document_title: Middle ear

question_text: besides connecting the pharynx to the ear what other purpose does the eustachian tube serve

text: Middle ear

text: Structure[edit]

text: Ossicles[edit]

text: The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.  The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea.  While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw bones present in reptiles.

text: The ossicles are classically supposed to mechanically convert the vibrations of the eardrum, into amplified pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea (or inner ear) with a lever arm factor of 1.3. Since the effective vibratory area of the eardrum is about 14 fold larger than that of the oval window, the sound pressure is concentrated, leading to a pressure gain  of at least 18.1. The eardrum is merged to the malleus, which connects to the incus, which in turn connects to the stapes. Vibrations of the stapes footplate introduce pressure waves in the inner ear. There is a steadily increasing body of evidence that shows that the lever arm ratio is actually variable, depending on frequency. Between 0.1 and 1 kHz it is approximately 2, it then rises to around 5 at 2 kHz and then falls off steadily above this frequency.[1] The measurement of this lever arm ratio is also somewhat complicated by the fact that the ratio is generally given in relation to the tip of the malleus (also known as the umbo) and the level of the middle of the stapes. The eardrum is actually attached to the malleus handle over about a 0.5 cm distance. In addition the eardrum itself moves in a very chaotic fashion at frequencies >3 kHz. The linear attachment of the eardrum to the malleus actually smooths out this chaotic motion and allows the ear to respond linearly over a wider frequency range than a point attachment. The auditory ossicles can also reduce sound pressure (the inner ear is very sensitive to overstimulation), by uncoupling each other through particular muscles.

text: The middle ear efficiency peaks at a frequency of around 1 kHz. The combined transfer function of the outer ear and middle ear gives humans a peak sensitivity to frequencies between 1 kHz and 3 kHz.

text: Muscles[edit]

text: The movement of the ossicles may be stiffened by two muscles. The stapedius muscle, the smallest skeletal muscle in the body, connects to the stapes and is controlled by the facial nerve; the tensor tympani muscle connects to the base of the malleus and is under the control of the medial pterygoid nerve which is a branch of the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve. These muscles contract in response to loud sounds, thereby reducing the transmission of sound to the inner ear. This is called the acoustic reflex.

text: Nerves[edit]

text: Of surgical importance are two branches of the facial nerve that also pass through the middle ear space.  These are the horizontal portion of the facial nerve and the chorda tympani.  Damage to the horizontal branch during ear surgery can lead to  paralysis of the face (same side of the face as the ear).  The chorda tympani is the branch of the facial nerve that carries taste from the ipsilateral half (same side) of the tongue.

text: Function[edit]

text: Sound transfer[edit]

text: Ordinarily, when sound waves in air strike liquid, most of the energy is reflected off the surface of the liquid.  The middle ear allows the impedance matching of sound traveling in air to acoustic waves traveling in a system of fluids and membranes in the inner ear.  This system should not be confused, however, with the propagation of sound as compression waves in  liquid.

text: The middle ear couples sound from air to the fluid via the oval window, using the principle of "mechanical advantage" in the form of the "hydraulic principle" and the "lever principle".[2]  The vibratory portion of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) is many times the surface area of the footplate of the stapes (the third ossicular bone which attaches to the oval window); furthermore, the shape of the articulated ossicular chain is like a lever, the long arm being the long process of the malleus, the fulcrum being the body of the incus, and the short arm being the lenticular process of the incus.  The collected pressure of sound vibration that strikes the tympanic membrane is therefore concentrated down to this much smaller area of the footplate, increasing the force but reducing the velocity and displacement, and thereby coupling the acoustic energy.

text: The middle ear is able to dampen sound conduction substantially when faced with very loud sound, by noise-induced reflex contraction of the middle-ear muscles.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The middle ear is hollow. In a high-altitude environment or on diving into water, there will be a pressure difference between the middle ear and the outside environment.  This pressure will pose a risk of bursting or otherwise damaging the tympanum if it is not relieved. If middle ear pressure remains low, the ear drum may become retracted into the middle ear <cite>.  One of the functions of the Eustachian tubes that connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx is to help keep middle ear pressure the same as air pressure. The Eustachian tubes are normally pinched off at the nose end, to prevent being clogged with mucus, but they may be opened by lowering and protruding the jaw; this is why yawning or chewing helps relieve the pressure felt in the ears when on board an aircraft.

text: Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The middle ear of tetrapods is homologous with the spiracle of fishes, an opening from the pharynx to the side of the head in front of the main gill slits. In fish embryos, the spiracle forms as a pouch in the pharynx, which grows outward and breaches the skin to form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube.[3]

text: In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella ( that is homologous with the stapes, or "stirrup" of mammals). This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis.[3] The columella is an evolutionary derivative of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase.

text: The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably, and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there is also a second auditory ossicle, the operculum (not to be confused with the structure of the same name in fishes). This is a flat, plate-like bone, overlying the fenestra ovalis, and connecting it either to the stapes or, via a special muscle, to the scapula. It is not found in any other vertebrates.[3]

text: Mammals are unique in having evolved a three-ossicle middle-ear independently of the various single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates, all during the Triassic period of geological history. Functionally, the mammalian middle ear is very similar to the single-ossicle ear of non-mammals, except that it responds to sounds of higher frequency, because these are better taken up by the inner ear (which also responds to higher frequencies than those of non-mammals). The malleus, or "hammer", evolved from the articular bone of the lower jaw, and the incus, or "anvil", from the quadrate. In other vertebrates, these bones form the primary jaw joint, but the expansion of the dentary bone in mammals led to the evolution of an entirely new jaw joint, freeing up the old joint to become part of the ear. For a period of time, both jaw joints existed together, one medially and one laterally. The evolutionary process leading to a three-ossicle middle ear was thus an "accidental" byproduct of the simultaneous evolution of the new, secondary  jaw joint. In many mammals, the middle ear also becomes protected within a cavity, the auditory bulla, not found in other vertebrates. A bulla evolved late in time and independently numerous times in different mammalian clades, and it can be surrounded by membranes, cartilage or bone. The bulla in humans is part of the temporal bone.[3]

text: Additional images[edit]


document_title: Make Your Own Kind of Music (song)

question_text: lost tv show make your own kind of music

root

text: Make Your Own Kind of Music (song)

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1969)
Peak
position

Australia KMR
72

Canada RPM Top Singles[1]
20

Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[2]
7

US Billboard Hot 100[3]
36

US Billboard Adult Contemporary
6

US Cash Box Top 100[4]
25

tag: table

text: Remixes[edit]

text: A remixed version of the Cass Elliot track was featured in the 1997 Dance compilation Dance Across The Universe (Part 1), which was released by Universal Records,[5] along with a separate club-only promo which featured four different mixes (one of them dubbed "The Mama Cass Mix").[6]

tag: p

text: Other versions[edit]

text: In 1972, Barbra Streisand released "Make Your Own Kind of Music" as a single in a medley with "Sing", which became an Easy Listening hit (#28) but only reached #94 on the Billboard Hot 100. Streisand also recorded parts of the song as a medley with The World is a Concerto for Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments.

text: Others who have performed the song include: Bobby Sherman, Paul Westerberg, and Ste McCabe. Mary Roos recorded a German-language version entitled Sing nochmal dieses Lied in 1970. It can also be found in the movie Beautiful Thing.

text: Sparky & Foe released a popular happy hardcore version of the song, featuring vocals by Charm.[7]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Elliot's version of the song features in the television series Dexter, associated with the characters Dr. Evelyn Vogel and the Brain Surgeon, in the episodes "Every Silver Lining", "This Little Piggy", and "Are We There Yet". The song's title is also the title of the ninth episode of the show's eighth season.
Elliot's version prominently featured in three episodes of the television series Lost, often associated with the character Desmond Hume, in the episodes: "Man of Science, Man of Faith", "Adrift", and "Flashes Before Your Eyes". A faint sitar version can also be heard at the end of "Live Together, Die Alone".
The song appeared in the Swedish documentary I en annan del av Köping (2007).
In February 2006, a Snickers commercial aired in the United States featured Sherman's version.
Elliot's version also appears in the play and film Beautiful Thing, alongside many more of her recordings.
It is used on one of Hallmark's musical greeting cards.[citation needed]
It was featured on a flash animation on Newgrounds.com, called "We Are NativeAmericanCats", but was pulled because of a lawsuit involving the record company.[citation needed]
In August 2009, it was used in commercials for home products retailer IKEA in Ireland, which opened its first store in that country that year.[citation needed]
In November 2010, it was used in advertisements for the French mobile phone company Bouygues Telecom.[citation needed]
In May 2015, Elliot's version was used for a montage of Sue Heck's years in high school, in the sitcom The Middle.[citation needed]
In March 19, 2016, Fancy Lad's skateboarding company uploaded their video "Is This Skateboarding" where the song is used to exemplify their strange approach to skateboarding

tag: ul


document_title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

question_text: what is penny's dad's name on the big bang theory

question_tokens: what is penny 's dad 's name on the big bang theory

text: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: Personality[edit]

text: Originally from a small town outside of Omaha, Nebraska, Penny has aspirations of becoming an actress. Until season 7, she worked as a waitress at the local Cheesecake Factory.[5][6] She is a Sagittarius, born on December 2.[7] She has full confidence in horoscopes and psychics, which has led to arguments with Sheldon and Leonard about their accuracy.[6][7]

text: In contrast to the rest of the group, Penny is not well educated nor savvy in a specific technical field, but she has great social skills and is more streetwise than her neighbors. She is very knowledgeable about popular culture.[8] She is messy and disorganized but appears to like it that way.[9] Having dropped out of community college prior to the start of the series, she is the only regular character with less education than Howard Wolowitz, who has a master's degree. She initially feels insulted when Leonard shows her a list of community colleges to go to at the beginning of season 2, but in season 6, she does go back to college, taking a history class. By the middle of the season, she is also taking an acting class, and at the beginning of season 7, she is taking a psychology class as well. Despite her weak education, she is insightful. While Sheldon routinely disparages both Penny's and Howard's educations, he occasionally acknowledges her intelligence and potential, though he rarely treats Howard so. He has also asked for her advice more than once regarding various social situations.

text: Leonard has likened her to The Hulk when she gets angry,[10] while Sheldon once said to recurring character Stuart Bloom that she would "maul [him] like a rabid wolverine" if Stuart woke her up from a sound sleep.[11]

text: A recurring theme is Penny's poor driving. She fails to service her vehicle regularly, and ignores her check engine light, which has been mentioned in multiple episodes.[12][13] She once left her car's passenger side wing mirror in a parking lot.[14] She once hit a Mercedes in a parking lot and left without leaving a note.[15] She also inadvertently reveals that she knocked the mirror off Bernadette's car and did not leave a note.[16] When her car's engine finally fails in Season 7, Leonard buys her a new one so she can go to auditions and pursue her dream of becoming an actress. In Season 8, after finding a job as a highly paid pharmaceutical sales representative at Bernadette's company, she obtains a company car and sells the one Leonard bought for her, returning him the money.[17]

text: In the fifth-season episode "The Speckerman Recurrence", it is revealed that Penny was a bully during her time at school. However, she seems to be genuinely unaware of the hurt her actions caused, and upon her realization, she attempts to make amends with a classmate she tormented, with little success.[18]

text: A recurring personality trait is her consumption of alcohol, specifically wine. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", Penny, while spending the evening with Bernadette and Amy, observes that they have finished the bottle of wine, and when Bernadette and Amy point out that they consumed only half a glass and no wine at all, respectively, Penny snaps, "Okay, don't judge me! So, what do you want to do, go to the movies, go dancing, lay down for a little bit?" At the end of that episode, she passes out while the three of them play Twister, and when Bernadette initially fails to revive her, she says "Penny, we're out of wine", which manages to wake Penny. In "The Intimacy Acceleration", Sheldon asks her, "If you could wake up tomorrow having gained any one quality or ability, what would it be?" Penny replied, “Well, not to steal from the Bible, but turning water into wine sounds pretty good.”. In "The Locomotive Manipulation", Leonard declines Amy's suggestion that the group spend a weekend in Napa Valley, leading to this exchange:

text: Interaction with Sheldon[edit]

text: A staple of the series' humor is Penny's awkward interactions with Sheldon, which are fueled by the fact that they are almost polar opposites in terms of intellect and social aptitude.

text: In one episode, Sheldon tries to "improve" Penny, rewarding her with chocolate for what he considers "correct behavior", as in operant conditioning of lab rats. Leonard noticed it and accused Sheldon of modifying her like Pavlov's dogs.[19] Although the two characters sometimes clash, and Penny is frequently irritated by Sheldon's obstinacy and lack of social awareness, she has developed an affection for him. She and Leonard occasionally talk and behave as if Sheldon were their child (once alluded to in season 11's "The Collaboration Contamination" when Penny actually uses a parenting book of Bernadette's on Sheldon), and Penny is very pleased whenever Sheldon acts tenderly towards her. Penny often calls Sheldon "sweetie", a term of endearment she frequently uses with other characters (a fact that Sheldon has himself pointed out), and Penny and Amy are the only principal characters who ever openly demonstrate their genuine fondness for Sheldon.

text: Evidence of Penny's affection for Sheldon is apparent in various episodes. Penny takes care of Sheldon while he is ill[20] and lets him stay at her apartment when he is locked out of his, or if he has a bad dream or is feeling unsafe;[21] Sheldon lent her money when she needed it[22] and takes care of her when she dislocates her shoulder.[14] Despite not being as well versed as the men in geek culture, Penny has shown attention to what each of her friends likes, although she still remains dismissive of them: during a Christmas episode, Penny gives Sheldon a signed napkin autographed by Leonard Nimoy. In return, Sheldon gives Penny several baskets of bath products and then a long hug, to both her and Leonard's surprise. When Sheldon's World of Warcraft account is hacked and the four men all back down from the much larger hacker who also steals Sheldon's Klingon Bat'leth, Penny kicks the hacker in the groin. Following her breakup with Leonard, Penny takes Sheldon along when she and some friends from work went to Disneyland, for which he is thankful. In the same episode, "The Spaghetti Catalyst", she notes that she takes Sheldon shopping for his linens. (This episode also shows her and Leonard acting like a divorced couple and Sheldon is their "son", a dynamic that recurs in successive seasons). She has also helped Sheldon resolve conflicts with Amy, as in "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver".

text: In "The Panty Pinata Polarization" Penny has a fight with Sheldon as he banishes her from his apartment and using their Wi-Fi as she got "three strikes". She defends herself by refusing to take down his order at the restaurant and then ruins his weekly Saturday laundry night but then he puts Penny's underwear on the telephone wire. After having a heated argument with his mother, Sheldon apologises to Penny and then they make amends with one another.

text: Sheldon has also acknowledged that he likes Penny, although he claims this was only because he was forced to because Leonard "made him", and that Sheldon liking her was a "hard row to hoe",[23] although in "The Intimacy Acceleration" Sheldon has admitted that he considers Penny a sisterly or motherly figure.

text: Nerd traits[edit]

text: A number of episodes depict Penny's assimilation of nerd culture through her relationship with the men, and has developed to quote some science fiction shows (like Star Trek), and movies (Star Wars). After Sheldon introduces her to the online role-playing game Age of Conan, Penny becomes addicted, to the point of ignoring her friends, her hygiene, her general appearance and her job, and pesters Sheldon incessantly for gaming advice. She finally overcomes her addiction when she realizes she has agreed to go on a virtual date within the game with Howard.[24]

text: In episodes such as "The Apology Insufficiency", "The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition", "The Wheaton Recurrence" and "The Love Car Displacement", she makes casual references to Star Trek.[25] In "The Bakersfield Expedition", Penny, Amy and Bernadette read some of the men's comics, believing there is nothing interesting in them, only to get into a huge heated argument about whether or not only Thor could wield his enchanted hammer Mjolnir.[26] In season 7's "The Proton Transmogrification", she alarms herself when she realizes that she understands Raj and Howard's corny Star Wars-related puns.

text: Penny sometimes references science and technology-related ideas. In "The Codpiece Topology", Penny, having previously learned of Schrödinger's cat in "The Tangerine Factor", is seen explaining that concept to her date. In "The Beta Test Initiation", Penny references beta testing when Leonard uses a software development analogy, to describe their attempt to start a romantic relationship again, although he points out he was technically talking about alpha testing. In "The Veracity Elasticity" she demonstrates fluency in Ubbi Dubbi by having a secret conversation with Amy Farrah Fowler in front of Sheldon and Leonard, when the guys are having their own secret conversation in Klingon.

text: Financial issues[edit]

text: A recurring theme throughout the series is Penny's ongoing financial problems. This is seen in "The Financial Permeability", when she finds herself behind on her bills, and borrows money from Sheldon, only to later become paranoid that he is pestering her for repayment, even though he makes no such indications of this - he misinterprets Penny's paranoia and even offers her more money, while Leonard points out that one of the few things about Sheldon that isn't insufferable is that he genuinely doesn't care about how long it will take to repay the money. More subtle references are seen in the fact that she once attempted to pay for her electric bill using a Starbucks gift card, an apology note and pictures of her in underwear.[27]

text: A subset of this trait is addressed by other characters is her freeloading. In the second-season episode "The Financial Permeability", when Penny is short on money, Leonard pays for her share of a group dinner, which causes Raj and Howard to joke that they would get free food too if they wore skintight jeans and a tank top. A recurring gag in the fourth season is Sheldon's frequent change of his and Leonard's Wi-Fi password to address Penny's use of their signal. In "The Thespian Catalyst", he changes the password to "Penny is a freeloader",[28] in "The Roommate Transmogrification" he has changed it to "Penny, get your own Wi-Fi",[29] and in the episode "The Speckerman Recurrence", he has changed it into "Penny already eats our food, she can pay for Wi-Fi". In the seventh season "The Convention Conundrum", when the women go out for drinks, and ponder their own maturity, and Penny questions the significance of that trait, Bernadette replies that it would mean that their check would be split three ways.[16]

text: Penny's financial situation takes a turn at the start of season eight, when she lands a job in "The Locomotion Interruption" as a sales representative at the pharmaceutical company at which Bernadette works. By "The Expedition Approximation", she is making enough money to be financially self-sufficient, able to sell the automobile Leonard previously gave her ("The Friendship Turbulence") and gives him back the money for it—changing their dynamic and leading to discussions on whether her future financial windfalls may prove difficult for him, given his insecurities. This situation was later exacerbated when it was revealed that Penny now actually earns significantly more than Leonard.

text: In the season nine episode "The Big Bear Precipitation", Penny reveals she hates her job as a representative but sticks with it because she still has large debts and also does not want to go back to waitressing or acting.

text: Family[edit]

text: In "The Maternal Capacitance", Penny reveals that her father Wyatt (Keith Carradine)[30] tried to raise her like a boy, which is a source of pain for her, leading her to have father issues. When she and Leonard begin dating, Wyatt comes to appreciate that she is dating an accomplished academic, rather than an uneducated hick, so much so that when he visits Penny in the fourth-season episode "The Boyfriend Complexity" following her and Leonard's breakup, it is revealed that she has not revealed the breakup to her father. When she later informs Wyatt of the breakup, Wyatt secretly encourages Leonard to not give up on her. In contrast to all other characters, Penny and her father's last name have not been revealed. Co-creator Bill Prady stated that Penny's last name will be revealed eventually.[31] Executive producer Steve Molaro, however, has since stated her last name will remain a secret.[32]

text: In an early episode, Penny talked to Raj about her sister having shot her brother-in-law.[9] In another episode, Penny accompanied the men to the comic book store to shop for a gift for her 13-year-old nephew.[11] In "The Boyfriend Complexity" (4–9), Wyatt (Penny's father) tells Leonard he wants grandchildren one day, "and I want them to grow up on a house without wheels".[30] In "The Dumpling Paradox", Penny has an unwanted guest, Christy, staying with her who had slept with her brother while being engaged to her cousin, saying, "she's kind of family". Christy knows Penny from back in Omaha and, according to Penny, she slept with nearly every man in the city, earning her the nickname "Whore of Omaha". While staying with Penny, Christy sleeps with Howard.[33]

text: In the Season 5 episode "The Pulled Groin Extrapolation", after Penny quickly grabs and eats the last dumpling of a group dinner after a brief disagreement over who should get it, Sheldon makes the sarcastic comment, "I've seen pictures of your mother. Keep eating", a reference to Penny's mother's weight, that clearly unsettles her. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", Penny confesses to Bernadette that her mother smoked pot while she was pregnant with her.

text: Penny has mentioned having a sister who appears to be the mother of her 13-year-old nephew mentioned in Season 2. In "The Bachelor Party Corrosion", Penny tells Bernadette, Amy and viewers that at her sister's wedding she was heavily pregnant since she and their father started a father-daughter dance and then her water broke.

text: Penny has mentioned having a brother on parole, who she says is "kind of a chemist". In "The Rhinitis Revelation" (5–6), she is more explicit in revealing that he is in the practice of cooking crystal meth.[34] She mentions that he is back in prison for 12–18 months, depending on his behavior, in the seventh-season finale, "The Status Quo Combustion".

text: Penny's mother Susan, who Penny has occasionally spoken with on the phone in prior episodes (usually about other family members), finally appears in the Season 10 premiere episode "The Conjugal Conjecture", portrayed by Katey Sagal. She is shown to be very embarrassed by her family's shortcomings: her son's criminal record and jailing, Wyatt's drinking, and their overall humble existence as a farming family. Although she has previously met Leonard and likes him, she is uncomfortable about meeting his academic parents, not wanting them to think of her family as "white trash". She goes to great lengths to present them in the best possible light, including buying dental implants for her son.

text: Work[edit]

text: Until the seventh season, Penny's main job was as a waitress at her local The Cheesecake Factory, although in the first-season episode "The Grasshopper Experiment" she trained as a bartender. It seemed that she occasionally picked up the bartending shift in the restaurant. In 2010, when actress Kaley Cuoco broke her leg, Penny was shown working as a bartender in several season 4 episodes to hide the cast on her leg.

text: Her work at The Cheesecake Factory, was initially meant to be a temporary job for her desired profession as an actress, although her expectations are somewhat high and naive at the beginning. She admits in season two that her plan was to be a waitress for six months and then become a movie star, and her back-up plan was to become a TV star. She regularly goes to castings, but often ends up unsuccessful, or finding the role being auditioned to be quite different from what she expected, as was the case when she thought she was auditioning for a cat food commercial and it instead turned out to be a casting for a pornographic film. In the season one episode "The Loobenfeld Decay", she is cast in a production of Rent, and in "The Terminator Decoupling" she refers to another of her roles as "Anne Frank in a theater above a bowling alley". Frustrated with her acting career, in the season five premiere, she briefly considers returning to Nebraska until landing a part in a commercial for hemorrhoid cream. In "The Monster Isolation", Penny is seen performing the role of Blanche DuBois in her acting class' production of A Streetcar Named Desire. In this episode Sheldon, who attended the show along with Leonard and Amy, is impressed with Penny's ability to memorize lines, but still couldn't remember customers' orders as a waitress. In the season seven premiere, she was revealed to have had a topless shower scene in a low budget horror film named "Serial Apeist" when she first moved to California, which she did not realise had been uploaded to the internet until Sheldon revealed it was available online and the gang saw it on the day they met her.

text: In the season seven episode "The Hesitation Ramification", Penny believes she has finally found stardom when she lands a brief role in NCIS. She is devastated when her scene is cut, but later decides it is time to focus solely on acting; she quits her job at The Cheesecake Factory to devote herself to become an actress.

text: Despite usually going to her neighbors for technical assistance when she has problems with her computer, Penny does have some mechanical skills of her own. When she was a child, she rebuilt a tractor engine on the farm where she grew up[9] and competed in a junior rodeo.[35]

text: During season eight, Penny gives up her acting career and gets a job as a salesperson at Bernadette's pharmaceutical company. The next season has Penny admitting that she hates her job flirting with her customers for sales.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Unlike the rest of the main characters, Penny is very outgoing and assertive, and has many romantic relationships over the course of the series. She often dates, and in one way or another all the men have gone to her for dating advice. In the fourth season opener, Sheldon estimates that Penny has dated 193 men, and had sex with 31 of them. Penny strenuously denies it was ever that many. Amy asks Penny in the same conversation if, in light of her sex partners, she considers herself a "slut", Penny responds uncertainly, "No. No. ... No?"[12]

text: In the series premiere, Penny moves in across the hall from Leonard and Sheldon because of her recent split from her boyfriend, Kurt, after living together for four years. She says she still loves him, even though he cheated on her.[6] Kurt makes two more appearances in the series.[22][36]

text: From the beginning,[6] Leonard's infatuation with Penny becomes a major force that drives the series. Howard also shows interest in her (primarily sexual), but he is always rejected abruptly due to his unsettling approaches. Although Penny occasionally teases Raj for his inability to speak to her, she is sympathetic and kind towards him, and as with Sheldon, she almost always overlooks his idiosyncrasies and appreciates that his intentions are good.

text: In the first-season episode "The Fuzzy Boots Corollary", Penny describes her approach after a failed relationship: she picks up an attractive man to have rebound sex with over the course of a 36-hour weekend, then leaves him.[37]

text: In the first-season finale, Penny breaks up with her boyfriend after he posts intimate details about their private life on his blog. This gives Leonard the opportunity to ask her out on a first official date.[38] Although the date is successful, Penny becomes worried after she lies to Leonard about graduating from community college (it is mentioned in a later episode, "The Cohabitation Formulation", that she was enrolled in one, but dropped out). When Sheldon asks her why she lied, she indicates that she is self-conscious about her comparative level of education. Leonard eventually learns the truth, but makes matters worse when he tries to encourage Penny to enroll in Pasadena City College, as Penny interprets his suggestion as an insult to her intelligence, and rebuffs him.[39]

text: In "The Maternal Capacitance", Penny's introduction to Leonard's mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, causes Penny and Leonard to seek comfort in each other. They nearly have sex, but when Leonard comments in bed that she was attracted to him because of a psychological need to be closer to her father, her revulsion at this causes her to rebuff him.[40]

text: Afterwards, Penny dates Stuart, from the comic book store, but their dates do not lead to a relationship. The first time, Penny and Stuart are interrupted by Sheldon, who argues at length with Stuart over whether Dick Grayson or Jason Todd should be Batman's successor, while Penny falls to sleep.[11] Their dating ends in "The Classified Materials Turbulence", when Penny and Stuart are kissing, and Penny mistakenly calls him "Leonard".[41]

text: In the second-season finale Penny finally shows strong romantic feelings for Leonard. When she discovers that Leonard, Sheldon, Howard, and Raj will be spending three months at the magnetic North Pole for a scientific experiment, she becomes sad and gives Leonard a Snuggie and a long hug, that Leonard perceives as unusually long. Although Penny dismisses the meaning into which Leonard reads the gift and the hug, she later admits to herself that it meant that she did not want him to leave.[42]

text: In the third-season premiere, after the men returned from the expedition, Penny kisses Leonard immediately upon his return, having missed him immensely.[43] Initially, Leonard and Penny feel uncomfortable with their new relationship, and they agreed to remain only friends, but are unable to maintain this resolution and began a stable relationship.[44] Their relationship sours, however, when Leonard tells Penny he loves her for the first time, and an unsure Penny simply replied, "Thank you." The resulting tension eventually led to Penny breaking up with Leonard during a bowling match.[45] However, they remain friends and even sleep together once after breaking up after Penny gets drunk following a bad date with Zack Johnson, after she realizes Leonard ruined her ability to tolerate and date unintelligent men.[46]

text: In the fourth season, Penny reveals to her friends Bernadette Rostenkowski and Amy Farrah Fowler during a "Truth or Dare?" game that she has still not moved on from Leonard. This is further implied in "The Justice League Recombination" when she indicates to Leonard that her reunion with Zack, and Zack's decision to have the two of them join the men in dressing up as the Justice League for New Year's Eve costume party at Stuart's comic shop is made difficult by her history with Leonard. In "The Love Car Displacement", Penny and the rest of the cast attend an academic conference in Big Sur. She and Leonard share the same hotel room for the night and they almost have sex until Raj walks in on them. The next day, bored with the conference, Penny accepts a ride back to Los Angeles from Professor Glenn, Bernadette's tall and attractive ex-boyfriend. When Raj's sister, Priya, returns in the episode "The Cohabitation Formulation", Priya and Leonard begin a romantic relationship. Penny appears to be initially accepting of their relationship, but is later discovered by Amy to be heartbroken over it.

text: In the Season four finale, Penny reveals to Raj that she regrets breaking up with Leonard. However, even though she and Raj both agree to be friends, they get drunk and wake up in bed together, apparently both naked, the next morning. Leonard, Sheldon, and Howard discover Penny leaving the apartment, deducing that they just had sex. In the Season 5 premiere, Raj confides to her that they had not consummated their encounter, prompting Penny to refer to Raj as "Quickdraw" because of that. She spends the rest of the episode with Amy, avoiding the men due to her embarrassment over her encounter with Raj

text: In "The Ornithophobia Diffusion" Leonard and Penny go on a platonic date as friends, but after Leonard decides that he does not have to pay for everything or defer to her because they are not a couple, they end up bickering and sabotaging each other's attempts to socialize with members of the opposite sex. Penny realizes that she finds Leonard's more assertive demeanor attractive, but when he regresses to groveling in order to have sex with her, she rebuffs him.

text: On the spur of the moment in "The Recombination Hypothesis", Leonard asks Penny out on a date after he imagines what getting back with her might be like. In "The Beta Test Initiation", their date goes well until Leonard asks about the status of their relationship. This causes conflict, due to Penny's subsequent admission that commitment frightens her, but they agree to take their relationship slowly. On a spur of the moment while having sex in "The Launch Acceleration", however, Leonard proposes to her, causing Penny great distress. After discussing the matter, Penny declines his proposal, while affirming her feelings for him, and her desire to remain with him. In the season 6 episode "The Date Night Variable", Leonard wants a reluctant Penny to define their relationship. In "The Decoupling Fluctuation", she wonders if she is really in love with him, but cannot bring herself to discuss it with Leonard. In "The Date Night Variable", Raj shows up unannounced at a private dinner of Penny and Leonard's, and inserts himself into their discussion of where their relationship is headed. When Leonard complains that Penny has yet to say "I love you" to Leonard, Raj attempts to get her to say it, causing Penny to eject him from the apartment.

text: In "The 43 Peculiarity", Leonard becomes jealous of Penny's classmate, an attractive Englishman. At the end of the episode, Penny and Leonard discuss this, during which Penny casually mentions that she loves him, which Leonard notes is the first time she has said this to him. In "The Egg Salad Equivalency" Penny learns that Sheldon's attractive assistant Alex asked Leonard out to dinner and eventually admits to Leonard her own insecurity about their relationship. After a major argument with Sheldon, Leonard suggests moving in with Penny in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", but she indicates that she is not ready for this. In "The Tangible Affection Proof", Leonard again tries to propose to Penny on Valentine's Day, but she expresses that she is not ready for this, and is unnerved by that level of commitment. They resolve that when she is ready to get married, she can propose to him. In "The Bon Voyage Reaction", Penny deals with Leonard going off to Europe for a summer science assignment, resolving that they are more secure in their relationship.

text: In "The Hesitation Ramification", Penny, inebriated and frustrated over the state of her acting career, proposes to Leonard, who is hesitant to answer, given the circumstances. Though this further frustrates Penny, she admits in the following episode, "The Occupation Recalibration", that Leonard did the right thing.

text: By season 5, Penny has formed strong friendships with Doctors Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski, and the three are often seen spending time together. However, Amy and Bernadette occasionally prefer to meet without Penny, and often tease her incessantly.

text: In the penultimate episode of season 7, "The Gorilla Dissolution", she and Leonard become engaged, after Penny realizes that it is not fame she wants out of life, but happiness with Leonard. Throughout season 8, a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date. In the season 8 finale, Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas. Leonard happily accepts, but during the journey, after Penny expresses happiness that they will get married while knowing everything about each other, Leonard confesses to having shared a drunken kiss with another woman while on the boat in Europe, though he adds that the woman started it and he rejected her. Penny becomes hurt by the revelation, and even though she claims to forgive Leonard, there is clearly tension between them, leaving the season ending in a cliffhanger as to whether or not they will go through with the wedding.

text: At the beginning of season 9, Leonard and Penny marry, although not without some initial problems. They both reveal that they were subconsciously trying to sabotage their relationship, feeling unworthy of the other. After an aborted attempt for Leonard to move into Penny's apartment and live with his wife, Sheldon forces them to spend most of the nights a week in Leonard's old room. Although CBS now refers to the character with the married name Penny Hofstadter, it has not been explicitly indicated in series whether she took Leonard's surname.[47] In season 10, Sheldon moves into Penny's old apartment with Amy allowing Penny and Leonard to live on their own as husband and wife.

text: Development[edit]

text: In the original, unaired pilot of the series, the conception of the female lead was very different. She was called Katie, and was envisioned as "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior". Sheldon and Leonard would "approach her with honesty, to draw the real, sensitive Katie out".[31] The role was played by Amanda Walsh.[48] However, the test audiences reacted to the character negatively, seeing her as too mean. Because of this, the character was changed, and the role was recast.[31]

text: Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel praised Cuoco's portrayal of Penny, stating: "Her character had the potential to be a bimbo, but she [Cucco] has developed it into a fully fleshed-out woman, who isn't as book-smart as the other characters but is wiser in so many ways. She's also a great straight person, who can get off zingers of her own".[49]


document_title: Love Island (2015 TV series)

question_text: when does love island became available on itv hub

text: Love Island (2015 TV series)

text: Format[edit]

text: Love Island involves a group of contestants, referred to as Islanders, living in isolation from the outside world in a villa in Mallorca, constantly under video surveillance.[6] To survive in the villa the Islanders must be coupled up with another Islander, whether it be for love, friendship or money, as the overall winning couple receives £50,000. On the first day, the Islanders couple up for the first time based on first impressions, but over the duration of the series they are forced to "re-couple" where they can choose to remain in their current couple or swap and change.

text: Any Islander who remains single after the coupling is eliminated and dumped from the island. Islanders can also be eliminated via public vote, as during the series the public vote through the Love Island app available on smartphones for their favourite couple, or who they think is the most compatible. Couples who receive the fewest votes risk being eliminated. Often a twist has occurred where it's been up to the Islanders to eliminate couples. During the final week, the public vote for which couple they want to win the series and therefore take home £50,000.

text: During the first series, the Thursday episode was presented live by Caroline Flack where eliminations often took place and new Islanders entered the villa, however from the second series onwards the live episodes were axed except from the final.[7]

text: Whilst in the villa, each Islander has their own phone in which they can only contact other Islanders via text - or receive texts informing them of the latest challenges, dumping or recoupling.[8] Islanders and couples are typically faced with many games and challenges to take part in designed to test their physical and mental ability, with the winners getting special prizes afterwards. Some Islanders are also sent on dates outside the villa, or can win dates by winning challenges.

text: History[edit]

text: On 13 February 2015, it was confirmed that Love Island would be returning, and would be aired on ITV2. However this series would include members of the public rather than celebrities.[9] On 18 April 2015, it was announced that Caroline Flack would be hosting the show.[10] The series finally returned on 7 June 2015 with a live special showing the new Islanders enter the villa. During the series a number of guests entered the villa including Calum Best, who was one of the Islanders in the original series back in 2005, and went on to win the series.[11] Mark Wright also made a guest appearance in this series DJing for Lauren Richardson's birthday party.[12] The series ended on 15 July 2015 and was won by Jess Hayes and Max Morley.[13] Islanders Cally Jane Beech and Luis Morrison became the first couple from the show to have a baby together.[14][15]

text: The second series was confirmed on 14 February 2016,[16] and began airing on 30 May 2016.[17] This series featured the first Islander to be removed from the villa. Malia Arkian only spent a matter of hours in the villa before she was removed from the series by the producers after an altercation with Kady McDermott.[18] It also included a number of Islanders who decided to voluntarily leave the villa, the first being Rykard Jenkins.[19] Also during the series, Islander Zara Holland was stripped of her Miss Great Britain title due to her behaviour in the villa.[20] The second series also included Sophie Gradon and Katie Salmon becoming the first same-sex couple in the show.[21] The series was eventually won by Cara De La Hoyde and Nathan Massey on 11 July 2016.[22]

text: The third series was confirmed on 14 February 2017,[23] and began airing on 5 June 2017.[24] This series was the first series to include a second villa, which was brought into the series during a twist set to put the couples to the ultimate test.[25][26] This series also featured dumped Islanders Mike Thalassitis and Sam Gowland return to the villa after being voted back in by the public; a first for the show.[27] The series ended on 24 July 2017 and was won by Amber Davies and Kem Cetinay.[28] During the final Aftersun episode of the series, which was presented live from outside the villa, it was announced that there would be a one-off reunion special airing on 30 July 2017 which will include all of the Islanders from the series.[29]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: During the first series, the aired a nightly highlights show five days a week, from Sunday until Thursday. This is the only series to date to premiere on a Sunday, and to end on a Wednesday. The Thursday episodes in this series were live and often featured eliminations or new Islanders enter the villa.[8] The launch and the final episode were also live. From the second series onwards the live shows were axed except from the final.[7] The series was also extended to air six nights a week instead of five. The series can also be viewed from the ITV Hub, a branch of ITV, after it airs.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: From the first series, a weekly re-cap episode entitled Love Island: The Weekly Hot List aired every Saturday and includes a round-up of everything that has happened in the villa over the past week.[30] This also includes unseen footage. On May 2017 it was confirmed that a new spin-off show Love Island: Aftersun would air during the third series.[31] It airs live on Sundays after the highlights episode and is hosted by main show host Caroline Flack. It also includes celebrity guests, former Islanders and a studio audience.[32] On 30 July 2017, Love Island: The Reunion was broadcast on ITV2, interviewing the islanders and remembering the most memorable moments from the third series. [33]

text: On 1 and 2 October 2017, Chris Hughes and Kem Cetinay starred in their own spin-off show, Chris & Kem: Straight Outta Love Island, which followed the popular double act as they write a rap song to perform at a Ministry of Sound club night. The two-part series also starred Chris and Kem's girlfriends from Love Island, Olivia Attwood and Amber Davies.

text: Villa[edit]

text: The villa is located in Mallorca with 69 cameras watching the Islanders' every move. It only includes double beds forcing them to share with each other, but has a special Hideaway bedroom for couples to spend the night away from the others.[6][34] It also includes an interview room where the Islanders are allowed to have their say in private. This room is called "The Beach Hut".[8] "The Pod" is also located inside the villa where Islanders can receive video messages from home, or receive other information from inside or outside the villa. During the third series, a second villa was introduced.[35] The villa was called "Casa Amor" which translates to Love House, and is located not far from the main villa.[26]

text: Series details and viewership[edit]

text:
Series
Start date
Finale date
Islanders
Winners
Prize money
Average viewers (millions)
Episodes

Series 1
7 June 2015
15 July 2015

23

Jess Hayes and Max Morley
£50,000

0.57

29

Series 2
30 May 2016
11 July 2016

26

Cara De La Hoyde and Nathan Massey

1.47

37

Series 3
5 June 2017
24 July 2017

32

Amber Davies and Kem Cetinay

2.52

43

text: Australian version[edit]

text: An Australian version, titled Love Island Australia, has been commissioned by the Nine Network for it’s secondary channel 9Go! to air in 2018.[36]


document_title: Peters (surname)

question_text: where does the last name peters come from

text: Peters (surname)

text: Peters is a patronymic surname (Peter's son) of Dutch, English and Low German origin. It can also be an English translation of Gaelic Mac Pheadair (same meaning) or an Americanized form of cognate surnames like Peeters or Pieters.[1]. People with the name include:

text:
Alan Peters (1933-2009), British furniture maker
Andrew James Peters (1872–1938), Mayor of Boston
Andrew Peters (born 1980) Canadian ice hockey player
Andi Peters (born 1970), British television presenter
Anna Peters (1843–1926), German flower and landscape painter, daughter of Pieter Francis Peters
Anton Peters (1923–1989), Belgian actor and film director
Arno Peters (1916–2002), German filmmaker & historian. Peters map projection.
Arnold Peters (1922–1996), Canadian politician
Arnold Peters (1925–2013), British actor
Arthur Peters (1854–1908), Canadian politician
Artuur Peters (born 1996), Belgian canoeist
Aulana L. Peters, American lawyer
Bas Peters (born 1976), Dutch mountain biker
Benedict Peters (born 1966), Nigerian billionaire
Bernadette Peters (born 1948), American actress
Brock Peters (1927–2005), American actor
Butz Peters (born 1958), German television presenter
Caleigh Peters (born 1988), American musician, daughter of Jon Peters
Carl Peters (1856–1918), German colonial ruler, explorer, politician and author
Caroline Peters (born 1971), German actress
Cas Peters (born 1993), Dutch football winger
Cash Peters, British travel writer
Christian August Friedrich Peters (1806–1880), German astronomer
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (1813–1890), Danish-born American astronomer
Ciska Peters (born 1945), Dutch pop singer
Clarence Peters (born 1980s), Nigerian music video director, filmmaker and cinematographer
Clarence James Peters (born 1940), known as C.J. Peters, American physician and virologist
Clayre Peters, American model
Dan Peters (born 1967), American rock drummer
Dave Peters (radio personality) (born 1976), Flemish radio presenter
David Peters (poker player) (born 1987), American poker player
Dean Peters (1958–1998), American wrestler
Demi-Leigh Peters (born 1995), South African model and Miss Universe 2017
Dipuo Peters (born 1960), South African Premier of the Northern Cape, Minister of Energy and Minister of Transport
Douglas Peters (1930–2016), Canadian banker and politician
Duane Peters (born 1961), skateboarder and punk singer/songwriter
Dwight Peters (born 1986), Guyanese football midfielder
Edgar E. Peters (born 1952), asset manager and writer
Eugène Peters (born 1946), Dutch painter, graphic artist and sculptor
Elizabeth Peters, pseudonym used by American author Barbara Mertz
Ellen Ash Peters (born 1930), German-born American lawyer and judge
Ellen Dolly Peters (1894–1995), Montserratian teacher and trade unionist
Ellis Peters, pseudonym used by author Edith Pargeter
Emmitt Peters (born 1940), American dog sled racer
Erik Peters, Canadian civil servant
Eugène Peters (born 1946), Dutch painter, printmaker and sculptor
Francis Edward Peters, American scholar on Middle Eastern religions
Fred Peters (1867–1935), Dutch-born American (Utah) politician
Frederick Peters (1851–1919), Canadian lawyer and politician
Frederick Emerson Peters (1885–1959), American fraudster
Frederick Thornton Peters (1889–1942), Canadian Captain in the Royal Navy
Frosty Peters (1904–1980), American football player
Gary Peters (baseball player) (born 1937), former American baseball player
Gary Peters (footballer) (born 1954), British football manager
Gary Peters (Michigan politician) (born 1958), former Michigan state senator
George Henry Peters (1863–1947), American astronomer
George J. Peters (1924–1945), American Medal of Honor recipient
Gerard Peters (1920–2005), Dutch track and road cyclist
Gretchen Peters (born 1957), American country singer
Hans Peters (fl. 2001), Dutch game show contestant
Herman Peters (1899–1989), Australian rugby league footballer
Hugh Peters (1598–1660), English preacher and regicide
Ivo Peters (1915–1989), English photographer of steam railways
J. Peters, head of secret apparatus of the CPUSA in the 1930s
Jaime Peters (born 1987), Canadian soccer player
James Peters (rugby player) (1879–1954), English rugby player
James A. Peters (1922–1972), American herpetologist
James Lee Peters (1889–1952), American ornithologist
Jan Peters (football) (born 1953), retired Dutch football (soccer) player
Jason Peters (born 1982), American football player
Jean Peters (1926–2000), American actress
Jim Peters (athlete) (1918–1999), English long-distance runner
Jim Peters (politician) (born 1937), New Zealand politician
Joan Peters (born 1938), American journalist
John Peters (chess player) (born 1951), American chess player
John A. Peters (1822-1904), a US representative from Maine
John A. Peters (1864-1953), a US representative from Maine
John Samuel Peters (1772–1858), American politician and governor of the state of Connecticut
Jon Peters (born 1945), American film producer
Jordens Peters (born 1987), Dutch football defender
Josef Peters (driver) (1914–2001), German Formula One driver
Julie Anne Peters (born 1942), American children's writer
Karl Peters (1856–1918), German traveller in East Africa
Kasey Peters, American football player
Kenroy Peters (born 1982), cricketer from St Vincent
Laine Peters (born 1970), Canadian curler
Lana Peters (1926–2011), since 1970 the name of the youngest child of Joseph Stalin who defected to the United States
Lauri Peters (born 1943), American actress
Lennie Peters (1931–1992), British singer from Peters and Lee
Leonard Peters (born 1981), Samoan American football safety and rugby player
Lilo Peters (1913–2001), North German painter and sculptor
Linda Peters (born 1947), English folk rock singer a.k.a. Linda Thompson
Lyle Peters (born 1991), South African footballer
Maria Liberia Peters (born 1941), Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles 1984–86
Mariko Peters (born 1969), Dutch politician
Mark Peters (disambiguation), various people
Martin Peters (born 1943), English footballer
Mary Peters (athlete) (born 1939), British athlete
Mary Peters (politician) (born 1948), U.S. transportation official
Michael Peters (1948–1994), American choreographer
Michael Peters (designer), British designer
Mike Peters (cartoonist) (born 1943), American cartoonist
Mike Peters (musician) (born 1959), Welsh singer, musician and songwriter with The Alarm
Mike Peters, drummer with Cancer Bats
Mitchell Peters, American percussionist and composer
Molly Peters (1942–2017), British actress
Nancy Peters, Anenrican author and publisher
Nick Peters, former American baseball writer
Nonja Peters (born c.1945), Dutch-born Australian author
Piet Peters (born 1921), Dutch road cyclist
Pieter Francis Peters (1818–1903), Dutch-born German landscape painter, graphic artist and art dealer
Pietronella Peters (1848–1924), German portrait and genre painter, daughter of Pieter Francis Peters
Ralph Peters (born 1952), American soldier and writer
Ralph Peters (LIRR) (1853-??), American railroad president
Randolph Peters (born 1959), Canadian composer
Ray Peters (born 1946), American baseball player
Raymond Peters (1918–1995), British polymer chemist
Rebecca Peters, Australian gun activist
Red Peters, American musician and songwriter
Reinhard Peters (1926–2008), German operatic conductor, violinist and academic teacher
René Peters (born 1981), Luxembourgish footballer
Richard Peters (priest) (1704–1776), Pennsylvania colonial minister, uncle of the Continental Congressman
Richard Peters (football coach) (1920–1973), American football coach at Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas
Richard Peters, Jr. (1744–1828), Pennsylvania jurist, Continental Congressman, Continental Army official
Richard Peters (Supreme Court) (1780–1848), Reporter of Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, son of the Continental Congressman
Richard Peters (Atlanta) (1810–1889), a founder of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, grandson of the Continental Congressman
Richard Stanley Peters (born 1919), British philosopher
Rick Peters (born 1966), American actor
Rick Peters (baseball) (born 1955), former American baseball player
Robert Peters (1924–2014), American poet
Robert Henry Peters (1946–1996), Canadian ecologist and limnologist
Roberta Peters (1930-2017), American singer
Rodrigo Peters Marques (born 1985), Brazilian football goalkeeper
Rudolph Albert Peters (1889–1982), British biochemist
Rudolph F. Peters (born 1943), Dutch scholar of Islam
Russell Peters (born 1970), Canadian comedian
Ryan Peters (disambiguation), various people
Shina Peters (born 1958), Nigerian musician
Steffen Peters (born 1964), German-born American equestrian
Stephen Peters (born 1978), English cricketer
Steve Peters (Ontario politician) (born 1963), Canadian politician, from Ontario
Steve Peters (Manitoba politician) (1912–1976), Canadian politician, from Manitoba
Steve Peters (game designer) (born 1961), American game designer
Susan Peters (1921–1952), American actress
Susan Peters (Nigerian actress) (born 1980), Nigerian actress
Susan Peters (TV anchor), American broadcaster
Sylvia Peters (1925–2016), English television continuity announcer and presenter
Thomas Peters (black leader) (1738–1792), one of the leaders of the African Americans brought to Nova Scotia after the American Revolutionary War
Tim A. Peters, American humanitarian aid worker
Timothy Peters (born 1980), American racing driver
Tina Peters (born 1968), German field hockey player
Tom Peters (born 1942), American business consultant and writer, author of In Search of Excellence
Vicki Peters (born 1950), American model and actress
Vivian Peters (born 1975), Nigerian shot putter
Volney Peters (born 1928), American football player
Warren Peters (born 1982), Canadian hockey player
Wendi Peters (born 1968), British actress
Werner Peters (1918–1971), German actor
Wilfred Peters, Belizean accordionist
Wilhelm Peters (1815-1883), German explorer and naturalist
Wilhelm Peters (1851–1935), Norwegian painter
Willem Peters (1903–1995), Dutch triple jump athlete
William Peters (lawyer) (1702–1786), American colonial period judge
William Theodore Peters an American poet and actor during the 1890s
William Wesley Peters (1912–1991), American architect
Winston Peters (born 1945), New Zealand politician and leader of the New Zealand First Party
Winston Peters, Trinidad and Tobago politician usually known as Gypsy (calypsonian)
Yakov Peters (1886–1936), Latvian deputy director of the Cheka


document_title: List of ISRO missions

question_text: which celestial bodies will isro's proposed aditya mission study

question_tokens: which celestial bodies will isro 's proposed aditya mission study

text: List of ISRO missions

text: Missions[edit]

text: This is the list of all completed missions.

text: Lunar[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The mission was a major boost to India's space program, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.[3][4]

text: Interplanetary[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

Mars Orbiter Mission
Mars Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.[5][6]

text: Astronomy[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

ASTROSAT
ASTROSAT is the first dedicated Indian Astronomy satellite mission launched by ISRO on 28 September 2015, which will be helpful in enable multi-wavelength observations of the celestial bodies and cosmic sources in X-ray and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The scientific payloads cover the Visible (3500–6000 Å…), UV (1300–op Å…), soft and hard X-ray regimes (0.5–8 keV; 3–80 keV). The uniqueness of ASTROSAT lie in its wide spectral coverage extending over visible, UV, soft and hard X-ray regions.[7]

South Asia Satellite
South Asia Satellite was launched on 5 May 2017.This is a satellite which has been developed by ISRO for South Asian Nations. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced this in November 2014 during the 18th SAARC session.

text: Earth satellites[edit]

text: India's first satellite Aryabhata was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975[8] from Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. It was built by the ISRO) to gain experience in building and operating a satellite in space.[9] India has launched 82 Indian satellites of many types as on 10 March 2016. Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including those launched by Russian, European and American rockets, as well as those launched indigenously by India. The organisation responsible for India's satellite program is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[10]

text: ISRO also launches satellites for foreign countries. As of March 2016, ISRO has launched 57 satellites for 21 foreign countries. In 2016, India will launch an additional 25 satellites for 6 different countries.[11] In January 2017, India launched 104 satellite of different countries, out of which 96 are of America, by single launch vehicle.

text: Planned Missions[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 will be India's second mission to the Moon which will include an orbiter and lander-rover module. Chandrayaan-2 will be launched on India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-MkII) in the first quarter of 2018. The science goals of the mission are to further improve the understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.[12][13]

Aditya (spacecraft)

ISRO plans to carry out a mission to the Sun by the year 2019–20.[14] The probe is named as Aditya-1 and will weigh about 400 kg. It is the First Indian-based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IR bands. The launch of the Aditya mission was planned during the high solar activity period in 2012 but was postponed to 2015–2016 due to the extensive work involved in the fabrication and other technical aspects. The main objective is to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and consequently the crucial physical parameters for space weather such as the coronal magnetic field structures, the evolution of the coronal magnetic field, etc. This will provide completely new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having an important bearing on the unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.[15][16]

AVATAR
AVATAR from "Aerobic Vehicle for Transatmospheric Hypersonic Aerospace Transportation" is a concept for a manned single-stage reusable spaceplane capable of horizontal takeoff and landing, by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation along with Indian Space Research Organisation and other research institutions. The mission concept is for low-cost military and commercial satellite space launches, as well as for space tourism.[17]
The first scaled-down tests were conducted in 2016, and the first manned AVATAR flight is proposed for 2025.

GSAT-11
GSAT-11 is based on I-4K bus which is under advanced stage of development. The spacecraft can generate 10–12 KW of power and can support payload power of 8KW. The payload configuration is on-going. It consists of 16 spot beams covering entire country including Andaman & Nicobar islands. The communication link to the user-end terminals operates in Ku-band while the communication link to the hubs operates in Ka-band. The payload is configured to be operated as a high data throughput satellite to be released in orbit in 2017 time frame.

RISAT-1A
RISAT-1A is Radar imaging satellite, Its configuration is similar to RISAT-1. It is a land-based mission with primary application in terrain mapping and analysis of land, ocean and water surface for soil moisture.

NISAR
Nasa-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar (Nisar) is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite to be used for remote sensing. It is notable for being the first dual-band radar imaging satellite.[18]