question_text: who was the first indian who presided over the international court of justice

text: Permanent judges[edit]

text:
Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)

State
Judge
Terms start
Term end
President
Vice-President

El Salvador El Salvador
Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero
1946
1958
1946–1949
1949–1955

France France
Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant
1946
1964
1949–1952
1946–1949

Chile Chile
Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez
1946
1955

Mexico Mexico
Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela
1946
1952

USA United States
Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth
1946
1961
1955–1958

Poland Poland
Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski
1946
1967
1961–1964

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Zoricic Milovan Zoričić
1946
1958

Belgium Belgium
de Visscher Charles De Visscher
1946
1952

UK United Kingdom
McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair
1946
1955
1952–1955

Norway Norway
Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad
1946
1961
1958–1961

Egypt Egypt
Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha
1946
1965

1955–1958

USSR Soviet Union
Krylov Sergei Krylov
1946
1952

Canada Canada
Read John Read
1946
1958

China Republic of China
Hsu Hsu Mo
1946
1956

Brazil Brazil
Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo
1946
1951

Brazil Brazil
Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt)
1951
1955

India India
Rau, Sir Benegal NarsingSir Benegal Narsing Rau
1952
1953

Uruguay Uruguay
Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl)
1952
1961

USSR Soviet Union
Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru)
1952
1953

USSR Soviet Union
Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov
1953
1961

Pakistan Pakistan
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
1954
1964
1961
1973
1970–1973
1958–1961

UK United Kingdom
Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht
1955
1960

Argentina Argentina
Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl)
1955
1964

Mexico Mexico
Cordova Roberto Córdova
1955
1964

China Republic of China
Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo
1957
1967

1964–1967

Greece Greece
Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos
1958
1967

Australia Australia
Spender Sir Percy Spender
1958
1967
1964–1967

Panama Panama
Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro
1959
1964

1961–1964

UK United Kingdom
Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
1960
1973

USSR Soviet Union
Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru)
1961
1970

1967–1970

Japan Japan
Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka
1961
1970

Peru Peru
Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero
1961
1970
1967–1970

USA United States
Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup
1961
1970

Italy Italy
Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it)
1961
1970

Mexico Mexico
Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo
1964
1973

Senegal Senegal
Forster Isaac Forster (nl)
1964
1982

France France
Gros André Gros (nl)
1964
1982

Lebanon Lebanon
AmmounFouad Ammoun (de)
1965
1976

1970–1976

Philippines Philippines
Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon
1967
1976

Sweden Sweden
Petrén Sture Petrén (sv)
1967
1976

Poland Poland
Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs
1967
1993
1973–1976

Nigeria Nigeria
Onyeama Charles Onyeama
1967
1976

USA United States
Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard
1970
1979

Dahomey Benin
Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto
1970
1979

Spain Spain
de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro
1970
1979

USSR Soviet Union
Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl)
1970
1985

Uruguay Uruguay
Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
1970
1979
1976–1979

UK United Kingdom
Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock
1973
1981
1979–1981

India India
Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh
1973
1988
1985–1988
1976–1979

Argentina Argentina
Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda
1973
1991
1988–1991

West Germany West Germany
Mosler Hermann Mosler (de)
1976
1985

Nigeria Nigeria
Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias
1976
1991
1982–1985
1979–1982

Syria Syria
Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl)
1976
1980

Japan Japan
Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda
1976
2003

1991–1994

Italy Italy
Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago
1979
1995

Egypt Egypt
El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian
1979
1981

Brazil Brazil
Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt)
1979
1988

1982–1985

USA United States
Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter
1979
1980

Syria Syria
El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl)
1981
1985

USA United States
Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel
1981
2000
1997–2000
1994–1997

UK United Kingdom
Jennings Sir Robert Jennings
1982
1995
1991–1994

France France
de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl)
1982
1987

1985–1987

Senegal Senegal
Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye
1982
1991

1987–1991

Algeria Algeria
Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui
1982
2001
1994–1997

China China
Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh)
1985
1994

Norway Norway
Evensen, JensJens Evensen
1985
1994

USSR/Russia Soviet Union/Russia
Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru)
1985
1994

France France
Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr)
1987
2005
2000–2003

Guyana Guyana
Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen
1988
1997

India India
Pathak, Raghunandan SwarupRaghunandan Swarup Pathak
1989
1991

Venezuela Venezuela
Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl)
1991
1995

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry
1991
2000

1997–2000

Madagascar Madagascar
Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva
1991
2009

2003–2006

Nigeria Nigeria
Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola
1991
1994

Hungary Hungary
Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu)
1993
2003

China China
Shi Shi Jiuyong
1994
2010
2003–2006
2000–2003

Germany Germany
Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer
1994
2003

Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma
1994
2012

Russia Russia
Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl)
1994
2006

Italy Italy
Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo
1995
1997

UK United Kingdom
Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins
1995
2009
2006–2009

Venezuela Venezuela
Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren
1996
2009

Netherlands Netherlands
Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans
1997
2006

Brazil Brazil
Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek
1997
2006

Jordan Jordan
Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh
2000
2011

2006–2009

USA United States
Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal
2000
2010

Egypt Egypt
El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby
2001
2006

Japan Japan
Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada
2003

2009–2012

Germany Germany
Simma, BrunoBruno Simma
2003
2012

Slovakia Slovakia
Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka
2003

2012–2015
2009–2012

France France
Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham
2005
2014
2015–

New Zealand New Zealand
Sir Kenneth Keith
2006
2015

Mexico Mexico
Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor
2006
2015

2012–2015

Morocco Morocco
Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna
2006
2024

Russia Russia
Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov
2006
2015

Brazil Brazil
Trindade, Antônio Augusto CançadoAntônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
2009
2018

Somalia Somalia
Yusuf, Abdulqawi AhmedAbdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf
2009
2018

2015–

UK United Kingdom
Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood
2009
2018

China China
Xue Xue Hanqin
2010
2012

USA United States
Donoghue, Joan E.Joan E. Donoghue
2010

Italy Italy
Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja
2012

Uganda Uganda
Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde
2012

India India
Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari
2012

Australia Australia
Crawford James Crawford
2015

Russia Russia
Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian
2015

Jamaica Jamaica
Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson
2015

text: Succession of seats[edit]

text: The Court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.

text: There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats, other than that no two may be nationals of the same state. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge. The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others.

text:
Seat 1 (Asia)

Initial term of nine years

Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero
El Salvador El Salvador
1946–1958

Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro
Panama Panama
1959-1964

Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
Pakistan Pakistan
1964-1973

Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh
India India
1973-1988

Pathak, RaghunandanRaghunandan Pathak
India India
1989-1991

Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
1991-2000

Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh
Jordan Jordan
2000-2011

Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari
India India
2012-

Seat 2 (WE&O)

Initial term of nine years

Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant
France France
1946-1964

Gros André Gros (nl)
France France
1964-1982

de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl)
France France
1982-1987

Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr)
France France
1987-2005

Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham
France France
2005-

Seat 3 (Africa)

Initial term of nine years

Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez
Chile Chile
1946-1955

Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl)
Argentina Argentina
1955-1964

Forster Isaac Forster (nl)
Senegal Senegal
1964-1982

Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye
Senegal Senegal
1982-1991

Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva
Madagascar Madagascar
1991-2009

Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf
Somalia Somalia
2009-

Seat 4 (WE&O)

Initial term of nine years

McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair
UK UK
1946-1955

Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht
UK UK
1955-1960

Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
UK UK
1960-1973

Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock
UK UK
1973-1981

Jennings Sir Robert Jennings
UK UK
1981-1995

Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins
UK UK
1995-2009

Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood
UK UK
2009-

text:
Seat 5 (LA&C)

Initial term of nine years

Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo
Brazil Brazil
1946-1951

Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt)
Brazil Brazil
1951-1955

Cordova Roberto Córdova
Mexico Mexico
1955-1964

Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo
Mexico Mexico
1964-1973

Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda
Argentina Argentina
1973-1991

Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl)
Venezuela Venezuela
1991-1995

Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren
Venezuela Venezuela
1996-2009

Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
Brazil Brazil
2009-

Seat 6 (LA&C)

Initial term of six years

Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela
Mexico Mexico
1946-1952

Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl)
Uruguay Uruguay
1952-1961

Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero
Peru Peru
1961-1970

Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
Uruguay Uruguay
1970-1979

Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt)
Brazil Brazil
1979-1988

Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen
Guyana Guyana
1988-1997

Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek
Brazil Brazil
1997-2006

Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor
Mexico Mexico
2006-2015

Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson
Jamaica Jamaica
2015-

Seat 7 (WE&O)

Initial term of six years

Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth
USA USA
1946-1961

Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup
USA USA
1961-1970

Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard
USA USA
1970-1979

Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter
USA USA
1979-1980

Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel
USA USA
1981-2000

Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal
USA USA
2000-2010

Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue
USA USA
2010-

Seat 8 (Africa)

Initial term of six years

de Visscher Charles De Visscher
Belgium Belgium
1946-1952

Rau, Benegal NarsingBenegal Narsing Rau
India India
1952-1953

Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan
Pakistan Pakistan
1954-1961

Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka
Japan Japan
1961-1970

Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto
Dahomey Benin
1970-1979

El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian
Egypt Egypt
1979-1981

Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui
Algeria Algeria
1982-2001

El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby
Egypt Egypt
2001-2006

Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna
Morocco Morocco
2006-

text:
Seat 9 (WE&O)

Initial term of six years

Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad
Norway Norway
1946-1961

Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it)
Italy Italy
1961-1970

de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro
Spain Spain
1970-1979

Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago
Italy Italy
1979-1995

Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo
Italy Italy
1995-1997

Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans
Netherlands Netherlands
1997-2006

Keith Sir Kenneth Keith
New Zealand New Zealand
2006-2015

Crawford James Crawford
Australia Australia
2015-

Seat 10 (Eastern Europe)

Initial term of six years

Krylov Sergei Krylov
USSR USSR
1946-1952

Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru)
USSR USSR
1952-1953

Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov
USSR USSR
1953-1961

Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru)
USSR USSR
1961-1970

Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl)
USSR USSR
1970-1985

Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru)
USSR/Russia USSR/Russia
1985-1994

Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl)
Russia Russia
1994-2006

Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov
Russia Russia
2006-2015

Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian
Russia Russia
2015-

Seat 11 (Eastern Europe)

Initial term of three years

Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski
Poland Poland
1946-1967

Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs
Poland Poland
1967-1993

Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu)
Hungary Hungary
1993-2003

Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka
Slovakia Slovakia
2003-

Seat 12 (WE&O)

Initial term of three years

Zoricic Milovan Zoričić
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
1946-1958

Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos
Greece Greece
1958-1967

Petrén Sture Petrén (sv)
Sweden Sweden
1967-1976

Mosler Hermann Mosler (de)
West Germany West Germany
1976-1985

Evensen, JensJens Evensen
Norway Norway
1985-1994

Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer
Germany Germany
1994-2003

Simma, BrunoBruno Simma
Germany Germany
2003-2012

Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja
Italy Italy
2012-

text:
Seat 13 (Asia)

Initial term of three years

Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha
Egypt Egypt
1946-1965

AmmounFouad Ammoun (de)
Lebanon Lebanon
1965-1976

Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl)
Syria Syria
1976-1980

El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl)
Syria Syria
1981-1985

Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh)
China China
1985-1994

Shi Shi Jiuyong
China China
1994-2010

Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin
China China
2010-

Seat 14 (Africa)

Initial term of three years

Read John Read
Canada Canada
1946-1958

Spender, PercyPercy Spender
Australia Australia
1958-1967

Onyeama Charles Onyeama
Nigeria Nigeria
1967-1976

Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias
Nigeria Nigeria
1976-1991

Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola
Nigeria Nigeria
1991-1994

Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
1994-2012

Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde
Uganda Uganda
2012-

Seat 15 (Asia)

Initial term of three years

Hsu Hsu Mo
China China
1946-1956

Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo
China China
1957-1967

Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon
Philippines Philippines
1967-1976

Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda
Japan Japan
1976-2003

Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada
Japan Japan
2003-

text: Judges sitting ad hoc[edit]

text:
Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)

Judge
Nationality
Appointing State
Case(s) including parties years and of initiation to deposition

Georges Abi-Saab
 Egypt
 Mali
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986

Adetobunboh Ademola
 Nigeria
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Mohsen Aghahosseini
 Iran
 Iran
Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996

Roberto Ago
 Italy
 Honduras
Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960

Bola Ajibola
 Nigeria
 Nigeria
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002

 Nigeria
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999

Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán
 Peru
 Peru
Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950

 Peru
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950

 Peru
Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951

Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh
 Jordan
 Nicaragua
Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present

Louise Arbour
 Canada
 Chile
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present

Enrique Armand-Ugón
 Uruguay
 Spain
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970

Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia
 Portugal
 Portugal
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995

Garfield Barwick
 Australia
 Australia
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974

 New Zealand
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974

Suzanne Bastid
 France
 Tunisia
Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985

Philémon Beb à Don
 Cameroon
 Cameroon
Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963

Mohammed Bedjaoui
 Algeria
 Guinea
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012

 Nicaragua
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012

 Niger
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005

 Marshall Islands
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present

 Marshall Islands
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present

 Marshall Islands
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present

Mohamed Bennouna
 Morocco
 Benin
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005

Franklin Berman
 United Kingdom
 Liechtenstein
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005

Alphonse Boni
 Ivory Coast
 Morocco
Western Sahara 1974–1975

Bengt Broms
 Finland
 Finland
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992

Charles Brower
 United States
 Colombia
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present

Ian Brownlie
 United Kingdom
 Liechtenstein
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005

Andreas Bucher
  Switzerland
  Switzerland
Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011

Sayeman Bula-Bula
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002

José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla
 Colombia
 Colombia
Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950

 Colombia
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950

 Colombia
Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951

Ian Callinan
 Australia
 Australia
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015

Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
 Brazil
 Costa Rica
Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009

Jean-Yves de Cara
 France
 Republic of the Congo
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010

Paul Carry
  Switzerland
  Switzerland
Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959

Jorge Castañeda
 Mexico
 Malta
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985

Federico de Castro
 Spain
 Spain
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961

Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla
 India
 India
Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960

Hilary Charlesworth
 Australia
 Australia
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014

Joseph Chesson
 Liberia
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Maxwell Cohen
 Canada
 Canada
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984

Claude-Albert Colliard
 France
 Nicaragua
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986

Jean-Pierre Cot
 France
 Colombia
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012

 Romania
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009

 Colombia
Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013

 Thailand
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present

 Timor-Leste
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015

Yves Daudet
 France
 Burkina Faso
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013

 Bolivia
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present

 Nicaragua
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present

Igor Daxner
 Czechoslovakia
 Albania
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949

Vojin Dimitrijević
 Yugoslavia
 Yugoslavia
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003

Christopher Dugard
 South Africa
 Rwanda
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001

 Rwanda
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006

 Malaysia
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008

 Nicaragua
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present

 Nicaragua
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present

Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger
 Belgium
 Belgium
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004

Bohuslav Ečer
 Czechoslovakia
 Albania
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949

Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri
 Egypt
 Libya
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003

Jens Evensen
 Norway
 Tunisia
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982

Manuel Fernandes
 Portugal
 Portugal
Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960

Paul-Henning Fischer
 Denmark
 Denmark
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993

 Denmark
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992

Carl-August Fleischhauer
 Germany
 Germany
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005

Yves Fortier
 Canada
 Bahrain
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

Thomas Franck
 United States
 Indonesia
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002

Giorgio Gaja
 Italy
 Italy
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004

 Nicaragua
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007

 Italy
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012

Walter Ganshof van der Meersch
 Belgium
 Belgium
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961

 Belgium
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970

Carlos Garcia Bauer
 Guatemala
 Guatemala
Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955

David Goitein
 Israel
 Israel
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959

Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos
 Spain
 Honduras
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007

Paul Guggenheim
  Switzerland
 Liechtenstein
Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955

Gilbert Guillaume
 France
 France
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010

 Nicaragua
Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009

 France
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008

 Peru
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014

 Nicaragua
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present

 Cambodia
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present

 Nicaragua
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present

Sead Hodžić
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003

Robert Yewdall Jennings
 United Kingdom
 United Kingdom
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003

Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga
 Uruguay
 Libya
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982

 Libya
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985

 Libya
Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985

Philippe Kirsch
 Belgium
 Belgium
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012

Milenko Kreća
 Serbia and Montenegro
 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004

 FR Yugoslavia
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999

 Serbia and Montenegro
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004

 FR Yugoslavia
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999

 Serbia
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015

Marc Lalonde
 Canada
 Canada
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998

 Canada
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004

Elihu Lauterpacht
 United Kingdom
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007

François Luchaire
 France
 Burkina Faso
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986

Ahmed Mahiou
 Algeria
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007

 Guinea
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003

 Niger
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013

Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006

Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006

Louis Mbanefo
 Nigeria
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Kéba Mbaye
 Senegal
 Senegal
Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991

 Cameroon
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002

 Cameroon
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999

Thomas Mensah
 Ghana
 Nicaragua
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012

Gaetano Morelli
 Italy
 Italy
Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954

Hermann Mosler
 West Germany
 West Germany
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969

Nagendra Singh
 India
 India
Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972

Johannes Offerhaus
 Netherlands
 Netherlands
Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958

Francisco Orrego Vicuña
 Chile
 Chile
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014

Bernard Oxman
 United States
 Ukraine
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009

Geoffrey Palmer
 New Zealand
 New Zealand
Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995

Felipe Paolillo
 Uruguay
 El Salvador
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003

Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada
 Pakistan
 Pakistan
Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000

Fausto Pocar
 Italy
 Belgium
Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011

Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao
 India
 Singapore
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008

B. P. Jeevan Reddy
 India
 India
Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000

François Rigaux
 Belgium
 Iran
Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003

Willem Riphagen
 Netherlands
 Belgium
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970

Emmanuel Roucounas
 Greece
 Greece
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011

José María Ruda
 Argentina
 Qatar
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

Jean Salmon
 Belgium
 Burundi
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001

Karim Sandjabi
 Iran
 Iran
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952

Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor
 Mexico
 Mexico
Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004

José Sette-Camara
 Brazil
 Libya
Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994

Mohamed Shahabuddeen
 Guyana
 Bahrain
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

 Indonesia
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002

Bruno Simma
 Germany
 Costa Rica
Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present

Leonid Skotnikov
 Russia
 Nicaragua
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present

Krysztof Skubiszewski
 Poland
 Portugal
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995

 Slovakia
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present

Max Sørensen
 Denmark
 Netherlands
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969)

 Denmark
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969)

Jean Spiropoulos
 Greece
 Greece
Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953

Michel Stassinopoulos
 Greece
 Greece
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978

Ninian Stephen
 Australia
 Australia
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995

Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel
 Sweden
 Sweden
Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958

Serge Sur
 France
 Senegal
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012

Hubert Thierry
 France
 Guinea-Bissau
Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991

Santiago Torres Bernárdez
 Spain
 Honduras
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992

 Qatar
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

 Spain
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998

 Spain
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999

 Honduras
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007

 Honduras
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003

 Uruguay
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010

Francisco Urrutia Holguin
 Colombia
 Nicaragua
Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960

Nicolas Valticos
 Greece
 Malta
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985

 El Salvador
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992

 Bahrain
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001

Joe Verhoeven
 Belgium
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001

Raúl Emilio Vinuesa
 Argentina
 Argentina
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010

 Ecuador
Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013

Michel Virally
 France
 Honduras
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992

Budislav Vukas
 Croatia
 Croatia
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015

 Macedonia
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011

Christopher Gregory Weeramantry
 Sri Lanka
 Malaysia
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002

J.T. van Wyk
 South Africa
 South Africa
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 South Africa
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

Chris van den Wyngaert
 Belgium
 Belgium
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002

Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan
 Pakistan
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Pakistan
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973

Abdulqawi Yusuf
 Somalia
 Djibouti
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008

Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
 Pakistan
 Ethiopia
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Liberia
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966

 Pakistan
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973

Jaroslav Žourek
 Czechoslovakia
 Bulgaria
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959

 Bulgaria
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960

text: All Judges ad hoc: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en


document_title: List of Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court

question_text: who are the justices of the nc supreme court

root

text: Current Justices[edit]

text: The Court's current (January 2017) members are:

tag: p

text:
Name
Born
Joined
Term Ends[1]
Mandatory Retirement[2]
Law School Attended

Mark Martin
1963
1999
2022
April 29, 2035
University of North Carolina School of Law

Cheri Beasley
1966
2013
2022
Feb. 14, 2038
University of Tennessee College of Law

Sam J. Ervin, IV
1955
2015
2022
November 18, 2027
Harvard School of Law

Robin E. Hudson
1952
2007
2022
Feb. 20, 2024
University of North Carolina School of Law

Barbara Jackson
1961
2011
2018
Dec. 25, 2033
University of North Carolina School of Law

Michael R. Morgan
1955
2017
2024
2027
North Carolina Central University School of Law

Paul Martin Newby
1955
2004
2020
May 5, 2027
University of North Carolina School of Law

tag: table

text: Former Justices[edit]

text:
Judge
Began active
service
Ended active
service
Notes

Adams, William J.William J. Adams
1921
1934
.

Allen, William ReynoldsWilliam Reynolds Allen
1903
1926
.

Ashe, Thomas SamuelThomas Samuel Ashe
1878
1887
.

Avery, Alphonso C.Alphonso C. Avery
1889
1897
.

Barnhill, Maurice VictorMaurice Victor Barnhill
1937
1956
Chief Justice (1954-1956)

Battle, William HornWilliam Horn Battle
1848
1852
1848
1868
.

Billings, RhodaRhoda Billings
1985
1986
Chief Justice (1986)

Bobbitt, William H.William H. Bobbitt
1954
1974
Chief Justice (1969-1974)

Boyden, NathanielNathaniel Boyden
1872
1873
.

Brady, Edward ThomasEdward Thomas Brady
2003
2010
.

Branch, JosephJoseph Branch
1966
1986
Chief Justice (1979-1986)

Britt, David M.David M. Britt
1978
1982
.

Brock, Walter E.Walter E. Brock
1979
1980
.

Brogden, W. J.W. J. Brogden
1926
1935
.

Brown, George H.George H. Brown
1905
1920
.

Burwell, ArmisteadArmistead Burwell
1892
1894
.

Butterfield, G. K.G. K. Butterfield
2001
2002
.

Bynum, William P.William P. Bynum
1873
1909
.

Carlton, J. PhilJ. Phil Carlton
1979
1983
.

Clark, WalterWalter Clark
1889
1924
Chief Justice (1903-1924)

Clarkson, HeriotHeriot Clarkson
1923
1942
.

Connor, Henry G.Henry G. Connor
1903
1909
.

Connor, George WhitfieldGeorge Whitfield Connor
1903
1909
.

Cooke, Charles A.Charles A. Cooke
1901
1903
.

Copeland, J. WilliamJ. William Copeland
1975
1985
.

Daniel, Joseph J.Joseph J. Daniel
1832
1848
.

Davis, Joseph J.Joseph J. Davis
1887
1892
.

Denny, Emery B.Emery B. Denny
1942
1966
Chief Justice (1962-1966)

Devin, William A.William A. Devin
1935
1954
Chief Justice (1951-1954)

Dick, Robert P.Robert P. Dick
1868
1872
.

Dillard, John H.John H. Dillard
1878
1881
.

Douglas, Robert M.Robert M. Douglas
1896
1904
.

Edmunds, Jr., Robert H.Robert H. Edmunds, Jr.
2001
2016
.

Ervin, SamSam Ervin
1948
1954
.

Exum, James G.James G. Exum
1974
1995
Chief Justice (1986-1995)

Faircloth, William T.William T. Faircloth
1895
1901
Chief Justice (1895-1901)

Freeman, FranklinFranklin Freeman
2000
2000
.

Frye, HenryHenry Frye
1983
2001
Chief Justice (1999-2001)

Furches, David M.David M. Furches
1894
1903
Chief Justice (1901-1903)

Gaston, WilliamWilliam Gaston
1833
1844
.

Hall, JohnJohn Hall
1819
1832
.

Henderson, LeonardLeonard Henderson
1818
1833
Chief Justice (1829–1833)

Higgins, Carlisle W.Carlisle W. Higgins
1954
1974
.

Hoke, William A.William A. Hoke
1904
1925
Chief Justice (1924-1925)

Hunter, Jr., Robert N.Robert N. Hunter, Jr.
2014
2014
.

Huskins, J. FrankJ. Frank Huskins
1968
1982
.

Johnson, Jr., Jefferson D.Jefferson D. Johnson, Jr.
1950
1960
.

Lake, I. BeverlyI. Beverly Lake
1985
1992
1994
1990
1992
2006
Chief Justice (2001-2006)

Lake, Sr., I. BeverlyI. Beverly Lake, Sr.
1965
1978
.

MacRae, James C.James C. MacRae
1892
1895
.

Manly, Matthias EvansMatthias Evans Manly
1860
1865
.

Manning, James S.James S. Manning
1909
1911
.

Martin, Harry C.Harry C. Martin
1982
1992
.

Merrimon, Augustus SummerfieldAugustus Summerfield Merrimon
1883
1892
Chief Justice (1889-1892)

Meyer, Louis B.Louis B. Meyer
1981
1994
.

Mitchell, BurleyBurley Mitchell
1982
1999
Chief Justice (1995-1999)

Montgomery, Walter A.Walter A. Montgomery
1894
1905
.

Moore, Dan K.Dan K. Moore
1969
1978

Nash, FrederickFrederick Nash
1844
1858
Chief Justice (1852-1858)

Orr, Robert F.Robert F. Orr
1994
2004
.

Parker, R. HuntR. Hunt Parker
1952
1969
Chief Justice (1966-1969)

Parker, SarahSarah Parker
1993
2014
Chief Justice (2006-2014)

Pearson, Richmond MumfordRichmond Mumford Pearson
1848
1878
Chief Justice (1858–1878);
First Chief Justice elected by the people (in the 1868 election).

Reade, Edwin GodwinEdwin Godwin Reade
1868
1879
.

Rodman, William B.William B. Rodman
1868
1879
.

Rodman, Jr., William B.William B. Rodman, Jr.
1956
1965
.

Ruffin, ThomasThomas Ruffin
1829
1858
1852
1859
Chief Justice (1833-1852)

Ruffin, Jr., ThomasThomas Ruffin, Jr.
1881
1883
.

Schenck, MichaelMichael Schenck
1934
1948
.

Seawell, Aaron A. F.Aaron A. F. Seawell
1938
1950
.

Settle, ThomasThomas Settle
1868
1871
.

Sharp, SusieSusie Sharp
1962
1979
Chief Justice (1975-1979)

Shepherd, James E.James E. Shepherd
1888
1895
Chief Justice (1893-1895)

Smith, William Nathan HarrellWilliam Nathan Harrell Smith
1878
1889
Chief Justice (1878-1889)

Stacy, Walter P.Walter P. Stacy
1925
1951
Chief Justice (1925-1951)

Taylor, John LouisJohn Louis Taylor
1818
1829
First Chief Justice (1818-1829)

Timmons-Goodson, PatriciaPatricia Timmons-Goodson
2006
2011

Toomer, John D.John D. Toomer
1829
1829
.

Valentine, Sr., Itimous T.Itimous T. Valentine, Sr.
1951
1952
.

Varser, Lycurgus R.Lycurgus R. Varser
1985
1985
.

Vaughn, Earl W.Earl W. Vaughn
1985
1985
.

Wainwright, Jr., George L.George L. Wainwright, Jr.
1998
2006
.

Walker, Platt D.Platt D. Walker
1903
1926
.

Webb, JohnJohn Webb
1986
1998
.

Whichard, WillisWillis Whichard
1986
1998
.

Winborne, J. WallaceJ. Wallace Winborne
1937
1962
Chief Justice (1956-1962)

Wynn, Jr., James A.James A. Wynn, Jr.
1998
1998
.


document_title: Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars

question_text: what was made first star wars or star trek

text: Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars

text: Background[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014)

text: Star Trek was introduced as a live-action television series in 1966 that lasted three years. Star Trek: The Animated Series commenced in 1973 (based directly on the original series) but lasted only two seasons with a combined total of 22 episodes.[2] With the subsequent publication of novels, comics, animated series, toys and feature films, Star Trek grew into a popular media franchise.[3]

text: Star Wars was introduced as a feature film, A New Hope (1977). A novelization titled Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, based on the original script of the film, was published about a year earlier. Upon the release of the first film, Star Wars quickly grew into a popular media franchise.[2]

text: Differences[edit]

text: Star Trek debuted in television. The franchise was conceived in the style of the television Western Wagon Train and the adventure stories of Horatio Hornblower, but evolved into an idealistic, utopian prospect of future human society. Inspired by Gulliver's Travels,[4][5] Star Trek's main focus is of space exploration and a galactic society consisting of multiple planets and species, where conflict occasionally occurs. Star Trek occurs in the relatively distant future, specifically the 22nd through 24th centuries, with occasional time travel and interdimensional travel. The Earth of the Star Trek universe shares most of its history with the real world.

text: Star Wars debuted in film, despite the novel based on the film's original script having been published a year before the film itself. Star Wars mainly belongs to the space opera subgenre of science fiction that was inspired by works such as Beowulf, King Arthur[6] and other mythologies, world religions, as well as ancient and medieval history.[7] It depicts a galactic society in constant conflict. Though there are periods of peace, these are only documented in novels, comics, video games, non-feature films and other spin-off media. Star Wars is set "a long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away", although many characters are human, occasionally use Earth metaphors and exhibit human character traits.[citation needed]

text: Although both Star Trek and Star Wars populate various forms of media, not all types have been produced that are mutual to both franchises. Star Wars has not produced any live-action television series while Star Trek has produced six live-action television series.

text: Star Trek likewise has not produced any television films; whereas Star Wars has produced at least three live-action television films outside the Star Wars film saga. The Star Wars Holiday Special, Ewoks: Caravan of Courage and Ewoks: Battle for Endor are all live-action television spin-off films set in the Star Wars universe, but not considered part of the official Star Wars canon.

text: Runtime[edit]

text:
~513 hours (Star Trek television) + ~25 hours (Star Trek films)
~84 hours (Star Wars films) + Star Wars canon series + expanded universe films and TV productions.

tag: ul

text: Similarities and commonalities[edit]

text: Aside from having the word 'Star' in their respective titles, the two franchises share many similarities and commonalities. Both franchises have their origins in the space western subgenre.[citation needed]

text: Both stories depict societies consisting of multiple planets and species. The main galaxy in Star Trek consists of various planets, each inhabited by different species, united into a single state, the United Federation of Planets. Star Wars depicts a galaxy that is mostly part of a single state known as the Old Republic, inhabited by humans and countless other species, which later became the Galactic Empire and was again later reformed into a new society called the New Republic after a series of wars.

text: Both franchises promote philosophical and political messages.

text: The primary philosophies of Star Trek convey the morals of exploration and interference and how to properly confront and ethically resolve a new situation. Creator Gene Roddenberry was inspired by morality tales such as Gulliver's Travels.[4][5]

text: The primary philosophical messages of Star Wars are the ethics of good against evil and how to distinguish them from one another.[8] Star Wars preaches against totalitarian systems and favors societies that offer equality.[9] In an interview on the Star Wars 20th Anniversary UK Programme aired in 1997 referring to the mythology of the original Star Wars trilogy, Patrick Stewart stated "A belief in one's own powers; especially one's own powers to do good because the underlying morality of Star Wars is a very very positive one."

text: There have been actors from both franchises who have appeared on common television series such as The Outer Limits and Seaquest.

text: Both franchises also derive significantly from history and ancient mythology, including Greco-Roman mythology. Many planets and alien species in Star Trek, for instance, are named after ancient Roman deities. Several episodes from various Star Trek television series, such as "Who Mourns for Adonais", are directly based on ancient Greek-Roman themes and settings.[10] The series also make references to Ancient Babylon and its mythic folklore.[11] The Klingons and their warrior culture are a representation of the 12th century Mongols.[12]

text: Much of Star Wars' story plots and character developments are based on ancient history, including classical Greece and Rome, such as the fall of the Old Republic in Star Wars, followed by the rise of the Galactic Empire, which parallels the fall of the ancient Roman Republic followed by the rise of the Roman Empire.[7]

text: A 1983 documentary on the making of Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi was hosted by Leonard Nimoy, who also made mention of Lucas's original plan to do two other trilogies preceding and proceeding the original trilogy.[13]

text: Abrams era[edit]

text: J. J. Abrams, director and producer of Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and producer of Star Trek Beyond (2016), directed and produced Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). Star Trek (2009) and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) are each the first entries in expected trilogies. These films received favorable critical and commercial response and revived interest for both franchises. In addition to Abrams, actors such as Simon Pegg starred in both series.

text: Star Trek: Nemesis (2002) was poorly received and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) had capped off the prequel trilogy, which overall had a mixed to positive reception.

text: The newer films of the two franchises filmed major scenes in the United Arab Emirates. The desert scenes on the planet Jakku in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) were filmed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi,[14] while scenes for cities in the film Star Trek Beyond (2016) were filmed in the Emirate of Dubai.[15]

text: The two franchises now offer almost all forms of media ranging from novels, television series, comic books, toys for younger audience, magazines, themed merchandise, board games and video games, as well as fan works. These include canonical and non-canonical works, including works made both by series producers and fans jointly.

text: Estimated financial comparisons[edit]

text: Despite the difference in the numbers of films, the profit made by the Star Wars film series exceed the profit of the Star Trek film series by almost five times, while the entire franchise outgrosses the other by four times. It is difficult to accurately judge the total worth of each franchise as television series, memorabilia and video games must be taken into account.

text:
Star Trek films ($ million)

Year
Title
Budget
Box Office
Net

1979
The Motion Picture
35
139
104

1982
The Wrath of Khan
12
96
84

1984
The Search for Spock
18
87
69

1986
The Voyage Home
24
133
109

1989
The Final Frontier
30
70
40

1991
The Undiscovered Country
27
96.9
69.9

1994
Generations
38
120
82

1996
First Contact
46
150
104

1998
Insurrection
70
117
47

2002
Nemesis
60
67
7

2009
Star Trek (reboot)
140
386
246

2013
Into Darkness
190
467
277

2016
Beyond
185
343
158

Total

875
2,272
1,397

text:
Star Wars films ($ million)

Year
Title
Budget
Box Office
Net

1977
A New Hope
11
786.6
775.6

1980
The Empire Strikes Back
23
534.1
511.1

1983
Return of the Jedi
32.5
572.7
540.2

1999
The Phantom Menace
115
1027
912

2002
Attack of the Clones
115
656.6
541.6

2005
Revenge of the Sith
115
848.9
733.9

2008
The Clone Wars
8.5
68.6
60.1

2015
The Force Awakens
306
2058
1752

2016
Rogue One
200
1056
856

2017
The Last Jedi
200
1321
1121

Total

1,126
8,929.5
7,803.5

text:
Franchise
Year of inception
Total Revenue

Star Trek
1966
$10 Billion (as of 2016)[16]

Star Wars
1977
$42 Billion (as of 2015)[17]

text: Critique and commentaries[edit]

text: Science fiction writer David Brin criticized Star Wars at the time of the release of The Phantom Menace, arguing that while the Star Wars movies provide special effects and action/adventure, audiences are not encouraged to engage with their overriding themes. Among his issues with Star Wars and George Lucas, whom he accused of "having an agenda", is that the Star Wars galaxy is too "elitist", with arbitrary rulers on both the evil and good sides, replacing one another without any involvement of the population. He criticizes both sides of the Galactic Civil War as part of the "same genetically superior royal family".[18] He finds the Star Wars universe flawed with additional forms of absolutism, such as justified emotions leading a good person to evil - for example citing the idea that Luke Skywalker killing Palpatine would somehow turn him to the dark side, despite the act potentially saving millions of lives.[18]

text: Among the many other flaws he sees with Star Wars is that Anakin Skywalker becomes a hero in the ending of Return of the Jedi simply because he saved his son's life, while the atrocities he committed during his time in power go largely ignored. In contrast, he argues that, despite its flaws, Star Trek is "democratic" and follows genuine issues and strong questioning.[18]

text: William Shatner argues that Star Trek is superior to Star Wars. According to him, "Star Trek had relationships and conflict among the relationships and stories that involved humanity and philosophical questions."[19] Shatner believes that Star Wars was only better than Star Trek in terms of special effects, and that once J.J. Abrams became involved, Star Trek was able to "supersede Star Wars on every level".[19]

text: Tim Russ, who played Tuvok on Star Trek: Voyager, claims that it is difficult to find common enough elements to be able to compare the two. Among those common elements are their similar settings of unique characters and technologies. He echoed Shatner that Star Trek reflects common human issues, the morals of exploration and considers ethical questions. Star Wars in his view is a classic medieval tale dressed up as action-adventure, and that embraces the Eastern philosophy of inner-strength. Russ concludes that despite both their success and popularity, Star Trek comes out as the better of the two, as it is set in "our" galaxy and therefore people can relate better to it, whereas Star Wars takes place in another galaxy. He acknowledged that he could be biased.[2]

text: Jeremy Bulloch is best known for his role as Boba Fett in the original Star Wars trilogy. He is a huge fan of Star Trek: The Original Series. He argued that while both franchises are popular, Star Wars comes out as the superior, for its soundtracks and special effects.[2]

text: Contrasting the focus of the two franchises, contributor J.C. Herzthe of The New York Times argued, "Trek fandom revolves around technology because the Star Trek universe was founded on ham-fisted dialogue and Gong Show-caliber acting. But the fictional science has always been brilliant. The science in Star Wars is nonsense, and everyone knows it. But no one cares because Star Wars isn't about science. It's epic drama. It's about those incredibly well-developed characters and the moral decisions they face. People don't get into debates about how the second Death Star works. They get into debates about the ethics of blowing it up."[20]

text: John Wenzel of The Denver Post highlighted two differences in approach, noting the "swashbuckling" and "gunslinger" style of Star Wars compared with Star Trek's "broader themes of utopian living, justice and identity" and that the spiritual aspect of Star Wars contrasts with the balance of emotion and logic seen in Star Trek.[21]

text: Billionaire Peter Thiel told Dowd "I'm a capitalist. Star Wars is the capitalist show. Star Trek is the communist one". He further stated "There is no money in Star Trek because you just have the transporter machine that can make anything you need. The whole plot of Star Wars starts with Han Solo having this debt that he owes and so the plot in Star Wars is driven by money."[22]

text: Archived footage in Trek Nation showed Gene Roddenberry saying, "I like Star Wars. It was young King Arthur growing up, slaying the evil emperor finally. There's nothing wrong with that kind of entertainment - everything doesn't have to create a philosophy for you - for your whole life. You can also have fun."[23]

text: Influences on each other[edit]

text: The two franchises have a "symbiotic relationship" stated Shatner, who credits Star Wars for launching the Star Trek films.[24] He repeated this sentiment at a 2016 Star Trek fan convention in Las Vegas by stating "Star Wars created Star Trek". He clarified this statement by explaining that at the time of the release of the first Star Wars film (A New Hope), Paramount, then under new management, was struggling to come up with something that could compete with it. A Star Trek relaunch was the choice. Since then, public interest has returned to Star Trek.[25] "It was Star Wars that thrust Star Trek into the people of Paramount's consciousness" Shatner stated.[26][27]

text: The documentary Trek Nation features interviews where both Lucas and Roddenberry praise each other's respective franchises, with the former stating that Star Trek was an influence while writing the original screenplay for Star Wars.[23] He explained that while both franchises were so "far out", Star Trek produced a fanbase that "softened up the entertainment arena" so that Star Wars could "come along and stand on its shoulders."[28] This is also acknowledged by Shatner, who went as far as to call Star Wars a "derivative" of Star Trek.[19]

text: A few references to Star Wars have been inserted into Star Trek films. For fleeting moments, one can see ships and droids from Star Wars in both Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013).[29] Some Star Trek films and television episodes used the Star Wars animation shop, Industrial Light & Magic, for their special effects.[30]

text: When Roddenberry was honored at a Star Trek convention late in life, a congratulatory letter from Lucas was presented by an actor dressed as Darth Vader. A few years earlier, Roddenberry had contributed an entry in honor of Star Wars and Lucas at a convention honoring the latter.[citation needed]

text: Comic relief[edit]

text: William Shatner was a presenter at Lucas' American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award ceremony in 2007 and did a comical stage performance honoring Lucas.[31]

text: At a live concert, Shatner dressed as an imperial stormtrooper singing 'Girl Crush' alongside Carrie Underwood and Brad Paisley.[32]

text: In 2011, Shatner and Carrie Fisher posted a series of humorous YouTube videos satirizing each other's franchises.

text: In a 2016 interview, Shatner commented that Captain Kirk and Princess Leia eloping and running off into the sunset would be the "perfect union" between Star Trek and Star Wars.[19]

text: Shatner has also posted a number of humorous tweets on his Twitter account mocking Star Wars. Amongst them were commemorating the 35th anniversary of the poorly received Star Wars Holiday Special. It was then that Star Wars actor Peter Mayhew posted a "retaliation" tweet congratulating Shatner for the directing of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, another poorly received film.[33]

text: Future[edit]

text: Both franchises are set to grow throughout the next decade.

text: Star Trek was rebooted with a series of feature films starting with the Star Trek reboot (2009), which was followed by Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016) and a number of sequels are set to follow. A new television series based in the original timeline, subtitled Discovery, serving as a prequel to the original series, debuted on CBS All Access, an online streaming platform, in 2017.[34]

text: Star Wars picked up from where Return of the Jedi left off, with The Force Awakens the first in the new trilogy, and The Last Jedi following two years later. Additionally, more spin-off media is also underway after the debut of Star Wars Rebels, a television series set in between the Star Wars prequels and the original trilogy, and an anthology of stand-alone Star Wars films, starting with Rogue One, which was released in December 2016, and Solo following in May 2018.[35]

text: Fan works[edit]

text: Aside from official works by the producers of Star Trek and Star Wars, many fan films and webisodes set in the two universes of the franchises are also constantly produced and posted on the Internet by fans, but are not officially considered canon in relation to either franchise.