document_title: Loire

question_text: where is the loire river located on a map

text: Loire

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name "Loire" comes from Latin Liger,[7] which is itself a transcription of the native Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river. The Gaulish name comes from the Gaulish word liga, which means "silt, sediment, deposit, alluvium", a word that gave French lie, as in sur lie, which in turn gave English lees.

text: Liga comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *legʰ-, meaning "to lie, lay" as in the Welsh word Lleyg which gave many words in English, such as to lie, to lay, ledge, law, etc.

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistoric period[edit]

text: Studies of the palaeo-geography of the region suggest that the palaeo-Loire flowed northward and joined the Seine,[8][9] while the lower Loire found its source upstream of Orléans in the region of Gien, flowing westward along the present course. At a certain point during the long history of uplift in the Paris Basin, the lower, Atlantic Loire captured the "palaeo-Loire" or Loire séquanaise ("Seine Loire"), producing the present river. The former bed of the Loire séquanaise is occupied by the Loing.

text: The Loire Valley has been inhabited since the Middle Palaeolithic period from 40–90 ka.[10] Neanderthal man used stone tools to fashion boats out of tree trunks and navigated the river.[citation needed] Modern man inhabited the Loire valley around 30 ka.[10] By around 5000 to 4000 BC, they began clearing forests along the river edges and cultivating the lands and rearing livestock.[10] They built megaliths to worship the dead, especially from around 3500 BC. The Gauls arrived in the valley between 1500 and 500 BC, and the Carnutes settled in Cenabum in what is now Orléans and built a bridge over the river.[10] By 600 BC the Loire had already become a very important trading route between the Celts and the Greeks. A key transportation route, it served as one of the great "highways" of France for over 2000 years.[6] The Phoenicians and Greeks had used pack horses to transport goods from Lyon to the Loire to get from the Mediterranean basin to the Atlantic coast.

text: Ancient Rome, Alans and the Vikings[edit]

text: During the Roman period, they successfully subdued the Gauls in 52 BC and began developing Cenabum, which they named Aurelianis. They also began building the city of Caesarodunum, now Tours, from AD 1.[10] The Romans used the Loire as far as Roanne, around 150 km (93 mi) downriver from the source. After AD 16, the Loire river valley became part of the Roman province of Aquitania, with its capital at Avaricum.[10] From the 3rd century, Christianity spread through the river basin, and many religious figures began cultivating vineyards along the river banks.[10]

text: In the 5th century, the Roman Empire declined and the Franks and the Alemanni came to the area from the east. Following this there was ongoing conflict between the Franks and the Visigoths.[11] In 408, the Iranian tribe of Alans crossed the Loire and large hordes of them settled along the middle course of the Loire in Gaul under King Sangiban.[12] Many inhabitants around the present city of Orléans have names bearing witness to the Alan presence – Allaines.

text: In the 9th century, the Vikings began invading the west coast of France, using long ships to navigate the Loire. In 853 they attacked and destroyed Tours and its famous abbey, later destroying Angers in raids of 854 and 872.[11] In 877 Charles the Bald died, marking an end to the Carolingian dynasty. After considerable conflict in the region, in 898 Foulques le Roux of Anjou gained power.[13]

text: Medieval period[edit]

text: During the Hundred Years' War from 1337 to 1453, the Loire marked the border between the French and the English, who occupied territory to the north. One-third of the inhabitants died in the epidemic of the Black Death of 1348–9.[13] The English defeated the French in 1356 and Aquitaine came under English control in 1360. In 1429, Joan of Arc persuaded Charles VII to drive out the English from the country.[14] Her successful relief of the siege of Orléans, on the Loire, was the turning point of the war.

text: In 1477, the first printing press in France was established in Angers, and around this time the Chateau de Langeais and Chateau de Montsoreau were built.[15] During the reign of François I from 1515 to 1547, the Italian Renaissance had a profound influence upon the region, as people adopted its elements in the architecture and culture, particularly among the elite who expressed its principles in their chateaus.[16][17]

text: In the 1530s, the Reformation ideas reached the Loire valley, with some people becoming Protestant. Religious wars followed and in 1560 Catholics drowned several hundred Protestants in the river.[15][18] During the Wars of Religion from 1562 to 1598, Orléans served as a prominent stronghold for the Huguenots but in 1568, Protestants blew up Orléans Cathedral.[19][20] In 1572 some 3000 Huguenots were slaughtered in Paris in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Hundreds more were drowned in the Loire by Catholics.[15]

text: For centuries local people used wooden embankments and dredging to try to maintain a navigable channel on the river, as it was critical to transportation. River traffic increased gradually, with a toll system being used in medieval times. Today some of these toll bridges still remain, dated to over 800 years.[21] During the 17th century, Jean-Baptiste Colbert instituted the use of stone retaining walls and quays from Roanne to Nantes, which helped make the river more reliable,[22] but navigation was still frequently stopped by excessive conditions during flood and drought. In 1707, floods were said to have drowned 50,000 people in the river valley,[23] with the water rising more than 3 m (9.8 ft) in two hours in Orléans. Typically passenger travel downriver from Orléans to Nantes took eight days, with the upstream journey against the flow taking fourteen. It was also a dumping ground for prisoners in the War in the Vendee since they thought it was a more effective way of killing.

text: Soon after the beginning of the 19th century, steam-driven passenger boats began to ply the river between Nantes and Orléans, making the upriver journey faster; by 1843, 70,000 passengers were being carried annually in the Lower Loire and 37,000 in the Upper Loire.[24] But competition from the railway, beginning in the 1840s, caused a decline in trade on the river. Proposals to develop a fully navigable river up to Briare came to nothing. The opening of the Canal latéral à la Loire in 1838 enabled navigation between Digoin and Briare to continue,[25] but the river level crossing at Briare remained a problem until the construction of the Briare aqueduct in 1896. At 662.69 metres (2,174.2 ft), this was the longest such structure in the world for quite some time.[25]

text: The Canal de Roanne à Digoin was also opened in 1838. It was nearly closed in 1971 but, in the early 21st century, it still provides navigation further up the Loire valley to Digoin.[25][26] The 261 km (162 mi) Canal de Berry, a narrow canal with locks only 2.7 m (8.9 ft) wide, which was opened in the 1820s and connected the Canal latéral à la Loire at Marseilles-lès-Aubigny to the river Cher at Noyers and back into the Loire near Tours, was closed in 1955.

text: Today the river is officially navigable as far as Bouchemaine,[27] where the Maine joins it near Angers. Another short stretch much further upstream at Decize is also navigable, where a river level crossing from the Canal latéral à la Loire connects to the Canal du Nivernais.

text: Timeline[edit]

text: The monarchy of France ruled in the Loire Valley for several centuries, giving it the name of "The Valley of Kings". These rulers started with the Gauls, followed by the Romans, and the Frankish Dynasty. They were succeeded by the kings of France, who ruled from the late 14th century till the French Revolution; together these rulers contributed to the development of the valley. The chronology of the rulers is presented; in the table below.[4]

text:
Ruler
Period of reign
Remarks

Gauls
1500–500 BC
Iron Age. Settled in Cenabum (Orléans) and Arabou. Trading along the Loire

Romans
52 BC-5th century
Spread of Christianity among communities living along the Loire river banks and Benedictine Order prospered.

Frankish Dynasty and feudal lords
5th–10th centuries
Power struggles among feudal states. Charles Martel defeated Moors at Poitiers preventing Muslim incursions. Attila, leader of Huns was stopped from entering the Orléans city.

Jean II
1350–1364
Was defeated by England. Ceded territory to the English Crown

Charles VI
1380–1422
Ruled during the peak of Hundred Years' War. Was known as the mad king or ‘le fou’. Married his daughter to Henry V, the King of England, and who was also declared heir to the throne of France.

Charles VII
1422–1461
He was helped by the famous Joan of Arc to ascend the throne of France and ruled from Chinon. He also had an officially recognized mistress named Agnès Sorel.

Louis XI
1461–1483
An authoritarian ruler, reigned from Amboise, and had two queens

Charles VIII
1483–1498
He had strange marriages, including Anne, a four-year-old bride who married the heir of Charles VIII after his death.

Louis XII
1498–1515
Married widow Anne de Bretagne after divorcing Jeanne de Valois. Anne ruled from Blois till her death in 1514. Louis died in 1515

François I
1515–1547
Second cousin of Louis XII. Activity centred at Amboise. Literary and architectural attainments. Influence of Renaissance architecture and scientific ideas. Secular ideas prevailed over religious ethos. Leonardo da Vinci was patronized who settled in Amboise in 1516. Captured in the war in 1525 with the Italians.

Reformist era, Wars of Religion
1530–1572
Internecine fights and killings among the Catholics, Protestants and Catholic Monarchy

Henri III
1574–1589
Fled from Louvre. Took refuge in Tours and eventually killed by a monk

Henri IV
1553–1610
First King of Bourbon Dynasty, Adopted the Catholic faith, Decreed the Edict of Nantes. Saumur was established as a prominent academic centre.

Louis XIII
1610–
Importance of Loire valley declined

French Revolution
1789 onwards
Decline of monarchy or rule of Kings. Many Châteaux of Loire river valley destroyed and many converted into prisons and schools. Reign of terror between 1793 and 1794 saw killing of counter revolutionaries by sinking ships carrying them forcibly in the Loire.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The source of the river lies in the eastern Massif Central, in springs to the south side of Mont Gerbier de Jonc at 44°50′38″N 4°13′12″E / 44.84389°N 4.22000°E / 44.84389; 4.22000.[3][28] This lies in the north-eastern part of the southern Cévennes highlands, in the Ardèche commune of Sainte-Eulalie of southeastern France. It is originally a mere trickle of water located at 1,408 m (4,619 ft) above sea level.[1] The presence of an aquifer under Mont Gerbier de Jonc gives rise to multiple sources, three of them located at the foot of Mount have been highlighted as river sources. The three streams converge to form the Loire, which descends the valley south of Mount through the village of Sainte-Eulalie itself.

text: The Loire changed its course, due to tectonic deformations, from the original outfall into the English Channel to its new outfall into the Atlantic Ocean thereby creating the presently seen narrow terrain of gorges, the Loire Valley with alluvium formations and the long stretch of beaches along the Atlantic Ocean.[1] The river can be divided into three main zones; the Upper Loire which is the area from the source to the confluence with the Allier, the middle Loire Valley which is the area from the Allier to the confluence with the Maine, about 280 km (170 mi), and the Lower Loire which is the area from Maine to the estuary.[1] In the upper basin the river flows through a narrow, incised valley, marked by gorges and forests on the edges and a distinct low population.[1] In the intermediate section, the alluvial plain broadens and the river meanders and forks into multi-channels. River flow is particularly high in the river area near Roanne and Vichy up to the confluence with the Allier.[1] In the middle section of the river in the Loire Valley, numerous dikes built between the 12th and 19th century exist, providing mitigation against flooding. In this section the river is relatively straight, except for the area near Orléans and numerous sand banks and islands exist.[1] The lower course of the river is characterized by wetlands and fens, which are of major importance to conservationists given that they form unique habitats for migratory birds.[1]

text: The Loire flows roughly northward through Roanne and Nevers to Orléans and thereafter westward through Tours to Nantes, where it forms an estuary. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean at 47°16′44″N 2°10′19″W / 47.27889°N 2.17194°W / 47.27889; -2.17194 between Saint-Nazaire and Saint-Brevin-les-Pins, connected by a bridge over the river near its mouth. Several départements of France were named after the Loire. The Loire flows through the following départements and towns: Ardèche, Haute-Loire: Le Puy-en-Velay, Loire: Feurs, Roanne, Saône-et-Loire: Digoin, Allier, Nièvre: Decize, Nevers, La Charité-sur-Loire, Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, Cher: Sancerre, Loiret: Briare, Gien, Orléans, Loir-et-Cher: Blois, Indre-et-Loire: Amboise, Tours, Maine-et-Loire: Saumur, Loire-Atlantique: Ancenis, Nantes, Saint-Nazaire.

text: The Loire Valley in the Loire river basin, is a 300 km (190 mi) stretch in the western reach of the river starting with Orléans and terminating at Nantes, 56 km (35 mi) short of the Loire estuary and the Atlantic Ocean. The tidal stretch of the river extends to a length of 60 km (37 mi) and a width of 3 km (1.9 mi), which has oil refineries, the port of Saint-Nazaire and 40,000 hectares (99,000 acres) of wetland whose formation is dated to 7500 BC (caused by inundation by sea waters on the northern bank of the estuary), and the beaches of Le Croisic and La Baule along the coastline.[29]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text: Its main tributaries include the rivers Maine, Nièvre and the Erdre on its right bank, and the rivers Allier, Cher, Indre, Vienne, and the Sèvre Nantaise on the left bank. The largest tributary of the river is the Allier, 410 km (250 mi) in length, which joins the Loire near the town of Nevers at 46°57′34″N 3°4′44″E / 46.95944°N 3.07889°E / 46.95944; 3.07889.[1][3] Downstream of Nevers lies the Loire Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its fine assortment of castles. The second longest tributary is the 372 km (231 mi) Vienne which joins the Loire at Candes-Saint-Martin at 47°12′45″N 0°4′31″E / 47.21250°N 0.07528°E / 47.21250; 0.07528, followed by the 367.5 km (228.4 mi) Cher, which joins the Loire near Cinq-Mars-la-Pile at 47°20′33″N 0°28′49″E / 47.34250°N 0.48028°E / 47.34250; 0.48028 and the 287 km (178 mi) Indre, which joins the Loire near Néman at 47°14′2″N 0°11′0″E / 47.23389°N 0.18333°E / 47.23389; 0.18333.[1]

text:
Sèvre Nantaise (in Nantes)
Erdre (in Nantes)
Èvre (in Le Marillais)
Layon (in Chalonnes-sur-Loire)
Maine (near Angers)

Mayenne (near Angers)

Oudon (in Le Lion-d'Angers)

Verzée (in Segré)

Ernée (in Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne)

Sarthe (near Angers)

Loir (north of Angers)

Braye (in Pont-de-Braye)
Aigre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
Yerre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
Conie (near Châteaudun)
Ozanne (in Bonneval)

Vaige (in Sablé-sur-Sarthe)
Vègre (in Avoise)
Huisne (in Le Mans)

Thouet (near Saumur)

Dive (near Saint-Just-sur-Dive)
Losse (near Montreuil-Bellay)
Argenton (near Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay)
Thouaret (near Taizé)
Cébron (near Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet)
Palais (near Parthenay)
Viette (near Parthenay)

Vienne (in Candes-Saint-Martin)

Creuse (north of Châtellerault)

Gartempe (in La Roche-Posay)

Anglin (in Angles-sur-l'Anglin)

Salleron (in Ingrandes)
Benaize (in Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize)
Abloux (in Prissac)

Brame (in Darnac)
Semme (in Droux)

Petite Creuse (in Fresselines)

Clain (in Châtellerault)

Clouère (in Château-Larcher)

Briance (in Condat-sur-Vienne)
Taurion (in Saint-Priest-Taurion)

Indre (east of Candes-Saint-Martin)

Indrois (in Azay-sur-Indre)

Cher (in Villandry)

Sauldre (in Selles-sur-Cher)

Rère (in Villeherviers)

Arnon (near Vierzon)

Théols (in Bommiers)

Yèvre (in Vierzon)

Auron (in Bourges)
Airain (in Savigny-en-Septaine)

Tardes (in Évaux-les-Bains)

Voueize (in Chambon-sur-Voueize)

Beuvron (in Chaumont-sur-Loire)

Cosson (in Candé-sur-Beuvron)

Loiret (in Orléans)
Vauvise (in Saint-Satur)
Allier (near Nevers)

Sioule (in La Ferté-Hauterive)

Bouble (in Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule)

Dore (near Puy-Guillaume)
Allagnon (near Jumeaux)
Senouire (near Brioude)
Ance (in Monistrol-d'Allier)
Chapeauroux (in Saint-Christophe-d'Allier)

Nièvre (in Nevers)
Acolin (near Decize)
Aron (in Decize)

Alène (in Cercy-la-Tour)

Besbre (near Dompierre-sur-Besbre)
Arroux (in Digoin)

Bourbince (in Digoin)

Arconce (in Varenne-Saint-Germain)
Lignon du Forez (in Feurs)
Furan (in Andrézieux-Bouthéon)
Lignon du Velay (in Monistrol-sur-Loire)

text: Geology[edit]

text: The geological formations in the Loire river basin can be grouped into two sets of formations, namely, the basement domain and the domain of sedimentary formations. The basement domain primarily consists of metamorphic and siliceous fragmented rocks with groundwater occurring in fissures. The sedimentary domain consists of limestone and carbonaceous rocks, that, where saturated, form productive aquifers. Rock outcrops of granite or basalt also are exposed in the river bed in several stretches.[30]

text: The middle stretches of the river have many limestone caves which were inhabited by humans in the prehistoric era; the caves are several types of limestone formations, namely tuffeau (a porous type of chalk, not to be confused with tufa) and Falun (formed 12 million years ago). The coastal zone shows hard dark stones, granite, schist and thick soil mantle.[29]

text: Discharge and flood regulation[edit]

text: The river has a discharge rate of 863 m3/s (30,500 cu ft/s), which is an average over the period 1967–2008.[1] The discharge rate varies strongly along the river, with roughly 350 m3/s (12,000 cu ft/s) at Orléans and 900 m3/s (32,000 cu ft/s) at the mouth. It also depends strongly on the season, and the flow of only 10 m3/s (350 cu ft/s) is not uncommon in August–September near Orléans. During floods, which usually occur in February and March[31] but also in other periods,[3] the flow sometimes exceeds 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s) for the Upper Loire and 8,000 m3/s (280,000 cu ft/s) in the Lower Loire.[31] The most serious floods occurred in 1856, 1866 and 1911. Unlike most other rivers in western Europe, there are very few dams or locks creating obstacles to its natural flow. The flow is no longer partly regulated by three dams: Grangent Dam and Villerest Dam on the Loire and Naussac Dam on the Allier. The Villerest dam, built in 1985 a few kilometres south of Roanne,[32] has played a key-role in preventing recent flooding. As a result, the Loire is a very popular river for boating excursions, flowing through a pastoral countryside, past limestone cliffs and historic castles. Four nuclear power plants are located on the river: Belleville, Chinon, Dampierre and Saint-Laurent.

text: Navigation[edit]

text: In 1700 the port of Nantes numbered more inland waterway craft than any other port in France, testifying to the historic importance of navigation on France’s longest river. Shallow-draught gabares and other river craft continued to transport goods into the industrial era, including coal from Saint-Étienne loaded on to barges in Orléans. However, the hazardous free-flow navigation and limited tonnages meant that railways rapidly killed off the surviving traffic from the 1850s. In 1894 a company was set up to promote improvements to the navigation from Nantes to Briare. The works were authorised in 1904 and carried out in two phases from Angers to the limit of tides at Oudon. These works, with groynes and submersible embankments, survive and contribute to the limited navigability under present-day conditions.[33] A dam across the Loire at Saint-Léger-des-Vignes provides navigable conditions to cross from the Canal du Nivernais to the Canal latéral à la Loire.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The French language adjective ligérien is derived from the name of the Loire, as in le climat ligérien ("the climate of the Loire Valley"). The climate is considered the most pleasant of northern France, with warmer winters and, more generally, fewer extremes in temperatures, rarely exceeding 38 °C (100 °F). It is identified as temperate maritime climate, and is characterised by the lack of dry seasons and by heavy rains and snowfall in winter, especially in the upper streams.[3] The number of sunny hours per year varies between 1400 and 2200 and increases from northwest to southeast.[1]

text: The Loire Valley, in particular, enjoys a pleasant temperate climate. The region experiences a rainfall of 690 mm (27.2 in) along the coast and 648 mm (25.5 in) inland.[29]

text: Flora[edit]

text: The Centre region of the Loire river valley accounts for the largest forest in France, the "Forêt d'Orléans", covering an area of 38,234 hectares (94,480 acres), and the 5,440-hectare (13,400-acre) forested park known as the "Foret de Chambord". Other vegetation in the valley, mostly under private control, consists of tree species of oak, beech and pine. In the marshy lands, ash, alder and willows are grown with duckweed providing the needed natural fertilizing effect. The Atlantic coast is home to several aquatic herbs, the important species is Salicornia, which is used as a culinary ingredient on account of its diuretic value. Greeks introduced vines. Romans introduced melons, apples, cherries, quinces and pears during the Middle Ages, apart from extracting saffron from purple crocus species in the Orléans. Reine claude (Prunus domestica italica) tree species was planted in the gardens of the Château. Asparagus was also brought from northwestern France.[34]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The river flows through the continental ecoregions of Massif central and Bassin Parisien south and in its Lower course partly through South Atlantic and Brittany.[1]

text: Plankton[edit]

text: With more than 100 alga species, the Loire has the highest phytoplankton diversity among French rivers. The most abundant are diatoms and green algae (about 15% by mass) which mostly occur in the lower reaches. Their total mass is low when the river flow exceeds 800 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) and become significant at flows of 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s) or lower which occur in summer. With decreasing flow, first species which appear are single-celled diatoms such as Cyclostephanos invisitatus, C. meneghiniana, S. Hantzschii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. They are then joined by multicellular forms including Fragilaria crotonensis, Nitzschia fruticosa and Skeletonema potamos, as well as green algae which form star-shaped or prostrate colonies. Whereas the total biomass is low in the upper reaches, the biodiversity is high, with more than 250 taxa at Orléans. At high flows and in the upper reaches the fraction of the green algae decrease and the phytoplankton is dominated by diatoms. Heterotrophic bacteria are represented by cocci (49%), rods (35%), colonies (12%) and filaments (4%) with a total density of up to 7010140000000000000♠1.4×1010 cells per litre.[1]

text: Fish[edit]

text: Nearly every freshwater fish species of France can be found in the Loire river basin, that is, about 57 species from 20 families. Many of them are migratory, with 11 species ascending the river for spawning. The most common species are the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), sea trout (Salmo trutta), shads (Alosa alosa and Alosa fallax), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is common in the upper streams, whereas the flounder (Platichtys flesus) and flathead mullet (Mugil spp.) tend to stay near the river mouth. The tributaries host brown trout (Salmo trutta), European bullhead (Cottus gobio), European brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), zander (Sander lucioperca), nase (Chondrostoma nasus and C. toxostoma) and wels catfish (Siluris glanis). The endangered species include grayling (Thymallus thymallus), burbot (Lota lota) and bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus) and the non-native species are represented by the rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris).[1]

text: Although only one native fish species has become extinct in the Loire, namely the European sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) in the 1940s, the fish population is declining, mostly due to the decrease in the spawning areas. The latter are mostly affected by the industrial pollution, construction of dams and drainage of oxbows and swamps. The loss of spawning grounds mostly affects the pike (Esox lucius), which is the major predator of the Loire, as well as eel, carp, rudd and salmon. The great Loire salmon, a subspecies of Atlantic salmon, is regarded as the symbolic fish of the river. Its population has decreased from about 100,000 in the 19th century to below 100 in the 1990s that resulted in the adoption of a total ban of salmon fishing in the Loire basin in 1984. A salmon restoration program was initiated in the 1980s and included such as measures as removal of two obsolete hydroelectric dams and introduction of juvenile stock. As a result, the salmon population increased to about 500 in 2005.[1]

text: Amphibians[edit]

text: Most amphibians of the Loire are found in the slow flow areas near the delta, especially in the floodplain, marshes and oxbows. They are dominated by the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), frogs and toads. The toads include Bufo bufo, Alytes obstetricans, Bombina variegata, Bufo calamita, Pelobates fuscus and Pelobates cultripes. The frogs are represented by the Parsley frog (Pelodites punctatus), European tree frog (Hyla arborea), Common Frog (Rana temporaria), Agile Frog (R. dalmatina), Edible Frog (R. esculenta), Perez's Frog (R. perezi), marsh frog (R. ridubunda) and Pool Frog (R. lessonae). Newts of the Loire include the Marbled Newt (Triturus marmoratus), Smooth Newt (T. vulgaris), Alpine Newt (T. alpestris) and Palmate Newt (T. helveticus).[1]

text: Avifauna[edit]

text: The Loire hosts about 64% of nesting bird species of France, that is 164 species, of which 54 are water birds, 44 species are common for managed forests, 41 to natural forests, 13 to open and 12 to rocky areas. This avifauna has been rather stable, at least between the 1980s and 2000s, with significant abundance variations observed only for 17 species. Of those, five species were growing in population, four declining, and other eight were fluctuating. Some of these variations had a global nature, such as the expansion of the Mediterranean gull in Europe.[1]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: The Loire has been described as "constantly under threat of losing its status as the last wild river in France".[35] The reason for this is its sheer length and possibility of extensive navigation, which severely limits the scope of river conservation.[35] The Federation, a member of the IUCN since 1970, has been very important in the campaign to save the Loire river system from development.[36]

text: In 1986, the French government, the Loire-Brittany Water Agency and the EPALA settled an agreement on flood prevention and water storage programme in the basin, involving construction of four large dams, one on the Loire itself and three on the Allier and Cher.[37] The French government proposed a construction of a dam at Serre de la Fare on the upper Loire which would have been an environmental catastrophe, as it would have inundated some 20 km (12 mi) of pristine gorges.[37] As a result, the WWF and other NGOs established the Loire Vivante (Living Loire) network in 1988 to oppose the Serre de la Fare dam scheme and arranged an initial meeting with the French Minister of the Environment.[37] The French government initially rejected the conservation concerns and in 1989 gave the dam projects the green light.[37] This sparked public demonstrations by the WWF and conservation groups.[37] In 1990, Loire Vivante met with the French Prime Minister and the government, this time successfully as the government later demanded that the EPALA embark upon major reforms in its approach to managing the river.[37] Due to extensive lobbying, the proposal and the other dam proposals were eventually rejected in the 1990s and the Serre de la Fare area has since been protected as a ‘Natura 2000’ site under European Union environmental legislation.[37]

text: The WWF were particularly important in changing the perception of the French authorities in support for dam building to environmental protection and sustainable management of its river basin.[37] In 1992, they aided the ‘Loire Nature’ project, which received funds of some $US 9 million under the EU's ‘LIFE’ programme until 1999, embarking upon restoration to the river's ecosystems and wildlife.[37] That year, the Upper Loire Valley Farmers Association was also established through a partnership between SOS Loire Vivante and a farmers’ union to promote sustainable rural tourism.[37] The French government adopted the Natural Loire River Plan (Plan Loire Grandeur Nature) in January 1994, initiating the decommissioning of three dams on the river.[38] The final dam was decommissioned by Électricité de France at a cost of 7 million francs in 1998.[38] The basis of the decision was that the economic benefits of the dams did not outweigh their significant ecological impacts, so the intention was to restore the riverine ecosystems and replenish great Loire salmon stocks.[38] The Loire is unique in this respect as the Atlantic salmon can swim as far as 900 km (560 mi) up the river and spawn in the upper reaches of the Allier. The French government undertook this major plan, chiefly because pollution and overfishing had reduced approximately 100,000 salmon migrating annually to their spawning grounds in the headwaters of the Loire and its tributaries to just 67 salmon in 1996 on the upper Allier.[37]

text: The WWF, BirdLife International, and local conservation bodies have also made considerable efforts to improve the conservation of the Loire estuary and its surroundings, given that they are unique habitats for migrating birds. The estuary and its shoreline are also important for fishing, shellfish farming and tourism. The major commercial port at Nantes has caused severe damage to the ecosystem of the Loire estuary.[37] In 2002, the WWF aided a second Loire Nature project and expanded its scope to the entire basin, addressing some 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) of land under a budget of US$18 million, mainly funded by government and public bodies, such as the Établissement Publique Loire (EPL), a public institution which had formerly advocated large-scale dam projects on the river.[37]

text: Loire Valley[edit]

text:
Loire

 Château d'Azay-le-Rideau

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name
The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes

Location
Allier, Ardèche, Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Loire, Haute-Loire, Loire-Atlantique, Loiret, Maine-et-Loire, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, France

Coordinates
47°23′56″N 0°42′10″E / 47.39889°N 0.70278°E / 47.39889; 0.70278

Criteria
Cultural: i, ii, iv

Reference
933

Inscription
2000 (24th Session)

Location of Loire

[edit on Wikidata]

text: The Loire Valley (French: Vallée de la Loire) lies in the middle stretch of the river, extends for about 280 km (170 mi) and comprises an area of roughly 800 km2 (310 sq mi).[1] It is also known as the Garden of France – due to the abundance of vineyards, fruit orchards, artichoke, asparagus and cherry fields which line the banks of the river[39] – and also as the "cradle of the French language". It is also noteworthy for its architectural heritage: in part for its historic towns such as Amboise, Angers, Blois, Chinon, Nantes, Orléans, Saumur, and Tours, but in particular for its castles, such as the Château d'Amboise, Château d'Angers, Château de Chambord, Château de Montsoreau, Château d'Ussé, Château de Villandry and Chenonceau, and also for its many cultural monuments, which illustrate the ideals of the Renaissance and the Age of the Enlightenment on western European thought and design.

text: On December 2, 2000, UNESCO added the central part of the Loire valley, between Bouchemaine in Anjou and Sully-sur-Loire in Loiret, to its list of World Heritage Sites. In choosing this area that includes the French départements of Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, and Maine-et-Loire, the committee said that the Loire Valley is: "an exceptional cultural landscape, of great beauty, comprised of historic cities and villages, great architectural monuments – the Châteaux – and lands that have been cultivated and shaped by centuries of interaction between local populations and their physical environment, in particular the Loire itself."

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Architectural edifices were created in Loire valley from the 10th century onwards with the defensive fortress like structures called the "keeps" or "donjons" built between 987 and 1040 by Anjou Count Foulques Nerra of Anjou (the Falcon). However, one of the oldest such structures in France is the Donjon de Foulques Nerra built in 944.[40]

text: This style was replaced by the religious architectural style in the 12th to 14th centuries when the impregnable château fortresses were built on top of rocky hills; one of the impressive fortresses of this type is the Château d'Angers, which has 17 gruesome towers. This was followed by aesthetically built châteaux (to also function as residential units), which substituted the quadrangular layout of the keep. However, the exterior defensive structures, in the form of portcullis and moats surrounding the thick walls of the châteaux' forts were retained.[41] There was further refinement in the design of the châteaux in the 15th century before the Baroque style came into prominence with decorative and elegantly designed interiors and which became fashionable from the 16th to the end of the 18th century.[40]

text: The Baroque style artists who created some of the exquisite château structures were: The Parisian, François Mansart (1598–1662) whose classical symmetrical design is seen in the Château de Blois; Jacques Bougier (1635) of Blois whose classical design is the Château de Cheverny; Guillaume Bautru remodelled the Château de Serrant (at the extreme western end of the valley). In the 17th century, there was feverish pace in the design of châteaux for introducing exotic styles; a notable structure of this period is the Pagode de Chanteloup at Amboise, which was built between 1773 and 1778.[40]

text: The Neoclassical architectural style, was a revival of Classical style of architecture, which emerged in the mid 18th century; one such notable structure is the Château de Menars built by Jacques Ange Gabriel (1698–1782) who was the royal architect in the court of Louis XV (1715–74). This style was perpetuated during the reign of Louis XVI (1774–92) but with more refinements; one such refined château seen close to Angers is the Château de Montgeoffroy. Furnishings inside the châteaux also witnessed changes to suit the living styles of its occupants.[42] Gardens, both ornamental fountains, foot paths flower beds and tended grass) and kitchen type (to grow vegetables), also accentuated the opulence of the châteaux.

text: During the French Revolution (1789), however, there was a radical change for the worst conditions in the scenarios of the chateaus, as monarchy ended in France.[43]

text: Châteaux[edit]

text: The châteaux, numbering more than three hundred, represent a nation of builders starting with the necessary castle fortifications in the 10th century to the splendour of those built half a millennium later. When the French kings began constructing their huge châteaux here, the nobility, not wanting or even daring to be far from the seat of power, followed suit. Their presence in the lush, fertile valley began attracting the very best landscape designers. Today, these privately owned châteaux serve as homes, a few open their doors to tourist visits, while others are operated as hotels or bed and breakfasts. Many have been taken over by a local government authority or the giant structures like those at Chambord are owned and operated by the national government and are major tourist sites, attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Some notable Châteaux on the Loire include Beaufort- Mareuil sur Cher – Lavoûte-Polignac – Bouthéon – Montrond – Bastie d'Urfé – Château féodal des Cornes d'Urfé – La Roche – Château féodal de Saint-Maurice-sur-Loire – Saint-Pierre-la-Noaille – Chevenon – Palais ducal de Nevers – Saint-Brisson – Gien – La Bussière – Pontchevron – La Verrerie (near Aubigny-sur-Nère) – Sully-sur-Loire – Châteauneuf-sur-Loire – Boisgibault – Meung-sur-Loire – Menars – Talcy – Château de la Ferté – Chambord – Blois – Villesavin – Cheverny – Beauregard – Troussay – Château de Chaumont – Amboise – Clos-Lucé – Langeais – Gizeux – Les Réaux – Montsoreau – Montreuil-Bellay – Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet – Saumur – Boumois – Brissac – Montgeoffroy – Plessis-Bourré – Château des Réaux

text:
Amboise on the banks of the Loire River

Chateau de Langeais

Château de Blois interior façades in Gothic, Renaissance and Classic styles (from right to left).

Château de Valençay.

Château de Montsoreau

text: Wine making[edit]

text: The Loire Valley wine region includes the French wine regions situated along the Loire River from the Muscadet region near the city of Nantes on the Atlantic coast to the region of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé just southeast of the city of Orléans in north central France. In between are the regions of Anjou, Saumur, Bourgueil, Chinon, and Vouvray. The Loire Valley itself follows the river through the Loire province to the river's origins in the Cévennes but the majority of the wine production takes place in the regions noted above.

text: The Loire Valley has a long history of winemaking dating back to the 1st century. In the High Middle Ages, the wines of the Loire Valley were the most esteemed wines in England and France, even more prized than those from Bordeaux.[44] Archaeological evidence suggest that the Romans planted the first vineyards in the Loire Valley during their settlement of Gaul in the 1st century AD. By the 5th century, the flourishing viticulture of the area was noted in a publication by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris. In his work History of the Franks, Bishop Gregory of Tours wrote of the frequent plundering by the Bretons of the area's wine stocks. By the 11th century the wines of Sancerre had a reputation across Europe for their high quality. Historically the wineries of the Loire Valley have been small, family owned operations that do a lot of estate bottling. The mid-1990s saw an increase in the number of négociant and co-operative to where now about half of Sancerre and almost 80% of Muscadet is bottled by a négociant or co-op.[45]

text: The Loire river has a significant effect on the mesoclimate of the region, adding the necessary extra few degrees of temperature that allows grapes to grow when the areas to the north and south of the Loire Valley have shown to be unfavourable to viticulture. In addition to finding vineyards along the Loire, several of the river's tributaries are also well planted—including the Allier, Cher, Indre, Loir, Sèvre Nantaise and Vienne Rivers.[46] The climate can be very cool with spring time frost being a potential hazard for the vines. During the harvest months rain can cause the grapes to be harvested under ripe but can also aid in the development of Botrytis cinerea for the region's dessert wines.[44]

text: The Loire Valley has a high density of vine plantings with an average of 4,000–5,000 vines per hectare (1,600–2,000 per acre). Some Sancerre vineyards have as many as 10,000 plants per hectare. With more vines competing for the same limited resources in the soil, the density is designed to compensate for the excessive yields that some of the grape varieties, like Chenin blanc, are prone to have. In recent times, pruning and canopy management have started to limit yields more effectively.[44]

text: The Loire Valley is often divided into three sections. The Upper Loire includes the Sauvignon blanc dominated areas of Sancerre and Pouilly-Fumé. The Middle Loire is dominated by more Chenin blanc and Cabernet franc wines found in the regions around Touraine, Saumur, Chinon and Vouvray. The Lower Loire that leads to the mouth of the river's entrance to the Atlantic goes through the Muscadet region which is dominated by wines of the Melon de Bourgogne grape.[47] Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. There are two generic designation that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. The Crémant de Loire which refers to any sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne. The Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France refers to any varietally labelled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation.[46]

text: The area includes 87 appellations under the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), Vin Délimité de Qualité Superieure (VDQS) and Vin de pays systems. While the majority of production is white wine from the Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc and Melon de Bourgogne grapes, there are red wines made (especially around the Chinon region) from Cabernet franc. In addition to still wines, rosé, sparkling and dessert wines are also produced. With Crémant production throughout the Loire valley, it is the second largest sparkling wine producer in France after Champagne.[48] Among these different wine styles, Loire wines tend to exhibit characteristic fruitiness with fresh, crisp flavours-especially in their youth.[46]

text: Art[edit]

text: The Loire has inspired many poets and writers, including: Charles d'Orléans, François Rabelais, René Guy Cadou (fr), Clément Marot, Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, Jean de La Fontaine, Charles Péguy, Gaston Couté; and painters such as: Raoul Dufy, J. M. W. Turner, Gustave Courbet, Auguste Rodin, Félix Edouard Vallotton, Jacques Villon, Jean-Max Albert, Charles Leduc (fr), Edmond Bertreux (fr), and Jean Chabot.

text:
Scène of the Loire, by J. M. W. Turner.

La source de la Loire, by Gustave Courbet.

Portrait of the Loire, by Jean-Max Albert, 1988.

La Loire at Beaugency, by Jacques Villon, 1959.

Chaumont-sur-Loire, by Raoul Dufy, 1937

Les Rosiers-sur-Loire by Jean-Jacques Delusse (fr), 1800


document_title: The Penultimate Peril

question_text: series of unfortunate events what is the sugar bowl

root

text: The Penultimate Peril

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Baudelaire orphans, Violet, Klaus and Sunny are travelling with pregnant V.F.D member Kit Snicket to Hotel Denouement, the last safe place for volunteers to gather. She tells them that, prior to V.F.D's gathering in two days, they will be disguised as concierges to observe the mysterious 'J.S', in order to identify him or her as a volunteer or a villain of V.F.D. The hotel's managers are identical twins Frank and Ernest - Frank is a volunteer, while Ernest is on the opposing side as a villain.

tag: p

text: During their first day of disguised employment, the Baudelaires split up to assist the hotel's guests - Violet assists Esmé Squalor and Carmelita Spats by bringing them a harpoon gun, Klaus assists Charles and Sir (the owners of the Lucky Smells Lumbermill) by escorting them to the sauna while also hanging flypaper outside a window for one of the managers, and Sunny assists Hal (an employee at Heimlich Hospital), Vice-Principal Nero, Ms. Bass and Mr. Remora (teachers at Prufrock Preparatory School) while locking a V.F.D device onto a door of the laundry room, converting it into a Vernacularly Fastened Door - all the guests discuss the mysterious J.S.

text: Klaus concludes that Carmelita Spats requested the harpoon gun to shoot down a bird carrying the sugar bowl, as Sunny mentioned that Hal and a manager were discussing the sugar bowl (an object both volunteers and villains are seeking for unknown reasons) and the Medusoid Mycelium (a deadly fungus parasite they encounter in the previous book) - the flypaper would retrieve the bird's body, and the sugar bowl would fall into the laundry room, in which the room's door was converted into a Vernacularly Fastened Door.

text: Shortly after his proposal, a man encounters them and reveals himself as Dewey Denouement, the third of the secretly three brothers. He also tells them that a pool reflection of the hotel is the actual safe place, as the hotel's words and structure were designed backwards to reflect the actual words onto the pool - beneath the pool is an underwater catalog containing crucial information concerning V.F.D. They are then encountered by Jerome Squalor and Justice Strauss, who have joined V.F.D after believing messages being sent to J.S was being addressed to them.

text: While the four re-enter the hotel, Count Olaf intercepts them, and threatens Dewey with a harpoon gun for the code needed to access the Vernacularly Fastened Door - while the children attempt to prevent the killing, Mr. Poe suddenly enters, causing Olaf to shove the weapon into the Baudelaires' hands - surprised, they drop the gun, initializing its trigger to pull and kill Dewey. As a crowd arrives, the Baudelaires and Olaf are sent to court - however, everyone except for the judges must be blindfolded for it to be legal. The other two judges are later revealed to be The Man with a Beard But No Hair and The Woman With Hair But No Beard. During the hearing, however, the Baudelaires realize that it was a trick for Olaf to kidnap Justice Strauss, pursue the sugar bowl, and burn the hotel and its inhabitants. Klaus, realizing that the sugar bowl was actually underneath the pool, reveals the door code to Olaf. Violet gains access to a boat for all of them to escape the authorities, while Sunny assists in burning the hotel as a signal to V.F.D that the gathering has been canceled due to the invasion of enemies. The Baudelaires, along with Justice Strauss, attempt to alert everyone about the fire - it is unknown whether anyone escapes.

text: Shortly after the authorities arrive, the orphans, along with Olaf, are about to disembark via the sea - however, Justice attempts to intervene. Sunny apologetically bites her hand, and the four sail away from the area.

text: Foreshadowing[edit]

text: On the last picture, Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire are with Count Olaf sailing at sea foreshadowing The End.[citation needed]

tag: ul

text: Translations[edit]

text:
Finnish: "Ratkaisun rajoilla" (At the Borders of Solution), WSOY, 2006, ISBN 951-0-32089-7
Russian: "Предпоследняя передряга" (Penultimate Scrape), Azbuka, 2007, ISBN 5-352-02021-5
Persian: خطر ما قبل اخر"' (The Penultimate Risk)
Japanese: "終わりから二番目の危機" (The Second-to-Last Crisis), Soshisha, 2007, ISBN 978-4-7942-1623-6
Dutch: "Het voorlaaste gevaar" (The Penultimate Danger)
French: "Le Pénultième Péril" (The Penultimate Peril)
Polish : "Przedostatnia pułapka" (The Penultimate Trap)

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: The book will be adapted into the fifth and sixth episodes of the third season of the television series adaptation produced by Netflix.[1]

text:
Lemony Snicket portal
Children's literature portal

text: Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Penultimate Peril

tag: table

text:
[hide]

v
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Works by Lemony Snicket

A Series of
Unfortunate Events

Novels

The Bad Beginning
The Reptile Room
The Wide Window
The Miserable Mill
The Austere Academy
The Ersatz Elevator
The Vile Village
The Hostile Hospital
The Carnivorous Carnival
The Slippery Slope
The Grim Grotto
The Penultimate Peril
The End

Related works

The Unauthorized Autobiography
The Beatrice Letters
Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid

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The Tragic Treasury
TV series

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Characters

All the
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Who Could That Be at This Hour?
When Did You See Her Last?
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Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights?

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The Baby in the Manger
The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming
The Lump of Coal
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Brett Helquist
Seth

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document_title: The Voice UK

question_text: who are the judges on the voice 2018 uk

question_tokens: who are the judges on the voice 2018 uk

text: The Voice UK

text: History[edit]

text: The Voice first came to the public eye when the BBC revealed that it was exploring the possibility of acquiring the rights.[4] However, ITV was also interested[4] as it was concerned that The X Factor could lose ratings after Simon Cowell, Cheryl and Dannii Minogue left the panel. ITV were said to be afraid that the show with would "upstage" theirs.[4] It was reported by The Sun that BBC and ITV were in a "bidding war" for The Voice UK.[5] The Sun's Colin Robertson and Leigh Holmwood stated that ITV were "nervous", "fearing" that The Voice UK could "undermine" the X Factor.[5] The Sun had previously reported that the BBC were "close" to getting The Voice, as well as saying that "ITV executives had originally told X Factor top brass they weren't interested in picking up the rights." However, "now they have told owners of The Voice format they ARE interested."[5] A source said, "The X Factor has had a bit of a rollercoaster ride already this year and ITV fear any rival new show could blow it out of the water. The hype around The Voice is now so great that ITV feels it has no choice but to be in the running for it. If the BBC got it—and managed to sign Cheryl—then it could snare loads of viewers away from The X Factor."[5] ITV were planning to have The Voice UK as "'companion show'" for The X Factor.[5]

text: On 18 June 2011, it was reported that the BBC had won the rights to The Voice UK. In mid-2011 it was revealed that BBC would be broadcasting The Voice after paying £22 million.[6] Danny Cohen, the controller of BBC One, said he wants the programme to emulate the success of The Apprentice and defended his decision to invest in it. Cohen said, "I thought it was really good. Every so often the BBC occasionally buys something from abroad that is peerlessly good, like The Apprentice. We adapted that for Britain with Alan Sugar and made the British version the best in the world. We hope The Voice will do similarly. We shouldn't shut the door on anything."[7]

text: It was later revealed that The Voice would not be going head-to-head with The X Factor as Strictly Come Dancing is broadcast at the end of the year.[6][7] Channel 4 had entered the bidding war with the BBC and ITV, but later pulled out after the channel's director called the show "derivative" and "a rip-off".[8] It was said that the BBC was keen to sign up a new singing-talent show after it dropped Fame Academy in 2004 and had not revisited the genre. It was also eager to schedule a replacement for So You Think You Can Dance, which was dropped in 2011. Presenter Holly Willoughby also stated that The Voice UK is a "feel good show" saying, "The difference [with The Voice] is it's a blind audition, the coaches can't see the contestants when they come on stage so they judge them purely on their voice and their voice alone. It's really feel-good and the coaches are incredible."[9]

text: Devised by John de Mol, the creator of Big Brother, The Voice is based on the Dutch TV programme The Voice of Holland and is part of The Voice franchise, being based on the similar US format.[10] The BBC were "desperate" to get The Voice UK after they axed So You Think You Can Dance.[5]

text: According to Anita Singh from The Daily Telegraph, the BBC have spent £22 million on buying the rights to the show, which will last two years. Of the amount of money spent on it, a BBC spokesperson said, "There is an awful lot of pressure, given the money spent on the format, for the ratings to be good. But at the moment all signs are that it will be cash well spent."[11] Singh stated however, that this contradicted a "pledge" made by Mark Thompson, the director-general. He said, "The BBC needs to make a further significant shift towards distinctiveness, spending more of the licence fee on output which, without the BBC, wouldn't get made at all." The ITV reportedly "offered more for the format but were turned down".[12] After comparisons to the X Factor were made, Cohen defended the decision to gain the rights to the show saying, "We feel that there's enough difference in this format that it will stand out. The fact that ITV tried very hard to get it—even though they've got The X Factor—suggests that they feel this show is different enough [from that one]."[13]

text:
We've got three dancing shows on BBC One this year on Saturday nights, and I wanted to decrease that but still find ways that we could have live, often performance-based television. We are in an era where the audience love that [and] we shouldn't ignore what the audience want."
—Danny Cohen on why the BBC choose to get the rights for The Voice UK.[13]

tag: div

text: In October 2011, it was announced that Moira Ross executive producer of Strictly Come Dancing quit the show to join production company Wall to Wall, so that she could take the position of executive producer of The Voice UK.[14]

text: The BBC were planning to make each performance on the show available for download each week, with the proceeds going to charity or the downloads being free, before it is then released commercially.[15] The winner will receive £100,000, as well as a record deal with Universal Republic.[10]

text: On 24 May 2013, it was reported that BBC One was close to recommissioning the show for a third series in 2014.[16] The next day, it was confirmed that it will return for a third series.[17] In July 2013, Jessie J and Danny O'Donoghue confirmed they would not be able to return as coaches for series 3 due to their music careers and touring. In September, Holly Willoughby and Reggie Yates announced they would not be returning as co-presenters for series 3. It was confirmed the same month that Kylie Minogue and Ricky Wilson would replace Jessie J and O'Donoghue. It was announced that Emma Willis and Marvin Humes would replace Willoughby and Yates as co-presenters for the third series. On 29 March 2014, the BBC confirmed the series would be returning for another two series.[18] In April, Minogue confirmed that she would not return for the fourth series, due to clashes with her Kiss Me Once Tour. On 22 September, it was confirmed that Rita Ora would replace Minogue.

text: In June 2015, it was announced Ora would be joining the twelfth series of The X Factor. In August 2015, it was announced that Paloma Faith would replace Ora, with Boy George replacing original coach Jones, who was let go and would not be involved in the fifth series' production.[19]

text: On 7 November 2015, it was announced that the fifth series of The Voice UK would be the last to air on BBC. On 23 November 2015, ITV announced they had acquired the rights to air The Voice UK for three additional series, set to begin airing in 2017. They also announced their plans to produce two additional series, The Voice Kids and an untitled ITV2 spin-off, both also set to air in 2017. The last episode aired on the BBC on 9 April 2016.[20] The ITV2 spin-off show was axed on 8 August 2016, but it could return in the future.[21]

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: After speculation in February,[22] the show's air date was confirmed on 10 March 2012.[23] Of this announcement, the show's Twitter account said, "Two weeks from now, something new will be on your television, something so great you'll want to run up and kiss the screen. Just FYI."[23] Britain's Got Talent judge Alesha Dixon confirmed the launch date for the Britain's Got Talent, with it being the same day as The Voice UK's.[24] Britain's Got Talent was brought forward by ITV, so it could clash with the show.[24] Of this move a BBC source said, "This is typical of ITV, parking their tanks on our lawn just as we launch a major new format. They are smarting because they didn't get the show although they bid £10 million more than us." However an ITV source responded saying, "We haven't declared our launch date but, if I was a betting man, I'd go for March 24. The BBC know we always launch BGT around this time. If anyone is parking tanks on a lawn, it's them on ours!"[25] For the past four years however, Britain's Got Talent had launched in mid-April.[24] The BBC and ITV were reportedly in a "scheduling war". BBC moved the show from its supposed 7:15 slot to 7:00, to avoid "significant overlap". ITV then responded by moving Britain's Got Talent from its original slot at 7:45 to 7:30.[26] A BBC source said, "It is disappointing they chose to launch Britain's Got Talent on the same day as us. To not even meet us halfway on avoiding any sort of overlap is incredibly competitive."[26]

text: As The Voice progressed, it became clear that audiences were staying loyal during the period when it clashed with Britain's Got Talent. After the third Blind Auditions round, when the BBC programme enjoyed a viewership margin of some four million, Simon Cowell and ITV executives moved their show to a later start time.[27]

text: In an exclusive interview with Digital Spy, Cowell stated that the show is "competition" for Britain's Got Talent. He said, "I recognise [The Voice] as a challenge. The BBC must be confident because they have put it up against this show. They want to make a competition out of it. So we've got to make [Britain's Got Talent] better. Everyone benefits because of that."[28] However, presenter Reggie Yates denied this: "I don't know if this is about toppling anyone. This is a very different animal altogether. I think when you see what this show is all about, you'll see exactly where we are coming from."[29]

text: In 2013, the shows clashed again, this time with BGT starting in its usual mid-April Slot. Both shows went directly head to head with The Voice from 6.45-8.15 and BGT from 7-8.35. With BGT winning the war, The Voice moved to a later slot and for the rest of the run, only clashed with BGT for 10-15 minutes each week.

text: In 2016, the shows clashed again. The Voice’s BBC finale was moved back a week due to a Six Nations game which meant it clashed with the BGT launch. The Voice aired from 7-9 with BGT from 7-8.25. Whilst original schedules had The Voice from 6-8 and BGT from 8-9.20, the shows both changed to a 7.00 start time.

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The first promotional item the BBC released was a video on the official website. It read, "Four of the biggest names in music are looking for incredible singing talent to compete for the title of The Voice UK. Only the most unique and distinctive voices will make it to the filmed auditions and get to sing for our celebrity coaches".[30] To promote the show, all four coaches went to Central London launch event, which took place at Soho Hotel on 24 February 2012.[31] Daily Mirror's Jo Usmar commented on the promotion of the show, stating that the trailer will "get you juices flowing".[32] A further trailer was released on 9 March, featuring footage from the show, "including interviews with the panel, a first look at some contestants and bickering between the coaches".[23]

text: Social media[edit]

text: According to Digital Spy, the BBC was trying to "boost audience participation with a wealth of social media and online activity, as viewers often watch programmes while also commenting and engaging via Twitter and Facebook on a smartphone, laptop or tablet".[33] Telegraph Hill, having previously worked on BBC Three dramas Being Human and The Fades, put in place a full-time team of "social media creatives" who will generate online videos around the show, and on the show's Facebook and Twitter pages.[33]

text: Auditions and filming[edit]

text: The producer auditions of series one began on 31 October 2011.[30] Five events took place in London, two events in Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester and Cardiff, and one event in Belfast.[30] Solo artists and duos can participate, however, they must be aged sixteen or over.[30] The coaches did not attend the producer's auditions.[30] The standard of the auditions has been described as "amazing" and "top standard".[34] The blind auditions for the first series were held at BBC Television Centre and has since been held at dock10 in Salford Quays, where every coach is given a "plush" dressing room.[35] O'Donoghue told Digital Spy of the talent at the auditions, "The talent on show after the first auditions on the first day beat out any talent in any finals I've ever seen on television. The hair on the back of my neck and arms was standing up. 16 and 17-year-olds were up there killing it".[36]

text: Format[edit]

text: The Voice is a reality television series that features four coaches looking for a talented new artist, who could become a global superstar. The show's concept is indicated by its title: the coaches do not judge the artists by their looks, personalities, stage presence or dance routines—only their vocal ability. It is this aspect that differentiates The Voice from other reality television series such as The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent or even Pop Idol. The competitors are split into four teams, which are mentored by the coaches who in turn choose songs for their artists to perform. There is no specific age range and anyone can audition; if a coach likes what they hear, a button-press allows their chair to spin around and face the performer, signifying that they would like to mentor them. If more than one does so, then the artist selects a coach. However, if no coach turns around then the artist is sent home.[37] The Voice has been referred to as a "big, exciting and warm-hearted series"and a "new generation in its genre".[6] The discomfort caused by the poor design of the chair, which weighs 19-stone, has drawn criticism from will.i.am, who claims that it makes him hunch his shoulders.[38]

text: There are five different stages: producers' auditions, Blind auditions, Battle phase, Knockout stage and live shows.

text: Producers' auditions and blind auditions[edit]

text: The Voice UK's first stage is the producers' auditions, which are not shown on television.[30] The first shown stage is the blind auditions, where they sing in front of the coaches. The coaches have their backs to the singer, and if they like what they hear, they can press their button to turn around and recruit them to their team. If more than one coach turns, the power shifts to the singer, who then decides which team they would like to be part of. Each coach must recruit a number of singers (10 in series 1, 12 since series 2 onwards) to their team in the blind auditions to progress on to the battle phase.[10]

text: Since 2017, artists that are not selected by any of the coaches leave the stage after their song and do not talk with the coaches. Equally, the chairs do not turn and hence the coaches do not see any of the artists that are not picked.[39]

text: Battle phase[edit]

text: The second stage, 'Battle phase', is where two artists are mentored and then developed by their respective coach.[37] The coaches of the team will "dedicate themselves to developing their artists, giving them advice, and sharing the secrets of their success in the music industry".[10] Members of teams perform duets and the coach chooses who advances to the next stage.[10]

text: In Series 2 (2013), the BBC introduced a new 'steal' twist to the Battle phase. The 'steal' gives a chance to the losers of the head-to-head battles to give one last pitch to the coaches, excluding their own coach, on why they should remain in the process. The coaches then have an amount of time to push their button on their spinning chairs if they want the contestant on their team. As with the blind auditions, if more than one coach presses their button, the contestant chooses which coach to join.[40] In Series 4 (2015), a second steal was added, thus increasing the progressing team to eight members.[41] In Series 6 (2017), each coach only had one steal each.

text: Knockout stage[edit]

text: The third stage of the competition is the 'Knockout stage'. It was first introduced in the second series (2013). The four coaches will enter this stage with seven team members each; six winners of the battle phase, and one stolen member. Artists perform a 'killer song' of their choosing and the coaches each pick three members of their team to go through to the live shows, creating a final 12 for the public vote.[40]

text: Live shows[edit]

text: In the 'Live shows' artists perform in front of the coaches and audience, broadcast live.[10]

text: In the first series (2012), each coach had five artists in their team to begin with and the artists went head-to-head to win public votes.[37] The votes determined which artists advanced to the final eight.[37]

text: The final eight artists competed in a live broadcast.[37] However, the coaches had a 50/50 say with the audience and the public in deciding which artists moved on to the 'final four' phase.[37] In the first three series, each coach had one member who continued. However, from the fourth series in 2015, the semi-final format changes; only public votes decide which artists move on to the final, regardless of their team. Therefore, a coach may have two of his/her artists in the final. The final (the winner round) was decided upon by the public vote.[37] Throughout the final the coaches frequently performed with their artists.[37] The winner was crowned The Voice.[10]

text: From the second series (2013), after the introduction of the 'steal' in the battle phase and the new 'knockout stage', each coach will have three artists on their team a total of 12 artists in the live shows to fight for the public vote and to be crowned 'The Voice', subsequently receiving a record deal with Universal Music.[40]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: To date, seven series have been broadcast, as shown below.

text:
Team Will
     Team Jessie
     Team Tom

     Team Danny
     Team Kylie
     Team Ricky

     Team George
     Team JHud
     Team Olly

text:
Series

Start

Finish

Weeks

Winner

Runner(s)-up

Other finalist(s)

Winning coach

Presenter(s)

Coaches

Network

1

2

3

4

1

24 March 2012

2 June 2012

11

Leanne MitchellTeam Tom

Bo BruceTeam Danny

Vince KiddTeam Jessie

Tom Jones

Holly Willoughby
Reggie Yates (backstage)

Will

Jessie

Tom

Danny

BBC One

Tyler JamesTeam Will

2

30 March 2013

22 June 2013

13

Andrea BegleyTeam Danny

Leah McFallTeam Will

Matt HenryTeam Jessie

Danny O'Donoghue

Mike WardTeam Tom

3

11 January 2014

5 April 2014

13

Jermain JackmanTeam Will

Christina MarieTeam Ricky

Jamie JohnsonTeam Kylie

will.i.am

Emma Willis
Marvin Humes (backstage)

Kylie

Ricky

Sally BarkerTeam Tom

4

10 January 2015

4 April 2015

13

Stevie McCrorieTeam Ricky

Lucy O'ByrneTeam Will

Emmanuel NwamadiTeam Ricky

Ricky Wilson

Rita

Sasha SimoneTeam Tom

5

9 January 2016

9 April 2016

14

Kevin SimmTeam Ricky

JolanTeam Ricky

Cody FrostTeam George

George

Paloma

Lydia LucyTeam Will

6

7 January 2017

2 April 2017

13

Mo AdeniranTeam JHud

Into the ArkTeam Tom

Jamie MillerTeam JHud

Jennifer Hudson

Emma Willis

Jennifer

Tom

Gavin

ITV

Michelle JohnTeam Will

7

6 January 2018

7 April 2018

14

Ruti OlajugbagbeTeam Tom

Donel MangenaTeam Will

Belle VociTeam JHud

Tom Jones

Olly

Lauren BannonTeam Olly

8

January 2019

April 2019

TBA
Team TBA

TBA
Team TBA

TBA
Team TBA

TBA

TBA
Team TBA

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Louder on Two[edit]

text: Starting on 24 March 2014, a new spin-off series aired on BBC Two during the live shows every weekday night. The series is hosted by Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two presenter Zoë Ball,[42] and features interviews with the coaches and contestants as well as providing live acoustic performances by the artists. The show did not return in 2015, for the fourth series of the main show.

text: The V Room[edit]

text: An online spin-off show titled The V Room was announced in October 2016, with Cel Spellman presenting it.[43] The show is available on-demand via the ITV Hub and features exclusive content across social media sites and the show's mobile app. The show started after the live shows in March 2017. Spellman did not return for series 7 in 2018, and was replaced by previous runner–up Jamie Miller.[44] On 12 March 2018, Vick Hope took over for Jamie Miller as the show's new digital reporter.[45]

text: Presenters and coaches[edit]

text: Presenters[edit]

text: The Voice UK was presented by Holly Willoughby and Reggie Yates during the first two series. In 2014, both stepped down from their roles and were replaced by Big Brother UK presenter Emma Willis and former JLS band member Marvin Humes.[46] Willoughby (series 1 and 2) and Willis (series 3 onwards) are the main presenters for the live shows, whilst Yates (series 1 and 2) and Humes (series 3 to 5) interview the contestants after their performances and are also social media correspondents. In June 2016, ITV confirmed that Willis would return to host the series, but would not be joined by Marvin Humes.[47]

text:
Presenters gallery

Holly Willoughby (2012–2013)

Reggie Yates (2012–2013)

Emma Willis (2014–)

text: Coaches[edit]

text: The coaching line-up was officially announced on 8 December 2011. Summing up the entire panel, Cohen said, "Overall, our lineup of Tom Jones, Jessie J, will.i.am and Danny O'Donoghue gives us mega-star quality, great musical range and musicians we know our audience love".[48] Presenter Holly Willoughby described them as "badass", "incredible", and that when you "put them all in the room together, magic happens. They all come from different areas of the music industry and it's quite magical seeing them together."[29] Jones said that the show has more "credibility" than others, due to the judging panel. He said, "We've been through it, we know what it's like to get up and perform, unlike some judges on some other shows that just don't know, they've never done it. The ones that have are not very good anyway".[49] All four coaches confirmed they would return as coaches for a second series.[50]

text: Kylie Minogue and Ricky Wilson joined will.i.am and Jones as coaches for the third series following the departures of Jessie J and O'Donoghue. Rumours were passed that Nicole Scherzinger would join the team but later on Rita Ora replaced Minogue for the fourth series. After only one series, Ora left the show, due to touring commitments and joined rival show, The X Factor UK. On 14 August, it was announced that Paloma Faith and Boy George would join Wilson and Will.i.am for the fifth series, meaning that Jones would not return. Jones' axe had a widespread negative response from viewers and by himself, with Jones claiming that he had no idea he had been axed.[51]

text: On 13 November 2015, Wilson announced that the fifth series would be his last as a coach.[52] However, on 24 March 2016, it was announced that he could make a return to the show.[53] The following month, Faith stated that she had left the show due to her pregnancy, after just one series on the show.[54] In July 2016, it was confirmed that Boy George had decided not to return for the sixth series on ITV.[55] will.i.am later revealed that he would return as a coach for the 2017 series,[56] but Wilson later announced that he would not.[57] In September 2016, the coaches for the 2017 series was confirmed as will.i.am, Jennifer Hudson, Sir Tom Jones and Gavin Rossdale.[58]

text: On 6 March 2017, ITV confirmed that will.i.am. would return to the series in 2018. The network also expressed that "all parties" were interested in Jones' return, as well.[59] In October 2017, it was announced that Jones and Hudson would return, alongside singer Olly Murs joining the coaching panel, replacing Rossdale.[60].

text: On 21 September 2018, Daily Express announced that will.i.am, Sir Tom Jones, Jennifer Hudson and Olly Murs would all return as the shows 4 coaches. [1]

text:
Coaches gallery

will.i.am (2012–)

Sir Tom Jones (2012–2015, 2017–)

Jennifer Hudson  (2017–)

Olly Murs (2018–)

Jessie J (2012–2013)

Danny O'Donoghue (2012–2013)

Kylie Minogue (2014)

Ricky Wilson (2014–2016)

Rita Ora (2015)

Boy George (2016)

Paloma Faith (2016)

Gavin Rossdale (2017)

text: Coaches' teams and their artists[edit]

text: In each series, each coach chooses a number of acts to progress to the live shows. This table shows, for each series, which artists he or she put through to the live shows.

text: In each series, four artists advance to the final week of the live shows, either team-based (in the first three series) or entirely by public voting (since series four).

text:
Series

will.i.am

Jessie J

Tom Jones

Danny O'Donoghue

1

Tyler James

Vince Kidd

Leanne Mitchell

Bo Bruce

Jaz Ellington

Becky Hill

Ruth Brown

Max Milner

Joelle Moses

Toni Warne

Adam Isaac

David Julien

Frances Wood

Cassius Henry

Matt and Sueleen

Aleks Josh

Sophie Griffin

Ruth-Ann St. Luce

Samuel Buttery

Hannah Berney

2

Leah McFall

Matt Henry

Mike Ward

Andrea Begley

Cleo Higgins

Ash Morgan

Joseph Apostol

Karl Michael

Leanne Jarvis

Sarah Cassidy

Alys Williams

Mitchel Emms

3

will.i.am

Kylie Minogue

Sir Tom Jones

Ricky Wilson

Jermain Jackman

Jamie Johnson

Sally Barker

Christina Marie

Sophie-May Williams

Lee Glasson

Bizzi Dixon

Chris Royal

Iesher Haughton

Rachael O'Connor

Georgia Harrup

Emily Adams

4

will.i.am

Rita Ora

Sir Tom Jones

Ricky Wilson

Lucy O'Byrne

Joe Woolford

Sasha Simone

Stevie McCrorie

Sheena McHugh

Karis Thomas

Howard Rose

Emmanuel Nwamadi

Vikesh Champaneri

Clark Carmody

Lara Lee

Autumn Sharif

5

will.i.am

Boy George

Paloma Faith

Ricky Wilson

Lydia Lucy

Cody Frost

Heather Cameron-Hayes

Kevin Simm

Lyrickal

Vangelis Polydorou

Jordan Gray

Jolan

Lauren Lapsley-Browne

Harry Fisher

Beth Morris

Chloe Castro

6

will.i.am

Jennifer Hudson

Sir Tom Jones

Gavin Rossdale

Michelle John

Mo Adeniran

Into the Ark

Max Vickers

Jason Jones

Jamie Miller

Craig Ward

Truly Ford

Tanya Lacey

Jack Bruley

Nadine McGhee

Sarah Morgan

7

will.i.am

Jennifer Hudson

Sir Tom Jones

Olly Murs

Donel Mangena

Belle Voci

Ruti Olajugbagbe

Lauren Bannon

Tai

Gayatri Nair

Lucy Milburn

Jamie Grey

text: Reception[edit]

text: Series averages[edit]

text: The first series became BBC One's biggest new entertainment series on record with a consolidated series average of 9.2million/38.5% share.[61] Across all episodes, including results shows, The Voice UK averaged 8.54m/36.3%.[61] The second series suffered a lot from clashes with Britains Got Talent and premiered 7.47 million viewers in the official ratings. It went on to have the most successful final, however, with 8 million tuning in. This series averaged 7.45m/26.8%.[62] From series 3 onwards, the show was moved to a January start to avoid clashes with Britains Got Talent. This paid off as the 3rd series averaged a much higher viewership of 8.1m/31.6% and series 4 went on to average 8.55m/34.8% making it the most watched series to date.[62] Series 5, the final series to air on the BBC, took a large fall in the ratings. It premiered with an official 7.87m, the second lowest to date. The reason behind this is thought to be the dramatic change in coaches after the fierce backlash from Sir Tom Jones' axing. The new coaches were met with mixed reactions, although Boy George grew much more popular amongst viewers.

text:
Series

Series premiere

Series premiere viewing figures

Series finale

Series finale viewing figures

Episodes(inc. results shows)

Average UK viewersin millions(inc. results shows)

Channel

1

24 March 2012

9.44

2 June 2012

7.82

17

8.54

BBC One

2

30 March 2013

7.47

22 June 2013

7.95

15

7.45

3

11 January 2014

9.35

5 April 2014

7.15

15

8.10

4

10 January 2015

9.05

4 April 2015

6.87

15

8.55

5

9 January 2016

7.87

9 April 2016

5.12

15

6.49

6

7 January 2017

7.12

2 April 2017

4.02

17

5.60

ITV

7

6 January 2018

6.38

7 April 2018

5.87

14

6.04

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: BBC Radio 2's Paul Gambaccini told Radio Times that The Voice is "karaoke" and claimed that while the American series was "fantastic to rejuvenate the careers of two of the coaches, Christina Aguilera and Maroon 5's Adam Levine, it didn't give us a viable artist". Mark Goodier also questioned the motives of Universal Music saying, "Universal have to be doing this because they want market share." On whether The Voice is to become a "huge hit" in the UK, he added, "It really depends on whether they find a star or not."[63]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: On 23 December 2016, Irish commercial broadcaster TV3 announced that The Voice UK would be shown on the channel. After RTÉ One cancelled The Voice of Ireland in favour of Dancing with the Stars.[64]

text: Music releases by The Voice contestants[edit]

text: As of March 2016, The Voice UK has had four top 10 singles, two top ten albums and overall twenty singles and six albums in the top 75 on the UK Singles and Albums Charts, including one number 1 from series 1 semi-finalist Becky Hill. The first winner to reach number 1 on iTunes was series 4 winner Stevie McCrorie. The Series 7 Winner, Ruti, also topped the iTunes charts, outselling the song at #2 by a ratio of more than 2:1

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

2012

Glamour Awards

Presenter (Holly Willoughby)[65]

Won

TV Choice Awards

Best Talent Show[66]

Nominated

2013

National Television Awards

Best Talent Show[67]

Nominated

2014

National Television Awards

Best Talent Show[68]

Nominated

Glamour Awards

Presenter (Emma Willis)[69]

Won

2015

National Television Awards

Best Talent Show

Nominated

BAFTA Television Awards

Entertainment Programme

Nominated

Glamour Awards

TV Personality (Rita Ora)[70]

Won


document_title: It Came from Outer Space

question_text: where was it came from outer space filmed

text: It Came from Outer Space

text: Plot[edit]

text: Author and amateur astronomer John Putnam (Richard Carlson) and schoolteacher Ellen Fields (Barbara Rush) watch a large meteorite crash near the small town of Sand Rock, Arizona. They awaken a neighbor, who has a helicopter, and all three fly to the crash site. Putnam climbs down into the crater and notices a partially buried round object in the crater's pit. He comes to the realization, after he sees a six-sided hatchway close, that this isn't a meteorite but a large alien spaceship. The hatchway's noise starts a landslide that completely buries the craft. Putnam's story is later scoffed at by Sand Rock's sheriff (Charles Drake) and the local news media.

text: Even Ellen Fields is unsure about what to believe but still agrees to assist Putnam in his investigation. Over the next several days, local people disappear; a few return, but they act distant or appear somewhat dazed and not their usual selves. Convinced by these and other odd events, Sheriff Warren comes to believe Putnam's story that the meteorite is actually a crashed spaceship with alien inhabitants; he then organizes a posse to hunt down the invaders at their crash site. Putnam, however, hopes to reach a peaceful solution to the looming crisis. Alone, he enters a nearby abandoned mine, which he hopes will eventually connect to the now buried spaceship and its alien occupants.

text: Putnam finally discovers the spaceship and learns from the alien leader that they crashed on Earth by accident; the aliens appear benign and only plan to stay on Earth just long enough to repair their damaged craft and then continue on their voyage. The aliens' real appearance, when finally revealed to Putnam, is entirely non-human: they are large, single-eyed, almost jellyfish-like beings that seem to glide across the ground, leaving a glistening trail that soon vanishes. They are also able to shape shift into human form in order to appear human and move around Sand Rock, unobserved, in order to collect their much needed repair materials. To do this, they copy the human forms of the local townspeople that they have abducted. In doing so, however, they fail to reproduce the townspeople's exact personalities, leading to suspicion and eventually to the deaths of two of the aliens.

text: To protect the aliens from the sheriff and his advancing posse, Putnam manages to seal off the mine in order to give them the time they still need to finish their spaceship's repairs. However, they have decided to destroy themselves and their spaceship, now that they have been discovered. Putnam reasons with them at length and convinces the alien leader to instead finish the repairs while he, as a sign of the aliens' good faith, takes the captives outside to the sheriff and his posse. Not long thereafter, the alien spaceship leaves Earth, returning to the stars. Putnam's finance Ellen asks him if they are gone for good. He responds knowingly, "No, just for now. It wasn't the right time for us to meet. But there will be other nights, other stars for us to watch. They'll be back".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Carlson as John Putnam
Barbara Rush as Ellen Fields
Charles Drake as Sheriff Matt Warren
Joe Sawyer as Frank Daylon
Russell Johnson as George
Dave Willock as Pete Davis
Robert Carson as Dugan, reporter
Virginia Mullen as Mrs. Daylon
Kathleen Hughes as Jane, George's girl
Paul Fix as Councilman (uncredited)
Robert "Buzz" Henry as Posseman (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: The screenplay by Harry Essex, with input by Jack Arnold, was derived from an original and lengthy screen treatment by Ray Bradbury; screen legend says that Bradbury wrote the screenplay and Harry Essex merely changed the dialogue and took the credit.[3] Unusual among science fiction films of the era, the alien "invaders" were portrayed by Bradbury as creatures stranded on Earth and without malicious intent toward humanity. The film can be interpreted as a metaphorical refutation of the supposedly xenophobic attitudes and ideology of the Cold War.[citation needed] Bradbury said "I wanted to treat the invaders as beings who were not dangerous, and that was very unusual". He offered two story outlines to the studio, one with malicious aliens, the other with benign aliens. "The studio picked the right concept, and I stayed on".[4] In 2004 Bradbury published in one volume all four versions of his screen treatment for It Came From Outer Space.[citation needed]

text: Filming took place on location in and around the California towns of Palmdale, Victorville, and the Mojave Desert,[2] as well as on Universal's sound stages.

text: The film's uncredited music score was composed by Irving Gertz, Henry Mancini, and Herman Stein.[5]

text: Universal's make-up department submitted two alien designs for consideration by studio executives; the rejected design was saved and then later used as the "Metaluna Mutant" in Universal's 1955 science fiction film This Island Earth.[5]

text: The special effects created for the in-flight alien spacecraft consisted of a wire-mounted iron ball, with hollowed out 'windows,' with burning magnesium inside.[5]

text: The Arizona setting and the alien abduction of telephone lineman and two other characters are fictionalized story elements taken from Bradbury's younger life when his father moved the family to Tucson, where he worked as a telephone lineman.[6]

text: Urban legend has it that an extra in an Army corporal's uniform seen at the "meteor" crash site is comedy writer-performer Morey Amsterdam.[5] While the briefly glimpsed extra does indeed resemble Amsterdam, no hard evidence (e.g., cast call bureau records, interviews with Amsterdam) has ever confirmed this is actually him. The most recent DVD re-release of It Came from Outer Space comes with a documentary, "The Universe According to Universal." It was written and directed by David J. Skal and has audio commentary by Tom Weaver, in which Weaver notes the extra's similarity to Morey Amsterdam.

text: Reception[edit]

text: It Came from Outer Space was released in June 1953;[5] by the end of the year it had accrued US$1.6 million in distributors' US and Canadian rentals,[7] making it the year's 75th biggest earner.[8][Note 1]

text: Barbara Rush won the Golden Globe award in 1954 as most promising female newcomer for her role in the film.[5]

text: The film was nominated for AFI's Top 10 Science Fiction Films list.[9]

text: Patricia Bosworth, writing in 1992, counted It Came from Outer Space as one of a number of anti-Communist propaganda films in which "aliens from outer space serve as metaphors for the Soviet menace".[10] Bosworth's inclusion of "It Came From Outer Space" as an example of Hollywood anti-Communist propaganda made during The Korean War is at odds with The American Film Institute and story author Ray Bradbury, who stated, "I wanted to treat the invaders as beings who were not dangerous, and that was very unusual". No Earthlings are killed or injured in the film by the aliens. If they were intended to be stand-ins for the Soviet Union/Communists, as Bosworth professes, their presence in an Arizona town is antithetical to how Communist surrogates were portrayed in Hollywood science fiction films during the Cold War. It should be noted that Bosworth blames her father's 1959 death, which she calls a suicide, on his being targeted by the Hollywood Blacklist; Bartley Crum died of an alcohol and barbiturate overdose. [11]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The New York Times review by A. H. Weiler noted "the adventure ... is merely mildly diverting, not stupendous. The space ship and its improbable crew, which keep the citizens of Sand Rock, Ariz., befuddled and terrified, should have the same effect on customers who are passionately devoted to king-sized flying saucers and gremlins".[12] "Brog" in Variety opined that "Direction by Jack Arnold whips up an air of suspense in putting the Harry Essex screenplay on film, and there is considerable atmosphere of reality created, which stands up well enough if the logic of it all is not examined too closely ... story proves to be good science-fiction for the legion of film fans who like scare entertainment, well done".[13]

text: Since its original release, the critical response to the film has become mostly positive. Bill Warren has written that “Arnold’s vigorous direction and Bradbury’s intriguing ideas meld to produce a genuine classic in its limited field".[5] Jonathan Rosenbaum described the film as "[A] scary black-and-white SF effort from 1953".[14] Phil Hardy’s The Aurum Film Encyclopedia: Science Fiction observed "Dark desert roads and sudden moments of fear underline Arnold’s ability as a director of Science Fiction films, and Essex's/Bradbury's lines match his images superbly".[15] Of the reviews included on Rotten Tomatoes regarding It Came from Outer Space, 81% of critics liked the film.[16] In one of the negative reviews, FilmCritic.com opines that the film "moves terribly slowly (despite an 80 minute running time) because the plot is overly simplistic with absolutely no surprises".[17]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text:
It Came from Outer Space is one of the classic films mentioned in the opening theme ("Science Fiction/Double Feature") of the musical The Rocky Horror Show and its film adaptation.[5]
The narration in the Siouxsie and the Banshees song "92 Degrees" from the 1986 album Tinderbox contains dialog from the film.[18]

text: Video releases[edit]

text: Universal digitally restored It Came From Outer Space and in October of 2016 released the film on Blu-ray. The film is presented in original widescreen polarized 3D, with three-track stereophonic sound. Also included is a non-3D "flat" version with mono sound. Both 3D and flat trailers are also included. Rounding out the Blu ray package is a documentary on Universal's 3D films and a "making of" voice-over commentary track.


document_title: Match (magazine)

question_text: when does match of the day magazine come out

text: Match (magazine)

text:
MATCH

Front cover on 31 May 2003, featuring Ruud van Nistelrooy

Editor
Stephen Fishlock

Categories
Football

Frequency
Weekly, every Tuesday

Paid circulation
57,108 (December 2010)

First issue
6 September 1979

Company
Kelsey Media

Country
United Kingdom

Language
English

Website
Official site

text: Match, stylised as MATCH, is a weekly British football magazine aimed at the teenage and pre-teenage market. First published in 1979,[1] the magazine had a circulation of 57,108 copies as of December 2010.[2] The magazine includes interviews, a skills school, quizzes and a weekly round-up of results, tables and player ratings from the four main English divisions and the Scottish Premier League in MatchFacts. It mostly covers teams and players in the English Premier League, but also has a limited coverage of La Liga, Serie A and international football.

text: History[edit]

text: Match magazine was launched on 6 September 1979,[1] at a cover price of 25p. The original editor was Mel Bagnall. Kevin Keegan was the first cover star of Match and supported the magazine with his column, Learn To Play The Keegan Way. The first issue came with an 80-page sticker album and included columns by Tottenham star Ossie Ardiles, Manchester United's Steve Coppell and Nottingham Forest manager, Brian Clough.[citation needed] Later columnists included David Platt, Mark Bright and Ryan Giggs.

text: In March 1980, Match launched its first Matchman Of The Month contest. The award, based on a player's match rating, was won by Ossie Ardiles. He defeated Trevor Francis to win the title and won £100. Matchman Of The Month now has no financial reward.[citation needed]

text: On its launch in 1979, the magazine initially failed to catch the dominant circulation of its main weekly football rival, Shoot. In the mid-1990s the magazine was successfully revitalised and relaunched by Chris Hunt, an editor with a wealth of experience in teenage music and sport magazines. Under his editorship Match was transformed, finally overtaking Shoot to become the biggest-selling football title in Britain, with its weekly sales peaking at 242,000 during this period.[3] This not only marked the highest point in the magazine's sales history (a record that still stands), but the high-water mark of the British football magazine market in the 1990s.[4] In the face of such market dominance by Match, during this period many of its rival titles either closed or, in the case of Shoot, changed frequency to monthly. Shoot finally closed in June 2008. but has reopened in 2013[5]

text: A number of notable football journalists have started their careers at Match, including Mark Irwin of The Sun, Hugh Sleight of FourFourTwo, Paul Smith of The Sunday Mirror, Ray Ryan formerly with The News of the World, Adrian Curtis formerly of the Mail On Sunday, Evening Standard and The Press Association; and Rob Shepherd.


document_title: Indian honours system

question_text: which is the highest civilian honour in india

text: Indian honours system

text: Civilian Awards[edit]

text: Bharat Ratna[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna,[1] the highest civilian award of the country, was instituted in the year 1954. Any person without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender is eligible for this award. It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion. It is not mandatory that this award is given every year.

text: Padma awards[edit]

text: Padma Awards[2] were instituted in the year 1954. Except for brief interruptions during the years 1977 to 1980 and 1993 to 1997, these awards have been announced every year on Republic Day. The award is given in three categories, viz. Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, in the decreasing order of importance.

text:
Padma Vibhushan for "exceptional and distinguished service". Padma Vibhushan is second highest civilian award in India.
Padma Bhushan for "distinguished service of a high order". Padma Bhushan is third highest civilian award in India .
Padma Shri is awarded for "distinguished service". Padma Shri is last and fourth highest civilian award in India.

text: The Padma award is just an honour. No cash allowance or any facility/benefit in terms of concession etc. in rail/air travel is attached to these awards. The award does not amount to a title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardee’s name on letterheads, invitation cards, posters, books etc. In the case of any misuse, the awardee will forfeit the award.

text:
The decoration comprises a Sanad (Certificate) issued under the hand and seal of the President and a Medallion.
The recipients are also given a replica of the medallion, which they can wear during any ceremonial/State functions etc., if they desire.
A commemorative brochure giving out brief details in respect of each award winner is also released on the day of the investiture ceremony.

text: Selection process[edit]

text: These awards seek to recognize work of any distinction and is given for distinguished and exceptional achievements/service in all fields of activities/disciplines, such as art, literature and education, sports, medicine, social work, science and engineering, public affairs, civil service, trade and industry, etc. All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards.

text: In 2018, the BJP government decided to end the practice of ministers recommending names for Padma awards and replaced it with any Indian citizen recommending a person for Padma awards online. The government said that this was done with the belief that every citizen has something to contribute to the nation and that contribution should be integrated with the country's growth. Accordingly, several hitherto unknown citizens were awarded Padma awards in 2017. The role of the state governments was also minimised.[3][4][5]

text: Military Awards[edit]

text: Wartime gallantry awards[edit]

text:
Param Vir Chakra — Highest military award for, equivalent to the Victoria Cross (which was replaced once India gained its independence).
Maha Vir Chakra – Maha Vir Chakra is the second highest military decoration in India and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air.
Vir Chakra – Third in precedence in the awards for wartime gallantry

text: Peacetime gallantry awards[edit]

text:
Ashok Chakra Award – An Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peacetime equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra.
Kirti Chakra – Second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.
Shaurya Chakra – Third in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.

text: Wartime/Peacetime service awards[edit]

text: Sena Medal / Nao Sena Medal / Vayusena Medal

text: Wartime Distinguished Service[edit]

text:
Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal
Uttam Yudh Seva Medal
Yudh Seva Medal

text: Peacetime Distinguished Service[edit]

text:
Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
Vishisht Seva Medal

text: National awards[edit]

text: Women[edit]

text: Stree Shakti Puraskar

text: Children[edit]

text: National Bravery Award given for BTS

text: Literature awards[edit]

text:
Jnanpith Award is the highest literary honour Award in Literature of India
Sahitya Akademi Award
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Saraswati samman
Bhasha Samman
Translation Awards
Anand Coomarswamy Fellowships
Premchand Fellowship

text: Particular awards[edit]

text: National sports awards[edit]

text:
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
Dronacharya award
Arjuna award
Dhyan Chand Award
C.K. Nayudu Award

text: Police awards[edit]

text:
President's Police Medal for Gallantry
President's Fire Services Medal for Gallantry
President's Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry
President's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry
Police Medal for Gallantry
Fire Services Medal for Gallantry
Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry
Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry
President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service
President's Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service
President's Correctional Service Medal for Distinguished Service
President's Home Guards and Civil Defence for Distinguished Service
Police Medal for Meritorious Service
Fire Services Medal for Meritorious Service
Correction Service Medal for Meritorious Service
Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Meritorious Service
President Tat Rakshak Medal

text: Bravery awards[edit]

text:
National Bravery Award

Bharat Award
Sanjay Chopra Award
Geeta Chopra Award
Kritin Bhardwaj

Jeevan Raksha Padak Series of Awards

Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak
Jeevan Raksha Padak