document_title: Epidermis

question_text: which layer of the epidermis is responsible for cell division and replacement

text: Epidermis

text: Structure[edit]

text: Cellular components[edit]

text: The epidermis has no blood supply and is nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air.[6] It is 95% keratinocytes[4] (proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal) but also contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells,[1] and inflammatory cells. Rete ridges (or rete pegs) are epidermal thickenings that extend downward between dermal papillae.[7] Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule.

text: Cell junctions[edit]

text: In the epidermis, the cells are tightly interconnected to serve as a tight barrier. The junctions between the epidermal cells is adherens junction type. These junctions are formed by transmembrane proteins called cadherins. Inside the cell, the cadherins are linked to actin filaments. In immunofluorescence microscopy, the actin filament network appears as a thick border surrounding the cells.[5] Yet, as noted, the actin filaments are located inside the cell and run parallel to the cell membrane. Because of the proximity of the neighboring cells and tightness of the junctions, the actin immunofluorescence appears as a border between cells.[5]

text: Layers[edit]

text: The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered.[8] Those layers in descending order are:[2]

text: cornified layer (stratum corneum)

tag: ul

text: clear/translucent layer (stratum lucidum, only in palms and soles)

text: granular layer (stratum granulosum)

text: spinous layer (stratum spinosum)

text: basal/germinal layer (stratum basale/germinativum).

text: The Malpighian layer (stratum malpighi) is both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.[4]

text: The epidermis is separated from the dermis, its underlying tissue, by a basement membrane.

text: Cellular kinetics[edit]

text: Cell division[edit]

text: The stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale. Differentiating cell delaminate from the basement membrane and are displaced outwards through the epidermal layers, undergoing multiple stages of differentiation until, in the stratum corneum, losing their nucleus and fusing to squamous sheets, which are eventually shed from the surface (desquamation). Differentiated keratinocytes secrete keratin proteins which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and is an integral part of the skin barrier function. In normal skin, the rate of keratinocyte production equals the rate of loss,[4] taking about two weeks for a cell to journey from the stratum basale to the top of the stratum granulosum, and an additional four weeks to cross the stratum corneum.[2] The entire epidermis is replaced by new cell growth over a period of about 48 days.[11]

text: Calcium concentration[edit]

text: Keratinocyte differentiation throughout the epidermis is in part mediated by a calcium gradient, increasing from the stratum basale until the outer stratum granulosum, where it reaches its maximum, and decreasing in the stratum corneum. Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very low in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions. This calcium gradient parallels keratinocyte differentiation and as such is considered a key regulator in the formation of the epidermal layers.[3]

text: Elevation of extracellular calcium concentrations induces an increase in intracellular free calcium concentrations.[12] Part of that intracellular increase comes from calcium released from intracellular stores[13] and another part comes from transmembrane calcium influx,[14] through both calcium-sensitive chloride channels[15] and voltage-independent cation channels permeable to calcium.[16] Moreover, it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration.[17]

text: Development[edit]

text: Epidermal organogenesis, the formation of the epidermis, begins in the cells covering the embryo after neurulation, the formation of the central nervous system. In most vertebrates, this original one-layered structure quickly transforms into a two-layered tissue; a temporary outer layer, the periderm, which is disposed once the inner basal layer or stratum germinativum has formed.[18]

text: This inner layer is a germinal epithelium that give rise to all epidermal cells. It divides to form the outer spinous layer (stratum spinosum). The cells of these two layers, together called the Malpighian layer(s) after Marcello Malpighi, divide to form the superficial granular layer (Stratum granulosum) of the epidermis.[18]

text: The cells in the stratum granulosum do not divide, but instead form skin cells called keratinocytes from the granules of keratin. These skin cells finally become the cornified layer (stratum corneum), the outermost epidermal layer, where the cells become flattened sacks with their nuclei located at one end of the cell. After birth these outermost cells are replaced by new cells from the stratum granulosum and throughout life they are shed at a rate of 0.001 - 0.003 ounces of skin flakes every hour, or 0.024-0.072 ounces per day.[19]

text: Epidermal development is a product of several growth factors, two of which are:[18]

text:
Transforming growth factor Alpha (TGFα) is an autocrine growth factor by which basal cells stimulate their own division.
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF or FGF7) is a paracrine growth factor produced by the underlying dermal fibroblasts in which the proliferation of basal cells is regulated.

text: Function[edit]

text: Barrier[edit]

text: The epidermis serves as a barrier to protect the body against microbial pathogens, oxidant stress (UV light) and chemical compounds and provides mechanical resistance. Most of that function is played by the stratum corneum.[10]

text: Characteristics of the barrier[edit]

text:
Physical barrier through keratinocytes attached together via cell–cell junctions and associated to cytoskeletal proteins, which gives the epidermis its mechanical strength.[3]
Chemical barrier through the presence of highly organized lipids, acids, hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides.[3]
Immunologically active barrier through humoral and cellular constituents of the immune system.[3]
Water content of the stratum corneum drops towards the surface, creating hostile conditions for pathogenic microorganism growth.[10]
An acidic pH (around 5.0) and low amounts of water make it hostile to many microorganic pathogens.[10]
The presence of non-pathogenic microorganism on the epidermis surface help defend against pathogenic one by limiting food availability and through chemical secretions.[10]

text: Factors that alter the barrier[edit]

text:
Psychological stress, through an increase in glucocorticoids, compromises the stratum corneum and thus the barrier function.[20]
Sudden and large shifts in humidity alter stratum corneum hydration in a way that could allow entry of pathogenic microorganisms.[21]

text: Skin hydration[edit]

text: The ability of the skin to hold water is primarily due to the stratum corneum and is critical for maintaining healthy skin.[22] Lipids arranged through a gradient and in an organized manner between the cells of the stratum corneum form a barrier to transepidermal water loss.[23][24]

text: Skin color[edit]

text: The amount and distribution of melanin pigment in the epidermis is the main reason for variation in skin color in Homo sapiens. Melanin is found in the small melanosomes, particles formed in melanocytes from where they are transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes. The size, number, and arrangement of the melanosomes varies between racial groups, but while the number of melanocytes can vary between different body regions, their numbers remain the same in individual body regions in all human beings. In white and Asian skin the melanosomes are packed in "aggregates", but in black skin they are larger and distributed more evenly. The number of melanosomes in the keratinocytes increases with UV radiation exposure, while their distribution remain largely unaffected.[25]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Laboratory culture of keratinocytes to form a 3D structure (artificial skin) recapitulating most of the properties of the epidermis is routinely used as a tool for drug development and testing.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Epidermis and dermis of human skin

Cross-section of all skin layers

Illustration of epidermal layers

Optical coherence tomography of fingertip


document_title: List of National Hockey League attendance figures

question_text: who has the best attendance in the nhl

question_tokens: who has the best attendance in the nhl

root

text: 2017–18 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
21,653
887,794
109.8%[2]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
21,299
873,283
100.1%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
41
19,517
800,214
99.9%

Detroit Red Wings
Little Caesars Arena
41
19,515
800,115
100.0%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,187
786,677
102.0%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Amalie Arena
41
19,092
782,772
100.0%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
41
19,036
780,501
106.0%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
41
18,905
775,105
98.0%

Washington Capitals
Capital One Arena
40
18,774
740,240
104.0%

Pittsburgh Penguins
PPG Paints Arena
41
18,579
761,764
101.0%

Buffalo Sabres
KeyBank Center
40
18,563
719,283
99.8%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
18,356
752,624
95.9%

Edmonton Oilers
Rogers Place
41
18,347
752,227
98.4%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
41
18,240
747,845
100.1%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
18,110
742,511
97.7%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
18,078
741,233
95.6%

Vegas Golden Knights
T-Mobile Arena
41
18,042
739,740
103.9%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
17,851
731,899
99.1%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
41
17,565
720,165
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
SAP Center
41
17,365
711,988
98.9%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
17,307
709,597
101.1%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
41
16,659
683,034
91.8%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
41
16,635
682,060
96.9%

Ottawa Senators
Canadian Tire Centre
40
15,829
615,037
85.3%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
41
15,586
639,063
87.1%

Winnipeg Jets
Bell MTS Place
41
15,321
628,161
102.1%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
15,200
623,240
92.0%

Florida Panthers
BB&T Center
41
13,851
567,897
81.3%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
41
13,320
546,142
71.3%

Arizona Coyotes
Gila River Arena
41
13,040
534,670
76.2%

New York Islanders
Barclays Center
41
12,002
492,086
75.9%

Total

1,271
17,446
22,174,263

tag: table

text: Notes

tag: p

text:
The Vegas Golden Knights began their inagural season at T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada during the 2017-18 season.
The Detroit Red Wings began play at Little Caesars Arena during the season.
The Verizon Center was renamed Capital One Arena
The MTS Centre was renamed Bell MTS Place
Totals do not include three outdoor regular season games.
The Ottawa Senators hosted the Montreal Canadiens during the NHL 100 Classic, played at TD Place Stadium in Lansdowne Park, Ottawa, on December 16, 2017.
The Buffalo Sabres and New York Rangers played during the 2018 NHL Winter Classic, played at Citi Field in Queens, New York, on January 1, 2018.
The Washington Capitals hosted the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 2018 NHL Stadium Series, played at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis, Maryland on March 3, 2018.

text: 2016–17 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
21,751
891,827
110.3%[3]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
21,288
872,808
100.1%

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
41
20,027
821,107
100.0%

Pittsburgh Penguins
PPG Paints Arena
41
19,762
810,273
110.2%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,744
809,519
107.5%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
41
19,644
805,408
100.5%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
19,539
801,127
104.6%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Amalie Arena
41
19,092
782,772
100.0%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
41
19,070
781,879
106.2%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
41
18,727
767,829
97.1%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
18,509
758,891
97.9%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
41
18,506
758,746
100.0%

Edmonton Oilers
Rogers Place
41
18,347
752,227
98.4%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
41
18,240
747,858
86.0%

Buffalo Sabres
KeyBank Center
41
18,141
743,819
94.0%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
18,102
742,163
97.7%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
18,020
738,828
100.1%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
41
17,565
720,165
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
SAP Center at San Jose
41
17,508
717,833
99.7%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
17,159
703,555
100.3%

Ottawa Senators
Canadian Tire Centre
41
16,744
686,534
87.4%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
41
15,942
653,632
92.8%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
41
15,857
650,157
87.5%

Winnipeg Jets
MTS Centre
41
15,731
645,004
107.5%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
41
14,835
608,252
82.4%

Florida Panthers
BB&T Center
41
14,620
599,447
85.8%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
14,567
597,261
88.2%

New York Islanders
Barclays Center
41
13,101
537,149
82.9%

Arizona Coyotes
Gila River Arena
41
13,094
536,878
76.5%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
41
11,776
482,829
63.0%

Total

1,227
18,117
21,525,777

text: Notes:

text: The Detroit Red Wings will move to Little Caesars Arena for the 2017–18 season.

text: 2015–16 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
22,859
896,240
110.9% [4]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
22,288
872,808
100.1%

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
41
20,027
821,107
100.0%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
41
19,228
788,319
98.4%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,158
785,485
101.8%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
41
19,145
784,974
99.3%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Amalie Arena
41
19,092
782,772
100.0%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
40
19,062
762,481
106.1%

Buffalo Sabres
First Niagara Center
41
18,590
762,223
97.5%

Pittsburgh Penguins
Consol Energy Center
41
18,550
760,584
100.9%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
41
18,510
758,944
100.0%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
18,450
756,483
96.3%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
18,431
755,677
97.5%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
18,376
753,452
99.2%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
41
18,274
749,234
100.2%

Ottawa Senators
Canadian Tire Centre
41
18,084
741,472
94.4%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
18,006
738,246
100.0%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
40
17,565
702,600
100.0%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
16,971
695,828
99.2%

Edmonton Oilers
Rexall Place
41
16,841
690,499
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
SAP Center at San Jose
41
16,746
686,623
95.4%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
41
16,336
669,805
95.1%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
40
16,206
648,232
90.0%

Florida Panthers
BB&T Center
41
15,384
630,746
90.3%

Winnipeg Jets
MTS Centre
41
15,294
627,054
101.9%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
15,073
618,029
91.3%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
41
14,665
601,293
80.8%

New York Islanders
Barclays Center
41
13,626
558,705
86.2%

Arizona Coyotes
Gila River Arena
41
13,433
550,763
78.4%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
41
10,102
500,363
65.6%

Total

1,227
17,482
21,451,041

text: Notes:

text:
The New York Islanders moved from Nassau Coliseum to Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York.
Totals do not include three outdoor regular season games.
The Boston Bruins played the Montreal Canadiens outdoors in the Winter Classic at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts.
The Minnesota Wild played the Chicago Blackhawks outdoors in the 2016 NHL Stadium Series at TCF Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The Colorado Avalanche played the Detroit Red Wings outdoors in the 2016 NHL Stadium Series at Coors Field in Denver, Colorado.
The Edmonton Oilers will move to Rogers Place the following season.

text: 2014–15 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
21,769
892,532
110.4% [5]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
21,286
872,752
100.1%

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
41
20,027
821,107
100.0%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
41
19,270
790,107
98.6%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
41
19,097
782,977
99.0%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,062
781,576
101.3%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
41
19,023
779,944
106.0%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Amalie Arena
41
18,823
771,761
98.0%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
18,710
767,149
98.9%

Pittsburgh Penguins
Consol Energy Center
41
18,617
763,319
101.3%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
40
18,506
740,240
100.0%[6]

Buffalo Sabres
First Niagara Center
41
18,580
761,809
97.4%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
18,545
760,349
96.8%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
41
18,265
748,893
100.2%

Ottawa Senators
Canadian Tire Centre
41
18,246
748,112
95.3%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
18,006
738,246
100.0%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
41
17,565
720,165
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
SAP Center at San Jose
40
17,420
696,807
99.6%[6]

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
17,350
711,359
93.6%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
41
16,874
691,835
98.3%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
16,854
691,028
98.5%

Edmonton Oilers
Rexall Place
41
16,839
690,399
100.0%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
41
16,176
663,247
89.8%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
41
15,511
635,973
85.5%

New York Islanders
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
41
15,334
628,729
94.8%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
15,189
622,783
86.2%

Winnipeg Jets
MTS Centre
41
15,037
616,556
100.2%

Arizona Coyotes
Gila River Arena
41
13,345
547,149
77.9%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
41
12,594
516,375
67.4%

Florida Panthers
BB&T Center
41
11,265
461,877
66.1%

Total

1,228
17,439
21,415,155

text: Notes:

text:
Totals do not include two outdoor regular season games.[6]
The Washington Capitals played the Chicago Blackhawks outdoors in the Winter Classic at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C..
The San Jose Sharks hosted the 2015 NHL Stadium Series at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, against the Los Angeles Kings.
Jobing.com Arena renamed Gila River Arena.

text: 2013–14 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
22,623
927,545
117.6% [7]

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
41
22,149
908,131
110.4%

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
21,273
872,193
100.0%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
41
19,839
813,411
101.5%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
19,770
810,594
107.2%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,446
797,310
103.3%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
41
19,302
791,389
100.1%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
41
19,017
779,734
107.6%

Pittsburgh Penguins
Consol Energy Center
41
18,618
763,344
101.3%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Tampa Bay Times Forum
41
18,612
763,096
96.9%

Buffalo Sabres
First Niagara Center
41
18,579
761,767
97.4%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
41
18,505
758,729
103.1%

Ottawa Senators
Canadian Tire Centre
41
18,108
742,468
94.5%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
41
18,054
740,240
97.6%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
18,006
738,246
100.0%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
41
17,565
720,165
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
SAP Center at San Jose
41
17,133
702,480
97.6%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
17,025
698,059
88.9%

Edmonton Oilers
Rexall Place
41
16,828
689,949
99.9%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
16,600
680,619
97.0%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
41
16,469
675,248
95.9%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
41
16,295
668,133
90.5%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
41
15,483
634,832
82.9%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
15,257
625,570
88.7%

Winnipeg Jets
MTS Centre
41
15,004
615,164
100.0%

New York Islanders
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
41
14,740
604,362
93.4%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
41
14,698
602,619
81.0%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
14,658
601,008
79.1%

Florida Panthers
BB&T Center
41
14,177
581,286
83.2%

Phoenix Coyotes
Jobing.com Arena
41
13,775
564,798
80.4%

Total

1,230
17,587
21,632,479

text: Notes:

text:
Totals include six outdoor regular season games.
The Detroit Red Wings played the Toronto Maple Leafs outdoors in the Winter Classic at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, Michigan
The inaugural NHL Stadium Series had four games: Anaheim Ducks versus Los Angeles Kings at Los Angeles' Dodger Stadium, Pittsburgh Penguins versus Chicago Blackhawks at Chicago's Soldier Field, and two games at Yankee Stadium, with the New York Rangers playing visitor to both the New Jersey Devils and the New York Islanders.
The Vancouver Canucks played the Ottawa Senators outdoors in the NHL Heritage Classic at BC Place, in Vancouver, British Columbia.

text: 2012–13 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
24
21,755
522,619
110.4% [8]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
24
21,273
510,552
100.0%

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
24
20,066
481,584
100.0%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
24
19,786
474,878
101.3%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
24
19,426
466,224
103.2%

Ottawa Senators
Scotiabank Place
24
19,408
465,801
101.3%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
24
19,289
462,936
100.0%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Tampa Bay Times Forum
24
19,055
457,337
99.2%

Buffalo Sabres
First Niagara Center
24
18,970
455,290
99.5%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
24
18,947
454,740
100.2%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
24
18,794
451,075
104.7%

Pittsburgh Penguins
Consol Energy Center
24
18,648
447,560
101.4%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
24
18,178
436,295
100.3%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
24
17,734
425,638
95.8%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
24
17,565
421,560
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
HP Pavilion at San Jose
24
17,561
421,472
100.0%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
24
17,558
421,401
94.0%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
24
17,263
414,328
90.1%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
24
17,200
412,800
100.0%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
24
17,114
410,739
97.1%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
24
17,063
409,521
92.1%

Florida Panthers
BankAtlantic Center
24
16,991
407,806
99.7%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
24
16,974
407,386
99.2%

Edmonton Oilers
Rexall Place
24
16,839
404,136
100.0%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
24
15,887
381,308
92.5%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
24
15,444
370,677
85.8%

Winnipeg Jets
MTS Centre
24
15,004
360,096
100.0%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
24
14,564
349,558
80.3%

Phoenix Coyotes
Jobing.com Arena
24
13,923
334,165
81.3%

New York Islanders
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
24
13,306
319,362
82.3%

Total

720
17,721
12,758,849

text: 2011–12 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
21,533
882,874
109.2% [9]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
21,273
872,193
100.0%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
40
19,770
790,787
101.2%

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
41
20,066
822,706
100.0%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,505
799,686
103.6%

Ottawa Senators
Scotiabank Place
41
19,357
793,612
101.1%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
41
19,289
790,849
100.0%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
18,884
774,250
100.1%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
18,810
771,207
98.2%

Buffalo Sabres
First Niagara Center
40
18,680
747,209
99.9%

Pittsburgh Penguins
Consol Energy Center
41
18,569
761,224
101.0%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
41
18,506
758,746
100.0%

Tampa Bay Lightning
Tampa Bay Times Forum
41
18,468
757,192
96.2%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
18,191
745,852
99.9%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
39
18,109
706,236
99.9%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
41
17,772
728,683
98.4%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
41
17,565
720,165
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
HP Pavilion at San Jose
41
17,562
720,042
100.0%

Edmonton Oilers
Rexall Place
41
16,839
690,399
100.0%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
16,691
684,324
97.5%

Florida Panthers
BankAtlantic Center
41
16,628
681,763
86.4%

Carolina Hurricanes
PNC Arena
41
16,043
657,747
85.9%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
41
15,499
635,440
86.1%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
15,397
631,258
87.4%

Winnipeg Jets
MTS Centre
41
15,004
615,164
100.0%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
40
14,784
591,371
86.1%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
41
14,660
601,061
80.1%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
14,227
583,306
76.8%

New York Islanders
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
41
13,191
540,838
81.3%

Phoenix Coyotes
Jobing.com Arena
41
12,421
509,241
72.3%

Total

1,225
17,441
21,365,425

text: Notes:

text:
Totals do not include four regular-season opening games played in Europe, and one outdoor regular season games.
The Buffalo Sabres played one home game against the Anaheim Ducks at Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland.
The Anaheim Ducks played one home game against the New York Rangers at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Los Angeles Kings played two home games, one against the New York Rangers at Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden, and one against the Buffalo Sabres at O2 World in Berlin, Germany.
The Philadelphia Flyers played the New York Rangers outdoors in the Winter Classic at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

text: 2010–11 attendance statistics[edit]

text:
Team
Arena
Home Games
Average Attendance
Total Attendance
Capacity Percentage

Chicago Blackhawks
United Center
41
21,423
878,356
108.7% [10]

Montreal Canadiens
Bell Centre
41
21,273
872,193
100.0%

Philadelphia Flyers
Wells Fargo Center
41
19,715
808,328
101.1%

Detroit Red Wings
Joe Louis Arena
41
19,680
806,892
98.1%

Toronto Maple Leafs
Air Canada Centre
41
19,354
793,522
102.9%

Calgary Flames
Scotiabank Saddledome
40
19,289
771,560
100.0%

St. Louis Blues
Scottrade Center
41
19,150
785,150
100.0%

Vancouver Canucks
Rogers Arena
41
18,860
773,260
100.3%

Buffalo Sabres
HSBC Arena
41
18,452
756,568
98.7%

Washington Capitals
Verizon Center
41
18,397
754,309
100.0%

Ottawa Senators
Scotiabank Place
41
18,378
753,525
99.3%

Pittsburgh Penguins
Consol Energy Center
40
18,240
729,628
100.9%

New York Rangers
Madison Square Garden
41
18,108
742,432
99.5%

Los Angeles Kings
Staples Center
41
18,083
741,404
99.8%

Minnesota Wild
Xcel Energy Center
40
18,012
720,508
99.7%

Boston Bruins
TD Garden
40
17,565
702,600
100.0%

San Jose Sharks
HP Pavilion at San Jose
40
17,562
702,480
100.4%

Tampa Bay Lightning
St. Pete Times Forum
41
17,268
708,022
87.4%

Edmonton Oilers
Rexall Place
41
16,839
690,399
100.0%

Carolina Hurricanes
RBC Center
40
16,415
656,611
87.6%

Nashville Predators
Bridgestone Arena
41
16,142
661,861
94.3%

Florida Panthers
BankAtlantic Center
41
15,685
643,116
81.5%

Dallas Stars
American Airlines Center
41
15,073
617,997
81.3%

Colorado Avalanche
Pepsi Center
41
14,820
607,650
82.3%

New Jersey Devils
Prudential Center
41
14,775
605,803
83.8%

Anaheim Ducks
Honda Center
41
14,738
604,283
85.8%

Columbus Blue Jackets
Nationwide Arena
40
13,658
546,350
75.3%

Atlanta Thrashers
Philips Arena
41
13,469
552,230
72.6%

Phoenix Coyotes
Jobing.com Arena
40
12,188
487,543
71.2%

New York Islanders
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
41
11,059
453,456
67.9%

Total

1,222
17,126
20,928,036

text: Notes:

text:
Totals do not include six regular-season opening games played in Europe, and two outdoor regular season games.
The Carolina Hurricanes played the Minnesota Wild at Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland.
The Columbus Blue Jackets played the San Jose Sharks at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden
The Boston Bruins played the Phoenix Coyotes at O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic.
The Washington Capitals played the Pittsburgh Penguins outdoors in the Winter Classic at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The Montreal Canadiens played the Calgary Flames outdoors in the Heritage Classic at McMahon Stadium in Calgary, Alberta.
As of October 2010, Calgary's Pengrowth Saddledome was renamed Scotiabank Saddledome.[11]
As of August 2011, Buffalo's HSBC Arena was renamed First Niagara Center.[12]
Following the 2011 season, the Atlanta Thrashers relocated and became the current version of the Winnipeg Jets.
As of March 15, 2012, the Carolina Hurricanes venue, RBC Center, has been renamed PNC Arena.
As of September 3, 2014 the Tampa Bay Lightning venue Tampa Bay Times Forum has been renamed Amalie Arena.
Totals do not include two regular-season opening games played in Europe. The Detroit Red Wings played the St.Louis Blues at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden, and the Chicago Blackhawks played the Florida Panthers at Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland.
The Pittsburgh Penguins began play in their new arena (Consol Energy Center) on Wednesday, September 22, 2010. With a larger capacity, more luxury seating, and better amenities than their former home Mellon Arena, the Penguins are expected to have a larger average and overall attendance record in the 2010-11 season.[13]
As of July 6, 2010, Vancouver's GM Place was renamed Rogers Arena.[14]


document_title: Telephone numbers in Switzerland

question_text: how many digits in a swiss mobile number

text: Telephone numbers in Switzerland

text: Plan of 2002[edit]

text: The Swiss telephone numbering plan implements the ITU-T recommendation E.164 and is designated E.164/2002, based on its last major revision in 2002. It is a closed numbering plan,[1] which means that all telephone numbers, including the area code, have a fixed number of digits. Swiss area codes are officially termed national destination codes (NDC). A complete telephone number consists of ten digits: 0xx xxx xx xx. Two formats are distinguished: three digits for the NDC and seven digits for the subscriber number, and four digits for the NDC and six digits for the subscriber number. However, a few exceptions exist.

text: The associated dial plan requires that all numbers, even for local calls, must be dialed with the assigned NDC, in contrast to previous plans. When dialing from within the country, a prefix 0 must be dialed.

text: The plan was amended a few times, e.g., the transition of numbering zone 01 into 044 and 043.

text: National destination code[edit]

text: The national destination code (NDC) is the area code for Swiss telephone numbers. Within Switzerland the trunk code 0 must be dialed before the NDC, while it is not needed from international locations.

text: Telephone numbers are portable between numbering zones (ZN) or between GSM/UTMS mobile operators, and therefore an NDC does not imply that a caller is actually located in a particular zone or is serviced by any particular mobile operator.

text: The national destination codes are the following.[2]

text:
1 – ZN Zurich (until 1 April 2007, replaced by 44)
21 – ZN Lausanne
22 – ZN Geneva
24 – ZN Yverdon, Aigle
26 – ZN Fribourg
27 – ZN Valais/Wallis
31 – ZN Bern and surrounding areas.
32 – ZN Biel/Bienne, Neuchâtel, Solothurn, Jura
33 – ZN Berner Oberland
34 – ZN Region Bern-Emme
41 – ZN Central Switzerland (Luzern, Zug etc.)
43 – ZN Zurich
44 – ZN Zurich (formerly 1)
51 – business telecommunication networks (SBB, CFF, FFS)
52 – ZN Winterthur
55 – ZN Rapperswil
56 – ZN Baden
58 – business telecommunication networks
61 – ZN Region Basel
62 – ZN Region Olten-Langenthal(Oberaargau)-Aargau-West
71 – ZN Region Eastern Switzerland (St. Gallen etc.)
74 – mobile services: paging services
75 – mobile services: GSM / UMTS - Swisscom
76 – mobile services: GSM / UMTS - Sunrise (with Yallo, talktalk, Lebara, MTV Mobile)
77 – mobile services: GSM / UMTS - various (M-Budget, Tele2)
78 – mobile services: GSM / UMTS - Salt/Orange (with CoopMobile, cablecom)
79 – mobile services: GSM / UMTS - Swisscom
800 – freephone numbers
81 – ZN Chur
840 – shared-cost numbers
842 – shared-cost numbers
844 – shared-cost numbers
848 – shared-cost numbers
860 – voice mail access (+ 9 digits phone without the initial 0, i.e. +41 860 66 555 44 33 is the voice mail of +41 66 555 44 33)
868 – test numbers - Not accessible from abroad
869 – VPN access code ( + 3 - 10 digits)
878 – personal numbers (UPT)
900 – Premium rate service for business, marketing
901 – Premium rate service for entertainment,
906 – Premium rate service for adult entertainment
91 – ZN Ticino
98 – Inter-network routing numbers - Not accessible from abroad - Non diallable
99 – Internal network numbers - Not accessible from abroad - Non diallable

text: Short codes[edit]

text: Short dialing codes are assigned for special services or network features.[3][4]

text:
0 - Trunk prefix for calls within Switzerland
00 – International call prefix
1 – Short numbers, see table below (3, 4 or 5 digit length)
107xx – Carrier selection code (+ national or international number)
108xx – Carrier selection code (+ national or international number)
111 – Directory Enquiries (no longer in service - replaced with 1811)
112 – Police
113 – .
1141 – .
1144 – .
1145 – .
1151 – .
1152 – .
1153 – .
1154 – .
1159 – .
117 – Police
118 – Fire brigade
140 – Road assistance (TCS)
1414 – Air ambulance (REGA - outside Valais)
1415 – Air ambulance (Air Glaciers - Valais only)
143 – Psychological assistance ("the Helping Hand")
144 – Ambulance
145 – Poisoning/intoxication emergency
147 – Helpline for children
1600 – Regional announcement voice mail
161 – Speaking clock
162 – Weather forecast and meteorological conditions
163 – Traffic report and travel information
164 – Sport news
171 – Vermittlungsplaetze Stoerungsdienst
175 – Phone failures
176 – Feld Abfrage System
187 – Info about snow avalanches
188 – Info about exhibitions
1811 – Directory enquiries (Swisscom)
1818 - Directory enquiries
1850 - International directory enquiries

text: Alternate proposed plan[edit]

text: Instead of E.164/2002, another more ambitious numbering plan was proposed. In this plan the prefix 0 was discarded, and the area codes were defined differently, with 20 to 49 for geographic areas, 50 to 59 reserved, 60-69 for nationwide numbering, 70-79 for mobile services, 80-89 for shared-cost and toll-free numbers, and 90 for premium-rate services. The plan was not implemented because it required too many phone number and prefix changes, with associated high costs.

text: Changes[edit]

text: After 2002[edit]

text: The area code 01 was replaced with 044 (Zurich)

text: Between 1996 to 2002 (plan 2002)[edit]

text: On 29 March 2002 the Swiss dialing plan changed to a closed dialing plan, i.e. the zone prefix become mandatory also for local calls.

text: 058 - Corporate access (since 1 June 2000)

text: Until 1996 (plan 1996)[edit]

text: The previous plan removed a lot of area prefixes and added the seventh digit in phone numbers (usually a phone number (0cc) yx xx xx became (0dd) zzx xx xx).

text:
023 - Short prefix for some French regions
025 - Chablais, since 2 November 1996 in 024
026 - Martigny, since 2 November 1996 in 027
028 - high Valais, since 2 November 1996 in 027
029 - Greyerzerland/Pays d'Enhaut, since 2 November 1996 in 026
030 - Zweisimmen, since 9 November 1996 in 033
035 - Langnau im Emmental, since 9 November 1996 in 034
036 - Interlaken, since 9 November 1996 in 033
037 - Fribourg, since 2 November 1996 in 026[5]
038 - Neuchâtel, since 9 November 1996 in 032
039 - La-Chaux-de-Fonds, since 9 November 1996 in 032
040 - Telepage Swiss (pager)
042 - Zug, since 23 March 1996 in 041
043 - Schwyz, since 23 March 1996 in 041
044 - Altdorf, since 23 March 1996 in 041
045 - Sursee, since 23 March 1996 in 041
046 - Toll free, moved into 155 and then into 0800
051 - Zürich, moved into 01+7 digits, then replaced with 044
053 - Schaffhausen, since 23 March 1996 in 052
054 - Frauenfeld, since 23 March 1996 in 052
057 - Wohlen, since 23 March 1996 in 056
058 - Glarus, since 23 March 1996 in 055
059 - Short prefix for German regions, also for parts of France surrounding Geneva and northern Italy
061 - Basel
062 - Olten
063 - Langenthal, withdrawn and integrated into 062 Region Langenthal Oberaargau
064 - Aarau withdrawn and integrated into 062 Region Aarau, Fricktal
065 - Solothurn, since 9 November 1996 integrated into 032
066 - Delémont, since 9 November 1996 integrated into 032
067 - Short prefix for German regions
068 - Short prefix for some German regions
069 - Short prefix for some German regions
071 - St. Gallen, 30 March 1996
072 - Weinfelden, withdrawn and integrated into 071 Region Weinfelden (Thurgau) since 30 March 1996
073 - Wil, withdrawn and integrated into 071 Region Wil since 30 March 1996
074 - Wattwil, withdrawn and integrated into 071 Region Wattwil (Toggenburg) since 30 March 1996
074 - Pager
075 - Mobile phone "Natel D" (Swisscom) / previously used for Liechtenstein (Telephone numbers in Liechtenstein) which used to be within the CH telephone numbering plan.
076 - Mobile phone Sunrise
077 - Mobile phone "Natel C"
078 - Mobile phone Salt (Orange (telecommunications))
079 - Mobile phone "Natel D" (Swisscom)
092 - Bellinzona, Misox and Calanca Valley (GR), withdrawn and integrated into 091 (Ticino)
093 - Locarno, withdrawn and integrated into 091 (Ticino)
094 - Leventina Valley, withdrawn and integrated into 091 (Ticino)


document_title: I Dream of Jeannie

question_text: who played tony on i dream of jeannie

question_tokens: who played tony on i dream of jeannie

text: I Dream of Jeannie

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the pilot episode, "The Lady in the Bottle", astronaut Captain Tony Nelson, United States Air Force, is on a space flight when his one-man capsule Stardust One comes down far from the planned recovery area, near a deserted island in the South Pacific. On the beach, Tony notices a strange bottle that rolls by itself. When he rubs it after removing the stopper, smoke starts shooting out and a Persian-speaking female genie materializes and kisses Tony on the lips, shocking him.

text: They cannot understand each other until Tony expresses his wish that Jeannie (a homophone of genie) could speak English, which she then does. Then, per his instructions, she "blinks" and causes a recovery helicopter to show up to rescue Tony, who is so grateful, he tells her she is free, but Jeannie, who has fallen in love with Tony at first sight after being trapped for 2,000 years, re-enters her bottle and rolls it into Tony's duffel bag so she can accompany him back home. One of the first things Jeannie does, in a subsequent episode, is break up Tony's engagement to his commanding general's daughter, who, along with that particular general, is never seen again. This event reflects producer Sidney Sheldon's decision that the engagement depicted in the pilot episode would not be part of the series continuity; he realized the romantic triangle he created between Jeannie, "Master", and Melissa Stone would not pan out in the long run.

text: Tony at first keeps Jeannie in her bottle most of the time, but he finally relents and allows her to enjoy a life of her own. However, her life is devoted mostly to his, and most of their problems stem from her love and affection towards Tony, and her desire to please him and fulfill her ancient heritage as a genie, especially when he does not want her to do so. His efforts to cover up Jeannie's antics, because of his fear that he would be dismissed from the space program if her existence were known, brings him to the attention of NASA's resident psychiatrist, U.S. Air Force Colonel Dr. Alfred Bellows. In a running gag, Dr. Bellows tries over and over to prove to his superiors that Tony is either crazy or hiding something, but he is always foiled ("He's done it to me, again!") and Tony's job remains secure. A frequently used plot device is that Jeannie loses her powers when she is confined in a closed space. She is unable to leave her bottle when it is corked, and under certain circumstances, the person who removed the cork would become her new master. A multiple-episode story arc involves Jeannie (in miniature) becoming trapped in a safe when it is accidentally locked.

text: Tony's best friend and fellow astronaut, United States Army Corps of Engineers Captain Roger Healey, does not know about Jeannie for several episodes; when he finds out (in the episode "The Richest Astronaut in the Whole Wide World" [January 15, 1966]), he steals her so he can live in luxury, but not for long before Tony reclaims his status as Jeannie's master. Roger is often shown trying to make a quick buck or girl-crazy, and hopes to claim Jeannie so he can use her to live a princely life or gain beautiful girlfriends, but overall he is respectful that Tony is Jeannie's master, and later her husband. Both Tony and Roger are promoted to the rank of major late in the first season. In later seasons, Roger's role is retconned to portray him knowing about Jeannie from the beginning (i.e., to him having been with Tony on the space flight that touched down, and thus having seen Jeannie introduce herself to Tony).

text: Jeannie's evil fraternal twin sister, mentioned in a second-season episode (also named Jeannie and also portrayed by Barbara Eden in a brunette wig), proves to have a mean streak starting in the third season (demonstrated in her initial appearance in "Jeannie or the Tiger?" [September 19, 1967]), repeatedly trying to steal Tony for herself, with her as the real "master". Her final attempt in the series comes right after Tony and Jeannie get married, with a ploy involving a man played by Barbara Eden's real-life husband at the time, Michael Ansara (in a kind of in-joke, while Jeannie's sister pretends to be attracted to him, she privately scoffs at him). The evil sister, whose name is never revealed, wears a green costume, with a skirt rather than pantaloons.

text: Early in the fifth season (September 30, 1969), Jeannie is called upon by her Uncle Sully (Jackie Coogan) to become queen of their family's native country, Basenji. Tony inadvertently gives grave offense to Basenji national pride in their feud with neighboring Kasja. To regain favor, Tony is required by Sully to marry Jeannie and avenge Basenji's honor, by killing the ambassador from Kasja when he visits NASA. After Sully puts Tony through an ordeal of nearly killing the ambassador, Tony responds in a fit of anger that he is fed up with Sully and his cohorts and he would not marry Jeannie if she were "the last genie on earth". Hearing this, Jeannie bitterly leaves Tony and returns to Basenji. With Jeannie gone, Tony realizes how deeply he loves her. That outweighs all concerns he has had about Jeannie's threat to his career. He flies to Basenji to win Jeannie back. Upon their return to NASA, Tony introduces Jeannie as his fiancée, in which she attires herself as a modern American woman in public and it is easily accepted Tony found a girlfriend. This changed the show's premise in that instead of the avoidance of Jeannie's exposure, it was to hide her magical abilities. This is contrary to the mythology created by Sidney Sheldon's own season-two script for "The Birds and Bees Bit", in which it was claimed that, upon marriage, a genie loses all of her magical powers.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Barbara Eden as Jeannie
Larry Hagman as Captain/Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson
Bill Daily as Captain/Major Roger Healey
Hayden Rorke as Dr. Alfred Bellows

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Philip Ober as Brig. Gen. Wingard Stone (season 1, episodes 1 and 4)
Karen Sharpe as Melissa (season 1, episodes 1 and 4)
Florence Sundstrom as Jeannie's mother (season 1, episode 2)
Lurene Tuttle as Jeannie's mother (season 1, episode 14)
Barton MacLane as Maj. Gen. Martin Peterson (seasons 1–4)
Emmaline Henry as Amanda Bellows (seasons 2–5)
Abraham Sofaer as Haji, the "master of all the genies" (seasons 2–3)
Barbara Eden as Jeannie's evil fraternal twin sister, Jeannie II (seasons 3–5)
Vinton Hayworth as Maj. Gen. Winfield Schaeffer (seasons 4–5)
Barbara Eden as Jeannie's mother (season 4, episode 18)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Background[edit]

text: The series was created and produced by Sidney Sheldon in response to the great success of rival network ABC's Bewitched series, which had debuted in 1964 as the second-most watched program in the United States. Sheldon, inspired by the movie The Brass Bottle, which had starred Tony Randall, Barbara Eden, and Burl Ives as the jinn Fakrash, conceived of the idea for a beautiful female genie. Both I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched were Screen Gems productions. The show debuted at 8 pm, Saturday, September 18, 1965, on NBC.

text: When casting was opened for the role of Jeannie, producer Sidney Sheldon could not find an actress who could play the role the way that he had written it. He did have one specific rule: He did not want a blonde genie, because the similarity with the blonde witch on Bewitched would be too much. However, after many unsuccessful auditions, he called Barbara Eden's agent. When NBC began telecasting most of its prime-time television programs in color in fall 1965, Jeannie was one of two regular programs on NBC that remained in black and white, in this case because of the special photographic effects employed to achieve Jeannie's magic. By the second season, however, further work had been done on techniques to create the visual effects in color, necessary because by 1966 all prime-time series in the United States were being made in color.

text: According to Dreaming of Jeannie, a book by Stephen Cox and Howard Frank, Sheldon originally wanted to film season one in color, but NBC did not want to pay for the extra expenses, as the network (and Screen Gems) believed the series would not make it to a second season. According to Sheldon in his autobiography The Other Side of Me, he offered to pay the extra US$400 an episode needed for color filming at the beginning of the series, but Screen Gems executive Jerry Hyams advised him: "Sidney, don't throw your money away."[1]

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The first few episodes after the pilot (episodes two through eight) used a nonanimated, expository opening narrated by Paul Frees; the narration mentions that Nelson lived in "a mythical town" named Cocoa Beach in "a mythical state called Florida". The remaining episodes of that first season featured an animated sequence that was redone and expanded in season two, when the show switched from black and white to color. This new sequence, used from season 2–5, featured Captain Nelson's space capsule splashing down on the beach, and Jeannie dancing out of her bottle (modified to reflect its new decoration) and then kissing Nelson. Both original versions of the show's animated opening sequence were done by famed animator Friz Freleng.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Although the series was set in and around Cape Kennedy, Florida, and Nelson lived at 1020 Palm Drive[2][3] in nearby Cocoa Beach, locales in California were used in place of those in Florida. The exterior of the building where Healey and he had offices was actually the main building at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, north of Los Angeles.[4] "If you look at some of those old [episodes], it's supposed to be shot in Cocoa Beach, but in the background you have mountains — the Hollywood Hills," Bill Daily said.[5] In actuality, the home of Major Nelson was filmed at the Warner Ranch, in Burbank (on Blondie Street). Many exteriors were filmed at this facility. Interior filming was done at the Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood.

text: The cast and crew only made two visits to Florida's Space Coast, both in 1969. On June 27, a parade in Cocoa Beach escorted Eden and the rest of the cast to Cocoa Beach City Hall, where she was greeted by fans and city officials. They were then taken to LC-43 at Cape Canaveral where she pressed a button to launch a Loki-Dart weather rocket. They had dinner at Bernard's Surf, where Eden was given the state of Florida's Commodore Award for outstanding acting. Later, the entourage went to Lee Caron's Carnival Club, where Eden was showered with gifts and kissed astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the cheek, just two weeks before the Apollo 11 launch.[6]

text: The cast and crew returned on November 25, 1969, for three days for a mock wedding of Eden and Hagman staged for television writers from around the nation (timed to the airing of the nuptials episode on December 2) at the Patrick Air Force Base Officers Club.[5] Then-Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr., attended and cut the cake for the couple.[6]

text: Eden returned 27 years later, in July 1996, as a featured speaker for Space Days at the Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach Mayor Joe Morgan presented her an "I Dream of Jeannie Lane" street sign, later installed on a short street off Florida State Road A1A near Lori Wilson Park.[6]

text: On September 15, 2005, the area held a "We Dream of Jeannie" festival, including a Jeannie lookalike contest. Plans for one in 2004 were interrupted by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne. However, a Jeannie lookalike contest was held in 2004, with Bill Daily attending.

text: On August 24, 2012, Cocoa Beach City leaders honored the show with a roadside plaque outside Lori Wilson Park.[7]

text: Jeannie's origin[edit]

text: In the first season, Jeannie clearly was originally a human who was turned into a genie by (as later revealed (Season 1, Episode 2: My Hero?) the Blue Djinn when she refused to marry him (the term "djinn" is synonymous with "genie"). Several members of Jeannie's family, including her parents, are rather eccentric, but none is a genie. Her mother describes the family as "just peasants from the old country" (Season 1, Episode 14, What House Across the Street?). The Blue Djinn was played by Barbara Eden's first husband, Michael Ansara. In later seasons, he also played King Kamehameha (Season 3, Episode 15 The Battle of Waikiki), and Biff Jellico (Season 5, Episode 12 My Sister, the Homewrecker).

text: The topic of Jeannie originally being human is restated in season two during the episode, "How to be a Genie in 10 Easy Lessons". Jeannie mentions that she has a sister who is a genie, but the phrasing – "she was a genie when I left Baghdad" – does bring up the question of whether she, too, was born a genie. One small subplot that lasted over multiple episodes was WHEN Jeanie was born. In Season 2, Episode 10, "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday" it was revealed that Jeanie was born in 46 BC and in Season 2, Episode 13 "My Master, the Great Caruso" it was revealed that she was born on April 1.

text: In the third season, this continuity was changed retroactively and Jeannie was assumed to have always been a genie. All her relatives are then also genies, including, by the fourth season, her mother (also played by Barbara Eden beginning in Season 4, Episode 2 Jeannie and the Wild Pipchicks). This may have been done to increase the similarity with Bewitched, or simply to increase the number of possible plotlines. Whatever the reason, this new concept was retained for the rest of the series.

text: The TV movie I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later (1985) reiterates most of Jeannie's first-season origin when she tells her son, Tony Jr., that she was trapped in her bottle by an evil djinn after she refused to marry him. (No specific statement is given, however, about whether he turned her into a genie at that time or if she had been born one.)

text: In a 1966 paperback novel I Dream of Jeannie, by Dennis Brewster, published by Pocket Books, very loosely based on the series, Jeannie (in the book, her real name is revealed as "Fawzia") and her immediate family were established in the story as genies living in Tehran hundreds of years before Tony found her bottle on an island in the Persian Gulf (instead of the South Pacific, as depicted on TV).

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The first-season theme music was an instrumental jazz waltz written by Richard Wess. Eventually, Sidney Sheldon became dissatisfied with Wess's theme and musical score.[citation needed] From the second season on, it was replaced by a new theme entitled "Jeannie", composed by Hugo Montenegro with lyrics by Buddy Kaye. Episodes 20 and 25 used a rerecorded ending of "Jeannie" for the closing credits with new, longer drum breaks and a different closing riff. The lyrics were never used in the show.

text: Songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King wrote a theme, called "Jeannie", for Sidney Sheldon before the series started, but it was not used.[8]

text: In the third and fourth seasons of the show, another instrumental theme by Hugo Montenegro was introduced that was played during the show's campy scenes. Simply titled "Mischief", the theme was heard mainly on outdoor locations, showing the characters attempting to do something such as Jeannie learning to drive, Major Nelson arriving up the driveway, a monkey walking around, or reactions to Doctor Bellows. This theme featured the accompaniment of a sideshow organ, a trombone, and electric bass. It was introduced in the first episode of season 3, "Fly Me to the Moon".[citation needed]

text: The I Dream of Jeannie theme music was sampled by Dutch dance music DJ Ben Liebrand for the 1990 re-release of American hip-hop artist Dimples D.'s single, "Sucker DJ".

text: The bottle[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Jeannie's famous bottle was not created for the show. The actual bottle was a special Christmas 1964 Jim Beam liquor decanter containing "Beam's Choice" bourbon whiskey. It was designed by Roy Kramer for the Wheaton Bottle Company. For years, Sidney Sheldon was said to have received one as a gift and thought it would be a perfect design for the series. Several people in the Screen Gems art department also take credit for finding the bottle. Strong evidence, however, indicates first season director Gene Nelson saw one in a liquor store and bought it, bringing it to Sheldon.[citation needed]

text: Jeannie's bottle was left in its original dark, smoke-green color, with a painted gold-leaf pattern (to make it look like an antique), during the first season. The plot description of the pilot episode in TV Guide in September 1965 referred to it as a "green bottle". In that first episode, it also looked quite rough and weathered. Since the show was originally filmed in black and white, a lot of colors and patterns were not necessary. When the show switched to color, the show's art director came up with a brightly colored purple bottle to replace the original. The colorized version of the show's first season tried to make out that the smoked glass look of the original gold-leaf design is in fact purple, to match the consistent look of the bottle used in the second through fifth seasons.

text: The first season bottle had a clear glass stopper that Tony took from a 1956 Old Grand-Dad Bourbon bottle in his home, as the original stopper was left behind on the beach where Tony found Jeannie. In the first color episode, Jeannie returns to the beach, and her bottle is seen to have its original stopper (painted to match the bottle), presumably retrieved by her upon her return there. The rest of the TV series (and the movies) used the original bottle stopper. (During some close-ups, one can still see the plastic rings that hold the cork part of the stopper in place.)

text: During the first season, in black and white, the smoke effect was usually a screen overlay of billowing smoke, sometimes combined with animation. Early color episodes used a purely animated smoke effect. Sometime later, a live smoke pack, lifted out of the bottle on a wire, was used.

text: Jeannie's color-episodes bottle was painted mainly in pinks and purples, while the bottle for the Blue Djinn was a first-season design with a heavy green wash, and Jeannie's sister's bottle was simply a plain, unpainted Jim Beam bottle.

text: No one knows exactly how many bottles were used during the show, but members of the production have estimated that 12 bottles were painted and used during the run of the series. The stunt bottle used mostly for the smoke effect was broken frequently by the heat and chemicals used to produce Jeannie's smoke. In the pilot episode, several bottles were used for the opening scene on the beach; one was drilled through the bottom for smoke, and another was used to walk across the sand and slip into Tony's pack. Two bottles were used from promotional tours to kick off the first season, and one bottle was used for the first-season production.

text: Barbara Eden got to keep the color stunt bottle used on the last day of filming the final episode of the television series. It was given to her by her make-up woman after the show was canceled while the show was on hiatus. According to the DVD release of the first season, Bill Daily owns an original bottle, and according to the Donny & Marie talk show, Larry Hagman also owned an original bottle.

text: In the penultimate episode, "Hurricane Jeannie", Nelson dreams that Dr. Bellows discovers Jeannie's secret, and that Jeannie's bottle is broken when dropped. A broken bottle is shown on camera. This was intended to be the series' final episode and is often shown that way in syndication.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
30
September 18, 1965 (1965-09-18)
May 7, 1966 (1966-05-07)

2
31
September 12, 1966 (1966-09-12)
April 24, 1967 (1967-04-24)

3
26
September 12, 1967 (1967-09-12)
March 26, 1968 (1968-03-26)

4
26
September 16, 1968 (1968-09-16)
May 12, 1969 (1969-05-12)

5
26
September 16, 1969 (1969-09-16)
May 26, 1970 (1970-05-26)

TV movies
2
October 20, 1985 (1985-10-20)
October 20, 1991 (1991-10-20)

text: Multi-part story arcs[edit]

text: On several occasions, multipart story arcs were created to serve as backgrounds for national contests. During the second season, in a story that is the focus of a two-part episode and a peripheral plot of two further episodes (the "Guess Jeannie's Birthday" contest began with the opening two-part episode on November 14, 1966, concluding with the name of the winner revealed after the end of the fourth episode, "My Master, the Great Caruso", on December 5), it was established that Jeannie did not know her birthday, and her family members could not agree when it was, either. Tony and Roger use NASA's powerful new computer and horoscopic guidance based on Jeannie's traits to calculate it. The year is quickly established as 64 BC, but only Roger is privy to the exact date and he decides to make a game out of revealing it. This date became the basis of the contest. Jeannie finally forces it out of him at the end of the fourth episode: April 1. This date conflicts with the birthday given to her in the season 1 episode "G.I. Jeannie": July 1.

text: In a third-season four-part episode ("Genie, Genie, Who's Got the Genie?" January 16 – February 6, 1968), Jeannie is locked in a safe bound for the moon. Any attempt to force the safe or use the wrong combination will destroy it with an explosive. Jeannie is in there so long that whoever opens the safe will become her master. The episodes spread out over four weeks, during which a contest was held to guess the safe's combination. This explains why Larry Hagman is never seen saying the combination out loud: His mouth is hidden behind the safe or the shot is on Jeannie when he says it. The combination was not decided until just before the episode aired, with Hagman's voice dubbed in. Over the closing credits, Barbara Eden announced and congratulated the contest winner, with 4–9–7 as the winning combination.

text: In the fourth season, a two-part episode, "The Case Of My Vanishing Master" (January 6–13, 1969), concerned Tony being taken to a secret location somewhere in the world, while a perfect double took his place at home. A contest was held to guess the location where Tony had been taken. Unlike earlier contests, the answer was not revealed within the story. At the end of "Invisible House For Sale" (February 3, 1969), a special "contest epilogue" had Jeannie and Tony reveal to the audience the "secret location", Puerto Rico, followed by the name of the "Grand Prize Winner".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Time
Rank
Rating

1965–66
Saturday at 8:00-8:30 PM
#27
21.8 (tie)[9]

1966–67
Monday at 8:00-8:30 PM
Not in the Top 30[10][11]

1967–68
Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM

1968–69
Monday at 7:30-8:00 PM
#26
20.7[12]

1969–70
Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM
Not in the Top 30[13]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: When reruns debuted on New York's WPIX, Jeannie won its time period with a 13 rating and a 23 share of the audience.[14] The series averaged a 14 share and 32 share of the audience when WTTG in Washington, DC began airing the series.[15] It was the first off-network series to best network competition in the ratings: "The big switch no doubt representing the first time in rating history that indies (local stations) have knocked over the network stations in a primetime slot was promoted by WPIX's premiere of the off-web Jeannie reruns back to back from 7 to 8 pm."[16]

text: Reunion movies[edit]

text: Two made-for-television reunion movies were made that followed the further exploits of Jeannie and Tony in the successive years. For various reasons, Larry Hagman did not reprise his role as Anthony Nelson in either of these reunion movies. In 1985, Wayne Rogers played the role of retiring Colonel Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later. In 1991, I Still Dream of Jeannie was released with Hagman's Dallas co-star Ken Kercheval essentially playing the role of Jeannie's "master". A third film was planned, but never finalized.

text: Animated series[edit]

text: Hanna-Barbera Productions produced an animated series Jeannie. This animated series is completely separate from the Eden live-action series. Jeannie the animated series was originally broadcast from September 1973 to 1975, which featured Jeannie (voiced by Julie McWhirter) and genie-in-training Babu (voiced by former Three Stooges star Joe Besser) as the servants of Corey Anders, a high-school student and surfer (voiced by Mark Hamill).

text: Factual and geographic errors[edit]

text: NASA astronauts did not live in Florida at the time of the series. Since 1962, they lived and trained at the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center) in Houston.

text: Many of the exterior shots of Tony's home or other areas show mountains or hills in the background. The actual respective terrains of Florida and southeast Texas – where the real-life astronauts of that time lived and trained – are flat (especially the areas around Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach where the Nelsons were shown to have lived in the sitcom).

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Philadelphia punk rock band The Dead Milkmen has a song called "I Dream of Jesus", in which the singer's mother finds Jesus who is trapped inside a bottle. The song appears on the 1993 album Not Richard, but Dick.[17] "I Dream of Jesus" is also the title of a Family Guy episode.
In The Monkees episode "The Spy Who Came in from the Cool", Davy Jones rubs a small table lamp when a beautiful harem-costumed genie (not Barbara Eden) emerges from a puff of smoke and assures her “master” that she will help him. A bemused Jones remarks, “Imagine that—wrong show!” [18]
On Tom's Album, a compilation of versions of the song "Tom's Diner", a parody by Mark Jonathan Davis is called "Jeannie's Diner", which references and samples I Dream of Jeannie.
In Ferris Bueller's Day Off, star Matthew Broderick dances to the I Dream Of Jeannie theme song.
The Big Time Rush episode "Big Time Songwriters" contains a scene where Erin Sanders is dressed like Barbara Eden while reading a script for a movie or television show called "Teen Genie".[19]
Episode 15 of season 6 of the supernatural TV series Charmed was called "I Dream of Phoebe". In it, Phoebe Halliwell (Alyssa Milano) is turned into a genie, and wears a pale blue version of "Jeanie's" costume.[20]
Indian serial Jeannie Aur Juju is based on this series.
In The Bob Newhart Show 19th Anniversary special, Bob Hartley talks with his friends about the strange dream he had of being an innkeeper in Vermont. At one point, his neighbor Howard Borden recalls his own strange dream about being an astronaut in Florida, which leads to several I Dream of Jeannie clips with Roger Healey. (Actor Bill Daily had played both roles.)
During the song in "Stan of Arabia: Part 1", Stan Smith (the "American Dad!") sings that he wants his wife to serve him in the same manner that Master Tony was served by Jeannie.
The show's title came from a 1854 parlor ballad, "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" by Stephen Foster, whose opening line says, "I Dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair".
I Dream of Jenna and This Ain’t I Dream of Jeannie XXX (from the This Ain't... film series) are porn parody film titles referring to I Dream of Jeannie, the former also being a play on porn actress Jenna Jameson's name.
In the X-Men episode "Mojovision", the alien Mojo kidnaps most of the X-Men and casts them as his latest all-galaxy television hit. One of his TV shows featuring the X-Men is named I Dream of Jean (starring Wolverine and Jean Grey), a play on both I Dream of Jeannie and Jean Grey.
During the closing scene of A Very Brady Sequel, Barbara Eden cameos as Jeannie, crashing Mike and Carol Brady's second wedding and introducing herself as Mike Brady's wife.


document_title: Book of Exodus

question_text: how many chapters are there in the book of exodus

text: Book of Exodus

text: Structure[edit]

text: There is no unanimous agreement among scholars on the structure of Exodus. One strong possibility is that it is a diptych (i.e., divided into two parts), with the division between parts 1 and 2 at the crossing of the Red Sea or at the beginning of the theophany (appearance of God) in chapter 19.[5] On this plan, the first part tells of God's rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai (chapters 1–19) and the second tells of the covenant between them (chapters 20–40).[6]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Jacob's sons and their families join their brother, Joseph, in Egypt. Once there, the Israelites begin to grow in number. Egypt's Pharaoh, fearful that the Israelites could be a fifth column, forces the Israelites into slavery and orders that all newborn boys be thrown into the Nile. A Levite woman (identified elsewhere as Jochebed) saves her baby by setting him adrift on the river Nile in an ark of bulrushes. The Pharaoh's daughter finds the child, names him Moses, and brings him up as her own. But Moses is aware of his origins, and one day, when grown, he kills an Egyptian overseer who is beating a Hebrew slave and has to flee into Midian. There he marries Zipporah, the daughter of Midianite priest Jethro, and encounters God in a burning bush. Moses asks God for his name: God replies: "I AM that I AM." God tells Moses to return to Egypt and lead the Hebrews into Canaan, the land promised to Abraham.

text: Moses returns to Egypt and fails to convince the Pharaoh to release the Israelites. God smites the Egyptians with 10 terrible plagues (Plagues of Egypt) including a river of blood, many frogs, and the death of first-born sons. Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage after a final chase when the Pharaoh reneges on his coerced consent (Crossing the Red Sea and Yam Suph). The desert proves arduous, and the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, but God provides manna and miraculous water for them. The Israelites arrive at the mountain of God, where Moses' father-in-law Jethro visits Moses; at his suggestion Moses appoints judges over Israel. God asks whether they will agree to be his people. They accept. The people gather at the foot of the mountain, and with thunder and lightning, fire and clouds of smoke, and the sound of trumpets, and the trembling of the mountain, God appears on the peak, and the people see the cloud and hear the voice [or possibly "sound"] of God. Moses is told to ascend the mountain. God pronounces the Ten Commandments (the Ethical Decalogue) in the hearing of all Israel. Moses goes up the mountain into the presence of God, who pronounces the Covenant Code (a detailed code of ritual and civil law), and promises Canaan to them if they obey. Moses comes down the mountain and writes down God's words and the people agree to keep them. God calls Moses up the mountain where he remains for 40 days and 40 nights. At the conclusion of the 40 days and 40 nights, Moses returns holding the set of stone tablets.

text: God gives Moses instructions for the construction of the tabernacle so that God could dwell permanently among his chosen people, as well as instructions for the priestly vestments, the altar and its appurtenances, the procedure to be used to ordain the priests, and the daily sacrifices to be offered. Aaron is appointed as the first hereditary high priest. God gives Moses the two tablets of stone containing the words of the ten commandments, written with the "finger of God".[7]

text: While Moses is with God, Aaron makes a golden calf, which the people worship. God informs Moses of their apostasy and threatens to kill them all, but relents when Moses pleads for them. Moses comes down from the mountain, smashes the stone tablets in anger, and commands the Levites to massacre the unfaithful Israelites. God commands Moses to make two new tablets on which He will personally write the words that were on the first tablets. Moses ascends the mountain, God dictates the Ten Commandments (the Ritual Decalogue), and Moses writes them on the tablets.

text: Moses descends from the mountain, and his face is transformed, so that from that time onwards he has to hide his face with a veil. Moses assembles the Hebrews and repeats to them the commandments he has received from God, which are to keep the Sabbath and to construct the Tabernacle. "And all the construction of the Tabernacle of the Tent of Meeting was finished, and the children of Israel did according to everything that God had commanded Moses", and from that time God dwelt in the Tabernacle and ordered the travels of the Hebrews.

text: Composition[edit]

text: Authorship[edit]

text: Jewish and Christian tradition viewed Moses as the author of Exodus and the entire Pentateuch, but by the end of the 19th century the increasing awareness of discrepancies, inconsistencies, repetitions and other features of the Pentateuch had led scholars to abandon this idea.[8] In approximate round dates, the process which produced Exodus and the Pentateuch probably began around 600 BCE when existing oral and written traditions were brought together to form books recognisable as those we know, reaching their final form as unchangeable sacred texts around 400 BCE.[9]

text: Genre and sources[edit]

text: The story of the exodus is the founding myth of Israel, telling how the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belong to him through the Mosaic covenant.[10] The Book of Exodus is not a historical narrative in any modern sense:[11] modern history writing requires the critical evaluation of sources, and does not accept God as a cause of events,[12] but in Exodus, everything is presented as the work of God, who appears frequently in person, and the historical setting is only very hazily sketched.[13] The purpose of the book is not to record what really happened, but to reflect the historical experience of the exile community in Babylon and later Jerusalem, facing foreign captivity and the need to come to terms with their understanding of God.[14]

text: Although mythical elements are not so prominent in Exodus as in Genesis, ancient legends have an influence on the book's content: for example, the story of the infant Moses's salvation from the Nile is based on an earlier legend of king Sargon of Akkad, while the story of the parting of the Red Sea trades on Mesopotamian creation mythology. Similarly, the Covenant Code (the law code in Exodus 20:22–23:33) has some similarities in both content and structure with the Laws of Hammurabi. These influences serve to reinforce the conclusion that the Book of Exodus originated in the exiled Jewish community of 6th-century BCE Babylon, but not all the sources are Mesopotamian: the story of Moses's flight to Midian following the murder of the Egyptian overseer may draw on the Egyptian Story of Sinuhe.[15]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Salvation[edit]

text: Biblical scholars describe the Bible's theologically-motivated history writing as "salvation history", meaning a history of God's saving actions that give identity to Israel – the promise of offspring and land to the ancestors, the exodus from Egypt (in which God saves Israel from slavery), the wilderness wandering, the revelation at Sinai, and the hope for the future life in the promised land.[12]

text: Theophany[edit]

text: A theophany is a manifestation (appearance) of a god – in the Bible, an appearance of the God of Israel, accompanied by storms – the earth trembles, the mountains quake, the heavens pour rain, thunder peals and lightning flashes.[16] The theophany in Exodus begins "the third day" from their arrival at Sinai in chapter 19: Yahweh and the people meet at the mountain, God appears in the storm and converses with Moses, giving him the Ten Commandments while the people listen. The theophany is therefore a public experience of divine law.[17]

text: The second half of Exodus marks the point at which, and describes the process through which, God's theophany becomes a permanent presence for Israel via the Tabernacle. That so much of the book (chapters 25–31, 35–40) is spent describing the plans of the Tabernacle demonstrates the importance it played in the perception of Second Temple Judaism at the time of the text's redaction by the Priestly writers: the Tabernacle is the place where God is physically present, where, through the priesthood, Israel could be in direct, literal communion with him.[18]

text: Covenant[edit]

text: The heart of Exodus is the Sinaitic covenant.[19] A covenant is a legal document binding two parties to take on certain obligations towards each other.[20] There are several covenants in the Bible, and in each case they exhibit at least some of the elements found in real-life treaties of the ancient Middle East: a preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, deposition and reading, list of witnesses, blessings and curses, and ratification by animal sacrifice.[21] Biblical covenants, in contrast to Eastern covenants in general, are between a god, Yahweh, and a people, Israel, instead of between a strong ruler and a weaker vassal.[22]

text: Election of Israel[edit]

text: Israel is elected for salvation because the "sons of Israel" are "the firstborn son" of the God of Israel, descended through Shem and Abraham to the chosen line of Jacob whose name is changed to Israel. The goal of the divine plan as revealed in Exodus is a return to humanity's state in Eden, so that God can dwell with the Israelites as he had with Adam and Eve through the Ark and Tabernacle, which together form a model of the universe; in later Abrahamic religions this came to be interpreted as Israel being the guardian of God's plan for humanity, to bring "God's creation blessing to mankind" begun in Adam.[23]

text: Contents according to Judaism's weekly Torah portions[edit]

text:
Shemot, on Exodus 1–5: Affliction in Egypt, Moses is found and called, Pharaoh
Va'eira, on Exodus 6–9: Plagues 1 to 7 of Egypt
Bo, on Exodus 10–13: Last plagues of Egypt, first Passover
Beshalach, on Exodus 13–17: Parting the Sea, water, manna, Amalek
Yitro, on Exodus 18–20: Jethro’s advice, The Ten Commandments
Mishpatim, on Exodus 21–24: The Covenant Code
Terumah, on Exodus 25–27: God's instructions on the Tabernacle and furnishings
Tetzaveh, on Exodus 27–30: God's instructions on the first priests
Ki Tissa, on Exodus 30–34: Census, anointing oil, golden calf, stone tablets, Moses radiant
Vayakhel, on Exodus 35–38: Israelites collect gifts, make the Tabernacle and furnishings
Pekudei, on Exodus 38–40: The Tabernacle is set up and filled