document_title: Ving Rhames

question_text: who does the voice on the arby's commercial

question_tokens: who does the voice on the arby 's commercial

text: Ving Rhames

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Rhames was born in Harlem, New York City, New York, the son of Reather, a homemaker, and Ernest Rhames, an auto mechanic.[1][2] His parents were raised as sharecroppers in South Carolina.[2][3] He was named after the late NBC journalist, Irving R. Levine.[4]

text: He entered New York's High School of Performing Arts, where he discovered his love of acting. After high school, he studied drama at SUNY Purchase, where fellow acting student Stanley Tucci gave him his nickname "Ving". Rhames later transferred to the Juilliard School's Drama Division (Group 12: 1979–1983)[5] where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1983.[6]

text: Career[edit]

text: Rhames first appeared on Broadway in the play The Boys of Winter in 1984. He started out in film in Wes Craven's The People Under the Stairs (1991) as Leroy; he watched over Kevin Kline as Secret Service agent Duane Stevensen in Dave (1993); and he played Marsellus Wallace in Pulp Fiction (1994).

text: Rhames played Dr. Peter Benton's brother-in-law on the TV medical drama ER, a recurring role he filled for three seasons. He played ace computer hacker Luther Stickell opposite Tom Cruise in Brian De Palma's Mission: Impossible (1996). In 1997 Rhames portrayed the character of Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones in the popular film Con Air. and Muki in the Ice Cube film Dangerous Ground.

text: Rhames won a Golden Globe in 1998 for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film in HBO's Don King: Only in America. At the ceremony Rhames gave his award to fellow nominee Jack Lemmon, saying, "I feel that being an artist is about giving, and I'd like to give this to you." Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture as was the celebrity audience who gave Lemmon a standing ovation. Lemmon, who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames, said it was "one of the nicest, sweetest moments I've ever known in my life." The Hollywood Foreign Press Association announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames. That moment was #98 on E!'s 101 Awesome Moments in Entertainment.[7][8][9] The New York Times lauded Rhames for the act, writing that in doing so he "demonstrated his capacity for abundant generosity."[9]

text: Rhames appeared in Striptease (1996) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Bringing Out the Dead (1999), then reprised his Luther Stickell role for Mission: Impossible 2 (2000). He played Johnnie Cochran in American Tragedy (2000), the ex-con boyfriend of Jodie's mother in the John Singleton film Baby Boy, portrayed a gay drag queen in the television movie Holiday Heart, contributed his voice for the character of Cobra Bubbles in Lilo & Stitch (2002) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in Dawn of the Dead (2004) and Day of the Dead (2008) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for RadioShack, usually performing with Vanessa L. Williams.

text: In March 2005, Rhames played the lead role on a new Kojak series, on the USA Network cable channel (and on ITV4 in the UK). The bald head, lollipops, and "Who loves ya, baby?" catchphrase remained intact, but little else remained from the Savalas original.

text: Rhames voiced the part of Tobias Jones in the computer game Driver 3.

text: Rhames reprised his role in Mission: Impossible III (2006), had a cameo appearance in Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011), and played a major role in the fifth film, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015).[10] He is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to appear in all five Mission: Impossible films. It was announced that he would have a role in the Aquaman-based show Mercy Reef, however due to the integration of The WB and UPN for the new network, CW, Mercy Reef was not picked up. Rhames played a homosexual, possibly also homicidal, firefighter who comes out of the closet in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry. He narrates the BET television series American Gangster.

text: In the 2008 film Saving God, he played an ex-con who is released from prison a changed man looking to take over his father's former church congregation in a deteriorating neighborhood. Rhames stars in Phantom Punch, a biopic of boxer Sonny Liston released directly to DVD as well as The Tournament portraying a fighter out to win a no-rules tournament.

text: Rhames makes an appearance in Ludacris's song "Southern Gangstas" on his album Theater of the Mind. Rappers Playaz Circle and Rick Ross are also featured on the track.

text: In 2010, he filed a lawsuit against the producer of a film titled Red Canvas,[11] claiming that he had only been paid $175,000 of a $200,000 contract.

text: He filmed the movie Submission with Ernie Reyes, Jr. and UFC lightweight contender Gray Maynard and Randy Couture.

text: In 2015, he filmed a series of commercials for The ADT Corporation.

text: Rhames is one of the narrators for UFC.

text: Rhames introduced the New England Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the 2017 Super Bowl LI (51).

text: Rhames's deep voice is the center of many recent (2015-present) Arby's commercials, with the catchline 'Arby's, we have the meats!'

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984
Go Tell It on the Mountain
Young Gabriel Grimes

1986
Native Son
Jack

1988
Patty Hearst
Cinque Mtume

1989
Casualties of War
Lt. Reilly

1990
The Long Walk Home
Herbert Cotter

1990
Jacob's Ladder
George

1991
Flight of the Intruder
CPO Frank McRae

1991
Homicide
Robert Randolph

1991
The People Under the Stairs
Leroy

1992
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot
Mr. Stereo

1993
Blood in Blood Out
Ivan

1993
Dave
Duane Stevenson

1993
The Saint of Fort Washington
Little Leroy

1994
Pulp Fiction
Marsellus Wallace

1994
Drop Squad
Garvey

1995
Kiss of Death
Omar

1996
Mission: Impossible
Luther Stickell

1996
Striptease
Shad

1997
Dangerous Ground
Muki

1997
Rosewood
Mann

1997
Con Air
Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones

1998
Body Count
Pike

1998
Out of Sight
Buddy Bragg

1999
Entrapment
Aaron Thibadeaux
Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Supporting Actor – Action

1999
Bringing Out the Dead
Marcus
Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor

2000
Mission: Impossible 2
Luther Stickell

2001
Baby Boy
Melvin
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor

2001
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within
Ryan Whittaker

2002
Undisputed
George "Iceman" Chambers

2002
Lilo & Stitch
Cobra Bubbles
Voice only

2002
Dark Blue
Arthur Holland
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor

2003
Stitch! The Movie
Cobra Bubbles
Voice only

2003
Sin
Eddie Burns

2004
Dawn of the Dead
Sgt. Kenneth Hall

2005
Back in the Day
Joseph "J-Bone" Brown

2005
Animal
James "Animal" Allen

2005
Shooting Gallery
Cue Ball Carl Bridgers

2006
Mission: Impossible III
Luther Stickell

2006
Idlewild
Spats

2006
Leroy & Stitch
Cobra Bubbles

2007
I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
Fred G. Duncan

2008
Animal 2
James "Animal" Allen

2008
A Broken Life
Vet

2008
Day of the Dead
Capt. Rhodes

2008
Saving God
Armstrong Cane

2008
Phantom Punch
Sonny Liston

2009
Echelon Conspiracy
Agent Dave Grant

2009
The Bridge to Nowhere
Nate

2009
Evil Angel
Carruthers

2009
The Tournament
Joshua Harlow

2009
The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard
Jibby Newsome

2009
Surrogates
The Prophet

2009
Give 'Em Hell, Malone
Boulder

2010
Operation: Endgame
Judgement

2010
Caged Animal
Miles "Cain" Skinner

2010
Master Harold...and the Boys
Sam

2010
Piranha 3D
Deputy Fallon

2010
Red Canvas[11]
Himself

2010
King of the Avenue
Norman De'Sha

2010
Death Race 2
R.H. Weyland

2011
Julia X
The Man

2011
Pimp Bullies
Miguel

2011
Soldiers of Fortune
Grimaud Torneur

2011
The River Murders
Captain Langley

2011
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol
Luther Stickell
Cameo

2011
Zombie Apocalypse
Henry

2012
Mafia
Renzo Wes

2012
Seven Below
Jack

2012
Piranha 3DD
Deputy Fallon

2012
Won't Back Down
Principal Thompson

2013
Death Race 3: Inferno
R.H. Weyland

2013
Force of Execution
Ice Man

2014
Jamesy Boy
Conrad

2015
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Luther Stickell

2017
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Charlie-27
Cameo

2017
The Star
Thaddeus
Voice only

2017
Father Figures
Rod Hamilton

2018
Mission: Impossible 6
Luther Stickell
Filming

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1985
Miami Vice
Georges
Episode: "The Maze"

1986
Crime Story
Hector Lincoln
Episode: "Abrams for the Defense"

1987
Miami Vice
Walker Monroe
Episode: "Child's Play"

1987
Tour of Duty
SP4 Tucker
Episode: "Burn Baby, Burn"

1988
Spenser: For Hire
Henry Brown
Episode: "McAllister"

1989
Men
Charlie Hazard
6 episodes

1989
The Equalizer
Luther Paxton
Episode: "Suicide Squad"

1990
When You Remember Me
Leon
TV film

1994–1996
ER
Walter Robbins
8 episodes

1995
Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning
Detective Artie Brown
TV film

1995
New York Undercover
Max Villareal
Episode: "Olde Thyme Religion"

1995
Deadly Whispers
Det. Jackson
TV film

1997
Don King: Only in America
Don King
TV film
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie

2000
American Tragedy
Johnnie Cochran
TV film

2000
Holiday Heart
Holiday Heart
TV film
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television

2001
UC: Undercover
Quito Real
3 episodes

2002
Sins of the Father
Garrick Jones
TV film
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television

2002
Little John
John Morgan
TV film

2002
RFK
Judge Jones
TV film

2002
The Proud Family
Garrett Krebs
Episode: "A Hero for Halloween"

2002–2003
The District
Attorney General Troy Hatcher
5 episodes

2003
Lilo & Stitch: The Series
Cobra Bubbles
Voice only

2003
Jimmy Neutron
Chief
Episode: "Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion"

2005
Kojak
Theo Kojak
9 episodes
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television

2006
Aquaman
McCaffery
TV pilot

2007
Football Wives
Frank Wallingford
TV pilot

2010
Gravity
Dogg McFee
10 episodes

2011
Black Jack
Black Jack
TV film

2013
Monday Mornings
Dr. Jorge Villanueva
10 episodes

2014
A Day Late and a Dollar Short
Cecil Price
TV film

text:
Video games

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2003
Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma
Luther Stickel
Voice only

2004
Driver 3
Tobias Jones
Voice only

2017
Call of Duty: WWII
Jefferson Potts
Voice only

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.

1998
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in Mini-Series or Motion Picture
Don King: Only in America
Won
[12]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Best Actor in Mini-Series or Movie
Don King: Only in America
Nominated

Acalpulco Black Film Festival
Best Actor
Rosewood
Nominated

Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in Motion Picture
Rosewood
Nominated

Outstanding Actor in Television or Mini-Series
Don King: Only in America
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film
Don King: Only in America
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film
Don King: Only in America
Nominated

2000
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Best Supporting Actor - Action
Entrapment
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Supporting Actor - Comedy or Music
Bringing out the Dead
Nominated

ShoWest Convention
Best Supporting Actor

Won
[13]

2001
Black Reel Awards
Best Actor - Network
Holiday Heart
Nominated

Image Awards
Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture
Mission: Impossible 2
Nominated

Locarno International Film Festival
Special Mention
Baby Boy
Won

2002
Black Reel Awards
Best Supporting Actor
Baby Boy
Nominated

Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
UC: Undercover
Nominated

Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Baby Boy
Nominated

2003
Black Reel Awards
Best Actor - Mini-Series
Sins of the Father
Nominated

Image Awards
Best Supporting Actor - Comedy
The Proud Family
Nominated

Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film
Sins of the Father
Nominated

2004
Black Reel Awards
Best Supporting Actor
Dark Blue
Nominated

2006
Black Reel Awards
Best Actor - Television
Kojak
Nominated

2015
Black Reel Awards
Best Actor - Television
A Day Late and a Dollar Short
Nominated

Image Awards
Best Actor - Television
Nominated


document_title: General Lee (car)

question_text: what car was used in the dukes of hazzard movie

root

text: General Lee (car)

text: History[edit]

text: Although the estimated number of General Lees used varies from different sources, according to former cast member Ben Jones ("Cooter" in the show), as well as builders involved with the show, 325 General Lees were used to film the series. Others claim about 255 were used in the series. Approximately 17 still exist in various states of repair. On average, more than one General Lee was used up per show. When filming a jump, anywhere from 500 to 1,000 pounds (230 to 450 kg) of sand bags or concrete ballast was placed in the trunk to prevent the car from nosing over. Later in the series the mechanics would raise the front end of the car to keep it from scraping against the ramp causing it to lose speed, thereby providing a cushion for the driver upon landing. Stunt drivers report enjoying the flights but hating the landings. Despite the ballast, the landing attitude of the car was somewhat unpredictable, resulting in moderate to extremely violent forces, depending on how it landed. On many of the jumps the cars bent upon impact. All cars used in large jumps were immediately retired due to structural damage.

tag: p

text: Chargers from model-years 1968 & 1969 (no 1970 Chargers were used until the 2005 movie) were sourced and converted to General Lee specifications (taillights, grills, etc.). Despite popular belief, according to all builders involved over the years, obtaining cars was not a problem until later years. By that time, the car was the star of the show and Warner Bros. (WB) moved building of the cars in-house to keep the cars consistent in appearance. Later in the show's run, when it got too hard and/or expensive to continue procuring more Chargers, the producers started using more "jump footage" from previous episodes. In the final season radio-controlled miniatures were occasionally used to the chagrin of several cast members.

text: Episodes 1 through 5 were filmed in the Georgia towns of Covington and Conyers in November and December 1978. Georgia episode cars consisted of six Dodge Chargers. The first General Lees were built by Warner Bros. and shipped to Georgia where John Marendi (picture car coordinator) labeled the first three cars "LEE 1", "LEE 2", and "LEE 3" in no particular order for film editing purposes.

text: LEE 1 was a second unit car with a full roll cage. It is a 383 V8-powered 1969 Charger equipped with air-conditioning, an AM/FM stereo, power steering, and power drum brakes. It was originally painted in code T3 "Light Bronze Metallic" with a tan interior, a black vinyl top and chrome rocker trim. The rocker trim was left on due to previously poor body work on the left quarter panel, the gas cap trim, and wheel well trim were missing so the trim was removed on LEE 2 and 3 to match. It should also be noted that the chrome vinyl top trim was supposed to be removed but since the left quarter panel had been replaced and was very poorly installed the trim had to be left on to hide the body work and as a result most General Lees throughout the series had vinyl top trim. After the now-famous jump over Rosco P. Coltrane's police cruiser by stuntman Craig Baxley, it was stripped of its front seats and 1969-specific grill and taillight panel. LEE 1 was used once more as the "Richard Petty" tire test car in the fourth episode "Repo Men".

text: LEE 2, like LEE 1, was a second unit car with a full roll cage, a 383 V-8, a floor shifted automatic transmission and A/C. Originally painted B5 Blue with a black interior, the interior was repainted tan to match LEE 1 and 3 though its steering wheel remained black. It was used for the opening scene in "One Armed Bandits". In this scene, Bo and Luke were chasing Rosco's police cruiser with the General after Cooter stole it.

text: LEE 3 was the first unit 1 close-up car and the first General Lee built by Warner Brothers; it is seen in the first publicity photos. It was originally a F5 Medium Green Metallic R/T SE (Special Edition) model with a tan vinyl top. It was powered by a 440 Magnum engine with 375 HP, the car weighed 3,671-pound (1,665 kg). LEE 3 was equipped with A/C, power windows, a wood grain dash, and an AM radio. It also had a factory tachometer (which can be seen on "Repo Men"). This car had a tan leather interior and a removable roll bar that allowed installation of a camera for in-car shots. This car was painted 1975 Corvette Flame Red with a special base coat; the base coat was used after they found LEE 1's paint appeared to be blotchy due to the direct application over factory paint, they had first been painted Chrysler code EV2 or "Hemi Orange". Eventually, the first three General Lees started to show visible damage, so the crew had to start making more. The first General Lee built in Georgia was a 1968 Charger converted to look like a 1969; the tail light panel, front grill, and front seats taken from LEE 1 were used. Interiors not originally tan were sprayed with SEM brand "Saddle tan" vinyl dye. The first three Georgia Lees had a set of crossed flags (a Confederate flag and checkered flag) on the panel between the rear window and trunk lid. Although four sets were created, only three were used. They were discontinued due to the continuity of the General Lee graphics, making it one less thing to be used. The three surviving cars went back to California and had the crossed flags removed upon reconditioning. The wheels were generally 14-by-7-inch (36 cm × 18 cm) American Racing brand "Vectors" throughout the show (with Carroll Shelby center caps) and were mainly mounted on P235/70R14 B. F. Goodrich Radial T/A tires with the blackwall side facing out.

text: LEE 1 was sold to professional golfer Bubba Watson at the 2012 Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale auction for US$110,000 (US$121,000 after buyer premium).[1][2][3][4]

text: The Veluzat era[edit]

text: Andre and Renaud Veluzat built General Lees for WB from the second season into the fourth season. Viewers can also see two "Georgia" cars used often up into the early second season. LEE 3 and a specially caged car never appearing (but built) in Georgia were used heavily in early California episodes. The Veluzats were somewhat inconsistent in how they built the cars, so this is when the most variations from specification are found. The paint was GM code 70, Flame Red (still orange, just the name of the color), but there does appear to be some variance here: interiors were mostly dyed brown and occasionally SEM Saddle Tan. According to some sources, the Veluzats charged WB $250 a week per car for rental and a lump sum of $2000 to $3000 upon destruction of the vehicles; this included police cars. WB mechanics had to maintain the cars at company expense.

text: The money generated by building General Lees financed the Veluzat family project of restoring Gene Autry's Melody Ranch; it had burned in the 1960s. This ranch is where many classic Western films were shot, as well as the television series Gunsmoke. Today, it is a fully functional movie ranch where shows such as HBO's Deadwood are filmed.

text: The Warner Brothers era[edit]

text: By 1983, Warner Brothers turned total control of building General Lees to a man named Ken Fritz. Fritz didn't have the job long before he too was fired and at this point Warner Brothers moved full production in-house. The General Lee was now the highlight of the series, and WB received enormous amounts of Lee-specific fan mail that nit-picked the inconsistencies of the cars. Because of the fame of General Lee, WB had their staff mechanics build the cars to a specific appearance, even underneath. All graphics had to meet specifications, all side markers and rocker panel chrome trim were removed; and roll bars and push bars had to meet an exact specification. However, some changes were made before the specifications were laid out: The push bar became wider, the interior became a light beige color, and the roll bars were covered in black foam padding. During this period, the only way to distinguish the 1968 conversions from the 1969 originals is by the shape of the dashboard padding.

text: As the WB era rolled on, finding the cars became difficult: Piper Cubs were hired to perform aerial searches for 1968, 1969, and 1970 Chargers amongst the populace; the jumped cars were now no longer scrapped after one jump if deemed salvageable, and were repaired and used until they could no longer function; and, as last resort, miniature radio-controlled models were also brought in toward the end of the series to replace most of the big jump stunts, thereby saving more cars—something that proved unpopular with many episode directors (including Tom Wopat) who felt that the models did not look realistic. By this time, there was also a rivalry for "TV's greatest car" with the Knight Rider series, leading to the models being used more and more for greater jumps to try to out-do that series. Taking full control also saved some money, as now WB had the ability to buy cars, recondition them, and use them without paying daily rental fees.

text: The General Lee from The Dukes of Hazzard feature film[edit]

text: At the beginning of the movie, the General was a faded orange with a hand-painted "01" on the doors, black steel wheels, standard front bumper, and no Confederate Naval Flag. Midway through the film, Cooter repairs the General after it is vandalized by Boss Hogg's hirelings. He repaints it a bright Hemi orange and adds the well-known trademarks (American Racing "Vector" 10-spoke "turbine" wheels, octagonal "01", black grille guard, Confederate flag on the roof, "Dixie" horn, and "General Lee" above the door window openings).

text: The movie General not only flies and makes controlled landings, but also drifts with the aid of professional drifter Rhys Millen. During jump scenes, some stunt cars were propelled under their own power by stunt drivers; others had their engines and transmissions removed. The engineless Chargers were then launched without drivers by a gas-driven catapult similar in principle to those used on aircraft carriers. Approximately 24 1968 to 1970 Chargers were used in the film.

text: Unlike the television show era Lees, the movie cars used aftermarket graphic kits. The movie gave them new credibility and is no longer considered to be an inaccurate choice. Otherwise, except for the white letters on the Goodrich "Radial T/A" tires, the exterior of the movie's "close-up" General Lees varied little from the television show cars. The paint was "Hemi Orange" (an American Motors Corporation color) rather than Corvette "Flame Red"; the interior headliner was black instead of tan, an actual roll cage was used; a three-spoke Grant wood-trimmed steering wheel replaced the standard wheel, an AM/FM stereo radio with Compact Disc player was installed in the dashboard; and the interiors were a custom color vinyl fabric made to look like the dye/paint used in the later eras of the TV show. One still can differentiate the 1968 Chargers by looking at the dash pad, but now 1970 Chargers were thrown in the mix. The cars somewhat resembled a late 1990s to early 2000s (decade) General Lee clone, but the overall flavor of the General Lee is still obvious. On all of the cars, the back-up lights and side marker lenses were removed, the openings filled in.

text: Eleven of the cars used for the movie had been purchased from the Luedtke Auto Group. Many of the cars had been cut up to allow for inside camera views.

text: General Lee number 020 was the drift car used in the drifting scene around Lee Circle and was also the car racing the black Shelby at the end of the movie. It was the only 4-speed equipped cars and was the backup to car #005. The car contains a unique emergency brake handle near the shifter that allowed the stunt driver quick access to locking the rear brakes at will. Though it did sustain some damage during filming, it is fully road worthy and is privately owned by Troy Martinson in Minnesota.[citation needed]

text: Two of the General Lees (a 1969 R/T SE and a 1970 made to appear as a 1969) were temporarily sold to Warner Brothers by Everett "J.R." Barton of Wichita, Kansas, for $1.00 each then sold back to him for $1.25. They were picked up from him in Wichita and were transported to Baton Rouge, both in driving condition. The 1970 (made to 1969) car then had the engine removed, got the General Lee treatment then weight added to balance the car for the main Freeway jump. One other car was used before this car. The first one landed hard on its nose, broke, and careened right into the guardrail. Given its problematic landing it was not used for that scene. Mr. Barton's car, number 127, was then used for that scene. It was launched from a catapult system, much like that used on aircraft carriers. It flew the farthest of all the jumps in the film and truly did survive. This is the car that made that jump in the film. After the filming the cars were returned to Everett. Everett then put a motor back in the car and even in its jumped condition had driven it in a couple of parades. After keeping the car for 8 years, he sold it to an individual that plans to have it restored to show quality. It will be restored from the men on the TV show Graveyard Cars.[citation needed]

text: Smallville homage[edit]

text: Early in the fifth-season episode "Exposed" of the television series Smallville, former Dukes of Hazzard co-star Tom Wopat (Luke Duke), playing Kansas Senator Jack Jennings, old friend of Jonathan Kent, played by John Schneider (Bo Duke), fishtails his car into the Kent farmyard. The car is a 1968 Dodge Charger R/T, painted blue instead of orange, and lacking the General Lee's distinctive insignia.

text: General Lee TV commercials[edit]

text: In 2014 the General Lee was featured in a commercial spot for AutoTrader.[5] The commercial featured the General Lee with Dukes of Hazzard stars John Schneider and Tom Wopat. The Duke's theme song "Good Ole Boys" can be heard playing during the commercial. The video was released on June 6, 2014.

text: 2015 Confederate flag controversy[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the 2015 Charleston, South Carolina shooting deaths, there was a backlash against the Confederate battle flag, due to the flag's historical associations with treason, racism, slavery, and white supremacy.[6][7] In response, Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. announced they would halt production of General Lee toy cars.[8] Ben Jones criticized the move, stating, "I think all of Hazzard Nation understands that the Confederate battle flag is the symbol that represents the indomitable spirit of independence which keeps us 'makin' our way the only way we know how.'"[9] John Schneider responded by stating, "I take exception to those who say that the flag on the General Lee should always be considered a symbol of racism. Is the flag used as such in other applications? Yes, but certainly not on the Dukes."[10]

text: On July 2, 2015, golfer Bubba Watson, current owner of LEE 1, announced via Twitter that he would be painting over the Confederate flag on the car's roof.[11][12] Watson's announcement prompted Brian Grams, director of the Volo Auto Museum, to offer to purchase Watson's General Lee, citing how Watson's car was significant because it was used in the show's first season and would be worthy of inclusion in the museum's collection. His offer was turned down.[13]

text: Engines[edit]

text: Engines in the TV show General Lees varied; they used 318, 383, and 440-cubic-inch engines. None of the TV series cars had the 426 Hemi, although in the 2005 The Dukes of Hazzard motion picture, Cooter replaced the "General's" original engine with a Chrysler 426 Hemi engine. However, the "close-up" Lees (except for the first one) were 383-powered. The special purpose built "Ski Car" (the car that was used for stunts involving driving on the left side or right side wheels with the opposite side wheels in the air) had a 318, as it was lighter weight. Most of the 'workhorse' stunt cars had 383s and 440s. The stunt drivers tended to prefer 440s (a higher performance engine) for jumps, so 440-powered stunt Lees were often saved for the higher bobby and longer jumps. Also, though early sound effects led many people to believe otherwise, only a handful of Chargers had manual transmissions; most had 727 TorqueFlite automatic transmissions.

text: Exit and entry[edit]

text: The General Lee, except in the beginning of the movie, does not have opening doors. In the TV series, it is explained that racing cars have their doors welded shut, and this was often used for comedic effect when Uncle Jesse or Boss Hogg required help to squeeze through the window (WB stopped welding the doors for time crams). (In one episode, Sheriff Rosco hires a bounty hunter (Jason Steele in the show) to create a fake General Lee and trick the Dukes into driving it, at which point he promptly orders their arrest for auto theft. The fake car was easily identified because its doors opened.) This was not at first planned but while filming the first chase (where Bo and Luke are chasing Cooter in Rosco's car) the passenger's door handle was damaged (when it hit the mail boxes) and couldn't be opened from the outside, so Tom Wopat (Luke) climbed though the window and the director loved the move so much he had John Schneider (Bo) climb in too, this is why only LEE 1 and 2 had full roll cages and all other General Lees only had a roll bar (this made it easier for the actors to get in and out).[citation needed] In the movie, the car has been repaired after being trashed, but the doors could not be fixed fast enough. The driver and passenger must slide in the window (as in NASCAR). For a running entry, Bo and Luke also slide over the hood rather than walk around the front of the car. However, in the prequel The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning, the left door was welded shut while the right one was not.

text: Exhaust systems[edit]

text: Exhaust systems were basic: some had glasspack mufflers, but most had standard exhausts with the pipe cut just before the rear end. The exhaust sound that can be heard on most of the California-era episode General Lees is from a Thrush brand glasspack. The sounds came from the exhaust systems fitted to the "close-up" cars; the parts used were Blackjack brand headers, dual exhausts, and the aforementioned Thrush mufflers. However, the sounds were dubbed in after the scene was filmed.

text: Tires[edit]

text: [14]Tires used on the General Lee varied, but the best known make and model was the B.F. Goodrich Radial T/A. The most common size was P235/70R14; P235/70R15 was also used. Winston Winners were also used.


document_title: Commonwealth of England

question_text: who was crowned king after a period of commonwealth rule in england

text: Commonwealth of England

text:
Commonwealth of England

1649–1653

Arms

Territory claimed by the Commonwealth in 1653

Capital
London

Government
Commonwealth

Legislature
Parliament

History

 •
Declaration
19 May 1649

 •
Instrument of Government
16 December 1653

Preceded by
Succeeded by

Kingdom of England

Kingdom of Ireland

Protectorate (Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland)

tag: table

text: Rump Parliament[edit]

text: The Rump was created by Pride's Purge of those members of the Long Parliament who did not support the political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army. Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. With the abolition of the monarchy, Privy Council and the House of Lords, it had unchecked executive and legislative power. The English Council of State, which replaced the Privy Council, took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy. It was selected by the Rump, and most of its members were MPs. However, the Rump depended on the support of the Army with which it had a very uneasy relationship. After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. It declared the people of England "and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging" to be henceforth under the governance of a "Commonwealth",[3] effectively a republic.

text: Structure[edit]

text: In Pride's Purge, all members of parliament (including most of the political Presbyterians) who would not accept the need to bring the King to trial had been removed. Thus the Rump never had more than two hundred members (less than half the number of the Commons in the original Long Parliament). They included: supporters of religious independents who did not want an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the Levellers; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the King; and later admissions, such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King.

text: Most Rumpers were gentry, though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than one-quarter of them were regicides. This left the Rump as basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them.

text: Issues and achievements[edit]

text: For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland. By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats.

text: There were many disagreements amongst factions of the Rump. Some wanted a republic, but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government. Most of England's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal government made up of regicides and upstarts. However, they were also aware that the Rump might be all that stood in the way of an outright military dictatorship. High taxes, mainly to pay the Army, were resented by the gentry. Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals.

text: Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution, and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, France and Spain had recognised England's new government.

text: Reforms[edit]

text: Though the Church of England was retained, episcopacy was suppressed and the Act of Uniformity 1558 was repealed in September 1650.[4] Mainly on the insistence of the Army, many independent churches were tolerated, although everyone still had to pay tithes to the established church.

text: Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure; for example, all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin.[5] However, there were no widespread reforms of the common law. This would have upset the gentry, who regarded the common law as reinforcing their status and property rights.

text: The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people's moral behaviour, such as closing down theatres and requiring strict observance of Sunday. This antagonised most of the gentry.

text: Dismissal[edit]

text: Cromwell, aided by Thomas Harrison, forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England's only legitimate constitutional authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell, and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War—the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent (11 May 1641) – gave them the legal basis for this view.

text: Barebone's Parliament, July–December 1653[edit]

text: The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone. Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election, but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a 'nominated assembly' which he believed would be easy for the Army to control, since Army officers did the nominating.

text: Barebone's Parliament was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentry as being an assembly of 'inferior' people. However, over 110 of its 140 members were lesser gentry or of higher social status. (An exception was Praise-God Barebone, a Baptist merchant after whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname.) Many were well educated.

text: The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it. The Radicals (approximately forty) included a hard core of Fifth Monarchists who wanted to be rid of Common Law and any state control of religion. The Moderates (approximately 60) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue. The Conservatives (approximately 40) wanted to keep the status quo (since Common Law protected the interests of the gentry, and tithes and advowsons were valuable property).

text: Cromwell saw Barebone's Parliament as a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. However, members were divided over key issues, only 25 had previous parliamentary experience, and although many had some legal training, there were no qualified lawyers.

text: Cromwell seems to have expected this group of 'amateurs' to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. Barebone's Parliament was over.

text: The Protectorate, 1653–1659[edit]

text: Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament, was divided in two by The Protectorate when the executive was vested in a Lord Protector, who governed under a written constitution that mandated that the Lord Protector summon triennial parliaments that should sit for several months each year.

text: In 1653, Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector under England's first written constitution Instrument of Government, and then under the second and last written constitution, known as the Humble Petition and Advice of 1657.

text: On 12 April 1654, under the terms of the Tender of Union, the Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England was issued by the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland, General George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government" and decreed that a new "Arms of the Commonwealth", incorporating the Saltire, should be placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" as "a badge of this Union".[7][1]

text: On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, inherited the title Lord Protector, but internal divisions among the republican party led to his resignation, the end of the Protectorate and a second period of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament.

text:
Commonwealth of England

1659–1660

Arms

Territory of the Commonwealth in 1660

Capital
London

Government
Commonwealth

Legislature
Parliament

History

 •
R. Cromwell's resignation
25 May 1659

 •
Declaration of Breda
4 April 1660

Preceded by
Succeeded by

Protectorate (Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland)

Kingdom of England

Kingdom of Ireland

Kingdom of Scotland

text: The Protectorate might have continued if Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the New Model Army.

text: After seven months the Grandees in the New Model Army removed him and, on 6 May 1659, they reinstalled the Rump Parliament. Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. On 9 June he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. However, his power was undermined in parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the pre–Civil War parliament. On 12 October 1659 the Commons cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On 26 October a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a large force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms.

text: It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. On 21 February 1660, Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament 'secluded' by Pride, so that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March Lambert was sent to the Tower, from which he escaped a month later. Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "Good Old Cause" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. But he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a regicide who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. The Long Parliament dissolved itself on 16 March.

text: On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by Monck, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649.[8] Charles returned from exile on 23 May.[9] He entered London on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day.[10] He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.[9]

text: Flags of the Commonwealth[edit]

text:
A flag used by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Navy and privateers beginning on 22 February 1649.[11]

A flag of the Commonwealth flown by the Admiral, Vice-Admiral, and Rear-Admiral. On 5 March 1649 the Council ordered "that the Flagg that is to be borne by the Admiral, Vice-Admiral, and Rere-Admiral be that now presented, viz., the Armes of England [Red St. George Cross on white] and Ireland [gold harp on blue] in two severall Escotcheons in a Red Flagg, within a compartment."

Standard of the Lord Protector from 1655 to 1659.[12]

A flag used by the Commonwealth after 1658.[12]

tag: ul


document_title: The King of Queens

question_text: who plays carrie's sister on king of queens

question_tokens: who plays carrie 's sister on king of queens

text: The King of Queens

text: Plot[edit]

text: Doug and Carrie Heffernan are a working class couple living at "3121 Aberdeen Street" in Rego Park, Queens, New York,[4] along with Carrie's father, Arthur Spooner.[5] Doug works for the fictional International Parcel Service (IPS) as a delivery driver, while Carrie works as a secretary in Manhattan, first for a law firm and later for a real estate firm. Their lives are complicated by the demands of Arthur,  so much so that they eventually hire Holly, a professional dog walker, to spend time with him as she walks dogs in the park.

text: Also featured on the show are Doug's friends Deacon Palmer, Spence Olchin and Richie Iannucci, as well as Doug's cousin Danny Heffernan. Deacon's wife Kelly is Carrie's best friend.

text: Most scenes take place in the Heffernans' home, but other common locations include Doug and Carrie's workplaces, the restaurant "Cooper's" and the residences of friends and family. While locations seen during the theme-song were filmed in areas surrounding New York, the series was filmed in California.

text: The show begins after Doug and Carrie have already married, and how they met is slightly unclear due to continuity issues. In one flashback episode, "Meet By-Product", Doug meets Carrie when he is a bouncer at a nightclub that Carrie attends. However, in another episode, "Road Rayge", Carrie reflects on a song that she says Doug asked her to dance to when they were in junior high school. In a later episode, it was implied that they all went to high school together, as Kelly and Carrie were said to have slept with the same guy neither husband knew of until the day of the guy's wedding.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Doug Heffernan (played by Kevin James) is an average parcel delivery man with a smart-aleck personality. Doug never hesitates to protest his grievances intensely. Doug's birth date is February 9, 1965. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (unbeknownst to him until the season 5 episode "Dog Shelter"). Some of his misadventures are fueled by his love of food. These basic desires sometimes cause him to think of strange, intricate schemes in order to get what he wants, although they usually fall through in the end, causing constant arguments between Doug and Carrie. Doug's tendency to give in to his temptations, despite promising Carrie otherwise, is another common cause of disagreements. He generally enjoys the simple pleasures of watching sports and playing poker with his friends.
Carrie Heffernan (played by Leah Remini) is Doug's sardonic wife. She has a quick-temper and is occasionally physically abusive to Doug. She has been characterized as scary by Holly and Doug, particularly when she is angry. During a flashback, Carrie concludes that she is happier (she describes herself as never being truly happy) when others are miserable. She never finished college and is employed as a hard-working legal secretary. Her constant attempts to make her relationship with Doug more romantic and meaningful cause Doug frustration, as he prefers a simple life with as few restrictions as possible. The more quick-witted and adventurous of the couple, Carrie often pushes Doug to make more of himself and improve his morals, but she can be just as immoral as he is. Although Carrie scolds Doug for his selfish behavior, she has proven to be selfish as well at times, with little patience for others' problems or tolerance for their quirks. Carrie's best friend is Deacon's wife, Kelly Palmer.
Arthur Spooner (played by Jerry Stiller) is Carrie's widowed father, who has been married three times. His fourth marriage is to Spence's mother (played by Anne Meara, Stiller's real-life wife) during the final season. Arthur is the classic oddball of the family. He lives in the basement of the Heffernan house because he accidentally set fire to his own uninsured home, burning it to the ground in the pilot episode. Very volatile, Arthur is mostly known for his incoherent, irascible outbursts. He tells a lot of questionable stories of what he claims he has been through in his past. Arthur regularly causes chaos in the Heffernan household and gets on Doug's and Carrie's nerves. And, although he and Doug have a bitter rivalry in some episodes, he still approves of Doug, regardless. They sometimes have trouble finding time alone because Arthur tends to get in the way. Arthur also tries to cause trouble with Doug's friends. He especially bullies Spence but also (unsuccessfully) tries it on Deacon, who often refers to him as "the old man".

text:
Deacon John Palmer (played by Victor Williams) is Doug's best friend and co-worker. Towering in height and athletic, Deacon is a year and a few weeks younger than Doug, but the more mature of the two, in addition to being the classic "family man". Deacon and his wife Kelly have two sons, named Major and Kirby. He is often seen hanging out with Doug, whether it is on their lunch break, over the weekend, or for a family gathering. Although he often experiences relationship problems, Deacon always has time to relax and have fun. He will often help Doug plan elaborate schemes to fool Carrie, but he rarely likes to get involved in the scheme himself. Deacon attended St. John's University in Queens, where he received two bachelor's degrees, one in art history and one in music.[citation needed]  In the first-season episode "Best Man", Deacon mentions having served in the National Guard. He also volunteers as a big brother.
Spencer "Spence" Olchin (played by Patton Oswalt) is another friend of Doug's and the nerd of the group. He tends to be paranoid with fragile health and takes an interest in science fiction, fantasy movies, and comic book conventions—interests that his friends do not share. Spence's birthday is February 14. He is of Albanian heritage, and works as a subway token booth clerk. He moved to the New York area from rural West Virginia. In one episode, he is a "house boy" for Deacon and Kelly. His character is based largely on the actor who plays him, Patton Oswalt. Spence demonstrates intelligence and competence in a variety of pursuits, but he is haunted by his family history, his intimidating and troubled mother, and his inability to protect himself. Numerous episodes mention that Spence is asthmatic (a burden he shares with Danny) and allergic to peanuts (however, in the episode "Richie's Song" he is seen eating Peanut M&M's out of Doug's vehicle). In the season eight episode "Hartford Wailer", Spence is said to be from Ottawa. He has a Pug named Alan. In the series' penultimate episode, "Single Spaced", Spence shows interest in romancing Carrie when it appears she and Doug will divorce.
Richard "Richie" Iannucci (seasons 1–3; played by Larry Romano) is one of Doug's closest friends. He and Doug were roommates before Doug married Carrie (shown in the episode "Meet By-Product"). He was quietly written out of the show in season three so Romano could work on another sitcom (Kristin). During that season, he only appeared in one episode, called "Paint Misbehavin".  He mostly addressed Doug as "Moose". Richie was known as the ladies' man among Doug's friends, even admitting to sleeping with Doug's sister. Richie is an FDNY firefighter. He is also somewhat of a con artist. His last appearance on the show was in the episode "Paint Misbehavin'", in which he has sex (offscreen) with Doug's sister Stephanie (Ricki Lake) and afterwards she promises to call him, although she has no intention to. He was also briefly seen in a few clips during the flashback montage at the end of the series finale.
Daniel "Danny" Heffernan (played by Gary Valentine) is Doug's cousin, and he is also seen hanging out with Doug, Deacon and Spence. In the show's early seasons Doug has a negative view of Danny bordering on hate due to the latter's overeagerness to spend time with the former, but at the end of "S'no Job", they become friends and co-workers and regularly hang out along with Deacon and Spence. Danny even becomes Spence's roommate in a small apartment. The two fight like a married couple, and many of the jokes revolve around what looks to their friends like a romantic relationship. At one point, they legally marry in order to get a free TV from a sales pitch for which only married couples are eligible. Danny also used to own a pizza place, and he is divorced from a woman named Eva. He once had the nickname "Stumpy", which was given to him by Doug. Episodes "Silent Mite" and "Paint Misbehavin'" reveal that Danny has asthma and uses an inhaler. Gary Valentine and Kevin James are brothers in real life. They both created last names for acting. Valentine is their father's middle name.
Holly Shumpert (seasons 3–9; played by Nicole Sullivan) is a polite, yet timid dog-walker who along with the Heffernans lives in Queens, where she was hired by Doug and Carrie to walk Arthur. She is often seen arriving at the Heffernan house to pick up Arthur but is also a family friend of the Heffernans. She is often viewed as strange because of her habits, the men she dates and her habit of overdrinking, to which she openly confesses. Holly is a gentle soul, especially as she puts up with Arthur's antics, and is kind to Carrie despite the fact that Carrie often mistreats her. Holly was written out of the series at the beginning of season eight, but she later returned, pregnant, for one last appearance in the series finale ("China Syndrome"). Sullivan appeared as a different character in the season 3 episode "Pregnant Pause".
Sara Spooner (season 1; played by Lisa Rieffel) is Carrie's younger half-sister, an irresponsible aspiring actress. She appears in only five of the first six episodes. She was only mentioned one other time (although not by name) in episode 52 ("Roast Chicken") by Doug as an excuse to his boss to get out of performing a roast. After the show became more popular, Kevin James was asked to explain what happened to Sara during an interview. According to James, the producers could not think of any storylines to develop Rieffel's character, so she was discontinued. During the pilot she was on camera for roughly half the episode. However, in the other episodes in which she was included, her character did not have much to say or do. Subsequent dialogue suggests that Sara Spooner never existed, and that Carrie is an only child.  (The disappearance of her character, coupled with the show's subsequent contention that the character never existed, is an example of the "Chuck Cunningham Syndrome".)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Kelly Palmer, Deacon's wife (played by Merrin Dungey) is Carrie's best friend. She has two children with Deacon. Kelly and Deacon experience some serious relationship problems, much more serious than the petty arguments between Doug and Carrie. On one occasion, Deacon mentions being hit in the head with a frying pan. She was absent from the show in 2002 because she needed to take a break from the series; during this period, her character was estranged from Deacon and engaged in a brief affair.
Lou Ferrigno (seasons 3–9; himself) is the actor known for his role as The Incredible Hulk. Ferrigno and his wife are neighbors of the Heffernans. A running gag on the series is that the neighbors (including the Heffernans) are fascinated by him and it gets on his nerves. Lou does not like people telling him Hulk jokes. Other characters often make reference to his previous role as the Hulk. For example, at one point Doug is angry and Lou tries to calm him down; Doug retorts with the famous line from the Hulk series "Don't make me angry; you wouldn't like me when I am angry". Also, in the episode "Gym Neighbors", it is revealed that he has a video game addiction.
Supervisor Patrick O'Boyle (seasons 3–9; played by Sam McMurray) is section supervisor for the fictional International Parcel Service. He is Doug's boss and friend throughout most of the show, whom he mostly refers to as "Heffernan". He is in most IPS scenes throughout the show. He is also a recovering alcoholic and gambling addict.  A character named Supervisor Jack O'Boyle (played by John F. O'Donohue) appears in an episode from season one ("White Collar", 1999).
Raymond "Ray" Barone (seasons 1, 2 & 8; 5 episodes; played by Ray Romano) is Doug's Long Island friend. Romano and James appearing on each other's shows was part of a network program crossover, as CBS aired both Everybody Loves Raymond and  The King of Queens. Romano's appearance was successful enough to warrant all other lead characters (Patricia Heaton, Brad Garrett, Doris Roberts, and Peter Boyle) to appear as their respective characters as well. Appropriately, the four episodes featuring Romano contained "Ray" in their titles ("Road Rayge", "Rayny Day", "Dire Strayts", and "Raygin' Bulls").
Doug Pruzan (season 2–6; played by Alex Skuby) is Carrie's boss and a lawyer at a Manhattan law firm.
Veronica Olchin (season 1; played by Grace Zabriskie, seasons 5–9  played by Anne Meara) Spence's mother. She is portrayed by Zabriske in her first appearance in "S'aint Valentines", but portrayed by Meara for the rest of the series. Veronica has an on-again/off-again relationship with Arthur, who is portrayed by Meara's real-life husband, Jerry Stiller. Meara had previously appeared in "S'aint Valentines" as a woman who flirts with Arthur. Arthur and Veronica marry in the series finale, but divorced a year later.

text: Series background[edit]

text: Based on the lives of blue-collar couple Doug and Carrie Heffernan, The King of Queens debuted on CBS on September 21, 1998. During its run, it brought in solid ratings (usually ranking in the Top 40) for the most part and was a Monday night staple, competing with shows such as the long-running drama 7th Heaven.  In 2003, when scheduled against The West Wing and Nanny 911, it began to drop in the ratings. The final episode aired on May 14, 2007. The series was shot at Sony Pictures Studios' Stage 28 in Culver City, California.[6] The character of Arthur was conceived with Jerry Stiller in mind, but he initially turned down the role. Veteran comedian Jack Carter was then cast and a pilot was shot. Soon afterward, Stiller changed his mind and took the part, which required re-shooting of scenes featuring Carter.[7]

text: The King of Queens was partly inspired by the classic television sitcom The Honeymooners, as the characters of Doug and Carrie are based on the Kramden couple, with similar mannerisms and deadpan expressions. In a 2001 episode of the show ("Inner Tube"), the show pays homage to The Honeymooners, as a distraught Doug dreams that he is Ralph Kramden, his wife Carrie is Alice Kramden, and his friend Deacon is Ed Norton. The sequence was filmed in black-and-white and the audio quality (including the audience) matches a 1950s style.[8]

text: Theme song and opening sequences[edit]

text: The season one main opening was a simple eight-second sequence which showed the window of a subway train with moving through and quickly stopping at the original show logo, which then peeled off to reveal the names of the show's creators.

text: Starting with season two, the show added a new theme song called "Baby All My Life I Will Be Driving Home to You", which was written by series writers Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa, composed by Jonathan Wolff and Scott Clausen, and performed by Billy Vera and the Beaters. An instrumental version was used as the closing theme during season two, but was replaced in season three with a new closing theme composed by Kurt Farquhar.

text: The opening credits from seasons two through nine featured an opening shot of Doug getting into an IPS truck, which then cuts to a long shot of an elevated subway station, (Which is the 111 Street Station on the IRT Flushing Line which is  on the 7 Line of the New York City Subway) where he drives under the subway station onto which the show's logo is digitally placed, as if it's a street sign. It then cuts to scenes of Doug, Carrie and Arthur spending time around Queens. In the season two sequence, Kevin James' starring credit was placed over a shot of the Brooklyn Bridge with the Manhattan skyline, but was re-edited after the September 11 attacks that felled the World Trade Center. Two short versions of the sequence exist: in original airings where the opening was shortened due to time constraints and in some syndicated airings, the opening featured the shot of the IPS truck going under the bridge, then to the final shot of the credits where Doug and Carrie get ices at the Lemon Ice King of Corona on 108th St in Queens. The second version used in U.S. syndicated airings since 2007 simply features the first eight seconds of the full sequence with the opening establishing shots of Queens placed before the truck scene. In syndicated airings of season one episodes that have aired in the U.S. since the fall of 2007, this version replaced the standard season one sequence in all episodes for unknown reasons.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: During the first season, The King of Queens, on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series was critiqued by two critics, with an approval rating of 50%, based on the 2 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. Maryann Johnson of Flick Filospher critiqued, "Obvious and distasteful, King of Queens relies too heavily on class and gender stereotypes to elicit laughs in the same way that one pulls teeth." Clint Morris of FilmThreat lauded the series, praising star Kevin James as "one of the funniest guys to grace the TV tube since Bill Cosby."[10] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score 51 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally mixed reviews".[11]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Emmy Awards[edit]

text: In 2006, Kevin James received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of Doug Heffernan.

text:
TV Season

Award

Category

Nominee

Episode

Result

2005–2006

Emmy Award

Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

Kevin James

"Pole Lox"

Nominated

text: The Emmy was won by Tony Shalhoub for his performance on Monk.

text: BMI Awards[edit]

text: In addition, The King of Queens received several BMI Awards during its prime-time run. The series won BMI Awards in the "TV Music Award" category in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004. These awards were presented to Kurt Farquhar, Josh Goldsmith, Andrew Gross, and Cathy Yuspa.

text: Nominations[edit]

text: The King of Queens was additionally nominated for the 2007 and 2008 People's Choice Awards 'Favorite TV Comedy' award during its final two seasons. In 2004 Scott Heineman and Mark Waters (director) were nominated by the Art Directors Guild for the 'Excellence in Production Design Award'. Victor Williams was nominated in 2007 for 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series' by the NAACP Image Awards.[12]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show is currently in syndication worldwide and airs on TBS and TV Land in the United States.[13][14] Both networks air the show with a TV-PG rating. As of 2018, TV Land airs the program primarily in late night (11 PM Eastern time), while TBS has relegated the series to early Sunday mornings.

text: Internationally, the series airs on 111 Greats and Eleven in Australia, and on TVTropolis and OMNI in Canada. In Sweden, Germany, Ireland, Romania, Denmark, the UK and Poland it runs on the ComedyCentral network. In April 2014, the show began running weekdays on Channel 4 at 7:35am in the UK and Ireland.[15]. In 2017, it began running again in Austria on Puls4, weekdays from about 1 P.M.-2P.M.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
In Region 1, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all nine seasons of The King of Queens on DVD in the USA and Canada.
In Region 2, Paramount Home Entertainment has released all nine seasons on DVD in the UK.[16] The series has also been released in Germany by Koch Media, all nine seasons have been released.
In Region 4, Paramount Home Entertainment has released all nine seasons on DVD in Australia.[17]

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Dates

Region 1 (US)
Region 1 (CAN)
Region 2 (UK)
Region 2 (Germany)
Region 4 (Australia)

The Complete First Season
25 (3 discs)
November 18, 2003
August 11, 2009
January 29, 2007
November 26, 2004
January 11, 2007

The Complete Second Season
25 (3 discs)
April 20, 2004
August 11, 2009
July 9, 2007
March 31, 2005
July 12, 2007

The Complete Third Season
25 (3 discs)
February 22, 2005
August 11, 2009
September 15, 2008
September 2, 2005
July 31, 2008

The Complete Fourth Season
25 (3 discs)
June 14, 2005
January 5, 2010
February 9, 2009
December 2, 2005
January 15, 2009

The Complete Fifth Season
25 (3 discs)
June 20, 2006
January 5, 2010
May 18, 2009
May 26, 2006
May 7, 2009

The Complete Sixth Season
24 (3 discs)
September 19, 2006
January 5, 2010
July 13, 2009
November 24, 2006
August 6, 2009[18]

The Complete Seventh Season
22 (3 discs)
January 16, 2007
November 9, 2010[19]
March 22, 2010
March 9, 2007
April 1, 2010

The Complete Eighth Season
23 (3 discs)
May 1, 2007
November 9, 2010[20]
June 21, 2010
August 24, 2007
June 3, 2010

The Complete Ninth Season
13  (2 discs)
September 25, 2007
November 9, 2010[21]
September 20, 2010
October 19, 2007
September 16, 2010

The Complete Series Box Set
207 (27 discs)
November 6, 2007
TBA
May 7, 2012
March 7, 2008[22]
TBA

text: Blu-ray releases[edit]

text: Seasons two[23] and three[24] were released on Blu-ray Disc by Koch Media on November 21, 2008. They are presented with 1080i/25fps VC-1 video, 2.0 DTS audio tracks in both English and German with German subtitles optional. They include the same extras as the DVD releases from Koch Media. Even though they are only released in Germany and Austria, they are not region locked.

text: On March 26, 2015, Koch Media released the whole series on Blu-ray in HD.[25] The complete box set is distributed for Region B/2.[26]


document_title: Ex on the Beach

question_text: where is ex on the beach season 8 filmed

text: Ex on the Beach

text: Series[edit]

text:
Year
Series
Predominant Location
Number of Episodes
Average MTV viewers 1

2014

Series 1

Marbella, Spain

8

764,000

2015

Series 2

Marbella, Spain

8

712,000

Series 3

Cancun, Mexico

10

777,000

2016

Series 4

Algarve, Portugal

8

896,000

Series 5

Koh Samui, Thailand

10

800,000

2017

Series 6

Crete, Greece

10

805,000

Series 7

Bali, Indonesia

10

525,000

2018

Series 8

Marbella, Spain

8

484,000

Series 9

Cancun, Mexico

12

TBA

text: Series 1 (2014)[edit]

text: The first series of the show was announced in February 2014[1] and premiered on MTV on 22 April 2014.[2] The series ran for eight episodes and concluded on 10 June 2014. The official list of cast members was released on 13 March 2014 and includes four single boys: Ashley Cain, Jack Lomax, Liam Lewis and Marco Alexandre; as well as four single girls: Chloe Goodman, Emily Gillard, Farah Sattaur and Vicky Pattison.[5] It was announced that Geordie Shore star Vicky Pattison would be taking part in the series; she was joined by ex-fiancé and former Geordie Shore co-star Ricci Guarnaccio as well as Australian fling Daniel Conn who featured briefly in series 6 of Geordie Shore.[6] On 7 January 2015, cast member Chloe Goodman entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the fifteenth series. However she became the first Housemate to be evicted. Ashley later returned for Series 2 as an ex, while Vicky returned in the third series. Liam and Chloe both returned again for Series 5, while Ashley and Joss made appearances as exes. Ross was another cast member from this series to make a return, this time during Series 6.

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text: The second series of the show began airing on 27 January 2015[7] and ran for eight episodes, concluding on 17 March 2015. This was confirmed on 23 July 2014 when it was announced that filming would begin soon, with the series airing in 2015.[8] The official list of cast members was released on 6 January 2015.[9] It included four single boys: Connor Hunter, Luke Goodfellow, Morgan Evans and Rogan O'Connor, as well as four single girls: Anita Kaushik, Kayleigh Morris, Loren Green and Melissa Reeves. It was also announced that Geordie Shore stars Charlotte Crosby and Gary Beadle would be taking part in the series.[10] Ahead of the launch of the new series, it was confirmed that Series 1 cast member Ashley Cain would be returning for the second series as an ex.[11] Rogan later returned for the third series, while Jess and Gary both returned for the fifth series as main cast, with Kayleigh and Melissa appearing as exes. Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother in 2017,[12] but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour.[13] In 2018, Jess Impiazzi, an ex during this series went onto appear in the twenty-first series of Celebrity Big Brother.[14]

text: Series 3 (2015)[edit]

text: The third series of the show began on 11 August 2015.[15] The official list of cast members was released on 14 July 2015. This series was filmed in Cancun, Mexico, making this the first series to be filmed outside of Europe. They include four boys: Graham Griffiths, Jayden Robins, Kirk Norcross and Stephen Bear, and four girls: Amy Paige Cooke, Laura Alicia Summers, Megan McKenna and Megan Rees.[16] With the announcement of the line-up it was confirmed that former Geordie Shore cast member and star of the first series, Vicky Pattison, would be making her return as an ex alongside Series 2 star Rogan O'Connor. The Only Way Is Essex cast member Kirk Norcross was also confirmed to be taking part in the series, with his ex-fiancée and Celebrity Big Brother star Cami-Li featuring as his ex. Star of Magaluf Weekender Jordan Davies was also revealed to be taking part in the series, also featuring as an ex.[17] Megan McKenna and Jordan later returned for the fourth series. On 5 January 2016, cast member Megan McKenna entered the Celebrity Big Brother house to compete in the seveneeth series, and on 28 July 2016, Stephen Bear entered the house to compete in the eighteenth series where he left as the winner. Jordan Davies made another return to the show, this time during the fifth series with Jemma and Bear, and Holly also returning as an ex again. In August 2017, both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of Celebrity Big Brother.

text: Series 4 (2016)[edit]

text: The fourth series of the show began on 19 January 2016.[18] This series was filmed in Portugal.[19] The official cast list was revealed on 15 December 2015 and includes four girls: Helen Briggs, Nancy-May Turner, Naomi Hedman and Olivia Walsh, as well as four boys: Joe Delaney, Lewis Good, Youssef Hassane and Geordie Shore star Scotty T. Megan McKenna and Magaluf Weekender cast member Jordan Davies would be returning to the series as exes, having previously appeared during the previous series.[20] Olivia later returned to the beach for the fifth series, while Kieran Lee went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother, but was evicted during the final week.

text: Series 5 (2016)[edit]

text: The fifth series of the show began on 16 August 2016. This series took place in Koh Samui, Thailand. The series was confirmed on 8 March 2016 after the finale of the fourth series. It was also announced that faces from the past would return for this series with "unfinished business".[21] The official list of cast members were released on 5 July 2016.[22] It features four boys and four girls from previous series. From the first series it includes Chloe Goodman and Liam Lewis. Geordie Shore star Gary Beadle and Jess Impiazzi return having previously appeared in the second series, while Jemma Lucy, Jordan Davies and Stephen Bear from the third series all return. Finally Olivia Walsh returns having previously appeared in series 4. Over the course of the series they will be joined by their exes, which also include familiar faces. Series 1's Ashley Cain will be making his third appearance on the show, while Joss Mooney also returns. Kayleigh Morris and Melissa Reeves will be back having already appeared in the second series. Holly Rickwood from Series 3 will also be back on the beach. New cast members include Lillie Lexie Gregg, Charlotte Dawson, David Hawley, Aimee Kimber, Conor Scurlock and Alex Stewart.[23] While the series was airing, Stephen Bear took part in the eighteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother. He later went on to win the series.[24] Kayleigh also went on to appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother in 2017,[25] but was removed from the house on Day 13 due to threatening behaviour.[26] Later in the year, in August 2017, both Jemma Lucy and Jordan Davies took part in the twentieth series of Celebrity Big Brother, who were both followed by Jess Impiazzi, who later went onto appear in the twenty-first series.[27]

text: Series 6 (2017)[edit]

text: The sixth series of the show began on 17 January 2017. This series was filmed on location in Crete, Greece. The series was confirmed on 2 November 2016.[28] The official list of cast members were released on 13 December 2016.[29] They include four boys; Alex Leslie, Josh Ritchie, Ross Worsick and Sean Pratt, and four girls; Harriette Harper, Maisie Gillespie, Zahida Allen and ZaraLena Jackson. Ross has previously appeared in the first series of the show whereas Josh featured in the first series of Love Island. With the announcement of the line-up it was also confirmed that Geordie Shore star Aaron Chalmers would be arriving on the beach as an ex as well as former The Only Way Is Essex cast member Nicole Bass. Chanelle McCleary, an ex from this series, later went onto appear in the eighteenth series of Big Brother but was evicted a week before the final.

text: Series 7 (2017)[edit]

text: The seventh series of the show began on 20 June 2017.[30] This series was filmed on location on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The series was confirmed on 26 February 2017.[31] The cast members for the series were confirmed on 23 May 2017[32] which include Geordie Shore stars Chloe Ferry and Marty McKenna, Love Island contestants Max Morley and Josh Ritchie, as well as Beauty School Cop Outs cast member Savannah Kemplay. Marty and Josh had previously appeared in the third and sixth series of the show respectively. Shortly after the series it was announced that Dean Ralph and Jordan Wright had joined the cast of The Only Way Is Essex for the twenty-second series.[33]

text: Series 8 (2018)[edit]

text: The eighth series of the show is expected to begin on 20 March 2018, and was filmed in Spain. The series was confirmed in August 2017.[34] The cast for this series was revealed on 20 February 2018, and includes Geordie Shore star Marnie Simpson as well as The X Factor contestant, and Stereo Kicks and Union J singer Casey Johnson.[35]

text: Series 9 (2018)[edit]

text: The ninth series is expected to begin on 15 August 2018,[36] The series was confirmed at the end of the eighth series final episode in May 2018. The cast members for this series were confirmed on 23 July 2018, and features former Made in Chelsea cast member Daisy Robins, as well as The Valleys star Natalee Harris. The series was filmed in Cancun, Mexico.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: In addition to appearing on Ex on the Beach, some of the cast members went on to compete in other reality TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother, Big Brother, and The Challenge.

text:
Celebrity Big Brother
Chloe Goodman – Series 15 (2015) – Evicted
Megan McKenna – Series 17 (2016) - Evicted
Stephen Bear – Series 18 (2016) – Winner
Jemma Lucy – Series 20 (2017) – Sixth
Jordan Davies – Series 20 (2017) – Evicted
Jess Impiazzi – Series 21 (2018) – Fourth
Big Brother
Chanelle McCleary - Series 18 (2017) – Evicted
Kayleigh Morris – Series 18 (2017) – Ejected
Kieran Lee – Series 18 (2017) – Evicted
The Challenge

text:
Cast Member

The Challenges

Challenges Won

Total Money Earned

Joss Mooney

Vendettas, Final Reckoning

None

$0

Kayleigh Morris

Vendettas, Final Reckoning

None

$0

Melissa Reeves

Vendettas, Final Reckoning

None

$0

Rogan O'Connor

Vendettas

None

$0

text: Challenges in bold indicate the cast member was a finalist on the Challenge.

text: Ex on the Beach: Body SOS[edit]

text: On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Vicky Pattison would host a spin-off show entitled "Ex on the Beach: Body SOS" where she will attempt to help members of the public to get into shape.[37] The first series began airing on 17 January 2018 and features Joss Mooney, who rose to fame by appearing in the first series of Ex on the Beach.

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Local title
Original Channel
# of Seasons
Premiere date
Ref

 Brazil

De Férias com o Ex

MTV

3

October 13, 2016–

[38]

 Denmark

Ex on the Beach

Kanal 4

1

TBD

[39]

 Finland

Exiä rannalla

Sub

1

September 7, 2016 – 26 October 2016

[40]

 France

La Revanche des ex

NRJ 12

1

August 22, 2016 – October 21, 2016

[41]

 Hungary

Exek az Édenben

Viasat 3

1

April 18, 2017 – May 25, 2017

[42]

 Italy

Ex on the Beach

MTV

1

September 26, 2018

[43]

 Mexico

La Venganza de los Ex

MTV

1

August 21, 2018 –

[44]

 Netherlands Flanders

Ex on the Beach: Double Dutch!

MTV

3

August 28, 2016–

[45]

 Norway

Ex on the Beach

TVNorge

1

August 14, 2018

[46]

 Poland

Ex on the Beach

MTV

4

November 7, 2016–

[47]

 Russia

Экс на пляже

Friday!

2

November 7, 2016 - December 15, 2017

[48]

 Sweden

Ex on the Beach

Kanal 5

4

April 6, 2016–

[49]

 United States

Ex on the Beach

MTV

1

April 19, 2018 –

[50]


document_title: Superintendent (education)

question_text: who does the superintendent of schools answer to

text: Superintendent (education)

text:
Education in the United States

By state + insular areas
By subject area
History of
Issues: Finance – Law – Literacy – Reform
Levels: Primary – Secondary – Higher
Organizations

 Education portal
 United States portal

v
t
e

text: In the field of education in the United States, a superintendent or superintendent of schools is an administrator or manager in charge of a number of public schools or a school district, a local government body overseeing public schools.

text: The role and powers of the superintendent varies among areas. However, "it is often said that the most important role of the board of education is to hire its superintendent."[1]

text: History[edit]

text: The first education laws in the United States were enacted in the colonial era, when various New England colonies passed ordinances directing towns "to choose men to manage the important affairs of learning, such as deciding local taxes, hiring teachers, setting wages, and determining the length of the school year."[2] The persons responsible were frequently selectmen who had additional government responsibilities.[3] Boston established America's first permanent school committee in 1721; this became America's first school board. (Massachusetts and some other regions retain the term school committee, but school board and board of education are the more common terms nationwide, and a variety of other labels have been used).[3] In 1986, about 95 percent of school board members were elected, with the rest appointed by town boards, mayors, or others.[4]

text: In early America, school board members handled the day-to-day administration of schools without the need for a superintendent. By the 1830s, however, the increasing numbers of students, as well as the consolidation of one-room schoolhouses into larger districts, led districts to begin appointing the first superintendents.[4] Buffalo, New York became the first location to appoint a superintendent, with Louisville, Kentucky, following on July 31 of the same year.[4] Large cities, which had the greatest administrative needs, were the first to appoint superintendents, but as schools consolidated into districts, the practice of appointing a superintendent became more popular.[4]

text: A major event in the history of education in the United States was the "Kalamazoo school case" (Stuart v. School District No. 1 of the Village of Kalamazoo).[4] In 1858, Kalamazoo, Michigan established its first high school, and the following year, the Michigan Legislature enacted legislature authorizing the election of school districts and the establishment of high schools funded by local taxes.[5] In January 1873, three Kalamazoo property owners filed a lawsuit challenging the law.[5] In a unanimous decision of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1874 written by the prominent Justice Thomas M. Cooley, the law was upheld.[5] This decision led to a dramatic increase in the number of high schools operating both in Michigan and other states, which led to an increase in the number of superintendents.[4][5]

text: Early superintendents tended to focus on instruction, with "overall fiscal affairs, school building construction, and maintenance" remaining under school district control, becoming normal responsibilities of superintendents only in the early twentieth century.[6] By the early twentieth century, superintendents emphasized business affairs.[7] Important leaders in American education at the time were George D. Strayer, Ellwood P. Cubberley, and Edward C. Elliott, who all wrote doctoral dissertations on education finance at Columbia University in the first decade of the 20th century.[7] Cubberley served as superintendent in San Diego and later taught at Stanford University, Strayer taught at Teachers College, Columbia University, and Elliott taught at the University of Wisconsin.[7]

text: In 1911, the idea of the superintendent as a separate professional emerged.[7] The emergence of the superintendency was linked to the adoption of a business organizational model in education.[7] Beginning in 1914, Columbia and other universities began to teach courses on educational administration, including school finance, business methods, budgeting, and organization.[7] Cubberley wrote a book in 1916 on this "New Profession" and emphasized the role of superintendent as chief executive of schools.[8] In 1914, the U.S. Commissioner of Education wrote that America was moving "unmistakably in the direction of a profession of educational administration as distinct from teaching."[9] By 1925, journals and books on educational administration had adopted a view of superintendents as executives, as Cubberley had advocated.[8]


document_title: Burden of Truth (TV series)

question_text: who plays david hanley on burden of truth

text: Burden of Truth (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Corporate attorney Joanna Hanley returns to her small hometown of Millwood in order to represent a large pharmaceutical company against a group of sick girls, but starts to see that these girls need her help.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kristin Kreuk as Joanna Hanley, an attorney from the big city who has come back to the town she grew up in to defend a pharmaceutical company against a group of sick girls. However, she stays both to uncover the bigger conspiracy hiding the true cause of the girls' sickness and to find out the truth about why she and her father left Millwood in the first place.
Peter Mooney as Billy Crawford, the lawyer representing the girls and later Joanna's partner in uncovering the conspiracy.
Star Slade as Luna Spence, Joanna's assistant and Molly Ross's girlfriend.
Nicola Correia-Damude as Diane, school's counselor and an old friend of Joanna's (season one).
David Lawrence Brown as Ben Matheson, father to one of the sick girls and the owner of the town's mill (season one).
Meegwun Fairbrother as Owen Beckbie, a cop and Luna's ex-stepfather.
Anwen O'Driscoll as Taylor Matheson, one of the sick girls and Ben Matheson's daughter
Sara Thompson as Molly Ross, one of the sick girls, Billy Crawford's niece and Luna's girlfriend.
Michelle Nolden as Teddie Lavery, Joanna's mentor and boss at Steadman Lavery (season two).[4]
Varun Saranga as Noah, Joanna's season two new client.[4]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cassandra Potenza as Georgia Lewis.
Benjamin Ayres as Alan Christie, an attorney working for Joanna's father's law firm and, whom Joanna was dating at the start of the series (season one).
Jessica Matten as Gerrilyn Spence, Luna's mother.
Rebecca Gibson as Wendy Ross, Billy's sister and Molly's mother.
Jerni Stewart as Lisa Mitchell.
Montana Lehmann as Allie Nash.
Alex Carter as David Hanley, Joanna's father and a partner at the law firm she worked for at the start of the series.
Andrew Chown as Billy's brother Shane Crawford (season two).[4]
Raymond Ablack as Sunil Doshi, a young lawyer at Steadman Lavery (season two).[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inoverall

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

1"Pilot"Jeff WoolnoughBrad SimpsonJanuary 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
When it is suspected that her big-pharmacy client's vaccine has caused a mysterious illness affecting a handful of teenaged girls, high-powered attorney Joanna Hanley returns to her hometown of Millwood to quickly and quietly settle the case. But when she is forced to go up against Billy Crawford, an old friend from high school, she begins to second guess the choices she has made along the path to partnership in her father's prestigious big city law firm. A turn in the case reveals that her client is not at fault, but rather than return home with another easy win, Joanna decides to stay and dig into a case she believes could turn into a profitable class action law suit.
2"The Ties That Bind"Jeff WoolnoughBrad SimpsonJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
A fish out of water in a town that's as foreign as it is familiar, Joanna must reckon with questions over her family's hasty departure when she was a teenager.
3"Still Waters"Jordan CanningLynn CoadyJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
Relying on her esteemed reputation as a partner at CTS, Joanna convinces a hydrologist to come to Millwood to test the soil. With reluctant permission from the local Mayor, Joanna and Billy narrow down their list of suspects to a handful of industrial sites in the community. After testing the soil and groundwater around town, they make the startling discovery that the field is the source of the toxin when they uncover barrels of sludge buried there. But someone would rather they stop digging and the pair get run off the road.
4"Family Ties"Jordan CanningShannon MastersJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
Convinced that the local steel mill and its owner, Ben Matheson, are responsible for the barrels buried in the school field, Joanna and Billy go after him but don't have enough to make the allegation stick. When her father shows up and persuades her that Ben's offer to clean the field is the best deal she's going to get, Joanna decides to pack up to return home. However, a shocking revelation in her personal life leads her to question everything her father has ever told her. Joanna resigns from her father's firm and in a knee-jerk reaction, files a statement of claim against the mill.
5"Witch Hunt"James GennBrad Simpson & Eric PutzerFebruary 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
Anger over the claim against the mill pits the sick girls and their families against employees of the mill who worry that their jobs are on the line. When the local Pastor's daughter becomes afflicted with the illness, he blames the girls themselves. Parents begin keeping their healthy kids home from school, so to quell the mounting hysteria, the High School Principal cracks down on the affected girls by suspending them from school and prevents them from attending their prom. Joanna fires back at the school, but victory eludes her. When the kids decide to throw a prom of their own, Billy and Joanna are made honorary prom king and queen. However, the moment is over-shadowed by the mill's answer to her claim – they've hired her father's law firm to represent them and they plan to annihilate her.
6"The Devil in the Desert"James GennLaura Good & Hayden SimpsonMarch 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
As death threats against Joanna and Billy escalate, Joanna digs her heels in on the case. Relying on the expert testimony of a respected neuropsychologist, Joanna expects he'll prove once and for all that the girls have been poisoned. Instead, after assessing them, he pronounces that the ailment is "all in their head", they have what's called Conversion Disorder. With the opposition breathing down their neck, Joanna and Billy scramble to salvage their suit.
7"Ducks on the Pond"Douglas MitchellGraeme StewartMarch 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
Stuck in Millwood without a case and no longer having a firm to return home to, Joanna is at loose ends on what to do next. While she toys with the idea of taking a job offer at another firm, Billy works to get their case reinstated without much success. However, when the doctor who claimed that the girls were suffering with conversion disorder is exposed for using them as research for his new book, they get his testimony thrown out. Better still, a whistleblower comes forward and reveals an additional source of toxic waste and a new patient zero. Joanna is back on the case with more fervor than ever.
8"Hang Together"Douglas MitchellHayden SimpsonMarch 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)
Following some new leads, Joanna and Billy make the horrific discovery of a massive dumpsite on farmland near the school. They finally have enough evidence to certify as a class but it won't be an easy fight. Someone has obviously gotten to their whistleblower as he's no longer willing to cooperate or help them. To make matters worse, Joanna's father takes over as lead counsel and has Joanna disqualified due to a conflict of interest. When one of the girls gets diagnosed with cancer, it becomes clear that they're running out of time.
9"Home to Roost"Grant HarveyLynn CoadyApril 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
With Joanna disqualified and the clock running out on Billy who'll have to face Joanna's hostile father alone, Joanna must think outside the box if they want to win this. She must face the one person who may be able to help her defeat her father, her estranged mother. Not only does she learn the truth about her father, she gains the critical piece of evidence that ties the mill and their parent company to the dumping. Regrettably, Joanna returns too late and finds the case in shambles, her named plaintiff removed and the class de-certified.
10"Cause in Fact"Grant HarveyBrad SimpsonApril 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
Using the law to her advantage, Joanna gets herself reinstated on a legal technicality and plays her trump card. When it isn't enough to elicit a settlement offer, Joanna makes things personal. She blackmails her father with incriminating evidence and threatens to expose him if he refuses to negotiate. Once she strong-arms him into a settlement, she must choose whether to expose his dirty little secret or not, but doing so may cost her more than she's prepared to pay.

text: Production[edit]

text: Noelle Carbone and Adriana Maggs were the original showrunners but left the series. Ten one-hour episodes were ordered. It was filmed in Winnipeg, Manitoba in summer 2017.[5] Location shots were filmed in Selkirk, Manitoba, with several shots in the Riverside Grill.  In outdoor shots, traffic on the Selkirk bridge is visible, as is the Landmark Cinemas Garry Selkirk theater.

text: The series was renewed for an eight-episode second season on April 4, 2018.[6][4]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In April 2018, The CW network acquired the series for a planned run in the United States in mid-2018.[7][8] The series debuted on the network on July 25, 2018.[9] After the conclusion of season 1's run, The CW announced it would broadcast season 2 in summer 2019.[10]

text: U.S. ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date[11]
Rating/Share(A18–49)
U.S. viewers

1
"Pilot"
July 25, 2018
0.2/1
925,000[12]

2
"The Ties That Bind"
August 1, 2018
0.2/1
831,000[13]

3
"Still Waters"
August 8, 2018
0.1/1
761,000[14]

4
"Family Ties"
August 15, 2018
0.2/1
669,000[15]

5
"Witch Hunt"
August 22, 2018
0.1/1
746,000[16]

6
"The Devil in the Desert"
September 5, 2018
0.1/1
625,000[17]

7
"Ducks on the Pond"
September 12, 2018
0.2/1
749,000[18]

8
"Hang Together"
September 19, 2018
0.1/1
671,000[19]

9
"Home to Roost"
September 26, 2018
0.1/1
576,000[20]

10
"Cause in Fact"
October 3, 2018
0.1/1
672,000[21]