soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment being held by the rebels. The British force remained and provided the catalyst for the stabilisation of the country.[132]

text: The early 21st century saw the world descend into a new war after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City by Al Qaida: the War on Terrorism.[133] A US-led invasion of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan followed, with the British contribution led by the RN and RAF; the most important Army element being the SAS. The British later took part in the invasion of Iraq in 2003, Britain's contribution being known as Operation Telic, The Army played a more significant role in Iraq than Afghanistan, deploying a substantial force, centred on 1 (UK) Armoured Division with, again, around 28,000 troops.[134] The war began in March and the British fought in the southern area of Iraq, eventually capturing the second largest city, Basra, in April. The Army remained in Iraq upon the end of the war and subsequently led the Multi-National Division (South East), with the Army presence in Iraq numbering about 5,000 soldiers.[135]

text: Official rifle of the Army 1722-present[edit]

text: See British military rifles

text: The British Army has mixed extreme conservatism, 'penny-pinching', and extraordinarily exacting standards in its rifles. For example, the move to percussion-caps was not made until 1842, while an 1866 trial examined 104 weapons and declined to award a first prize, or that the specifications for an SLR in the 1930s were so stiff "it is doubtful if any... rifle of the present day could meet it in its entirety."

text: Changes were usually forced on the Army as a result of conflict or the actions of other armies. Note the rapid pace of change in the period 1850-1895 as the Crimean War forced changes and then the foreign demonstrations of the needle-gun, the Chassepot, and the Mannlicher–Mauser designs frightened the Army.

text: In the 19th century the change-overs were not instant, many colonial units soldiered on with older weapons - some units missing two cycles of change - while some weapons (italicized in the list below) were only issued to specialist rifle brigades or in very limited numbers.

text: As happens, the Army's men often had the weapons to fight the last war by the time of the following conflict. Most of the 19th century weapons were technologically obsolete at their introduction or within five years, and despite the apparently exhaustive testing many inadequate weapons were issued.

text:
Brown Bess 1722-1838

Long Land Pattern 1722-1802
Short Land Pattern 1777-1802
New Land Pattern Musket 1802-1842

Baker rifle 1800-1835
Pattern 1836 Brunswick rifle 1836-1851
Pattern 1851 Minié rifle 1851-1855
Enfield

Pattern 1853 1855-1860
Pattern 1860 1860-1864

Snider–Enfield (or Converted Enfield) 1864-1871
Martini–Henry 1871-1888

Martini–Enfield 1884-1888

Lee–Metford 1888-1895
Lee–Enfield 1895-1956

SMLE 1903-1956

L1A1 SLR 1957-1985
L85 1985-


document_title: Izzie Stevens

question_text: what is denny's real name from grey's anatomy

question_tokens: what is denny 's real name from grey 's anatomy

root

text: Izzie Stevens

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Izzie appears in the first episode of Grey's Anatomy, meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Alex Karev, and George O'Malley.[1] She and George move in with Meredith and become best friends.[2] Izzie's boyfriend, hockey player Hank (Jonathan Scarfe), struggles to accept her new role as a surgeon, and the two break up.[3] Izzie is hurt when Alex exposes her past as a lingerie model.[4] However, the two later go on to begin a friendship and then a romance.[5] Alex experiences sexual dysfunction with Izzie and cheats on her with nurse Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback).[6] When Izzie finds out, she breaks up with him, though they briefly reunite following a bomb incident at the hospital.[7] Izzie reveals while treating a pregnant teenager that she had a daughter at the age of 16 and gave her up for adoption. Izzie falls in love with cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette (Jeffrey Dean Morgan), and the two become engaged. When Denny's condition deteriorates, Izzie deliberately worsens his health further by cutting his LVAD wire to move him up the donor register.[8] Although Denny receives a new heart, he has a stroke hours later and dies.[9] Izzie is the sole beneficiary of Denny's will, inheriting $8.7 million.[10] She uses the money to open a free clinic at the hospital: the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic.[11]

tag: p

text: Izzie disapproves of George's relationship and marriage to orthopedic resident Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez).[12] She and George sleep together, and attempt to keep their liaison a secret.[13] George and resident Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) are the only people aware that Izzie gave birth to a daughter at the age of sixteen; ultimately the child was given up for adoption. He supports Izzie when her daughter Hannah (Liv Hutchings), diagnosed with leukemia, arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital in need of a bone marrow transplant from Izzie.[14] Izzie's feelings for George grow, and she reveals that she has fallen in love with him.[15] When Callie discovers George has been unfaithful, the two separate,[16] and George and Izzie embark on a short-lived relationship, only to discover there is no real chemistry between them.[17]

text: Izzie supports Alex when he discovers his new girlfriend has psychiatric problems, and convinces him to have her committed. She is also handed primary responsibility for the clinic, as Bailey cuts back on her responsibilities.[18] Izzie and Alex go on to rekindle their relationship, though Izzie is concerned when she begins hallucinating Denny.[19] She discovers she has metastatic melanoma (Stage IV) which has spread to her liver, skin, and brain, causing the hallucinations. Her survival chances are estimated at only 5%.[20] She is admitted to Seattle Grace as a patient, and Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) successfully removes a tumor from her brain.[21] Izzie spends her time in the hospital planning Meredith and Derek's wedding, but when her condition worsens and Derek discovers a second brain tumor, they give the ceremony to Izzie and Alex, who marry in front of all their friends.[22] The procedure to remove the second tumor from Izzie's brain causes her to lose her short-term memory, and although she soon regains it, she flatlines moments later. The fifth season ends with her friends ignoring her DNR order and attempting to resuscitate her, transposed with images of Izzie in an elevator encountering George, who has been in an accident and is also currently flatlining.[23] Though George dies, Izzie is resuscitated and recovers enough to return to work.[24]

text: Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient, and is fired from the hospital's surgical program. Believing Alex is partially to blame, she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves.[25] Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job, and returns to make amends with him, but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on. Izzie informs Alex that she no longer has cancer. Although he is pleased, Alex officially breaks up with Izzie, telling her that he loves her but deserves better. She leaves Seattle to start fresh.[26] Several episodes later, Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers, which he signs in the episode "How Insensitive".[27] In the sixth-season finale, Alex is shot and asks for Izzie. Imagining that Meredith's half-sister Lexie (Chyler Leigh) is Izzie, he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again.[28] In the 300th episode, Alex reveals he never found out what happened to Izzie, but envisions a perfect, happy life for her, always smiling, now that he has moved on.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: Izzie was created by Grey's Anatomy producer Shonda Rhimes, with actress Katherine Heigl cast in the role. Heigl originally wanted to play Izzie as a brunette, but was requested to retain her natural blond for the part.[29] Heigl's comprehension of medical procedures and terminology is slight; the actress explained that while she has an admiration for doctors, she is not as fascinated by medicine as other cast members.[30] When Kate Walsh's character Addison Montgomery left Grey's Anatomy to launch the spin-off show Private Practice, Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin-off for Izzie.[31]

text: Heigl declined to put her name forward for consideration at the 2008 Emmy Awards, claiming that she had been given insufficient material on the series to warrant a nomination.[32] Following Heigl's statement, speculation arose that her character would suffer a brain tumor and be killed off Grey's Anatomy, substantiated by the announcement Jeffrey Dean Morgan would return to the series as Denny, who died at the end of season two.[33] ABC's entertainment president Steve McPherson denied the rumor, stating: "There is an unbelievable storyline for her this year, which is really central to everything that's going to go on this season".[34]

text: Speculation resumed, however, when Dean Morgan returned to the show for a second time in its fifth season.[35] Cast member James Pickens, Jr. announced that both Heigl and T.R. Knight were set to depart from the show,[36] but he later retracted his comment.[37] During the course of the fifth season, Izzie was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma (Stage IV) which spread to her liver, skin and brain. Following the show's one-hundredth episode wrap party, Heigl revealed she did not know if Izzie would survive, as no one on the production team would disclose her character's fate to her.[38] It was confirmed in June 2009 that Heigl would return as Izzie for the show's sixth season.[39] Heigl's appearances in the season were sporadic, seeing Izzie depart and return twice.[40] Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season, Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early, and made her final appearance on January 21, 2010.[41] Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family, and did not think it would be respectful to Grey's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again.[40] Michael Ausiello spoke further on Katherine Heigl's perspective on Izzie's departure. He said, "[Katherine] thinks her Jan. 21 farewell - while not originally intended to be her last episode - oddly works as a bookend to Izzie's story. "Even though there's a part of me that would like to go back and do the quick Izzie farewell, " she says, "I also think that my last scene - where Meredith says to Izzie, 'Don't go, we're your family,' and Izzie's response was, 'No you're not, you're just a bunch of people I worked with, and I can find that anywhere' - was kind of tragic and appropriate all at the same time. When I was playing the scene I was really trying to convey that, for Izzie, that was a lie that she had to tell herself to have the courage to have to move on."[42]

text: In August 2010, Rhimes stated that she did not feel Izzie's character arc—specifically her relationship with Alex—had fully concluded, and hoped to give proper closure to their relationship in the seventh season.[43] She later confirmed that she had intended to kill off Izzie off-screen, but opted against this a day later as she felt that it would destroy Alex, rather than give him closure. Instead, she concluded: "I'm open to seeing Izzie again. So if she [Katherine] were to come back, we would be thrilled to [wrap up her story]. But if she doesn't, we'll just move on."[44] Heigl also went on to say in October 2010 that the character returning to show looks bleak because, "that chapter is closed, and it's sad. And it's hard." She also felt that Izzie coming back to the show would, "just feel manipulative."[45]

text: However, in January 2012, Heigl stated in an interview that she has asked the producers if she could return to the show to give closure to Izzie's storyline: "I've told them I want to [return]," she said. "I really, really, really want to see where [Izzie] is. I just want to know what happened to her and where she went and what she's doing now. My idea is that she actually like figures it out, and finds some success and does really well in a different hospital. She was always floundering you know, and so she was always one step behind the eight ball and I want to see that girl take some power back."[46] She later went on to say that she regrets leaving the show, "Oh yeah, sometimes, yeah. You miss it. I miss my friends. It was a great work environment ... and it becomes a family. I spent six years together with these people every day ... you grow up together, in a way," and again commented on Izzie possibly returning to the show, "I always felt that if they wanted me to come back and sort of wrap up that storyline ... I want them to know that I'm down with it if they want me to, but I completely understand if it doesn't necessarily work ... They've got a lot of story lines going on there."[47] But in March 2012, Shonda Rhimes said that there are no plans at the moment for the character to return, "I think it was really nice to hear her appreciating the show. At the same time we are on a track we have been planning. The idea of changing that track is not something we are interested in right now."[48] Three years later, Rhimes said she has completely moved on from the idea of Izzie coming back, "I’m done with that story. I’ve turned that idea over in my mind a thousand times and thought about how it would go. And I don’t think so."[49]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Heigl believes that the Grey's Anatomy writers incorporate much of the actors' personalities into their roles, and that Izzie is a "super moral" version of herself.[50] Episode "Bring the Pain", which aired as the fifth episode of the second season, was originally intended to be the final episode of the first season. Rhimes explained that Izzie's character in this episode came "full circle" from her role in the pilot: "Izzie, so vulnerable and underestimated when we first meet her, is the girl who removes her heart from her sleeve in "Bring the Pain"."[51] Discussing Izzie's personality in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview, Heigl assessed that she is "immensely kind" and patient.[29] When Denny died in the season two episode "Losing My Religion", Rhimes discussed the impact it had on Izzie, noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism, which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine.[52] In the aftermath of Denny's death, Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor.[50] Executive producer Betsy Beers explained, however, that Denny's death served to make Izzie more mature,[50] and Heigl affirmed that "At the beginning of the [third] season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was. She lost her optimism. She realizes now that life is difficult, but she still tries very hard to see the best in people."[50] In order to demonstrate Izzie's dislike of George's love-interest Callie, Rhimes penned a scene which she deemed one of her favorite moments on the show, in which Callie urinates in front of a stunned Izzie and Meredith. Rhimes assessed that: "I love that Mer and Izzie respond with all the trauma of having viewed  a car crash [...] the point is Callie pees and Izzie tortures her a tiny bit about the hand washing and that made me overjoyed because that’s the kind of thing people do."[53]

text: Discussing Izzie's relationship with Alex in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview, Heigl assessed that "Even when Alex was a complete dirtbag to her [Izzie], she forgave him and gave him another chance. And he really screwed her over. [...] To go for a guy like that is to say I want to be damaged.'"[29] Writer Stacy McKee deemed Izzie's moving on from Alex to patient Denny Duquette "karma", as Alex previously treated Izzie badly, yet as he begins to realize his true feelings, he is forced to watch her embark on a romance with "the undeniably handsome - and totally charming" Denny.[54] Series writer Blythe Robe commented on Izzie and Denny: "I love the way Izzie lights up when she's around him. I love their relationship because it's so pure and honest and completely game free."[55] Writer Elizabeth Klaviter noted at this time the way Izzie "seems to be sacrificing her reputation because of her feelings for Denny."[56] When Izzie deliberately worsened Denny's condition to move him up the transplant list, series writer Mark Wilding questioned the morality of the actions, asking: "is Izzie bad for doing it? Is she tremendously irresponsible?  She cut the LVAD wire for love so does that make her action understandable?"[57]

text: Rhimes discussed costuming choices in the scene which saw the interns gather around Denny's deathbed, explaining: "Meredith and George and Cristina and Callie and Alex are all dressed, not for a prom, but for a funeral. Everyone in dark colors, everyone dressed somberly. As if they were in mourning. Only Izzie is in happy pink. Only Izzie looks like she didn’t know this was coming."[52] Following Denny's death, Heigl approached Rhimes to ask when her character would next have a romantic liaison. Rhimes explained that "Izzie doesn't sleep around".[50] Heigl expressed a desire for Izzie to reunite with Alex, explaining: "I believe on some level, there's a connection between Izzie and Alex. He can do honorable things even though he's cutting and sarcastic. I would like to ultimately see them together, if not this season, then next."[50]

text: Yahoo! Voices wrote that Stevens  in the third season "has become more condescending and passive aggressive herself, more than anyone else."[59] Heigl was critical of her character's development in the show's fourth season, particularly her affair with George, which she deemed "a ratings ploy".[58] Heigl explained: "They really hurt somebody, and they didn't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it. I have a really hard time with that kind of thing. I'm maybe a little too black and white about it. I don't really know Izzie very well right now. She's changed a lot."[58] Attempting to rationalise Izzie's actions, Heigl later assessed that:

text: People who are so infallible, perfect and moral tend to be the first to slip and fall. But I would love to see how she deals with the consequences of what she's done, because what’s interesting is when people make decisions that shake their world, they suddenly have to go, 'Woo, I didn't know I was capable of this.' I'd like to see Izzie take some culpability.[60]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Heigl was nominated for the "Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series" award at the 2007 and 2008 Golden Globe Awards for her role as Izzie.[61] She was named "Favorite Female TV Star" at the 34th People's Choice Awards,[62] and awarded "Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series" at the 2007 Emmy Awards.[63] Prior to the ceremony, considering Heigl's chances of winning the Emmy, Variety's Stuart Levine assessed of her performance: "Heigl has little difficulty reaching Izzie's highest highs and lowest lows. Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines, and she's up to the challenge."[64] Levine also noted, however: "There are times when Izzie becomes completely irrational during crisis situations, which may bother some."[64] Fox News included Izzie in its list of "The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General".[65] The character was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[66][67]

text: During the show's third season, the New York Post's Robert Rorke deemed Izzie to be "the heart and soul" of Grey's Anatomy. He deemed her the show's heroine, and wrote that: "Izzie is a welcome, calming presence, despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiance Denny Duquette. [...] Besides the formidable Dr. Bailey (Chandra Wilson), Izzie seems to be the only adult intern at Seattle Grace; the character has achieved a depth lacking in her fellow interns."[50] Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle was critical of Izzie's ethics in cutting Denny's LVAD wire, writing that she "should not be practising medicine" and stating: "That's the reason I don't watch Grey's Anatomy, anymore, because the super hot blond chick can make an earth-shattering, fatal decision and she doesn't get canned."[68]

text: The season four romance between Izzie and George proved unpopular with viewers, and resulted in a fan backlash among Alex and Izzie fans.[69] The return of Izzie's deceased fiancé Denny and the resumption of their romance during the show's fifth season also proved unpopular with fans,[70] and was deemed "the world's worst storyline" by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times.[71] McNamara was also critical of the episode "Now or Never", which saw Izzie flatline following neurosurgery, opining that Izzie ought to die.[71] The episode in which Izzie married long-term love Alex received 15.3 million viewers, the largest television audience of the night.[72]

text: Izzie's cancer storyline received a mixed response from the medical community. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society, commented that Izzie's treatment options were unrealistic. Whereas in the show she was offered the drug interleukin-2, in reality the drug is never recommended to patients when melanoma has spread to the brain, as it can cause bleeding and strokes. Brawley explained that such patients would instead be offered radiosurgery.[73] Conversely however, Tim Turnham, executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation, praised Grey's Anatomy for bringing about greater public awareness of melanoma, stating: "We welcome the national spotlight Grey's Anatomy has created for melanoma and its efforts to encourage viewers to learn more about the importance of prevention, early detection and research."[74]


document_title: Major League Baseball All-Star Game records

question_text: who has played in the most mlb all star games

text: All-Star Game appearance record[edit]

text: Most number of games on the roster originally or as a replacement.[1] Two All-Star Games were held each season from 1959 through 1962.

text:
Hank Aaron 25
Willie Mays 24
Stan Musial 24

tag: ul

text: All-Star Game MVP Award record[edit]

text: Willie Mays, Steve Garvey, Gary Carter, Cal Ripken, Jr., and Mike Trout 2

text: Single All-Star Game hitting records[edit]

text:
Runs batted in: Al Rosen, Ted Williams 5
Runs: Ted Williams 4
Hits: Joe Medwick, Ted Williams, Carl Yastrzemski 4
Home runs: Gary Carter, Willie McCovey, Al Rosen, Arky Vaughan, Ted Williams 2
Inside-the-park home runs: Ichiro Suzuki 1
Grand slams: Fred Lynn 1
Doubles: Ernie Banks, Barry Bonds, Ted Kluszewski, Paul Konerko, Joe Medwick, Damian Miller, Albert Pujols, Al Simmons 2
Triples: Rod Carew 2
Walks: Phil Cavarretta, Charlie Gehringer 3
Total bases: Ted Williams 10

text: Single All-Star Game pitching records[edit]

text:
Runs: Atlee Hammaker 7
Earned runs: Atlee Hammaker 7
Hits: Tom Glavine 9
Home runs: Jim Palmer 3
Innings pitched: Lefty Gomez 6
Strikeouts: Carl Hubbell, Larry Jansen, Ferguson Jenkins, Johnny Vander Meer 6
Consecutive Strikeouts: Carl Hubbell, Fernando Valenzuela 5

text: Career All-Star Game hitting records[edit]

text:
At bats: Willie Mays 75
Batting average: Charlie Gehringer .500
Runs batted in: Ted Williams 12
Runs: Willie Mays 20
Hits: Willie Mays 23
Extra base hits: Willie Mays, Stan Musial 8
Home runs: Stan Musial 6
Inside-the-park home runs: Ichiro Suzuki 1
Grand slams: Fred Lynn 1
Doubles: Dave Winfield 7
Triples: Willie Mays, Brooks Robinson 3
Walks: Ted Williams 11
Total bases: Willie Mays, Stan Musial 40
Pinch hits: Stan Musial 3

text: Career All-Star Game pitching records[edit]

text:
Wins: Lefty Gomez 3
Losses: Mort Cooper, Whitey Ford, Dwight Gooden, Catfish Hunter, Claude Passeau, John Smoltz, Luis Tiant 2
Earned runs: Whitey Ford 11
Hits: Whitey Ford 19
Innings pitched: Don Drysdale 19⅓
Batters faced: Don Drysdale 69
Balks: Dwight Gooden 2
Walks: Jim Palmer 7
Strikeouts: Don Drysdale 19
Games pitched: Roger Clemens 9
Games started: Don Drysdale, Lefty Gomez, Robin Roberts 5
Games finished: Rich Gossage 6
Saves: Mariano Rivera 4


document_title: If This Isn't Love

question_text: who wrote the song if that isn't love

question_tokens: who wrote the song if that is n 't love

text: If This Isn't Love

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: "If This Isn't Love" is a popular 1946 song composed by Burton Lane with lyrics written by E. Y. Harburg. The song was published in 1946 and introduced by Ella Logan and Donald Richards the following year in the Broadway musical Finian's Rainbow.

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text:
Buddy Clark (recorded on November 12, 1946, released on Columbia 37223)
Ella Logan, Donald Richards and the Lynn Murray Singers (recorded on April 7, 1947)
The Clayton Brothers
Rosemary Clooney (1951)
Alma Cogan
Bing Crosby (1953)
Michael Feinstein
Gracie Fields (recorded on September 1, 1947)
Don Francks, Petula Clark, Fred Astaire (1968 Film Soundtrack)
Geraldo & his Orchestra (vocal: Denny Vaughan) (1948)
Stan Kenton (1968)
Dean Martin (1963)
Karen Mason
Biff McGuire, Jeannie Carson, Bobby Howes (1960 Broadway Revival)
Frank Sinatra (1955 recorded for the abandoned animated film version of Finian's Rainbow, released on Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940-1964 2002 )
The Sportsmen
Melissa Errico, Max VonEssen and Johnathan Freeman in the Footlights recording of the Irish Pep Theatre production of the show.
Sarah Vaughan (1956)


document_title: List of Blue Exorcist episodes

question_text: when did blue exorcist season 2 come out

text: List of Blue Exorcist episodes

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Blue Exorcist[edit]

text:
No.
Title[8][9]
Original airdate
English stream date

1
"The Devil Resides in Human Souls"
"Akuma wa Hito no Kokoro ni Sumu" (悪魔は人の心に棲む)
April 17, 2011[10]
October 2, 2012[11]

Rin Okumura is always picking fights with delinquents unlike his more studious younger twin brother Yukio Okumura. He is surprisingly hired for a part-time job but gets fired after he encounters a hobgoblin that wreaks havoc in the store. The next day, he encounters a demon that causes his dormant demonic powers to awaken. His guardian, Shiro Fujimoto, saves Rin and reveals that he is the son of Satan born from a human.

2
"Gehenna Gate"
"Gehena Gēto" (虚無界の門)
April 24, 2011[10]
October 13, 2012

Demons break into the monastery, targeting Rin. When Rin calls Shiro unworthy as a father, Shiro's hurt emotional state causes him to let his guard down and be possessed by Satan. Shiro gains control at the last moment and sacrifices himself to protect Rin. Upon seeing this, Rin fights back by unlocking his demonic powers with Kurikara, the sacred sword in which his powers are sealed. At Shiro's funeral, Rin meets Mephisto Pheles, who agrees with his wish to become an Exorcist to defeat Satan.

3
"Brothers"
"Ani to Otōto" (兄と弟)
May 1, 2011[10]
October 20, 2012

Rin is enrolled at True Cross Academy's exorcist cram school by Mephisto, the academy's chairman. He is shocked to learn that Yukio is one of his teachers, having already been a prodigiously graduated Exorcist. Yukio had always been aware that Rin was a demon. Rin demands to know why Yukio kept this a secret, and Yukio says he blames Rin for Shiro's death. After Rin protects Yukio from a hobgoblin, Yukio recalls Shiro telling him to protect his brother, which motivated him to become an Exorcist.

4
"Garden of Amahara"
"Amahara no Niwa" (天空の庭)
May 8, 2011[10]
October 27, 2012

At the academy's exorcist shop, Rin meets the shopkeeper's daughter, Shiemi Moriyama. Yukio examines Shiemi's legs, afflicted by a demon that dwells in Shiemi's garden. That night, the demon transforms into a flower and merges with Shiemi, prompting the twins to work together to destroy the demon. Inspired by their bravery, Shiemi enrolls in the academy.

5
"A Boy From the Cursed Temple"
"Tatari-dera no Ko" (祟り寺の子)
May 15, 2011[12]
November 3, 2012

Rin's disregard for classes brings forth the anger of his classmate Ryuji Suguro, who is smart and studious despite his delinquent appearance. During physical education class, Rin learns from classmates Konekomaru Miwa and Renzo Shima that Ryuji's goal is also to defeat Satan, wanting to restore his temple back to its former glory. After Ryuji provokes a reaper demon in the class, Rin steps in and saves him.

6
"The Phantom Chef"
"Maboroshi no Ryōrinin" (まぼろしの料理人)
May 22, 2011[12]
November 10, 2012

Due to a crowded lunch line and expensive cuisine menu, Rin and Yukio talk to Mephisto about meal plans but he is not much help. The brothers go grocery shopping with Yukio's salary, and Rin cooks lunch for them both. However, when their meals go missing, Mephisto explains that his familiar, Ukobach, is responsible for cooking their meals and dislikes it when anyone else uses the kitchen. Rin and Ukobach engage in a cooking battle and become friends in the result of a draw.

7
"A Flock of Plovers"
"Tomochidori" (友千鳥)
May 29, 2011[12]
November 17, 2012

The class must attend a week-long boot camp in preparation for their exam to qualify as an Esquire, which is an Exorcist candidate. Igor Neuhaus, a teacher, teaches the class how to summon familiars. Shiemi is eager to befriend Izumo Kamiki, but Izumo takes advantage of Shiemi. When Izumo's best friend, Paku, is attacked by a naberius, a type of ghoul, Izumo summons her white fox familiars, but they turn against her due to her fear. Shiemi protects Paku while the twins deal with the naberius.

8
"Now a Certain Man Was Sick..."
"Koko ni Yameru Mono Ari" (此に病める者あり)
June 5, 2011[12]
November 24, 2012

After an argument arises between Ryuji and Izumo, Yukio punishes the whole class. After Yukio leaves for a mission, the students are attacked by the naberius from yesterday, which splits in half. Rin tries to lead the first ghoul away from the others, leaving it up to Ryuji and the others to work together against the second ghoul. Rin learns that the naberius was sent by Neuhaus, who wanted to confirm that he is the son of Satan. After the incident, Izumo thanks Shiemi for saving her during the attack.

9
"Memories"
"Omoide" (おもひで)
June 12, 2011[13]
December 1, 2012

Mephisto reveals to the students that the ghoul attack was actually the Esquire exam, and how they dealt with the threat will count as part of their evaluation. Yukio confronts Neuhaus about forcing Rin to use his demonic powers. That night, Yukio realizes Neuhaus will try to kill Rin, and the brothers face him. Neuhaus reveals that he is a survivor of the Blue Night, the night when Satan slaughtered every Exorcist at the temple where Ryuji is from. Mephisto promotes the students as Esquires, and they all celebrate the occasion.

10
"Black Cat"
"Ketto Shī" (黒猫)
June 19, 2011[13]
December 8, 2012

Rin accompanies Yukio on a mission. The threat is Kuro, a cat sídhe familiar owned by Shiro, who has gone berserk after hearing that his master has died. Kuro was a guardian deity, but turned into a demon after the shrine was demolished. Shiro was the only Exorcist able to calm him down without hurting him. Rin confronts Kuro with the same mentality, calms him down, and becomes his new guardian. Yukio gives Kuro silver vine sake, a special present Shiro had left for him.

11
"Demon of the Deep Seas"
"Shinkai no Akuma" (深海の悪魔)
June 26, 2011[13]
December 18, 2012

Rin, Izumo and Renzo are sent for their first mission as Esquires to a coastal town, where they meet a boy named Yohei. The town has been afflicted by a kraken. Yohei reveals that his father set out to face the kraken six months before and is still missing. Yohei believes that it killed his father. When the kraken appears, Yohei attacks it but is saved by Rin. Yohei's father then appears, still alive, and explains that the kraken is a good demon.

12
"A Game of Tag"
"Onigokko" (鬼事)
July 3, 2011[13]
December 25, 2012

Mephisto's amusement park is haunted by a child ghost so the Esquires are tasked to look for him. Rin encounters Amaimon, his and Mephisto's younger half-brother, who forces him to fight. Rin loses control and goes haywire, almost putting Shiemi in danger. One of the quieter Esquires defends Rin, causing Amaimon to retreat. This Esquire exposes herself to be not a student but a high-level Exorcist, Shura Kirigakure.

13
"Proof"
"Shōmei" (証明)
July 10, 2011[13]
January 1, 2013

Shura had been a former apprentice of Shiro, and posed as one of Rin's classmates because she was tasked to investigate his connection with Satan. Shiro had requested Shura to look after Rin should something happen to him. With orders to kill him if his connection is proven true, she is divided between fulfilling her duty and keeping Shiro's request. Her doubts are cleared when she discovers that Rin loved Shiro as his father, and Shiro was actually raising him as a son, not a weapon against Satan.

14
"A Fun Camping Trip"
"Tanoshii Kyanpu" (愉しいキャンプ)
July 17, 2011[14]
January 8, 2013

At the start of summer vacation, the class must take part in a three-day drill. Rin remembers Shiro and is happy he has finally found friends. The class must find peg lanterns hidden in the forest and return with them. Rin, Shiemi, Ryuji, Renzo, and Konekomaru find one of the peg lanterns, a demon that consumes living things, and work together to transport it across a bridge. The plan goes awry when Rin accidentally destroys the bridge and awakens a chuchi, an insect demon.

15
"Act of Kindness"
"Yasashii Koto" (やさしい事)
July 24, 2011[14]
January 15, 2013

Ryuji saves Rin from the chuchi, displaying a strong friendship between them. The students return to camp, which is attacked by Amaimon and his behemoth familiar. Amaimon forces Rin to fight again, and Ryuji, Konekomaru and Renzo try to help but are defeated. Having no other way to protect his friends, Rin is forced to reveal his secret. He easily overpowers Amaimon but quickly loses control and goes on a rampage, cracking Kurikara in the process.

16
"The Wager"
"Kake" (賭)
July 31, 2011[14]
January 22, 2013

Arthur Auguste Angel, the Paladin, captures Rin and brings him before the Vatican, where Mephisto is placed on trial for treason. Rin's friends offer their help, except for Konekomaru, who is too afraid. The group travels to a temple in Kyoto to fix Rin's cracked sword, where Yukio and Ryuji are plunged into doubt by mara, the statue demons, that tell them to kill Rin. At the Vatican, Mephisto states that his reason for keeping Rin alive is to have him defeat Satan. The trial is interrupted by an enraged Amaimon, eager to beat Rin.

17
"Temptation"
"Yūwaku" (誘惑)
August 7, 2011[14]
January 26, 2013

The Grigori accepts Mephisto's bet, which is whether Rin will come to defeat Satan or join him. Rin defeats Amaimon once more, and the Grigori gives him six months to pass the Exorcist exam. Rin's friends now have mixed feelings about him after learning of his relationship with Satan. Shura gives Rin his first training assignment to learn to control his flames. Konekomaru is haunted by a gufu, a crow demon that preys on his fear of Rin; Izumo and Rin are then attacked by that same demon.

18
"Gale"
"Gufū" (颶風)
August 14, 2011[15]
February 2, 2013

The gufu has possessed Konekomaru to convince him to kill Rin. Knowing Konekomaru is possessed, Rin attacks him, going for the gufu, but this creates a misunderstanding with his friends. Shura locates a portal to an abandoned laboratory in a forest. Ryuji witnesses Konekomaru succumbing to the gufu. Rin slays the gufu and saves his life. Ashamed of causing so much trouble, Konekomaru decides to leave the academy, but Rin convinces him to stay, which helps him reconcile with the others.

19
"An Ordinary Day"
"Nandemonai Hi" (なんでもない日)
August 21, 2011[15]
February 9, 2013

The Esquires decide to throw a surprise birthday party for Izumo. However, Izumo finds out and says that the party should also be dedicated to those whose birthdays have already passed. The friends then include those whose birthdays are yet to come. In the end, the party becomes a celebration to everyone's birthdays and friendship. Yukio confides to Shiemi that he does not really know his and Rin's true birthday because Shiro told them it was December 27, but that was the day he met them orphaned. Yukio then receives a call for help, revealing their monastery has been attacked.

20
"Mask"
"Kamen" (假面)
August 28, 2011[15]
February 16, 2013

The brothers discover that their monastery was attacked by a masked man whose objective is to kill Satan's relatives. Yukio tranquilizes Rin to keep him from going after the man, upsetting Shura, who feels the move was unlike him. She motivates Rin to control his flames. Ryuji, Konekomaru and Renzo are held hostage by the masked man and Mephisto is arrested by Arthur for unauthorized biological research. Rin manages to control his flames, saving his friends. The culprit flees, and Shura realizes that it is a woman, who is Neuhaus's wife.

21
"The Secret Garden"
"Himitsu no Hanazono" (秘密の花園)
September 4, 2011[15]
February 23, 2013

Yukio meets Ernst Frederik Egin, who claims to be his grandfather and reveals the truth about his mother Yuri Egin, who was killed by the Vatican. Rin and Shura learn that Neuhaus's wife, Michelle Neuhaus, is dead and is now a reanimated corpse possessed by a spider demon. Michelle is now in Shiemi's garden. Arthur comes to slay her but when Rin risks his life for her, Michelle realizes he is good, and dies protecting him. Ernst takes over the True Cross Order, appointing Yukio as the new Paladin.

22
"Demon Hunting"
"Akuma-Gari" (悪魔狩り)
September 11, 2011[16]
March 2, 2013

Armed with special weapons, the Esquires take part in a widespread crusade to destroy all demons, even the good ones. They start questioning the True Cross Order's actions. Yukio is doing it because Ernst claimed it will help destroy Gehenna, the demon world, meaning both Yukio and Rin would be human again. Rin is arrested, as Ernst plans to use him as a living sacrifice to open the Gehenna Gate. Yukio attempts to intervene, but once their friends reach them, they find that Yukio's demonic powers, which he did not know he had, have also awakened.

23
"Truth"
"Shinjitsu" (真実)
September 18, 2011[16]
March 9, 2013

Ernst opens the Gehenna Gate so he can destroy Gehenna. When Yukio's blood mixes with that of Rin, it awakens his demonic powers. Satan shows Yuri's past to Yukio. She was an Exorcist who let him possess her so he could experience Assiah, the human world, as a human, and became pregnant with the twins. Enraged, Ernst ordered her dead. Satan unintentionally caused the Blue Night to free Yuri, who gave birth before dying. Mephisto and Shiro were sent to kill her children, but Shiro was unable to do it, adopting them instead. In the present, Satan possesses Yukio.

24
"Satan's Spawn"
"Majin no Rakuin" (魔神の落胤)
September 25, 2011[16]
March 16, 2013

Rin and his friends are defeated by Satan, and flee as Satan begins destroying the town. While the other Esquires help evacuate the academy, Rin manages to get his brother to regain consciousness, though Satan's possession causes him to shoot Rin. The shock from shooting his brother, the only family he has left, causes Yukio to break through and finally expel Satan from his body, and the brothers reconcile.

25
"Stop, Time"
"Toki yo Tomare" (時よ止まれ)
October 2, 2011[16]
March 23, 2013

Hordes of demons come through the Gehenna Gate, torturing everyone until the Esquires come up with a plan to open a gate to the Vatican, where it is daytime, and reflect the sunlight from there back to the Academy, where it is nighttime, to weaken the monsters. Rin and Yukio seize this opportunity and combine their demonic powers, destroying the Gehenna Gate. One month later, things are back to normal at True Cross Academy and the twins pay a visit to their mother's grave before returning to their duties as Exorcists.

OVA
"Runaway Kuro"
"Kuro no Iede" (クロの家出)
October 26, 2011
(DVD/Blu-Ray Only)
July 9, 2013
(DVD/Blu-Ray Only)

Kuro searches for a new owner after Rin teases him by threatening to eat all of his food, since cats have a high sensitivity to heat. Kuro searches for Father Fujimoto and along the way runs into Rin's classmates, teachers, and friends. Kuro finds Father Fujimoto's ghost sitting on his grave. Finally, Rin comes and apologizes for teasing him and they head home to the academy.

text: Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga[edit]

text:
No.
Title[8]
Original airdate

1
"Kōshi Ranshō" (嚆矢濫觴)
January 7, 2017

After his secret is exposed, Rin takes part in a special mission along Shura and Yukio to retrieve the "Left Eye of the Impure King", a demon relic that was stolen from the True Cross Academy's vault. In the occasion, they fail to retrieve it, but discover that the culprit is Saburota Todo, one of the exorcists in charge of the vault, that was corrupted upon being possessed by a demon. After hearing that there was an attempt to steal the Left Eye's sister relic, the "Right Eye of the Impure King" in Kyoto, the Order sends a team there to investigate, including Shura, Yukio and the Esquires, who are in conflict after learning the truth about Rin.

Note: Kyoto Saga begins after episode 17 of the first anime series, right at the point where it deviates from the manga (ignoring the anime original scenes of episodes 16 and 17).

2
"Strange Bedfellows"
"Goetsu Doushū" (呉越同舟)
January 14, 2017

The Esquires arrive at Kyoto, and Ryuji, Konekomaru and Renzo take the opportunity to reunite with their families, while Rin and the others tend to the Exorcists of the Myoda Sect, who got wounded guarding the Right Eye of the Impure King. In the occasion, Rin meets Ryuji's father, and learns that Ryuji is resentful of him, as despite being the leader of the Myoda Sect, he is not respected by the others, as he relegated his duties since the Sect (which was weakened after losing several of its members on the Blue Night) joined the True Cross Order. Meanwhile, Todo, with the Left Eye of the Impure King replacing his own, contacts his mole inside the Sect, planning another attempt to steal the Right Eye.

3
"Suspicion Will Raise Bogies"
"Gishinanki" (疑心暗鬼)
January 21, 2017

The Myoda Sect has an emergency meeting to discuss the failed attempt to steal the Right Eye of the Impure King, and discover who among them is the traitor collaborating with Todo. In the occasion, suspicions were raised towards two of the sect's exorcists, Renzo's older brother Juzo and Mamushi as they were present at the scene and were Todo's students in the past, but the head priest, who did not attend the meeting, was counted as a suspect as well, much to Ryuji's anger. Meanwhile, Rin continues with his training to control his flames while trying to reconcile with his friends, who fear how the Myoda will respond once they learn that he is the son of Satan.

4
"Act of Treachery"
"Haishin Kigi" (背信棄義)
January 28, 2017

Who is betraying the Myoda sect? Without high priest Tatsuma in attendance, the general meeting falls into chaos and ends without a conclusion. As Suguro resolves to find and question his father, he witnesses someone sneaking into the Kyoto field office…

5
"Mysterious Connections"
"Aienkien" (合縁奇縁)
February 4, 2017

Although the traitor was revealed, the Right Eye of the Impure King has been stolen. While confronting Ryuji, Rin loses control of his blue flames in front of the gathered exorcists. In all of the commotion, Tatsuma slips Shura a letter addressed to Rin.

6
"A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing"
"Menrihōshin" (綿裏包針)
February 11, 2017

Shiro Fujimoto, Rin and Yukio’s adopted father, encountered Tatsuma Suguro while trying to take the demonic sword, Kurikara. Tatsuma’s letter reveals the circumstances of how the sword, which is the Myoda Sect’s main object of worship, came to Rin.

7
"Like a Fire Burning Bright"
"Kienbanjō" (気炎万丈)
February 18, 2017

The Impure King has been revived! In his letter, Tatsuma asks Rin to use the Koma Sword to fight, but will that even be possible? And to make matters worse, Mephisto suddenly appears with the news that Rin has been sentenced to death!

8
"From Father to Son"
"Fushi Sōden" (父子相伝)
February 25, 2017

Miasma spreads through the streets as the exorcists begin to counter the Impure King’s growth. Rin leaves with the other students to find Tatsuma. Yukio is on the front lines, unaware his brother has left his cell, when he notices something strange…

9
"Through Thick and Thin"
"Setchūshōhaku" (雪中松柏)
March 4, 2017

"You despise your brother, don’t you?” Yukio is shaken as Todo tells him to admit his true feelings. Yukio reflects on the thoughts he’s had since an early age. Meanwhile, Suguro has inherited the Gouha-en, and with it, he and Rin head to the sporangium.

10
"Unbowed and Unbroken"
"Futōfukutsu" (不撓不屈)
March 11, 2017

The sporangium has finally burst, revealing the Impure King. Assaulted by the miasma, Suguro barely maintains the barrier. And every passing moment brings him closer to his limit. Rin questions why he can’t draw his sword, even when backed into a corner.

11
"Shine Bright as the Sun"
"Kōkisanzen" (光輝燦然)
March 18, 2017

Rin finally manages to draw the demon sword. Shura tells him to, “Win a place for yourself in this world!” However, there doesn’t seem to be a way to stop the Impure King’s overwhelming growth. And if Suguro’s strength fails, the barrier will collapse!

12
"Candid and Open"
"Kyoshintankai" (虚心坦懐)
March 25, 2017

The sight of a blue flame burning in the night sky is reminiscent of “Blue Night,” but has brought about a completely different result. Now that the incidents relating to the Impure King have been concluded, those affected are moving on.

OVA
"Snake and Poison"
"Hebi to Doku" (蛇と毒)
April 4, 2017 (DVD)

The story centers around Mamushi Hojo and Juzo Shima when they were students studying at the True Cross Academy.