document_title: Forestry in India

question_text: which state has largest forest area in india

text: Forestry in India

text: History of forestry in india[edit]

text: Forestry in Colonial system[edit]

text: In 1840, the British colonial administration promulgated an ordinance called Crown Land (Encroachment) Ordinance. This ordinance targeted forests in Britain's Asian colonies, and vested all forests, wastes, unoccupied and uncultivated lands to the crown. The Imperial Forest Department was established in India in 1864.[9] The British state monopoly over Indian forests was first asserted through the Indian Forest Act of 1865. This law simply established the government’s claims over forests. The British colonial administration then enacted a further far-reaching Forest Act of 1878, thereby acquiring the sovereignty of all wastelands which in its definition included all forests. This Act also enabled the administration to demarcate reserved and protected forests. In the former, all local rights were abolished while in the latter some existing rights were accepted as a privilege offered by the British government to the local people which can be taken away if necessary. These colonial laws brought the forests under the centralised sovereignty of the state. Sir Dietrich Brandis, the Inspector General of Forests in India from 1864 to 1883, is regarded as the father not only of modern scientific forestry in India, but also as the "father of tropical forestry."[10]

text: An FAO report claims it was believed in colonial times that the forest is a national resource which should be utilised for the interests of the government. Like coal and gold mines, it was believed that forests belonged to the state for exploitation. Forest areas became a source of revenue. For example, teak was extensively exploited by the British colonial government for ship construction, sal and pine in India for railway sleepers and so on. Forest contracts, such as that of biri pata (leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon), earned so much revenue that it was often used by the people involved in this business as a leverage for political power. These contracts also created forest zamindars (government recognised forest landowners). Additionally, as in Africa, some forests in India were earmarked by the government officials and the rulers with the sole purpose of using them for hunting and sport for the royalty and the colonial officials.[11]

text: Forestry in India from 1947 to 1990[edit]

text: In 1952, the government nationalised the forests which were earlier with the zamindars. India also nationalised most of the forest wood industry and non-wood forest products industry. Over the years, many rules and regulations were introduced by India. In 1980, the Conservation Act was passed, which stipulated that the central permission is required to practice sustainable agro-forestry in a forest area. Violations or lack of permits was made a criminal offense. These nationalisation wave and laws intended to limit deforestation, conserve biodiversity, and save wildlife. However, the intent of these regulations was not matched by reality that followed. Neither investment aimed at sustainable forestry nor knowledge transfer followed once India had nationalised and heavily regulated forestry. Deforestation increased, biodiversity diminished and wildlife dwindled. India's rural population and impoverished families continued to ignore the laws passed in Delhi, and use the forests near them for sustenance.[12]

text: India launched its National Forest Policy in 1988. This led to a programme named Joint Forest Management, which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks. In particular, the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people. By 1992, seventeen states of India participated in Joint Forest Management, bringing about 2 million hectares of forests under protection. The effect of this initiative has been claimed to be positive. The growth rates have been slow through these years.[citation needed]

text: Post 1990 Forestry in India[edit]

text: Since 1991, India has reversed the deforestation trend. Specialists of the United Nations report India's forest as well as woodland cover has increased. A 2010 study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation ranks India amongst the 10 countries with the largest forest area coverage in the world (the other nine being Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, United States of America, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Indonesia and Sudan).[13] India is also one of the top 10 countries with the largest primary forest coverage in the world, according to this study.

text: From 1990 to 2000, FAO finds India was the fifth largest gainer in forest coverage in the world; while from 2000 to 2010, FAO considers India as the third largest gainer in forest coverage.[13]

text: Some 500,000 square kilometres, about 17% of India's land area, were regarded as Forest Area in the early 1990s. In FY 1987, however, actual forest cover was 640,000 square kilometres. Some claim, that because more than 50% of this land was barren or bushland, the area under productive forest was actually less than 350,000 square kilometres, or approximately 10% of the country's land area.

text: India's 0.6% average annual rate of deforestation for agricultural and non-lumbering land uses in the decade beginning in 1981 was one of the lowest in the world and on a par with Brazil.

text: Distribution of forests in Indian states[edit]

text: India is a large and diverse country. Its land area includes regions with some of the world's highest rainfall to very dry deserts, coast line to alpine regions, river deltas to tropical islands. The variety and distribution of forest vegetation is large: there are 600 species of hardwoods, including sal (Shorea robusta). India is one of the 17 mega biodiverse regions of the world.[14]

text: Indian forests types include tropical evergreens, tropical deciduous, swamps, mangroves, sub-tropical, montane, scrub, sub-alpine and alpine forests. These forests support a variety of ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna.

text: Forest cover measurement methods[edit]

text: Prior to the 1980s, India deployed a bureaucratic method to estimate forest coverage. A land was notified as covered under Indian Forest Act, and then officials deemed this land area as recorded forest even if it was devoid of vegetation. By this forest-in-name-only method, the total amount of recorded forest, per official Indian records, was 71.8 million hectares.[15] Any comparison of forest coverage number of a year before 1987 for India, to current forest coverage in India, is thus meaningless; it is just bureaucratic record keeping, with no relation to reality or meaningful comparison.

text: In the 1980s, space satellites were deployed for remote sensing of real forest cover. Standards were introduced to classify India's forests into the following categories:

text:
Forest Cover: defined as all lands, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10%. (Such lands may or may not be statutorily notified as forest area).

Very Dense Forest: All lands, with a forest cover with canopy density of 70% and above
Moderately Dense Forest: All lands, with a forest cover with canopy density of 40-70 %
Open Forest: All lands, with forest cover with canopy density of 10 to 40%
Mangrove Cover: Mangrove forest is salt tolerant forest ecosystem found mainly in tropical and sub-tropical coastal and/or inter-tidal regions. Mangrove cover is the area covered under mangrove vegetation as interpreted digitally from remote sensing data. It is a part of forest cover and also classified into three classes viz. very dense, moderately dense and open.
Non Forest Land: defined as lands without any forest cover

Scrub Cover: All lands, generally in and around forest areas, having bushes and or poor tree growth, chiefly small or stunted trees with canopy density less than 10%
Tree Cover: Land with tree patches (blocks and linear) outside the recorded forest area exclusive of forest cover and less than the minimum mapable area of 1 hectare
Trees Outside Forests: Trees growing outside Recorded Forest Areas

text: The first satellite recorded forest coverage data for India became available in 1987. India and the United States cooperated in 2001, using Landsat MSS with spatial resolution of 80 metres, to get accurate forest distribution data. India thereafter switched to digital image and advanced satellites with 23 metres resolution and software processing of images to get more refined data on forest quantity and forest quality. India now assesses its forest distribution data biennially.

text: The 2007 forest census data thus obtained and published by the Government of India suggests the five states with largest area under forest cover as the following:[15]

text:
State
Area (in million hectares)

Madhya Pradesh
7.64

Arunachal Pradesh
6.8

Chhattisgarh
5.6

Odisha
4.83

Maharashtra
4.68

tag: table

text: According to India's 2013 forest survey report, the forest cover in top five states has increased, with the exception of Arunachal Pradesh:[16]

text:
State
Area (in million hectares)

Madhya Pradesh
7.75

Arunachal Pradesh
6.73

Chhattisgarh
5.6

Maharashtra
5.06

Odisha
5.03

text: Strategy to increase cover[edit]

text: In the 1970s, India declared its long-term strategy for forestry development to compose of three major objectives: to reduce soil erosion and flooding; to supply the growing needs of the domestic wood products industries; and to supply the needs of the rural population for fuelwood, fodder, small timber, and miscellaneous forest produce. To achieve these objectives, the National Commission on Agriculture in 1976 recommended the reorganisation of state forestry departments and advocated the concept of social forestry. The commission itself worked on the first two objectives, emphasising traditional forestry and wildlife activities; in pursuit of the third objective, the commission recommended the establishment of a new kind of unit to develop community forests. Following the leads of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh, a number of other states also established community-based forestry agencies that emphasized programmes on farm forestry, timber management, extension forestry, reforestation of degraded forests, and use of forests for recreational purposes.

text: In the 1980s, such socially responsible forestry was encouraged by state community forestry agencies. They emphasized such projects as planting wood lots on denuded communal cattle-grazing grounds to make villages self-sufficient in fuelwood, to supply timber needed for the construction of village houses, and to provide the wood needed for the repair of farm implements. Both individual farmers and tribal communities were also encouraged to grow trees for profit. For example, in Gujarat, one of the more aggressive states in developing programmes of socioeconomic importance, the forestry department distributed 200 million tree seedlings in 1983. The fast-growing eucalyptus is the main species being planted nationwide, followed by pine and poplar.

text: In 2002, India set up a National Forest Commission to review and assess India's policy and law, its effect on India's forests, its impact of local forest communities, and to make recommendations to achieve sustainable forest and ecological security in India.[17] The report made over 300 recommendations including the following:

text:
India must pursue rural development and animal husbandry policies to address local communities need to find affordable cattle fodder and grazing. To avoid destruction of local forest cover, fodder must reach these communities on reliable roads and other infrastructure, in all seasons year round.
The Forest Rights Bill is likely to be harmful to forest conservation and ecological security. The Forest Rights Bill became a law since 2007.
The government should work closely with mining companies. Revenue generated from lease of mines must be pooled into a dedicated fund to conserve and improve the quality of forests in the region where the mines are located.
Power to declare ecologically sensitive areas must be with each Indian state.
The mandate of State Forest Corporations and government owned monopolies must be changed.
Government should reform regulations and laws that ban felling of trees and transit of wood within India. Sustainable agro-forestry and farm forestry must be encouraged through financial and regulatory reforms, particularly on privately owned lands.

text: India's national forest policy expects to invest US$26.7 billion by 2020, to pursue nationwide afforestation coupled with forest conservation, with the goal of increasing India's forest cover from 20% to 33%.[18]

text: Effects of tribal population growth on forest flora and fauna[edit]

text: Due to faster tribal population growth in forest / tribal areas, naturally available forest resources (NTFP) in a sustainable manner are becoming inadequate for their basic livelihood. Many tribal are giving up their traditional livelihood and taking up farming and cattle rearing in the forest areas causing irreparable damage to forests. The erstwhile protectors of forests are slowly turning into the bane of forests and its wildlife. The government should devise schemes to avert this process and save the dwindling forest area and its flora and fauna. Tribal people have extraordinary understanding of forest flora and fauna which can be productively utilized. All the tribal peoples shall be employed by the government in the expansion and protection of forests and its wildlife till their descendants get educated and diversify into industrial and service sectors.[19]

text: Economics[edit]

text: Significant forest products of India include paper, plywood, sawnwood, timber, poles, pulp and matchwood, fuelwood, sal seeds, tendu leaves, gums and resins, cane and rattan, bamboo, grass and fodder, drugs, spices and condiments, herbs, cosmetics, tannins.

text: India is a significant importer of forest products. Logs account for 67% of all wood and wood products imported into India due to local preference for unprocessed wood. This preference is explained by the availability of inexpensive labor and the large number of productive sawmills. In trade year 2008-2009, India imported logs worth $1.14 billion, an increase of about 70% in just 4 years.[20]

text: Indian market for unprocessed wood is mostly fulfilled with imports from Malaysia, Myanmar, Côte d'Ivoire, China and New Zealand.[citation needed]

text: India is growing market for partially finished and ready-to-assemble furniture. China and Malaysia account for 60% of this imported furniture market in India followed by Italy, Germany, Singapore, Sri Lanka, the United States, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.[citation needed]

text: The Indian market is accustomed to teak and other hardwoods that are perceived to be more resistant to termites, decay and are able to withstand the tropical climate. Teak wood is typically seen as a benchmark with respect to grade and prices of other wood species. Major imported wood species are tropical woods such as mahogany, garjan, marianti, and sapeli. Plantation timber includes teak, eucalyptus, and poplar, as well as spruce, pine, and fir. India imports small quantities of temperate hardwoods such as ash, maple, cherry, oak, walnut, beech, etc. as squared logs or as lumber. India is the world's third largest hardwood log importer.

text: In 2009, India imported 332 million cubic metres of roundwood mostly for fuel wood application, 17.3 million cubic metres of sawnwood and wood-based panels, 7.6 million metric tonnes of paper and paperboard and about 4.5 million metric tonnes of wood and fiber pulp.

text: Biodiversity in Indian forests[edit]

text: Indian forests are more than trees and an economic resource. They are home to some of earth's unique flora and fauna.

text: Indian forests represent one of the 12 mega biodiverse regions of the world. India's Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas are amongst the 32 biodiversity hotspots on earth.

text: India is home to 12% of world's recorded flora, some 47000 species of flowering and non-flowering plants.[21] Over 59000 species of insects, 2500 species of fishes, 17000 species of angiosperms live in Indian forests. About 90000 animal species, representing over 7% of earth's recorded faunal species have been found in Indian forests. Over 4000 mammal species are found here. India has one of the richest variety of bird species on earth, hosting about 12.5% of known species of birds. Many of these flora and fauna species are endemic to India.

text: Indian forests and wetlands serve as temporary home to many migrant birds.

text: Trading in exotic birds[edit]

text: India was, until 1991, one of the largest exporters of wild birds to international bird markets. Most of the birds traded were parakeets and munias. Most of these birds were exported to countries in Europe and the Middle East.[22]

text: In 1991, India passed a law that banned all trade and trapping of indigenous birds in the country. The passage of the law stopped the legal exports, but illegal trafficking has continued. In 2001, for example, an attempt to smuggle some 10,000 wild birds was discovered, and these birds were confiscated at the Mumbai international airport.

text: According to a WWF-India published report, trapping and trading of some 300 species of birds continues in India, representing 25% of known species in the country. Tens of thousands of birds are trapped from the forests of India, and traded every month to serve the demand for bird pets. Another market driver for bird trapping and trade is the segment of Indians who on certain religious occasions, buy birds in captivity and free them as an act of kindness to all living beings of the world. Trappers and traders know of the need for piety in these people, and ensure a reliable supply of wild birds so that they can satisfy their urge to do good.

text: The trappers, a detailed survey and investigation reveals are primarily tribal communities. The trappers lead a life of poverty and migrate over time. Their primary motivation was economics and the need to financially support their families.[23][24]

text: Trapping and transport of trapped birds from India's forests has high injury and losses, as in other parts of the world. For every bird that reaches the market for a sale, many more die.

text: Abrar Ahmed, the WWF-India and TRAFFIC-India ornithologist, suggests the following as potentially effective means of stopping the harm caused by illegal trading of wild birds in India:[23]

text:
Engage the tribal communities in a constructive way. Instead of criminalising their skills at finding, recognising, attracting and capturing birds, India should offer them employment to re-apply their skills through scientific management, protection and wildlife preservation.
Allow captive and humane breeding of certain species of birds, to satisfy the market demand for pet birds.
Better and continuous enforcement to prevent trapping practices, stop trading and end smuggling of wild birds of India through neighboring countries that have not banned trading of wild birds.
Education and continued media exposure of the ecological and environmental harm done by wild bird trade, in order to reduce the demand for trapped wild birds as pets.

text: Conservation[edit]

text: The role of forests in the national economy and in ecology was further emphasized in the 1988 National Forest Policy, which focused on ensuring environmental stability, restoring the ecological balance, and preserving the remaining forests. Other objectives of the policy were meeting the need for fuelwood, fodder, and small timber for rural and tribal people while recognising the need to actively involve local people in the management of forest resources. Also in 1988, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was amended to facilitate stricter conservation measures. A new target was to increase the forest cover to 33% of India's land area from the then-official estimate of 23%. In June 1990, the central government adopted resolutions that combined forest science with social forestry, that is, taking the sociocultural traditions of the local people into. The cumulative area afforested during the 1951-91 period was nearly 179,000 square kilometres. However, despite large-scale tree planting programmes, forestry is one arena in which India has actually regressed since independence. Annual fellings at about four times the growth rate are a major cause. Widespread pilfering by villagers for firewood and fodder also represents a major decrement. In addition, the 1988 National Forest Policy noted, the forested area has been shrinking as a result of land cleared for farming and development programmes.

text: Between 1990 and 2010, as evidenced by satellite data, India has reversed the deforestation trend. FAO reports India's rate of forest addition has increased in recent years, and as of 2010, it is the third fastest in the world in increasing forest cover.

text: The 2009 Indian national forest policy document emphasizes the need to combine India's effort at forest conservation with sustainable forest management.[25] India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.[18]

text: Issues and threats[edit]

text: Chipko Movement[edit]

text: Chipko movement in India started in the 1970s around a dispute on how and who should have a right to harvest forest resources. Although the Chipko movement is now practically non-existent in Uttarakhand, the Indian state of its origin, it remains one of the most frequently deployed examples of an environmental and a people's movement in developing countries such as India. What caused Chipko is now a subject of debate; some neopopulists theorise Chipko as an environmental movement and an attempt to save forests, while others suggest that Chipko movement had nothing to do with eco-conservation, but was driven primarily to demand equal rights to harvest forests by local communities.

text: According to one set of writers: Since the early 1970s, as they realised that deforestation threatened not only the ecology but their livelihood in a variety of ways, people have become more interested and involved in conservation. The best known popular activist movement is the Chipko Movement, in which local women under the leadership of Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna, decided to fight the government and the vested interests to save trees. The residents declared that they would embrace—literally "to stick to" (chipkna in Hindi)--trees to prevent cutting of ash trees in their district.[citation needed]

text: According to those[26] who critique the ecological awareness and similar theories, Chipko had nothing to do with protecting forests, rather it was an economic struggle using the traditional Indian way of non-violence. These scientists point out that very little is left of the Chipko movements today in its region of origin save for its memory, even though the quality of forests and its use remains a critical issue for India. To explain the cause of Chipko movement, they find that government officials had ignored the subsistence issues of the local communities, who depended on forests for fuel, fodder, fertiliser and sustenance resources. These researchers claim that local interviews and fact finding confirms that local communities had filed complaints requesting the right to commercially exploit the forests around them. Their requests were denied, while permits to fell trees and exploit those same forests were granted to government-favoured non-resident contractors including a sporting company named Symonds. A protest that became Chipko movement followed. The movement grew and Indian government responded by imposing a 15-year ban on felling all trees above 1000 metres in the region directly as a result of the Chipko agitations. This legislation was deeply resented by many communities supporting Chipko because, the regulation further excluded the local people from the forest around them. Opposition to the legislation resulted in so-called 'Ped Katao Andolan' in the same region, a movement to cut the trees down in order to defy the new legislation. The people behind Chipko movement felt that the government did not understand or care about their economic situation.[26]

text: Chipko movement, at the very least, suggests that forests in India are an important and integral resource for communities that live within these forests, or survive near the fringes of these forests.

text: Shifting cultivation[edit]

text: A major threat to forests of India are in its northeastern states. From ancient times, the locals have practiced slash-and-burn shifting cultivation to grow food. Locally called Jhum, it supports about 450,000 families in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Assam and Meghalaya.[6] Approximately 15,000 square kilometers of forest land is under jhum cultivation, and just a sixth of this land is actually producing any crop at any given year. The tribal people consider it a tradition, and economic ecosystem. However, the slash and burn causes damage to a dense forest, to soil, to flora and fauna, as well as pollution. The crop yields are very poor with jhum cultivation. Between 2010 and 2012, satellite studies confirmed a net loss of forest cover over these northeastern states.[6] The lost forest includes primary dense forests. There is a concerted effort by the state government officials to educate, incentivize and train jhum dependent families to horticulture and other high value crops, along with an offer of food supply security. Bamboo-based textiles and value added forest products industries are also being encouraged by the local officials.[27] States such as Arunachal Pradesh reported reduction in Jhum cultivation practice in 2013.[28]

text: Timber mafia and forest cover[edit]

text: A 1999 publication claimed that protected forest areas in several parts of India, such as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka and Jharkhand, were vulnerable to illegal logging by timber mafias that have coopted or intimidated forestry officials, local politicians, businesses and citizenry.[29][30]

text: Despite these local criminal and corruption issues, satellite data analysis and a 2010 FAO report finds India has added over 4 million hectares of forest cover, a 7% increase, between 1990 and 2010.[13]

text: Forest rights[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2014)

text: In 1969, forestry in India underwent a major change with the passage of the Forest Rights Act, a new legislation that sought to address the needs of forest dwelling communities that resulted from the failure to record their rights over forest land and resources. It also sought to bring in new forms of community conservation.[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Indian peafowl spotted at Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary in Visakhapatnam

Chestnut headed bee-eaters, found in Himalayan forests of India

Hinglajgarh Forest in Madhya Pradesh

Forest cover of Aravalli range in Rajasthan

Mahua seeds, a forest product, are a rich oil source, used for skin care, to make soap, veggie butter and fuel oil.

Tendu leaf, used to make rural cigarettes

Forests of Kerala near Athirappalli Waterfalls

Dry Forests in Andhra Pradesh

Mangrove forests of West Bengal

Tea plantations of Munnar Kerala amidst its forests

Forest cover in Lakshadweep


document_title: Vaccination of dogs

question_text: where do dogs get shots on their body

question_tokens: where do dogs get shots on their body

root

text: Vaccination of dogs

text: Recommended administration of vaccines[edit]

text: In 2010[1] and 2011,[2] revised guidelines addressed concerns about adverse vaccine reactions[3] by altering the recommended frequency, type, methods, and locations for administration of core and non-core canine vaccines.

tag: p

text: General schedule[edit]

text: Most vaccination protocols recommend a series of vaccines for puppies, with vaccine boosters given at one year of age. Frequency of vaccination thereafter varies depending on the lifestyle of the individual dog, including:[4]

text:
indoor vs. outdoor
travel plans
kennel/boarding plans
underlying disease conditions
other exposure risks,
the disease and vaccine type being considered.

tag: ul

text: Because these factors may change over time, many professional organizations[4][5] recommend routine annual examinations, where a vaccination plan for each individual canine can be decided during a discussion between the veterinarian and dog owner.

text: Type[edit]

text: In their 2010 recommendations, WSAVA (World Small Animal Veterinary Association)[1] emphasized the importance of administering non-adjuvanted vaccines whenever possible, as vaccines that included these immune-stimulating agents were shown to increase adverse vaccine reactions in pets.

text: Frequency[edit]

text: WSAVA[1] also prefers serological testing over unnecessary boosters or re-vaccination doses of core vaccines after the initial 12-month booster that follows the puppy series of modified live virus [MLV] vaccines. This is because core vaccines show an excellent correlation between the presence of antibody and protective immunity to a disease, and have a long DOI (Duration of Immunity). Antibody tests can be used to demonstrate the DOI after vaccination with core vaccines, though not for non-core vaccines (such as parainfluenza).

text: Method[edit]

text: Most vaccines are given by subcutaneous (under the skin) or intramuscular (into the muscle) injection. Respiratory tract disease vaccination may be given intra-nasally (in the nose) in some cases.

text: Location[edit]

text: Many recent protocols indicate that vaccines should be given in specific areas in order to: ease identification of which vaccine caused an adverse reaction, and ease removal of any vaccine-associated sarcoma.[6] Although these protocols were initially designed for cats, some similar protocols are likely to be developed for canines, as well.

text: In North America, vets adopted the practice of injecting specific limbs as far from the body as possible,[7] for example the rear right for rabies.

text: This set of locations was not widely adopted outside of North American, and the international Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) made new recommendations[1] that vaccines be administered:

text:
in subcutaneous (and not intramuscular) sites
in the skin of the lateral thorax or abdomen (for easier excision of any FISS that occur)
so as to avoid the interscapular or intercostal regions (as more extensive surgical resection would be needed for sarcomas)
in a different site on each occasion (either with general locations per species per year or diagrams of where administered on specific visit)

text: Core vaccines[edit]

text: Core vaccines are defined as those vaccines which ALL dogs, regardless of circumstances, should receive. Core vaccines protect animals from severe, life-threatening diseases which have global distribution.[1]

text: Rabies (disputed)[edit]

text: The latest (2011) North American recommendation[2] still includes rabies in the core vaccines. Likewise, the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV) in the U.S. gives detailed instructions on how to deal with what they describe as a serious public health problem, and includes a useful table,[8] summarizing all the rabies vaccines sold in the U.S.

text: However, the 2010 international VGG recommendation[1] generally considers the rabies vaccine a non-core vaccine, except in areas where the disease is endemic or where required by law.

text: In many locations the rabies vaccine is accompanied by a single combined vaccine shot which protects against:

text:
CDV (canine distemper),
CAV-2 (canine hepatitis virus or adenovirus-2) and
CPV-2 (canine parvovirus).

text: Non-Core vaccines[edit]

text: Non-core vaccines are those that are required by only those animals whose geographical location, local environment or lifestyle places them at risk of contracting specific infections.[1]

text:
Except in areas where the disease is endemic or where required by law, the VGG considers the rabies vaccine as non-core.
Both of the most recent vaccine protocols[1][2] no longer consider canine parainfluenza to be a core vaccine and have moved CPiV into the non-core category.
For dogs expected to board, be shown, or to enter a kennel situation within 6 months, vets may recommend administering Bordetella, which protects again a respiratory illness commonly known as "kennel cough" in addition to canine parainfluenza virus (another kennel cough agent).[9]
Vaccination against Lyme disease, an illness that is spread via deer ticks, is also indicated in certain environments where deer ticks frequently occur. Lyme disease is known to cause lethargy, fever, soreness, and in cases gone untreated, damage to joints, paralysis, and nerve damage.
For dogs living in/visiting rural areas or areas frequented by wildlife, another important vaccine is to consider is against Leptospirosis, a disease characterized by weakness, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and kidney and liver failure. Leptospirosis comes from standing water containing urine from animals infected with leptospira, and the disease can be transmitted to humans via contaminated water or food.

text: Not recommended vaccines[edit]

text: Generally not recommended, owing to unproven efficacy, are:

text:
canine coronavirus,
canine adenovirus-1 (which also causes significant reaction),
Giardia vaccine and
rattlesnake envenomation vaccine.[citation needed]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Vaccination has become a controversial topic among veterinarians and dog owners. Specific adverse reactions and general consequences for long-term health and immunity are both being cited as reasons to reduce the frequency of pet vaccination.

text: The 2010 vaccination guidelines[1] published by the WSAVA (World Small Animal Veterinary Association) reduce the number of vaccines which should be considered core for canines, as well as recommending less frequent vaccine administration.

text: In the executive summary section, the WSAVA guidelines[1] do argue against needless vaccination and in support of "the development and use of simple in-practice tests for determination of seroconversion (antibody) following vaccination." They also note that "Vaccines should not be given needlessly. Core vaccines should not be given any more frequently than every three years after the 12 month booster injection following the puppy/kitten series, because the duration of immunity (DOI) is many years and may be up to the lifetime of the pet." The open letter critique focuses on the less-nuanced summary of these recommendations in the tables given for vaccination guidelines, which could imply that re-vaccination should occur every three years.

text: Adverse reactions[edit]

text: Vets and owners should also consider factors that have been shown to increase the risk of adverse vaccine reactions.[3] Examples of such factors include:

text:
age,
number of vaccinations per office visit,
size,
type or ingredients of vaccine itself,
breed,
neutered status,
general health of the dog, and
past vaccination history.


document_title: Chronology of computation of π

question_text: who has calculated the most digits of pi

text: Chronology of computation of π

text: Before 1400[edit]

text:
Date
Who
Description/Computation method used
Value of pi
Decimal places
(world records
in bold)

2000? BCЕ

4 × (8 / 9)2
3.16045...
1

2000? BCЕ
Ancient Babylonians[1]
3 + 1 / 8
3.125
1

1800? BCE or before
Ancient Indians (Bharatiya) शतपथ ब्राह्मण SB 7.1.1.18 [2]
"स चतस्रः प्राचीरुपदधाति | द्वे पश्चात्तिरश्च्यौ द्वे पुरस्तात्तद्याश्चतस्रः
प्राचीरुपदधाति स आत्मा तद्यत्ताश्चतस्रो भवन्ति चतुर्विधो ह्ययमात्माथ ये पश्चात्ते सक्थ्यौ ये पुरस्तात्तौ बाहू यत्र वा आत्मा तदेव शिरः
sa catasraḥ prācīrupadadhāti | dve paścāttiraścyau dve purastāttadyāścatasraḥ prācīrupadadhāti sa ātmā tadyattāścatasro bhavanti caturvidho hyayamātmātha ye paścātte sakthyau ye purastāttau bāhū yatra vā ātmā tadeva śiraḥ
He puts on (the circular site) four (bricks) running eastwards 1; two behind running crosswise (from south to north), and two (such) in front. Now the four which he puts on running eastwards are the body; and as to there being four of these, it is because this body (of ours) consists, of four parts 2. The two at the back then are the thighs; and the two in front the arms; and where the body is that (includes) the head."[3]

25/8 = 3.125

1200? BCЕ
China[1]

3
0

800? BCЕ
Sulbasutras [4]
[5][6]

(6 / (2 + √2))2
3.088311 …
0

550? BCЕ
Bible (1 Kings 7:23)[1]
"...a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about,... a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about"
3
0

434 BCE
Anaxagoras attempted to square the circle[7]
compass and straightedge
Anaxagoras didn't offer any solution
0

c. 250 BCE
Archimedes[1]
223 / 71 < π < 22 / 7
3.140845... < π < 3.142857...
2

15 BCE
Vitruvius[5]
25 / 8
3.125
1

5
Liu Xin[5]
the exact method is unknown
3.1457
2

130
Zhang Heng (Book of the Later Han)[1]
√10 = 3.162277...
730/232
3.146551...
2

150
Ptolemy[1]
377 / 120
3.141666...
3

250
Wang Fan[1]
142 / 45
3.155555...
1

263
Liu Hui[1]
3.141024 < π < 3.142074
3927 / 1250
3.14159
5

400
He Chengtian[5]
111035 / 35329
3.142885...
2

480
Zu Chongzhi[1]
3.1415926 < π < 3.1415927
Zu's ratio 355 / 113
3.1415926
7

499
Aryabhata[1]
62832 / 20000
3.1416
3

640
Brahmagupta[1]
√10
3.162277...
1

800
Al Khwarizmi[1]

3.1416
3

1150
Bhāskara II[5]
3927 / 1250 and 754 / 240
3.1416
3

1220
Fibonacci[1]

3.141818
3

1320
Zhao Youqin[5]

3.1415926
7

text: From 1400 onwards[edit]

text:
Date
Who
Note
Decimal places
(world records in bold)

All records from 1400 onwards are given as the number of correct decimal places.

1400
Madhava of Sangamagrama
Discovered the infinite power series expansion of π,
now known as the Leibniz formula for pi[8]
10

1424
Jamshīd al-Kāshī[9]

16

1573
Valentinus Otho
355/113
6

1579
François Viète[10]

9

1593
Adriaan van Roomen[11]

15

1596
Ludolph van Ceulen

20

1615
32

1621
Willebrord Snell (Snellius)
Pupil of Van Ceulen
35

1630
Christoph Grienberger[12][13]

38

1665
Isaac Newton[1]

16

1681
Takakazu Seki[14]

11
16

1699
Abraham Sharp[1]
Calculated pi to 72 digits, but not all were correct
71

1706
John Machin[1]

100

1706
William Jones
Introduced the Greek letter 'π'

1719
Thomas Fantet de Lagny[1]
Calculated 127 decimal places, but not all were correct
112

1722
Toshikiyo Kamata

24

1722
Katahiro Takebe

41

1739
Yoshisuke Matsunaga

51

1748
Leonhard Euler
Used the Greek letter 'π' in his book Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum and assured its popularity.

1761
Johann Heinrich Lambert
Proved that π is irrational

1775
Euler
Pointed out the possibility that π might be transcendental

1789
Jurij Vega
Calculated 143 decimal places, but not all were correct
126

1794
Jurij Vega[1]
Calculated 140 decimal places, but not all were correct
136

1794
Adrien-Marie Legendre
Showed that π² (and hence π) is irrational, and mentioned the possibility that π might be transcendental.

Late 18th century
Anonymous manuscript
Turns up at Radcliffe Library, in Oxford, England, discovered by F. X. von Zach, giving the value of pi to 154 digits, 152 of which were correct
152

1824
William Rutherford[1]
Calculated 208 decimal places, but not all were correct
152

1844
Zacharias Dase and Strassnitzky[1]
Calculated 205 decimal places, but not all were correct
200

1847
Thomas Clausen[1]
Calculated 250 decimal places, but not all were correct
248

1853
Lehmann[1]

261

1853
Rutherford[1]

440

1874
William Shanks[1]
Took 15 years to calculate 707 decimal places, but not all were correct (the error was found by D. F. Ferguson in 1946)
527

1882
Ferdinand von Lindemann
Proved that π is transcendental (the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem)

1897
The U.S. state of Indiana
Came close to legislating the value 3.2 (among others) for π. House Bill No. 246 passed unanimously. The bill stalled in the state Senate due to a suggestion of possible commercial motives involving publication of a textbook.[15]
1

1910
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Found several rapidly converging infinite series of π, which can compute 8 decimal places of π with each term in the series. Since the 1980s, his series have become the basis for the fastest algorithms currently used by Yasumasa Kanada and the Chudnovsky brothers to compute π.

1946
D. F. Ferguson
Desk calculator
620

1947
Ivan Niven
Gave a very elementary proof that π is irrational

January 1947
D. F. Ferguson
Desk calculator
710

September 1947
D. F. Ferguson
Desk calculator
808

1949
D. F. Ferguson and John Wrench
Desk calculator
1,120

text: The age of electronic computers (from 1949 onwards)[edit]

text:
Date
Who
Implementation
Time
Decimal places
(world records in bold)

All records from 1949 onwards were calculated with electronic computers.

1949
John Wrench, and L. R. Smith
Were the first to use an electronic computer (the ENIAC) to calculate π (also attributed to Reitwiesner et al.) [16]
70 hours
2,037

1953
Kurt Mahler
Showed that π is not a Liouville number

1954
S. C. Nicholson & J. Jeenel
Using the NORC [17]
13 minutes
3,093

1957
George E. Felton
Ferranti Pegasus computer (London), calculated 10,021 digits, but not all were correct [18]

7,480

January 1958
Francois Genuys
IBM 704 [19]
1.7 hours
10,000

May 1958
George E. Felton
Pegasus computer (London)
33 hours
10,021

1959
Francois Genuys
IBM 704 (Paris)[20]
4.3 hours
16,167

1961
Daniel Shanks and John Wrench
IBM 7090 (New York)[21]
8.7 hours
100,265

1961
J.M. Gerard
IBM 7090 (London)
39 minutes
20,000

1966
Jean Guilloud and J. Filliatre
IBM 7030 (Paris)
28 hours[not in citation given]
250,000

1967
Jean Guilloud and M. Dichampt
CDC 6600 (Paris)
28 hours
500,000

1973
Jean Guilloud and Martin Bouyer
CDC 7600
23.3 hours
1,001,250

1981
Kazunori Miyoshi and Yasumasa Kanada
FACOM M-200

2,000,036

1981
Jean Guilloud
Not known

2,000,050

1982
Yoshiaki Tamura
MELCOM 900II

2,097,144

1982
Yoshiaki Tamura and Yasumasa Kanada
HITAC M-280H
2.9 hours
4,194,288

1982
Yoshiaki Tamura and Yasumasa Kanada
HITAC M-280H

8,388,576

1983
Yasumasa Kanada, Sayaka Yoshino and Yoshiaki Tamura
HITAC M-280H

16,777,206

October 1983
Yasunori Ushiro and Yasumasa Kanada
HITAC S-810/20

10,013,395

October 1985
Bill Gosper
Symbolics 3670

17,526,200

January 1986
David H. Bailey
CRAY-2

29,360,111

September 1986
Yasumasa Kanada, Yoshiaki Tamura
HITAC S-810/20

33,554,414

October 1986
Yasumasa Kanada, Yoshiaki Tamura
HITAC S-810/20

67,108,839

January 1987
Yasumasa Kanada, Yoshiaki Tamura, Yoshinobu Kubo and others
NEC SX-2

134,214,700

January 1988
Yasumasa Kanada and Yoshiaki Tamura
HITAC S-820/80

201,326,551

May 1989
Gregory V. Chudnovsky & David V. Chudnovsky
CRAY-2 & IBM 3090/VF

480,000,000

June 1989
Gregory V. Chudnovsky & David V. Chudnovsky
IBM 3090

535,339,270

July 1989
Yasumasa Kanada and Yoshiaki Tamura
HITAC S-820/80

536,870,898

August 1989
Gregory V. Chudnovsky & David V. Chudnovsky
IBM 3090

1,011,196,691

19 November 1989
Yasumasa Kanada and Yoshiaki Tamura
HITAC S-820/80

1,073,740,799

August 1991
Gregory V. Chudnovsky & David V. Chudnovsky
Homemade parallel computer (details unknown, not verified) [22]

2,260,000,000

18 May 1994
Gregory V. Chudnovsky & David V. Chudnovsky
New homemade parallel computer (details unknown, not verified)

4,044,000,000

26 June 1995
Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi
HITAC S-3800/480 (dual CPU) [23]

3,221,220,000

1995
Simon Plouffe
Finds a formula that allows the nth hexadecimal digit of pi to be calculated without calculating the preceding digits.

28 August 1995
Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi
HITAC S-3800/480 (dual CPU) [24]

4,294,960,000

11 October 1995
Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi
HITAC S-3800/480 (dual CPU) [25]

6,442,450,000

6 July 1997
Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi
HITACHI SR2201 (1024 CPU) [26]

51,539,600,000

5 April 1999
Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi
HITACHI SR8000 (64 of 128 nodes) [27]

68,719,470,000

20 September 1999
Yasumasa Kanada and Daisuke Takahashi
HITACHI SR8000/MPP (128 nodes) [28]

206,158,430,000

24 November 2002
Yasumasa Kanada & 9 man team
HITACHI SR8000/MPP (64 nodes), Department of Information Science at the University of Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan [29]
600 hours
1,241,100,000,000

29 April 2009
Daisuke Takahashi et al.
T2K Open Supercomputer (640 nodes), single node speed is 147.2 gigaflops, computer memory is 13.5 terabytes, Gauss–Legendre algorithm, Center for Computational Sciences at the University of Tsukuba in Tsukuba, Japan[30]
29.09 hours
2,576,980,377,524

text:
Date
Who
Implementation
Time
Decimal places
(world records in bold)

All records from Dec 2009 onwards are calculated and verified on servers and/or home computers with commercially available parts.

31 December 2009
Fabrice Bellard

Core i7 CPU at 2.93 GHz
6 GiB (1) of RAM
7.5 TB of disk storage using five 1.5 TB hard disks (Seagate Barracuda 7200.11 model)
64 bit Red Hat Fedora 10 distribution
Computation of the binary digits: 103 days
Verification of the binary digits: 13 days
Conversion to base 10: 12 days
Verification of the conversion: 3 days
Verification of the binary digits used a network of 9 Desktop PCs during 34 hours, Chudnovsky algorithm, see [31] for Bellard's homepage.[32]

131 days
2,699,999,990,000

2 August 2010
Shigeru Kondo[33]

using y-cruncher[34] by Alexander Yee
the Chudnovsky algorithm was used for main computation
verification used the Bellard & Plouffe formulas on different computers, both computed 32 hexadecimal digits ending with the 4,152,410,118,610th.
with 2 x Intel Xeon X5680 @ 3.33 GHz – (12 physical cores, 24 hyperthreaded)
96 GB DDR3 @ 1066 MHz – (12 × 8 GB – 6 channels) – Samsung (M393B1K70BH1)
1 TB SATA II (Boot drive) – Hitachi (HDS721010CLA332), 3 × 2 TB SATA II (Store Pi Output) – Seagate (ST32000542AS) 16 x 2 TB SATA II (Computation) – Seagate (ST32000641AS)
Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise x64
Computation of binary digits: 80 days
Conversion to base 10: 8.2 days
Verification of the conversion: 45.6 hours
Verification of the binary digits: 64 hours (primary), 66 hours (secondary)
Verification of the binary digits were done simultaneously on two separate computers during the main computation.[35]

90 days
5,000,000,000,000

17 October 2011
Shigeru Kondo[36]

using y-cruncher by Alexander Yee
Verification: 1.86 days and 4.94 days

371 days
10,000,000,000,050

28 December 2013
Shigeru Kondo[37]

using y-cruncher by Alexander Yee
with 2 x Intel Xeon E5-2690 @ 2.9 GHz – (16 physical cores, 32 hyperthreaded)
128 GB DDR3 @ 1600 MHz – 8 x 16 GB – 8 channels
Windows Server 2012 x64
Verification: 46 hours

94 days
12,100,000,000,050

8 October 2014
Sandon Nash Van Ness "houkouonchi"[38]

using y-cruncher by Alexander Yee
with 2 x Xeon E5-4650L @ 2.6 GHz
192 GB DDR3 @ 1333 MHz
24 x 4 TB + 30 x 3 TB
Verification: 182 hours

208 days
13,300,000,000,000

11 November 2016
Peter Trueb[39][40]

using y-cruncher by Alexander Yee
with 4 x Xeon E7-8890 v3 @ 2.50 GHz (72 cores, 144 threads)
1.25 TB DDR4
20 x 6 TB
Verification: 28 hours[41]

105 days
22,459,157,718,361[42]


question_text: where was twilight breaking dawn part 1 filmed

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bella Swan is preparing for her wedding. During the reception, Jacob Black returns after hearing about Bella and Edward Cullen's engagement. While dancing with him in the woods, away from everyone else, Bella admits that she and Edward plan to consummate their marriage on their honeymoon while she's still human. Jacob becomes furious, knowing that Edward could endanger Bella. Sam and the others restrain Jacob and take off.

text: After the wedding, the couple spends their honeymoon on Isle Esme, and they make love for the first time. The next morning, Edward realizes that Bella has numerous bruises, and is upset at himself for hurting her, though Bella insists that she enjoyed the experience. Edward swears not to make love again until she becomes a vampire. Two weeks after their honeymoon, Bella realizes that she is pregnant with a half-mortal, half-immortal child. Edward is terrified by the news, speculating that she may not survive the pregnancy. He says that Carlisle will remove the baby. She refuses, as she wants to keep the baby, and convinces Edward's sister, Rosalie, who has always wanted a child, to help protect her baby, in order to have a good relationship with her as an adoptive sister-in-law. They fly back home to Forks, Washington. Bella has only been pregnant for two weeks, but the baby is growing very fast.

text: Jacob rushes over to the Cullens' house and finds Bella already heavily pregnant. He becomes upset, saying that they should abort it as soon as possible. Bella says that it is her only choice. As her pregnancy progresses, the quality of her health declines, then rapidly improves as she starts drinking human blood to satisfy the baby's vampiric thirst for blood. Edward comes to love the baby as much as Bella does as he reads its thoughts, learning that his child loves Bella in return, and doesn't want to hurt her.

text: Soon after, Bella drops a cup of blood, and as she bends down to pick it up, she collapses. She nearly dies giving birth. To save her life, Edward injects Bella's heart with his venom to transform her into a vampire, but nothing seems to happen, and Bella is presumed dead. Distraught, Jacob attempts to kill the baby, Renesmee, but then stops when he realizes he has imprinted on her.

text: When the werewolves learn of Bella's unconsciousness, they attack the Cullens' house in an attempt to kill the baby as they fear it would become a threat. Edward, Alice, and Jasper, defend their home with the help of Leah and Seth, and are later helped by Carlisle, Esme, and Emmett. Jacob then runs outside to stop the fight and shapeshifts. Jacob and Sam shortly communicate with each other telapathically. Edward reads Jacob's mind, announces that Jacob has imprinted on Renesmee, and since it is the wolves' law not to harm anyone who has been imprinted on, they are forced to retreat. After Bella is cleaned and dressed, her cuts from her difficult labor heal as the venom spreads through her body, transforming her into a vampire.

text: In a post-credits scene, Aro and his brothers, Marcus and Caius, received a letter from Carlisle.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kristen Stewart as Isabella "Bella" Cullen (née Swan), Edward's wife and Jacob's best friend. She marries Edward in this installment and realizes that she has become pregnant with a half-vampire, half-human baby and that her condition is progressing at an unnaturally accelerated rate.
Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen, Bella's husband and the rival of Jacob. Convinced that the fetus is going to kill Bella, he urges her to abort the pregnancy, but Bella refuses. In the meantime, he and the entire Cullen coven must also fend off Sam and his pack of wolves who believe that their treaty is broken and are on their way to kill Bella and the unborn baby.
Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black, Bella's best friend and the rival of Edward. He was heartbroken after Bella's choice to marry Edward. He then returns as a friend and savior of Bella. Towards the end of the movie, he imprints on Bella and Edward's daughter, Renesmee, thereby helping him to recover from his heartbreak. He is also the Alpha of the Black Pack.
Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen, Esme's husband and the leader of the Cullen family. He is also a doctor and helps Bella during her pregnancy when Renesmee breaks her bones. He reveals the truth of Bella's baby.
Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen, Carlisle's wife and the matriarch of the Cullen family.
Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen, a member of the Cullen family who can see "subjective" visions of the future and who is close friends with Bella. Jasper's mate.
Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen, the strongest member of the Cullen family, who provides comic relief. Rosalie's husband.
Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale, a member of the Cullen family who helps Bella through her pregnancy. She is the most beautiful vampire in existence. Emmett's wife.
Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale, a member of the Cullen coven who can feel, control and manipulate emotions. Alice's mate.
Billy Burke as Charlie Swan, Bella's father.
Sarah Clarke as Renée Dwyer, Bella's mother.
Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater, Seth's older sister and the only female werewolf in existence.
Booboo Stewart as Seth Clearwater, Leah's younger brother and a friend of Jacob.
MyAnna Buring as Tanya, the leader of the Denali coven.
Maggie Grace as Irina, a member of the Denali coven whose lover, Laurent, was killed by the werewolves.
Casey LaBow as Kate, a member of the Denali coven who has the ability to release an electric current over her body.
Michael Sheen as Aro, Caius and Marcus' brother who has the ability to read every thought a person has ever had once he has made physical contact. One of the three main founders of the Volturi.
Jamie Campbell Bower as Caius, Aro and Marcus' brother. One of the three main founders of the Volturi.
Christopher Heyerdahl as Marcus, Aro and Caius' brother who has the power to sense the strength and nature of relationships. One of the three main founders of the Volturi.
Chaske Spencer as Sam Uley, the Alpha of the main werewolf pack.
Mackenzie Foy as Renesmee Cullen, Bella and Edward's half-mortal, half-immortal daughter.
Christian Camargo as Eleazar, a member of the Denali coven who has the ability to identify the special powers of other vampires.
Mía Maestro as Carmen, a member of the Denali coven and mate of Eleazar.
Olga Fonda as Valentina, a secretary to the Volturi who announces Edward and Bella's wedding. Fonda's scenes were cut in the theatrical release, but they were restored in the extended edition.
Stephenie Meyer makes a cameo as an attendee of Edward and Bella's wedding.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Talks for a Breaking Dawn film started after Summit Entertainment approved the second and third adaptations of the franchise, and scheduled the two films to be released six months apart.[7] Wyck Godfrey, producer of the previous films in the series, stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn,[8] but Stephenie Meyer, author of the series, explained on her website's Breaking Dawn FAQ that if an adaptation were to be created, it would have to be split into two films because "The book is just so long!", saying that she would have made the book shorter if it were possible.[9] She also believed it to be impossible to make a film due to Renesmee, writing that an actress could not play her because she is a baby that has complete awareness, "The one thing that I've never seen is a CGI human being who truly looks real"; however, she did acknowledge the film might be possible due to the quickly-advancing technologies.[9] Moreover, because of the mature and explicit nature of the Breaking Dawn book, fans and critics questioned if the studio would be able to keep a PG-13 rating, noting that the movie should not be rated R for the ever-growing fan base.[10] In March 2010, Variety reported that Summit Entertainment was considering splitting the 754-page book into two films, along the same lines as Warner Bros.' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[11] Since under contract for only four films, the status of Stewart's, Pattinson's, and Lautner's contracts were in question, making the possibility of a split unlikely.[11] Producer Wyck Godfrey stated that all three main cast members were signed onto one Breaking Dawn film.[4]

text:
“
I got very nervous. There were, like, 15 people. I had never really auditioned or gone into a job interview in that way since maybe 1988 or '87. I guess I was unprepared for it. [...] In this case, they wanted me to talk about their project, which really needed to follow very closely the book [...] I was talking about the book, and really all I was saying was, 'OK, this is great, let's go to it.' That was the pitch. I think they're used to something else. They're used to, for those of you who might audition for film jobs, a 40-minute dissertation with perhaps visual aids and a pep talk about how fantastic this project is going to be. I just didn't know how to do that.
”

— Gus Van Sant[12]

text: In March 2010, it was announced that Summit was searching for Academy-Award nominated directors to helm the project, with names like Sofia Coppola, Gus Van Sant and Bill Condon rumored to have been approached to direct.[13] On April 28, 2010, Summit announced that Bill Condon, who directed Dreamgirls, would direct Breaking Dawn; Wyck Godfrey, Karen Rosenfelt, and author Stephenie Meyer would be producing the film. "I'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on-screen. As fans of the series know, this is a one-of-a-kind book – and we're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience", said Bill Condon.[14] Condon spoke about Summit approaching him saying, "The very nice folks at Summit.. they sent me the novel. I loved it. I quickly imprinted on the material".[15] Another reason Condon cited was the desire to collaborate with Stewart.[16] Gus Van Sant later explained that Robert Pattinson mentioning him as the ideal director for Breaking Dawn was what made him audition for the job and described the audition as "very nerve-wracking". However, after Condon was hired, Sant suggested that the reason behind not getting hired was his style and way of auditioning being different from what the executive producers were used to.[12]

text: In June, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaptation of the fourth book would start filming in November.[17][18] The first part was released on November 18, 2011, and the second part's release date is set for November 16, 2012.[19]

text: The Twilight Saga also helped motivate Rosenberg into launching a female-centric production company, Tall Girls Productions: "The charter of it, if there is one, would be to create some strong roles for women... the female Batman, the female Tony Soprano." She explained that, despite the fact of the many hours of hard work ahead of her, it is what she wants to do.[20]

text: After confirming one film, Summit had been keeping their eye on a fifth installment.[5] In May 2010, Billy Burke and Peter Facinelli were the only cast actors who were confirmed for both parts of Breaking Dawn, while other cast members such as Ashley Greene and Kellan Lutz were still in negotiations for a second part. If the actors holding Summit back from making an official announcement did not reach an agreement with them, the studio would not have minded recasting their roles, as was done in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse with Bryce Dallas Howard's character, Victoria.[5] However, in June 2010, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaptation of the fourth book would start production and it was made clear that all major actors, including the three lead roles, the Cullen family, and Charlie Swan, would return for both parts. Actresses Christie Burke, Rachel St. Gelais, Sierra Pitkin, and Eliza Faria play Renesmee at her various ages in the film.[21]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Since the first film was released, fans and critics speculated whether Breaking Dawn would be adapted into a film considering the adult nature of the book. In March 2010, Rosenberg spoke about adapting the book saying, "It's the big one, it's gonna be a big challenge, and I guarantee you that not all of the fans will be happy, and I guarantee you some of them will be. You have to give up the ideal of making everybody happy, it's just not gonna happen, but you hope you make the majority happy. Again, for that last book it is about taking that specific character Bella on her journey. It's a big journey, it's a massive change for her, and you hope to realize that."[22] One of the scenes that aroused the speculations that the film would be rated R is the infamous graphic birth scene in the novel. In August, Rosenberg addressed such speculations saying, "On the fan site, on Facebook, all the comments are "It has to be R rated! You have to show the childbirth! Gore and guts and sex!" For me it's actually more interesting to not see it. You know, you can do childbirth without seeing childbirth ... it doesn't mean it's any less evocative of an experience."[23] Producer Wyck Godfrey addressed those speculations further saying, "it would be a crime against our audience to go R-rated" as the core fans of the series are below 18 years old, but insisted that the film is based on a mature book, so more progress and sophistication are needed.[24] To compromise the necessary sophistication in adapting such a mature book and the need for maintaining a PG-13 rating, Rosenberg stated that the scene would be shown from Bella's point of view.[25] Godfrey described it saying, "She is looking through the haze, experiencing pain and everything rushing around her. We only see what she sees".[24]

text:
"You start with, and you end with, what is the emotional journey for these characters. That is the most important thing to capture, that is the only thing to capture. Everything else is up for grabs, but you must take these characters on the same emotional journey that they took in the book, and hence take the audience on the same emotional journey that they took in the book and that's the goal, you hope that you achieve that."

Melissa Rosenberg, writer of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn, about adapting the book to film[22]

tag: div

text: In June, Rosenberg stated in an interview that the decision on where to split the film had not been decided, as she was still in the drafting stage of the scripts.[20] "I think it comes down to Bella as human and Bella as vampire", she said, hinting at a potential splitting point. She thought that Condon would probably disagree with the statement, explaining that the decision is ultimately up to him.[20] Later in January 2011, Godfrey confirmed that the Part 1 will cover the wedding, honeymoon, pregnancy and birth and ends just before her transformation into a vampire as the filmmakers wanted to "take the audience through the emotional part of Bella's journey as she becomes a vampire". Part 2 will follow her transformation, the "first exhilarating moments" of her vampire life[26] and the final confrontation with the Volturi. Godfrey also confirmed that Part 1 will follow the book's storyline as it breaks away from Bella and switches into Jacob's perspective. "There is a sense that as Bella and the Cullens (Edward's makeshift vampire clan) deal with her pregnancy, the world is still turning outside with Jacob", he explains.[24] However, in March 2011, Meyer said in interview with USA Today that Part 1 will end when Bella opens her eyes as a vampire.[26]

text: By August, Rosenberg said that the scripts for Part 1 and 2 were 75 to 85 percent completed. She found the greatest challenge in writing the scripts to be the final sequence of Part 2: "The final battle sequence is a big challenge because it lasts 25 pages", she said. "It's almost an entire three-act story in and of itself. You have to track [keep it all in one setting] hundreds of characters. It's an enormous challenge to choreograph on the page and for Bill [Condon] to choreograph on the stage." She had written various drafts of the scene but, at that, hadn't revised or discussed them with Condon yet. She said, "That's the next big hurdle to sit down with the stunt coordinator and create the ballet. It's a lot of work. I'm exhausted, but we're intent on making them the best scripts yet." Godfrey called Part 2 "an action film in terms of life-and-death stakes" and said that in Part 1 "there are the pangs of newlywed tension that occur that are relatable even in a fantasy film. Marriage is not quite the experience that they thought it was." Condon thought of Part 1 "as a real companion piece to Catherine Hardwicke's movie". Condon explains, "Like, everything that got set up there gets resolved here. I think you'll find that there are stylistic and other nods to that film."

text: Godfrey considered releasing the second film in 3D to differentiate between the time before and after Bella becomes a vampire,[18] an idea originally proposed for Eclipse, but said that the decision is up to Condon. However, he said that if the second film were to be released in 3D, he would like to shoot it with the proper equipment in "real" 3D as was done with Avatar (2009), not convert it into 3D in post-production as was done with Clash of the Titans (2010).[27]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable, even though it is substantially greater than the previous installments in the series, much of the film was shot in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Celtic Studios in Baton Rouge. Shooting in Louisiana provided larger tax credits, which a small studio like Summit Entertainment would find favorable.[5] Summit announced in a press release on July 9, 2010, that filming was to take place in Baton Rouge, Ucluelet and Vancouver, with the wedding being shot in Squamish.[28] (Also shot in near by Pemberton, British Columbia[29]). Both parts will be shot back-to-back as one project.[18] The film will attempt to keep its PG-13 rating, and it will not feature any of the gruesome scenes from the novel[30][31] with Kristen Stewart confirming that the birth scene wasn't as grotesque as described in the book and that she didn't "puke up blood", though director Bill Condon said that they shot everything as "powerful and potent as they could". Though there were many reports of the cast in Whistler, British Columbia, none of the actual filming took place in Whistler itself, but to the north and south of the town in nearby Pemberton (north) & Squamish (south). The Stars were housed in Whistler at 4 and 5 star hotels, the crew in Squamish & Pemberton.[29][32]

text: Filming officially began on November 1, 2010 in Brazil, with locations in Rio de Janeiro and Paraty, Rio de Janeiro.[33] The first scenes were shot in the Lapa District in Rio de Janeiro for one night. A long city block was rented for shooting, and Summit Entertainment paid residents 50 to 500 reais (30 to 300 in American dollars) to not allow paparazzi or fans to overlook filming from their windows. Moreover, owners of bars and restaurants were paid 10,000 and 20,000 reais (6,000 to 12,000 in American dollars) to stay closed for the evening to eliminate noise and provide a clear street.[34]

text: Shooting then moved to Paraty, Rio de Janeiro where the honeymoon scenes were shot. According to Paraty's Tourism Office, filming took place in the Taquari area, near an unidentified waterfall and at Mamangua Bay where a mansion is located.[35] It rained on every day of shooting.[15] In late November, shooting moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana where most of the indoor scenes were shot on a sound stage[15] and in a house. Stewart had to wear heavy make-up to look thin and ghastly to show Bella through a phase of pregnancy where the baby starts breaking her bones.[36] The birth scene took two nights to shoot[15] after the cast had a long conversation with Meyer, a midwife and a doctor to discuss the mechanics of the scene,[37] particularly to decide the area where Edward should place his mouth to bite into Bella's placenta if this situation could ever occur in real life.[36] An animatronic baby was used to film a few scenes of newborn Rensemee.[38] The cast and crew spent two months of the filming process shooting in a green screen room on fake snow. Reportedly, a few scenes were also shot in Arsenal Park using green screens.[39]

text: In late February and early March, filming of most of the exterior shots, along with Bella's vampire scenes, occurred in Canada.[15] The film's first shooting location in Canada was Vancouver. However, the cast and crew were evacuated from the set due to the tsunami advisories resulting from the 9.0-magnitude earthquake that hit Japan on March 11, 2011.[40] Toni Atterbury, a spokeswoman for the film, said that "the crew was moved to higher ground" as a safety precaution and "the shoot was delayed for a few hours, but the day's work was accomplished".[41] Therefore, filming relocated to Squamish, British Columbia, but a few scenes were shot in the Orpheum theater in Vancouver with the Vancouver police covering all the entrances of the theater.[42]

text: The wedding scene in Part 1 was the last scene the cast and crew shot.[37] It was also shot under tight security. A helicopter hovered above the set, off-duty police officers surrounded the location, and sheets and umbrellas were used to protect the set from aerial shots being taken.[43] Stewart spoke about the wedding at Comic-Con, describing it as "insane". She went on to say that it was "secret service style. The crew was incredibly inconvenienced. No cell phone, etc. They wanted to keep the dress secret."[15] Concerning the wedding dress, Stewart was locked in a room wearing a Volturi cloak to cover the dress.[15]

text: Stewart further talked about filming the scene, saying "I wanted to run down the aisle. I was literally pulling away from Billy Burke. Now it's a trip to watch the wedding scenes. It was so volatile and emotional—I was being such a crazy person."[37] Condon spoke about it saying, "The last scene we filmed was the dance scene between Jacob and Bella at the wedding. The last shot is Jacob leaving. I called "Cut!" and then Kristen yelled, "Jacob!" and hiked her dress up and started running after him into the woods, saying, "Come back! Don't leave!"[37]

text: Filming wrapped—for most of the cast—on April 15, 2011, ending the franchise's three years of production since March 2008.[citation needed] However, on April 22, what is believed to be additional scenes that will fit into the honeymoon sequence were filmed on Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean,[44] which was officially the last day of shooting.[44] The crew, Stewart and Pattinson were shooting in the sea all day long, then went out for cocktails on the beach and watched the sunrise.[44] On the subject of the final day and her final moment as Bella, Stewart stated, "After that scene, my true final scene, I felt like I could shoot up into the night sky and every pore of my body would shoot light. I felt lighter than I've ever felt in my life."[45] Pattinson thought the day was "amazing"[44] and commented, "I then asked myself why we didn't do this in those four years. Every difficult moment just vanished."

text: Costume design[edit]

text: In October 2010, it was announced that Michael Wilkinson would be the film's costume designer.[46] However, Bella's wedding dress was designed by someone other than Wilkinson. Meyer's description of the dress was "a simpler style than the frillier Edwardian stuff. ...Elegant white satin, cut on the bias, with long sleeves."[47] At first, Zac Posen was rumored to be the designer of Bella's wedding dress; however, these rumors proved false when Posen tweeted: "Heard the Bella/Twilight rumor and it's just that. I design for real women like Kristen Stewart and Anna Kendrick".[48] In April 2011, Summit announced that Carolina Herrera is the designer of the dress.[49] Stewart described the dress as very tight, but still liked it and thought that "it was very pretty".[50] Meyer told USA Today that the dress was "an interesting mix" and has a "vintage feel, but at the same time, there's an edge to it".[26]

text: Concerning Alice's bridesmaid dress, its designer remains unknown, however it was presumably designed by Wilkinson. Ashley Greene described the dress as "magical and beautiful" and spoke about the design process, saying, "We wanted to have all the bridesmaids fit together and also have their own identity. So, we took a little bit of Alice's past and put it into her dress."[51] Corsets were added to all the cast's wedding dresses, but were removed during filming because the cast felt uncomfortable wearing them while dancing.[51]

text: Alfred Angelo has been named the exclusive and official licensed manufacturer of Bella's bridal gown. The gown will be a replica of Bella's wedding dress and marketed under the brand Twilight Bridal by Alfred Angelo. It will be revealed in late November 2011, following the release of Part 1, and will be available in Alfred Angelo Signature Stores and independent retailers worldwide.[52]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In October 2010, Condon announced that Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor John Bruno, along with his team, would helm the visual effects for Breaking Dawn, including the effects necessary to show Renesmee in her various stages of life in Part 2.[46] Later in February, Adam Howard was added to the Breaking Dawn visual effects team to help create the visual effects for Renesmee, due to his notable work on a similar issue in The Social Network.[53] Condon revealed that Mackenzie Foy's face and expressions will be placed digitally on the bodies of the other actresses playing the same character through her various stages of life.[54] Condon spoke about the process saying, "Sometimes it was hard because the other actresses were actually just there. It was always going to be just Mackenzie's expressions and things like that, so it was a very specific technical thing that even I was learning as we did it. But I have to say, they were real troopers these girls."[54] Furthermore, special effects were also used to illustrate the invisible powers and forces between the vampires in the final battle sequence of Part 2.[16]

text: Montreal-based Modus FX created subtle CG effects for Part 1. It created stylized effects to emphasize the supernatural capabilities of the main characters without making them too obvious or noticeable.[55] A team of 12 artists spent six weeks working on the film. Shots included creating the belly of a pregnant Bella, removing a wrist brace Stewart was wearing in the wedding scene due to an injury, and a variety of subtle cosmetic refinements. Bella's pregnancy was a challenge for Modus; the production team wanted the baby to kick and move around inside her belly, so the artists and cinematographer had to match the camera moves, the lighting, even the film grain, along with the subtleties of Stewart's skin.[55] On the subject, CG supervisor Martin Pelletier said,

text:
“
For this project, we had to be really quick in terms of turn around. We made use of very complex lighting from the set, adding 3D layers, and a matchmove of her stomach, to make her look pregnant. We took our time at the start to get the recipe right and that paid off in efficiency once we got going. We were soon able to turn around several shots each day.[55]
”

text: During the wedding scene, the camera pans around Pattinson and Stewart. Due to a minor wrist injury Stewart had, she was wearing a brace on the day of the shoot. Therefore, Modus was required to create a CG model of the hand and then carefully craft a rig to create natural motions. Once that was finished, every minute movement of the hand had to be matched exactly.[55] The rotational panning shot totals 300 frames and called for elaborate camera and object tracking. Modus used subsurface scattering to accurately capture the partial translucence of her skin to make it look more authentic. Pelletier explained that "tracking was particularly challenging, because when they were shooting it, they weren’t thinking about it as an effects shot. There was no camera metadata for the sequence." The solution was to do a series of careful manual adjustments until the light sources were correctly replicated on the set.[55]

text: In July, Condon said that the first cut of Part 1 would be finished in a few weeks, but the visual effects were still in development.[16] Godfrey later stated that they were "very close to locking picture on part one", and that its running time is equal to Twilight, New Moon and Eclipse, therefore approximately two hours.[16] A few weeks later, Godfrey announced that he had seen numerous cuts of the film and called it "incredibly powerful already. ...It definitely captures what the book captures." Concerning the subject of the MPAA rating, Godfrey said that the studio does not "have any word yet on the rating", but insisted that it is going to be rated PG-13.[16] Condon discussed the matter further saying, "I think it's a good challenge because the thing that makes something R is literally showing it and if you give yourself that rule: I’m not gonna show, it's not going to be frontal nudity, no one wants that", and added, "we’re not going to, again, show splattering blood against the walls but it's gonna be very visceral. It actually becomes a fun challenge to make sure you feel like you have the same experience without having to watch something clinical. I think it makes it better."[54]

text: Music[edit]

text: On January 14, 2011, it was announced that Carter Burwell, composer of the first film in the series, will be returning to score both parts of the final installment.[56] The score of Part 1 was recorded in Abbey Road Studios, London in early September. Alexandre Desplat and Howard Shore, the composers of New Moon and Eclipse respectively, happened to be in London at the time of the recording session and stopped by to visit Burwell.[57]

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn: Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 8, 2011.[58] In July, Condon said that they are still under negotiations for the soundtrack and have 15 songs to choose from, but no deals have been signed with any artists. He also hinted that there's a good chance that the cast's musically-inclined members would feature on the soundtrack, which leaves chance to Robert Pattinson, Jackson Rathbone, Booboo Stewart and Jamie Campbell Bower. American rock band Evanescence expressed interest in landing a song on the Breaking Dawn soundtrack. Will Hunt, the drummer of the band, said, "I've been screaming for [new song] 'My Heart Is Broken' to land in that, because I think it would fit the story so well." The lead singer of the band, Amy Lee, agreed, adding, "I think that would be awesome, actually." Also notable is the fact that the band had attempted to land songs on the soundtrack of Twilight, but Summit did not approve of the songs they presented.[59] This is the first soundtrack not to feature a song from the band Muse.

text: On September 22, 2011, it was confirmed that the lead single of the soundtrack is a song by American pop singer Bruno Mars called "It Will Rain" to be released exclusively on iTunes on September 27.[60]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The teaser poster of Breaking Dawn was released on May 24.[61] After giving fans a sneak peek on June 2, MTV released the first official teaser trailer on June 5, the night of the MTV Movie Awards. It was released online shortly before the awards show began and then made its television debut during the broadcast.[62]

text: On July 21, Summit held a sold-out Comic-Con panel in Hall H, which held 6,500 fans, promoting Part 1. Condon, Stewart, Pattinson and Lautner attended the panel and answered the fans' questions along with showing them exclusive clips from the film. Cast members arrived early in the morning and signed autographs and posters for the midnight-camping fans and Summit booths offered them Breaking Dawn: Part 1 character trading cards.[63]

text: Breaking Dawn: Part 1 footage was screened in Empire Movie Con in the UK on August 13.[64] In addition, Alfred Angelo will host a private screening of Part 1 for forty-nine selected fans on November 15 and another screening for twenty friends two days later via sweepstakes.[65]

text: Leaks[edit]

text: When the filming started on November 7, 2010 in the Lapa District and Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, leaked set photos and footage videos surfaced online.[66] Summit Entertainment responded to the leaks by removing the photos and videos from YouTube, fansites and gossip websites. On January 13, 2011, scans of a still of Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson in one of their honeymoon scenes in an Entertainment Weekly article ran online, prior to the magazine's official release of the still.[67] On March 31 and April 1, 2011, a mass leak of a 14-second video and numerous low-quality stills hit the Internet resulting to enthusiastic fan reaction and speculations that the film wouldn't be able to maintain a PG-13 rating.[68] Summit Entertainment released an official statement in response to the leaks saying:

text: As some of you may know, pictures and screen grabs of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn as a work in progress have leaked on the internet. We are extremely proud of this film and also extremely heartbroken to see it out there at this stage. The film and these images are not yet ready or in their proper context. They were illegally obtained and their early dissemination is deeply upsetting to the actors, the filmmakers and Summit who are working so hard to bring these movies to fruition to you in November 2011 and November 2012.

text: Please, for those who are posting, stop. And please, though the temptation is high, don’t view or pass on these images. Wait for the film in its beautiful, finished entirety to thrill you.

text: Sincerely,

text: Additionally, the first teaser trailer leaked online hours before its debut at the MTV Movie Awards.[70]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: On August 1, 2011, Summit released a press release announcing the identification of some of the alleged people responsible for the leak of images and video from Breaking Dawn on March 31 and April 1 and the decision to take legal action. Summit claimed that the leak came from Posadas, Argentina, but due to the possibility that other people might be involved in the leak, the investigation is still ongoing. The only person Summit named was a woman called Daiana Santia, resident in Posadas, allegedly being involved in the group that stole the images and footage.[71] Civil action has been filed in the U.S. and Argentina, while criminal action has also been filed in Argentina.[71] Summit hired law firm Keats McFarland & Wilson LLP to search four continents, North America, South America, Europe and Australia, to find the other people behind the leak.[71]

text: On the other hand, Santia hosted a press conference in her town and denied Summit's claims. She claimed that she only saw the images "while surfing the Internet"[72] and didn't send them to anyone. She also stated that she didn't log in anywhere to see them and denies having the technical knowledge of hacking, specifically saying that she "in no way be considered a "hacker" because [she] has no computer skills other than simple user level".[73] Her attorney confirmed that Santia and her family are considering a counterclaim against Summit due to defamation of character and continual harassment by the film's producers who kept requesting that she would let them check her computer to see if she still has the images on her hard disk, although she refused more than once claiming that she is innocent and her computer contains personal items. Her attorney called the situation "a harm to privacy and personal right".[73]

text: Summit's official response to the press conference said, "First and most important this is NOT about greed or the Studio wanting to bully a woman from a small town in Argentina – rather, it is about stolen material that is private and sensitive which was obtained by illegally accessing private/secure servers as well as personal email accounts." Summit gave details about the case stating that the studio has been in contact with Santia since May 2011, but "with no resolution or further good faith efforts on their part, thus the only alternative left was to pursue legal action to ascertain that Ms. Santia no longer holds the images and video in any shape or form".[74] In the response, Summit announced the following claims:

text: Specifically on June 8, 2011, Ms. Santia confessed in the presence of her attorney that she accessed servers and email accounts via a systematic attack – stealing photographs, unfinished images and video footage over several months. Additionally there is indisputable evidence linking her directly to IP addresses that were used in the unauthorized access. Her actions appear to be premeditated and not done on a whim, but rather using technology and tactics that require thought as well as time and skill. Because Ms. Santia decided that she does not want to cooperate, Summit has been unable to settle this matter privately with Ms. Santia and her representatives in Argentina.[74]

text: Home media[edit]

text: According to the entertainment site MovieWeb, the DVD and Blu-ray Disc for Part 1 was made available to purchase on February 11, 2012. Both editions include bonus features such as Bella and Edward's wedding video, fast-forwarding to favorite scenes, audio commentary with director Bill Condon, and a 6-part "Making Of" documentary.[75] The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Lionsgate and Summit Entertainment.[76] In North American DVD sales, Part 1 has currently grossed $94,845,346 and has sold more than 5,234,876 units.[77]

text: An "extended version" was released on March 2, 2013; this version features an additional seven minutes of footage, making the film 124 minutes, including eight additional scenes, two missing scenes, and three alternate scenes.[78]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 grossed $281,287,133 in North America and $430,884,723 in other countries, bringing its worldwide total to $712,171,856.[3] It earned a franchise-best $291.0 million on its worldwide opening weekend, marking the 10th largest worldwide opening of all time.[79][80] It reached $500 million worldwide in 12 days, a record time for the franchise.[81] It ranks as the fourth highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide and the second highest-grossing film of the franchise.[82] The film is also currently the 50th highest-grossing film of all time.

text: North America[edit]

text: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (which opened on November 18, 2011 in 4,061 theaters) was projected to reap at least $140 million in its opening weekend.[83] The film earned $30.25 million in midnight showings, which was the second highest midnight gross ever, at the time, behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($43.5 million) as well as the highest midnight gross of the franchise, until it was surpassed by The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2's gross of $30.4 million.[84] On its opening day, the movie topped the box office with $71.6 million (including midnight showings), which is the fifth highest opening[85] and single-day[86] gross of all time.[87] On its opening weekend, Breaking Dawn – Part 1 claimed first place with $138.1 million, which was the second highest opening weekend of the film series, at the time, behind New Moon ($142.8 million),[88] as well as the fourth highest November opening ever behind The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, New Moon, and Breaking Dawn - Part 2.[89] It is also the 10th highest opening weekend of all time.[90] The movie also had the second best opening weekend of 2011 in North America behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($169.2 million).[91] The audience was 80% female and 60% over 21 years old and the film received a "B+" CinemaScore, which improved to an "A-" among females.[88]

text: It retained first place on its second three-day weekend, declining 70% to $41.9 million, and earned $61.8 million over the five-day Thanksgiving weekend.[92] Breaking Dawn – Part 1 remained No. 1 for a third weekend, marking the best third-weekend gross for a Twilight film ($16.5 million)[93] and the second film of 2011 to top the weekend box office three times, along with The Help.[94] Closing on February 23, 2012, with $281.3 miilion, it is the third highest-grossing movie of 2011.[95] It is also the fourth highest-grossing film in the series, only ahead of the first film ($192.8 million).[82]

text: Markets outside North America[edit]

text: The film earned $8.9 million in its first two days from five markets.[96][97] By the end of its first weekend, it earned $152.9 million at about 9,950 locations in 54 markets, which was a new franchise-high. Its biggest debut was in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Malta with £13,910,877 ($22.0 million), which was a new high for the series. It was also huge in many European and Latin American countries.[79][98] It remained in first place at the box office outside North America for three consecutive weekends.[99][100] With $423.8 million, it is the highest-grossing film of the franchise[101] and the sixth highest-grossing film of 2011.[102] Its highest-grossing region after North America is the UK, Ireland and Malta ($48.8 million), followed by Brazil ($35.0 million) and Germany ($33.1 million).[103]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 received generally negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24% of critics (of the 198 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review, and the site's consensus reads, "Slow, joyless, and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise."[104] The review site Metacritic gave the film a 45 out of 100 (based on 36 critic scores).[105] It is the lowest-rated installment in the franchise, which was previously New Moon. Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a negative review, calling the film "disappointing".[106] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a negative review, calling Part 1 "bloated".[107] Brent Simon of Screen International called the film "soapy and melodramatic".[108] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film one star out of a possible five, and referred to it as the next stage of an "emo-operetta" that "sweeps us away on a new riptide of mawkish euphoria".[109] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two and a half stars, saying that it is filled with a lot of unanswered questions, but calling Stewart's portrayal of Bella "pretty good".[110] The television show Film 2011's Claudia Winkleman gave the film a negative review, calling it "hilarious".[111] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers said Breaking Dawn – Part 1 is "the worst Twilight movie yet" and thought Taylor Lautner looked like a "petulant five-year-old".[112] Mary Pols of Time magazine named it one of the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011, saying "this entry, which held within it the teasing promise of explosive consummation, instead delivered soap-opera-level dry humping in high-thread-count sheets", and concluded, "This was the bloodiest of the Twilight movies but somehow the most bloodless."[113]

text: Conversely, Gabriel Chong of "Movie Exclusive" gave the film four stars out of a possible five, praising the dialogue, wedding and action scenes, and particularly Condon's direction, stating, "In the hands of a lesser director, the turn of events could very well descend into farce—thankfully then, this movie has found a masterful helmsman in Condon." He went on to praise Stewart's performance, calling it "mesmerising" and saying that she "makes [Bella's] every emotion keenly felt that runs the gamut from joy, trepidation, anxiety, distress and above all quiet and resolute determination."[114] Mark Adams of Daily Mirror also gave the film four stars out of five and said, "The Twilight films manage to cleverly blend melodrama with supernatural thrills, and while the film is not without its silly moments and cringeworthy dialogue it does deliver the drama and emotional highs we have come to expect". He also praised the wedding, describing it as "beautifully staged", and Stewart's performance.[115] Other positive reviewers from The New York Times and Philadelphia Inquirer said the dialogue was improving and the whole movie played out with style, while being faithful to the book and servicing hardcore fans.[116][117] MSN Entertainment critic Alaina O'Connor gave Condon some praise for bringing "a certain visual elegance that helps with some of the more-absurd elements of the story." O'Connor also felt that the film did a good job of "examining the relationship between Edward and Bella", but felt that the narrative was weak otherwise.[118] The film was also ranked the tenth best film of 2011 by E!.[119] Will Brooker, writing for Times Higher Education, makes the case that Breaking Dawn has a feminist element, stating that it "reverse(s) the embedded cinematic conventions of male voyeur and female-as-spectacle", and that "the lack of attention to (Bella) as sex object is remarkable."[120]

text: The film also drew both criticism and praise for having what was seen as a pro-life theme. Natalie Wilson, writing for the Ms. magazine blog, described what she saw as the book's "latent anti-abortion message" as "problematic from a feminist perspective" and found this element "heightened, not diminished, in the film", citing scenes in which Rosalie scolds Alice for using the word "fetus".[121] Richard Lawson of The Atlantic said that Bella's pregnancy "serves as the narrative dais from which Meyer, and in complicity Condon and the screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg, delivers a startlingly direct and uncovered anti-abortion sermon", adding "it seems there was no escaping the firmly anti-choice themes of this leg of the story, and so we must sit and grumble while sickly Bella is scored by plaintive strings as she chooses the one true moral path".[122] Neil Morris of Independent Weekly said that the film "takes up a radically pro-life mantle when Bella refuses to abort her baby, even though her life may depend on it".[123] Sandie Angulo Chen of Moviefone described the "bulk" of the film as "one long pro-life debate", in which "Bella says it's her body, her choice (terms usually used in the pro-choice movement), but her decision is pro-life to the extreme, because the baby can and will kill her".[124] In contrast, John Mulderig of the Catholic News Service praised the "strongly pro-life message being conveyed via Bella's unusual plight", saying it "presents a welcome counterpoint to the all-too-frequent motif in popular entertainment whereby pregnancy is presented as a form of disease or an almost unbearable curse".[125]

text: In an interview with Screen Rant, screenwriter Rosenberg addressed the perception of a pro-life message in the film, stating, "If I could not find my way into it that didn't violate my beliefs (because I am extremely pro-choice very outspoken about it, very much a feminist) I would not have written this move  [sic]. They could have offered me the bank and I still wouldn't have. In order to embrace it I had to find a way to deal with it. I also had no interest in violating Stephenie's belief system or anyone on the other side".[126]

text: On February 25, Breaking Dawn – Part 1 was nominated for eight Razzie Awards, including: Worst Picture; Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-Off or Sequel; Worst Screen Ensemble; Worst Director (for Bill Condon); Worst Screenplay; Worst Actor (for Taylor Lautner), and Worst Actress (for Kristen Stewart). The Worst Screen Couple award for Kristen Stewart with either Taylor Lautner or Robert Pattinson was also included. The film lost all categories to Jack and Jill.[127]

text: Health issues[edit]

text: A week following the film's release, incidents began occurring of the birthing scene having triggered epileptic seizures in moviegoers. The visual effects during the scene involves several pulsating red, white, and black flashing lights, which creates an effect similar to a strobe light. Reports of such photosensitive seizures have been reported in Sacramento, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The incidents have become more widespread as news of the incidents began to flood several news sites, making people aware that health issues that attendees were experiencing might have been caused by the scene.[128][129] Famed comic book artist Jim Lee tweeted that he and his family had to leave a screening of the film after "our 11 year old son literally threw up during the birthing scene."[130] The people who have experienced seizures during the film are reportedly "perfectly healthy people".[131]