document_title: Trans-Canada Highway

question_text: where is the end of the trans canada highway

text: Trans-Canada Highway

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: Canada's national highway system is not under federal jurisdiction, as decisions about highway and freeway construction are entirely under the jurisdiction of the individual provinces. Route numbering on the Trans-Canada Highway is also handled by the provinces. The Western provinces have coordinated their highway numbers so that the main Trans-Canada route is designated Highway 1 and the Yellowhead route is designated Highway 16 throughout. East of Manitoba the highway numbers change at each provincial boundary, or within a province as the TCH piggybacks along separate provincial highways (which often continue as non-TCH routes outside the designated sections) en route. In addition, Ontario and Quebec use standard provincial highway shields to number the highway within their boundaries, but post numberless Trans-Canada Highway shields alongside them to identify it. As the Trans-Canada route was composed of sections from pre-existing provincial highways, it is unlikely that the Trans-Canada Highway will ever have a uniform designation across the whole country.

text: Route description[edit]

text: Western Canada[edit]

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: The Trans-Canada Highway, uniformly designated as Highway 1 in the four western provinces, begins in Victoria, British Columbia at the intersection of Douglas Street and Dallas Road (where the "Mile 0" plaque stands) and passes northward along the east coast of Vancouver Island for 99 km (62 mi) to Nanaimo. Short freeway segments of the TCH can be found near Victoria and Nanaimo, but the rest of the highway on Vancouver Island operates mostly as a heavily signalized low-to-limited-mobility arterial road that uniquely (for the Trans-Canada Highway system) does not bypass any of its areas of urban sprawl, particularly Nanaimo and Duncan. The section of Highway 1 that crosses the Malahat northwest of Victoria has no stoplights yet, but is tightly pinched by rugged terrain that prevents comprehensive widening to four lanes and sometimes forces closure for hours at a time after a traffic accident. The Departure Bay ferry is the only marine link on the Trans-Canada system that has no freeway or other high mobility highway access, instead routing TCH traffic through downtown Nanaimo streets to reach the ferry to Vancouver.

text: The Vancouver Island TCH is one of four parts of the Trans-Canada system in which the highway runs mostly north-south, the others being Highway 1 from Hope to Cache Creek, Ontario Highway 17 from White River to Sault Ste Marie, Ontario Highways 69 and 400 from Sudbury to Waubaushene, Autoroute 85/Route 185 from Autoroute 20 in Quebec to the New Brunswick border. The Trans-Canada is otherwise designated as east-west from Nanaimo to St. John's.

text: From Departure Bay, a 57 km (35 mi) ferry route (see BC Ferries) connects the highway to Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver. At this point, the Trans-Canada Highway becomes a high mobility freeway and passes through the Vancouver metropolitan area, crossing the Fraser River with the Port Mann Bridge, which was electronically tolled between December 8, 2012 and September 1, 2017. From the Port Mann Bridge, the TCH heads east through the Fraser Valley to Hope covering a total distance of 170 km (110 mi) from the Horseshoe Bay ferry. At Hope, the TCH then exits the freeway and turns north for 186 km (116 mi) through the Fraser Canyon toward Cache Creek as a mostly high mobility highway with only occasional mandatory stops, then east for 79 km (49 mi) where it re-enters a short freeway alignment (breifly concurrent with Highways 5 and 97) through Kamloops. From there, it continues east as a two-lane expressway through Salmon Arm, Revelstoke, Rogers Pass, Golden, and Kicking Horse Pass (the highest point on the highway, at 1,627 m (5,338 ft)), to Banff, Alberta.

text: Using the South Fraser Perimeter Road (Highway 17) from Surrey to Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal, Vancouver Island or interior-bound traffic can bypass the busiest sections of Highway 1 in Metro Vancouver and the Horseshoe Bay-Departure Bay Ferry. Victoria-bound traffic can use the same highway as a shortcut that bypasses the entire circuitous Vancouver Island route of the Trans-Canada with its numerous traffic lights and bottlenecks.

text: Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba[edit]

text: From Banff, the highway continues 101 km (63 mi) east as Alberta Highway 1 to Calgary where it becomes known as 16 Avenue N, initially an expressway and later a busy street with many signalized intersections.[7] The northwest and northeast segments of Stoney Trail (Highway 201) were completed in 2009, serving as an east-west freeway that bypasses the Calgary segment of highway 1. For the next 293 km (182 mi), the Trans-Canada continues as a divided highway with no mandatory stops to an interchange exit serving Medicine Hat, then crosses into Saskatchewan on the way to Moose Jaw.[7] It continues 79 km (49 mi) east to the city of Regina that is bypassed by a short freeway segment. Beyond Regina it continues east into Manitoba to the cities of Brandon and Portage la Prairie, and finally 84 km (52 mi) east to Winnipeg.[8] The southern portion of Winnipeg's Perimeter Highway (Highway 100) is part of the Trans-Canada system and bypasses the city with a mix of traffic lights and interchanges, while Highway 1 continues through central Winnipeg.[8]

text: Throughout the prairie provinces, the speed limit varies from 90 km/h (56 mph) to 110 km/h (68 mph).[7][8] The speed limit is restricted to 90 km/h (56 mph) through national parks in Canada, including Banff National Park. East of Banff, most of Highway 1 through Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba[9] is 110 km/h, but is 100 km/h east of Winnipeg. Speed limits on the British Columbia mainland segment of the Trans-Canada range from 80 to 110 km/h (50 to 68 mph). A combination of difficult terrain and growing urbanization limits posted speeds on the Vancouver Island section to 50 km/h (31 mph) in urban areas, 80 km/h across the Malahat and through suburban areas, and a maximum of 90 km/h in rural areas.

text: Eastern Canada[edit]

text: Ontario[edit]

text: East of Winnipeg, the highway continues for over 200 kilometres (120 mi) to Kenora, Ontario. At the provincial border, the numeric designation of the highway changes from 1 to 17, and is signed with a provincial shield along with a numberless TCH sign.[10] In Kenora, the Trans-Canada designation includes both the main route through the city's urban core and the 33.6 km (20.9 mi) Highway 17A bypass route. The existing branch from Kenora continues east for 136 km (85 mi) to Dryden.[10] A second branch extends 157 km (98 mi) southward along Highway 71 from Kenora to Chapple, then 320 km (200 mi) eastward along Highway 11 to Shabaqua Corners, where it reunites with Highway 17.[10]

text: Highway 11/Highway 17 proceeds southeast for 65 km (40 mi) to Thunder Bay, then northeast for 115 km (71 mi) to Nipigon.[10] An 83-kilometre (52 mi) segment of the Trans-Canada Highway between Thunder Bay and Nipigon is commemorated as the Terry Fox Courage Highway.[10] Fox was forced to abandon his cross-country Marathon of Hope run here, and a bronze statue of him was later erected in his honour. The highway is the only road that connects eastern and western Canada. On January 10, 2016, the Nipigon River Bridge suffered a mechanical failure, closing the Trans-Canada Highway briefly and forcing travellers to go around Lake Superior.[11]

text: The Trans-Canada Highway designation splits east of Nipigon, and the northern branch follows Highway 11 and the southern branch follows Highway 17.[10] Highway 11 travels a 985 km (612 mi) arc through Northern Ontario, passing through Hearst, Kapuskasing, Cochrane, and Temiskaming Shores before continuing along Highway 17 east from North Bay. A spur branches eastward from Highway 11 near Kirkland Lake, following Highway 66 for 58 km (36 mi) into Quebec, and then Route 117 and Autoroute 15 for 674 km (419 mi) into Montreal.[12]

text: Highway 17 proceeds east from Nipigon for 581 km (361 mi) along the northern and eastern coast of Lake Superior. Between Wawa and Sault Ste. Marie, the highway crosses the Montreal River Hill, which sometimes becomes a bottleneck on the system in the winter when inclement weather can make the hill's steep grade virtually impassable.[13] At Sault Ste. Marie, the highway turns eastward for 291 km (181 mi) east to Sudbury. The Trans-Canada Highway splits again at the junction of Highways 17 and 69 on Sudbury's Southwest and Southeast Bypasses.[12] The southern route follows Highways 69 and 400 south for 254 km (158 mi) and then Highway 12 for 27 km (17 mi) to Orillia, a further 58 km (36 mi) along the shore of Lake Simcoe, before following Highway 7 east for 70 km (43 mi) to Peterborough. The northern route continues east for 151 km (94 mi) to North Bay, and then 216 km (134 mi) to Pembroke.[12] The two branches converge at Ottawa, 244 km (152 mi) east of Peterborough and 123 km (76 mi) east of Pembroke. In Southern Ontario, the speed limit is generally 80 km/h (50 mph) on the Trans-Canada, while in Northern Ontario it is 90 km/h (56 mph). Sections routed along provincial freeways feature a higher limit of 100 km/h (62 mph).[12]

text: The Trans-Canada Highway mostly bypasses Canada's most heavily populated region, the Golden Horseshoe area of Southern Ontario, which includes the city of Toronto. However, a small section of the highway does briefly cross into the northeastern edge of Durham Region at both Sunderland and Beaverton, where this region itself is part of the Greater Toronto Area.[12]

text: Quebec[edit]

text: From Ottawa, the Trans-Canada Highway proceeds 206 km (128 mi) east to Montreal, as Highway 417 in Ontario (and the Queensway in Ottawa) and Autoroute 40 in Quebec.[12] The Trans-Canada assumes the name "Autoroute Métropolitaine" (also known as "The Met" or "Metropolitan Boulevard") as it traverses Montreal as an elevated highway. This is the busiest section of the highway. At the Laurentian interchange, in Montreal, the Abitibi route (Highway 66/Route 117/A-15) rejoins the main TCH line. The TCH then follows Autoroute 25 southbound, crossing the St. Lawrence River through the Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel, and proceeds northeast on Autoroute 20 for 257 km (160 mi) to Lévis (across from Quebec City).

text: East of Lévis, the Trans-Canada Highway continues on Autoroute 20 following the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River to a junction just south of Rivière-du-Loup, 173 km (107 mi) northeast of Lévis. At that junction, the highway turns southeast and changes designation to Autoroute 85 for 13 km (8 mi), and then downgrades to Route 185 until Degelis where Autoroute 85 resumes near the New Brunswick border. The portion from Autoroute 20 to Edmundston, New Brunswick is 121 km (75 mi) long.[12]

text: New Brunswick[edit]

text: Following the designation of Route 2, from Edmundston, the highway (again signed exclusively with the TCH shield) follows the Saint John River Valley, running south for 170 km (110 mi) to Woodstock (paralleling the Canada–US border) and then east for another 102 km (63 mi) to pass through Fredericton. 40 km (25 mi) east of Fredericton, the Saint John River turns south whereby the highway crosses the river at Jemseg and continues heading east to Moncton another 135 km (84 mi) later. On November 1, 2007, New Brunswick completed a 20-year effort to convert its 516 km (321 mi) section of the Trans-Canada Highway into a four-lane freeway. The highway has a speed limit of 110 km/h.[12]

text: From Moncton, the highway continues southeast for 54 km (34 mi) to a junction at Aulac close to the New Brunswick–Nova Scotia border (near Sackville) where the Trans-Canada Highway splits into the main route continuing to the nearby border with Nova Scotia as Route 2, and a 70 km (43 mi) route designated as Route 16 which runs east to the Confederation Bridge at Cape Jourimain.[12]

text: Prince Edward Island[edit]

text: After crossing the Northumberland Strait on the 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) Confederation Bridge to Borden-Carleton, the Trans-Canada Highway follows a 110 km (68 mi) route across southern Prince Edward Island, designated as Route 1. After passing through Charlottetown it ends at Wood Islands where a 26-kilometre (16 mi) ferry route (operated by Northumberland Ferries Limited) crosses the Northumberland Strait to Caribou, Nova Scotia (near Pictou). From the ferry terminal at Caribou, the highway continues south for another 19 km (12 mi) as Highway 106 to a junction with the direct Trans-Canada Highway route (Highway 104) at Westville (near New Glasgow).[12]

text: Nova Scotia[edit]

text: From the New Brunswick border, the main Trans-Canada Highway route continues east into Nova Scotia at Amherst, where it follows the designation of provincial Highway 104. The highway then passes by Truro, where it links with Highway 102 to Halifax, 117 km (73 mi) east of the New Brunswick border. Halifax, like Toronto and Quebec City, is a provincial capital not serviced by a Trans-Canada Highway. There is a 30 km (19 mi) stretch of highway with a toll of $4 per automobile (different rates for other vehicles). Beyond Truro, the highway continues east for 57 km (35 mi) to New Glasgow where it meets Highway 106 before continuing to the Canso Causeway which crosses the Strait of Canso to Cape Breton Island near Port Hawkesbury. From the Canso Causeway, the highway continues east, now designated as Highway 105 on Cape Breton Island until reaching the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal at North Sydney.[12]

text: Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

text: From North Sydney, a 177 km (110 mi) ferry route, operated by the Crown corporation Marine Atlantic, continues the highway to Newfoundland, arriving at Channel-Port aux Basques, whereby the Trans-Canada Highway assumes the designation of Highway 1 and runs northeast for 219 km (136 mi) through Corner Brook, east for another 352 km (219 mi) through Gander and finally ends at St. John's, another 334 km (208 mi) southeast, for a total of 905 km (562 mi) crossing the island.[12] The majority of the Trans-Canada Highway in Newfoundland is undivided, though sections in Corner Brook, Grand Falls-Windsor, Glovertown and a 75 km section from Whitbourne to St. John's is divided.[12]

text: "Mile zero"[edit]

text: Although there does not appear to be any nationally sanctioned "starting point" for the entire Trans-Canada Highway system, St. John's has adopted this designation for the section of highway running in the city by using the term "Mile One" for its sports stadium and convention centre complex, Mile One Centre. Likewise, the Victoria terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, located at the foot of Douglas Street and Dallas Road at Beacon Hill Park, is marked by a "mile zero" monument. The Trans-Canada Highway has been posted in kilometres since 1977, when all Canadian roads switched to metric.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The system was approved by the Trans-Canada Highway Act of 1949,[14] with construction commencing in 1950.[15] The highway officially opened in 1962, and was completed in 1971. Upon its original completion, the Trans-Canada Highway was the most lengthy uninterrupted highway in the world.[16]

text: In 2000 and 2001, the government of Jean Chrétien considered funding an infrastructure project to have the full Trans-Canada system converted to freeway. Although freeway construction funding was made available to some provinces for portions of the system, the government ultimately decided not to pursue a comprehensive highway conversion. Opposition to funding the freeway upgrade was due to low traffic levels on parts of the Trans-Canada.

text: Between Ottawa and the Ontario-Quebec border, the Trans-Canada Highway designation was taken from the two-lane Highway 17 and applied to the existing Highway 417 freeway in 1997-98. On April 1, 1997, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) transferred the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep along 14.2 km (8.8 mi) of Highway 17 east of "the split" with Highway 417 to Trim Road (Regional Road 57), a process commonly referred to as downloading. The Region of Ottawa–Carleton designated the road as Regional Road 174. Despite the protests of the region that the route served a provincial purpose, a second round of transfers saw Highway 17 within Ottawa downloaded entirely on January 1, 1998. An additional 12.8 km (8.0 mi) was added to the length of Regional Road 174.[17] The highway was also downloaded within the United Counties of Prescott and Russell, where it was redesignated as County Road 17.[18] The result of these transfers was the truncation of Highway 17 at the western end of Highway 417.[19]

text: Plans for a freeway to bypass or eliminate traffic congestion and road hazards along the heavily travelled route from Victoria to Nanaimo on Vancouver Island were cancelled during the recession that followed the 1987 stock market crash. The cancellation was confirmed in 1995 by the federal government's "war on the deficit" and British Columbia's subsequent highway capital spending freeze. The latter was lifted from the Trans-Canada Highway development program on the BC mainland as renewed federal funding and new public-private partnerships became available in the early 2000s to support the 2010 Winter Olympics and the Pacific Gateway transportation initiative. However, the freeze was largely left in place for the Vancouver Island TCH which was becoming seen mostly as a commercial local service corridor isolated from the increasingly high-mobility highway networks on the Canadian mainland.

text: British Columbia Highway 4 was commissioned in 1953 and is not part of the Trans-Canada Highway system. However, there is a sign marking the Pacific terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway at Tofino, British Columbia. Tofino, recognizing its need for tourism, was a strong proponent of a Trans-Canada Highway since the 1920s, when the only roads in the area were gravel. The community was bypassed by the official Trans-Canada Highway in the 1950s when government prioritized the connection of major communities in its budgets, choosing instead to connect Nanaimo with Victoria.[citation needed]

text: Prior to the start of the Great Recession in 2008, the highway underwent some upgrades through the Rocky Mountains from Banff National Park to Golden, British Columbia. A major piece of this project was completed in 2007 with the new Park Bridge and Ten Mile Hill sections. There are long-term plans to twin the highway from Lake Louise to Kamloops, although a start date has not been set because of a lack of funding. Twinning of the highway in Alberta from Highway 93 to Lake Louise was completed by winter 2010. Parks Canada completed twinning the final 8.5 km (5.3 mi) of Highway 1 between Lake Louise and the British Columbia border, with the new alignment opened to traffic on June 12, 2014.[20]


document_title: List of countries by infant mortality rate

question_text: where are the highest infant mortality rates found

root

text: Methodology[edit]

text: Figures are from the United Nations World Population Prospects report, by five years averages,[1] and the CIA World Factbook.[2]

tag: p

text: The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 34.1 according to the CIA World Factbook. The under-5 mortality rate of the world is 43 deaths per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization.[3]

text: Note that due to differences in reporting, these numbers may not be comparable across countries; while the WHO recommendation is that all children who show signs of life should be recorded as live births, in many countries this standard is not followed, artificially lowering their infant mortality rates relative to countries which follow those standards.

text: Lists[edit]

text: Note: The last column in both tables enables interactive links between the tables; also, the tables can be variously sorted using the  icon.

text: Under-five mortality from the World Health Organization[edit]

text: The following is a list of OECD countries by under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births as published by the WHO in 2015.[4]

text:
Rank
Country
Under-five mortality rate
Relative under-five mortality rate

1
 Turkey
13.5
13.5

2
 Mexico
13.2
13.2

3
 Argentina
10.6
10.6

4
 Slovakia
7.3
7.3

5
 United States
6.5
6.5

6
 Hungary
5.9
5.9

7
 New Zealand
5.7
5.7

8
 Poland
5.2
5.2

9
 Canada
4.9
4.9

10
 Greece
4.6
4.6

11
 France
4.3
4.3

12
 United Kingdom
4.2
4.2

13
 Spain
4.1
4.1

14
 Belgium
4.1
4.1

15
 Israel
4.0
4

16
  Switzerland
3.9
3.9

17
 Australia
3.8
3.8

18
 Netherlands
3.8
3.8

19
 Germany
3.7
3.7

20
 Portugal
3.6
3.6

21
 Ireland
3.6
3.6

22
 Italy
3.5
3.5

23
 Denmark
3.5
3.5

24
 Austria
3.5
3.5

25
 Czech Republic
3.4
3.4

26
 South Korea
3.4
3.4

27
 Sweden
3.0
3

28
 Estonia
2.9
2.9

29
 Japan
2.7
2.7

30
 Slovenia
2.6
2.6

31
 Norway
2.6
2.6

32
 Finland
2.3
2.3

33
 Iceland
2.0
2

34
 Luxembourg
1.9
1.9

tag: table

text: List by the CIA World Factbook[edit]

text:
Infant mortality (deaths/1,000 live births) – 2016 estimates[2]

Country or territory
CIA
2016 estimates
->UN

 Afghanistan
112.8
->

 Albania
12.3
->

 Algeria
20.3
->

 American Samoa
8.5
->

 Andorra
3.6
->

 Angola
76.5
->

 Anguilla
3.4
->

 Antigua and Barbuda
12.5
->

 Argentina
10.1
->

 Armenia
13.1
->

 Aruba
11
->

 Australia
4.3
->

 Austria
3.4
->

 Azerbaijan
24.7
->

 Bahamas, The
11.7
->

 Bahrain
9.2
->

 Bangladesh
32.9
->

 Barbados
10.5
->

 Belarus
3.6
->

 Belgium
3.4
->

 Belize
19.3
->

 Benin
54.2
->

 Bermuda
2.5
->

 Bhutan
33.9
->

 Bolivia
36.4
->

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
5.6
->

 Botswana
8.6
->

 Brazil
12.8
->

 British Virgin Islands
12.6
->

 Brunei
9.9
->

 Bulgaria
8.5
->

 Burkina Faso
73.8
->

 Burma
42.2
->

 Burundi
60.4
->

 Cape Verde
22.7
->

 Cambodia
48.7
->

 Cameroon
52.2
->

 Canada
4.6
->

 Cayman Islands
6
->

 Central African Republic
88.4
->

 Chad
87
->

 Chile
6.7
->

 China
12.2
->

 Colombia
14.1
->

 Comoros
61.8
->

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
69.8
->

 Congo, Republic of the
56.4
->

 Cook Islands
13.5
->

 Costa Rica
8.3
->

 Cote d'Ivoire
57.2
->

 Croatia
9.5
->

 Cuba
4.5
->

 Cyprus
8.1
->

 Czech Republic
2.6
->

 Denmark
4
->

 Djibouti
47.2
->

 Dominica
10.9
->

 Dominican Republic
18.1
->

 Ecuador
16.9
->

 Egypt
19.7
->

 El Salvador
17.3
->

 Equatorial Guinea
67.2
->

 Eritrea
45.6
->

 Estonia
3.8
->

 Ethiopia
51.1
->

 European Union
4
->

 Faroe Islands
5.5
->

 Fiji
9.7
->

 Finland
2.5
->

 France
3.3
->

 French Polynesia
4.7
->

 Gabon
45.1
->

 Gambia, The
62
->

 Gaza Strip
17.1
->

 Georgia
15.6
->

 Germany
3.4
->

 Ghana
36.3
->

 Gibraltar
6
->

 Greece
4.6
->

 Greenland
9
->

 Grenada
9.9
->

 Guam
5.3
->

 Guatemala
22
->

 Guernsey
3.4
->

 Guinea-Bissau
87.5
->

 Guinea
51.7
->

 Guyana
31.5
->

 Haiti
48.2
->

 Honduras
17.7
->

 Hong Kong
2.7
->

 Hungary
5
->

 Iceland
2.1
->

 India
40.5
->

 Indonesia
23.5
->

 Iran
37.1
->

 Iraq
37.5
->

 Ireland
3.7
->

 Isle of Man
4.1
->

 Israel
3.5
->

 Italy
3.3
->

 Jamaica
13.1
->

 Japan
2
->

 Jersey
3.8
->

 Jordan
14.7
->

 Kazakhstan
20.3
->

 Kenya
38.3
->

 Kiribati
33.2
->

 Korea, North
22.9
->

 Korea, South
3
->

 Kuwait
7.1
->

 Kyrgyzstan
26.8
->

 Laos
51.4
->

 Latvia
5.3
->

 Lebanon
7.6
->

 Lesotho
47.6
->

 Liberia
65.8
->

 Libya
11.1
->

 Liechtenstein
4.3
->

 Lithuania
3.8
->

 Luxembourg
3.4
->

 Macau
3.1
->

 Macedonia
7.5
->

 Madagascar
42.4
->

 Malawi
44.8
->

 Malaysia
12.9
->

 Maldives
22.9
->

 Mali
100
->

 Malta
3.5
->

 Marshall Islands
20
->

 Mauritania
53.3
->

 Mauritius
10
->

 Mexico
11.9
->

 Micronesia, Federated States of
20.5
->

 Moldova
12.3
->

 Monaco
1.8
->

 Mongolia
21.8
->

 Montserrat
12.7
->

 Morocco
22.7
->

 Mozambique
67.9
->

 Namibia
36.4
->

 Nauru
7.9
->

   Nepal
28.9
->

 Netherlands
3.6
->

 New Caledonia
5.3
->

 New Zealand
4.5
->

 Nicaragua
19
->

 Nigeria
71.2
->

 Niger
82.8
->

 Northern Mariana Islands
5.3
->

 Norway
2.5
->

 Oman
13.2
->

 Pakistan
53.9
->

 Palau
10.9
->

 Panama
10.1
->

 Papua New Guinea
37.4
->

 Paraguay
19.4
->

 Peru
19
->

 Philippines
21.9
->

 Poland
4.5
->

 Portugal
4.4
->

 Puerto Rico
7.4
->

 Qatar
6.2
->

 Romania
9.6
->

 Russia
6.9
->

 Rwanda
56.8
->

 Saint Helena
13.7
->

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.6
->

 Saint Lucia
11.2
->

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.6
->

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12.3
->

 Samoa
19
->

 San Marino
4.4
->

 Sao Tome and Principe
46.6
->

 Saudi Arabia
13.6
->

 Senegal
50.3
->

 Serbia
5.9
->

 Seychelles
10.2
->

 Sierra Leone
70
->

 Singapore
2.4
->

 Slovakia
5.2
->

 Slovenia
4
->

 Solomon Islands
15.2
->

 Somalia
96.6
->

 South Africa
32
->

 South Sudan
64.6
->

 Spain
3.3
->

 Sri Lanka
8.6
->

 Sudan
50.2
->

 Suriname
25.3
->

 Svalbard
NA
->

 Swaziland
50.4
->

 Sweden
2.6
->

  Switzerland
3.6
->

 Syria
15.2
->

 Taiwan
4.4
->

 Tajikistan
32.8
->

 Tanzania
41.2
->

 Thailand
9.4
->

 Timor-Leste
36.3
->

 Togo
43.7
->

 Tonga
11.6
->

 Trinidad and Tobago
23
->

 Tunisia
21.6
->

 Turkey
18.2
->

 Turkmenistan
35.5
->

 Turks and Caicos Islands
10.4
->

 Tuvalu
29.9
->

 Uganda
57.6
->

 Ukraine
8
->

 United Arab Emirates
10.3
->

 United Kingdom
4.3
->

 United States
5.8
->

 Uruguay
8.5
->

 Uzbekistan
18.6
->

 Vanuatu
15.1
->

 Venezuela
12.5
->

 Vietnam
17.8
->

 U.S. Virgin Islands
6.5
->

 Wallis and Futuna
4.4
->

 West Bank
14.6
->

 Western Sahara
53.3
->

 Yemen
47.4
->

 Zambia
62.9
->

 Zimbabwe
25.9
->

text: List by the United Nations population division[edit]

text: Infant mortality (deaths/1,000 live births) - longitudinal data - the 2015 revision

text:
#
Country or territory[Note 1]
1950 /
1955
1955 /
1960
1960 /
1965
1965 /
1970
1970 /
1975
1975 /
1980
1980 /
1985
1985 /
1990
1990 /
1995
1995 /
2000
2000 /
2005
2005 /
2010
2010 /
2015
<-CIA

1
Singapore
60.99
43.2
28.62
23.79
19.35
12.85
8.76
5.48
4.64
4.08
2.5
2.16
1.77
<-"

2
Iceland
21.43
18.5
16.74
13.41
11.85
9.42
6.4
5.62
4.79
4.01
2.62
2.01
2.03
<-"

3
Japan
50.07
37.25
25.84
16.48
11.95
8.75
6.63
4.96
4.44
3.75
3.03
2.59
2.2
<-"

4
Finland
34.47
26.07
19.53
15.08
11.95
8.77
6.5
6.01
5.11
3.86
3.28
2.77
2.26
<-"

5
Sweden
19.71
16.97
15.63
12.53
10.53
7.92
6.78
6.17
5.34
3.64
3.33
2.49
2.8
<-"

6
Luxembourg
43.44
36.95
29.2
20.91
17.84
13.13
11.99
8.99
7.25
4.86
4.95
2.32
1.58
<-"

7
Norway
22.3
18.9
16.82
13.92
11.31
9.03
7.47
8.47
5.91
4.01
3.52
3.03
2.5
<-"

8
Czech Republic
46.27
24.33
20.11
21.88
20.29
17.84
14.81
11.5
9.41
5.81
4.01
3.15
2.46
<-"

9
Slovenia
22.77
18.7
16.59
16.57
15.53
13.73
13.37
10.24
7.34
4.91
4.03
2.89
2.87
<-"

10
Italy
60.41
48.64
40.97
33.19
26.73
17.95
12.93
9.65
7.59
5.64
4.23
3.48
2.3
<-"

11
Spain
64.86
51.03
41.25
32.05
22.37
15.21
10.35
8.03
6.51
4.8
3.91
3.64
3
<-"

12
Germany
46.4
38.56
30.24
22.64
20.8
15.53
11.07
8.28
6.19
4.84
4.2
3.7
3.1
<-"

13
France
45.64
33.6
25.43
20.72
16.26
11.82
9.48
8.01
6.8
4.74
4.27
3.68
3.34
<-"

14
Austria
55.11
43.2
32.78
26.43
24.32
16.9
12.55
9.47
7.12
4.81
4.52
3.78
3.09
<-"

15
Portugal
92.86
88.61
78.88
61.21
47.16
31.48
20.34
14.49
9.54
6.49
4.75
3.38
3.29
<-"

16
Belgium
46.02
35.45
27.71
22.52
18.84
14.05
11
9.31
7.96
5.38
4.33
3.82
3.33
<-"

17
Greece
45.81
41.19
38.02
33.62
24.98
20.84
14.72
11.52
8.28
6.92
4.79
4.23
2.84
<-"

18
Denmark
28.29
23.56
20.44
16.35
12.43
9.2
7.85
8.08
6.46
4.9
4.65
3.82
3.47
<-"

19
Ireland
41.45
34.27
28.09
22.91
18.28
15.2
10.23
8.38
6.79
6.11
5.51
3.74
2.93
<-"

20
Israel
38.93
33.06
28.32
24.33
20.67
17.09
13.72
10.78
8.36
6.46
5.01
3.9
3.48
<-"

21
Netherlands
23
18.26
15.65
13.26
10.97
9.25
8.29
7.34
6.17
5.28
4.86
4.11
3.46
<-"

22
Switzerland
29.03
23.54
20.91
16.83
13.68
9.7
7.8
7.03
6.07
4.77
4.56
4.21
3.68
<-"

23
South Korea
138.12
114.47
89.74
64.21
38.11
33.23
24.61
14.86
9.75
6.61
5.32
4.6
2.91
<-"

24
Australia
23.69
21.34
19.72
17.99
16.96
12.76
9.86
8.79
6.74
5.52
4.94
4.48
3.96
<-"

25
Cyprus
64.93
51.14
40.18
31.51
24.68
19.3
15.09
11.79
9.19
7.16
5.59
4.35
4.2
<-"

26
United Kingdom
28.68
24.26
22.18
19.02
17.3
14.13
10.84
9.12
6.88
5.9
5.34
4.9
4.19
<-"

27
New Zealand
26.82
24.12
21
18.11
16.09
13.95
12.01
10.72
7.54
6.24
5.49
5.01
4.31
<-"

28
Canada
38.5
32.59
26.53
21.27
16.77
12.61
9.24
7.51
6.33
5.47
5.24
5.13
4.73
<-"

29
Estonia
84.91
50.12
33.44
23.49
21.14
21.85
20.31
18.26
16.34
11.99
7.26
4.75
3.2
<-"

30
Croatia
95.53
70.76
49.72
34.94
25.38
21.9
18.25
13.52
10.21
7.11
6.52
5.75
3.95
<-"

31
Cuba
80.69
69.93
59.45
49.69
38.49
22.34
17.65
13.01
9.94
7.98
6.13
5.68
5.5
<-"

32
Lithuania
107.83
63.88
42.71
27.03
22.08
22.46
18.35
14.92
16.48
11.02
7.66
5.97
3.76
<-"

33
Malta
50.52
33.15
27.88
23.43
19.68
16.53
13.88
11.64
9.77
8.19
6.87
5.76
4.83
<-"

34
Hungary
71.89
54.73
42.93
37.25
35.99
25.86
19.99
17.06
13.17
9.59
7.43
5.59
4.62
<-"

35
Poland
78.93
59.2
49.54
36.08
27.83
23.18
19.77
16.96
16.35
10.11
7.21
6.08
4.58
<-"

36
Slovakia
73.9
36.74
26.55
25.3
24.62
22.19
17.94
13.88
11.59
9.03
7.27
6.25
4.91
<-"

37
Brunei
81.36
66.53
49.09
39.33
31.49
25.18
20.12
16.06
12.82
10.22
8.15
6.49
4.19
<-"

38
United States
30.48
27.33
25.39
22.68
18.4
14.34
11.6
10.37
8.81
7.47
6.99
6.87
5.97
<-"

39
Belarus
95.68
56.56
37.76
25.79
21.19
21.92
19.55
16.41
15.09
14.91
9.59
6.27
3.99
<-"

40
Malaysia
102.39
81.12
63.63
48.3
36.61
27.71
20.94
15.81
11.92
8.99
6.77
6.77
6.76
<-"

41
Puerto Rico
63.42
51.43
44.8
33.29
25.31
19.72
17.2
13.81
11.61
10.94
8.01
7.01
6.25
<-"

42
United Arab Emirates
181.08
143.4
110.53
78.9
56.99
41.11
29.56
21.68
16.47
12.38
9.22
6.88
6.23
<-"

43
Qatar
106.02
87.16
68.74
50.76
36.65
29.15
23.17
18.41
14.72
11.78
9.41
7.51
6.45
<-"

44
Chile
129.58
118.79
106.53
87.34
68.62
53.12
38.75
28.38
19.56
13.04
9.3
7.7
7.17
<-"

45
Latvia
76.87
45.34
30.28
22.27
20.04
22.85
18.5
14.57
17.56
15.73
9.92
7.8
6.49
<-"

46
Bahrain
172.56
146.78
105.44
70.81
47.47
31.96
23.14
18.54
14.85
11.98
9.76
7.96
6.91
<-"

47
French Polynesia
129.63
99.86
89.05
79.47
71.35
58.61
34.75
19.67
18.06
10.18
9.4
8.77
6.91
<-"

48
Bosnia and Herzegovina
188.6
135.73
98.06
72.64
49.21
34.03
25.61
17.56
18.42
11.14
9.86
9.03
7.6
<-"

49
Montenegro
120.1
104.22
71.88
49.57
33.05
28.5
25.8
21.5
17.92
11.57
11.57
10.89
4.41
<-"

50
Kuwait
123.8
93.82
70.7
53.94
41.53
33.07
23.9
16.27
12.69
10.88
10.22
9.65
8.63
<-"

51
Costa Rica
103.32
92.72
82.13
69.77
56.36
35.15
22.65
17.38
14.57
12.37
10.89
10.02
9.33
<-"

52
Bahamas
70.58
58.31
48.14
39.72
32.76
27
22.24
18.31
15.56
14.16
11.58
10.04
9.06
<-"

53
Sri Lanka
89.05
73.73
61.51
52.96
44.43
35.79
29.22
24.25
19.99
16.21
13.08
10.05
8.23
<-"

54
Oman
211
180.45
153.8
130.7
108.96
82.64
59.44
42.12
30.87
21.71
14.64
9.77
7.31
<-"

55
Grenada
107.89
86.73
69.38
55.39
44.13
35.1
27.89
22.12
17.53
13.88
12.03
10.18
9.58
<-"

56
Bulgaria
91.96
65.6
37.47
30.68
25.96
22.06
17.83
14.28
15.4
15.25
13.17
9.85
9.02
<-"

57
Lebanon
68.44
59.74
52.95
47.26
41.73
38.06
34.97
30.43
25.13
18.84
13.81
10.6
9.29
<-"

58
Republic of Macedonia
136.32
112.57
94.81
82.04
68.72
62.26
51.54
40.04
26.55
18.44
12.95
11.89
10.14
<-"

59
Russia
100.51
59.43
39.68
31.25
26.41
28.8
25.93
23.65
21.95
20.97
16.17
10.68
8.25
<-"

60
Serbia
117.61
103.36
88
68.62
50.83
40.19
34.79
22.37
17.16
16.11
14.14
12.45
9.77
<-"

61
Ukraine
78.78
46.47
31
23.46
21
22.94
19.97
17.76
17.07
16.64
14.81
12.64
9.16
<-"

62
Romania
90.94
80.43
53.98
51.03
39.28
30.86
25.68
25.55
22.99
20.28
16.95
11.97
9.64
<-"

63
Uruguay
57.42
53.04
47.91
47.12
46.34
42.46
33.5
22.57
20.07
15.59
14.36
13.44
12.67
<-"

64
Thailand
127.53
108.91
92.61
77.63
62.84
50.95
41.62
33.41
26.11
20.9
16.7
13.4
11.25
<-"

65
Argentina
63.93
58.8
59.76
57.41
48.12
39.08
32.2
27.13
24.36
21.85
15.04
14.61
13.69
<-"

66
Moldova
81.29
69.04
59.03
49.03
46.02
46.02
35.56
31.27
29
24.49
18.86
15.54
10.89
<-"

67
Venezuela
108.04
91.06
74.26
61.05
49.24
40.7
33.36
27.77
23.35
21.08
18.14
15.9
13.78
<-"

68
Saudi Arabia
201.93
180.95
160.62
137.49
105.28
76.95
56.2
41.15
30.4
23.15
18.81
16.23
15.34
<-"

69
Syria
141.29
123.71
107.76
90.3
71.07
55.37
42.93
33.48
26.29
21.27
17.77
14.94
17.87
<-"

70
Albania
144.92
124.94
98.95
76.97
57.99
46.85
43.2
37.84
30.74
26.3
20.25
16.11
14.42
<-"

71
Belize
100.18
88.57
78.2
68.54
59.57
50.49
39.87
35.2
29.71
23.02
19.68
16.99
14.33
<-"

72
Panama
85.74
73.72
61.91
51.87
43.12
36.13
34.12
29.82
26.29
23.31
19.85
16.84
15.16
<-"

73
Jamaica
90
75.83
58.79
48.87
42.15
32.98
30.42
25.93
22.64
21.57
19.97
17.89
15.04
<-"

74
China
128.9
131.06
135.04
93.86
72
54.98
44.67
42.29
40.46
34.25
25.32
16.74
11.65
<-"

75
Turkey
217.77
201.77
179.03
160.01
145.42
120.41
94.72
73.21
56.19
37.02
24.72
16.39
12.61
<-"

76
Colombia
123.22
105.39
92.13
82.21
73.06
56.73
42.98
35.36
27.64
23.99
20.48
19.05
17.92
<-"

77
Iran
220.22
197.62
174.81
153.62
123.74
95.47
71.3
49.82
39.81
32.34
25.05
18.91
14.78
<-"

78
Jordan
147.46
119.69
95.53
77.39
65.71
54.01
42.71
33.97
29.06
25.58
22.4
19.69
17.07
<-"

79
Mexico
121.33
101.62
88.19
79.53
69.02
56.9
47.08
39.52
33.09
27.7
20.51
19.93
18.79
<-"

80
Tunisia
232.38
218.03
195.46
173.31
139.95
97.28
65.84
48.79
35.19
28.64
23
18.7
18.7
<-"

81
Armenia
83
78
73.01
68.01
62.99
57.99
52.98
47.99
44.12
35.02
27
21.01
13.22
<-"

82
El Salvador
150.45
135.17
121.7
110.68
101.62
92.77
79.92
60.6
41.14
29.12
23.61
20.73
17.03
<-"

83
Georgia
80.03
73.03
66.03
59.02
52.02
49.35
46.68
44.02
45.01
37.55
29.01
19.41
13.66
<-"

84
Suriname
77.54
67.59
56.2
48.87
44.27
40.12
41.49
40.24
34.65
28.69
24.17
22.16
17.37
<-"

85
Tonga
58.93
52.96
47.22
42.02
37.29
33.88
30.59
27.79
26.38
24.96
23.48
22.03
20.44
<-"

86
Vietnam
103.62
81.47
66.72
56.82
54.23
45.62
41.16
37.13
33.76
29.02
25.28
22.18
19.32
<-"

87
Peru
158.7
148.28
136.14
126.33
110.32
99.09
81.66
68.04
55.47
40.64
27.4
21
18.63
<-"

88
Samoa
107.43
97.1
87.2
77.72
68.62
59.92
51.63
43.77
36.1
29.94
25.68
22.41
19.67
<-"

89
Palestinian territories
140.29
131.1
117.06
99.42
82.71
66.23
51.4
40.12
33.08
27.86
25.01
23.07
20.63
<-"

90
Nicaragua
172.41
150.77
131.39
113.83
97.92
90.19
79.83
65.02
48.02
33.59
26.45
24.02
19.96
<-"

91
Ecuador
138.29
128.2
119.14
107.06
94.96
81.5
68.29
55.07
43.14
33.82
27.1
23.37
21.06
<-"

92
Egypt
248.69
204.61
184.06
170.17
165.44
133.17
106.87
74.3
59.56
36.69
29.36
23.47
18.92
<-"

93
Brazil
136.51
123.97
111.95
101.46
91.87
83.61
70.72
50.56
40.78
30.37
25.19
20.89
15.33
<-"

94
Kazakhstan
110.12
101.79
93.46
85.17
76.89
68.6
60.31
52.01
51.06
43.47
32.04
27
14.12
<-"

95
Libya
254.08
230.08
166.22
121.47
90.01
67.16
51.03
41.21
32.93
29.63
27.23
24.29
24.29
<-"

96
North Korea
122.82
83.1
79.69
58.15
45.28
36.32
31.12
27.39
42.11
57.81
28.49
27.29
21.99
<-"

97
Philippines
96.77
86.55
77.38
67.8
59.27
62.36
54.52
39.55
36.05
32.29
28.91
25.88
23.17
<-"

98
Trinidad and Tobago
82.59
66.55
50.72
48.43
43.44
37.62
31.74
29.09
28.18
28.8
28.94
26.57
24.76
<-"

99
Honduras
169.3
153.97
135.54
119.02
103.71
81.06
65.01
52.99
43.05
35.06
31.22
29.44
27.79
<-"

100
Dominican Republic
153.23
138.72
123.99
109.02
95.97
86.02
75.23
62.94
47.65
41.35
34.96
29.59
25.09
<-"

101
Indonesia
192.56
166.71
143.96
124.02
104.93
91.67
80.01
68.32
56.18
45.27
36.49
29.69
24.97
<-"

102
Guatemala
140.91
133.85
126.78
115.53
102.48
90.96
79.34
67.08
54.82
45.54
38.66
30.14
22.64
<-"

103
Morocco
151.25
143.08
132.95
122.68
113.14
102
83.85
66.58
53.01
44.05
37.94
31.78
26.3
<-"

104
Kyrgyzstan
140.19
130.16
120.13
110.1
100.06
90.03
80.04
70.03
59.88
48.3
40.33
36.4
19.56
<-"

105
Paraguay
73.44
69.73
62.28
58.56
53.1
51.04
48.9
46.71
42.94
39.21
35.55
32.04
28.79
<-"

106
Mongolia
183.2
165.09
134.69
118.76
106.58
104.57
102.39
91.76
67.56
53.95
40.83
30.52
25.79
<-"

107
Iraq
225.44
169.94
128.62
91.4
72.74
56.99
43.29
38.07
36.57
36.2
34.68
33.28
32.13
<-"

108
Algeria
163.06
153.57
142.88
132.35
122.25
105.5
75.37
55.38
47.67
41.92
37.45
34.18
30.28
<-"

109
Guyana
72.28
66.84
62.08
57.42
56
54.46
52.53
49.9
44.94
40.49
36.56
34.41
33.23
<-"

110
Micronesia
96.52
86.52
76.9
67.65
58.32
49.35
47.02
44.63
42.29
39.98
37.93
34.86
32.66
<-"

111
Bhutan
269.09
238.95
212.13
188.63
158.79
131.13
109.96
92.04
75.64
61.74
51.93
39.52
30.49
<-"

112
Nepal
228.63
224.08
211.09
189.5
169.22
150.53
130.54
109.56
87.64
68.44
52.87
41.29
32.36
<-"

113
Botswana
135.21
123.78
113.38
104.05
90.31
74.69
63.53
57.84
56.67
64.82
58.3
38.57
32.49
<-"

114
Solomon Islands
146.15
131.62
117.53
104.1
91.33
79.13
75.71
89.84
77.89
65.13
51.37
42.86
38.04
<-"

115
Bangladesh
220.69
189.2
165.88
152.39
183.19
139.68
125.88
108.86
90.3
72.57
56.01
43.31
33.1
<-"

116
Azerbaijan
120.05
115.04
110.05
105.05
100.02
95.03
90
85
81.83
61.28
52.01
41.06
39.6
<-"

117
Namibia
171.96
149.2
130.58
115.12
100.75
87.47
76.44
67.11
60.44
57.63
57.17
43.2
33.53
<-"

118
Western Sahara
217.09
201.68
187.37
173.64
160.1
133.93
110.07
87.97
75.92
64.46
52.97
44.08
37.24
<-"

119
Madagascar
182.76
168.65
156.52
144.72
133.91
122.45
109.09
107.88
100.09
77.76
57.99
45.5
36.78
<-"

120
Cambodia
142.64
135.7
134.36
132.07
138.78
320.44
153.54
86
86.13
86.38
65.88
44.97
29.92
<-"

121
Uzbekistan
125.15
114.95
104.72
94.51
84.32
77.89
71.46
65.03
59.45
54.77
49.91
47.13
44.02
<-"

122
Sao Tome and Principe
124.52
112.38
99
88.13
76.06
64.93
63.63
60.54
57.53
54.64
51.86
46.05
43.51
<-"

123
South Africa
110.47
98.54
91
83.61
77.17
70.63
60.72
52.11
48.28
53.35
57.16
51.91
38.32
<-"

124
Tajikistan
160.17
151.29
142.42
133.55
124.67
115.8
106.94
98.04
88.19
79.65
63.06
45.14
39.88
<-"

125
Turkmenistan
150.17
140.29
130.42
120.54
110.68
100.77
90.9
81.03
75.51
61.27
51.75
50.49
46.7
<-"

126
India
186.18
170.44
157.54
146.79
135.78
120.67
105.65
93.15
81.93
71.01
59.94
50.11
41.36
<-"

127
Papua New Guinea
158.08
145.66
132.66
113.81
99.28
87.29
74.47
72.97
66.75
61.72
56.19
50.07
47.58
<-"

128
Bolivia
173.02
165.44
156.6
146.5
135.27
123.28
110.8
97.83
84.91
72.57
61.21
51.02
42.95
<-"

129
Haiti
221.59
195.06
171.75
151.23
135.72
132.01
123.24
100.98
85.8
70.26
56.06
52.22
46.96
<-"

130
Gabon
179.55
166.77
157.69
134.39
113.63
95.02
77.68
62.94
60.07
59.69
59.96
52.7
43.18
<-"

131
Myanmar
213.87
175.82
156.25
124.12
111.72
100.6
90.51
81.29
72.8
65.24
57.9
52.25
46.47
<-"

132
Gambia
156.29
150.08
144.18
127.49
113.46
100.97
89.96
81.57
75.21
69.62
60.04
50.95
47.07
<-"

133
East Timor
264.61
241.82
220.83
201.22
183.36
253.8
183.65
141.46
118.77
84.75
63.99
50.16
43.91
<-"

134
Tanzania
153.38
143.25
136.24
128.16
118.72
108.58
104.58
102.22
103.09
92.24
69.56
52.36
36.96
<-"

135
Senegal
127.8
122.96
117.58
112.89
108.11
97.39
84.98
75.29
71.61
68.27
61.15
54.13
44.34
<-"

136
Eritrea
199.88
190.35
179.09
161.49
140.38
125.32
116.03
104.65
89.89
73.27
61.79
53.91
46.49
<-"

137
Ghana
147.49
133.57
122.09
113.31
106.54
99.27
92.7
82.76
72.51
66.91
60.91
55.35
51.08
<-"

138
Laos
177.08
166.99
157.02
147.55
138.24
130.43
122.03
108.47
95.71
82.44
69.23
56.74
46.78
<-"

139
Zimbabwe
114.59
105.19
96.71
89.58
82.75
74.27
62.75
57.11
58.88
67.24
69.29
61.79
48.42
<-"

140
Kenya
147.17
133.79
117.09
104.48
91.6
80.47
69.89
67.81
71.71
74.32
67.87
59.27
52.48
<-"

141
Sudan
134.73
121.59
111.31
102.17
93.35
89.09
87.02
84.12
79.95
73.83
66.83
59.66
53.32
<-"

142
Yemen
251.32
251.32
251.32
212.89
180.06
147.32
116.97
95.36
84
75.36
67.96
61.31
53.55
<-"

143
Djibouti
154.4
143.47
131.38
120.3
104.06
96.41
87.4
81.26
76.14
71.78
68.13
63.45
55.31
<-"

144
Ethiopia
199.54
181.67
160.19
148.09
140.7
136.72
140.3
125.9
114.17
96.7
77.98
59.89
49.99
<-"

145
Togo
186.36
164.28
145.04
128.11
112.92
100.71
92.31
87.19
83.46
80.25
77.37
64.33
50.18
<-"

146
Congo
142.12
122.77
106.99
96.63
89.97
84.1
79.21
77.66
79.72
84.95
81.84
64.29
50.61
<-"

147
Rwanda
160.54
151.8
143.23
137.18
135.17
128.27
108.78
113.65
288.71
116.33
89.88
58.83
49.21
<-"

148
Niger
161.92
160.23
158.5
155.63
150.73
138.75
132.83
139
129.73
102.93
81.84
63.73
59.84
<-"

149
Zambia
148.41
137.04
126.68
117.97
107.21
101.06
103.42
111.79
114.96
106.38
86.2
69.53
55.36
<-"

150
Uganda
160.59
145.42
130.27
116.55
112.3
111.5
112.68
115.54
109.89
98.4
80.74
69.51
61.2
<-"

151
Mauritania
147.98
135.49
122.8
113.65
106.18
98.88
89.25
82.7
79.68
76.12
75.63
72.66
67.27
<-"

152
Lesotho
169.18
150.24
134.2
130.18
122.96
109.57
93.78
83.61
69.36
79.16
84.14
75.69
60.14
<-"

153
Benin
209.68
192.46
176.9
162.61
147.91
134.17
122.33
112.75
102.58
92.06
82.37
73.78
68.7
<-"

154
Swaziland
174.03
160.55
150.6
140.72
124.19
107.87
90.47
77.36
69.3
80.2
86.66
75.89
64.64
<-"

155
Mozambique
220.37
201.6
184.98
172.23
158.55
147.98
151.87
146.14
135.42
111.43
89.28
73.8
64.42
<-"

156
Liberia
224.45
218.49
212.21
194.99
177.64
163.83
154.23
157.78
154.59
128.82
96.88
71.8
61.18
<-"

157
Pakistan
255.92
205.99
171.45
148.57
134.62
125.7
118.55
110.38
101.72
92.64
84.01
76.89
69.84
<-"

158
Burkina Faso
228.22
209.14
192.24
172.16
153.56
133.04
119.31
109.73
104.02
99.51
90.01
78.16
66.54
<-"

159
Guinea
207.04
200.11
195.12
192.29
185.54
171.49
156.56
142.47
128.31
111.79
95.25
80.99
59.2
<-"

160
Afghanistan
280.98
256.27
234.26
216.07
198.77
180.32
159.16
134.14
111.31
98.68
89.53
79.51
71.12
<-"

161
Equatorial Guinea
196.61
186.23
176.29
166.78
157.67
148.65
129.63
120.99
110.8
100.16
90.6
80.44
70.1
<-"

162
Cameroon
169.54
157.85
144.97
133.08
120.01
107.57
98.35
93.41
89.85
88.19
86.78
82.47
73.51
<-"

163
Malawi
197.97
192.55
185.92
180.1
168.94
159.37
152.56
150.57
139.24
121.43
105.13
79.65
60.09
<-"

164
Côte d'Ivoire
268.03
236.91
200.22
169.47
144.21
124.87
112.62
106.63
103.27
99.25
91.63
84.61
73.43
<-"

165
Congo_DR
166.75
157.67
151.31
143.56
133.79
129.22
121.55
116.08
109.77
112.95
99.57
83.87
73.18
<-"

166
Burundi
166.77
157.68
148.9
140.51
136.68
125.14
117.26
112.39
120.61
102.74
94.6
86.26
77.87
<-"

167
Somalia
200.17
186.23
173.24
160.69
147.53
136.83
127.82
123.28
129.6
105.17
97.02
89.78
79.47
<-"

168
South Sudan
248.59
226.18
209.57
193.95
181.32
169.05
163.86
149.89
129.95
113.91
101.41
89.11
77.67
<-"

169
Nigeria
200.68
186.61
172.91
159.63
147.3
134.23
125.33
126.02
125.99
118.61
104.03
89.93
76.31
<-"

170
Mali
242.34
223.84
207.17
191.71
176.43
162.85
150.76
139.08
128.12
118.19
108.94
89.43
84
<-"

171
Guinea-Bissau
180.38
174.45
167.95
159.18
152.27
143.01
134.83
128.53
121.55
114.96
108.05
101.94
91.87
<-"

172
Central African Republic
204.13
189.59
175.86
159.77
138.46
119.22
110.39
109.05
111.63
113.83
112.79
105.76
93.47
<-"

173
Chad
186.47
177.63
168.82
159.72
146.31
137.78
130.14
123.28
119.15
114.25
110.86
106.03
95.85
<-"

174
Angola
230.82
215.04
200.16
186.2
173.03
160.95
157.11
153.18
150.66
138.01
116.05
104.35
96.22
<-"

175
Sierra Leone
236.9
229.39
221.47
210.63
181.11
162.11
151.34
151.59
160.58
148.92
134.93
116.97
94.43
<-"

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Countries are ranked based on last three columns average calculated in order to make the rank more independent from fluctuations in any single (most recent) column.

tag: ol


document_title: Bharatiya Janata Party

question_text: who became the first president of the bharti janta party when it was formally established

text: Bharatiya Janata Party

text: History

text: Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)

text: The BJP's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh, founded by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party. It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS.[22] The Jana Sangh's aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground. Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967.[23][24]

text: The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India.[25] Mookerjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir. He died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail.[25] Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mookerjee; however, he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party, and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya. Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967, and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS. The party minimised engagement with the public, focusing instead on building its network of propagandists. Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism, which formed the official doctrine of the party.[26] Younger leaders, such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period, with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968. The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code, banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir.[27]

text: After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the Swatantra Party and the socialists. It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland, including Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office, albeit within a coalition; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh's more radical agenda.[28]

text: Janata Party (1977–80)

text: In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests, with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country. In 1977, the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum, including the Socialist Party, the Congress (O) and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party, with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi.[24]

text: The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party's parliamentary contingent, with 93 seats or 31% of its strength. Vajpayee, previously the leader of the Jana Sangh, was appointed the Minister of External Affairs.[29]

text: The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. According to Christophe Jaffrelot, this proved to be an impossible assimilation.[30] The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged, retaining a strong association with the RSS, which did not sit well with the moderate centre-right constituents of the Party.[31] Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government, with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots at Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978–79. The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS, which the Jana Sangh refused to do. Eventually, a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party (Secular). The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament, forcing its resignation. Following a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party fared poorly, winning only 31 seats. In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, known as the Bharatiya Janata Party.[32][29]

text: BJP (1980–present)

text: Formation and early days

text: Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president. Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims. The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal, emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism.[10] This was unsuccessful, as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984.[10] The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats, contributing to the low number for the BJP.[33]

text: Babri Masjid demolition and the Hindutva movement

text: The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism.[34][35] In 1984, Advani was appointed president of the party, and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. In the early 1980s, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri mosque in Ayodhya. The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527. There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there.[36] The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque.[37] The BJP threw its support behind this campaign, and made it a part of their election platform. It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V. P. Singh.[38]

text: In September 1990, Advani began a rath yatra (chariot journey) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement. According to Guha, the imagery employed by the yatra was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim", and the speeches delivered by Advani during the yatra accused the government of appeasing Muslims and practising "pseudo-secularism" that obstructed the legitimate aspirations of Hindus.[39] Advani defended the yatra, stating that it had been free of incident from Somnath to Ayodhya, and that the English media were to blame for the violence that followed.[40] Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav. A large number of kar sevaks nonetheless converged on Ayodhya. On the orders of Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, 150,000 of them were detained, yet half as many managed to reach Ayodhya and some attacked the mosque. Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks. Hindus were urged by VHP to "take revenge" for these deaths, resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh. [41] The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh general elections. It once again increased its tally, to 120 seats, and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.[42]

text: On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.[42] Under circumstances that are not entirely clear, the rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque.[42] Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.[42] The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.[43][44] Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.[42]

text: A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.[44] Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi. The report also criticised Kalyan Singh, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.[44] He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.[44] Anju Gupta, an Indian Police Service officer in charge of Advani's security, appeared as a prominent witness before the commission. She said that Advani and Joshi made provocative speeches that were a major factor in the mob's behaviour.[45]

text: In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.[46] Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister, but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.[46]

text: NDA government (1998–2004)

text: A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Biju Janata Dal. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one which had an ideology similar to the BJP; Amartya Sen, for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.[47][48] The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister.[49] However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were held again.[50]

text: On 13 October 1999, the NDA, without the AIADMK, won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo-liberal economic policies.[51]

text: In 2001, Bangaru Laxman, then the BJP president, was filmed accepting a bribe of ₹100,000 (equivalent to ₹280,000 or US$4,300 in 2016)[52] to recommend the purchase of hand-held thermal imagers for the Indian Army to the Defence Ministry, in a sting operation by Tehelka journalists.[53][54] The BJP was forced to make him resign and he was subsequently prosecuted. In April 2012, he was sentenced to four years in prison.[55]

text: 2002 Gujarat violence

text: On 27 February 2002, a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra, killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks.[56] The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.[57] Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.[57][58] The then-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.[59] In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT and BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment.[60][61] Scholars such as Paul Brass, Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.[62][63][64]

text: General election defeats

text: Vajpayee called for elections in early 2004, six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "India Shining", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.[65] However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only a 186 seats in the Lok Sabha, compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies. Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.[65][66]

text: In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. It lost the next assembly election in 2013.[67]

text: General election victory, 2014

text: In the 2014 Indian general election, the BJP won 282 seats, leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543-seat Lok Sabha.[68] Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014.[69][70]

text: The vote share of the BJP was 31% of all votes cast, a low figure relative to the number of seats it won.[71] This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament[72] and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength. Support was concentrated in the Hindi-speaking belt in North-central India.[71] The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls.[71]

text: Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.[73] The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and Dalit people, as well as among Other Backward Classes.[74][71] Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.[74][71] The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters, and raising voter turnout among them.[71]

text: General election results

text: The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially created in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.[46] In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.[51] In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power.[75] For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.

text:
Year
General election
Seats won
Change in seats
 % of votes
Vote swing
Ref.

Indian general election, 1984
8th Lok Sabha
2
 2
7.74
 –
[76]

Indian general election, 1989
9th Lok Sabha
85
 83
11.36
 3.62
[77]

Indian general election, 1991
10th Lok Sabha
120
 35
20.11
 8.75
[78]

Indian general election, 1996
11th Lok Sabha
161
 41
20.29
 0.18
[79]

Indian general election, 1998
12th Lok Sabha
182
 21
25.59
 5.30
[80]

Indian general election, 1999
13th Lok Sabha
182
 0
23.75
 1.84
[81]

Indian general election, 2004
14th Lok Sabha
138
 44
22.16
 1.69
[82]

Indian general election, 2009
15th Lok Sabha
116
 22
18.80
 3.36
[83]

Indian general election, 2014
16th Lok Sabha
282
 166
31.34
12.54
[84]

text: Ideology and political positions

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text: Social policies and Hindutva

text: The official philosophy of the BJP is "Integral humanism," a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965, who described it as advocating an "indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage."[85][86] It is committed to Hindutva, an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. According to the party, Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation, thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion.[10] However, scholars and political analysts have called their Hindutva ideology an attempt to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions, making it a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense.[42][10][87][88] The BJP has slightly moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998, due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies.[42][51]

text: The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the Ram temple at the site of the Babri Mosque.[87] This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections.[87] However, the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it, leading to a decline of the temple's prominence in its agenda.[87] The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools.[89] Various scholars have stated that this revision, especially in the case of history textbooks, was a covert attempt to "saffronise" Indian history.[89][90][91][92] The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula, despite opposition from several leading scientists.[93]

text: Taking a position against what it calls the "pseudo-secularism" of the Congress party, the BJP instead supports "positive secularism".[87] Vajpayee laid out the BJP's interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi's doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sambhava and contrasted it with what he called European secularism.[94] He had said that Indian secularism attempted to see all religions with equal respect, while European secularism was independent of religion, thus making the former more "positive".[95] The BJP supports a uniform civil code, which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion, replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community. According to historian Yogendra Malik, this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority.[10][87] The BJP favours the abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which grants a greater degree of autonomy to the Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian union.[10]

text: The BJP opposes illegal migration into India from Bangladesh.[88] The party states that this migration, mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal, threatens the security, economy and stability of the country.[88] Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees, and reserves the term "illegal" for Muslim migrants.[88] Academic Michael Gillan writes that this is an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful.[88][96]

text: In 2013, the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality. There was a popular outcry, although clerics, including Muslim religious leaders, stated that they supported the verdict.[97][98] BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported section 377, because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural,[99] though its stand has softened after its victory in the 2014 general elections.[100]Senior party members including Arun Jaitley and Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician) openly support the rights of gender and sexual minorities in India. Vanathi Srinivasan BJP leader from Tamil Nadu launched the first book on LGBTQIA and Genderqueer in Tamil penned by Gopi Shankar Madurai.[101][102][103][104]

text: Economic policies

text: The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the Jana Sangh, it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates. It supported swadeshi (the promotion of indigenous industries and products) and a protectionist export policy. However, it supported internal economic liberalisation, and opposed the state-driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress.[105]

text: During the 1996 elections, the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation; its election manifesto recommended increasing foreign investment in priority sectors, while restricting it in others. When the party was in power in 1998, it shifted its policy even further in favour of globalisation. The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India.[105] This was criticised by the left parties and the BJP's affiliates (the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch).[105] The communist parties said that the BJP was attempting to appease the World Bank and the United States government through its neoliberal policies.[105] Similarly, the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology.[105]

text: The two NDA governments in the period 1998-2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the Congress government in the early 1990s.[106] India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan "India Shining" was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.[107] After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.[65][66][108]

text: This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.[109] Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.[110][111] Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper class constituency instead of the poor.[110][112]

text: Defence and counterterrorism

text: Compared to the Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.[113][114] The Vajpayee-led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests, and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act, which later came under heavy criticism.[113][114] It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil, and supported the United States' War on Terror.[115]

text: Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran-II, a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.[113] The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.[113]

text: The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory, later known as the Kargil War.[116][117] Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.[116][117] The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the US War on Terror, in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.[115]

text: After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.[114] The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.[114] It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament, where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass.[114] The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.[114] However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties, and the National Human Rights Commission stated that it had been used to target Muslims.[114] It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.[118]

text: Foreign policy

text: The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy, like the Jana Sangh, was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism.[119] The Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.[119] This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.[119][120] The party and its affiliates have strongly opposed India's long standing policy of nonalignment, and instead advocate closeness to the United States.[119]

text: The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy, while maintaining some aspects of it.[105][120] Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments, opting instead for realism.[121] His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan. In 1998, he made a landmark visit to Pakistan, and inaugurated the Delhi–Lahore Bus service.[119] Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration, which was an attempt to improve Indo-Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests.[119] However, the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later, causing the 1999 Kargil War. The war ended a couple of months later, with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later, without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries.[119] Despite the war, Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue. This was not well received among the BJP cadre, who criticised the government for being "weak".[119] This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post-Kargil Agra summit, preventing any significant deal from being reached.[119]

text: Organisation and structure

text: The BJP is the world's largest political party by primary membership, having 100 million registered members as of April 2015.[1][122] The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the president being the highest authority in the party.[86] Until 2012, the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three-year term.[86] This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms.[123] Below the president is the national executive, which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country. It is the higher decision making body of the party. Its members are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries, who work directly with the president.[86] An identical structure, with an executive committee led by a president, exists at the state, regional, district and local level.[86]

text: The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideology, such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:[86]

text:
The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (All India Student's Union), the students' wing of the RSS.[86]
The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (Indian Farmer's Union), the farmers' division.[86]
The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Labourers Union), the labour union associated with the RSS.[86]

tag: ul

text: The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:

text:
The BJP Mahila Morcha (BJP Women's Front), its women's division.[86]
The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (Indian People's Youth Front), its youth wing.[86]
The BJP Minority Morcha (BJP Minority Front), its minority division.[86]

text: Presence in various states

text: As of July 2017[update], the BJP has Chief Ministers in thirteen states:

text:
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam (with Asom Gana Parishad and Bodoland People's Front)
Chhattisgarh
Goa (with Goa Forward Party and Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party)
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand (with All Jharkhand Students Union)
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra (with Shiv Sena)
Manipur (with Naga People's Front, National People's Party and Lok Janshakti Party)
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand

text: In five other states, it shares power with other political parties. In all these states, the BJP is junior ally in the ruling alliance. The states are:

text:
Andhra Pradesh (with Telugu Desam Party)
Bihar (with Janata Dal (United), Lok Janshakti Party, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and Hindustani Awam Morcha)
Jammu and Kashmir (with Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party and Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference)
Nagaland (with Naga People's Front)
Sikkim (with Sikkim Democratic Front)

text: In the past, the BJP has also been the sole party in power in the following states

text:
Delhi
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka

text: It has been a part of the government in the following states as a junior ally being a part of coalition governments in the past:

text:
Odisha (with Biju Janata Dal)
Puducherry (with All India N.R. Congress)
Punjab (with Shiromani Akali Dal)

text: It has never been a part of the government in the following states:

text:
Kerala
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Tamil Nadu
Telangana (However, BJP ruled the Telangana region as Andhra Pradesh with its ally Telugu Desam Party before the state was bifurcated.)
Tripura
West Bengal

text: It also has a regional political alliance in the North-East named the North-East Democratic Alliance.[124][125][126][127]

text: Current BJP and NDA governments

text:
No
State/UT
NDA govt. Since
Chief Minister
CM's Party
CM Since
Seats in Assembly
Ref(s)

1
Gujarat
28 February 1998
Vijay Rupani
BJP
7 August 2016
123/182
[128]

2
Chhattisgarh
7 December 2003
Raman Singh
BJP
7 December 2003
49/90
[129]

3
Madhya Pradesh
4 December 2003
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
BJP
29 November 2005
166/230
[130]

4
Nagaland
8 March 2008
T. R. Zeliang
NPF
19 July 2017
50/60
[131]

5
Goa
6 March 2012
Manohar Parrikar
BJP
14 March 2017
22/40
[132]

6
Rajasthan
8 December 2013
Vasundhara Raje
BJP
13 December 2013
160/200
[133]

7
Andhra Pradesh
16 May 2014
N. Chandrababu Naidu
TDP
8 June 2014
108/175
[134]

8
Haryana
19 October 2014
Manohar Lal Khattar
BJP
26 October 2014
47/90
[135]

9
Maharashtra
19 October 2014
Devendra Fadnavis
BJP
31 October 2014
186/288
[136]

10
Jharkhand
23 December 2014
Raghubar Das
BJP
28 December 2014
47/81
[137]

11
Jammu and Kashmir
23 December 2014
Mehbooba Mufti
JKPDP
4 April 2016
55/87
[138]

12
Assam
24 May 2016
Sarbananda Sonowal
BJP
24 May 2016
86/126
[125][126][127]

13
Sikkim
24 May 2016
Pawan Kumar Chamling
SDF
12 December 1994
21/32
[125][126][127]

14
Arunachal Pradesh
16 September 2016
Pema Khandu
BJP
16 September 2016
49/60
[139]

15
Manipur
15 March 2017
N. Biren Singh
BJP
15 March 2017
32/60
[140]

16
Uttarakhand
18 March 2017
Trivendra Singh Rawat
BJP
18 March 2017
57/70
[141]

17
Uttar Pradesh
19 March 2017
Yogi Adityanath
BJP
19 March 2017
325/403
[142]

18
Bihar
27 July 2017
Nitish Kumar
JDU
27 July 2017
129/243