question_text: what happened at the end of harry potter and the deathly hallows part 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: After burying Dobby, Harry Potter asks the goblin, Griphook, to help him, Ron, and Hermione break into Bellatrix Lestrange's vault at Gringotts bank, suspecting that a Horcrux might be there. Griphook agrees, in exchange for the Sword of Gryffindor. Wandmaker Ollivander tells Harry that two wands taken from Malfoy Manor belonged to Bellatrix and to Draco Malfoy, but Malfoy's has changed its allegiance to Harry.

text: In Bellatrix's vault, Harry discovers the Horcrux is Helga Hufflepuff's cup. He retrieves it, but Griphook snatches the sword and abandons the trio, leaving them cornered by security. The three release the dragon guardian and flee on its back. Harry sees a vision of Voldemort killing Gringott's personnel, including Griphook, and learns Voldemort is aware of the theft. Harry also realises there is a Horcrux at Hogwarts somehow connected to Rowena Ravenclaw. The trio apparate into Hogsmeade, where Aberforth Dumbledore reluctantly instructs the portrait of his deceased younger sister, Ariana, to fetch Neville Longbottom, who leads the trio through a secret passageway into Hogwarts.

text: Severus Snape hears of Harry's return and warns staff and students of punishment for aiding Harry. Along with Ron, Hermione, and members of the Order of the Phoenix, Harry confronts Snape, who flees after Minerva McGonagall challenges him to a duel. McGonagall gathers the Hogwarts community for battle. At Luna Lovegood's insistence, Harry speaks to Helena Ravenclaw's ghost, who reveals that Voldemort performed "dark magic" on her mother's diadem, which is in the Room of Requirement. In the Chamber of Secrets, Hermione destroys the Horcrux cup with a Basilisk fang, and she and Ron passionately kiss. In the Room of Requirement, Draco, Blaise Zabini, and Gregory Goyle attack Harry, but Ron and Hermione intervene. Goyle casts a Fiendfyre curse and, unable to control it, is burned to death, while Harry and his friends save Malfoy and Zabini. Harry stabs the diadem with the Basilisk fang and Ron kicks it into the Room of Requirement, where it is destroyed. As Voldemort's army attacks, Harry, seeing into Voldemort's mind, realises that Voldemort's snake Nagini is the final Horcrux. The trio then enter into the boathouse, whereupon Voldemort has summoned Snape. There, Voldemort explains his belief that the Elder Wand cannot serve him until Snape dies; he slashes Snape's throat before having Nagini fatally wound him. Before dying, Snape tells Harry to take his memories to the Pensieve. In the chaos at Hogwarts, Fred, Lupin, and Tonks have been killed.

text: Harry learns from Snape's memories, that while Snape despised Harry's late father, James, who had bullied him, he loved his late mother, Lily. Following her death, Snape worked secretly with Dumbledore to protect Harry from Voldemort because of his love for Lily. Harry also learns Dumbledore was dying and wanted Snape to kill him, and that the Patronus doe he saw in the woods that led him to the sword had been conjured by Snape. Harry discovers that he himself became a Horcrux when Voldemort originally failed to kill him and that Harry must die to destroy the piece of Voldemort's soul within him. Harry then surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest. Voldemort casts the Killing Curse upon Harry, who finds himself in limbo, where Dumbledore's spirit meets him and explains that the part of Voldemort within Harry was killed by Voldemort's own curse. Harry then returns to his body, determined to defeat Voldemort once and for all. He fakes being dead, and Narcissa Malfoy lies to Voldemort that Harry is dead after confirming that Draco is okay.

text: Voldemort triumphantly announces Harry's apparent death to everyone at Hogwarts, and demands that they all surrender. As Neville gives a defiant response and draws the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat, Harry awakens to reveal that he is still alive. An all-out battle ensues one last time, with the Malfoys and several Death Eaters abandoning Voldemort in the process. While Harry battles Voldemort throughout the castle, Molly Weasley kills Bellatrix in the Great Hall before Neville slays Nagini with the sword – leaving Voldemort vulnerable. The confrontation between Harry and Voldemort ultimately ends with Voldemort's own Killing Curse rebounding, finally killing him and ending his reign once and for all. After the battle, Harry explains to Ron and Hermione that the Elder Wand had recognised him as its true master because he had disarmed Draco, who earlier had disarmed its previous owner – Dumbledore. But, instead of claiming the Elder Wand, Harry breaks and discards it.

text: Nineteen years later, the former Hogwarts students proudly watch their own children leave for Hogwarts at King's Cross station.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, Harry's best friend.
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger, Harry's other best friend, and the brain of the trio.
Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, a Death Eater and Sirius Black's cousin and murderer.
Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, Harry's half-giant friend and a former member of the staff of Hogwarts.
Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, the Charms master and Head of the Ravenclaw house at Hogwarts; and Griphook, a goblin and former employee at Gringotts Bank.
Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Harry's former school rival, a Death Eater, and son of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy (Helen McCrory).
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort, a twisted, evil, power-hungry, powerful wizard, and the founder and supreme leader of the Death Eaters.
Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore, the late headmaster of Hogwarts
John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander, a wandmaker abducted by the Death Eaters.
Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's father and a disgraced Death Eater.
Kelly Macdonald as Helena Ravenclaw, the ghost of Ravenclaw at Hogwarts.
Gary Oldman as Sirius Black, Harry's late godfather.
Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, former Head of the Slytherin House and Potions and Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher and the new headmaster of Hogwarts.
Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall, the Transfiguration teacher and the Head of the Gryffindor house at Hogwarts.
David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, a member of the Order of the Phoenix and a former Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts.
Julie Walters as Molly Weasley, the Weasley matriarch

text: Casting[edit]

text: The roles of several minor characters were recast or replaced for this film. For example, Ciarán Hinds assumed the role of Aberforth Dumbledore, Albus Dumbledore's brother and bartender of the Hog's Head inn.[15]

text: In the book, a significant number of characters who have not appeared since some of the earlier novels, reappear to defend Hogwarts in the large, final battle.[16] Director David Yates said, "I want to get them all back", referring to his desire to bring back as many actors who have appeared in the franchise as possible for the climactic battle sequence in the film. Sean Biggerstaff, Jim Broadbent, Gemma Jones, Miriam Margolyes, and Emma Thompson reprise their roles from earlier films briefly during the battle scene. For the final scene in the film which is set nineteen years after the film's main story, the actors playing the main characters were made to look older through the use of makeup and special effects.[17] After the initial look of the actors' aged appearances leaked onto the Internet, some fans reacted by opining that Radcliffe and Grint looked too old, while Watson did not appear significantly different at all. After primary filming concluded in June 2010, Yates examined the footage, and concluded that the problem could not be resolved through editing or CGI, and had the sequence re-shot that December, with redesigned makeup.[18]

text: Production[edit]

text: Part 2 was filmed back-to-back with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 from 19 February 2009 to 12 June 2010,[19][20] with reshoots for the epilogue scene taking place at Leavesden Film Studios on 21 December 2010.[21] Director David Yates, who shot the film with director of photography Eduardo Serra, described Part 2 as "operatic, colourful and fantasy-oriented", a "big opera with huge battles."[22][23]

text: Originally set for a single theatrical release, the idea to split the book into two parts was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram due to, what David Heyman called, "creative imperative". Heyman initially responded negatively to the idea, but Wigram asked, “No, David. How are we going to do it?”. After rereading the book and discussing it with screenwriter Steve Kloves, he agreed with the division.[24]

text: Sets[edit]

text: In an interview with Architectural Digest, production designer Stuart Craig remarked on creating sets for Part 2. Of the Gringotts Wizarding Bank, he said, "our banking hall, like any other, is made of marble and big marble columns. And it has great strength. The fact that the goblins are the bankers and tellers at the counter helps that feeling of grandeur and solidity and the big proportions. That was part of the fun of the set: we exaggerated the size of it, we exaggerated the weight of it, and we even exaggerated the shine of the marble." About the multiplication of treasure in one of the bank's vaults, he noted, "We made literally thousands of pieces for it and vacuum metallised them to be shiny gold and silver. John Richardson, the special effects supervisor, made a floor that was capable of rising on different levels, so there was kind of a physical swelling of the treasure on it."[25]

text: Craig spoke about the Battle of Hogwarts to Art Insights Magazine, saying that "the great challenge is the destruction of Hogwarts. The sun rising behind the smoke ... the massive remains of destroyed walls, the entrance hall, the entrance of the Great Hall, part of the roof of the Great Hall completely gone, so yeah. A big challenge there and an enjoyable one really – maybe it helped me and the guys in the art department sort of prepare for the end ... we demolished it before we had to strike it completely." When asked about the King's Cross scene near the end of the film, Craig said, "We experimented a lot, quite honestly. I mean it was quite a protracted process really but we did experiment the sense of it being very burnt out very very kind of white – so we experimented with underlit floors, we experimented with different kind of white covering everything: white paint, white fabric, and the cameraman was involved in how much to expose it, and a series of camera tests were done, so we got there but with a great deal of preparation and research."[26]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual Effects Supervisor Tim Burke said that "It was such a major job to stage the Battle of Hogwarts, and we had to do it in different stages of production. We had shots with complex linking camera moves from wide overviews, to flying into windows and interior spaces. So, we took the plunge at the end of 2008, and started rebuilding the school digitally with Double Negative." He went on to say that "It's taken two years – getting renders out, texturing every facet of the building, constructing interiors to see through windows, building a destruction version of the school. We can design shots with the knowledge that we have this brilliant digital miniature that we can do anything with. With a practical Hogwarts, we would have shot it last summer and been so tied down. Instead, as David Yates finds the flow and structure, we are able to handle new concepts and ideas."[27]

text: On the quality of 3-D in film, Burke told Los Angeles Times, "I think it's good, actually. I think people are going to be really pleased. I know everyone's a little nervous and sceptical of 3-D these days, but the work has been done very, very well. We've done over 200 shots in 3-D and in the visual effects as well, because so much of it is CG, so the results are very, very good. I think everyone's going to be really impressed with it, actually." Producer David Heyman spoke to SFX magazine about the 3-D conversion, saying that "The way David Yates is approaching 3-D is he's trying to approach it from a character and story point of view. Trying to use the sense of isolation, of separation that sometimes 3-D gives you, to heighten that at appropriate moments. So we're approaching it in a storytelling way."[28][29]

text: In 2012, the visual effects in the film were nominated for an Oscar. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 65th BAFTA Awards in 2012.

text: Music[edit]

text: It was confirmed that the composer for Part 1, Alexandre Desplat, was set to return for Part 2.[30] In an interview with Film Music Magazine, Desplat stated that scoring Part 2 is "a great challenge" and that he has "a lot of expectations to fulfill and a great deal of work" ahead of him.[31] In a separate interview, Desplat also made note that John Williams' themes will be present in the film "much more than in part one."[32] The soundtrack for the film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards.[33]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In March 2011, the first preview for Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released revealing new footage and new interviews from the starring cast.[34] The first United States poster was released on 28 March 2011, with the caption "It All Ends 7.15" (referring to its international release date).[35] On 27 April 2011 the first theatrical trailer for Part 2 was released. The trailer revealed a range of new and old footage.[36] The IMAX trailer for the film was released with IMAX screenings of Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides on 20 May 2011. During the MTV Movie Awards on 5 June 2011, Emma Watson presented a sneak peek of the film.[37]

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: On 2 April 2011, a test screening of the film was held in Chicago, with director David Yates, producers David Heyman and David Barron and editor Mark Day in attendance.[38] The film had its world premiere on 7 July 2011 (2011-07-07) in Trafalgar Square in London.[39] The United States premiere was held in New York City at Lincoln Center on 11 July 2011 (2011-07-11).[40] Although filmed in 2-D, the film was converted into 3-D in post-production and was released in both RealD 3D and IMAX 3D.[41]

text: The film was originally scheduled to open in Indonesia on 13 July 2011.[42] The Indonesian government levied a new value added tax on royalties from foreign films in February 2011, causing three film studios, including Warner Brothers, to halt the importation of their films, including Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 into the country.[42] The film was not released to cinemas in the Kingdom of Jordan due to recently enforced taxes on films. It had not been premiered in the Kingdom as of 13 August 2011[update].[43]

text: On 10 June, one month before the film's release, tickets went on sale.[44] On 16 June 2011, Part 2 received a 12A[45] certificate from the British Board of Film Classification, who note that the film "contains moderate threat, injury detail and language", becoming the only Harry Potter film to receive a warning for "injury detail". At midnight 15 July, Part 2 screened in 3,800 cinemas. In the United States, it played in 4,375 cinemas, 3,100 3D cinemas and 274 IMAX cinemas, the widest release for an IMAX, 3D and a Harry Potter film.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released on 11 November 2011 in the United States in four formats: a one-disc standard DVD, a two-disc standard DVD special edition, a one-disc standard Blu-ray, and three-Disc Blu-ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy).[13] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released on 2 December 2011 in three formats: a two-disc standard DVD, a three-disc Blu-ray 2D Combo Pack (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy), and a four-disc Blu-ray 3D Combo Pack (Blu-ray 3D + Blu-ray 2D + DVD + Digital Copy).[14] The film set the record for fastest-selling pre-order DVD and Blu-ray on Amazon.com, just two days into the pre-order period.[46]

text: Deathly Hallows – Part 2 sold 2.71 million Blu-ray units ($60.75 million) in three days (Friday to Sunday).[47] It also sold 2.83 million DVD units ($42.22 million) during its debut.[48] By 18 July 2012 it had sold 4.71 million Blu-ray units ($99.33 million)[49] and 6.47 million DVD units ($88.96 million).[50]

text: On 28 March 2017, Deathly Hallows – Part 2 made its Ultra HD Blu-ray debut, along with Deathly Hallows - Part 1, The Half-Blood Prince, and Order of the Phoenix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text:
Box Office Records set by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 upon its release

Record item
Record detail

Opening weekend (US/Canada)
$169,189,427

Summer opening weekend (US/Canada)
$169,189,427

Opening weekend for a 3-D film (US/Canada)[51]
$169,189,427

Opening weekend – IMAX (US/Canada)
$15,200,000

Opening weekend – IMAX (worldwide)
$23,200,000

Fastest to $1 billion (worldwide)[52]
19 days

Biggest IMAX midnight release (US/Canada)[53]
$2,000,000

Opening weekend (worldwide)
$483,189,427

Opening weekend outside the United States and Canada[54]
$314,000,000

Opening day & Single day (US/Canada)
$91,071,119

Biggest midnight release (US/Canada)[55]
$43,500,000

Highest gross in advance ticket sales (US/Canada)
$32,000,000

Widest 3-D launch (US/Canada)[56]
3,100+ locations

Highest-grossing film of 2011[57]
$1,328,111,219

July Opening (US/Canada)[58]
$169,189,427

Highest grossing fantasy live action film[59]
$381,011,219

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 grossed $381,011,219 in the United States and Canada, along with $960,500,000 in other markets, for a worldwide total of $1,341,511,219. In worldwide earnings, it is currently the eighth highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2011 film,[12] the highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter franchise and the highest-grossing children's book adaptation.[11] Part 2 set a worldwide opening-weekend record with $483.2 million.[54][60] It set a worldwide IMAX opening-weekend record with $23.2 million.[61][62] In worldwide earnings, it is the fastest film to reach $400 million (5 days), $500 million (6 days), $600 million (8 days), $700 million (10 days), $800 million (12 days), $900 million (15 days), and $1 billion (19 days, tied with Avatar and Marvel's The Avengers).[63][64] On 31 July 2011 (its 19th day of release), it became the ninth film in cinematic history and the second in 2011 to surpass the $1-billion mark.[65]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: In North America, it is the twenty-seventh highest-grossing film,[66] the highest grossing 2011 film,[67] the highest-grossing Harry Potter film, the highest-grossing children's book adaptation,[68] the highest-grossing fantasy/live action film[69] and the thirteenth highest-grossing 3-D film.[70] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 40 million tickets.[71] It set new records in advance ticket sales with $32 million,[72][73] in its midnight opening with $43.5 million[55] and in its IMAX midnight opening with $2 million.[53][74] It grossed $91.1 million on its opening Friday, setting a Friday-gross record as well as single- and opening-day records.[75] It also set an opening-weekend record with $169.2 million, an IMAX opening-weekend record of $15.2 million and opening-weekend record for a 3-D film.[76][77][78] Although 3-D enhanced the film's earning potential, only 43% of the opening gross came from 3-D venues. This means only $72.8 million of the opening-weekend grosses originated from 3-D showings, the second-largest number at the time.[79]

text: It also scored the largest 3-day[80] and 4-day gross,[81][82] the sixth highest-grossing opening week (Friday to Thursday) with $226.2 million,[83] and even the seventh-largest 7-day gross.[84] It fell precipitously by 84% on its second Friday[85] and by 72% during its second weekend overall, grossing $47.4 million, which is the largest second-weekend drop for any film that opened to more than $90 million.[86] Still, it managed to become the fastest-grossing film in the franchise and also achieved the second-largest ten-day gross ever at the time (now eighth).[87] In its third weekend, the movie surpassed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone to become the highest-grossing film of the franchise in North America.[88]

text: Other markets[edit]

text: Outside North America, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is the third highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2011 film, the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film and the highest-grossing Harry Potter film.[89] On its opening day, Deathly Hallows – Part 2 grossed $43.6 million from 26 countries, placing it 86% ahead of Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and 49% higher than Half-Blood Prince. From Wednesday until Sunday, on its 5-day opening weekend, it set an opening-weekend record outside North America by earning $314 million.[90][91] The average 3D share of Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was 60%, which was lower than the 3D share for Transformers: Dark of the Moon (70%) and On Stranger Tides (66%).[92] On its second weekend, it held to the top spot, but fell precipitously by 62% to $120.2 million despite minor competition. This amount is about the same as what On Stranger Tides made from its second weekend ($124.3 million).[93] Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends.[94][95]

text: In the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta it brought in a record $14.8 million on its first day.[96] On its opening weekend it earned £23,753,171 in the United Kingdom, marking the second largest opening weekend in 2011. Its performance did not surpass that of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004, which eared £23,882,688 on its opening weekend.[97] In United States dollars, its opening weekend was an all-time record $38.3 million, ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ($33.5 million).[98] The film also achieved the largest single-day gross on its first Saturday[97] and the largest opening week with $57.6 million.[99] The film made a total of £73.1 million ($117.2 million) at the United Kingdom box office,[100] marking the fifth highest-grossing film.[101] It also is the highest-grossing film of 2011 and highest-grossing Harry Potter film.[102]

text: Deathly Hallows – Part 2 also set opening-day records in Mexico ($6.1 million), Australia ($7.5 million), France and the Maghreb region ($7.1 million), Italy ($4.6 million), Sweden ($2.1 million), Norway ($1.8 million), Denmark ($1.6 million), the Netherlands ($1.7 million), Belgium ($1.4 million), the Czech Republic ($2.0 million), Argentina ($961,000), Finland ($749,000) and Hong Kong ($808,000).[53][103][104][105] It also established new Harry Potter opening-day records in Japan ($5.7 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Russia and the CIS ($4.2 million), Spain ($3.3 million) and Poland ($1.25 million).[96]

text: Deathly Hallows – Part 2 set opening weekend records in India with ₹15 crores ($3.41 million),[106] Australia with $19.6 million, New Zealand with $2.46 million,[107] Brazil with $11. million,[108] Scandinavia with $18.5 million, Mexico with $15.9 million[108][109] and many other Latin American and European countries.[53][110]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 315 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thrilling, powerfully acted, and visually dazzling, Deathly Hallows Part II brings the Harry Potter franchise to a satisfying – and suitably magical – conclusion."[111] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating to reviews, the film achieved an average of 87 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[112] The film received a score of 93 from professional critics at the Broadcast Film Critics Association; it is the organisation's highest-rated Harry Potter film.[113] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[114]

text: Philip Womack in The Daily Telegraph commented, "This is monumental cinema, awash with gorgeous tones, and carrying an ultimate message that will resonate with every viewer, young or old: there is darkness in all of us, but we can overcome it." He further expressed that David Yates "transmutes [the book] into a genuinely terrifying spectacle."[115] Another review was released on the same day from Evening Standard, who rated the film 4 out of 5 and stated "Millions of children, parents, and those who should know better won't need reminding what a Horcrux is – and director David Yates does not let them down. In fact, in some ways, he helps make up for the shortcomings of the final book."[116] The Daily Express remarked that the film showcases "a terrifying showdown that easily equals Lord of the Rings or Star Wars in terms of a dramatic and memorable battle between good and evil."[117]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 1⁄2 out of 4 stars and said, "The finale conjures up enough awe and solemnity to serve as an appropriate finale and a dramatic contrast to the lighthearted (relative) innocence of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone all those magical years ago."[118] Mark Kermode from the BBC said that the film is a "pretty solid and ambitious adaptation of a very complex book", but he criticised the post-converted 3D.[119] Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film 3 1⁄2 out of 4 stars and said "While Deathly Hallows: Part 2 offers long-promised answers, it also dares to pose some eternal questions, and it'll stay with you after the final chapter has closed."[120] Richard Roeper, also from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film an A+ rating and said that "this is a masterful and worthy final chapter in one of the best franchises ever put to film."[121]

text: In one of the few negative reviews, Brian Gibson of Vue Weekly described the film as "deadly dull" and a "visual overstatement".[122] Other reviews criticised the decision to split the novel into two cinematic parts, with Ben Mortimer of The Daily Telegraph writing "Deathly Hallows – Part 2 isn't a film. It's HALF a film ... it's going to feel somewhat emotionless." Other critics wrote of the film's runtime; Alonso Duralde from The Wrap said, "If there's one substantial flaw to the film, it's that this cavalcade of people and places and objects can barely fit in the 130-minute running time."[123] Rebecca Gillie from The Oxford Student gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "at the end of [the film] there is nothing that stays with you once you've left the cinema."[124]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film garnered a number of accolades and nominations. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was nominated for Best Art Direction, Best Makeup, and Best Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards.[125] At the 65th BAFTA awards, the film won the Best Visual Effects award, and was nominated in the Best Sound, Best Production Design and Best Make-up and Hair categories.[126]

text: The film was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012.[127] It won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture.[128] The film scored 10 nominations at the annual Saturn Awards, Winning for Best Fantasy Film.[129] In the 2011 Scream Awards, the film received a total of 14 nominations, and won in the Best Scream-Play, Best Fantasy Actor (Daniel Radcliffe), Best Villain (Ralph Fiennes), Best F/X, and Holy Sh*t scene of the Year categories.[130]

text:
[show]List of awards and nominations

Year
Award
Category
Result
Recipient

2011
National Board of Review Awards[131]
Top 10 Films
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

National Movie Awards[132]
Must See Movie of the Summer
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Hollywood Film Awards[133]
Hollywood Movie of the Year
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

British Academy Children's Awards (BAFTA)
Favourite Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

BAFTA Kids' Vote (Film Category)
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

BAFTA Britannia Awards
Artistic Excellence in Directing
Won
David Yates (for Harry Potter films 5–8)

Satellite Awards[134]
Best Original Score
Nominated
Alexandre Desplat

Best Visual Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, John Richardson, David Vickery, Greg Butler

Best Sound
Nominated
Dave Patterson, Lon Bender, Robert Fernandez, Victor Ray Ennis

2011 Teen Choice Awards[135]
Choice Summer Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Choice Summer Movie Star – Male
Won
Daniel Radcliffe

Choice Summer Movie Star – Female
Won
Emma Watson

2011 Scream Awards[130]
The Ultimate Scream
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Scream-Play
Won
Steve Kloves

Best Fantasy Actor
Won
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Villain
Won
Ralph Fiennes

Holy Sh*t Scene of the Year (Room Of Requirement)
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best F/X
Won
Tim Burke

Best Fantasy Movie
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Director
Nominated
David Yates

Best Fantasy Actress
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Rupert Grint

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Alan Rickman

Best Ensemble
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Fight Scene of the Year (Final Battle)
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Fight Scene of the Year (The Battle of Hogwarts)
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best 3-D Movie
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

American Film Institute Awards 2011
AFI Special Award
Won
Harry Potter series

World Soundtrack Academy
Film Composer of the Year
Won
Alexandre Desplat

2012
Academy Awards[125]
Best Art Direction
Nominated
Stuart Craig, Stephenie McMillan

Best Visual Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, David Vickery, Greg Butler and John Richardson

Best Makeup
Nominated
Nick Dudman, Amanda Knight, Lisa Tomblin

BAFTA Awards[126]
Best Production Design
Nominated
Stuart Craig, Stephenie McMillan

Best Special Visual Effects
Won
Tim Burke, John Richardson, Greg Butler, David Vickery

Best Sound
Nominated
James Mather, Stuart Wilson, Stuart Hilliker, Mike Dowson, Adam Scrivener

Best Makeup and Hair
Nominated
Amanda Knight, Lisa Tomblin

People's Choice Awards[136]
Favorite Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Action Movie
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Movie Ensemble
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Book Adaptation
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Favorite Movie Actor
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Rupert Grint

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Emma Watson

Favorite Movie Star (under 25)
Nominated
Tom Felton

Grammy Awards[127]
Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media
Nominated
Alexandre Desplat

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[137]
Best Art Direction
Nominated
Stuart Craig

Best Visual Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, John Richardson, David Vickery, Greg Butler

Best Sound
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2

Best Makeup
Won
Nick Dudman, Amanda Knight and Mark Coulier

Screen Actors Guild[128]
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2

Costume Designers Guild Awards[138]
Excellence in Costume Design for Film – Fantasy
Won
Jany Temime

ADG Excellence in Production Design Award
Best Art Direction for a Fantasy film
Won
Stuart Craig, Stephenie McMillan

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Nominated
Alan Rickman

SFX Award
Best Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Director
Nominated
David Yates

Visual Effects Society Awards[139]
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Tim Burke, Emma Norton, John Richardson, David Vickery

Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture – Ukrainian Ironbelly
Nominated
Yasunobu Arahori, Tom Bracht, Gavin Harrison and Chris Lentz

Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Keziah Bailey, Stephen Ellis, Clement Gerard, Pietro Ponti

Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Steven Godfrey, Pietro Ponti, Tania Marie Richard, Andy Warren

Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Michele Benigna, Martin Ciastko, Thomas Dyg, Andy Robinson

International Film Music Critics Association Awards[140]
Best Original Score for Fantasy/Science Fiction/Horror Film
Nominated
Alexandre Desplat

Saturn Awards[129]

Best Fantasy Film
Won
Steven Godfrey, Pietro Ponti, Tania Marie Richard, Andy Warren

Best Director
Nominated
David Yates

Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Ralph Fiennes

Nominated
Alan Rickman

Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Production Design
Nominated
Stuart Craig

Best Editing
Nominated
Mark Day

Best Costume
Nominated
Jany Temime

Best Make-up
Nominated
Nick Dudman, Amanda Knight

Best Special Effects
Nominated
Tim Burke, Greg Butler, John Richardson, David Vickery

Hugo Awards[141]
Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form
Nominated
David Yates, Steve Kloves

MTV Movie Awards[142][143]
Movie of the Year
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Male Performance
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Female Performance
Nominated
Emma Watson

Best Hero
Won
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Kiss
Nominated
Rupert Grint and Emma Watson

Best Fight
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe and Ralph Fiennes

Best Cast
Won
Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Tom Felton

17th Empire Awards[144]
Best Film
Won
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Actor
Nominated
Daniel Radcliffe

Best Director
Won
David Yates

Best 3D
Nominated
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Best Female Newcomer
Nominated
Bonnie Wright


document_title: The Longest Day (film)

question_text: who plays dwight eisenhower in the longest day

root

text: The Longest Day (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie is filmed in the style of a docudrama. Beginning in the days leading up to D-Day, it concentrates on events on both sides of the channel, such as the Allies waiting for the break in the poor weather and anticipating the reaction of the Axis forces defending northern France. The film pays particular attention to the decision by Gen. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of SHAEF, to go after reviewing the initial bad-weather reports as well as reports about the divisions within the German High Command as to where an invasion might happen or what the response to it should be.

tag: p

text: Numerous scenes document the early hours of June 6 when Allied airborne troops were sent in to take key locations inland from the beaches. The French resistance is also shown reacting to the news that an invasion has started. The Longest Day chronicles most of the important events surrounding D-Day, from the British glider missions to secure Pegasus Bridge, the counterattacks launched by American paratroopers scattered around Sainte-Mère-Église, the infiltration and sabotage work conducted by the French resistance and SOE agents to the response by the Wehrmacht to the invasion and the uncertainty of German commanders as to whether it was a feint in preparation for crossings at the Pas de Calais (see Operation Fortitude), where the senior German staff had always assumed it would be.

text: Set-piece scenes include the parachute drop into Sainte-Mère-Église, the advance inshore from the Normandy beaches, the U.S. Ranger Assault Group's assault on the Pointe du Hoc, the attack on Ouistreham by Free French Forces and the strafing of the beaches by two lone Luftwaffe pilots.

text: The film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland to reach Germany by crossing France.

text: Cast[edit]

text: American[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Eddie Albert
Colonel Thompson, 29th Infantry Division

Paul Anka
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Richard Beymer
Private Arthur 'Dutch' Schultz, 82nd Airborne Division

Red Buttons
Private John Steele, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Gary Collins
Officer on destroyer bridge (uncredited)

John Crawford
Colonel Eugene Caffey, Commander, 1st Engineer Special Brigade (uncredited)

Mark Damon
Private Harris (uncredited)

Ray Danton
Captain Frank, 29th Infantry Division

Fred Dur
Major, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Fabian
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Mel Ferrer
Major General Robert Haines, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF)

Henry Fonda
Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., Assistant Commander, 4th Infantry Division

Steve Forrest
Captain Harding, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Henry Grace (dubbed by Allen Swift)
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited)

Peter Helm
Young private, 29th Infantry Division

Jeffrey Hunter
Sergeant John H. Fuller, combat engineer, 29th Infantry Division

Alexander Knox
Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, Chief of Staff, SHAEF

Mickey Knox
Downed Airman, (uncredited)

Dewey Martin
Private Wilder, 4th Infantry Division (scenes deleted)

Roddy McDowall
Private Morris, 4th Infantry Division

John Meillon
Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces (uncredited)

Sal Mineo
Private Martini, 82nd Airborne Division

Robert Mitchum
Brigadier General Norman Cota, Assistant Commander, 29th Infantry Division

Tony Mordente
Cook, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited)

Bill Nagy
Major, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Edmond O'Brien
Major General Raymond O. Barton, Commander, 4th Infantry Division

Ron Randell
Joe Williams, war correspondent

Robert Ryan
Brigadier General James M. Gavin, Assistant Commander, 82nd Airborne Division

Tommy Sands
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

George Segal
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Bob Steele
Paratrooper, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited)

Rod Steiger
Destroyer commander, United States Navy

Nicholas Stuart
Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, Commander, First Army (uncredited)

Tom Tryon
Lieutenant Wilson, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Robert Wagner
Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion

Joe Warfield
Army medic (uncredited)

John Wayne
Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort, CO, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

Stuart Whitman
Lieutenant Sheen, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment

tag: table

text: British[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Patrick Barr
Group Captain J. M. Stagg, meteorologist (uncredited)

Lyndon Brook
Lieutenant Walsh, "D" Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (uncredited)

Richard Burton
Flying Officer David Campbell, Royal Air Force fighter pilot

Bryan Coleman
Ronald Callen, war correspondent (uncredited)

Sean Connery
Private Flanagan, 3rd Infantry Division

Richard Dawson
British soldier (uncredited)

Jack Hedley
6th Airborne Division briefing officer (uncredited)

Leslie de Laspee
Piper Bill Millin, 1st Special Service Brigade (uncredited)

Frank Finlay
Private Coke (uncredited)

Harry Fowler
Soldier, 6th Airborne Division (uncredited)

Bernard Fox
Lance-Corporal Hutchinson, Royal Armoured Corps (uncredited)

Leo Genn
Major-general at SHAEF

Harold Goodwin
Soldier in glider (uncredited)

John Gregson
Padre, 6th Airborne Division

Walter Horsbrugh
Rear-Admiral George Creasy, Chief of Staff to Admiral Ramsay (uncredited)

Donald Houston
RAF fighter pilot in mess

Patrick Jordan
British officer (uncredited)

Simon Lack
Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Commander-in-Chief, Allied Expeditionary Air Force (uncredited)

Harry Landis
British soldier (uncredited)

Peter Lawford
Brigadier Lord Lovat, Commander, 1st Special Service Brigade

Neil McCallum
Canadian medical officer (uncredited)

Victor Maddern
Cook (uncredited)

Howard Marion-Crawford
Major Jacob Vaughan, Medical Officer, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (uncredited)

Michael Medwin
Private Watney, Universal Carrier driver, 3rd Infantry Division

Kenneth More
Acting Captain Colin Maud, Royal Navy Beachmaster, Juno Beach

Louis Mounier
Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, Deputy Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited)

Leslie Phillips
RAF officer with French Resistance

Siân Phillips
Wren assistant to Stagg (uncredited)

Trevor Reid
General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Commander-in-Chief, Allied Armies (uncredited)

John Robinson
Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief (uncredited)

Norman Rossington
Lance-Corporal Clough, 3rd Infantry Division

Richard Todd
Major John Howard, OC, "D" Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry

Richard Wattis
Major, 6th Airborne Division

text: French[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Arletty
Madame Barrault, resident of Sainte-Mère-Église

Jean-Louis Barrault
Father Louis Roulland, parish priest of Sainte-Mère-Église

Yves Barsacq
French Resistance man, Caen (uncredited)

André Bourvil
Alphonse Lenaux, Mayor of Colleville-sur-Mer

Pauline Carton
Louis's housekeeper

Jean Champion
French Resistance man, Caen (uncredited)

Irina Demick
Janine Boitard, French Resistance, Caen

Bernard Fresson
Fusilier Marin Commando (uncredited)

Clément Harari
Arrested man (uncredited)

Fernand Ledoux
Louis, elderly farmer

Christian Marquand
Capitaine de Corvette Philippe Kieffer, CO, 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos

Maurice Poli
Jean, French Resistance, Caen (uncredited)

Madeleine Renaud
Mother superior in Ouistreham

Georges Rivière
Second-Maître Guy de Montlaur, 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos

Jean Servais
Contre-amiral Robert Jaujard, Commander, 4th Cruiser Division, Free French Naval Forces

Alice Tissot
Lenaux's housekeeper (uncredited)

Georges Wilson
Alexandre Renaud, Mayor of Sainte-Mère-Église

Dominique Zardi
Spitfire pilot (uncredited)

text: German[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Hans Christian Blech
Major Werner Pluskat, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division

Wolfgang Büttner
Generalleutnant Dr. Hans Speidel, Chief of Staff, Army Group B

Eugene Deckers
German Major in church (uncredited)

Robert Freitag
Meyer's aide (uncredited)

Gert Fröbe
Unteroffizier "Kaffeekanne" ("coffee pot")

Walter Gotell
SS General (uncredited)

Paul Hartmann
Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt, Commander, OB West

Ruth Hausmeister
Lucie Rommel, Rommel's wife (uncredited)

Michael Hinz
Manfred Rommel, Rommel's son (uncredited)

Werner Hinz
Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, Commander, Army Group B

Karl John
Generalleutnant Wolfgang Häger, Luftwaffe Kommando West

Curt Jürgens
General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt, Chief of Staff, OB West

Til Kiwe
Hauptmann Helmuth Lang, ADC to Rommel (uncredited)

Wolfgang Lukschy
Generaloberst Alfred Jodl, Chief of Operations, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (uncredited)

Kurt Meisel
Hauptmann Ernst Düring (uncredited)

Richard Münch
General der Artillerie Erich Marcks, Commander, LXXXIV Army Corps

Rainer Penkert
Leutnant Fritz Theen, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division (uncredited)

Wolfgang Preiss
Generalleutnant Max Pemsel, Chief of Staff, 7th Army

Hartmut Reck
Oberfeldwebel Bernhard Bergsdorf, pilot, Jagdgeschwader 26 (uncredited)

Heinz Reincke
Oberstleutnant Josef Priller, Kommodore, Jagdgeschwader 26 (uncredited)

Paul Edwin Roth
Oberst Schiller (uncredited)

Dietmar Schönherr
Häger's aide (uncredited)

Ernst Schröder
Generaloberst Hans von Salmuth, Commander, 15th Army (uncredited)

Hans Söhnker
Pemsel's staff officer (uncredited)

Heinz Spitzner
Oberstleutnant Helmuth Meyer, Chief of Intelligence, 15th Army (uncredited)

Peter van Eyck
Oberstleutnant Ocker, Commander, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division

Vicco von Bülow
Pemsel's adjutant (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the filming rights to Cornelius Ryan's novel The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 D-Day on March 23, 1960. After finishing The Truth, Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation and got director Michael Anderson attached. Ryan would receive $100,000, plus $35,000 to write the adaptation's screenplay. Lévy intended to start production in March 1961, filming at Elstree Studios and the English and French coasts. But the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected. Eventually former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing The Big Gamble, and in December purchased Lévy's option for $175,000.[4] Zanuck's editor friend Elmo Williams wrote a film treatment, which piqued the producer's interest and made him attach Williams to The Longest Day as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. Ryan was brought in to write the script, but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met. Williams was forced to act as a mediator; he would deliver Ryan's script pages to Zanuck, then return them with the latter's annotations.[5] While Ryan developed the script, Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups, including James Jones and Romain Gary. As their contributions to the finished screenplay were relatively minor, Ryan managed to get the screenplay credit after an appeal to the Writers Guild arbitration,[6] but the four other writers are credited for "additional scenes" in the closing credits.

text: During pre-production, producer Frank McCarthy, who had worked for the United States Department of War during World War II, arranged for military collaboration with the governments of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Zanuck also realized that with eight battle scenes, shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors and units worked simultaneously. He contracted with German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki, the British Ken Annakin, and the American Andrew Marton.[7] Zanuck's son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project, particularly the high budget.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text:
The film was shot at several French locations including the Île de Ré, Saleccia beach in Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse, Port-en-Bessin-Huppain filling in for Ouistreham, Les Studios de Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt and the actual locations of Pegasus Bridge near Bénouville, Calvados, Sainte-Mère-Église and Pointe du Hoc.[9]
During the filming of the landings at Omaha Beach, the extras appearing as American soldiers did not want to jump off the landing craft into the water because they thought it would be too cold. Robert Mitchum, who played Gen. Norman Cota, became disgusted with their trepidation. He jumped in first, at which point the extras followed his example.
The Rupert paradummies used in the film were far more elaborate and lifelike than those actually used in the decoy parachute drop (Operation Titanic), which were simply canvas or burlap sacks filled with sand. The dummies dressed in American jumpsuits were used in filming the Sainte-Mère-Église sequence.[9] In the real operation, six Special Air Service soldiers jumped with the dummies and played recordings of loud battle noises to distract the Germans.
With a budget of $10,000,000, this was the most expensive black-and-white film made until 1993, when Schindler's List was released.[3]
In the scenes where the paratroopers land, the background noise of frogs croaking "ribbit ribbit" was incorrect for northern French frog species and showed that the film probably used an American recording of background night noises.
Darryl Zanuck hired several former military personnel to aid in direction. The director of American exteriors was Andrew Marton, director of British exteriors was Ken Annakin, director of German exteriors was Bernhard Wicki. This was to ensure the most authentic military procedures.
Colin Maud loaned Kenneth More the shillelagh he carried ashore in the actual invasion (More had served as an officer in the Royal Navy during World War II, albeit not as a Beachmaster); similarly Richard Todd wore the D-Day helmet worn by his character, Maj. John Howard.
In the film, three Free French Special Air Service paratroopers jump into France before British and American airborne landings. This is accurate. Thirty-six Free French SAS (4 sticks) jumped into Brittany (Plumelec and Duault) on June 5 at 23:30, (operation Dingson). The first Allied soldiers killed in action were Lt. Den Brotheridge of the 2nd Ox & Bucks Light Infantry as he crossed Pegasus Bridge at 00:22 on June 6 and Corporal Emile Bouétard of the 4th Free French SAS battalion, at the same time in Plumelec, Brittany.
The United States Sixth Fleet extensively supported the filming and made available many amphibious landing ships and craft for scenes filmed in Corsica, though many of the ships were of (then) modern vintage. The Springfield and Little Rock, both World War II light cruisers (though extensively reconfigured into guided missile cruisers) were used in the shore bombardment scenes, though it was easy to tell they did not resemble their wartime configuration.
Gerd Oswald was the uncredited director of the parachute drop scenes into Sainte-Mère-Église. Darryl F. Zanuck said that he himself directed some uncredited pick-ups with American and British interiors.[10]
Elmo Williams was credited as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. He later produced another historical World War II film, Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), for Zanuck. Like The Longest Day, it used a docudrama style, although it was in color. It depicted the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

tag: ul

text: Casting[edit]

text:
Charlton Heston actively sought the role of Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Vandervoort, but the last-minute decision of John Wayne to take the role prevented Heston's participation. At 55 Wayne was 28 years older than Vandervoort at the time of action (and 10 years older in real life). While everyone else accepted $25,000 as payment, Wayne insisted on $250,000 to punish producer Zanuck for referring to him as "poor John Wayne" regarding Wayne's problems with his lavish movie The Alamo.[11]
Zanuck hired more than 2,000 legitimate soldiers for the film as extras.
Sgt. Kaffeekanne (played by Gert Fröbe)'s name is German for "coffee pot", which he always carries.
It is a common misconception that Bill Millin, the piper who accompanies Lord Lovat to Normandy with his bagpipes, played himself in the film. He was actually portrayed by Pipe Major Leslie de Laspee, the official piper to the Queen Mother in 1961.[12][13]
In Sainte-Mère-Église, Pvt. John Steele from the 82nd Airborne (played by Red Buttons) has been memorialised by the local population with a dummy hanging from a parachute from the church tower on which he accidentally landed.
Richard Todd, who played Maj. John Howard, leader of the British airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge, took part in the real bridge assault on D-Day. He was offered the chance to play himself but took the part of Maj. Howard instead.
Joseph Lowe landed on Omaha Beach and scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc on D-Day. He repeated the climb for the cameras 17 years later as a serving member of the 505th Airborne Battle Group who provided US Army film extras.
Former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was considered for the role of himself in the film, and he indicated his willingness. However, it was decided that makeup artists couldn't make him appear young enough to play his World War II self. The role of Gen. Eisenhower went to Henry Grace, a set decorator with no acting experience but who had been in the film industry since the mid-1930s. He was a dead ringer for the younger Eisenhower, though his voice differed.
The film marked the last film appearance of Sean Connery before he was cast in the role of James Bond. Gert Fröbe (Sgt. Kaffeekanne) and Curd Jürgens (Gen. Günther Blumentritt) would later go on to play Bond villains Auric Goldfinger (Goldfinger (1964)) and Karl Stromberg (The Spy Who Loved Me) respectively. Connery would later play Maj. Gen. Roy Urquhart in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far, which was also based on a book by Cornelius Ryan. (Likewise Wolfgang Preiss played Maj. Gen. Max Pemsel in The Longest Day and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in A Bridge Too Far.)
Mel Ferrer was originally signed to play the role of Gen. James M. Gavin but withdrew from the role due to a scheduling conflict.[9]
According to the 2001 documentary Cleopatra: The Film That Changed Hollywood, Richard Burton and Roddy McDowall were so bored having not been used for several weeks while filming in Rome that they phoned Zanuck begging to do "anything" on his film. They flew themselves to the location and each did a day's filming for their cameo-performances for free.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premièred in France on September 25, 1962, followed by the United States on October 4 and 23 for the United Kingdom. Given Fox was suffering with the financial losses of Cleopatra, the studio was intending for The Longest Day to have a wide release to reap quick profits. Zanuck forced them to do a proper Roadshow theatrical release, even threatening to sell distribution to Warner Bros. if Fox had refused to do so.[14] The Longest Day eventually became the box office hit Fox needed, with $30 million in worldwide rentals on a $7.5 million budget.[1]

text: There were special-release showings of the film in several United States cities. Participants in D-Day were invited to see the film with their fellow soldiers—in Cleveland, Ohio, this took place at the Hippodrome Theater.[citation needed]

text: Unique for British- and American-produced World War II films of the time, all French and German characters speak in their own languages with subtitles in English. Another version, which was shot simultaneously, has all the actors speaking their lines in English (this version was used for the film's trailer, as all the Germans deliver their lines in English). However, this version saw limited use during the initial release. It was used more extensively during a late 1960s re-release of the film.

text: The English-only version has been featured as an extra on older single disc DVD releases. As of August 2017, it is also available for viewing on Netflix.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Academy Award for Best Art Direction (1962): Ted Haworth, Léon Barsacq, Vincent Korda and Gabriel Béchir (nominated)[15]
Academy Award for Best Cinematography (1962): Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz (won)[15]
Academy Award for Best Editing (1962): Samuel E. Beetley (nominated)[15]
Academy Award for Best Picture (1962): Darryl F. Zanuck (nominated)[15]
Academy Award for Best Special Effects (1962): Robert MacDonald and Jacques Maumont (won)[15]


document_title: Narmer

question_text: who is considered to be the first pharaoh of egypt

text: Narmer

text: Historical identity[edit]

text: Narmer's identity is the subject of ongoing debates, although the dominant opinion among Egyptologists identifies Narmer with the pharaoh Menes, who is renowned in the ancient Egyptian written records as the first king, and the unifier of Ancient Egypt. Narmer's identification with Menes is based on the Narmer Palette (which shows Narmer as the unifier of Egypt) and the two necropolis seals from the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery of Abydos that show him as the first king of the First Dynasty.

text: The date commonly given for the beginning of Narmer's reign is c. 3100 BC.[2][3] Other mainstream estimates, using both the historical method and radiocarbon dating, are in the range c. 3273–2987 BC.[a]

text: Name[edit]

text: The complete spelling of Narmer's name consists of the hieroglyphs for a catfish (n'r)[1] and a chisel (mr), hence the reading "Narmer" (using the rebus principle). This word is sometimes translated as "raging catfish".[4] However, there is no consensus on this reading. Other translations include ″angry, fighting, fierceful, painful, furious, bad, evil, biting, menacing″, or "stinging catfish".[5][6][7] Some scholars have taken entirely different approaches to reading the name that do not include "catfish" in the name at all,[8][9][10] but these approaches have not been generally accepted.

text: Rather than incorporating both hieroglyphs, Narmer's name is often shown in an abbreviated form with just the catfish symbol, sometimes stylized, even, in some cases, represented by just a horizontal line.[11] This simplified spelling appears to be related to the formality of the context. In every case that a serekh is shown on a work of stone, or an official seal impression, it has both symbols. But, in most cases, where the name is shown on a piece of pottery or a rock inscription, just the catfish, or a simplified version of it appears.

text: Two alternative spellings of Narmer's name have also been found. On a mud sealing from Tarkhan, the symbol for the ṯꜣj-bird (Gardiner sign G47 "duckling") has been added to the two symbols for ″Narmer″ within the serekh. This has been interpreted as meaning "Narmer the masculine";[12] however, according to Ilona Regulski,[13] "The third sign (the [ṯꜣj]-bird) is not an integral part of the royal name since it occurs so infrequently." Godron[14] suggested that the extra sign is not part of the name, but was put inside the serekh for compositional convenience.

text: In addition, two necropolis seals from Abydos show the name in a unique way: While the chisel is shown conventionally where the catfish would be expected, there is a symbol that has been interpreted by several scholars as an animal skin.[15] According to Dreyer, it is probably a catfish with a bull's tail, similar to the image of Narmer on the Narmer Palette in which he is shown wearing a bull's tail as a symbol of power.[16]

text: Reign[edit]

text: Possible identification with Menes[edit]

text: Although highly interrelated, the questions of "who was Menes?" and "who unified Egypt?" are actually two separate issues. Narmer is often credited with the unification of Egypt by means of the conquest of Lower Egypt by Upper Egypt. While Menes is traditionally considered the first king of Ancient Egypt, Narmer has been identified by the majority of Egyptologists as the same person as Menes. Although vigorously debated (Hor-Aha, Narmer's successor, is the primary alternative identified as Menes by many authorities), the predominant opinion is that Narmer was Menes.[b]

text: The issue is confusing because "Narmer" is a Horus name while "Menes" is a Sedge and Bee name (personal or birth name). All of the King Lists which began to appear in the New Kingdom era list the personal names of the kings, and almost all begin with Menes, or begin with divine and/or semi-divine rulers, with Menes as the first "human king". The difficulty is aligning the contemporary archaeological evidence which lists Horus Names with the King Lists that list personal names.

text: Two documents have been put forward as proof either that Narmer was Menes or alternatively Hor-Aha was Menes. The first is the "Naqada Label" which shows a serekh of Hor-Aha next to an enclosure inside of which are symbols that have been interpreted by some scholars as the name "Menes". The second is the seal impression from Abydos that alternates between a serekh of Narmer and the chessboard symbol, "mn", which is interpreted as an abbreviation of Menes. Arguments have been made with regard to each of these documents in favour of Narmer or Hor-Aha being Menes, but in neither case, are the arguments conclusive.[c]

text: The second document, the seal impression from Abydos, shows the serekh of Narmer alternating with the gameboard sign (mn) sign, together with its phonetic compliment, the n sign, which is always shown when the full name of Menes is written, again representing the name “Menes”. At first glance, this would seem to be strong evidence that Narmer was Menes.[21] However, based on an analysis of other early First Dynasty seal impressions, which contain the name of one or more princes, the seal impression has been interpreted by other scholars as showing the name of a prince of Narmer named Menes, hence Menes was Narmer’s successor, Hor-Aha, and thus Hor-Aha was Menes.[22] This was refuted by Cervelló-Autuori 2005, pp. 42–45; but opinions still vary, and the seal impression cannot be said to definitively support either theory.[23]

text: Two necropolis sealings, found in 1985 and 1991 in Abydos, in or near the tombs of Den[24] and Qa'a,[25] show Narmer as the first king on each list, followed by Hor-Aha. The Qa'a sealing lists all eight of the kings of what scholars now call the First Dynasty in the correct order, starting with Narmer. These necropolis sealings are strong evidence that Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty—hence is the same person as Menes.[26]

text: Narmer and the unification of Egypt[edit]

text: The famous Narmer Palette, discovered by James E. Quibell in the 1897–1898 season at Hierakonpolis,[27] shows Narmer wearing the crown of Upper Egypt on one side of the palette, and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other side, giving rise to the theory that Narmer unified the two lands.[28] Since its discovery, however, it has been debated whether the Narmer Palette represents an actual historic event or is purely symbolic.[d] Of course, the Narmer Palette could represent an actual historical event while at the same time having a symbolic significance.

text: In 1993, Günter Dreyer discovered a "year label" of Narmer at Abydos, depicting the same event that is depicted on the Narmer Palette. In the First Dynasty, years were identified by the name of the king and an important event that occurred in that year. A "year label" was typically attached to a container of goods and included the name of the king, a description or representation of the event that identified the year, and a description of the attached goods. This year label shows that the Narmer Palette depicts an actual historical event.[29] Support for this conclusion (in addition to Dreyer) includes Wilkinson[30] and Davies & Friedman.[31] Although this interpretation of the year label is the dominant opinion among Egyptologists, there are exceptions including Baines[32] and Wengrow.[33]

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that Egypt was at least partially unified during the reigns of Ka and Iry-Hor (Narmer's immediate predecessors), and perhaps as early as Scorpion I (several generations before Iry-Hor).Tax collection is probably documented for Ka[34] and Iry-Hor.[35] The evidence for a role for Scorpion I in Lower Egypt comes from his tomb Uj in Abydos (Upper Egypt), where labels were found identifying goods from Lower Egypt.[36] These are not tax documents, however, so they are probably indications of trade rather than subjugation. There is a substantial difference in the quantity and distribution of inscriptions with the names of those earlier kings in Lower Egypt and Canaan (which was reached through Lower Egypt), compared to the inscriptions of Narmer. Ka's inscriptions have been found in three sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan.[37] Iry-Hor inscriptions have also been found in two sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan.[37][38] This must be compared to Narmer, whose serekhs have been found in ten sites in Lower Egypt and nine sites in Canaan (see discussion in "Tomb and Artifacts" section). This demonstrates a qualitative difference between Narmer's role in Lower Egypt compared to his two immediate predecessors. There is no evidence in Lower Egypt of any Upper Egyptian king's presence before Iry-Hor. The archaeological evidence suggest that the unification began before Narmer, but was completed by him through the conquest of a polity in the North-West Delta as depicted on the Narmer Palette.[39]

text: The importance that Narmer attached to his "unification" of Egypt is shown by the fact that it is commemorated not only on the Narmer Palette, but on a cylinder seal,[40] the Narmer Year Label,[29] and the Narmer Boxes;[41] and the consequences of the event are commemorated on the Narmer Macehead.[42] The importance of the unification to ancient Egyptians is shown by the fact that Narmer is shown as the first king on the two necropolis seals, and under the name Menes, the first king in the later King Lists. Although there is archaeological evidence of a few kings before Narmer, none of them are mentioned in any of those sources. It can be accurately said that from the point of view of Ancient Egyptians, history began with Narmer and the unification of Egypt, and that everything before him was relegated to the realm of myth.

text: Narmer in Canaan[edit]

text: According to Manetho (quoted in Eusebius (Fr. 7(a)), "Menes made a foreign expedition and won renown." If this is correct (and assuming it refers to Narmer), it was undoubtedly to the land of Canaan where Narmer's serekh has been identified at nine different sites. An Egyptian presence in Canaan predates Narmer, but after about 200 years of active presence in Canaan,[43] Egyptian presence peaked during Narmer's reign and quickly declined afterwards. The relationship between Egypt and Canaan "began around the end of the fifth millennium and apparently came to an end sometime during the Second Dynasty when it ceased altogether."[44] It peaked during the Dynasty 0 through the reign of Narmer.[45] Dating to this period are 33 Egyptian serekhs found in Canaan,[46] among which 20 have been attributed to Narmer. Prior to Narmer, only one serekh of Ka and one inscription with Iry-Hor's name have been found in Canaan.[47] The serekhs earlier than Iry-Hor are either generic serekhs that do not refer to a specific king, or are for kings not attested in Abydos.[45] Indicative of the decline of Egyptian presence in the region after Narmer, only one serekh attributed to his successor, Hor-Aha, has been found in Canaan.[45] It should be noted that even this one example is questionable, Wilkinson does not believe there are any serekhs of Hor-Aha outside Egypt[48] and very few serekhs of kings for the rest of the first two dynasties have been found in Canaan.[49]

text: The Egyptian presence in Canaan is best demonstrated by the presence of pottery made from Egyptian Nile clay and found in Canaan,[e] as well as pottery made from local clay, but in the Egyptian style. The latter suggests the existence of Egyptian colonies rather than just trade.[51]

text: The nature of Egypt's role in Canaan has been vigorously debated, between scholars who suggest a military invasion[52] and others proposing that only trade and colonization were involved. Although latter has gained predominance,[51][53] the presence of fortifications at Tell es-Sakan dating to the Dynasty 0 through early Dynasty 1 period, and built almost entirely using an Egyptian style of construction, demonstrate that there must have also been some kind of Egyptian military presence.[54]

text: Regardless of the nature of Egypt's presence in Canaan, control of trade to (and through) Canaan was important to Ancient Egypt. Narmer probably did not establish Egypt's initial influence in Canaan by a military invasion, but a military campaign by Narmer to re-assert Egyptian authority, or to increase its sphere of influence in the region, is certainly plausible. In addition to the quote by Manetho, and the large number of Narmer serekhs found in Canaan, a recent reconstruction of a box of Narmer's by Dreyer may have commemorated a military campaign in Canaan.[55] It may also represent just the presentation of tribute to Narmer by Canaanites.[55]

text: Neithhotep[edit]

text: Narmer and Hor-Aha's names were both found in what is believed to be Neithhotep's tomb, which led Egyptologists to conclude that she was Narmer's queen and mother of Hor-Aha.[56] Neithhotep's name means "Neith is satisfied". This suggests that she was a princess of Lower Egypt (based on the fact that Neith is the patron goddess of Sais in the Western Delta, exactly the area Narmer conquered to complete the unification of Egypt), and that this was a marriage to consolidate the two regions of Egypt.[56] The fact that her tomb is in Naqada, in Upper Egypt, has led some to the conclusion that she was a descendent of the predynastic rulers of Naqada who ruled prior to its incorporation into a united Upper Egypt.[57] It has also been suggested that the Narmer Macehead commemorates this wedding.[58] However, the discovery in 2012 of rock inscriptions in Sinai by Pierre Tallet[59] raise questions about whether she was really Narmer's wife.[f]

text: Tomb and artifacts[edit]

text: Tomb[edit]

text: Narmer's tomb in Umm el-Qa'ab near Abydos in Upper Egypt consists of two joined chambers (B17 and B18), lined in mud brick. Although both Émile Amélineau and Petrie excavated tombs B17 and B18, it is only in 1964 that Kaiser identified them as being Narmer's.[61][g] Narmer's tomb is located next to the tombs of Ka, who likely ruled Upper Egypt just before Narmer, and Hor-Aha, who was his immediate successor.[h]

text: As the tomb dates back more than 5,000 years, and has been pillaged, repeatedly, from antiquity to modern times, it is amazing that anything useful could be discovered in it. Because of the repeated disturbances in Umm el-Qa'ab, many articles of Narmer's were found in other graves, and objects of other kings, were recovered in Narmer's grave. However, Flinders Petrie during the period 1899-1903,[64][65] and, starting in the 1970s, the German Archaeological Institute (DAI)[i] have made discoveries of the greatest importance to the history of Early Egypt by their re-excavation of the tombs of Umm el-Qa'ab.

text: Despite the chaotic condition of the cemetery, inscriptions on both wood and bone, seal impressions, as well as dozens of flint arrowheads (Petrie says with dismay that "hundreds" of arrowheads were discovered by "the French", presumably Amélineau. What happened to them is not clear, but none ended up in the Cairo Museum.[66]) Flint knives and a fragment of an ebony chair leg were also discovered in Narmer's tomb, all of which might be part of the original funerary assemblage. The flint knives and fragment of a chair leg were not included in any of Petrie's publications, but are now at the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology (University College London), registration numbers UC35679, UC52786, and UC35682. According to Dreyer,[16] these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.[67]

text: It is likely that all of the kings of Ancient Egypt buried in Umm el-Qa'ab had funerary enclosures in Abydos' northern cemetery, near the cultivation line. These were characterized by large mud brick walls that enclosed space in which funerary ceremonies are believed to have taken place. Eight enclosures have been excavated, two of which have not been definitely identified.[68][69] While it has yet to be confirmed, one of these unidentified funerary enclosures may have belonged to Narmer.[j]

text: Artifacts[edit]

text: Narmer is well attested throughout Egypt, southern Canaan and Sinai: altogether 98 inscriptions at 26 sites.[k] At Abydos and Hierakonpolis Narmer's name appears both within a serekh and without reference to a serekh. At every other site except Coptos, Narmer's name appears in a serekh.In Egypt, his name has been found at 17 sites: 4 in Upper Egypt (Hierakonpolis,[75] Naqada,[76][77] Abydos, [64][65] and Coptos[78][79]); ten in Lower Egypt (Tarkhan,[80][81] Helwan,[82][83] Zawyet el'Aryan,[84] Tell Ibrahim Awad,[85] Ezbet el-Tell,[86] Minshat Abu Omar,[87][88] Saqqara,[89][90] Buto,[91] Tell el-Farkha,[92][93] and Kafr Hassan Dawood[94]); one in the Eastern Desert (Wadi el-Qaash[95]); and two in the Western Desert (Kharga Oasis[96][97] and Gebel Tjauti[98][99]).

text: During Narmer's reign, Egypt had an active economic presence in southern Canaan. Pottery sherds have been discovered at several sites, both from pots made in Egypt and imported to Canaan and others made in the Egyptian style out of local materials.

text: Twenty serekhs have been found in Canaan that may belong to Narmer, but seven of those are uncertain or controversial. These serekhs came from eight different sites: Tel Arad,[100][101] En Besor (Ein HaBesor),[102][103] Tel es-Sakan,[104][105] Nahal Tillah (Halif Terrace),[106] Tel Erani (Tel Gat),[107][108] Small Tel Malhata,[109][110] Tel Ma'ahaz,[111] and Tel Lod,[112]

text: Narmer's serekh, along with those of other Predynastic and Early Dynastic kings, has been found at the Wadi 'Ameyra in the southern Sinai, where inscriptions commemorate Egyptian mining expeditions to the area.[113][114]

text: The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London, exhibits a limestone head of an early Egyptian king which the Museum identifies as being a depiction of Narmer on the basis of the similarity (according to Petrie[115]) to the head of Narmer on the Narmer Palette. This has not been generally accepted. According to Trope, Quirke & Lacovara,[116] the suggestion that it is Narmer is "unlikely". Alternatively, they suggest the Fourth Dynasty king Khufu. Stevenson[117] also identifies it as Khufu. Charron[118] identifies it as a king of the Thinite Period (the first two dynasties), but does not believe it can be assigned to any particular king. Wilkinson[119] describes it as "probably Second Dynasty".

text: Nag el-Hamdulab[edit]

text: First recorded at the end of the 19th century, an important series of rock carving at Nag el-Hamdulab near Aswan was rediscovered in 2009, and its importance only realized then.[120][121][122] Among the many inscriptions, tableau 7a shows a man wearing a headdress similar to the white crown of Upper Egypt and carrying a scepter. He is followed by a man with a fan. He is then preceded by two men with standards, and accompanied by a dog. Apart from the dog motif, this scene is similar to scenes on the Scorpion Macehead and the recto of the Narmer Palette. The man—armed with pharaonic regalia (the crown and scepter) can clearly be identified as a king. Although no name appears in the tableau, Darnell[121] attributes it to Narmer, based on the iconography, and suggests that it might represent an actual visit to the region by Narmer for a "Following of Horus" ritual. In an interview in 2012, Gatto[123] also describes the king in the inscription as Narmer. However, Hendricks (2016) places the scene slightly before Narmer, based, in part on the uncharacteristic absence of Narmer's royal name in the inscription.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018)

text:
The First Pharaoh (The First Dynasty Book 1) by Lester Picker is a fictionalized biography of Narmer. The author consulted with Egyptologist Günter Dreyer to achieve authenticity.
Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king Hor-Aha), with Narmer included in a secondary role.
The Third Gate by Lincoln Child is an adventure story with a dose of the occult about an archaeological expedition in search of the real tomb of Narmer and its mysterious contents.
Pharaoh: The boy who conquered the Nile by Jackie French is a children's book (ages 10–14) about the adventures of Prince Narmer.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Alabaster statue of a baboon divinity with the name of the pharaoh Narmer inscribed on its base, on display at the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin.

A mud jar sealing indicating that the contents came from the estate of the pharaoh Narmer. Originally from Tarkhan, now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

The Narmer Macehead, on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK.

Pottery sherd inscribed with the serekh and name of the pharaoh Narmer, on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Narmer wearing the Deshret crown of Lower Egypt on the Narmer Palette.

Incised inscription on a vessel found at Tarkhan (tomb 414), naming king Narmer; Petrie Museum UC 16083.

Narmer serekh in its full formal format on an alabaster vase from Abydos, Petrie, 1901, RT II, p. 44, fig. 52.359(detail).

Drawing of Narmer serekh on pottery vessel with stylized catfish and without chisel or falcon, copyright Kafr Hassan Dawood Mission.

Arrowheads from Narmer’s tomb, Petrie 1905, Royal Tombs II, pl. IV.14. According to Dreyer,[16] these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.[67]


document_title: Age of candidacy

question_text: age to run for us house of representatives

text: Age of candidacy

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination.[2] Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they don't know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.

text: In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.[3]

text: In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30.[4] Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.

text: In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a US Congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.[5]

text: On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was only 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified.[6] Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes.[7] In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was only 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.[8]

text: Reform efforts[edit]

text: In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.

text: During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom.[9] The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007,[10] when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.[11]

text: In various countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.

text: The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.[citation needed]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council.[12] The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.[13] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.[citation needed] This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.

text: Belize[edit]

text: According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.[14]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.[15]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada (other than Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) a person must be aged 19 or over (18 in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) to stand for election to public office. However, to be appointed to the Senate, one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above his or her debts and liabilities.[citation needed]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).[16]

text: China[edit]

text: In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.[17]

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament[18] or the President of the Czech Republic.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.[19]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national, regional or local elections. The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required.[20] The minimum age for the President is 40.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election. A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.

text: India[edit]

text: In India a person must be at least:

text:
35 to be the President or Vice President, Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India
30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Parishad (the upper house of a State Legislature, in those states where the legislature is bicameral.)
25 to be the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, Union Minister, Chief Minister, Vidhan Sabha Speaker, Minister in the State Governments. Additionally, to be a member of Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Sabha (the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India.)
21 to be the Mayor, Chairman, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), Nagar Palika (Municipal Council), Nagar Panchayat (Town Committee), Gram Sabha (Village Council) and Gram Panchayat (Village Committee) respectively.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia a person must be at least:

text:
35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).

text: Iran[edit]

text: In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.[21]

text: Iraq[edit]

text: The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president[22] and 35 years old to be Prime Minister.[23] The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives.[24] There are proposals by various MP's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21.[25][26] Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21.[26][27] Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.[26][28] The 1922–37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21,[29] whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).[30] The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21.[31] However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan a person must be at least:[32]

text:
25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the Mayor
30 to be the Governor, or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality. See also House of Peers (Japan).

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, a person must be at least 40 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be Mayor or Governor.[33]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In Malaysia, any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri. Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be President, 25 to be a Senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.[citation needed]

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: In Nigeria, a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a Senator or State Governor, and 30 to be a Representative in parliament.

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election, from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.[citation needed]

text: Philippines[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in the Philippines

Type of candidate
Minimum age

President and Vice President
40

Senator
35

Regional governor
35

Member of the House of Representatives
25

Provincial-level elected official
23

City-level elected official
21

Municipal-level elected official
21

Member of the regional legislative assembly
21

Barangay-level elected official
18

Member of youth councils
18-24

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in Poland

Type of candidate
Minimum age

President
35

Senator
30

Mayor/Wójt
25

Poseł
21

Member of the European Parliament
21

Councillor
18

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Ages of candidacy in Portugal

Type of candidate
Minimum age
References

President
35
[34]

Parliament
18
[35]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.[36]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.[37]

text: The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as said Prime Minister is related to parliament and in order to be in parliament you have to be 18 and the government of Turkey said that 18 will be the age for when you can run for prime minister.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland, England, and Wales, and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils at the European, UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President,[39] 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly [40] and 25 to be the Governor of a state.[41]

text: Comparison chart[edit]

text:
Country
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Upper house
Lower house
References

Armenia
40
-
25
-
25
[42][43]

Australia
-
-
18
18
18

Austria
35
-

18
[44]

Belgium
-
-

21
21

Belize
-
-
18
18
18
[45]

Brazil
35
35

35
21
[46]

Canada
-
-

30

Chile
35

35
21
[47]

China
45
45

Cyprus
35

Czech Republic
40

40
21
[48]

Denmark
-
-
18
-
18

Estonia
40

-
21
[49]

France
18

24
18

Germany
40

18
18
[50]

Hong Kong

21

India
35
35
25
30
25

Indonesia
35
35

21
21

Israel

30
-
21

Italy
50

40
25

Iran
21

[51]

Iraq
40

35
-
30
[52][53][54]

Ireland
35

30
21
[55][26][26][56][26][57][58]

Japan

30
25
[59]

South Korea
40

25
[60]

Malaysia

30
21

Mexico
35

25
21

Netherlands
-
-
18
18
18

New Zealand
-
-
18

Nigeria
40
40

35
30

Norway
-
-
18
-
18

Pakistan
40

25
25

Philippines
40
40

35
25

Poland
35
-

30
21

Portugal
35

-
18
[61][62]

Singapore
45

South Africa

18

Switzerland

18

Thailand

35

Turkey
40

30

30
[63]

United Kingdom
-
-

18

United States
35
35
-
30
25
[64]

Venezuela
30
30

-
21


document_title: List of European countries by area

question_text: what is the second smallest country in europe

text: List of European countries by area

text: This article duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (December 2017)

text: Below is a list of all countries in Europe, in order of geographical area. Europe's total geographical area is 10,288,305 km².[citation needed]

text: * — Note: some countries are transcontinental, meaning, they are only partially located in Europe. Those are ranked according to the size of their parts within Europe only.

text: The list includes only sovereign states. Therefore, for example the United Kingdom is included in place of the four individual home nations.

text:
Rank

Country

Area (km²)

Notes

1

 Russia*

3,972,400

17,098,242 including North Asia

2

 Ukraine

603,628

This includes Crimea

3

 France*

551,394

643,801 when the overseas departments are included, 1,075,801 when Adélie Land is included.

4

 Spain*

498,468

505,992 when the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are included

5

 Sweden

449,964

6

 Norway

385,178

This includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen[1]

7

 Germany

357,168

8

 Finland

338,145

9

 Poland

312,685

10

 Italy

301,338

11

 United Kingdom

248,532

1,976,102 when the British Overseas Territories are included.

12

 Romania

238,392

13

 Belarus

207,600

14

 Kazakhstan*

180,000 (est.)

2,724,902 including Asian part

15

 Greece

131,940

16

 Bulgaria

110,994

17

 Iceland

102,775

18

 Hungary

93,030

19

 Portugal

91,568

20

 Austria

83,858

21

 Czech Republic

78,866

22

 Serbia

77,453

This excludes Kosovo

23

 Ireland

70,273

24

 Lithuania

65,300

25

 Latvia

64,589

26

 Croatia

56,594

27

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

51,129

28

 Slovakia

49,036

29

 Estonia

45,339

30

 Denmark

44,493

This includes Faroe Islands; 2,210,579 including Greenland

31

 Switzerland

41,290

32

 Netherlands

41,198

Excluding Caribbean Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten.

33

 Moldova

33,846

34

 Belgium

30,510

35

 Albania

28,748

36

 Macedonia (Former Yugoslavian Republic)

25,713

37

 Turkey*

23,507

783,562 including Asian part

38

 Slovenia

20,273

39

 Montenegro

13,812

40

 Kosovo

10,908

Partially recognized state

41

 Cyprus

9,251

42

 Azerbaijan*

6,960

86,600 including Asian part

43

 Luxembourg

2,586

44

 Georgia*

2,428

69,700 including Asian part

45

 Andorra

468

46

 Malta

316

47

 Liechtenstein

160

48

 San Marino

61

49

 Monaco

2.02

50

 Vatican City

0.44

Total

10,141,183±5,000

text: Purple = Russia,Green = countries with European area bigger than 10,000 km²,Red = countries with European area smaller than 10,000 km²

text: Definition[edit]

text: Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other and thus the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined, and often follows historical, political, and cultural definitions rather than geographical.

text:
Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[2] Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia;
green: countries not geographically in Europe, but closely associated with the continent