document_title: I Want You (She's So Heavy)

question_text: who played organ on she's so heavy

question_tokens: who played organ on she 's so heavy

text: I Want You (She's So Heavy)

text: Composition[edit]

text: The song begins in 68 time, with an arpeggio guitar theme in D minor, progressing through E7(♭9) and B♭7 before cadencing on an A augmented chord. In this chord sequence, the F note is a drone. The bass and lead guitar ascend and descend with a riff derived from the D minor scale. As the last chord fades, a verse begins in 44 time, based on the A and D blues scales, with Lennon singing "I want you / I want you so bad . . ." The two blues verses alternate, before the reappearance of the E7(♭9) chord, and McCartney playing a notably aggressive bass riff. This would function, throughout the song, as a transition to the main theme. The main theme repeats with Lennon singing "She's so heavy", with a long sustain on the last word. The second set of verses are rendered instrumentally with lead guitar. Another repeat of the "She's So Heavy" theme (this time featuring harmonies) is followed by Lennon singing a livelier repeat of the "I Want You" verse. During the next E7(♭9) transition, Lennon lets loose a primal scream of "Yeah", until his voice breaks. The song's coda consists of a three-minute repetition of the "She's So Heavy" theme, with the arpeggios double tracked, intensifying with "white noise" fading in as the theme continues; this consists of multi-tracked guitars from Lennon and Harrison, Moog white-noise from Lennon, and drums and bass from Starr and McCartney respectively until an abrupt ending.[6]

text: Josh Hart and Damien Fanelli, writing for Guitar World, placed the song 34th in their list of the 50 Heaviest Songs Before Black Sabbath, and called the song a "bluesy rocker" that "might have inadvertently started doom metal."[7] Similarly, Jo Kendall of Classic Rock magazine commented that the song pre-dated "Black Sabbath's creation of doom rock by several months" and noted the "Santana-like Latin blues section" in the song.[8]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Lennon wrote the song about his love for Yoko Ono.[4] The song was rehearsed several times during the Get Back/Let It Be sessions; the basic track and Lennon's guide vocal (which is used in the master) were recorded at Trident Studios on 22 February 1969, shortly after shooting for the Let It Be film ended. Lennon played the lead guitar, as George Harrison stated:

text: It's very heavy. John plays lead guitar and sings the same as he plays. It's really basically a bit like a blues. The riff that he sings and plays is really a very basic blues-type thing. But again, it's very original sort of John-type song.[9]

text: Lennon and Harrison overdubbed multi-tracked heavy guitars on 18 April 1969. Billy Preston's Hammond organ and Ringo Starr's congas were added on 20 April 1969. "I Want You" received the "She's So Heavy" vocals on 11 August, and thus the title became "I Want You (She's So Heavy)".[10] "'She's So Heavy' was about Yoko," Lennon told Rolling Stone. "When you're drowning, you don't say, 'I would be incredibly pleased if someone would have the foresight to notice me drowning and come and help me.' You just scream."[4]

text: Three takes from 22 February were edited into a master (second generation), which was overdubbed, mixed down on 18 April (third generation), and overdubbed on 18 April, 20 April, 8 August and 11 August. Different overdubs were made to the second generation tape on 8 August. The mix is the third generation for 4:37 and then the second generation tape, which has white noise produced by the Moog synthesizer played by Lennon and additional drums added on 8 August. The final overdub session for "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", which included the final mixing and editing, was the last time all four Beatles worked in the studio together.[11][12]

text: The final master lasted 8:04, but Lennon decided on a surprise ending. During the final edit with the guitars, drums and white noise climaxing endlessly, he told recording engineer Geoff Emerick to "cut it right there" at the 7:44 mark, bringing the song (and Side 1 of Abbey Road) to an abrupt end. On Love, the three-minute stretch of repeated guitar chords that ends the song intercuts with elements of "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" and "Helter Skelter", while retaining the abrupt cut to silence at the end.[13][14]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Lennon – lead and harmony vocals, multi-tracked lead guitar, Moog synthesizer
Paul McCartney – harmony vocals, bass
George Harrison – harmony vocals, rhythm guitar, multi-tracked lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, congas, wind machine[4]
Billy Preston – Hammond organ

text: Covers[edit]

text: Numerous bands and solo artists have covered "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" in the studio and live, in particular the following:

text:
Performer
Album
Year
Comment

Alvin Lee
Nineteen Ninety-Four
1994
Accompanied by George Harrison on slide guitar

Beatallica
Sgt. Hetfield's Motorbreath Pub Band
2007
Merged with Metallica's "The Call of Ktulu" to create "Ktulu (He's So Heavy)"

Bee Gees
–
1978
Performance for the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band movie, with Peter Frampton, Frankie Howerd, Dianne Steiberg and Stargard

Blackmail
Science Fiction
1999
Usage of part of the lyrics ("I want you so bad") and part of the tune for the song "3.000.000 Years From Here"[original research?]

Booker T. and the MGs
McLemore Avenue
1969
Album cover also mimicks the Abbey Road album cover

Budka Suflera
-
1978
-

Coroner
Mental Vortex
1991

Earth to Andy
Simple Machine
1998
As hidden track at the end of the album that features a "talking guitar" effect

Eddie Hazel
Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs
1977
Founding lead guitarist for Parliament-Funkadelic. Eddie Hazel's solo debut album

Eric Gales Band
Picture of a Thousand Faces
1993

The Flaming Lips
-
2011
15-minute performance of the song at NYE Freakout in Oklahoma City, in honour of the special guest performance by The Plastic Ono Band

George Benson
The Other Side of Abbey Road
1970

George Lynch
Furious George
2004
Cover album

Groove Collective
-
1996
Single, which charted in the US

Halestorm
ReAniMate: The CoVeRs eP
2011

Incubus (band)
-
2013
Covered a small snippet of the song multiple times, usually to close their performances during the 2013 and 2014 tour

Joe Anderson, Dana Fuchs and T.V. Carpio
-
2007
Performance by cast members for Julie Taymor's film Across the Universe'

John Legend
Live in Philadelphia
2008

The Last Shadow Puppets
-
2008
Performance during the BBC Electric Proms[16] Regularly performed as part of their setlist.

Ministry
Cover Up
2008
track only on Japanese issue of the album

Noir Désir
Dies Irae
1994
Live album; the title means The Day of Wrath (Lat.)

Robyn Hitchcock
CD: Various Artists – Abbey Road Now!
2009
Album of covers of songs from Abbey Road

Sarah Vaughan
Songs of the Beatles
1981
Omits any "She's So Heavy" vocals

Soda Stereo
-
1990–91
Covered song in several live performances during that time

Soulive
Rubber Soulive
2010
Beatles cover album

Soundgarden
-
1994-97
Covered the song multiple times, usually to close their performances in their Superunknown and Down on the Upside tours.

Steel Train
1969
2004
Cover album

Thrice
-
2010
Released as download track for their label Vagrant Records[17]

Transatlantic
All of the above
2000
Live album, cover appears as last segment of the closing medley

Type O Negative
World Coming Down
1999
As part of a medley with "Day Tripper" and "If I Needed Someone"

Phillips, Grier & Flinner
Looking Back
2002
Instrumental version, with David Grier on acoustic guitar, Todd Phillips (musician) on acoustic bass, and Matt Flinner on mandolin

Umphrey's McGee
The London Session
2015
Recorded at Abbey Road studios in London

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die. p. 62. the most convincing exploration of blues and progressive rock the Beatles ever attempted, "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"

Jump up ^ Perone, James E. (2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. Praeger. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-313-37907-9.

Jump up ^ Sander, Ellen (25 October 1969). "The Beatles: "Abbey Road"". Saturday Review. Vol. 52. p. 69. ISSN 0036-4983.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "59 – 'I Want You (She's So Heavy)' -". 100 Greatest Beatles Songs. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

Jump up ^ The Beatles. J Lennon, P McCartney, G Harrison… – John Lennon – books.google.com

Jump up ^ "Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"". Icce.rug.nl. Retrieved 2016-07-27.

Jump up ^ "The 50 Heaviest Songs Before Black Sabbath: #40-31". guitarworld.com.

Jump up ^ Classic Rock Magazine, September 2014

Jump up ^ "George Harrison interview with Ritchie Yorke, September, 1969". Ottawa Beatles Site. Retrieved 8 October 2010.

Jump up ^ Voice Leading and Harmony as Expressive Devices in the Early Music of the Beatles:'She Loves You'W Everett – College Music Symposium, 1992 – JSTOR

Jump up ^ "Mixing, editing: I Want You (She's So Heavy)". beatlesbible.com.

Jump up ^ "The Final Days of The Beatles". Mental Floss.

Jump up ^ Willman, Chris (26 December 2006). "peace". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 July 2010.

Jump up ^ "The Beatles: LOVE". Yahoo!. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2010.

Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 342.

Jump up ^ "Last Shadow Puppets cover The Beatles in Liverpool". NME. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2012.

Jump up ^ "Competition to win Thrice songs for download". Vagrant Records. Retrieved 6 January 2012.


document_title: Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)

question_text: when do they find out who red coat is

question_tokens: when do they find out who red coat is

root

text: Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)

text: Background[edit]

text: In the second-season finale "UnmAsked", the first "A" is revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal, who wanted revenge on the Liars for not preventing Alison's bullying and slowly distancing Hanna away from her. During a fight with Spencer, Mona ends up falling off a cliff and is then found by the authorities and admitted to the Radley Sanitarium, a local psychiatric hospital. During the final scene of the episode, a nurse comes in to alert Mona that she has a visitor and someone walks inside her room in what it looks like a red trench coat, appearing to be the same one worn by Alison DiLaurentis in her Vivian Darkbloom disguise. Mona proceeds to tell the unseen visitor that she did everything they asked her to.

tag: p

text: In the third season, we see Red Coat purchasing hoodies for the team she is building, and later the Liars begin catching glimpses of her. Hanna sees the mysterious figure watching her outside a boutique, Emily remembers her in a flashback to the night she and Mona kidnapped her, Spencer notices her on a date with Wren and Aria catches her at a morgue. All four girls see two specific details in regards to her physical features: a red trench coat with blonde curly hair hanging out. Emily suspects that Red Coat is the one in charge of the "A-Team" and they hatch a plan to catch her. Spencer having joined the "A-Team" at the time to look for clues on Toby, who was briefly on the team before inexplicably disappearing, finds out that he is alive and a double agent who intends to help the girls. Spencer gives Mona and Red Coat the idea to throw a party at the Thornhill Lodge, where Red Coat can meet the girls in person. Mona and Red Coat agree with the idea. Red Coat flies in on a plane and Toby and Spencer go outside to catch her. As the other Liars corner Mona inside, someone sets fire to the lodge. Toby goes to follow a flashlight in the woods and Spencer follows Red Coat, who gets off the plane and heads into the woods. Aria, Emily, Hanna and Mona fall unconscious due to the flames and smoke, but Hanna is pulled out by Red Coat and she looks up to see Alison DiLaurentis. As the girls all gather outside, Mona says she also saw Alison and Spencer believes she did too. However, Mona proceeds to admit that she doesn't know the accurate identity of Red Coat because the anonymous entity always wore a mask.

text: In the fourth season, Red Coat continues to play the game. The disguise is briefly abandoned, after the Red Coat who flew into the Lodge burned her coat and mask in the Lodge fire, but Red Coat returns mid-season and films a video of herself in an Emily mask. She then begins sneaking under the DiLaurentis home and surveilling the residence. Toby and Caleb begin looking for clues on her identity and discover that CeCe Drake is the one who set up the flight plan for Red Coat to go to the Lodge. The Liars hunt for CeCe but with no luck. In "Bring Down the Hoe," she returns and is seen in a room filled with photos of Alison and a red coat laying on a chair. Red Coat shows up to the Rosewood High Hoedown and Spencer and Emily manage to take her coat. They discover that the coat is missing the same button which they found earlier underneath the DiLaurentis house. Meanwhile, CeCe lurks outside Ezra's apparent in the same attire that Red Coat wears but now in a black hoodie.

text: Unmasking[edit]

text: In the fourth season's mid-season finale "Now You See Me, Now You Don't", the Liars head to Ravenswood to look for Red Coat. While there, Red Coat kidnaps Emily and locks her in a coffin on a Sawmill. The Liars witness Red Coat heading to that Sawmill and chase her inside, where she actually stops the saw and another Red Coat, donning a mask of Alison's face, appears on the stairwell, revealing that two people have been sporting the disguise all along. Spencer follows the "good" one, while Aria fights and unmasks the other figure as CeCe Drake. The Liars manage to catch the "good" Red Coat near the ending of "Grave New World", who reveals herself as an alive Alison. During "EscApe from New York", Ali claims that she asked CeCe to wear the disguise to distract "Big A". It is later revealed this was all a ruse, given that CeCe actually was the Red Coat who stole the game from Mona and wore the disguise during her schemes until she was caught in it. In "Game Over, Charles", the Liars learn there was a third Red Coat who posed as a decoy to CeCe and used the infamous disguise to distract the Liars whenever she couldn't. The third Red Coat is revealed to be Sara Harvey.

text: Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"[edit]

text: Big "A" kidnaps Alison from the Rosewood High senior prom and takes her to Radley, where their dad and brother are also there, unconscious. With Mona's aid, the Liars figure out that "A's" phone server is located at the Carissimi Group's building and along with Sara make their way over there. They manage to break into a secret room hidden in the wall of an empty storage room. The Liars and Mona go inside but Sara suspiciously leaves them behind, just as the door closes.

text: A holographic monitor comes on and the Liars get a glimpse of a live feed that shows Alison in a room, talking to "A". "A" turns around and is revealed to be CeCe Drake, who reveals that she was born as Charles before transitioning into Charlotte.

text: While Charlotte is telling her story, the Liars are alerted to a motion sensor in another room. The camera manages to detect another Red Coat, who is setting up a bomb for Charlotte to blow up Radley with her family alongside herself.

text: Charlotte mentions that she kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat watching the girls and deduced the mysterious entity was Alison. So in order to find out, Charlotte organized the lodge party at Thornhill to trap the girls and lure Alison out of hiding, since she knew her sister would only show up if her friends were in grave danger. Charlotte sent Sara Harvey to distract the Liars and maintain Mona occupied, further explaining that she was a decoy whenever she "needed her to be". Nigel Wright was paid to fake a flight plan to Delaware by Charlotte but the plane actually made its way to the lodge since Sara landed it in a nearby field despite the fog in the area. Shana Fring also showed up with Jenna Marshall to find out if the Liars were going to meet Alison at the request of Melissa Hastings, since she too had her own suspicions. However, both plans went awry and while Jenna wasn't noticing, Shana set fire to the lodge since she grew a hatred towards the Liars for blinding Jenna as she later admits to in "EscApe from New York". Sara managed to rescue Aria, Emily and Mona while Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna, giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was indeed alive. Knowing that Wilden would never let Alison return and tell her story, Charlotte went to the lake and killed him, dumping his car and body in the middle of town. She then sent Sara dressed as the mysterious woman in a black veil to attend his funeral and ensure he was deceased. The Liars are shocked about this revelation, but Hanna tells Emily that Charlotte is just messing with her. However, Spencer realizes that the authorities haven't arrived to Radley because Sara must've pretended to dial them.

text: The Liars manage to break out of the room and head over to Radley, where they come upon Sara in the hallway. She orders them to leave as she turns on the bomb for Charlotte, but they manage to subdue her and give Spencer enough time to stop the bomb. Alison quickly arrives and tells them that Charlotte has headed to the roof and begs them to help her surrender. Sara tries to escape but Emily grabs her by the hood of her trench coat and angrily punches her in the face for betraying her trust. They chase Charlotte and persuade her not to commit suicide. She instead declares an ending to her reign as A. At the end of the episode, Emily mentions that Sara is getting released from the local town's hospital and Alison states that what happened to her that night wasn't their fault. Nonetheless, Spencer discloses to Caleb during "The Gloves Are On" that after Emily punched Sara, she got back up but accidentally put her hand on some electrical cords, which began electrocuting her body, as the Liars watched in horror. This led to Sara being unable to use her hands since she lost her palpable abilities.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The reveal of Alison possibly being alive and Red Coat in "A DAngerous GAme" was met with mixed reviews, with many expressing joy over this, while others were disappointed in not receiving a definite answer to Red Coat's identity. The reveal that there were two active Red Coats was generally met with positive reviews, with many praising the reveal that Alison was alive in the episode "Grave New World" as one of the best moments of the series.

text: The reveal of the third Red Coat received mostly negative reviews, with many feeling discomfort over Sara being officially introduced so late into the series. However, Entertainment Weekly's Isabella Biedenharn deemed the best moment of "Game Over, Charles" the scene where Emily punches Sara in the face for her betrayal.[1]


document_title: Minions (Despicable Me)

question_text: what are the minions names in despicable me

text: Minions (Despicable Me)

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The Minions are small, yellow, melodious henchmen shaped like pill capsules who wear overalls and goggles and have one or two eyes. They mostly speak incomprehensible gibberish, which is partly derived from other languages, including Bahasa Indonesia, French, English, Italian, Spanish, and Hindi.[2][3][4] Although seemingly nonsensical, the English-sounding dialogue is dubbed differently for every country, in order to make the sounds somewhat recognizable.[5] They have the most ordinary of names, with Kevin, Stuart and Bob being the names of the lead trio in Minions, and Mel being the leader of the Minions in Despicable Me 3.[6][7]

text: Minions, the 2015 animated feature film, shows that they have existed since the beginning of life on Earth, and want, above all else, to serve the most terrible of villains.[8] In the 2010 short film "Banana", the Minions are revealed to have an uncontrollable craving for fruits, especially bananas.

text: Notable minions[edit]

text: Mentioned in the films and other media in the Despicable Me franchise are Stuart, Kevin, Bob, Mel, Dave, Jerry, Carl, Bryce Wong, Tom,[9] Phil,[10] Tim,[10] Jorge,[11] Paul, Donnie, Mark, Lance, Ken, Mike, John, Steve, Norbert, Tony, Chris, Eric, Henry, Larry, Josh, Darwin, Bryan, Charlie, Barry, Mandi, Eli, Izzy, and Peter.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Since the release of the Despicable Me films, the Minions' popularity has been rising. The Minions have been regularly featured in cross-promotions for other Comcast/NBCUniversal properties, including Universal theme parks, NBC primetime TV series, and even an Xfinity remote control.[1]

text: The "Minion versions" of the cartoon Simpson family appear at the end of The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror XXV" (October 19, 2014).

text: In 2015, the village of Minions, Cornwall in the UK built a road sign, paid for by Universal Studios, featuring Minions. In October of that year, they removed it due to safety concerns that resulted from people stopping their cars to take photos, although villagers have campaigned to get the sign put back up in another location.[12][13][14]

text: On April Fool's Day 2016, Google created a button on its Gmail service that sent a "mic drop" along with a GIF image of a Minion.[15][16] However, the feature immediately received a backlash. Many people complained about accidentally sending the image during job searches, which resulted in some people being dropped from job consideration or even being fired. Google removed the feature not long after, citing those reasons and a bug that caused the image to be sent after hitting the regular send button.[17][18]

text: The Minions appeared in an advertisement for the Cinemark theater chain, in which several Minions try to change a lamp while another Minion mocks them. The mocking Minion drops the replacement lamp during one of his laughing fits, so the others stick him in the socket so that his eye can serve as the lamp. The ad promoted the chain's claim that they had the brightest 3D projection system of any theater chain. At first, the clip played exclusively before showings of Despicable Me 2, but now[when?] Cinemark uses the ad freely before any 3D movie.


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Canada

question_text: who was the 20th prime minister of canada

text: List of Prime Ministers of Canada

text: Prime ministers[edit]

text:
Abbreviation key:
No.: Incumbent No., Min.: Ministry

Colour key:

  Liberal Party of Canada
  Historical Conservative Party (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative, Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative)
  Conservative Party of Canada

Provinces key:
AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan

tag: table

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
District
Term of office
Electoral mandates (Parliaments)
Political party
Min.
Refs

1

Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Kingston, ON
July 1, 1867
–
November 5, 1873

Title created (no parl't)
1867 election (1st Parl't)
1872 election (2nd Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
1st
[2] [5]

Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal

2

Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892)
MP for Lambton, ON
November 7, 1873
–
October 8, 1878

Appointment (2nd Parl't)[Min.]
1874 election (3rd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1873
2nd
[6] [7]

Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General

(1)

Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Victoria, BC until 1882
MP for Carleton, ON until 1887
MP for Kingston, ON
October 17, 1878
–
June 6, 1891

1878 election (4th Parl't)
1882 election (5th Parl't)
1887 election (6th Parl't)
1891 election (7th Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
3rd
[8] [9]

National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).

3

Sir John Abbott
(1821–1893)
Senator for Quebec
June 16, 1891
–
November 24, 1892

Appointment (7th Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
4th
[10] [11]

Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.

4

Sir John Thompson
(1845–1894)
MP for Antigonish, NS
December 5, 1892
–
December 12, 1894

Appointment (7th Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
5th
[12] [13]

Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).

5

Sir Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917)
Senator for Ontario
December 21, 1894
–
April 27, 1896

Appointment (7th Parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
6th
[14] [15]

Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate.

6

Sir Charles Tupper
(1821–1915)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister
May 1, 1896
–
July 8, 1896

Appointment (no parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
7th
[16] [17]

Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.

7

Sir Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919)
MP for Quebec East, QC
July 11, 1896
–
October 6, 1911

1896 election (8th Parl't)
1900 election (9th Parl't)
1904 election (10th Parl't)
1908 election (11th Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1887
8th
[18] [19]

Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.

8

Sir Robert Borden
(1854–1937)
MP for Halifax, NS until 1917
MP for Kings, NS
October 10, 1911
–
October 11, 1917

1911 election (12th Parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
Named leader in 1901
9th
[19] [20] [21]

October 12,1917
–
July 10, 1920

1917 election (13th Parl't)

Unionist Party
10th

First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.

9

Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB
July 10, 1920
–
December 29, 1921

Appointment (13th Parl't)

National Liberal and Conservative Party
Named leader in 1920
11th
[22] [23]

Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendant Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.

10

William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for York North, ON until 1925
MP for Prince Albert, SK
December 29, 1921
–
June 28, 1926

1921 election (14th Parl't)
1925 election (15th Parl't)[LS] [Min.]

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1919
12th
[24] [25]

Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.

(9)

Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB
June 29, 1926
–
September 25, 1926

Appointment (15th Parl't)[Min.]

Conservative Party (historical)
13th
[22] [26]

Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.

(10)

William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK
September 25, 1926
–
August 7, 1930

1926 election (16th Parl't)[Min.]

Liberal Party
14th
[24] [27]

Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.

11

R. B. Bennett
(1870–1947)
MP for Calgary West, AB
August 7, 1930
–
October 23, 1935

1930 election (17th Parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
Named leader in 1927
15th
[28] [29]

Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.

(10)

William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945
MP for Glengarry, ON
October 23, 1935
–
November 15, 1948

1935 election (18th Parl't)
1940 election (19th Parl't)
1945 election (20th Parl't)

Liberal Party
16th
[24] [30]

Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.

12

Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973)
MP for Quebec East, QC
November 15, 1948
–
June 21, 1957

Appointment (20th Parl't)
1949 election (21st Parl't)
1953 election (22nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1948
17th
[31] [32]

Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.

13

John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979)
MP for Prince Albert, SK
June 21, 1957
–
April 22, 1963

1957 election (23rd Parl't)[Min.]
1958 election (24th Parl't)
1962 election (25th Parl't)[Min.]

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1956
18th
[33] [34]

Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.

14

Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972)
MP for Algoma East, ON
April 22, 1963
–
April 20, 1968

1963 election (26th Parl't)[Min.]
1965 election (27th Parl't)[Min.]

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1958
19th
[35] [36]

Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.

15

Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC
April 20, 1968
–
June 3/4,[*] 1979

Appointment (27th Parl't)
1968 election (28th Parl't)
1972 election (29th Parl't)[Min.]
1974 election (30th Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1968
20th
[37]

Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Creation of Via Rail.

16

Joe Clark
(b. 1939)
MP for Yellowhead, AB
June 4, 1979
–
March 2/3,[*] 1980

1979 election (31st Parl't)[Min.]

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1976
21st
[38]

Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.

(15)

Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC
March 3, 1980
–
June 29/30,[*] 1984

1980 election (32nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
22nd
[37]

Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.

17

John Turner
(b. 1929)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister
June 30, 1984
–
September 16/17,[*] 1984

Appointment (32nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1984
23rd
[39]

Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.

18

Brian Mulroney
(b. 1939)
MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988
MP for Charlevoix, QC
September 17, 1984
–
June 24/25,[*] 1993

1984 election (33rd Parl't)
1988 election (34th Parl't)

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1983
24th
[40]

Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair.

19

Kim Campbell
(b. 1947)
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC
June 25, 1993
–
November 3/4,[*] 1993

Appointment (34th Parl't)

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1993
25th
[41]

Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Only female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.

20

Jean Chrétien
(b. 1934)
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC
November 4, 1993
–
December 11/12,[*] 2003

1993 election (35th Parl't)
1997 election (36th Parl't)
2000 election (37th Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1990
26th
[42]

Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.

21

Paul Martin
(b. 1938)
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC
December 12, 2003
–
February 5/6,[*] 2006

Appointment (37th Parl't)
2004 election (38th Parl't)[Min.]

Liberal Party
Named leader in 2003
27th
[40]

Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable.

22

Stephen Harper
(b. 1959)
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB
February 6, 2006
–
November 3/4,[*] 2015

2006 election (39th Parl't)[Min.]
2008 election (40th Parl't)[Min.]
2011 election (41st Parl't)

Conservative Party
Named leader in 2004
28th
[43]

Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.

23

Justin Trudeau
(b. 1971)
MP for Papineau, QC
November 4, 2015
–
Incumbent

2015 election (42nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 2013
29th
[44]

Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; second father-and-son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus; Paris Agreement; 150th anniversary celebrations.

Min. Minority government
LS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
* The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Living former prime ministers[edit]

text: As of September 2017, there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office.

text:
Living former Prime Ministers in order of service:

Joe Clark
Served: 1979–1980
Age: 78

John Turner
Served: 1984
Age: 88

Brian Mulroney
Served: 1984–1993
Age: 78

Kim Campbell
Served: 1993
Age: 70

Jean Chrétien
Served: 1993–2003
Age: 83

Paul Martin
Served: 2003–2006
Age: 79

Stephen Harper
Served: 2006–2015
Age: 58

tag: ul


document_title: Transatlantic flight

question_text: who first crossed the atlantic ocean in an airplane

question_tokens: who first crossed the atlantic ocean in an airplane

text: Transatlantic flight

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of transatlantic flight came about with the advent of the balloon. The balloons of the period were inflated with coal gas, a moderate lifting medium compared to hydrogen or helium, but with enough lift to use the winds that would later be known as the Jet Stream. In 1859, John Wise built an enormous aerostat named the Atlantic, intending to cross the Atlantic. The flight lasted less than a day, crash-landing in Henderson, New York. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe prepared a massive balloon of 725,000 cubic feet (20,500 m3) called the City of New York to take off from Philadelphia in 1860, but was interrupted by the onset of the American Civil War in 1861. (The first successful transatlantic flight in a balloon was the Double Eagle II from Presque Isle, Maine, to Miserey, near Paris in 1978.)

text: First transatlantic flights[edit]

text: The possibility of transatlantic flight by aircraft emerged after the First World War, which had seen tremendous advances in aerial capabilities. In April 1913 the London newspaper The Daily Mail offered a prize of £10,000[1] (₤887414 in 2015) to

text:
“
the aviator who shall first cross the Atlantic in an aeroplane in flight from any point in the United States of America, Canada or Newfoundland and any point in Great Britain or Ireland" in 72 continuous hours.[2]
”

text: The competition was suspended with the outbreak of war in 1914 but reopened after Armistice was declared in 1918.[2]

text: Between 8 and 31 May 1919, the Curtiss seaplane NC-4 made a crossing of the Atlantic flying from the U.S. to Newfoundland, then to the Azores and on to mainland Portugal and finally the UK. The whole journey took 23 days, with six stops along the way. A trail of 53 "station ships" across the Atlantic gave the aircraft points to navigate by. This flight was not eligible for the Daily Mail prize since it took more than 72 consecutive hours and also because more than one aircraft was used in the attempt.[3]

text: With the war over, there were four teams competing to be the first non-stop across the Atlantic. They were Australian pilot Harry Hawker with observer Kenneth Mackenzie-Grieve in a single engine Sopwith Atlantic; Frederick Raynham and C. W. F. Morgan in a Martinsyde; the Handley Page Group, led by Mark Kerr; and the Vickers entry John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown. Each group had to ship its aircraft to Newfoundland and make a rough field for the takeoff.[4][5]

text: Hawker and Mackenzie-Grieve made the first attempt on 18 May, but engine failure brought them down in the ocean where they were rescued. Raynham and Morgan also made an attempt on 18 May but crashed on take off due to the high fuel load. The Handley Page team was in the final stages of testing its aircraft for the flight in June, but the Vickers group was ready earlier.[4][5]

text: During 14–15 June 1919, the British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight.[6] During the War, Alcock resolved to fly the Atlantic, and after the war he approached the Vickers engineering and aviation firm at Weybridge, which had considered entering its Vickers Vimy IV twin-engined bomber in the competition but had not yet found a pilot. Alcock's enthusiasm impressed Vickers's team, and he was appointed as its pilot. Work began on converting the Vimy for the long flight, replacing its bomb racks with extra petrol tanks.[7] Shortly afterwards Brown, who was unemployed, approached Vickers seeking a post and his knowledge of long distance navigation convinced them to take him on as Alcock's navigator.[8]

text: Vickers's team quickly assembled its plane and at around 1:45 p.m. on 14 June, while the Handley Page team was conducting yet another test, the Vickers plane took off from Lester's Field, in St. John's, Newfoundland.[9]

text: Alcock and Brown flew the modified Vickers Vimy, powered by two Rolls-Royce Eagle 360 hp engines.[10] It was not an easy flight, with unexpected fog, and a snow storm almost causing the crewmen to crash into the sea. Their altitude varied between sea level and 12,000 ft (3,700 m) and upon takeoff, they carried 865 imperial gallons (3,900 L) of fuel. They made landfall in Galway at 8:40 a.m. on 15 June 1919, not far from their intended landing place, after less than sixteen hours of flying.[9][11]

text: The Secretary of State for Air, Winston Churchill, presented Alcock and Brown with the Daily Mail prize for the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in "less than 72 consecutive hours".[12] There was a small amount of mail carried on the flight making it also the first transatlantic airmail flight.[13]

text: The two aviators were awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) a week later by King George V at the Windsor Castle.

text: The first transatlantic flight by rigid airship, and the first return transatlantic flight, was made just a couple of weeks after the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown, on 2 July 1919. Major George Herbert Scott of the Royal Air Force flew the airship R34 with his crew and passengers from RAF East Fortune, Scotland to Mineola, New York (on Long Island), covering a distance of about 3,000 statute miles (4,800 km) in about four and a half days.

text: The flight was intended as a testing ground for postwar commercial services by airship (see Imperial Airship Scheme), and it was the first flight to transport paying passengers. The R34 wasn't built as a passenger carrier, and extra accommodation was arranged by slinging hammocks in the keel walkway. The return journey to Pulham in Norfolk, England, was from 10 to 13 July and it took 75 hours.

text: The first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic was made by the Portuguese naval aviators Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral in 1922. Coutinho and Cabral flew from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using Fairey III biplanes, and they covered a distance of 8,383 kilometres (5,209 mi) between March 30 and June 17.

text: The first night-time crossing of the Atlantic was accomplished during 16–17 April 1927 by the Portuguese aviators Sarmento de Beires, Jorge de Castilho and Manuel Gouveia, flying from the Bijagós Archipelago, Portuguese Guinea, to Fernando de Noronha, Brazil in the Argos, a Dornier Wal flying boat.

text: In the early morning of Friday, 20 May 1927, Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field, Mineola, New York, on his successful attempt to fly nonstop from New York to the European continental land mass. Over the next 33.5 hours, Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis encountered many challenges before landing at Le Bourget Airport near Paris, France, at 10:22 p.m. on Saturday, 21 May 1927, completing the first solo crossing of the Atlantic.

text: The first east-west non-stop transatlantic crossing by an aeroplane was made in 1928 by the Bremen, a German Junkers W33 type aircraft, from Baldonnel Airfield in County Dublin, Ireland.[14] On 18 August 1932 Jim Mollison made the first east-to-west solo trans-Atlantic flight; flying from Portmarnock in Ireland to Pennfield, New Brunswick, Canada in a de Havilland Puss Moth.[15]

text: The first transpolar transatlantic (and transcontinental) crossing was the non-stop flight piloted by Valery Chkalov, 63 hours, 8,811 kilometers, from St. Petersburg, Russia to Vancouver, Washington, June 18–20, 1937.

text: Commercial airship flights[edit]

text: On 11 October 1928, Hugo Eckener, commanding the Graf Zeppelin airship as part of DELAG's operations, began the first non-stop transatlantic passenger flights, leaving Friedrichshafen, Germany, at 07:54 on 11 October 1928, and arriving at NAS Lakehurst, New Jersey, on 15 October.

text: Thereafter, DELAG used the Graf Zeppelin on regular scheduled passenger flights across the North Atlantic, from Frankfurt-am-Main to Lakehurst. In the summer of 1931 a South Atlantic route was introduced, from Frankfurt and Friedrichshafen to Recife and Rio de Janeiro. Between 1931 and 1937 the Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times.[16]

text: DELAG introduced the Hindenburg, which began passenger flights in 1936 and made 36 Atlantic crossings (North and South). The first passenger trip across the North Atlantic left Friedrichshafen on 6 May with 56 crew and 50 passengers, arriving Lakehurst on 9 May. Fare was $400 one way; the ten westward trips that season took 53 to 78 hours and eastward took 43 to 61 hours. The last eastward trip of the year left Lakehurst on 10 October; the first North Atlantic trip of 1937 ended in the Hindenburg disaster.

text: The British rigid airship R100 also made a successful return trip from Cardington to Montreal in July–August 1930, in what was intended to be a proving flight for regularly scheduled passenger services. Following the R101 disaster in October 1930, the British rigid airship program was abandoned and the R100 scrapped, leaving DELAG as the sole remaining operator of transatlantic passenger airship flights.

text: Commercial aeroplane service attempts[edit]

text: Although Alcock and Brown first flew across the Atlantic in 1919, it took two more decades before commercial flights could become practical. The North Atlantic presented severe challenges for aviators due to weather and the long distances involved, with few stopping points. Initial transatlantic services, therefore, focused on the South Atlantic, where a number of French, German, and Italian airlines offered seaplane service for mail between South America and West Africa in the 1930s.

text: From February 1934 to August 1939 Deutsche Lufthansa operated a regular airmail service between Natal, Brazil, and Bathurst, Gambia, continuing via the Canary Islands and Spain to Stuttgart, Germany.[17] From December 1935, Air France opened a regular weekly airmail route between South America and Africa. German airlines, such as Deutsche Luft Hansa, experimented with mail routes over the North Atlantic in the early 1930s, with seaplanes and dirigibles.

text: In the 1930s, a seaplane route was the only practical means of transatlantic travel, as land-based planes lacked sufficient flying range for the crossing. An agreement between the governments of the US, Britain, Canada and the Irish Free State in 1935 set aside the Irish town of Foynes, the most westerly port in Ireland, as the terminal for all such services to be established.[18]

text: Imperial Airways had bought the Short Empire seaplane, primarily for use along the empire routes in Africa and Asia, but began to explore the possibility of using it for transatlantic flights from 1937. The range of the Short Empire was less than that of the equivalent US Sikorsky "Clipper" flying boats and as such was initially unable to provide a true trans-Atlantic service.[18]

text: Two boats (Caledonia and Cambria) were lightened and given long range tanks to increase the aircraft's range to 3,300 miles.

text: Meanwhile, in the US, attention was initially focused on transatlantic flight for a faster postal service between Europe and America. In 1931 W. Irving Glover, the second assistant postmaster, wrote an article for Popular Mechanics on the challenges and the need for a regular service.[19] In the 1930s, under the direction of Juan Trippe, Pan American World Airways began to get interested in the feasibility of a transatlantic passenger service using seaplanes.

text: On 5 July 1937, A.S. Wilcockson flew a Short Empire for Imperial Airways from Foynes to Botwood, Newfoundland and Harold Gray piloted a Sikorsky S-42 for Pan American in the opposite direction. Both flights were a success and both airlines made a series of subsequent proving flights that same year to test out a variety of different weather conditions. France's Air France also became interested and began experimental flights in 1938.[20]

text: As the Short Empire only had enough range with enlarged fuel tanks at the expense of passenger room, a number of pioneering experiments were done with the aircraft to work around the problem. It was known that aircraft could maintain flight with a greater load than is possible to take off with, so Major Robert H. Mayo, Technical General Manager at Imperial Airways proposed mounting a small, long-range seaplane on top of a larger carrier aircraft, using the combined power of both to bring the smaller aircraft to operational height, at which time the two aircraft would separate, the carrier aircraft returning to base while the other flew on to its destination.[18]

text: The Short Mayo Composite project, co-designed by Mayo and Shorts chief designer Arthur Gouge,[21][22] comprised the Short S.21 Maia,[23] (G-ADHK) which was a variant of the Short "C-Class" Empire flying-boat fitted with a trestle or pylon on the top of the fuselage to support the Short S.20 Mercury(G-ADHJ).[23][24]

text: The first successful in-flight separation of the Composite was carried out on 6 February 1938, and the first transatlantic flight was made on 21 July 1938 from Foynes to Boucherville.[25] Mercury, piloted by Captain Don Bennett,[26] separated from her carrier at 8 pm to continue what was to become the first commercial non-stop East-to-West transatlantic flight by a heavier-than-air machine. This initial journey took 20 hrs 21 min at an average ground speed of 144 mph (232 km/h).[27]

text: Another technology developed for the purpose of transatlantic commercial flight, was aerial refuelling. Sir Alan Cobham developed the Grappled-line looped-hose system to stimulate the possibility for long-range transoceanic commercial aircraft flights,[28] and publicly demonstrated it for the first time in 1935. In the system the receiver aircraft trailed a steel cable which was then grappled by a line shot from the tanker. The line was then drawn back into the tanker where the receiver's cable was connected to the refueling hose. The receiver could then haul back in its cable bringing the hose to it. Once the hose was connected, the tanker climbed sufficiently above the receiver aircraft to allow the fuel to flow under gravity.[29][30]

text: Cobham founded Flight Refuelling Ltd in 1934 and by 1938 had demonstrated the FRL's looped-hose system to refuel the Short Empire flying boat Cambria from an Armstrong Whitworth AW.23.[31] Handley Page Harrows were used in the 1939 trials to aerial refuel the Empire flying boats for regular transatlantic crossings. From August 5 to October 1, 1939, sixteen crossings of the Atlantic were made by Empire flying boats, with fifteen crossings using FRL's aerial refueling system.[32] After the sixteen crossings further trials were suspended due to the outbreak of World War II.[33]

text: The Short S.26 was built in 1939 as an enlarged Short Empire, powered by four 1,400 hp (1,044 kW) Bristol Hercules sleeve valve radial engines and designed with the capability of crossing the Atlantic without refuelling. It was intended to form the backbone of Imperial Airways' Empire services. It could fly 6,000 miles unburdened, or 150 passengers for a "short hop".[34] On 21 July 1939, the first aircraft, (G-AFCI "Golden Hind"), was first flown at Rochester by Shorts' chief test pilot, John Lankester Parker. Although two aircraft were handed over to Imperial Airways for crew training, all three were impressed (along with their crews) into the RAF before they could start civilian operation with the onset of World War II.

text: Meanwhile, Pan Am purchased nine Boeing 314 Clippers in 1939, a long-range flying boat capable of flying the Atlantic.[35] The "Clippers" were built for "one-class" luxury air travel, a necessity given the long duration of transoceanic flights. The seats could be converted into 36 bunks for overnight accommodation; with a cruising speed of only 188 miles per hour (303 km/h). The 314s had a lounge and dining area, and the galleys were crewed by chefs from four-star hotels. Men and women were provided with separate dressing rooms, and white-coated stewards served five and six-course meals with gleaming silver service.[36]

text: The Yankee Clipper's inaugural trip across the Atlantic was on June 24, 1939. Its route was from Southampton to Port Washington, New York with intermediate stops at Foynes, Ireland, Botwood, Newfoundland, and Shediac, New Brunswick. Its first passenger flight was on 9 July, and this continued until the onset of the Second World War. The Clipper fleet was then pressed into military service and the flying boats were used for ferrying personnel and equipment to the European and Pacific fronts.

text: In 1938 a Lufthansa Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor long range airliner flew non-stop from Berlin to New York and returned non-stop as a proving flight for the development of passenger carrying services. This was the first landplane to fulfil this function and marked a departure from the British and American reliance on seaplanes for long over-water routes.[37] A regular Lufthansa Transatlantic service was planned but didn't start before World War II.

text: Maturation[edit]

text: It was from the emergency exigencies of World War II that the crossing of the Atlantic by landplane became a practical and commonplace possibility. With the Fall of France in June 1940, and the loss of much war materiel on the continent, the need for the British to purchase replacement materiel from the United States was urgent.

text: The aircraft – such as the Lockheed Hudson – purchased in the United States by Britain were flown to airports in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, partially dis-assembled and loaded on ships and transported to England where they were unloaded and re-assembled, a process that could take several weeks, not counting repairing any damage to the aircraft incurred in the shipment. In addition, German U-boats operating in the North Atlantic Ocean were a constant menace to shipping routes in the North Atlantic making it very hazardous for merchant shipping between Newfoundland and Britain.[38]

text: However, larger aircraft could be flown directly to the UK and an organization was set up to manage this using civilian pilots. The program was begun by the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Its minister, Lord Beaverbrook a Canadian by origin, reached an agreement with Sir Edward Beatty, a friend and chairman of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company to provide ground facilities and support. Ministry of Aircraft Production would provide civilian crews and management and former RAF officer Don Bennett, a specialist in long distance flying and later Air Vice Marshal and commander of the Pathfinder Force, led the first delivery flight in November 1940.[39]

text: In 1941, MAP took the operation off CPR to put the whole operation under the Atlantic Ferry Organization ("Atfero") was set up by Morris W. Wilson, a banker in Montreal. Wilson hired civilian pilots to fly the aircraft to the UK. The pilots were then ferried back in converted RAF Liberators. "Atfero hired the pilots, planned the routes, selected the airports [and] set up weather and radiocommunication stations."[40][41]

text: The organization was passed to Air Ministry administration though retaining civilian pilots, some of which were Americans, alongside RAF navigators and British radio operators. After completing delivery, crews were flown back to Canada for the next run.[42] RAF Ferry Command was formed on 20 July 1941, by the raising of the RAF Atlantic Ferry Service to Command status.[43] Its commander for its whole existence was Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Bowhill.[43]

text: As its name suggests, the main function of Ferry Command was the ferrying of new aircraft from factory to operational unit.[44] Ferry Command did this over only one area of the world, rather than the more general routes that Transport Command later developed. The Command's operational area was the north Atlantic, and its responsibility was to bring the larger aircraft that had the range to do the trip over the ocean from American and Canadian factories to the RAF home Commands.[44]

text: With the entry of the United States into the War, the Atlantic Division of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command began similar ferrying services to transport aircraft, supplies and passengers to the British Isles.

text: By September 1944 British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), as Imperial Airways had by then become, had made 1,000 transatlantic crossings.[45]

text: After World War II long runways were available, and North American and European carriers such as Pan Am, TWA, Trans Canada Airlines (TCA), BOAC, and Air France acquired larger piston airliners that could cross the North Atlantic with stops (usually in Gander, Newfoundland and/or Shannon, Ireland). In January 1946 Pan Am's DC-4 was scheduled New York (La Guardia) to London (Hurn) in 17 hours 40 minutes, five days a week; in June 1946 Lockheed L-049 Constellations had brought the eastward time to Heathrow down to 15 hr 15 min.

text: To aid aircraft crossing the Atlantic, six nations grouped to divide the Atlantic into ten zones. Each zone had a letter and a vessels station in that zone, providing radio relay, radio navigation beacons, weather reports and rescues if an aircraft went down. The six nations of the group split the cost of these vessels.[46]

text: The September 1947 ABC Guide shows 27 passenger flights a week west across the North Atlantic to the US and Canada on BOAC and other European airlines and 151 flights every two weeks on Pan Am, AOA, TWA and TCA, 15 flights a week to the Caribbean and South America, plus three a month on Iberia and a Latécoère 631 six-engine flying boat every two weeks to Fort de France.

text: In May 1952 BOAC was the first airline to introduce a passenger jet, the de Havilland Comet, into airline service. All Comet 1 aircraft were grounded in April 1954 after four Comets crashed, the last two being BOAC aircraft at altitude. Later jet airliners including the revised Comet 4 were designed to be fail-safe: in the event of for example a skin-failure due to cracking the damage would be localized and not catastrophic. In October 1958 BOAC operated the first transatlantic jet service with the larger and longer-range Comet 4.

text: Supersonic flights on the Concorde were offered from 1976 to 2003, from London (by British Airways) and Paris (by Air France) to New York and Washington, and back, with flight times of around three and a half hours one-way. Since the loosening of regulations in the 1970s and 1980s, many airlines now compete across the Atlantic.

text: Present day[edit]

text: In 2015, 44 million seats were offered on the transatlantic routes, an increase of 6% over the previous year. Of the 67 European airports with links to North America, the busiest was London Heathrow Airport with 231,532 weekly seats, followed by Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport with 129,831, Frankfurt Airport with 115,420, and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol with 79,611. Of the 45 airports in North America, the busiest linked to Europe was New York John F. Kennedy International Airport with 198,442 seats, followed by Toronto Pearson International Airport with 90,982, New York Newark Liberty International Airport with 79,107, and Chicago O'Hare International Airport with 75,391 seats.[47]

text:
Million seats offered[47]

Airline
2005
2015
∆

Delta Air Lines
2.79
5.33
91%

British Airways
4.93
4.85
-2%

United Airlines
2.37
4.78
102%

Lufthansa
2.99
3.80
27%

American Airlines
2.87
2.84
-1%

Air Canada
1.78
2.76
55%

Air France
2.23
2.49
12%

Virgin Atlantic Airways
1.84
2.38
29%

US Airways
1.13
1.75
55%

KLM
1.12
1.45
29%

text: Joint ventures, allowing coordination on prices, schedules, and strategy, control almost 75% of Transatlantic capacity. They are parallel to airline alliances: British Airways, Iberia and American Airlines are part of Oneworld; Lufthansa, Air Canada and United Airlines are members of Star Alliance; and Delta Air Lines, Air France, KLM and Alitalia belong to SkyTeam. Low cost carriers are starting to compete on this market, most importantly Norwegian Air Shuttle and WestJet.[48] A total of 431 non-stop routes between North America and Europe were scheduled for summer 2017, up 84 routes from 347 in 2012 – a 24% increase.[49]

text: In 2016 Dr. Paul Williams of the University of Reading published a scientific study showing that transatlantic flight times are expected to change as the North Atlantic jet stream responds to global warming, with eastbound flights speeding up and westbound flights slowing down.[50]

text: In February 2017, Norwegian Air International announced it would start transatlantic flights to the United States from the United Kingdom and Ireland in summer 2017 on behalf of its parent company using the parent's new Boeing 737 MAX aircraft expected to be delivered from May 2017.[51] Norwegian Air performed its first transatlantic flight with a Boeing 737-800 on June 16, 2017 between Edinburgh Airport and Stewart Airport, New York.[52] The first transatlantic flight with a 737 MAX was performed on July 15, 2017, with a MAX 8 named Sir Freddie Laker, between Edinburgh Airport in Scotland and Hartford International Airport in the US state of Connecticut, followed by a second rotation from Edinburgh to Stewart Airport, New York.[53]

text: Long-Haul low-cost carriers are emerging on the transatlantic market with 545,000 seats offered over 60 city pairs in September 2017 (a 66% growth over one year), compared to 652,000 seats over 96 pairs for Leisure airlines and 8,798,000 seats over 357 pairs for mainline carriers.[54]

text: Transatlantic routes[edit]

text: Unlike over land, transatlantic flights use standardized aircraft routes called North Atlantic Tracks (NATs). These change daily in position (although altitudes are standardized) to compensate for weather—particularly the jet stream tailwinds and headwinds, which may be substantial at cruising altitudes and have a strong influence on trip duration and fuel economy. Eastbound flights generally operate during night-time hours, while westbound flights generally operate during daytime hours, for passenger convenience. The eastbound flow, as it is called, generally makes European landfall from about 0600UT to 0900UT. The westbound flow generally operates within a 1200–1500UT time-slot. Restrictions on how far a given aircraft may be from an airport also play a part in determining its route; in the past, airliners with three or more engines were not restricted, but a twin-engine airliner was required to stay within a certain distance of airports that could accommodate it (since a single engine failure in a four-engine aircraft is less crippling than a single engine failure in a twin). Modern aircraft with two engines flying transatlantic (the most common models used for transatlantic service being the Airbus A330, Boeing 767 and Boeing 777) have to be ETOPS certified.

text:
North America-Western Europe[55]

type
1H2006
1H2016

A310/DC10/MD11
3%
1%

A320/B737
1%
1%

A330
16%
26%

A340
10%
6%

A380
–
3%

B747
15%
9%

B757
6%
9%

B767
28%
19%

B777
21%
20%

B787
–
6%

text: Gaps in air traffic control and radar coverage over large stretches of the Earth's oceans, as well as an absence of most types of radio navigation aids, impose a requirement for a high level of autonomy in navigation upon transatlantic flights. Aircraft must include reliable systems that can determine the aircraft's course and position with great accuracy over long distances. In addition to the traditional compass, inertials and satellite navigation systems such as GPS all have their place in transatlantic navigation. Land-based systems such as VOR and DME, because they operate "line of sight", are mostly useless for ocean crossings, except in initial and final legs within about 240 nautical miles (440 km) of those facilities. In the late 1950s and early 1960s an important facility for low-flying aircraft was the Radio Range. Inertial navigation systems became prominent in the 1970s.

text: Busiest transatlantic routes[edit]

text: This table is for the twenty busiest commercial routes between North America and Europe (traffic traveling in both directions):

text:
Rank

North American
Airport

European
Airport

Passengers
2010

1
New York City, JFK
London, Heathrow
2,501,546

2
Los Angeles
London, Heathrow
1,388,367

3
New York City, JFK
Paris, CDG
1,159,089

4
Chicago, O'Hare
London, Heathrow
1,110,231

5
Montreal, Trudeau
Paris, CDG
1,105,007

6
New York City, Newark
London, Heathrow
1,065,842

7
Toronto, Pearson
London, Heathrow
926,239

8
Chicago, O'Hare
Frankfurt
866,733

9
Boston, Logan
London, Heathrow
851,728

10
San Francisco
London, Heathrow
841,549

11
Miami
London, Heathrow
795,014

12
New York City, JFK
Frankfurt
710,876

13
New York City, JFK
Madrid
690,624

14
Washington DC, Dulles
Frankfurt
659,532

15
Orlando
London, Gatwick
648,400

16
Detroit
Amsterdam
613,971

17
New York City, JFK
Rome
563,129

18
Los Angeles
Paris, CDG
558,868

19
San Francisco
Frankfurt
537,888

20
Houston
London, Heathrow
528,987

text: This table is for the twenty busiest commercial routes between North, Central and South America and Africa (traffic traveling in both directions) :

text:
Rank

American
Airport

African
Airport

Passengers
2014

1
Washington DC, Dulles
Addis Ababa, Bole
1,053,017

2
São Paulo, Guarulhos
Luanda
998,642

3
Montréal, Trudeau
Algiers
874,544

4
New York, JFK
Cairo
850,221

5
New York, JFK
Johannesburg
842,998

6
Houston
Lagos
542,247

7
Montreal, Trudeau
Casablanca
527,493

8
New York, JFK
Casablanca
520,778

9
Atlanta
Lagos
517,142

10
Rio de Janeiro, Galeão
Luanda
512,992

11
Toronto, Pearson
Addis Ababa, Bole
456,783

12
New York, JFK
Lagos
410,556

13
Toronto, Pearson
Cairo
400,760

14
São Paulo, Guarulhos
Casablanca
374,511

15
São Paulo, Guarulhos
Addis Ababa, Bole
358,447

16
Washington DC, Dulles
Johannesburg
325,323

17
São Paulo, Guarulhos
Johannesburg
318,305

18
New York, JFK
Dakar
301,202

19
New York, JFK
Accra
298,661

20
Washington DC, Dulles
Dakar
271,777

21
Boston
Praia
254,228

22
Atlanta
Johannesburg
252,887

23
Havana
Luanda
201,502

24
Fortaleza
Praia
156,704

text:
[show]Pcs
Airport
Destinations

1 (+2)
 Accra
Destinations:
 New York JFK (Delta Air Lines)
Terminated:
 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (Delta Air Lines), Washington Dulles International Airport (United Airlines)

4 (+2)
 Addis Ababa
Destinations:
 São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport (Ethiopian Airlines)
 Toronto Pearson International Airport (Ethiopian Airlines)
 Los Angeles International Airport (Ethiopian Airlines), Washington Dulles International Airport (Ethiopian Airlines)
Terminated:
 Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport (Ethiopian Airlines)
 Newark Liberty International Airport (Ethiopian Airlines)

1
 Algiers
 Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (Air Algérie)

2 ˙(+2)
 Cairo
Destinations:
 Toronto Pearson International Airport (EgyptAir)
 New York JFK (EgyptAir)
Terminated:
 Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (EgyptAir)
 Los Angeles International Airport (EgyptAir)

3 (+1)
 Casablanca
Destinations:
 São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport (Royal Air Maroc)
 Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (Royal Air Maroc)
 New York JFK (Royal Air Maroc)
Destinations:
 Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport (Royal Air Maroc)

2
 Dakar
Destinations:
 New York JFK (Delta Air Lines), Washington Dulles International Airport (South African Airways)

4 (+5)
 Johannesburg
Destinations:
 São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport (South African Airways)
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (Delta Air Lines), New York JFK (South African Airways), Washington Dulles International Airport (South African Airways)
Terminated:
 Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport (South African Airways)
 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (South African Airways), Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport (South African Airways), Houston Intercontinental Airport (South African Airways) Los Angeles International Airport (South African Airways), Miami International Airport (South African Airways)

3
 Lagos
 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (Delta Air Lines), Houston Intercontinental Airport (United Airlines), New York JFK (Arik Air)

3 (+1)
 Luanda
Destinations:
 José Martí International Airport (TAAG Angola Airlines)
 São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport (TAAG Angola Airlines), Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport (TAAG Angola Airlines)
Terminated:
 Houston Intercontinental Airport (Son Air)

text: Overview of transatlantic airlines and destinations[edit]

text: The following list is as of April 2017

text:
Airlines
Airlines Hubs
Destinations

 Aer Lingus
 Ireland
Dublin Airport
Shannon Airport

 Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport
 United States of America
Boston-Logan International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Bradley International Airport (Hartford)
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Newark Liberty International Airport
Orlando International Airport
San Francisco International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport

 Aeroflot
 Russia
Moscow-Sheremetyevo International Airport

 Cuba
Havana José Martí International Airport
 United States of America
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Washington Dulles International Airport

 Aerolíneas Argentinas
 Argentina
Buenos Aires-Ezeiza International Airport

 Italy
Rome-Fiumcino International Airport
 Spain
Barcelona-El Prat Airport
Madrid-Barajas Airport

 Aeromexico
 Mexico
Mexico City International Airport

 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
 Netherlands
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 Spain
Madrid-Barajas Airport
 United Kingdom
London-Heathrow

Air Algérie
 Algeria
Algiers Houari Boumediene Airport

 Canada
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport

 Air Berlin
 Germany
Berlin–Tegel Airport
Düsseldorf Airport

 Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport (shall begin 1 May 2018[56] – doubtful due to insolvency)
 Cuba
Havana José Martí International Airport
Varadero Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport
 Curaçao
Curaçao International Airport
 Dominican Republic
Puerto Plata Gregorio Luperón International Airport
Punta Cana International Airport
 Mexico
Cancún International Airport
 United States of America
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Fort Myers-Southwest Florida International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Orlando International Airport
San Francisco International Airport
Seasonal:
Boston-Logan International Airport (ends 30 September 2017)[57]

 Air Canada
 Canada
Calgary International Airport
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
St. John's International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport

 Belgium
Brussels International Airport
 Denmark
Copenhagen Airport
 France
Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
 Germany
Frankfurt Airport
Munich International Airport
 India
Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport
 Ireland
Dublin Airport (resumes 30 October 2017)[58]
 Israel
Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport
 Italy
Rome-Fiumicino International Airport
Seasonal:
Milan-Malpensa Airport
 Netherlands
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 Poland
Warsaw Chopin Airport
 Spain
Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas Airport
 Switzerland
Geneva International Airport
Zürich International Airport
 United Arab Emirates
Dubai International Airport
 United Kingdom
London-Heathrow

 Air Canada Rouge
 Canada
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
Algeria
Seasonal:
Algiers Houari Boumediene Airport
 Czech Republic
Seasonal:
Prague Airport
 France
Seasonal:
Marseille Provence Airport
Nice Côte d'Azur Airport
 Germany
Seasonal:
Berlin Tegel Airport
 Greece
Seasonal:
Athens International Airport
 Hungary
Seasonal:
Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport
 Iceland
Seasonal:
Reykjavik-Keflavik Airport
 Ireland
Dublin Airport (seasonal after 28 October 2017)
 Italy
Seasonal:
Venice Marco Polo Airport
 Morocco
Casablanca Mohammed V International Airport
 Poland
Seasonal:
Warsaw Chopin Airport
 Portugal
Seasonal:
Lisbon Portela Airport
 Spain
Barcelona El-Prat Airport
 United Kingdom
Seasonal:
Edinburgh Airport
Glasgow Airport
London-Gatwick
Manchester Airport

 Air Caraïbes Atlantique
 France
Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport
Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport

 France
Paris-Orly Airport

 Air Europa
 Spain
Madrid-Barajas Airport

 Argentina
Buenos Aires-Ezeiza International Airport
Córdoba Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport
 Bolivia
Santa Cruz de la Sierra-Viru Viru International Airport
 Brazil
Salvador de Bahia Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport
São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport
 Colombia
Bogotá El Dorado International Airport
 Cuba
Havana José Martí International Airport
 Dominican Republic
Punta Cana International Airport
Santo Domingo-Las Americás International Airport
 Ecuador
Guayaquil José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport
 Honduras
San Pedro Sula Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport
 Mexico
Cancún International Airport
 Paraguay
Asunción Silvio Pettirossi International Airport
 Peru
Lima Jorge Chávez International Airport
 Puerto Rico
San Juan Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
 United States of America
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Seasonal:
Boston-Logan International Airport
 Uruguay
Montevideo-Carrasco International Airport
 Venezuela
Caracas Simón Bolívar International Airport

 Air France
 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
Paris-Orly Airport
 Argentina
Buenos Aires-Ezeiza International Airport
 Brazil
Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport
São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport
 Canada
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
 Chile
Santiago International Airport
 Colombia
Bogotá El Dorado International Airport
 Costa Rica
San José Juan Santamaría International Airport
 Cuba
Havana José Martí International Airport
 Dominican Republic
Punta Cana International Airport
Santo Domingo-Las Americás International Airport
 France
Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport
Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport
Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport
 French Polynesia
Papeete Fa'a'ā International Airport
 Mexico
Cancún International Airport
Mexico City International Airport
 Panama
Panama City-Tocumen International Airport
 Peru
Lima Jorge Chávez International Airport
 Sint Marteen
Princess Juliana International Airport
 United States of America
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Boston-Logan International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
Houston-George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
San Francisco International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport
Seasonal:
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport
 Uruguay
Montevideo-Carrasco International Airport (ends 28 October 2017)
 Venezuela
Caracas Simón Bolívar International Airport

 Air Greenland
 Greenland
Kangerlussuaq Airport
Narsarsuaq Airport

 Denmark
Copenhagen Airport

 Air India
 India
Ahmedabad Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport
Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
 United Kingdom
London-Heathrow Stopover

 United States of America
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
New York-JFK
Newark Liberty International Airport
San Francisco International Airport only India-bound flight

 Air New Zealand
 New Zealand
Auckland Airport
 United States of America
Los Angeles International Airport Stopover

 United Kingdom
London-Heathrow

 Air Tahiti Nui
 French Polynesia
Papeete Fa'a'ā International Airport
 United States of America
Los Angeles International Airport Stopover

 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

 Air Transat
 Canada
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
Seasonal:
Calgary International Airport
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport

 Belgium
Seasonal:
Brussels International Airport
 Croatia
Seasonal:
Zagreb Airport
 Czech Republic
Seasonal:
Prague Airport
 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
Seasonal:
Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport
Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport
Marseille Provence Airport
Nantes Atlantique Airport
Nice Côte d'Azur Airport
Toulouse–Blagnac Airport
 France  Switzerland
Seasonal:
EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg
 Greece
Seasonal:
Athens International Airport
 Ireland
Seasonal:
Dublin Airport
 Israel
Seasonal:
Tel Aviv Ben Gurion International Airport
 Italy
Seasonal:
Lamezia Terme International Airport
Rome-Fiumicino International Airport
Venice Marco Polo Airport
 Netherlands
Seasonal:
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 Portugal
Lisbon Portela Airport
Porto Airport
Seasonal:
Faro Airport
 Spain
Málaga Airport
Seasonal:
Barcelona–El Prat Airport
Madrid–Barajas Airport
 United Kingdom
Glasgow Airport
London-Gatwick
Manchester Airport
Seasonal:
Birmingham Airport

 Alitalia
 Italy
Milan Linate Airport
Rome-Fiumicino International Airport
 Canada
Seasonal:
Toronto Pearson International Airport
 United States of America
Boston-Logan International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Seasonal:
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport

 American Airlines
 United States of America
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
New York-La Guardia
Philadelphia International Airport
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
Washington-National Airport
 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
 Germany
Frankfurt Airport
Seasonal:
Munich International Airport
 Greece
Seasonal:
Athens International Airport
 Ireland
Dublin Airport
Seasonal:
Shannon Airport
 Italy
Milan-Malpensa Airport
Rome-Fiumicino International Airport
Seasonal:
Venice Marco Polo Airport
 Netherlands
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 Portugal
Seasonal:
Lisbon Portela Airport
 Spain
Barcelona El-Prat Airport
Madrid-Barajas Airport
 Switzerland
Zürich Airport
 United Kingdom
London-Heathrow
Manchester Airport
Seasonal:
Edinburgh Airport
Glasgow Airport

 Austrian Airlines
 Austria
Vienna International Airport
 Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport
 United States of America
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Newark Liberty International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport

 British Airways
 United Kingdom
London–City Airport
London-Gatwick
London-Heathrow

 Canada
Calgary International Airport
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
 United States of America
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport
Boston-Logan International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Denver International Airport
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport
Houston-George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Las Vegas McCarran International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
Nashville International Airport begins May 4 2018
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
New York-JFK
Newark Liberty International Airport
Oakland International Airport
Orlando International Airport
Philadelphia International Airport
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
San Diego International Airport
San Francisco International Airport
San Jose International Airport
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
Tampa International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport

 Brussels Airlines
 Belgium
Brussels International Airport
 Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport
 United States of America
New York-JFK
Seasonal:
Washington Dulles International Airport

 Eurowings
 Germany
Cologne Bonn Airport

 United States of America
Miami International Airport
Orlando International Airport
Seasonal:
Las Vegas McCarran Airport
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport

 Finnair
 Finland
Helsinki Airport

 Cuba
Seasonal:
Havanna–José Martí International Airport (begins 1 December 2017)
 Dominican Republic
Seasonal:
Puerto Plata Gregorio Luperón International Airport
 Mexico
Seasonal:
Puerto Vallarta–Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport (begins 19 November 2017)
 United States of America
New York–JFK
Seasonal:
Chicago–O'Hare International Airport
Miami International Airport
San Francisco International Airport

 Iberia
 Spain
Madrid–Barajas Airport

 United States of America
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Miami International Airport
New York-JFK
Seasonal:
Boston-Logan International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport

 Jet Airways
 Netherlands
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol European Hub
 Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport

 KLM
 Netherlands
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 Canada
Calgary International Airport
Edmonton International Airport
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
 United States of America
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Houston-George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport
New York-JFK
San Francisco International Airport
Salt Lake City International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport

 La Compagnie
 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

 United States of America
Newark Liberty International Airport

 Level
 Spain
Barcelona El-Prat Airport

 United States of America
Oakland International Airport
Seasonal:
Los Angeles International Airport

 Lufthansa
 Germany
Düsseldorf Airport
Frankfurt Airport
Munich Airport

 Canada
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
 United States of America
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Boston-Logan International Airport
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Denver International Airport
Houston-George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
New York-JFK
Orlando International Airport
Philadelphia International Airport
San Francisco International Airport
San Jose International Airport
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
Tampa International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport

 Norwegian Air Shuttle
 Denmark
Copenhagen Airport
 France
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
 Ireland
Cork Airport
Dublin Airport
Shannon Airport
 Norway
Oslo–Gardermoen Airport
Seasonal:
Bergen Airport
 Spain
Barcelona El-Prat Airport
 Sweden
Stockholm–Arlanda Airport
 United Kingdom
Belfast International Airport
Edinburgh Airport
London-Gatwick

 United States of America
Boston-Logan International Airport
Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
Hartford-Bradley International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
Newburgh-Stewart International Airport
New York-JFK
Oakland International Airport
Orlando International Airport
Providence-T. F. Green Airport
Seasonal:
Las Vegas McCarran Airport

 OpenSkies
 France
Paris-Orly Airport
 United States of America
Newark Liberty International Airport
New York-JFK

 Swiss International Air Lines
 Switzerland
Geneva International Airpor
Zürich International Airport

 Canada
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
 United States of America
Boston-Logan International Airport
Chicago-O'Hare International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
New York-JFK
San Francisco International Airport

 TAP Portugal
 Portugal
Lisbon Portela Airport
Porto Airport

 Canada
Toronto Pearson International Airport
 United States of America
Boston-Logan International Airport
Miami International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
New York-JFK

 Virgin Atlantic
 United Kingdom
London-Heathrow
London-Gatwick
Manchester Airport

 United States of America
Boston-Logan International Airport
Las Vegas McCarran Airport
Los Angeles International Airport
Miami International Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
New York-JFK
Orlando International Airport
San Francisco International Airport
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
Washington Dulles International Airport

 WestJet
 Canada
Calgary International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Seasonal:
Edmonton International Airport
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
St. John's International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
Winnipeg International Airport

 Ireland
Seasonal:
Dublin Airport
 United Kingdom
London-Gatwick
Seasonal:
Glasgow Airport

text: Early notable transatlantic flights and attempts[edit]

text: Other early transatlantic flights[edit]

text:
29 June–1 July 1927: Admiral Richard Byrd with crew flew Fokker F.VIIa/3m America from New York City to France.
13 July 1928: Ludwik Idzikowski and Kazimierz Kubala attempt a crossing of the Atlantic westbound from Paris to the USA in an Amiot 123 biplane, but crash in the Azores.
6–9 February 1933. Jim Mollison flew a Puss Moth from Senegal to Brazil, across South Atlantic, becoming the first person to fly solo across the North and South Atlantics.
15–17 July 1933: Lithuanians Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas were supposed to make a non-stop flight from New York City via Newfoundland to Kaunas in their aircraft named Lituanica, but crashed in the forests of Germany after 6,411 km of flying, only 650 km short of their final destination after a flying time 37 hours, 11 minutes. They carried the first transatlantic airmail consignment.
10 December 1936: Portuguese-American aviator Joseph Costa took off from the Elmira-Corning Regional Airport in a Lockheed Vega named "Crystal City", attempting to cross the Atlantic and land in Portugal, via Brazil. His plane crashed just before a stopover in Rio de Janeiro, on 15 January 1937.
5 July 1937: Captain Harold Gray of Pan Am flew from Botwood, Newfoundland to Foynes, Ireland, in a Sikorsky S-42 flying boat as part of the first transatlantic commercial passenger test flights. On 6 July 1937, Captain Arthur Wilcockson of Imperial Airways flew from Foynes to Botwood, in a Short Empire class flying boat named Caledonia.
21 July 1938: The Short Mercury flew from Foynes, on the west coast of Ireland, to Boucherville,[70] Montreal, Canada, a flight of 2,930 statute miles (4,720 km). The Short Maia, flown by Captain A.S. Wilcockson, took off carrying Mercury (piloted by Captain, later Air Vice Marshal Don Bennett).[N 1]Mercury separated from the carrier aircraft to continue what was to become the first commercial non-stop east-to-west transatlantic flight by a heavier-than-air machine. This initial journey took 20 hrs 21 min at an average ground speed of 144 mph (232 km/h).
10 August 1938: The first non-stop flight from Berlin to New York was with a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 that flew Staaken to Floyd Bennett in 24 hours, 56 minutes and did the return flight three days later in 19 hours, 47 minutes.

text: Notable transatlantic flights of the 21st century[edit]

text:
2 May 2002: Lindbergh's grandson, Erik Lindbergh, celebrated the 75th anniversary of the pioneering 1927 flight of the Spirit of St. Louis by duplicating the journey in a single engine, two seat Lancair Columbia 200. The younger Lindbergh's solo flight from Republic Airport on Long Island, to Le Bourget Airport in Paris was completed in 17 hours and 7 minutes, or just a little more than half the time of his grandfather's 33.5 hour original flight.[71]
22–23 September 2011: Mike Blyth and Jean d'Assonville flew a Sling 4 prototype Light Sport Aircraft, registration ZU-TAF, non-stop from Cabo Frio International Airport, Brazil to Cape Town International Airport, South Africa, a distance of 6,222 km, in 27 hours. The crew set course for co-ordinates 34°S 31°W to take advantage of the westerly winds and at the turning point proceeded in an easterly direction, roughly following the 35°S parallel. This took them within 140 km north of the most remote inhabited island in the world, Tristan da Cunha. The Cabo Frio/Cape Town leg was part of an around the world flight.[72]

text: Failed transatlantic attempts of the 21st century[edit]

text: In September 2013, Jonathan Trappe lifted off from Caribou, Maine, United States in an attempt to make the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by cluster balloon.[73] The craft is essentially a small yellow lifeboat[74] attached to 370 balloons filled with helium.[75] A short time later, due to difficulty controlling the balloons, Trappe was forced to land near the town of York Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.[76] Trappe had expected to arrive in Europe sometime between three and six days after liftoff. The craft ascended by the dropping of ballast, and was to drift at an altitude of up to 25,000 ft (7.6 km). It was intended to follow wind currents toward Europe, the intended destination, however, unpredictable wind currents could have forced the craft to North Africa or Norway. To descend, Trappe would have popped or released some of the balloons.[74] The last time the Atlantic was crossed by helium balloon was in 1984 by Colonel Joe Kittinger.[77]


document_title: Got a Hold on Me

question_text: who sings loves got a hold on me

question_tokens: who sings loves got a hold on me

text: Got a Hold on Me

text:
"Got a Hold on Me"

Single by Christine McVie

from the album Christine McVie

B-side
"Who's Dreaming This Dream"

Released
January 25, 1984

Format
7" (45 rpm)

Recorded
1983

Length
3:52

Label
Warner Bros.

Songwriter(s)
Christine McVie, Todd Sharp

Producer(s)
Russ Titelman

Christine McVie singles chronology

"When You Say"
(1969)
"Got a Hold on Me"
(1984)
"Love Will Show Us How"
(1984)

"When You Say"
(1969)
"Got a Hold on Me"
(1984)
"Love Will Show Us How"
(1984)

text: "Got a Hold on Me" is a 1984 song from Fleetwood Mac's keyboardist/vocalist Christine McVie. The song rose to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Rock Tracks charts for four and two weeks, respectively.[1] This was McVie's only top 10 solo hit in the United States. Synthesizers on the track were played by Steve Winwood,[1] while the guitars were played by Todd Sharp (the song's co-writer) and McVie's Fleetwood Mac bandmate Lindsey Buckingham. The other musicians were bassist George Hawkins and drummer-percussionist Steve Ferrone. Got a Hold on Me was released as the lead single from McVie's self-titled 1984 solo album.

text: The video for the song was produced and directed by Jon Roseman and premiered in February 1984.[2] Shot in both black-and-white and color, it is a pseudo-performance video showing Christine McVie in a mansion-like room singing at her piano while a backup band appears in silhouette shadows on the walls around her.[3]


document_title: Telephone numbers in Spain

question_text: how many numbers are there in a spanish phone number

text: Telephone numbers in Spain

text: History[edit]

text: Spain changed to a closed telephone numbering plan in 1998. Previously, the trunk prefix was '9', but this was incorporated into the subscriber's number, so that a nine-digit number was used for all calls, e.g.:

text: Mobiles similarly changed: they are now prefixed with the digit '6' or '7':

text: New numbering ranges have also since been introduced:

text: Spain's international access code also changed from 07 to 00, but this did not affect dialing arrangements for calls to Gibraltar, in which the domestic prefix 9567 was used instead of the international code 350, e.g.:

text: This arrangement was discontinued on 10 February 2007 when Spain adopted the international 00350 prefix for all calls to Gibraltar, thereby bringing end to a dispute between Gibraltar and Spain.[1]

text: Mobile phones[edit]

text: Mobile phone numbers begin with 6 or 7, followed by 8 digits (6xx xxx xxx or 7yx xxx xxx), where y can be 1 to 9, not 0 (zero).  Note, numbers starting with 70 are personal numbers which can  be re-directed to any other number by the personal owner.  Since the blocks of mobile phone numbers are allocated according to demand from the service providers, there is not necessarily a unique service provider indicated by the three digit numbering group (6xx or 7yx).

text: In October 2009, new legislation was approved to grant the allocation of up to 80,000,000 new numbers beginning with number 7 (followed by 8 digits) to supplement the existing group beginning with number 6 (followed by 8 digits); due to the lack of available numbers to satisfy the increasing demand for mobile phone and other mobile / wireless services.[2]

text: Personal numbering[edit]

text: Personal numbers are used as redirection IDs. The owner of a personal number may request, for example, any call to its personal number to be redirected to any other number it wants.

text: Personal numbers begin with 5, followed by 8 digits.

text: Other numbers[edit]

text:
Numbers starting with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 99 are reserved.
Numbers starting with 0 and 1 are used to compose short numbers or for prefixes.
Numbers starting with 80 and 90 are used for premium rates, toll free, and internet access numbers.  803, 806, and 807 prefixes are used for premium rate calls, where the caller pays a fixed amount of money per minute. 905 numbers are supposed to be used for voting systems. Calls have a limited duration (typically 3 minutes), and are charged a fixed rate per call. They are often used in TV shows as a substitutive of 80 numbers, both for image reasons and because operators are not obliged to block them on a user request, as 80 numbers are.[3]
800 and 900 numbers are freephone numbers in Spain. They are usually available from landlines but not from mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are Non Geographic Numbers. These have been widely introduced by the call centres of large multinational European businesses. Unlike other normal Spanish phone numbers beginning 910 onwards, 901 and 902 numbers are always excluded from inclusive call bundles on Spanish landlines and mobiles. 902 numbers are also extremely expensive to call from Spanish mobiles. 901 and 902 numbers are also premium rated if calling Spain from overseas and low cost international call carriers to Spain normally refuse to connect calls to 901 and 902 numbers.

text: Area codes[edit]

text:
National Destination Code

Max length

Min length

Category or Province

0
3
3
Short Number

00
2
2
International Prefix

1
4
4
Short Number

103
6
4
Operator Selection

104
6
4
Operator Selection

105
6
4
Operator Selection

107
6
4
Operator Selection

112
3
3
Emergency Services

118
5
5
Directory assistance

5
9
9
Personal Numbering System

6
9
9
Mobile phones

70
9
9
Personal Numbering System

71
9
9
Mobile phones

72
9
9
Mobile phones

73
9
9
Mobile phones

74
9
9
Mobile phones

75
9
9
Mobile phones

76
9
9
Mobile phones

77
9
9
Mobile phones

78
9
9
Mobile phones

79
9
9
Mobile phones

800
9
9
Toll Free

803
9
9
Premium Rate (adult services)

806
9
9
Premium Rate (entertaining service)

807
9
9
Premium Rate (professional services)

822
9
9
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

824
9
9
Badajoz

828
9
9
Las Palmas

843
9
9
Gipuzkoa

848
9
9
Navarre

850
9
9
Almería

856
9
9
Cádiz

858
9
9
Granada

868
9
9
Murcia

871
9
9
Balearic Islands

872
9
9
Girona

873
9
9
Lleida

876
9
9
Zaragoza

877
9
9
Tarragona

881
9
9
A Coruña

886
9
9
Pontevedra

900
9
9
Toll Free

901
9
9
Shared-cost call

902
9
9
National Rate

905
9
9
Telephone Voting System

907
9
9
Premium Rate (data systems)

908
9
9
Internet Access

909
9
9
Internet Access

911
9
9
Madrid (Segovia and Guadalajara until 1993)

912
9
9
Madrid

913
9
9
Madrid

914
9
9
Madrid

915
9
9
Madrid

916
9
9
Madrid

917
9
9
Madrid

918
9
9
Madrid (Ávila until 1993)

920
9
9
Ávila

921
9
9
Segovia

922
9
9
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

923
9
9
Salamanca

924
9
9
Badajoz

925
9
9
Toledo

926
9
9
Ciudad Real

927
9
9
Cáceres

928
9
9
Las Palmas

931
9
9
Barcelona

932
9
9
Barcelona

933
9
9
Barcelona

934
9
9
Barcelona

935
9
9
Barcelona

936
9
9
Barcelona

937
9
9
Barcelona

938
9
9
Barcelona

940
9
9
Pager Services

941
9
9
La Rioja

942
9
9
Cantabria

943
9
9
Gipuzkoa

944
9
9
Biscay

945
9
9
Álava

946
9
9
Biscay

947
9
9
Burgos

948
9
9
Navarre

949
9
9
Guadalajara

950
9
9
Almería

951
9
9
Málaga

952
9
9
Málaga

953
9
9
Jaén

954
9
9
Seville

955
9
9
Seville

956
9
9
Cádiz

957
9
9
Córdoba

958
9
9
Granada

959
9
9
Huelva

960
9
9
Valencia

961
9
9
Valencia, Center of province

962
9
9
Valencia, South of province

963
9
9
Valencia, City and surroundings

964
9
9
Castellón

965
9
9
Alicante

966
9
9
Alicante

967
9
9
Albacete

968
9
9
Murcia

969
9
9
Cuenca

971
9
9
Balearic Islands

972
9
9
Girona

973
9
9
Lleida

974
9
9
Huesca

975
9
9
Soria

976
9
9
Zaragoza

977
9
9
Tarragona

978
9
9
Teruel

979
9
9
Palencia

980
9
9
Zamora

981
9
9
A Coruña

982
9
9
Lugo

983
9
9
Valladolid

984
9
9
Asturias

985
9
9
Asturias

986
9
9
Pontevedra

987
9
9
León

988
9
9
Ourense