document_title: Selective Service System

question_text: who has to register for the selective service

text: Selective Service System

text: History[edit]

text: 1917 to 1920[edit]

text: Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, the Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe.[10] The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread.[11] The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920.

text: 1940 to 1947[edit]

text:
War
Years Active
Number of
Wartime Draftees[12]

World War I
Sept 1917 – Nov 1918
2,810,296

World War II
Nov 1940 – Oct 1946
10,110,104

Korean War
June 1950 – June 1953
1,529,539

Vietnam War
Aug 1964 – Feb 1973
1,857,304

text: The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history.[13] It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service. It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, and the for the duration of the war plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves.

text: The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31, 1947.[14][15]

text: 1948 to 1969[edit]

text: The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system.[15] All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War (1950–1953).

text: The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 (Selective Service Act of 1948). This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.

text: 35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 (signed on September 10, 1963), granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26. His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 (signed on August 26, 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date). However, married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt. 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 (signed on February 25, 1986).

text: The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.

text: 1969 to 1975[edit]

text: On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery).[16] The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950.[17] The second lottery, on July 1, 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125.[18] The third was on August 5, 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95.[19]

text: In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act (Selective Service Act of 1948) was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday. Registrants were classified 1-A (eligible for military service), 1-AO (Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service), and 1-O (Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students, who received a 2-D Selective Service classification. Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1-N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4-F. Draft classifications of 1-A were changed to 1-H (registrant not currently subject to processing for induction) for men not selected for service after the calendar year they were eligible for the draft. Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.

text: The seventh and final lottery drawing was held on March 12, 1975, pertaining to men born in 1956, who would have been called to report for induction in 1976.[20] But no new draft orders were issued after 1972.[21] On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft.[22]

text: On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required,[23] signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens.[24]

text: 1980 to present[edit]

text: On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979,[25] retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January 1, 1960.[26] As a result, only men born between March 29, 1957, and December 31, 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration.[27]

text: The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday.[26]

text: In 2014, due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893–97 (in addition to 1993–97) was provided to the Selective Service System. Draft registration notices were then sent to the men.[28]

text: A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10, 2016.[29] H.R. 4523 would (a) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft, (b) abolish the Selective Service System, and (c) effectively repeal the "Solomon Amendments" making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid, jobs, and job training. The bill would leave in place, however, laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits.[30] On June 9, 2016, a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate, called the "Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act".[31]

text: On April 27, 2016, the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment[32] to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017[33] to extend the authority for draft registration to women. On May 12, 2016, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill.[34] If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law, it would authorize (but not require) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System.[35]

text: Who must register[edit]

text: Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and illegal aliens.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[36] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system.

text: In the current registration system, a man cannot indicate that he is a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but he can make such a claim when being drafted. Some men choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft.[37] A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs.[38][39][40][41][42]

text: In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation" in case such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress. In response, the Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989, and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999.[43] The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20–54 in 57 job categories.[44]

text: Women as well as female-to-male transgender individuals who identify as male or have had sexual reassignment surgery are not required to register.[45] Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants, even when registration would not have been allowed.[46]

text: Until their 26th birthday, registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status, such as name, current mailing address, permanent residence address, and "all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor."[4][47]

text: Failure to register[edit]

text: In 1980, men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison and/or a fine up to $50,000 if convicted. The potential fine was later increased to $250,000. Despite these possible penalties, government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only 20 indictments, of which 19 were instigated in part by self-publicized and self-reported non-registration.[48]

text: A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional, i.e. knowing and willful. In the opinion of legal experts, this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so. Or, for example, when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction, he was given an opportunity to comply, and the prospective defendant chose not to do so.

text: The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.[49] No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.

text:
Year
Total draftees[12]

WWI

1917
516,212

1918
2,294,084

WWII

1940
18,633

1941
923,842

1942
3,033,361

1943
3,323,970

1944
1,591,942

1945
945,862

Post-WWII

1946
183,383

1947
0

1948
20,348

1949
9,781

Korean War

1950
219,771

1951
551,806

1952
438,479

1953
473,806

Post-Korean War

1954
253,230

1955
152,777

1956
137,940

1957
138,504

1958
142,246

1959
96,143

1960
86,602

1961
118,586

1962
82,060

1963
119,265

Vietnam War

1964
112,386

1965
230,991

1966
382,010

1967
228,263

1968
296,406

1969
283,586

1970
162,746

1971
94,092

1972
49,514

1973
646

text: As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship, a young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turn 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful.[7] There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday.[50]

text: Most states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands, have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs.[51] Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend.[51] Eight states (Connecticut, Indiana, Nebraska, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements, though Indiana does give men 18–25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card.[51] The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards.[52][53]

text: There are some third-party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits, including the Fund for Education and Training (FEAT) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants.[54][55]

text: Alien or dual-national registrant status[edit]

text: Some registrants are not American citizens, or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country; they fall instead into one of the following categories:

text:
Alien or Dual National: An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States. A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country. They are defined in four classes.

A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year. When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more, the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4-C. In computing the length of such periods, any portion of one day shall be counted as a day. He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year. To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1-151 (Alien Registration Receipt Card), showing his date of entry into the United States. If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods, he must furnish documentation for each period of residence. A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year's residence in the US, but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence.
A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled. He may be classified in Class 4-C only for the period he resides outside of the United States. Upon his return to the United States, he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office.
A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration. He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status.
A registrant, lawfully admitted for permanent residence, as defined in Paragraph (2) of Section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (66 Stat. 163, 8 U.S.C. 1101) who, by reason of their occupational status, is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph (15)(A), (15)(E), or (15)(G) or section 101(a). In this case, the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights, privileges, exemptions, and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status.

Dual national: The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time. The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status.[56]
Treaty alien: Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien's country of origin, the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States. However, once this exemption is taken, he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving[57] unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national.[58] Nevertheless, an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization.[59]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress "shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies [and] To provide and maintain a Navy;" The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions.

text: The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits "involuntary servitude".[60] These challenges, however, have not been supported by the courts; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry (1916):

text: The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government, and the term 'involuntary servitude' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which, in practical operation, would tend to produce like undesirable results. It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional, and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc.[61]

text: During the First World War, the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States (1918), also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, that the draft did not violate the Constitution.[62]

text: Later, during the Vietnam War, a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States (1968).[63]

text: Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of the "Solomon Amendment", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" non-registrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants.[64]

text: Exemption of women[edit]

text: Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to "male persons" in stating who must register and who would be drafted. For women to be required to register with the Selective Service, Congress would have to amend the law, which currently exempts women from registration.[65]

text: The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg, with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

text: The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress' decision to exempt women from registration. The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops. Since women are excluded from combat, Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft, and therefore decided not to register them.[66]

text: At the request of President Bill Clinton, the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994, noting that because women are excluded by policy from front-line combat positions, excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD's view. Although no conclusions were reached, DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand. The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure, if given the mission and additional funding.[65]

text: On January 23, 2013, the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions. Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements.[67][68] In July 2015, a 17-year-old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft.[69]

text: The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft.[70][71] The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4, 2013, Case Number 2:13-cv-02391-DSF-MAN.[72] The case was dismissed on July 29, 2013,[73] and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25, 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[74] Oral argument before a 3-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8, 2015.[75] On February 19, 2016, the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness, and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues.[76] Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male-only draft registration, Kyle v. Selective Service System, is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.[77]

text: Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register, to prohibit the President from ordering women to register, and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register.[78][79][80]

text: On June 15, 2016, the United States Senate passed a bill to include women in Selective Service registration.[81] 2016 Democratic candidate for President Hillary Clinton announced her support for the measure.[82]

text: Structure and operation[edit]

text: The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States. The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States.[83]

text: During peacetime, the agency comprises a National Headquarters, three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center. Even during peacetime, the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards.[84] During a mobilization (draft), the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters, 400+ Area Offices as well as 40+ Alternative Service Offices.[85]

text: The agency's budget for the 2015–2016 fiscal year was about $23 million. In early 2016, the agency said that if women were required to register, its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year, and slightly less in subsequent years.[86] This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act. Costs of investigating, prosecuting, and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice[citation needed].

text: Mobilization (draft) procedures[edit]

text: The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations. Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions, or through separate legislation, so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work. Different procedures would be followed for a special-skills draft, such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System (HCPDS).

text:
Congress and the President authorize a draft: The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply. Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower.
The Lottery: A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service. The first to be called, in a sequence determined by the lottery, will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place, followed, if needed, by those aged 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19 and 18 year olds (in that order).
All parts of the Selective Service System are activated: The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty.
Physical, mental and moral evaluation of registrants: Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical, mental, and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) to determine whether they are fit for military service. Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation, a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption, postponement, or deferment.
Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent: Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims/appeals. Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders. An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction.
First draftees are inducted: According to current plans, Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis.[87]

tag: ol

text: Lottery procedures[edit]

text: If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft, a lottery would be held in full view of the public. First, all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random. Second, the numbers 1–365 (1–366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year) are placed into a second capsule. These two capsules are certified for procedure, sealed in a drum, and stored.

text: In the event of a draft, the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with. The lottery then takes place, and each date is paired with a number at random. For example, if January 19 is picked from the "date" capsule and the number 59 picked from the "number" capsule, all men of age 20 born on January 19 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices. This process continues until all dates are matched with a number.

text: Should all dates be used, the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20, then 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19, and 18. Once all dates are paired, the dates will be sent to Selective Service System's Data Management Center.[88]

text: Classifications[edit]

text:
Class
Categories (1948–1975)[89]

1-A
Available for unrestricted military service.

1-A-O
Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.

1-C
Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service. Enlisted (Enl.): member who volunteered for service. Inducted (Ind.): member who was conscripted into service. Discharged (Dis.): member released after completing service; later changed to Class 4-A. Separated (Sep.): member released before completing service; may be recalled to service if their status has changed.

1-D
Members of a reserve component (Reserves or National Guard), students taking military training (Service Academy, Senior Military College, or ROTC), or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants (1942–1975).

1-D-D
Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-D-E
Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-H
Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service.
Note: Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976, all registrants (except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act) were classified 1-H regardless of any previous classification.

1-O
Conscientious objector to all military service. A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral, ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.

1-O-S
Conscientious objector to all military service (Separated). A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.

1-S (H)
Student deferred by statute (High School). Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20.

1-S (C)
Student deferred by statute (College). Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior.

1-W
Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).

1-W-R
(Released) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service. This was later changed to Class 4-W.

1-Y
Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency.
Note: The 1-Y classification was abolished December 10, 1971. Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1-Y registrants by administrative action.

2-A
Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation. Also includes deferments due to full-time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school, community or junior college, or an approved apprenticeship program.

2-B
Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense: (Defense contractor or reserved occupation). This exemption was discontinued in 1951.

2-C
Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation.

2-D
Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was created in December 1971. Previously considered part of Class 4-D.

2-S
Registrant deferred because of collegiate study. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was discontinued in December 1971.
It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, osteopathy and optometry, and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree. The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967.

3-A
Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents.

3-A-S
Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents (Separated). Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status. The registrant's deferment can last no longer than six months, after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist.

4-A
Registrant who has completed military service.

4-A-A
Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.

4-B
Official deferred by law.

4-C
Alien or dual national.

4-D
Minister of religion, formally ordained by a recognized religion, and serving as a full-time minister with a church and congregation.

4-E
Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required. Created in 1948; changed to Class 1-O in 1951.

4-F
Registrant not acceptable for military service. To be eligible for Class 4-F, a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) under the established physical, mental, or moral standards. The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40-501.[90]

4-G
Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status.

4-T
Treaty Alien.

4-W
Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction.

5-A
Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken (currently 26+ years) or (where applicable) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken (currently 35+ years).

text: Present[edit]

text: If a draft were authorized by Congress, without any other changes being made in the law, local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service. According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32, Chapter XVI, Sec. 1630.2,[91] men would be sorted into the following categories:

text:
Class
Present categories[89]

1-A
Available for unrestricted military service.

1-A-0
Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.

1-C
Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service.

1-D-D
Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-D-E
Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.

1-H
Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction. Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted. All current registrants are classified 1-H until they reach the age of exemption, when they then receive the classification of 5-A.

1-O
Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

1-O-S
Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces (including their reserve components) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

1-W
Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).

2-D
Divinity student; deferred from military service.

3-A
Hardship deferment; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families

3-A-S
Hardship deferment; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families

4-A
Registrant who has completed military service; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency.

4-B
Official deferred by law.

4-C
Alien or dual national; sometimes exempt from military service.

4-D
Ministers of religion; exempted from military service.

4-F
Registrant not acceptable for military service. This maybe because of learning disabilities, drug abuse or alcoholism, criminal record or mental health problems, being an amputee/tetraplegia, etc.

4-G
Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status.

4-T
Treaty Alien. Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country, and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States.

4-W
Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service (currently a period of 24 consecutive months).

4-A-A
Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.

text: Directors[edit]

text:
Director[92]
Tenure
Appointed by

1.
Clarence Addison Dykstra
1940-10-15 – 1941-04-01
Franklin D. Roosevelt

2.
Lewis Blaine Hershey
1941-07-31 – 1970-02-15
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Dee Ingold
1970-02-15 – 1970-04-06
(Acting)

3.
Curtis W. Tarr
1970-04-06 – 1972-05-01
Richard Nixon

Byron V. Pepitone
1972-05-01 – 1973-04-01
(Acting)

4.
Byron V. Pepitone
1973-04-02 – 1977-07-31
Richard Nixon

Robert E. Shuck
1977-08-01 – 1979-11-25
(Acting)

5.
Bernard D. Rostker
1979-11-26 – 1981-07-31
Jimmy Carter

James G. Bond
1981-08-01 – 1981-10-30
(Acting)

6.
Thomas K. Turnage
1981-10-30 – 1986-03-23
Ronald Reagan

Wilfred L. Ebel
1986-03-24 – 1987-07-08
(Acting)

Jerry D. Jennings
1987-07-09 – 1987-12-17
(Acting)

7.
Samuel K. Lessey Jr.
1987-12-18 – 1991-03-07
Ronald Reagan

8.
Robert W. Gambino
1991-03-08 – 1994-01-31
George H. W. Bush

G. Huntington Banister
1994-02-01 – 1994-10-06
(Acting)

9.
Gil Coronado
1994-10-07 – 2001-05-23
Bill Clinton

10.
Alfred V. Rascon
2001-05-24 – 2003-01-02
George W. Bush

Lewis C. Brodsky
2003-01-03 – 2004-04-28
(Acting)

Jack Martin
2004-04-29 – 2004-11-28
(Acting)

11.
William A. Chatfield
2004-11-29 – 2009-05-29
George W. Bush

Ernest E. Garcia
2009-05-29 – 2009-12-04
(Acting)

12.
Lawrence Romo
2009-12-04 – 2017-01-20
Barack Obama

Adam J. Copp
2017-01-20 – 2017-04-13
(Acting)

13.
Donald M. Benton
2017-04-13 – present
Donald Trump


document_title: The Voice (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who won the most recent episode of the voice

root

text: The Voice (U.S. TV series)

text: Conception

text: An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland, NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010;[3] its name was soon shortened to The Voice.[4] In each season, the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records (seasons 1 & 2) or later Universal Music Group (season 3–present).

tag: p

text: Selection process and format

text: Each season begins with the "Blind Auditions," where coaches form their team of artists (8 in season 1, 12 in season 2 and seasons 4-14, and 16 in season 3) whom they mentor through the remainder of the season. The coaches' chairs are faced towards the audience during artists' performances; those interested in an artist press their button, which turns their chair towards the artist and illuminates the bottom of the chair to read "I want you." At the conclusion of the performance, an artist either defaults to the only coach who turned around, or selects his or her coach if more than one coach expresses interest.[5] In the 14th season, a new twist called "Block" is featured, which allows one coach to block another coach from getting a contestant.

text: In the "Battle Rounds," each coach pairs two of his or her team members to perform together, then chooses one to advance in the competition. In each season, coaches are assisted by celebrity advisors that are different each season. In the first season, coaches sit alongside their respective advisors in the battle stage. However, starting with the second season, the advisors no longer join the coaches in the battle stage. A new element was added in season three; coaches were given two "steals", allowing each coach to select two individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach.

text: The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three. A pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession. They are not told until a few minutes prior to their performances who their partner is. The artists get to choose their own songs in this round, although they continue to get help and advice from their respective coaches. At the conclusion of the performances, coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round.[5] Just like in the battle rounds, the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five. Starting in the season 14, coaches can save one eliminated artist from his (or her) own team.

text: The "Battles, Round 2" were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six.[5]  Similar to the Knockout Rounds, each singer is paired randomly within their team. One celebrity key adviser also assists all four of the coaches and their teams in preparation of these rounds. Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing.[6] Each coach can still decide which of their singers in each pair will advance to the next round. The coaches are also allowed one steal.[7] However, the Knockouts were brought back in season seven.

text: In the final live performance phase of the competition, artists perform in weekly shows, where public voting narrows to a final group of artists and eventually declares a winner.[5] The coaches have the power to save one artist that had not received the public's vote that week. As of season two, these artists would give a last chance performance to win their coach's save. However, in deciding who moves on to the final four phase, the television audience and the coaches have equal say. With one team member remaining for each coach, the contestants compete against each other in the finale, where the outcome is decided solely by public vote. In the first two seasons, one contestant from each team would advance to the final four. Due to the possibility of having multiple potential winners on the same team, eliminations were adjusted in season three to eliminate contestants who earned the lowest number of votes, thus not guaranteeing a coach and a contestant in the (reduced) final three (having reverted to four since season seven).[8]

text: Voting system

text: In a first for a music competition series, NBC and Universal Republic Records offered fans of the show the ability to vote for their favorite artists by purchasing the studio versions of the songs that they perform on the live show each week via the iTunes Store. Alternative methods of voting can be done through toll-free phone calls (until season 8), text messaging, the show's app, and through online votes via NBC.com and Facebook. Each method is limited to ten votes per user. Voting lasts until noon EST the next day.

text: As of the top 12 results show of season three, producers made changes in the voting system with regards to iTunes singles purchases. Previous voting via iTunes purchases of contestant performances had previously only counted singly during the official voting window and only accredited to the live show in concern. If a competitor's performance charts within the Top 10 of the iTunes "Top 200 Singles Chart" during this window, it will be given an iTunes bonus that multiplies iTunes votes made by ten. Starting in season five, the iTunes bonus multiplier is now five for the studio versions of the songs performed by the competitors. The finale's vote count will include a 'Cumulative iTunes Vote Total' of all singles (from top 12 onwards) purchased during and outside of the various voting windows, with iTunes bonuses previously earned.[9]

text: Only the studio recording of the contestants' performances, not the live performance, are available on iTunes. In the first season, the battle rounds were recorded in the studio with both artists in the pairing. However, from season two on, only the winner's version of the song from the battle round is released. Season seven reverted to the old style of both artists. With the introduction of the Knockout Rounds in season three, where each contestant sang a separate song, only the winner's single is released.

text: The "Instant Save" was introduced in season five. During the live elimination episodes, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 12. Home viewers can only vote once per account for one contestant of their choice.

text: Coaches and hosts

text: Coaches

text: CeeLo Green of Gnarls Barkley and Adam Levine of Maroon 5 became the first confirmed coaches in February 2011,[10] followed by Christina Aguilera[11] and Blake Shelton in March.[12] Aguilera and Green did not return for season four and were replaced by Shakira and Usher as substitute coaches.[13] Aguilera and Green then returned for season five, while Shakira and Usher returned for season six.[14][15] In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres in February 2014, Green revealed that he would not be returning to The Voice.[16] On March 31, 2014, it was announced that Pharrell Williams would become Green's replacement.[17] On April 19, 2014, it was announced that No Doubt's Gwen Stefani would replace Aguilera in season seven due to her pregnancy.[18] On May 20, 2014, Shakira and Usher confirmed that after season six, they would focus on their music.[19][20] On March 25, 2016, Miley Cyrus confirmed that following her role as key advisor during the tenth season that she would be joining the series once again in its eleventh season as a coach, replacing Christina Aguilera.[21] That same day, Alicia Keys was also announced to be joining the series as a coach for the eleventh season.[22] On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Stefani would re-join the coaches' panel for the series' twelfth season, alongside returning coaches Keys, Levine and Shelton; it was also confirmed that Cyrus would return for the thirteenth season.[23]

text: On April 27, 2017, in an interview published by TV Insider, Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last. She stated, "Who knows what the future holds, but I know this one is my final season."[24] On May 10, 2017, NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series' thirteenth season.[25] On May 11, 2017, it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018.[26] On October 18, 2017, NBC announced that Alicia Keys would return to the series for the 14th season.[27] On May 10, 2018, it was announced that Clarkson and Hudson would return for the series' fifteenth season.[28]

text:
showTimeline of coaches

Coach

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Christina Aguilera

CeeLo Green

Adam Levine

Blake Shelton

Shakira

Usher

Gwen Stefani

Pharrell Williams

Miley Cyrus

Alicia Keys

Jennifer Hudson

Kelly Clarkson

tag: table

text: Hosts

text: Carson Daly has hosted the series since the inaugural season.[29] Alison Haislip served as the original "backstage, online and social media correspondent"[30] and was replaced by Christina Milian. Milian did not return for season five, at which point Daly assumed her duties as the social media correspondent.[31][32]

text: Coaches' advisors

text: Battle round advisors are listed first; additional advisors and their roles are denoted by superscripts.

text:
Season

Team Adam

Team CeeLo

Team Christina

Team Blake

All Coaches

1

Adam Blackstone

Monica

Sia

Reba McEntire

N/A

2

Alanis MorissetteRobin Thicke

BabyfaceNe-Yo

JewelLionel Richie

Kelly ClarksonMiranda Lambert

3

Mary J. Blige

Rob ThomasJennifer HudsonaBill WithersbPat Monahanc

Billie Joe ArmstrongRon Faira

Michael BubléScott Hendricksa

4

Team Adam

Team Shakira

Team Usher

Team Blake

Hillary Scottd

Joel MaddenCeeLo Greend

Pharrell WilliamsdAakomon JoneseTaylor Swiftf

Sheryl Crowd

5

Team Adam

Team CeeLo

Team Christina

Team Blake

Ryan Tedder

Miguel

Ed Sheeran

Cher

6

Team Adam

Team Shakira

Team Usher

Team Blake

All Coaches

Aloe BlaccGraham NashhJames Valentinei

Miranda Lambertbusbeeh

Jill ScottNaturalh

The Band PerryScott HendrickshGwen Sebastiani

Chris Marting

7

Team Adam

Team Gwen

Team Pharrell

Team Blake

All Coaches

Stevie NicksPatrick Stumpk

Gavin RossdaleChristina Aguilerak

Alicia KeysDiana Rossk

Little Big TownColbie Caillatk

Taylor Swiftj

8

Team Adam

Team Pharrell

Team Christina

Team Blake

All Coaches

Ellie GouldingDave StewartmUshern

Lionel RichieRyan TeddermGwen Stefanin

Nick JonasMark RonsonmGwen Stefanin

Meghan TrainorScott HendricksmCeeLo Greenn

Nate RuessReba McEntirel

9

Team Adam

Team Gwen

Team Pharrell

Team Blake

All Coaches

John Fogerty

Selena Gomez

Missy Elliott

Brad Paisley

RihannaDolly Partono

10

Team Adam

Team Pharrell

Team Christina

Team Blake

All Coaches

Tori Kelly

Diddy

Patti LaBelle

Gwen Stefani

Miley CyrusPink

11

Team Adam

Team Miley

Team Alicia

Team Blake

All Coaches

Sammy Hagar

Joan Jett

Charlie Puth

Bette Midler

Tim McGrawFaith HillGarth Brooks

12

Team Adam

Team Gwen

Team Alicia

Team Blake

All Coaches

John Legend

Celine Dion

DJ Khaled

Luke Bryan

Shania Twain

13

Team Adam

Team Miley

Team Jennifer

Team Blake

All Coaches

Joe Jonas

Billy Ray Cyrus

Kelly Rowland

Rascal Flatts

Kelly Clarkson

14

Team Adam

Team Alicia

Team Kelly

Team Blake

All Coaches

Julia MichaelsJordan Smith

Shawn MendesChris Blue

Hailee SteinfeldCassadee Pope

Trace AdkinsChloe Kohanski

N/A

text:
showNotes

^a  During the week of the Top 10 performances, Cee Lo Green, Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton brought in Jennifer Hudson, Ron Fair and Scott Hendricks respectively to help them coach their teams.

^b  During the week of the Top 8 performances, Cee Lo Green brought in Bill Withers to help coach his contestant Nicholas David on his performance of "Lean on Me".

^c  Due to being sick during the rehearsals of the Top 6 performances, Cee Lo Green brought in Pat Monahan to coach his team for the week. Green did however pick the songs which his team members would sing that week and kept in touch with them by phone.

^d  The mentors of the Battle Rounds reprised their roles during the week of the Top 10 performances except Joel Madden who was working on The Voice in Australia. Shakira instead brought in Cee Lo Green to help coach her team that week.

^e  During the week of the Top 12 performances, Usher brought in his choreographer Aakomon Jones to help coach his team.

^f  During the week of the Top 6 performances, Taylor Swift attended Michelle Chamuel's rehearsal of "I Knew You Were Trouble".

^g  With the replacement of the Knockout Rounds with the "Battles, Round 2" in season 6, Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for every team.

^h  During the week of the Top 10 performances, all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams. Graham Nash helped Team Adam, busbee helped Team Shakira, Natural helped Team Usher, and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake.

^i  During the week of the Top 8 performances, Adam Levine brought in fellow band member James Valentine, and Blake Shelton brought in season two contestant Gwen Sebastian to help coach their teams.

^j  With the return of the Knockout Rounds in season seven, Taylor Swift served as the sole advisor for every team.[33]

^k  During the week of the Top 10 performances, all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams. Patrick Stump helped Team Adam, Christina Aguilera helped Team Gwen, Diana Ross helped Team Pharrell, and Colbie Caillat helped Team Blake.

^l  During the week of the Top 12 performances, Reba McEntire helped all four coaches coaching the teams.

^m  During the week of the Top 10 performances, all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams. Dave Stewart helped Team Adam, Ryan Tedder helped Team Pharrell, Mark Ronson helped Team Christina, and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake.

^n  During the week of the Top 8 performances, all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams. Usher helped Team Adam, Gwen Stefani helped Teams Pharrell and Christina, and CeeLo Green helped Team Blake.

^o  During the week of the semi-final performances, Dolly Parton helped all four coaches coaching the teams.

text: Coaches' teams

text:
Season

Team Adam

Team CeeLo

Team Christina

Team Blake

1

Javier ColonCasey WestonJeff JenkinsDevon Barley

Vicci MartinezNakiaCurtis GrimesThe Thompson Sisters

Beverly McClellanFrenchie DavisLily EliseRaquel Castro

Dia FramptonXeniaJared BlakePatrick Thomas

2

Tony LuccaKatrina ParkerMathaiPipKarla DavisKim Yarbrough

Juliet SimmsJamar RogersCheesaJames MassoneErin MartinTony Vincent

Chris MannLindsey PavaoAshley de La RosaJesse CampbellMoses StoneSera Hill

Jermaine PaulErin WillettRaeLynnJordis UngaCharlotte SometimesNaia Kete

3

Amanda BrownMelanie MartinezBryan KeithLoren AllredJoselyn Rivera

Nicholas DavidTrevin HunteCody BelewMacKenzie BourgDiego Val

Dez DuronSylvia YacoubAdriana LouiseDe'BorahDevyn DeLoera

Cassadee PopeTerry McDermottMichaela PaigeJulio Cesar CastilloLiz Davis

4

Team Adam

Team Shakira

Team Usher

Team Blake

Amber CarringtonJudith HillSarah SimmonsCaroline Glaser

Sasha AllenKris ThomasGarrett GardnerKarina Iglesias

Michelle ChamuelJosiah HawleyVEDOCáthia

Danielle BradberyThe Swon BrothersHolly TuckerJustin Rivers

5

Team Adam

Team CeeLo

Team Christina

Team Blake

Tessanne ChinWill ChamplinJames WolpertGreyPreston Pohl

Caroline PennellKat RobichaudJonny GrayTamara ChaunieceAmber Nicole

Jacquie LeeMatthew SchulerJosh LoganOlivia HenkenStephanie Anne Johnson

Cole VosburyRay BoundreauxAustin JenckesNic HawkShelbie Z

6

Team Adam

Team Shakira

Team Usher

Team Blake

Christina GrimmieKat PerkinsDelvin Choice

Kristen MerlinTess BoyerDani Moz

Josh KaufmanBria KellyT.J. Wilkins

Jake WorthingtonSisaundra LewisAudra McLaughlin

7

Team Adam

Team Gwen

Team Pharrell

Team Blake

Matt McAndrewChris JamisonDamienMia PfirrmanTaylor Phelan

Taylor John WilliamsRyan SillAnita AntoinetteRicky ManningBryana Salaz

DaNica ShireyLuke WadeSugar JoansJean KelleyElyjuh René

Craig Wayne BoydReagan JamesJessie PittsTaylor BrashearsJames David Carter

8

Team Adam

Team Pharrell

Team Christina

Team Blake

Joshua DavisDeanna JohnsonBrian JohnsonTonya Boyd-CannonNathan Hermida

Sawyer FredericksKoryn HawthorneMia ZCaitlin CaporaleLowell Oakley

India CarneyKimberly NicholeRob TaylorLexi DávilaSonic

Meghan LinseyHannah KirbyCorey Kent WhiteBrooke AdeeSarah Potenza

9

Team Adam

Team Gwen

Team Pharrell

Team Blake

Jordan SmithShelby BrownAmy VachalBlaine MitchellChance PeñaKeith Semple

Jeffery AustinBraiden SunshineKorin BukowskiViktor KirályEllie LawrenceRegina Love

Madi DavisEvan McKeelMark HoodCeleste BettonRiley BiedererDarius Scott

Emily Ann RobertsBarrett BaberZach SeabaughIvonne AceroMorgan FrazierNadjah Nicole

10

Team Adam

Team Pharrell

Team Christina

Team Blake

Laith Al-SaadiShalyah FearingOwen DanoffCaroline BurnsNate ButlerBrian Nhira

Hannah HustonDaniel PassinoEmily KeenerLacy MandigoMoushumiCaity Peters

Alisan PorterBryan BautistaNick HagelinRyan QuinnKata HayTamar Davis

Adam WakefieldMary SarahPaxton IngramKatie BasdenJoe MayeJustin Whisnant

11

Team Adam

Team Miley

Team Alicia

Team Blake

Billy GilmanJosh GallagherBrendan FletcherRiley ElmoreSimone Gundy

Ali CaldwellAaron GibsonDarby WalkerSophia UristaBelle Jewel

Wé McDonaldChristian CuevasSa'RayahKylie RothfieldJosh Halverson

Sundance HeadAustin AllsupCourtney HarrellDana HarperJason Warrior

12

Team Adam

Team Gwen

Team Alicia

Team Blake

Jesse LarsonMark IsaiahLilli PasseroHanna EyreJohnny HayesJosh West

Brennley BrownHunter PlakeTroy RameyJohnny GatesJChosenQuizz Swanigan

Chris BlueVanessa FergusonStephanie RiceJack CassidyAshley LevinAnatalia Villaranda

Lauren DuskiAliyah MouldenTSoulCasi JoyAaliyah RoseFelicia Temple

13

Team Adam

Team Miley

Team Jennifer

Team Blake

Addison AgenAdam CunninghamJon Mero

Brooke SimpsonAshland CraftJanice Freeman

Noah MacDavon FlemingShi'Ann Jones

Chloe KohanskiRed MarlowKeisha Renee

14

Team Adam

Team Alicia

Team Kelly

Team Blake

Rayshun LaMarrJackie VernaSharane CallisterMia BoostromDrew ColeReid Umstattd

Britton BuchananJackie FosterChristiana DanielleJohnny BlissTerrence CunninghamKelsea Johnson

Brynn CartelliKaleb LeeD.R. KingTish Haynes KeysDylan HartiganAlexa Cappelli

Kyla JadeSpensha BakerPryor Baird Austin GiorgioGary EdwardsWILKES

text: Series overview

text:
Team Adam
     Team Blake
     Team Christina

     Team CeeLo
     Team Shakira
     Team Usher

     Team Pharrell
     Team Gwen
     Team Miley

     Team Alicia
     Team Jennifer
     Team Kelly

text:
Season

First aired

Last aired

Winner

Runner-up

Other finalist(s)

Winning coach

Host(s)

Coaches (chair's order)

1

2

3

4

1

April 26, 2011

June 29, 2011

Javier Colon

Dia Frampton

Vicci Martinez

Adam Levine

Carson Daly

Alison Haislip (backstage)

Adam

CeeLo

Christina

Blake

Beverly McClellan

2

February 5, 2012

May 8, 2012

Jermaine Paul

Juliet Simms

Tony Lucca

Chris Mann

Blake Shelton

Christina Milian (backstage)

3

September 10, 2012

December 18, 2012

Cassadee Pope

Terry McDermott

Nicholas David

N/A

4

March 25, 2013

June 18, 2013

Danielle Bradbery

Michelle Chamuel

The Swon Brothers

Shakira

Usher

5

September 23, 2013

December 17, 2013

Tessanne Chin

Jacquie Lee

Will Champlin

Adam Levine

Carson Daly

CeeLo

Christina

6

February 24, 2014

May 20, 2014

Josh Kaufman

Jake Worthington

Christina Grimmie

Usher

Shakira

Usher

7

September 22, 2014

December 16, 2014

Craig Wayne Boyd

Matt McAndrew

Chris Jamison

Damien

Blake Shelton

Gwen

Pharrell

8

February 23, 2015

May 19, 2015

Sawyer Fredericks

Meghan Linsey

Joshua Davis

Koryn Hawthorne

Pharrell Williams

Pharrell

Christina

9

September 21, 2015

December 15, 2015

Jordan Smith

Emily Ann Roberts

Barrett Baber

Jeffery Austin

Adam Levine

Gwen

Pharrell

10

February 29, 2016

May 24, 2016

Alisan Porter

Adam Wakefield

Hannah Huston

Laith Al-Saadi

Christina Aguilera

Pharrell

Christina

11

September 19, 2016

December 13, 2016

Sundance Head

Billy Gilman

Wé McDonald

Josh Gallagher

Blake Shelton

Miley

Alicia

12

February 27, 2017

May 23, 2017

Chris Blue

Lauren Duski

Aliyah Moulden

Jesse Larson

Alicia Keys

Gwen

13

September 25, 2017

December 19, 2017

Chloe Kohanski

Addison Agen

Brooke Simpson

Red Marlow

Blake Shelton

Miley

Jennifer

14

February 26, 2018

May 22, 2018

Brynn Cartelli

Britton Buchanan

Kyla Jade

Spensha Baker

Kelly Clarkson

Alicia

Kelly

15

September 24, 2018

Fall 2018

Jennifer

text: La Voz Kids

text: In 2013, American Spanish-language network Telemundo (a subsidiary of NBCUniversal Television Group) introduced a children's version of The Voice in Spanish called La Voz Kids. It featured Spanish-speaking American children from 7 to 15 years of age. Prizes include $50,000 cash for their education and a recording contract with Universal Music Group. The show debuted on May 5, 2013, and is hosted by Jorge Bernal (from ¡Suelta La Sopa!) and Daisy Fuentes. The coaches in season one were Prince Royce, Paulina Rubio, and Roberto Tapia. The first season aired 13 episodes with the season finale airing on July 28, 2013.[34][35]

text: Season two saw Natalia Jiménez replace Paulina Rubio as one of the coaches. The other coaches and hosts remained the same.[36]

text: For the show's third season, Daddy Yankee and Pedro Fernandez took Tapia and Royce's place as the new coaches along with season two veteran Natalia Jiménez.[37]

text: At their 2015 Upfronts, Telemundo announced that La Voz Kids would return for a fourth season, with all three Season 3 coaches returning.[38]

text: Series overview

text:
Team Royce
     Team Paulina
     Team Tapia

     Team Natalia
     Team Yankee
     Team Pedro

text:
Series

First aired

Last aired

Winner

Runners-up

Winning coach

Hosts

Coaches (chair's order)

1

2

3

1

May 5, 2013

July 28, 2013

Paola Guanche

Alan Ponce

Prince Royce

Jorge BernalDaisy Fuentes

Royce

Paulina

Roberto

Alanis Gonzáles

2

March 16, 2014

June 8, 2014

Amanda Mena

Leslie Mendoza

Natalia

Natalia Loya

3

March 15, 2015

June 7, 2015

Jonael Santiago

Franser Pazos

Natalia Jiménez

Daddy Yankee

Pedro

Shanty Zumaya

4

April 17, 2016

July 10, 2016

Christopher Rivera

Alejandra Gallardo

Axel Cabrera

text: Reception

text: In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The Voice "is most popular in North Dakota and least popular in New York. It was behind only Duck Dynasty and Fast N' Loud in its correlation with Trump voters".[39]

text: Awards and nominations

text: Ratings

text: The first season premiered strong at 11.78 million viewers, and actually grew upon that audience through its first season. In the 18–49 demographic, the show constantly found itself in the top 5. For its average season rating, the show landed itself as No. 20 with total viewers at nearly 12 million viewers. In the 18–49 rankings, the show was No. 4 at a 5.4 ranking.

text: The second season premiered on Super Bowl Sunday, February 5, 2012, and for a while managed to keep a 6.0 in the adults 18–49 demographic and 17 million viewers. Partnering The Voice with Smash (NBC's musical drama) helped NBC win the Monday night ratings. However, by Monday, April 9, the ratings had fallen to a 4.0 rating in the adult 18–49 demographic.

text: The third season premiered on Monday, September 10, 2012 to 12.28 million viewers and a 4.2 rating in the 18–49 demographic and has since then grown to a season high 4.8 rating in the 18–49 demographic on October 8, October 15 and 29, 2012 and a 4.9 rating in the finale. The Voice, along with NBC's new drama, Revolution has once again led NBC to win every Monday night of the season so far, just like it did last season. On Tuesdays, comedies Go On and The New Normal have been successful thanks to The Voice, leading NBC to be the only network of the Big 5 to grow in ratings from last season.

text: The fourth season premiered on Monday, March 25, 2013 to a 13.64 million viewer audience, scoring a 4.8 in the 18–49 demographic but fell back to a 12.41 million viewer audience. In the 18–49 demographic, this first episode had a 4.1 score.

text: The fifth season premiered on Monday, September 23, 2013 scoring 14.98 million viewers and a 5.1 in the 18–49 demographic.

text: The sixth season premiered on February 24, 2014 and was watched by 15.74 million viewers with a 4.7 rating in the 18–49 demographic.  It was up from last season's premiere by .76 million viewers.

text: The seventh season premiered on September 22, 2014 and was watched by 12.95 million viewers with a 3.9 rating in the 18–49 demographic. It was down from last season's premiere by 2.91 million viewers.

text: The eighth season premiered on February 23, 2015, and was watched by 13.97 million viewers with a 4.1 rating in the 18–49 demographic.  It was up from last season's premiere by 1.02 million viewers.

text: The ninth season premiered on September 21, 2015, and was watched by 12.37 million viewers with a 3.5 rating in the 18–49 demographic. It was down from last falls premiere by .48 million viewers.

text: The tenth season premiered on February 29, 2016, and was watched by 13.33 million viewers with a 3.4 rating in the 18–49 demographic. It was up from last season's premiere by .96 million viewers.

text: The eleventh season premiered on September 19, 2016, and was watched by 12.10 million viewers with a 3.3 rating in the 18–49 demographic. It is down from last season's premiere by 1.23 million viewers.

text: The twelfth season premiered on February 27, 2017, and was watched by 13.03 million viewers with a 3.1 in the 18–49 demographic. It was up from last season's premiere by .93 million viewers.

text: The thirteenth season premiered on September 25, 2017, and was watched by 10.57 million viewers with a 2.6 in the 18-49 demographic. It is down from last season's premiere by 2.46 million viewers.

text: The fourteenth season premiered on February 26, 2018, and was watched by 12.31 million viewers with a 2.8 in the 18-49 demographic. It is up from last season's premiere by 1.74 million viewers.

text:
Season

Timeslot (ET)

# Ep.

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Season ranking

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Premiere viewers(in millions)

Date

Finale viewers(in millions)

1

Tuesday 9:00 pm (eps. 1–2, 7–9, 11)Tuesday 10:00 pm (eps. 3–6)Wednesday 8:15 pm (ep. 10)Wednesday 8:00 pm (finale)

12

April 26, 2011

11.78[40]

June 29, 2011

11.05[41]

2010–11

20

12.33[42]

2

Sunday 10:21 pmMonday 8:00 pmTuesday 9:00 pm

21

February 5, 2012

37.61[43]

May 8, 2012

11.90[44]

2011–12

9

15.76[†][45]

3

Monday 8:00 pmTuesday 8:00 pmWednesday 8:00 pmThursday 8:00 pm (ep. 20)

32

September 10, 2012

12.28[46]

December 18, 2012[47]

14.13[48]

2012–13

10

14.24[49]

4

Monday 8:00 pmTuesday 8:00 pm

28

March 25, 2013

13.64[50]

June 18, 2013

15.59[51]

5

Monday 8:00 pmTuesday 8:00 pmTuesday 9:00 pmThursday 8:00 pm (ep. 15)

27

September 23, 2013

14.98[52]

December 17, 2013

14.01[53]

2013–14

7

14.57[54]

6

Monday 8:00 pmTuesday 8:00 pm

26

February 24, 2014

15.86[55]

May 20, 2014

11.69[56]

7

27

September 22, 2014

12.95[57]

December 16, 2014

12.88[58]

2014–15

12

13.80[59]

8

28

February 23, 2015

13.97[60]

May 19, 2015

11.56[61]

9

Monday 8:00 pmTuesday 8:00 pm (eps. 2, 4, 6, 16–27)Tuesday 9:00 pm (eps. 8, 10, 12, 14)

27

September 21, 2015

12.37[62]

December 15, 2015

12.69[63]

2015–16

9

13.33[64]

10

Monday 8:00 pmTuesday 8:00 pm

28

February 29, 2016

13.33[65]

May 24, 2016

10.59[66]

11

26

September 19, 2016

12.10[67]

December 13, 2016

12.14[68]

2016–17

13

12.40[69]

12

28

February 27, 2017

13.03[70]

May 23, 2017

9.35[71]

13

27

September 25, 2017

10.57[72]

December 19, 2017

10.91[73]

2017–18

14

11.85[74]

14

28

February 26, 2018

12.31[75]

May 22, 2018

8.77[76]

text: †^  Including an episode that aired after a live broadcast of the Super Bowl:[77]

text:
10:19–10:30 = 46.786 million viewers (retention: 76.68% – football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers)
10:30–10:45 = 39.494 million viewers
10:45–11:00 = 36.310 million viewers
11:00–11:15 = 32.630 million viewers
11:15–11:21 = 31.792 million viewers

tag: ul

text: The Voice Live on Tour

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the final episode of the first season, Carson Daly announced a summer concert tour. This tour had six stops across the United States, including Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Chicago, Boston, Wallingford, and New York. The tour featured the top two finalists from each team, including Javier Colon, Dia Frampton, Vicci Martinez, Beverly McClellan, Xenia, Frenchie Davis, Nakia, and Casey Weston. Out of the six dates, the New York show was a sell-out. However, as overall ticket sales were lackluster, the tour was canceled in subsequent seasons. In 2014, the tour was resumed from June 21, 2014 to August 2, 2014, including the contestants of seasons five and six, and season one contestant Dia Frampton.

text: Video game

text: The Voice: I Want You is a video game based on the television show releasing on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii and Wii U on October 21, 2014 published by Activision. The game includes a microphone and it has songs from the show including songs performed by the coaches.

text: Broadcast

text: The show premiered in Canada on April 26, 2011 on CTV. In Asia, the series aired on August 21, 2011 on AXN, but later transferred to Star World (now Fox Life) starting Season 11.[78] It premiered in New Zealand on July 16, 2011 on TV2, in Australia on August 9, 2011 on Go!, in South Africa on October 5, 2011 on SABC 3, and on March 31, 2012 in the Philippines on Studio 23 (now S+A).[79]


document_title: Al the Octopus

question_text: why is the red wings mascot an octopus

question_tokens: why is the red wings mascot an octopus

text: Al the Octopus

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Al the Octopus is the mascot of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. During some games (usually home playoffs), octopuses are thrown onto the ice by fans for good luck, this usually occurring after the national anthem is sung or after a goal is scored.

text: This Legend of the Octopus tradition, started on April 15, 1952,[1] when two brothers, Pete and Jerry Cusimano, who owned a fish market, decided to throw an octopus onto the ice at Olympia Stadium, with the eight tentacles of the octopus symbolizing the eight wins it took to win the Stanley Cup at the time.[2][3][4] The Red Wings were a perfect 7–0 in the playoffs and were one win away from not only winning the Cup, but becoming the first perfect team in the NHL's post season history. Sure enough the Red Wings won that game, and the media made mention of the octopus "omen" in the papers the following day, thus establishing the octopus legend in the process. Fans have been throwing octopuses onto the ice at Red Wings games ever since. The tradition died down somewhat in the 1970s and 1980s during the Red Wings dismal seasons, but when the Red Wings became contenders again in the 1990s, the tradition resumed.

text: Eventually, a drawn purple octopus mascot was created, and in the 1995 playoffs a large Octopus prop was unveiled. The Octopus was eventually named "Al" (after former Joe Louis Arena building operations manager and current Little Caesars Arena building operations manager Al Sobotka),[3] and every playoff year since, Al the Octopus gets raised to the rafters, when the Red Wings skate out onto the ice.[1] As the years went on some modifications were made to Al, such as making it so his pupils light up red (blinking on and off), the adding of a large Red Wing Jersey to his body, and the removal of a tooth in order to give Al that "hockey player" look. Al often appears on Red Wings apparel and promotional items. Coca-Cola would later create stuffed Als, in their Fan in the Can or Al in the Can promotion. The promotion featured cases of Coke in which some cans were, in fact, containers holding the stuffed Al. Later, Michigan stores would carry the doll, and it would be sold via a mail-in.

text: There have been many other types of Al merchandise, such as stickers, inflatable dolls, and decals. During the 1996 playoff year, a CD called A Call to Arms was released featuring Al on the cover. Being an octopus, Al's jersey number is 8.

text: As it now takes 16 wins for the Red Wings to claim the Stanley Cup, there are now two Al's hanging from the rafters when the Red Wings are in the playoffs.


document_title: Jeepers Creepers (2001 film)

question_text: where does the movie jeepers creepers take place

text: Jeepers Creepers (2001 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Trish Jenner and her brother Darry are traveling home from college for spring break. As they drive through the Florida countryside, an old rusty truck tries to run them off the road. The vehicle eventually passes them, and they later see the same truck parked next to an abandoned church with a man sliding what appears to be bodies wrapped in bloodstained sheets into a large pipe sticking out of the ground. The man notices Trish and Darry watching him and attempts to run them off the road a second time.

text: After escaping, Darry convinces Trish to go back to the church and investigate. At the church, Darry hears noises coming from within the pipe and crawls inside with Trish holding on to his feet, but ends up falling in. At the bottom, he finds a dying man with stitches running down his stomach, and hundreds of other bodies sewn to the walls and ceiling. After Darry escapes, the two flee the scene and attempt to contact the police at a diner. At the diner, they are phoned by a strange woman who warns them that they are in danger. Confused and frightened, they ignore her warning. Later, Trish and Darry leave, with two police officers providing a security escort. As they travel, the police learn that the church has caught fire, and any evidence of bodies has been destroyed. The police are then attacked and killed by the mysterious driver, who loads their bodies into his truck.

text: Fleeing, Trish and Darry stop at a reclusive old woman's house, and beg her to call the police. The woman complies until she notices the driver hiding in her yard. She attempts to kill him, but the driver kills her and reveals his inhuman face to Trish and Darry, before pursuing them once again. Trish runs the driver over with her car, but they are horrified to see a giant wing tear through his trench coat and flap in the air. They drive to the local police station, where they are approached by psychic Jezelle Gay Hartman. She reveals herself as the woman who called them at the diner and tells them the true nature of their pursuer: it is an ancient creature, known as "the Creeper", which awakens every twenty-third spring for twenty-three days to feast on human body parts, which then form parts of its own body. She also tells them that it seeks out its victims through fear, and, by smelling the fear from Trish and Darry, it has found something it likes, but she does not know what.

text: The wounded Creeper arrives and attacks the police station. After cutting off the power, it gains entrance to the cells and eats prisoners to heal. The Creeper is swarmed by police but kills a number of them and evades capture. Trapped, Jezelle warns Trish and Darry that one of them will die a horrible death. Darry demands to know who, and Jezelle looks at Trish. The Creeper finds them, but spares Jezelle as she does not have anything it wants. The Creeper corners Trish and Darry in an upstairs interrogation room, and after sniffing and tasting them, the Creeper throws Trish aside and chooses Darry. Trish offers her life for her brother's, but the Creeper escapes out of the window and flies away with Darry. The next day, Trish is picked up by her parents, and Jezelle returns home in regret. In the Creeper's new hideout, an abandoned factory, it is revealed that the Creeper has removed the back of Darry's head and taken his eyes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gina Philips as Patricia "Trish" Jenner
Justin Long as Darius "Darry" Jenner
Jonathan Breck as the Creeper / Bald Cop
Patricia Belcher as Jezelle Gay Hartman
Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs
Eileen Brennan as the Cat Lady
Jon Beshara as Trooper Robert Gideon
Avis-Marie Barnes as Trooper Natasha Weston
Tom Tarantini as Roach

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)

text: Jeepers Creepers was filmed in Dunnellon, Florida in the summer of 2000.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 45% of 108 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.1/10. The sites consensus reads: "Jeepers Creepers has a promising start. Unfortunately, the tension and suspense quickly deflates into genre cliches as the movie goes on."[5] Metacritic rated it 49/100.[6] Scott Foundas of Variety wrote that it is "the most conventional and least imaginative of the recent crop of high-class fright movies".[7] Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it "a cannier-than-average teen horror movie" that "disintegrates into a shoot-by-numbers monster hunt".[8] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has the scariest opening sequence of any horror picture in recent memory" but becomes an "amusing horror-comedy, spooky and jolting but too literally preposterous to regain its initial aura of suspense."[9] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote that the film starts off well but quickly degenerates into cliche.[10]

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Jeepers Creepers opened in 2,944 theaters and took in a US gross of $37.9 million; it later made $21.3 million internationally, making a total of $59.2 million worldwide.[3]

text: It broke the record for the highest ever Labor Day opening weekend four-day gross, holding the record until the 2003 release of its sequel, Jeepers Creepers 2.[12] After the 2015 Labor Day weekend, Jeepers Creepers holds the #7 spot and the #5 spot goes to its sequel.[12] Allowing for films that had been released prior to Labor Day, Jeepers Creepers holds the #16 spot for the Labor Day four-day weekend, with the #9 spot going to Jeepers Creepers 2.[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards – Best Horror Film
Nominated: 28th Saturn Awards – Best Young Actor: Justin Long
Nominated: International Horror Guild Award – Best Movie[14]
Nominated: 34th Sitges Film Festival - Best Film[15]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: In 2003, a sequel was released, Jeepers Creepers 2. Events in the second film take place four days after the first film. The Creeper and Darry are the only characters to appear in both films, although they are not the only actors to appear in both films. In the first film, actor Tom Tarantini appears as the minor character "Austin McCoy" AKA "Roach" who is a car thief and regular in the Poho County jail. In the second film, he portrays "Coach Dwayne Barnes".

text: On September 11, 2015, Jeepers Creepers 3 was officially greenlit.,[16] with a planned 2017 release.[17] Victor Salva returns as director, Jonathan Breck returns as "the Creeper",[16] and Gina Philips returns as "Trish Jenner", her first screen role in five years.[17] Production was halted in 2016 until it resumed in February 2017,[18] and completed in April. The film opened for what was said would be only a one-night showing on September 26, 2017; it was then shown again October 4 and it was announced that it would air on the SyFy channel on October 28, with a Blu-ray/digital release on December 28, 2017.[19]


document_title: Death Wish (2018 film)

question_text: who plays bruce willis wife in death wish

text: Death Wish (2018 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Paul Kersey, who lives with his wife Lucy and college-bound daughter Jordan, works as a trauma surgeon at a Chicago hospital. After having lunch at a restaurant, Paul gives the keys to his car to a valet, Miguel, who secretly takes a picture of their home address from the car's navigation software after overhearing when they will all be out one night. Later, while Paul is working late at the hospital, three masked men invade the Kersey's home. Jordan and Lucy return home and are both shot and Paul learns at the hospital that Lucy died and Jordan fell into a coma.

text: Police Detective Kevin Raines is tasked with the case, but Paul soon becomes frustrated with the lack of progress in the investigation. One night, Paul comes across two thugs harassing a woman and intervenes and gets beaten. Paul then visits a gun store, but when he sees he's being videotaped, he decides to leave without purchasing anything. When an injured gang member is brought in to the hospital and his Glock 17 falls from the gurney, Paul steals the weapon and then uses online videos to learn how to maintain and use it. Eventually, Paul uses it to stop a carjacking, a video of which goes viral; Paul is dubbed Chicago's "Grim Reaper". When an unconscious Miguel is hospitalized, Paul recognizes his stolen watch around his wrist. After Miguel dies, Paul takes Miguel's phone and discovers a photograph and a text on it suggesting that a liquor store is where the thieves bring and re-sell their stolen goods.

text: Paul visits the liquor store, but the owner, Ponytail, realizes who he is, secretly messages an accomplice for backup and reaches for a gun. Paul stabs him with a dart and demands the goods stolen from his house. Ponytail's accomplice, Fish, arrives and accidentally kills Ponytail. After shooting Fish, Paul learns from him that Lucy's killer is an auto body shop worker named Joe. Fish kicks Paul and gains the upper hand, but is stunned by a falling bowling ball, allowing Paul to kill him. At the auto body shop, Paul ambushes Joe while he is working under a car. He tortures Joe for information by cutting his sciatic nerve with a scalpel and pouring brake fluid into the wound. Joe divulges that their leader, Knox, shot Lucy. Paul then removes the jack holding the car up, causing it to crush Joe's head.

text: Paul receives a phone call from Knox, telling him to meet him in a bathroom at a nightclub. When he arrives, Paul calls the number back and hears it ringing in one of the stalls. He shoots through the stall door, only to find that it was a ruse. Knox opens fire from the other end of the bathroom and the two engage in a shootout, injuring both before both escape. After going home and encountering his brother, Frank, Paul is informed from the hospital that Jordan has regained consciousness. A week later, as Paul brings Jordan home from the hospital, Knox talks to both of them in the hospital elevator: Jordan does not recognize Knox, but Knox tells Paul he'll see him around. Paul returns to the gun store to legally purchase weapons to legally defend his remaining family.

text: Sometime later, Knox and two other thugs prepare to invade Paul's home at night. Paul glimpses a man running across his lawn and hides Jordan in a closet under the stairs, telling her to call the police. After killing the two thugs in the upstairs bedroom, Paul heads into the basement, where he suspects Knox is located. There, Knox emerges from the darkness, shoots Paul in the shoulder and threatens to burn Jordan alive. When Knox is distracted by Jordan yelling out her father's name, Paul retrieves a fully automatic M4 carbine assault rifle from a hidden compartment under a coffee table and shoots Knox dead. When the police arrive, Detective Raines suspects that Paul is the "Grim Reaper", but pretends to buy his story because he's satisfied that justice was served and because Paul subtly informs him that his "Grim Reaper" days are over.

text: Months later, Paul drops Jordan off at NYU. As Paul is leaving, he spots a man who steals a bag from a bellhop, calls out to him and points at him with a finger gun.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as Dr. Paul Kersey, Jordan’s father, Lucy’s husband and Frank’s brother, a Chicago-based doctor turned vigilante
Vincent D'Onofrio as Frank Kersey, Paul Kersey’s brother
Dean Norris as Detective Kevin Raines, the main detective in charge of Lucy's murder investigation and Detective Leonore Jackson’s partner
Kimberly Elise as Detective Leonore Jackson, partner to Detective Kevin Raines and one of the detectives leading the investigation of Lucy's murder investigation.
Mike Epps as Dr. Chris Salgado, a playboy doctor and close friend of Paul Kersey
Elisabeth Shue as Lucy Rose Kersey, the wife of Paul Kersey and Jordan’s mother
Camila Morrone as Jordan Kersey, the daughter of Paul and Lucy
Ronnie Gene Blevins as Joe, a mechanic and Knox's partner-in-crime
Beau Knapp as Knox, the criminal in charge of Joe and Fish
Jack Kesy as Tate "Fish" Karp, Knox's partner-in-crime
Wendy Crewson as Dr. Jill Klavens, a psychiatrist
Kirby Bliss Blanton as Bethany, the spokesperson of the gun shop Kersey visits.
Len Cariou as Ben, Lucy's father
Luis Oliva as Miguel
Troy Kivisto as a FBI Agent

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Development of the film began in 2006, when Sylvester Stallone announced that he would be directing and starring in a remake of Death Wish (1974). Stallone told Ain't It Cool News, "Instead of the Charles Bronson character being an architect, my version would have him as a very good cop who had incredible success without ever using his gun. So when the attack on his family happens, he's really thrown into a moral dilemma in proceeding to carry out his revenge." He later told the publication that he was no longer involved.[3][4] In a 2009 interview with MTV, though, Stallone stated that he was again considering the project.[5]

text: In late January 2012, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that a remake would be written and directed by Joe Carnahan.[6] The film was originally set to star Liam Neeson and Frank Grillo. Carnahan, however, left the project in February 2013 due to creative differences,[7]  but received sole writing credit for the completed film.[8] He was replaced as director with Gerardo Naranjo, who was interested in casting Benicio Del Toro in the lead role; this version also never came to fruition.[7]

text: In March 2016, Paramount Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer announced that Aharon Keshales and Navot Papushado would direct with Bruce Willis starring.[9] Willis was chosen from a shortlist which included Russell Crowe, Matt Damon, Will Smith, and Brad Pitt. In May, Keshales and Papushado quit the project after MGM declined to allow them to rewrite Joe Carnahan's original script, which had been approved by Willis.[10] In June, Eli Roth signed on to direct, with the script being rewritten by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski.[11] On August 25, 2016, Vincent D'Onofrio was cast alongside Bruce Willis to play Paul Kersey's brother, Breaking Bad actor Dean Norris also joined Willis in the film.[12] On October 7, 2016, Kimberly Elise and Camila Morrone were cast in the film to play Detective Jackson and Jordan Kersey.[13] Later on October 17, 2016, Ronnie Gene Blevins was cast in the film.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in late September 2016 in Chicago, Illinois.[15] Later in October 2016, it began filming in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[16]

text: Release[edit]

text: In June 2017, it was announced Annapurna Pictures would distribute the film on behalf of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and release it on November 22, 2017.[17] However in October of 2017, it was announced it was being delayed until March 2, 2018 and that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer would handle the film's distribution in the United States, while Annapurna Pictures handle its international distribution.[18] It was speculated the delay was due in-part to the mass shooting in Las Vegas several days prior.[19] Death Wish was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on April 6 by Vertigo Releasing. It became available on DVD and BluRay on June 5, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of July 5, 2018, Death Wish has grossed $34 million in the United States and Canada, and $14.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $48.5 million, against a production budget of $30 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Death Wish was released alongside Red Sparrow, and was projected to gross $10–20 million from 2,847 theaters in its opening weekend.[20] It made $4.2 million on its first day (including $650,000 from Thursday night previews) and $13 million in its opening weekend, finishing third behind Black Panther ($66.7 million in its third week) and Red Sparrow ($17 million). 55% of its audience was male, while 89% was over the age of 25.[21] It dropped 49% to $6.6 million in its second weekend, finishing at 7th.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
"I wanted to really make it about family, and stick to the central issue of what would you do if this happened to your family. The movie for me really is about family and protecting your family and what do you do when you can't get justice for your family? It's not pro-gun. What I really try to do more than anything is show it how it really is, and leave it for the audience to decide."
— Eli Roth on the reception of Death Wish[23]

tag: div

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 18% based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 3.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Death Wish is little more than a rote retelling that lacks the grit and conviction of the original — and also suffers from spectacularly bad timing."[24] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: The Chicago Sun-Times's Richard Roeper gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing, "Even with the social commentary, Death Wish isn’t trying to be some intense, gritty, ripped-from-the-headlines docudrama... A number of gruesome scenes are staged like something out of one of those Final Destination movies, with a bowling ball, a dart, a wrench and other conveniently handy items used as weapons of singular destruction. It’s essentially revenge porn."[26] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and said, "For a while, director Roth plays this stuff relatively straight, and Willis periodically reminds us he can act (the grieving Kersey cries a fair bit here). The script contains a reference to AR-15 rifles; by the end, Willis goes full Willis when his adversaries return to the sanctity of the family home."[19]

text: Many critics noted the timing of the film's release, coming less than three weeks after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida.[27] Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times called the film "imbecilic", and criticized the film for its jokey tone and "morally unconflicted" approach to its subject matter.[28] Similarly, The Guardian's Amy Nicholson criticized the film for "[flatlining] the politics and [saturating] the pathos", and for insulting both sides of the gun control argument.[29] The Hollywood Reporter's John DeFore noted that the film does not attempt to "use genre metaphors to address real national debates", making the original film "look philosophical by comparison", and he also noted the improbable and contrived nature of Kersey's mission.[30] Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang called the film "a slick, straightforward revenge thriller as well as a sham provocation, pandering shamelessly to the viewer's bloodlust while trying to pass as self-aware satire". Chang compared the film unfavorably to the 2007 Death Sentence, citing the lack of consequences that Kersey faces.[31]

text: Some reviewers stood in defense of the film. Peter Howell of the Toronto Star stated that "Roth and Carnahan do an OK job updating Death Wish", and that the film accurately depicts the "casual way that Americans acquire and use guns". He felt, though, that Liam Neeson would have been a better choice for the lead role.[32] Matthew Rozsa of Salon agreed that the film's release was indeed timed poorly, but argued that "mass shootings have been ubiquitous for so long that I doubt there ever would have been an appropriate release date for a vigilante fantasy. ... It exists everywhere in our culture, from movies and video games to the right-wing talking points that regularly thwart gun control legislation." Rosza considers Death Wish his guilty pleasure, recommending it as a "success" as well as "a competent popcorn muncher that moves at a brisk pace, is about as engaging as your average Law and Order episode and contains an appropriately glowering (if somewhat bored looking) Bruce Willis."[27] The San Francisco Chronicle's Mick Lasalle summed up his review by calling it "way better than all the “Death Wish” sequels" and "easily the second best “Death Wish” movie ever made, and not a distant second."[33]