document_title: American Dad!

question_text: which came first family guy or american dad

question_tokens: which came first family guy or american dad

text: American Dad!

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series focuses on the eccentric upper middle class Smith family in the fictional community of Langley Falls, Virginia and their three housemates:[3] Father, husband, CIA Agent, Republican, and breadwinner Stan; his wife and homemaker/housewife, Francine; their liberal, hippie, college-aged daughter, Hayley; and their dorky high-school-aged son, Steve. There are three additional main characters, including Hayley's boyfriend and later husband, Jeff Fischer; the family's unusual goldfish, Klaus, who has the brain of an East German athlete; and Roger, the alien, who is a deceitful, self-serving master of disguise.[14][15] Stan's boss Avery Bullock, the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, is a recurring character.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Cast members

Seth MacFarlane

Wendy Schaal

Scott Grimes

Rachael MacFarlane

Dee Bradley Baker

Jeff Fischer

Patrick Stewart

Stan Smith, Roger

Francine Smith

Steve Smith

Hayley Smith

Klaus Heissler

Jeff Fischer

Deputy Director Avery Bullock

text: The voice actors are not assembled as a group when performing the lines of their characters; rather, each of the voice actors perform their lines privately. The voice actors have stated that because of their personalities and tendency to goof off when together as a group, they would never get anything completed if they performed their lines collectively.[16]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
American Dad! centers on the absurd circumstances, adventures and domestic life of its title character
Stan Smith, his immediate family, and their three housemates. Adding to all the ridiculousness and absurdity are the various personality traits of all the show's eccentric main characters, listed as follows:

text:
Seth MacFarlane voices Stan Smith (father/husband) and Roger (alien)
Wendy Schaal voices Francine Smith (wife/mother)
Scott Grimes voices Steve Smith (Stan and Francine's son)
Rachael MacFarlane voices Hayley Smith (Stan and Francine's daughter)
Dee Bradley Baker voices Klaus Heissler (the Smiths' man-in-a-fish-body pet)
Jeff Fischer voices Jeff Fischer (Hayley's boyfriend then husband)
Patrick Stewart voices Deputy Director Avery Bullock (Stan's Boss)

text: Production[edit]

text: Early seasons and comparison with Family Guy and All in the Family[edit]

text: When asked what first spurred the idea for American Dad! Seth MacFarlane answered, "It was right after the [2000] election, and me [sic] and co-creator Matt Weitzman were so frustrated with the Bush administration that we would just spend days bitching and complaining, and we figured we should channel this into something creative and hopefully profitable."[7][10] In early February 2005, Barker stated, "About a year and a half ago, Seth called and asked if Matt and I would be interested in working on a show about a right-wing CIA agent and his liberal daughter. It was right up our alley, and everything just fell into place."[5][10][17] On September 14, 2003, Variety reported that Fox Broadcasting had ordered a pilot presentation of the then tentatively titled American Dad! and "If greenlit, American Dad! could launch as early as fall 2004." At the time, Fox was aiming to develop a new lineup of adult animated sitcoms.[18]

text: American Dad! had a mid-season debut. Its first episode, titled "Pilot", was originally shown directly following Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005. The rest of the first season, however, would not launch until May 1, 2005, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup which had its debut on that date.[6][9][19] Initially, it was a replacement for the originally failed series Family Guy (1999–2002). American Dad! was originally intended to be Fox's answer to the hordes of fans left behind from the original failure of MacFarlane's previous animated venture.[2] Just three short months after American Dad!'s debut however, Family Guy was revived, leaving American Dad! with a formidable expectation: whether the series could distinguish itself from its counterpart and succeed on its own merits.[2] Instead of taking over creative direction of the series, MacFarlane left the job largely in the hands of Barker and Weitzman so as to distinguish American Dad![7]

text: In its early going, American Dad! brought in strong ratings but fought an uphill battle in gaining widespread acceptance and approval from viewers and critics alike.[10] The popularity of MacFarlane and his involvement with Family Guy have led to foregone conclusions and prejudices against American Dad! as a rip-off of the predecessor[10] and some critics had already written off American Dad! prior to its birth as nothing more than a pale imitation of Family Guy and MacFarlane's attempts to get his old show back on the air.[9] One example, prior to the American Dad! series debut, a writer of The Washington Post published a piece that reads "But those same executives have also given MacFarlane a whole new animated half-hour to play with in the disappointing American Dad! The new series officially premieres in May but has a sneak preview tomorrow night in the coveted post-Super Bowl time period ... The look and pace of American Dad! is the same as Family Guy."[20]

text: In actuality, however, the program's beginnings take cues from the TV series All in the Family, almost a farcical animated version of the live action sitcom.[21][22] Both shows make use of political satire, bigotry, ludicrous expressions of Conservatism from their paternal main character (Stan likened to Archie Bunker), and sensible expressions of Liberalism from their daughter character (Hayley likened to Gloria Stivic). Moreover, the daughter in both series each have a Liberal hippie boyfriend turned husband (Jeff likened to Michael Stivic) of whom the daughter's Conservative father is antagonistic towards. Also in both, the daughter lives in her parents' home with her boyfriend turned husband as a housemate. American Dad! in its original form was even said to have been inspired by All in the Family.[21][23]

text: Development of a specific identity[edit]

text: In American Dad!'s initial seasons MacFarlane was described as focusing more attention on his coexisting obligation of Family Guy. This was to the extent that American Dad! was completely secondary to him, and he did not understand the show. Because he was not getting the show at the time, he was described as "just going along for the ride." Likewise, the rest of the show's creators Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were also trying to figure out the show and where it was going.[9][10]

text: After American Dad!'s initial couple of seasons and as it progressed, the show began to increasingly develop its very own distinct approach and identity, becoming more and more distinguished from all other programs on the air. Standing out from its counterparts increasingly with each passing season, the series has been described as eventually becoming the weirdest show in network prime time. It has been characterized as serving up distinguishing blasts of surrealism.[9] As the series progressed, MacFarlane realized that Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were on to something uniquely appealing; moreover, he realized they were on to something that sharply contrasted from Family Guy, which audiences appreciated.[9][10]

text: After the show's first several seasons, MacFarlane not only came to fully understand and appreciate American Dad!'s value but also came to consider himself a huge fan of the series. Taking note of his Twitter followers increased fanaticism and excitement over American Dad! and the "Roger" character, MacFarlane began putting considerable amounts of his time and efforts into the series, more so in the last several seasons than ever before (this observation made in fall 2012).[9] In describing American Dad! comedy styles, Barker noted that it is not as reference-laden as Family Guy or South Park. He added that American Dad!'s humor more frequently derives from "the human condition and emotions that everyone can relate to: ego, the feds, etc. And for that reason, I think our humor is a little more evergreen."[24]

text: Developing plot lines and scripts[edit]

text: On developing scripts for American Dad! episodes, co-creator Mike Barker revealed that he and the rest of the show's staff never know when and from where plot line ideas will emerge. "Just as an example," Barker explained, "All About Steve" is an episode where Stan wants his son to be more of a jock and more like he was when he was his age. That whole episode came about from one of our writers Dave Hemingson coming into our office, telling us he just visited the dentist and he may need to get braces. And the idea of a grown man with braces appealed to us, and we just decided what if we put Stan in braces, and he understands for the first time what it's like to feel like a geek."[25]

text: During the 2012–13 season, Barker revealed that much of his inspiration for American Dad! plots has come through listening to music. Barker's revelation to use music as a muse for his American Dad! writing came from attending the 2008 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival. During that event, he watched the rock band My Morning Jacket perform a four-hour set in the rain and realized from the experience that he could generate ideas for American Dad! by tapping into music: "From that point on, I realized that music should be playing a bigger role in my writing", Barker told the Louisville Courier-Journal. "Writing is hard for me, and when you hear music that inspires good ideas, you're really grateful."[26] The Beginning of the show's main theme "Good Morning USA" uses the beginning introduction to "Stars and Stripes Forever".

text: In particular, Barker has credited music from Wax Fang for his inspiration in writing certain American Dad! plots. Said Barker, "There's just something so inherently cinematic about Wax Fang's music. [Scott] Carney's voice is stunningly clear and dramatic. And his lyrics are specific enough to build stories around while staying flexible enough for different interpretations." Barker added that through listening to the Wax Fang track Majestic, he was able to come up with major plot elements for the episode "Lost in Space" (this episode features the Wax Fang songs Majestic and At Sea).[27]

text: Barker has stated that once he and the rest of the show's staff get the idea for the plot line, they spend a couple of weeks in a room with all the screenwriters. There, they break the story and make sure that each act of the two act breaks are strong. As another procedure, Barker stated that they make a point of twisting the story in such a way so as to make audiences come back for more after the commercial break.[25]

text: "The final process," Barker explained, "is sending a screenwriter out to write the script. The screenwriter gets two weeks to write the script. The script then comes back." Barker explained that they then all edit and rewrite it, "hopefully keeping as much of the first draft as we can and punching the jokes and making sure all the motivations are there, and then we take it to the table and read it."[25]

text: In February 2005, Barker stated that as creative directors, all decisions made about the plot line and direction of the series go through himself and Weitzman. He explained that the show had reflected their point of view since the beginning. Barker has also credited the program's other staff beyond himself, Weitzman, and MacFarlane, remarking "We couldn't have made it all happen without them." At the time, it was noted that the series had a staff of 17 writers, which was described as "a big undertaking."[21]

text: When Barker was asked what his favorite part was of the American Dad! pre-production process, he answered, "I like the story breaking process, personally—coming up with the stories. To me, that's the most gratifying."[25]

text: Barker and Matt Weitzman have stated that they are accustomed to feeling scruples with adding certain material into the plots, but always follow this up by going ahead with incorporating the material anyway. They added that their goal is to create laughs combined with groans and going over the line.[28]

text: Animated scenes[edit]

text: MacFarlane played a lead role in the animated character designs for American Dad!.[21]

text: In describing the characters' appearances, Weitzman remarked "It's all very bright, very easy on the eyes."[5][17]

text: In explaining the animated side of the job, Barker stated, "Fifty or so animators from the Fox animation group are involved. A lot is done in-house: poses, models, props, all storyboards and timing."[21]

text: Also as reported in February 2005, animation for American Dad! is colored and detailed overseas. Sunwoo Entertainment of Korea was said to handle that end of the pre-production process.[21]

text: Editing, completion, and deadlines[edit]

text: Barker has explained that because American Dad! creators are working in animation as opposed to live action, they have the ability to redraw and rewrite up until the show is aired.

text: However, Barker has also stated, "It's really hard to accept anything less than perfect when you start to get wrapped up in this process of being able to constantly make changes. Eventually you have to kind of bring down the hammer at the color stage and live with what you've got."

text: Barker has explained that, ultimately, the creation process of an American Dad! episode is completed upon the producers' say-so, not anyone else's.[25]

text: When American Dad! co-creator Matt Weitzman was asked what his favorite part was of the show's pre-production process, he answered, "I probably enjoy the editing process a lot. I think I like the fine tuning of things and making things happen just so. Making the episode just kind of pop in its own subtle ways."[25]

text: American Dad! creators have revealed to working significantly in advance of newly broadcast episodes. As many as 20 to 42 unaired episodes are typically ready for finishing touches. Barker explained that a key to this system is making sure that the writing is timeless, as opposed to topical and contemporary. He added that if any material within the script deals with contemporary issues, the creators have to hope that they're also contemporary issues two years down the line. When asked whether or not this method has ever brought on difficulties, Barker answered in the affirmative and explained:

text: In discussing the creation of American Dad! and animated sitcoms in general, MacFarlane has stated:

text: Conversely, Barker has stated:

text: Setting[edit]

text: The Smith family and their two housemates reside on Cherry Street in the fictional suburb of Langley Falls, Virginia.[29] The Smiths and their two housemates live in a large, two-story residence with a basement and an attic. In addition, the Smith house is apparently enhanced with numerous secret rooms, facilities, and large habitats, these unorthodox attachments usually only seen once for each (i.e., the episodes "Of Ice and Men", "Bush Comes to Dinner", "The Missing Kink", "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith", etc.).[30] The house is also shown to be filled with many pitfall traps, one of which is filled with alligators and another named by Stan as the "Pit of No Return."[31][32] Greg and Terry are a gay couple that live across the street from the Smiths. Within the neighborhood, they are portrayed as running a neater and tidier home than the Smiths. Greg and Terry are also the local news anchor for W-ANG-TV. Also in the area is the high school attended by Steve, Pearl Bailey High School.[33]

text: Plot techniques[edit]

text: Farces[edit]

text: American Dad! has commonly made use of farces as most of the predicaments that befall the main characters have escalated into the extremes, to the point of getting outrageously out-of-hand.[3][34][35] For example, in the episode "Home Wrecker", Stan and Francine's marital harmony breaks down from a difference of opinion on remodeling the house. It gets to the point where they divide the house in two, each decorating their half of the house in their desired fashion. Not satisfied with this however, they both attempt to drive the other out of the home and eventually erect a colossal block wall, dividing the two halves of the house. The rest of the family members are forced to spend one holiday after the next alternating between Fran's and Stan's place (the sides of the house treated as distinct homes). As another example, in the episode "Stan's Food Restaurant", Stan asks for Roger's help in starting a restaurant. As things progress, Roger makes heavy changes in the layout, eventually kicking Stan out of the project. Stan retaliates by opening another restaurant next door, which becomes a smashing success. Roger responds by blowing up Stan's restaurant but destroying his own in the process. Stan threatens to kill Roger, but backs down after Roger pulls a gun on him and tells him to relax.[35]

text: Surreal humor[edit]

text: American Dad! plots are generally teeming with surrealism and nonsensical elements.[36] Many of the occurrences, circumstances, and behaviors are unrestrainedly preposterous, senseless, and illogical.[3][37]

text: As further examples of surrealism on American Dad!—in the episode "Hurricane!", a ferocious bear pauses in his attack, lowers his eyelids halfway, and repeatedly shakes his head horizontally, shaming Stan for missing him in a harpoon shot and instead spearing Francine into a wall; in the episode "Why Can't We Be Friends?", the hallways of the Smith house transform into dark and dangerous ghetto alleyways for every time Roger ambushed, stole money from, and even tried to forcibly rape Jeff Fischer;[38] in the episode "The Missing Kink", Steve and family fish Klaus are shown competing in a one-on-one basketball game between each other, the score nearly tied at 11 to 10; also in the "Missing Kink" episode, the Smith house is shown to consist of a never-before-seen underworld to which various friends and acquaintances of the Smiths party and frolic; in the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith", Stan has a never-before-seen secret control room hidden underground just beside the house. The control room door's exterior side is camouflaged with the grass surrounding it. The room is filled with highly advanced, state-of-the-art equipment. Access to the control room is achieved through a handprint reading device that extends from the ground when Stan extends his arm/hand at it; etc.[36][37]

text: Non sequitur[edit]

text: Among one of the many forms of surreal humor and nonsense elements that have been used by American Dad! is the non sequitur. This arises when the show's focus becomes sidetracked by entirely unknown and unrelated characters in circumstances that are irrelevant to the episode's main plot. Typically when this happens, it is after the show has maintained focus on its main characters for much of the episode; following this, the scenes randomly lose focus and become deeply wrapped up into the lives of never-before-seen characters who are non-central to the plot. A prime example of this is in the episode "Homeland Insecurity". As opposed to scenes focusing on main characters, attention is redirected deep into the lives of unknown characters who gain possession of Roger's transforming feces turned gold. As another example, in the episode "The Missing Kink", the show's focus is sporadically sidetracked with brief scenes revolving around the life of a drug abusing bird and Francine's inexplicable ability to both understand and communicate with the bird's chirping.[36][39]

text: Plot twists and unexpected elements[edit]

text: The series has abounded with random, unexpected occurrences and surprise plot twists as result of the characters and the very makeup of the program.[40] For example, in the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith", Steve refers to Roger for help in dealing with a school bully. Because Steve is able to correctly predict Roger's original game plan of handling the situation himself under an alter ego, Roger throws him a curveball: he not only hires someone else, Stelio Kontos (from the episode "Bully for Steve"), to handle the matter but hires him to bully Steve in combination with Steve's original bully. As another example, in the episode "The Vacation Goo", Francine becomes frustrated that she cannot get the family together for Sunday night dinner. For family time, Stan suggests a vacation, and the Smiths have a great time in Maui as a family. This is up until Roger shuts down the mechanism Francine and the kids are all attached to so as to believe they are all on vacation. Francine and the kids then learn that Stan has been programming a pseudo-vacation every year in a contraption dubbed "the goo chambers". After learning of this, Francine demands they go on a real vacation. Twice they appear to do so, first skiing, then to Italy, until it is ultimately revealed that they are in the "goo chambers" all along, with Steve and then Hayley having programmed the vacations, respectively. In the episode "Spelling Bee My Baby", Steve deliberately misspells his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko (who is also competing), instead spelling random Tyler Perry/Madea films.[40]

text: Story arc use[edit]

text: Another technique used by American Dad! is the story arc. On several occasions, a circumstance expands and progresses across a collection of episodes.[3][17] As an example, one of Hayley's temporary breakups with Jeff expanded across a string of episodes, in which she instead temporarily dated a black man in a koala body, Reginald Koala—known for his very urban mannerisms and behaviors. As another example, since the 9th season episode "Naked to the Limit, One More Time", Jeff Fischer has been absent from the Smith house and planet Earth altogether. In that episode, Jeff is blindsided when Roger hurls him into a spaceship. This spacecraft belongs to Roger's race of aliens and was intended to return him back to his birth planet; however, Roger remains behind after casting Jeff into the spaceship. The spaceship immediately takes off and Jeff is not seen until several episodes later, the episode "Lost in Space". During episodes that aired between the two aforementioned episodes, allusions to the ongoing plot line are made. For example, in the episode "Spelling Bee My Baby", Hayley is shown holding out hope for Jeff's return. In the episode, Roger and Stan attempt to rush Hayley through her grieving process so she will be willing to be their tennis official.[3][41] In the episode "The Longest Distance Relationship" Jeff gets in touch with Hayley via a radio and ultimately tells her not to wait for him and to move on with her life. This story arc is finally resolved in the episode "Holy Shit, Jeff's Back!", Jeff supposedly returns to Earth but it turns out to be an alien called Zebleer masquerading as Jeff and the real Jeff has been dissected, however Jeff's brain is transplanted into Zebleer's body allowing the real Jeff to live, after which Stan and Hayley's memories are wiped, leaving them unaware that Jeff is no longer entirely human. This plot point is continued at the end of "Bahama Mama", where Roger mentions Jeff cannot get Hayley pregnant because he has an alien body, so he agrees to rebirth Jeff in "Roger's Baby". By the end of the episode, Jeff is human again and with Hayley on Earth.

text: In discussing the cartoon's distinguishing story arc element, co-creator Mike Barker explained:

text: Black comedy[edit]

text: Much of the wit used in American Dad! has come in the form of black comedy as many of the predicaments and circumstances have made fun of the characters in life-threatening, disastrous, terrifying, and traumatic situations.[42] As an example, the episode "A Ward Show" is chock full of suicide and murder: Roger became Steve's legal guardian and responded to him getting picked on at school by rigging the teachers' cars with explosives and killing them all. Later on in the episode while Principal Lewis was driving his vehicle with Steve as the passenger, he informed Steve that he was about to drive off the Grand Canyon in a murder-suicide. This culminated in Roger saving the day, his love supernaturally allowing the car to fly once Principal Lewis drove off the Canyon; however, another vehicle with a random white man and a black boy in it (opposite of Principal Lewis, a black man and Steve, a white boy) had also, coincidentally enough, driven off the opposite side of the Grand Canyon in a murder-suicide attempt. This resulted in a midair collision between the car with Principal Lewis and Steve in it and the car with the white man and black boy in it.[42] Another example, in the episode "Da Flippity Flop", Roger leaves a long series of harassing answering machine messages for Steve, trying to get him to sign up for his gym. In these messages, Roger is also heard snapping on various people, killing three individuals from reckless driving, landing himself in court, and subsequently becoming irate and shooting up numerous people at the city courthouse for being scolded to turn off his mobile phone.[43]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season number discrepancies and episode misreports[edit]

text: Season number discrepancies[edit]

text: There are multiple conflicting reports and models as to the number of seasons American Dad! has had.[10]

text: (A): One of the reports upholds a one-season-fewer numbering model: Under this arrangement, season 1 is a combination of both the first 7 episodes and the following 16 episodes, despite the separation of these two episode collections by a summer hiatus. Under this system, season 1 is uncharacteristically longer in contrast to the rest of the show's seasons, consisting of 23 episodes.[44][45]

text: (B): The other report upholds a one-season-more numbering model: Under this arrangement, season 1 ended after the program's first 7 episodes leading into the summer hiatus. Season 2 then picked up when the following 16 episodes began that fall. Under this system, season 1 is uncharacteristically shorter in contrast to the rest of the show's seasons, consisting of only 7 episodes.[46]

text: Commentary from American Dad! co-creators Matt Weitzman and Mike Barker has largely been consistent with (A): on September 28, 2012, the two were interviewed and reported that they had 20 episodes completed for the then imminent "2012–13 eighth season," and were in the process of doing early work on the show's "2013–14 ninth season."[47] During the show's life on Fox however, the network contradicted that arrangement as it presented information on the show's now former website in the form of (B): in listing all episodes from the 2012–13 season, Fox reported each as existing as part of the show's "ninth season."[48] In addition, Fox contradicted its own American Dad! website, also supporting the one-season-fewer numbering scheme: Fox Flash, which is the publicity center for Fox, labeled the 2012–13 broadcasts as the "eighth season."[49] Websites releasing the show's season-based ratings have also used the one-season-fewer numbering method.

text: Episode misreporting by Fox[edit]

text: It is evident that Fox either miscounts American Dad! episodes or at least intentionally discounts one episode of the series. This was established in Fox advertisements for the episode "Lost in Space." The episode was promoted by Fox as American Dad!'s 150th episode. Subsequently, numerous mainstream media reports also labeled the episode as the 150th.[50][51][52] In actuality, however, it was the show's 151st episode while the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith" was the 150th episode of the series. In addition, Fox has misreported the "Lost in Space" episode as the revealing of Roger's birth planet. In actuality, the setting of this episode is a spaceship owned by members of Roger's alien race. To date, Roger's birth planet has yet to be revealed.[53]

text: Adjustments in on-air presentation, production and broadcasts[edit]

text: The unaired precursory pilot[edit]

text: While the series premiere of American Dad! is entitled "Pilot", "Pilot" is not the show's actual pilot presentation. The actual pilot is a 6-minute version of the first 6 minutes in the series premiere. This precursory pilot was used by MacFarlane, Barker and Weitzman to sell American Dad! to Fox and was never aired along with the rest of the series. While much of the dialogue and general scenery were simply redone between the precursory pilot and the following series premiere, there are sharp distinctions between the two. Differences also exist between the precursory pilot and the official series as a whole. Most of these are in pictorial technique. For example, scenes from the pilot are drawn in a rougher, more cursory fashion with weaker coloration than scenes from the official series. Most prominently, Steve's physical design and outfit in the predecessor greatly contrast from his official design and outfit. In addition, Steve is voiced by Ricky Blitt in the precursory pilot but by Scott Grimes in the official series. There are also variations in Steve's personality.[54][55]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Early episodes of the series featured political banter between the conservative Stan and liberal Hayley. However, the creators learned quickly that this had only "a limited shelf life" and did not provide them as much as they originally thought it would. Said co-creator Matt Weitzman, "There are times when we still have that kind of dynamic between them, but not nearly what it was in the first season. And I think the show, honestly, has grown and benefited from it, because that would have gotten boring after a while."[9]

text: Roger was enhanced by being provided with a running gag of alternate disguises and freedom to exist outside of the Smith house. The show's original concept basically portrayed him as being similar to Alf, having him sit in the house all day while commenting on life. The creators, however, have stated that the character was far too much fun to keep restricted to the house, and having him interact with different people provided for lots of material. The creators have further appreciated the direction of Roger for the fact that he almost serves as a different guest star for each episode what with his many alter egos. The show's staff believe this element of the show highlights MacFarlane's versatility as he voices Roger and his countless alter egos.[9]

text: There have been three versions of the "Steve" character, the creators having twice made considerable adjustments to his design. Steve's initial design ended up being a one-off execution limited to the unaired precursory pilot (not to be confused with the series premiere, entitled "Pilot"). By the season premiere, Scott Grimes had begun voicing Steve, and his design was made taller, more filled out, and less geeky. After early seasons of the series, Steve was remodeled again. This time he was made softer, more emotional, cuter and more endearing, creating a sharper contrast to his father Stan's ruggedness and machismo.[56]

text: Between the eighth and ninth seasons there were significant changes in the show's writing staff. Mike Barker mentions (with one-season-less numbering) "We lost some animators, and we lost a lot of writers. Season eight, our writing staff is about 65–70 percent new."[9]

text: Network relocation from Fox to TBS[edit]

text: On July 16, 2013, it was announced that American Dad! had been cancelled by Fox. Shortly thereafter, however, the cable station TBS picked up the show for a 15-episode 11th season, slated to premiere on October 20, 2014.[57][58] Currently, TBS airs reruns of American Dad! in syndication.[59] The tenth season was initially to be the final one on Fox; however, on July 20, 2014, it was announced that Fox had three unaired episodes left for broadcast. Two of the three aired back-to-back on September 14, 2014, and the final one aired on September 21, 2014. Reports from Fox seemed to imply that these three episodes constituted a season of their own, season 10. Among multiple discrepant reports from TBS however, one indicated that the three episodes were the beginning of the 11th season to resume on their network.[60] TBS actually debuted their first episode through social media websites YouTube and Facebook on October 13, 2014. However, the October 20, 2014 date still applies to the television debut.[61]

text: On the show's network relocation, Mike Barker has stated, "It's going to be the same American Dad!, just in a different place." Barker also joked that the network relocation was to execute a Tyler Perry crossover they [Barker and American Dad! production staff] had long aspired to.[62] In reality, the purpose of the network relocation was Fox's move away from the "Animation Domination" format to make room for sitcoms like Brooklyn Nine-Nine. It may also have been due to the arrival of a new animated series from Family Guy writer Mark Hentemann and executive produced by American Dad! creator Seth MacFarlane called Bordertown.

text: Mike Barker's exit[edit]

text: On November 4, 2013, it was announced that Mike Barker had departed American Dad![63] Barker had served for ten seasons as the show's co-creator/executive and producer/co-showrunner. Matt Weitzman is now serving as the show's sole showrunner. The news came as early production for season 11 commenced. As of November 2013, the show's production crew was developing its first four episodes for season 11, slated to begin airing on October 20, 2014 when American Dad! moved to TBS. Barker remained under an overall contract with 20th Century Fox Television.[64][65]

text: Following Mike Barker's exit, Brian Boyle replaced him as the showrunner for the television series.[66]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that American Dad! is popular in the Northeastern United States, Mid Atlantic, as well as the Great Lakes Region, however it "is not popular in Utah or much of the South".[67]

text: Series premiere[edit]

text: Until season 12 when American Dad! moved to TBS, all but one episode originally aired on Animation Domination. The program's series premiere is the only episode that pre-dates the Animation Domination lineup. In addition, American Dad!'s series premiere predated the rest of the first season by roughly three months. The series premiere episode, "Pilot", aired directly following Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005. The episode aired alongside The Simpsons and pulled in 15 million viewers,[68] with 23 million viewers overall.[69] Both Animation Domination and the rest of the show's first season commenced on May 1, 2005. The show returned with the episode "Threat Levels", obtaining 9.47 million viewers, after the season premiere/revival of Family Guy.[70]

text: TBS ratings[edit]

text: On November 18, 2014, it was reported that the show's outstanding performance in cable had quickly moved TBS to order another season of the series, bringing the show to 13 seasons.[71][72]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season

No. ofepisodes

Timeslot (ET)

Network

First aired

Last aired

Overall ratings

Date

Premiere viewers(in millions)

Date

Finale viewers(in millions)

Rank

Viewers(in millions)

1

2004–05

7

Sunday at 11:15 pm (Episode 1)Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 2-7)

FOX

February 6, 2005

15.10[73]

June 19, 2005

6.55[74]

67[75]

8.49[75]

2

2005–06

16

Sunday at 9:30 pm

September 11, 2005

7.83[76]

May 14, 2006

6.86[77]

97[78]

7.16[78]

3

2006–07

19

Sunday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 1-10)Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 11-19)

September 10, 2006

8.93[79]

May 20, 2007

7.62[80]

79[81]

7.6[81]

4

2007–08

16

Sunday 9:30 PM

September 30, 2007

6.07[82]

May 18, 2008

5.64[83]

105[84]

6.6[84]

5

2008–09

20

September 28, 2008

6.89[85]

May 17, 2009

5.64[86]

96[87]

5.5[87]

6

2009–10

18

September 27, 2009

7.12[88]

May 16, 2010

5.82[89]

84[90]

5.9[90]

7

2010–11

19

Sunday 9:30 PM (2010)Sunday 7:30 PM (2011)

October 3, 2010

6.16[91]

May 22, 2011

3.57[92]

111[93]

4.07[93]

8

2011–12

18

Sunday 9:30 PM

September 25, 2011

5.83[94]

May 13, 2012

4.13[95]

110[96]

5.47[96]

9

2012–13

19

September 30, 2012

5.25[97]

May 12, 2013[98]

4.01[99]

84[100]

5.24[100]

10

2013–14

20

Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1-11)Sunday at 7:30 pm (Episodes 12-20)

September 29, 2013

4.32[101]

May 18, 2014

2.36

89

5.14

11

2014–15

3

Sunday 9:00 PM (Episode 1)Sunday 9:30 PM (Episodes 2-3)

September 14, 2014

2.62

September 21, 2014

3.03

TBA

2.77

12

2014–15

15

Monday at 9:00 pm

TBS

October 20, 2014

1.09

June 1, 2015

1.113[102]

TBA

1.118

13

2015–16

22

Monday at 8:30 pm[103]

January 25, 2016[103]

1.04

June 27, 2016

0.98[104]

TBA

TBA

14

2016–17

TBA

November 7, 2016[105]

1.00[106]

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Outcome

2005

Teen Choice Awards[107]

Choice Summer Series

American Dad!

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[107]

Choice V-Cast

American Dad!

Nominated

2006

Golden Reel Award[108]

Best Sound Editing in Television Animated

American Dad! for episode "Homeland Insecurity" (1.6)

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[107]

Choice TV: Animated Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2007

Annie Awards[108]

Best Writing in an Animated Television Production

Dan Vebber for episode "The American Dad After School Special" (2.2)

Nominated

GLAAD Media Award[108]

Outstanding Individual Episode

For episode "Lincoln Lover" (2.4)

Nominated

Golden Reel Award[108]

Best Sound Editing in Television Animated

American Dad! for episode "Dungeon and Wagons" (2.5)

Nominated

2008

Teen Choice Award[108]

Choice TV: Animated Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2009

Prism Award[108]

Comedy Episode

For episode "Spring Break-Up" (3.16)

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards[109]

Outstanding Animated Program

American Dad! for episode "1600 Candles" (4.1)

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[110]

Choice TV: Animated Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2010

Annie Awards[108]

Directing in a Television Production

Pam Cooke and Jansen Lee for episode "Brains, Brains & Automobiles" (5.4)

Nominated

Artios[108]

Outstanding Achievement in Casting

Linda Lamontagne

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[111]

Choice TV: Animated Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2011

Teen Choice Awards[112]

Choice TV: Animated Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2012

Primetime Emmy Awards[113]

Outstanding Animated Program

American Dad! for episode "Hot Water" (7.1)

Nominated

POPrepublic.tv IT LIST AWARDSM[114]

Favourite International TV Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2013

American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers[115]

Top Television Series

American Dad!

Won

2015

People's Choice Awards[116]

Favorite Animated TV Show

American Dad!

Nominated

2016

People's Choice Awards[117]

Nominated

2017

People's Choice Awards[118]

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards[119]

Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance

Dee Bradley Baker for "Fight and Flight"

Nominated

2018

Primetime Emmy Awards[120]

Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance

Seth MacFarlane for "The Talented Mr. Dingleberry"

Pending

text: Other media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Name
Release dates
Ep #
BBFC/IFCO/ACB rating
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Volume One
April 25, 2006
April 24, 2006
May 24, 2006
13
12/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 7 episodes of Season 1 and the first 6 episodes of Season 2 ("Pilot" through "Stan of Arabia: Part 2"). Special features include commentaries, featurettes, and animatics. It was renamed 'Season 1' for regions 2 and 4. When a compilation comprising Volumes 1–3 was released in the UK, 'Season 1' was renamed to 'Volume 1' much like its US counterpart.

Volume Two
May 15, 2007
May 28, 2007
May 21, 2007
19
12/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes the remaining 10 episodes from Season 2 and the first 9 episodes from Season 3 ("Stannie Get Your Gun" through "The Best Christmas Story Never"). Special features include commentaries on all episodes, featurettes, multi-angle scene studies, and deleted scenes. An uncensored audio track is also available on the episode "Tears of a Clooney".

Volume Three
April 15, 2008
May 12, 2008
May 14, 2008
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes the remaining 10 episodes from Season 3 and 8 of the first 9 episodes from Season 4 ("Bush Comes to Dinner" through "Frannie 911"), though "The Most Adequate Christmas Ever" does not appear on the DVD.[121] Special features include commentaries on all episodes, unrated audio, a table read, and deleted scenes.[122]

Volume Four
April 28, 2009
April 20, 2009
November 18, 2009
14
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes the remaining 8 episodes of Season 4 (including "The Most Adequate Christmas Ever") and the first 6 episodes of Season 5. Special features include commentaries on every episode, storyboards/animatics, multi-angle scene studios, deleted scenes, and optional censored audio. On the Region 2 DVD release, a typo was made on the back cover.*

Volume Five
June 15, 2010
June 14, 2010
November 3, 2010
14
15/15/M
This 3-disc boxset includes the remaining 14 episodes from Season 5. Special features include commentaries on all episodes, deleted scenes, and a Power Hour Drinking Game.

Volume Six
April 19, 2011
June 27, 2011
July 13, 2011[123]
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 18 episodes from Season 6. Special features include commentaries on selected episodes, deleted scenes, and the making of the episode "Rapture's Delight".[124]

Volume Seven
April 17, 2012
May 14, 2012[125]
May 16, 2012
19
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 19 episodes from Season 7, along with commentaries on select episodes, deleted scenes, American Dad! at Comic-Con 2010, and "I ❤ Sir Patrick Stewart".

Volume Eight
September 24, 2013[126]
August 5, 2013[127]
August 21, 2013
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 18 episodes of Season 8, along with commentaries on select episodes, deleted scenes, and "Stan's Booty Dance".

Volume Nine
July 1, 2014
October 6, 2014[128]
September 3, 2014
19
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 19 episodes of Season 9. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

Volume Ten
May 21, 2015[129]
October 17, 2016[130]
January 6, 2016
20
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set contains all 20 episodes from Season 10. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

Volume Eleven

December 13, 2016

November 14, 2016[131]

November 30, 2016
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set contains all three episodes from Season 11 and all 15 episodes from Season 12. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

Volume Twelve

November 7, 2017

November 13, 2017

22
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set contains all 22 episodes from Season 13. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

text:
The Volume One release was retitled Season One for the Region 2 and 4 releases, however the subsequent releases retained the Volume titles.
On the packaging for the Season 1 release on Region 2 DVD, there was no mention of audio commentaries or some of the bonus features, leading many to mistakenly believe they had been omitted from the release.
The Region 2 and 4 DVDs do not have censored audio tracks on any episodes; however, Volume 3 has so-called "uncensored tracks" on the set (probably an error from the transfer because the tracks are already automatically uncensored on the set).
The Volume 4 DVD release blurb contained information on the episode "Phantom of the Telethon", which was instead featured on Volume 5.
On Volume 6, despite claims of being uncensored, the bleeps from "Home Adrone", "My Morning Straitjacket", and "G-String Circus" are not removed.
Volume 9 features all episodes from Season 9, but features the poster from Season 10's "Poltergasm".

text: Potential film adaptation[edit]

text: At Comic-Con 2013 on July 20, Mike Barker revealed that an American Dad! movie—centering on Roger and set on his birth planet—may take place in the future. Barker did not announce any specifics as it relates to the nature and type of film he and the rest of the show's creators had in mind for the series; however, he strongly suggested that a movie is where the show's staff and creators would like to take things. Barker further hinted that an American Dad! movie may already even be in the works and partially written. No further information about the movie was released following Barker's exit from the series in November 2013.[62]

text: Crossovers with other animated sitcoms[edit]

text: American Dad! characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. To date, all of American Dad!'s crossovers have involved two other animated programs. The other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy (the crossover episode "Bigfat" also consisted of King of the Hill characters), and the cancelled series The Cleveland Show.

text: On December 8, 2013, Bart Simpson made a cameo appearance in the American Dad! season 10 episode, "Faking Bad". Though unofficial, this marked the first ever Simpsons/American Dad! crossover.[132]

text: Online Gambling[edit]

text: Playtech signed on for the development of a 40-line branded slot game based on Fox Broadcasting Company's animated sitcom, American Dad. Released online in May 2017, Stan Smith, Francine, Hayley, Klaus and Roger are featured along with special game bonuses including re-spins, free spins and 'Wheels and the Legman'.[133]


document_title: Seat belt laws in the United States

question_text: when did wearing a seatbelt become a law in california

root

text: Seat belt laws in the United States

text: Primary and secondary enforcement[edit]

text: U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle.

tag: p

text: In 18 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws.

text: Laws by state[edit]

text: This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States.[3][4] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also "first offense" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher.

text:
State
Type of law
Date of first law
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Seat Belt Usage[5]

 Alabama
Primary Enforcement
July 18, 1991
Age 15+ in front seats
$25
91.4%

 Alaska
Primary Enforcement
September 12, 1990
Age 16+ in all seats
$15 ($25 actual)
86.8%

 Arizona
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1991
Age 8+ in front seats; Age 8–15 in all seats
$10 ($37.20 actual)
81.8%

 Arkansas
Primary Enforcement
July 15, 1991
Age 15+ in front seats
$25
78.3%

 California
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 16+ in all seats
$20 ($162 actual) $50 second offense ($190 actual)5
96.2%

 Colorado
Secondary Enforcement1 exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation[6]
July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in front seats
$71
82.9%

 Connecticut
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 7+ in front seats
$92
88.2%

 Delaware
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1992
Age 16+ in all seats
$25
90.7%

 District of Columbia
Primary Enforcement
December 12, 1985
Age 16+ in all seats
$504
92.3%

 Florida
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
6+ years in front seat; 6 through 17 years in all seats
$30 ($116 actual)
87.4%

 Georgia
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1988
Age 8–17 in all seats; Age 18+ in front seats
$15
89.6%

 Hawaii
Primary Enforcement
December 16, 1985
Age 8+ in all seats
$45 ($112 actual)
97.6%

 Idaho
Secondary Enforcement2
July 1, 1986
Age 7+ in all seats
$10 ($51.50 actual)
77.9%

 Illinois
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1988
Age 16+ in all seats
$25 ($60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school)
92.6%

 Indiana
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1987
Age 16+ in all seats
$25
92.4%

 Iowa
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
All ages in front seats; under 18 in rear seats[7]
$25 ($127.50 actual)
93.1%

 Kansas
Primary Enforcement3
July 1, 1986
Age 14+ in all seats
$60 for age 14-17; $10 for 18+
81.8%

 Kentucky
Primary Enforcement
July 15, 1994
Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats
$25
80.3%

 Louisiana
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1986
Age 13+ in front seats
$25
75.9%

 Maine
Primary Enforcement
December 26, 1995
Age 18+ in all seats
$50
82.0%

 Maryland
Primary Enforcement3
July 1, 1986
Age 16+ in all seats
$83
94.7%

 Massachusetts
Secondary Enforcement
February 1, 1994
Age 13+ in all seats [8]
$25
73.7%

 Michigan
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1985
Age 16+ in front seats
$25 ($65 actual)
95.2%

 Minnesota
Primary Enforcement
August 1, 1986
7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats
$25 + $75 fee
92.3%

 Mississippi
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1994
Age 7+ in all seats
$25
81.0%

 Missouri
Secondary Enforcement1
September 28, 1985
Age 16+ in front seats; age 8-15 in all seats
$10 for age 16+; $50 for age 8-15
76.0%

 Montana
Secondary Enforcement
October 1, 1987
Age 6+ in all seats
$20
78.9%

 Nebraska
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1993
Age 18+ in front seats
$25
84.1%

 Nevada
Secondary Enforcement
July 1, 1987
Age 6+ in all seats
$25
93.2%

 New Hampshire
None, Primary for children only
No law
Age 17 and under in all seats
$50
72.2%

 New Jersey
Primary Enforcement3
March 1, 1985
Age 8+ in all seats
$46 per person
93.7%

 New Mexico
Primary Enforcement
January 1, 1986
Age 18+ in all seats
$254
89.8%

 New York
Primary Enforcement
December 1, 1984
Age 16+ in front seats; under 16 in all seats
$50 ($135 Actual after surcharges)[9]
89.8%

 North Carolina
Primary Enforcement, Secondary for Backseat[10]
October 1, 1985
All ages in all seats
$161 for front seat; $10 for rear seat
89.7%

 North Dakota
Secondary Enforcement2
July 14, 1994
Age 18+ in front seats;
under 18 in all seats

$20 for age 18+; $25 + 1 point on license for under 184
74.8%

 Ohio
Secondary Enforcement
May 6, 1986
Age 15+ in front seat; 8–14 in all seats
$30 for driver; $20 for passenger
83.8%

 Oklahoma
Primary Enforcement
February 1, 1987
Age 13+ in front seats
$20
85.9%

 Oregon
Primary Enforcement
December 7, 1990
All ages in all seats
$130
97.0%

 Pennsylvania
Secondary Enforcement2
November 23, 1987
Age 18+ in front seats; age 8-17 in all seats
$10
86.0%

 Rhode Island
Primary Enforcement
June 18, 1991
Age 8+ in all seats
$75
78.0%

 South Carolina
Primary Enforcement
July 1, 1989
Age 6+ in all seats
$25
85.4%

 South Dakota
Secondary Enforcement
January 1, 1995
Age 18+ in front seats
$25
74.5%

 Tennessee
Primary Enforcement
April 21, 1986
Age 16+ in front seats
$25
87.1%

 Texas
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1985
Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats; age 8+ years in all seats
$200 if under 17 (driver); $50 if over 15 (driver or passenger)
93.8%

 Utah
Primary Enforcement
April 28, 1986
All ages in all seats
$45
89.0%

 Vermont
Secondary Enforcement2
January 1, 1994
All ages in all seats
$25
85.2%

 Virginia
Secondary Enforcement2
January 1, 1988
All drivers; age 18+ in front seats; under 18 in all seats
$25
80.5%

 Washington
Primary Enforcement
June 11, 1986
Age 8+ in all seats
$124
97.6%

 West Virginia
Primary Enforcement
September 1, 1993
All ages in front seats; 8–17 in rear seats
$25
82.1%

 Wisconsin
Primary Enforcement
December 1, 1987
Age 8+ in all seats
$10
79.2%

 Wyoming
Secondary Enforcement
June 8, 1989
Age 9+ in all seats
$25 for driver; $10 for passenger
78.9%

tag: table

text: 1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16.

text: 2 Idaho, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18.

text:
3 Kansas, Maryland, and New Jersey, law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants (18+ in Kansas).
4 These states assess points on one's driving record for the seat belt violation.
5 In California- An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof, of every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses, including all traffic offenses, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Penal Code § 1463. The additional penalty is calculated as follows:

text: • State penalty required by PC 1464 $10,

text: • County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2

text: Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20

text: Damages reduction[edit]

text: A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[11]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths.[12] One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively.[13] Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.[14][15]


document_title: Docklands Stadium

question_text: who has kicked the most goals at etihad stadium

text: Docklands Stadium

text: History[edit]

text: The stadium was announced on 31 October 1996 as a replacement for the much larger Waverley Park as a headquarters for the Australian Football League.[5] Originally developed by the Docklands Stadium Consortium and thereafter controlled by the Seven Network, the remaining leasehold interest in the stadium was sold to James Fielding Funds Management on 21 June 2006 for A$330 million.[6] Under the terms of the agreement governing construction and operation of the venue, in 2025 the AFL were to win ownership of the stadium for a $30 fee.[7]

text: Docklands Stadium, like Waverley Park, was built primarily for Australian rules football, unlike most grounds of a similar size in Australia which were originally designed for cricket.

text: The first match to be played at the ground was between Essendon and Port Adelaide, before a crowd of 43,012, in Round 1 of the 2000 AFL season. Essendon won the match by 94 points.[8]

text: The stadium was the first stadium in Australia to have movable seating. All four level-one tiers of the stadium can be moved up to 18 metres forward into a rectangular configuration. It was first used for a Melbourne Storm game in July 2001. Despite the seating being a key feature of the stadium, it has rarely been used, citing damage to turf, time to deploy the seats and a reduced capacity (the corners of the stadium in level 1 are not movable).

text: Docklands Stadium first featured rugby league football when it was used as the Melbourne Storm's home ground for one season in 2001. The Storm continued to play home games at the ground sporadically in the following years. Docklands was also the venue for the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series and Australia's home game against New Zealand in the 2006 Tri-nations series. During the 2008 Rugby League World Cup Australia played England at the stadium and the opening games of the 2009 and 2012 State of Origin series were also played here, the latter attracting 56,021, a new record for rugby league at the stadium.[9]

text: In 2015, LED electronic advertising was added around the perimeter of the ground on level 1 and 2.

text: On 24 October 2015, the stadium hosted Motorcycle speedway when it played host to the 2015 Speedway Grand Prix of Australia (on a 346 metres (378 yards) long temporary track) which was the twelfth and final round of the 2015 Speedway Grand Prix World Championship season. It was the first time Australia had hosted a round of the SGP event since the final round of the 2002 season in Sydney. With stadium capacity capped at 42,000 for the event, 26,609 fans saw 45 year old American rider Greg Hancock take out his 20th SGP Final (coincidentally, Hancock had also won the 2002 event). Danish rider Niels-Kristian Iversen finished second with Poland's Maciej Janowski finishing third. Reigning Australian Champion Jason Doyle qualified for the final but was outed in a crash in the first turn in which he suffered neck and chest injuries. A fully conscious Doyle was then transported to the Royal Melbourne Hospital for observation.[10]

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Collingwood president Eddie McGuire had taken a proposal to the state government for the stadium to be sold for redevelopment when the AFL gain ownership of the stadium in 2025, with a new similar size stadium built within the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct.[11] The plan was rejected by the AFL. Prior to the start of the 2016 AFL season the seats in the Medallion Club were replaced. The old seats in the Medallion Club section were relocated to other areas in the ground.

text: On 7 October 2016, the AFL Commission announced that the league had acquired exclusive ownership of the stadium. The league elected to buy out the Etihad Stadium owners for a figure believed to be approximately $200 million, rather than wait until 2025 when the league would automatically acquire ownership of the venue for $30.[4]

text: 2010 stadium damage[edit]

text: The venue was damaged by a thunderstorm on the afternoon of 6 March 2010 during the 2010 Victorian storms. The external roof (not the main retractable roof) caved in, causing damage and flooding in one of the stadium's entertainment precincts. Because of the damage the St Kilda v Fremantle NAB Cup semi-final was delayed due to WorkSafe inspections. Only around 5000 people made it back into the arena when it was safe to return.[12]

text: Naming rights history[edit]

text: The stadium was constructed by Baulderstone Hornibrook and opened on 9 March 2000, as Colonial Stadium. Colonial State Bank paid $32.5 million for 10 years of naming rights.[13] In 2000, Commonwealth Bank took over Colonial State Bank and sold the naming rights to Telstra for about $50 million. The name was changed to Telstra Dome on 1 October 2002. During this time it was colloquially referred to as simply "The Dome", including by clubs who are sponsored by rival telecommunications companies (such as Essendon, who at the time were sponsored by 3 and Carlton who also at the time were sponsored by Optus). On March 1, 2009, when the naming rights transferred to Etihad Airways,[14] the venue officially became known as Etihad Stadium and in August 2012 the partnership was extended for five more years until 2019.[15] Etihad Airways are paying an estimated $5–$8 million a year for naming rights at the Docklands stadium.[16] Controversy surrounded the new name, with the AFL initially refusing to recognise it. AFL chief operating officer Gillon McLachlan confirmed the AFL would not recognise the new name due to a lucrative sponsorship deal between the AFL and Australia's largest airline, Qantas.[17] After negotiation between the two parties, AFL broadcasters and clubs are permitted by the governing body to use the stadium's sponsored name.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Several issues with the Docklands Stadium have caused growing resentment within the Australian Football League and prompted the league to publicly investigate an alternative third venue. At times this venue has been suggested as a redeveloped Princes Park Football Ground or a rival stadium in the Docklands area.[18][19]

text: The stadium has been controversial since its first construction and there has been a significant amount of criticism directed toward the facility, particularly from its major tenant, the AFL. Prior to assuming ownership of the ground in 2016, the AFL regarded the stadium owner as a hostile landlord, engaging in numerous lawsuits against the-then owners and threatening to build a rival stadium as close as a kilometre away in the short-term.[20][20]

text: Playing surface issues[edit]

text: Since its inception, the Docklands Stadium has endured criticism over the quality and suitability of its playing surface, in particular for AFL requirements. It has been criticised by players and coaches for its slipperiness, hardness and lack of grass coverage.[21] The turf has required regular expensive replacement since its inception due to a lack of sunlight inside the stadium. The turf itself is supplied under contract by HG Turf, whereas the responsibility of laying and managing the turf lies with Docklands Stadium management.[22]

text: Issues with the ground's ability to grow grass all year round can be attributed to the stadium's irregular North-South orientation which was a requirement due to its placement between the surrounding roads and Docklands body of water. In particular, the Northern end of the stadium only receives 6 weeks of sunlight a year. Concerts held at the stadium are also usually placed at the Southern end due to the ability for grass to recover faster in that section of the ground.[23]

text: In August 2007, Docklands Stadium chief executive Ian Collins confirmed talks were underway to purchase an elaborate lighting and heating system to allow grass to be grown by curators all year round. This followed extensive visits by Docklands Stadium officials to several FIFA World Cup venues in Germany, locations in the United States and Arsenal's new Emirates Stadium.[23]

text: In 2007, studies were conducted by the University of Melbourne to investigate concerns that hard surfaces, such as the surface at the Docklands Stadium increase the likelihood of player injury, in particular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries (knee).[24]

text: Before the 2015 AFL season synthetic turf was installed around the perimeter of the playing surface. The most controversial sections were around the AFL interchange gates as well as where the goals are located where the synthetic turf comes right up to the playing area (the synthetic turf at the goals was moved several meters closer to the fence in March 2017). This was highlighted after a Brisbane Lions player suffered a season ending ACL injury and one coach labeling the surface 'dangerous' after a game at the venue.[25][26]

text: Stadium features[edit]

text:
Retractable roof 38 metres (125 ft) above the playing surface, opens east-west, and takes eight minutes to fully open or close.[27]
Movable seating (4 sections of the lower tier can move 18 metres forward to give a rectangular configuration)
Two large internal replay screens which display scores and advertisements.
External super screen
1000 video seats
13 function rooms
66 corporate boxes
Premium Club membership area, The Medallion Club
500 car parking spaces below the ground
Oval shaped, turf playing surface of 19,053 square metres (205,080 sq ft) or 170 by 140 m (560 by 460 ft)
Over 700 2000-watt lights for arena illumination
A varying capacity of between 12,000 and 74,000, depending on the event. For example, seats can be laid on the ground.
An AFL capacity of 53,359
Dimensions of playing area are 159.5 metres by 128.5 metres (174.4 yards by 140.5 yards)
The ends of the ground, where the AFL goal posts are located, are generally named after VFL/AFL goal-kicking legends Tony 'Plugger' Lockett and Gordon Coventry. The northern end is the Lockett End, and the southern end, the Coventry End. These names are subject to changes as appropriate for circumstances: for Essendon home matches, the Coventry End is renamed the Lloyd End and the Lockett End is renamed the Fletcher End, for Western Bulldogs home matches, the Lockett End is renamed the Footscray End[28] and for VFL games, the ends are renamed after VFA/VFL goal-kicking legends Jim 'Frosty' Miller and Fred Cook.

tag: ul

text:
A section of the movable seating

One of the large LCDs at Docklands Stadium

text: Home teams[edit]

text: The Docklands Stadium is officially home ground to five[29] AFL teams. Carlton, Essendon, North Melbourne, St Kilda and the Western Bulldogs use the stadium as their primary home ground, although all the Victorian-based teams have played home games at the ground. The AFL highest home and away attendance recorded at the Docklands Stadium was set on 5 July 2009 when 54,444 people watched St Kilda play Geelong in Round 14.

text: Melbourne Victory also play home matches at Docklands. Originally, the plan was that the stadium would only be used for A-League games against the Victory's biggest rivals, Sydney FC, in the 2006/07 A-League season due to the prediction of a large crowd. All other games were supposed to be at the Victory's usual home ground, Olympic Park Stadium. A record crowd of 39,730 attended the game. After the success of the game, the Victory found Olympic Park's capacity of 18,000 too small, especially after the Round 4 match at Olympic Park attracted a capacity crowd of 17,617. Melbourne then moved all their home games except one against the struggling New Zealand Knights to Docklands for the 2006/07 season. The move was a success, with a 27,000 crowd average. The Victory decided to move all their home games permanently from the 2007/08 season. This also gave the stadium a major summer tenant, which the stadium lacked in its early years.

text: Melbourne Victory continued to play all games at Docklands until the end of the 2009/10 season, when their new home at the Melbourne Rectangular Stadium was completed. The Victory would play blockbuster and finals games at Docklands, with all other games being played at the new stadium. The Victory still play 5 home games at the venue as well as all home finals matches.

text: In the 2001 NRL season the stadium was the home ground for the Melbourne Storm. It also hosted one home game in 2008 and three home games in 2010. In 2007 and 2009, the stadium was also used as the Storm's home finals venue due to the low capacity of its then normal home ground, Olympic Park Stadium.

text: The Big Bash League side Melbourne Renegades also plays its home games at the Docklands Stadium.

text: Records[edit]

text: Attendance[edit]

text:
Largest attendance
Adele Live 2017
18 & 19 March 2017
77,300 people "Etihad Stadium Records".
Largest entertainment event attendance
Adele Live 2017
18 & 19 March 2017
77,300 people "Etihad Stadium Records". Archived from the original on 21 May 2010.
Largest series of concerts
AC/DC
11, 13 & 15 February 2010
181,495 people
Largest rugby union attendance
2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia, 29 June 2013
Australia vs British and Irish Lions
56,771 people
Largest One Day International cricket attendance
Commonwealth Bank Series
38,364 people[30]
Largest A-League attendance
18 February 2007
Melbourne Victory vs Adelaide United
55,436 people[31]
Largest rugby league attendance
State of Origin Game I, 23 May 2012
Queensland vs New South Wales
56,021 people [32]
Largest AFL attendance
Round 14, 5 July 2009
St Kilda vs Geelong
54,444 people [33]
Largest NRL attendance
Preliminary final, 23 September 2007
Melbourne Storm vs Parramatta
33,427 people[34]
Largest International Rules attendance
2nd test, 28 October 2005
Australia vs Ireland
45,428 people [35]
Largest Big Bash League attendance
Round 5, 7 January 2017
Melbourne Renegades vs Melbourne Stars
44,189 people
Largest motorsport attendance
Speedway Grand Prix, Round 12, 24 October 2015*
Speedway Grand Prix of Australia
26,609 people [36]

text: * Stadium capacity capped at 42,000 for the Speedway Grand Prix

text: AFL records[edit]

text: Players[edit]

text:
Most games played: Nick Riewoldt (St Kilda), 184
Most goals kicked: Nick Riewoldt (St Kilda), 452
Most goals kicked in a match: Mark LeCras (West Coast), 12.2 (74), 17 July 2010 (West Coast 20.12 (132) defeated Essendon 14.16 (100))
Most disposals in a match: Tom Rockliff (Brisbane Lions), 48 vs. Carlton, 4 June 2016 (Carlton 16.6 (102) defeated Brisbane Lions 9.10 (64)) and Patrick Dangerfield, 48 vs. North Melbourne, 11 June 2016 (Geelong 15.15 (105) defeated North Melbourne 12.2 (74))
First AFL goal kicked: Michael Long (Essendon), 9 March 2000 (Essendon 24.12 (156) defeated Port Adelaide 8.14 (62))

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Highest winning percentage: Geelong at 67.89% from 64 wins, 30 losses and one draw
Lowest winning percentage: Gold Coast at 18.75% from 3 wins, 13 losses
Most wins: St Kilda with 128 wins, 5 draws and 93 losses at 57.74%
Highest score: Geelong 35.12 (222) defeated Richmond 9.11 (65), 6 May 2007
Lowest score: Adelaide 3.6 (24) defeated by St Kilda 19.13 (127), 22 July 2011
Highest margin: Geelong (vs Richmond), 157 points, 6 May 2007
Highest score in a quarter: Essendon 15.4 (94) vs. Gold Coast 0.1 (1), 1 May 2011

text: Last updated 31 August 2017.[37]

text: International cricket[edit]

text: On 16 August 2000, the first indoor One Day International was held when the Australian cricket team played South Africa in the "Super Challenge". It has been a venue for usually off-season one day matches but it held the first game of the 2004 Chappell-Hadlee Trophy series in December and 3 VB Series matches in 2006 due to the Melbourne Cricket Ground being unavailable due to preparations for it being the main stadium for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

text: ODI centuries[edit]

text: The following table summarises the ODI centuries scored at Docklands.

text:
No.
Score
Player
Team
Balls
Inns.
Opposing team
Date
Result

1
7003123000000000000♠ 106
Michael Bevan
 Australia
7003125000000000000♠ 125
1
 South Africa
000000002000-08-16-000016 August 2000
Won

2
7003123000000000000♠ 114*
Mark Waugh
 Australia
7003125000000000000♠ 103
1
 South Africa
000000002000-08-16-000016 August 2000
Won

3
7003123000000000000♠ 103
Adam Gilchrist
 Australia
7003125000000000000♠ 79
1
ICC World XI
000000002005-10-07-00007 October 2005
Won

text: Rugby league test matches[edit]

text: The Docklands Stadium hosted two Australia internationals. The stadium was in rectangular mode for the 2006 Tri-Nations game.[38]

text:
Date
Opponents
Result
Attendance
Part of

21 October 2006
 New Zealand
20–15
30,732
2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations group stage

2 November 2008
 England
52–4
36,297
2008 Rugby League World Cup Group A

text: Rugby league state of origin matches[edit]

text: The Docklands Stadium has hosted three rugby league State of Origin series games between Queensland and New South Wales.

text:
Game
Date
Result
Attendance
Notes

1
5 July 2006
 Queensland def.  New South Wales 18–16
54,833
2006 State of Origin series Game III

2
3 June 2009
 Queensland def.  New South Wales 28–18
50,967
2009 State of Origin series Game I

3
23 May 2012
 Queensland def.  New South Wales 18–10
56,021
2012 State of Origin series Game I

text: Rugby Union internationals[edit]

text: The Docklands has also hosted a number of rugby union internationals including matches during the 2003 Rugby World Cup which was held in Australia.

text:
Date
Competition
Home team
Away team
Attendance

7 July 2001
2001 Tom Richards Trophy
 Australia
13
British and Irish Lions
29
56,605

22 June 2002
2002 Trophée des Bicentenaires
 Australia
29
 France
17
37,482

6 June 2003
2003 Cook Cup
 Australia
14
 England
25
54,868

11 October 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Pool D
 New Zealand
70
 Italy
7
41,715

12 October 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Pool D
 Wales
41
 Canada
10
24,874

17 October 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Pool D
 New Zealand
68
 Canada
6
38,899

26 October 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Pool C
 England
35
 Samoa
22
50,647

1 November 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Pool A
 Australia
17
 Ireland
16
54,206

8 November 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Quarter-final 1
 New Zealand
29
 South Africa
9
40,734

9 November 2003
2003 Rugby World Cup Quarter-final 3
 France
43
 Ireland
21
33,134

13 June 2004
2004 Hopetoun Cup
 Australia
35
 Scotland
15
38,222

25 June 2005
2005 mid-year internationals
 Australia
69
 Italy
21
26,520

17 June 2006
2006 Cook Cup
 Australia
43
 England
18
56,000

14 June 2008
2008 Lansdowne Cup
 Australia
18
 Ireland
12
41,700

20 June 2009
2009 mid-year internationals
 Australia
34
 Italy
12
20,280

31 July 2010
2010 Tri Nations Series / Bledisloe Cup
 Australia
28
 New Zealand
49
51,409

16 June 2012
2012 James Bevan Trophy
 Australia
25
 Wales
23
33,880

29 June 2013
2013 Tom Richards Trophy
 Australia
16
British and Irish Lions
15
56,771

14 June 2014
2014 Trophée des Bicentenaires
 Australia
6
 France
0
27,189

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The venue appeared in the 2007 film Ghost Rider. Its name, wherever visible, was digitally changed to the SoBe Dome. It can also be seen in the video for Jessica Mauboy's single Running Back, as well as some television shows, such as the Seven Network's City Homicide and Network Ten's Rush. The stadium was also visible in the background during broadcasts of Seven News Melbourne and Nine News Melbourne for periods up until 2013 and 2006 respectively when both bulletins took shots overlooking the city's east.

text: One-off events[edit]

text: Events that have been held at the Docklands Stadium include concerts by many famous artists.

text: KISS performed on 28 February 2003, with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, for their live CD/DVD, Kiss Symphony: Alive IV.

text: The ground hosted two quarter finals of the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the Rugby 7s at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.[27] The stadium was used in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup for the Australia vs England game. In the summer months it is used as the home ground for Melbourne Victory games in the A-League and the AFC Champions League. The stadium has been used for State of Origin series matches when they are played in Melbourne. This ground hosted the opening match of the 2012 series, earmarked as a New South Wales home game.

text: The stadium hosted a match from the International Rules Series in 2005 (due to the MCG undergoing works for the Commonwealth Games) and hosted another in 2011. Since 2003, it has been the venue for the E. J. Whitten Legends Game.

text: In 2001, Melbourne Knights and South Melbourne Hellas staged the only National Soccer League game to be held at this stadium.

text: WWE hosted a non-televised[39][40] live event[41][42] at the stadium on 10 August 2002 as part of the Global Warning Tour. The event attracted 56,734 fans.

text: In May 2013, the stadium hosted a match between Queanbeyan Football Club and Werribee Football Club as part of the Foxtel Cup.[43]

text: On 14 November 2015, UFC 193 was held at Etihad Stadium.[44] This was the first UFC event to be held in Melbourne. The event attracted a UFC record attendance of 56,214 fans, beating the previous the record for the highest attendance at a UFC event when 55,724 attended UFC 129 at the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[45]

text: Concerts[edit]

text:
Date
Performer(s)
Attendance
Notes

15 & 17 March 2000
Barbra Streisand
70,000
Part of the Timeless Tour

1 December 2002
Red Hot Chili Peppers
21,729
Part of the By The Way Tour

28 February 2003
KISS
59,958
Recording of Kiss Symphony: Alive IV

20 March 2003
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band

Part of The Rising Tour

10 December 2003
Robbie Williams
57,027
Part of The 2003 Tour

17 December 2005
Green Day
75,439
Part of the American Idiot World Tour

18–19 November 2006
U2
127,275
Part of the Vertigo Tour

17–18 December 2006
Robbie Williams
125,274
Part of the Close Encounters Tour

13–15 November 2008
André Rieu

Part of the stadium tour with the Johann Strauss Orchestra

20 November 2009
Pearl Jam
45,000
Part of the Backspacer Tour

3 March 2010
George Michael
47,000
Part of the George Michael Live in Australia tour

11,13 & 15 February 2010
AC/DC
181,495
Part of the Black Ice World Tour

1 & 3 December 2010
U2
105,312
Part of the U2 360° Tour

11 December 2010
Bon Jovi
54,414
Part of The Circle Tour

31 December 2010
Armin van Buuren
15,000
Part of 'Armin Only Mirage' event

1 December 2011
Eminem
61,405
Part of The Recovery Tour

13 November 2012
Coldplay
63,378
Part of the Mylo Xyloto Tour

5 January 2013
Mariah Carey
46,500
Part of the one-off Australian tour

5–6 March 2013
KISS/Mötley Crüe

Part of the Monster Tour

7 & 8 December 2013
Bon Jovi
91,505
Part of the Because We Can: The Tour

14 December 2013
Taylor Swift
47,257
Part of the Red Tour

19 February 2014
Eminem
59,675
Part of the Rapture Tour

18 & 19 September 2014
Justin Timberlake
41,777
Part of The 20/20 Experience World Tour

14–15 February 2015
One Direction
59,253
Part of On the Road Again Tour

28 February 2015
Foo Fighters
56,981
Part of the Sonic Highways World Tour

6 & 8 December 2015
AC/DC

Part of the Rock or Bust World Tour

12-14 February 2016
Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo
152,673
Five performances

9 & 10 December 2016
Coldplay
109,492
Part of the A Head Full of Dreams Tour

10 March 2017
Justin Bieber
54,821
Part of the Purpose World Tour

18 & 19 March 2017
Adele
152,300
Part of the Adele Live 2017 Tour

9, 10, 11 & 12 March 2018
Ed Sheeran
—
Part of the ÷ Tour


document_title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

question_text: where was the beach scene in planet of the apes filmed

text: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Astronauts Taylor (Charlton Heston), Landon (Robert Gunner), Dodge (Jeff Burton) and Stewart are in deep hibernation when their spaceship crashes in a lake on an unknown planet after a long near-light speed voyage, during which, due to time dilation, the crew ages only 18 months. As the ship sinks, Taylor finds Stewart dead and her body desiccated. They throw an inflatable raft from the ship and climb down into it; before departing the ship, Taylor notes that the date is November 25, 3978, approximately two millennia after their departure in 1972. Once ashore, Dodge performs a soil test and pronounces the soil incapable of sustaining life.

text: After abandoning their raft, the astronauts set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food and water before their provisions run out. Eventually, they encounter plant life. They find an oasis at the edge of the desert and go swimming, ignoring eerie scarecrow-like figures around the edge of the water. While they are swimming, their clothes are stolen. Pursuing the thieves, the astronauts find their clothes torn to shreds, their supplies pillaged and the perpetrators—a group of humans that are apparently so primitive that they cannot even talk and dressed in torn clothes—raiding a cornfield. Taylor is attracted to one of the humans, whom he later names Nova (Linda Harrison).

text: Suddenly, armed and uniformed gorillas on horseback charge through the cornfield, brandishing firearms, snares, and nets. They capture some humans and kill the rest. In the chaos, Dodge is shot in the back of the neck and killed, Landon is wounded and rendered unconscious, and Taylor is shot in the throat and taken prisoner. The gorillas take Taylor to Ape City, where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees: animal psychologist Zira (Kim Hunter) and surgeon Galen (Wright King). While his throat wound is healing, he is unable to speak. Taylor discovers that the various apes, who can talk and are in control, are in a strict caste system: gorillas are police officers, military, hunters and workers; orangutans are administrators, politicians, lawyers and priests; and chimpanzees are intellectuals and scientists. The apes have developed a primitive society based on the beginnings of the human Industrial Era. They ride horses and have carts, rifles, and even primitive photography. Humans, who are believed by the apes to be unable to talk, are considered vermin and are hunted, either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments.

text: Zira and her fiancé Cornelius (Roddy McDowall), an archaeologist, take an interest in Taylor, whom Zira calls "Bright Eyes". Taylor attempts to communicate by writing in the dirt, but Nova, who has been following him around, attempts to destroy his writing with her hands, not understanding what the words mean. The letters she doesn't destroy are then obliterated by Zira's and Cornelius's superior, an orangutan named Dr. Zaius (Maurice Evans). Back in his cage, Taylor steals Zira's pencil and notebook and uses them to write the message My name is Taylor. Zira and Cornelius become convinced that Taylor is intelligent, but upon learning of this, Dr. Zaius orders that Taylor be castrated. Before the castration can occur, Taylor escapes. During his desperate flight through Ape City, he passes through a museum, where he finds Dodge's stuffed and eyeless corpse on display. When Taylor is recaptured by gorillas, he overcomes his throat injury and roars: "Take your stinking paws off me, you damn dirty ape!"

text: A tribunal to determine Taylor's origins is convened by the president of the Assembly (James Whitmore), Dr. Zaius, and Maximus (Woodrow Parfrey). Dr. Honorious (James Daly) is the prosecutor. Taylor mentions his two comrades at this time. The court then produces Landon, who has been subjected to a lobotomy that has rendered him catatonic and unable to speak. After the tribunal, Dr. Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor if he does not tell the truth about where he came from. With help from Zira's socially rebellious nephew Lucius (Lou Wagner), Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City that has been ruled out of bounds for centuries by Ape Law. A year earlier, Cornelius led an expedition into the Forbidden Zone that found a cave containing artifacts of an earlier non-simian (and believed to be human) civilization. The group sets out for the cave to answer questions Taylor has about the evolution of the ape world and to prove he is not of that world.

text: Arriving at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Dr. Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off, threatening to shoot them if he has to. Zaius agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories and to avoid physical harm to Cornelius and Zira. Inside, Cornelius displays the remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve and, to the apes' astonishment, a talking children's doll. More soldiers appear and Lucius is overpowered, but Taylor again fends them off. Dr. Zaius is held hostage so Taylor can escape, but he admits to Taylor that he has always known that a human civilization existed long before apes ruled the planet and that "the Forbidden Zone was once a paradise, your breed made a desert of it… ages ago!" Taylor nonetheless thinks it best to search for answers, but Dr. Zaius warns him that he may not like what he finds. Once Taylor and Nova have ridden off, Dr. Zaius has the gorillas lay explosives to seal off the cave and destroy the remaining evidence of the human society. He then has Zira, Cornelius and Lucius charged with heresy.

text: Taylor and Nova, at last free, follow the shoreline and discover the remains of the Statue of Liberty, revealing that this "alien" planet is actually Earth long after a nuclear war. Realizing what Dr. Zaius meant earlier, Taylor falls to his knees in despair and anger and condemns humanity for destroying the world.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Charlton Heston as George Taylor
Roddy McDowall as Cornelius
Kim Hunter as Zira
Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius
James Whitmore as President of the Assembly
James Daly as Honorious
Linda Harrison as Nova
Robert Gunner as Landon
Lou Wagner as Lucius
Woodrow Parfrey as Maximus
Jeff Burton as Dodge
Buck Kartalian as Julius
Norman Burton as Hunt Leader
Wright King as Dr. Galen
Paul Lambert as Minister

text: Production[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Producer Arthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for the Pierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, but was passed over. After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing 1964's What a Way to Go! (1964) for 20th Century Fox and begun pre-production of another movie for the studio, Doctor Dolittle, he managed to convince Fox vice-president Richard D. Zanuck to greenlight Planet of the Apes.[9]

text: One script that came close to being made was written by The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling, though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensive sets, props, and special effects. The previously blacklisted screenwriter Michael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling's script and, as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner, the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several storyboards. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces.[9]

text: To convince the Fox Studio that a Planet of the Apes film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts), Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors, James Brolin and Linda Harrison, played Cornelius and Zira. This test footage is included on several DVD releases of the film, as well as the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes. Linda Harrison, at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard Zanuck, went on to play Nova in the 1968 film and its first sequel, and had a cameo in Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes more than 30 years later, which was also produced by Zanuck. Although Harrison often opined that the producers had always had her in mind for the role of Nova, they had, in fact, considered first Ursula Andress, then Raquel Welch, and Angelique Pettyjohn. When these three women proved unavailable or uninterested, Zanuck gave the part to Harrison. Dr. Zaius was originally to have been played by Robinson, but he backed out due to the heavy makeup and long sessions required to apply it.[10] Robinson later made his final film, Soylent Green (1973), opposite his one-time Ten Commandments (1956) co-star Heston.

text: Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society. According to associate producer Mort Abrahams an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like") which wasn't in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abraham some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "See no evil, speak no evil and hear no evil" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release.[11][page needed] During filming John Chambers, who designed prosthetic make up in the film,[6] held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began on May 21, 1967, and ended on August 10, 1967. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Lake Powell,[11]:61 Glen Canyon[11]:61 and other locations near Page, Arizona[11]:59 Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch[11]:68 in Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the backlot of 20th Century Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter.[11]:79 The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, between Zuma Beach and Point Dume in Malibu.[13] As noted in the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes,[9] the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a matte painting with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70-foot scaffold, angled over a 1/2-scale papier-mache model of the Statue. The actors in Planet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that, when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying.[14]

text: Taylor's spacecraft[edit]

text: The spacecraft onscreen is never actually named in the film. But for the 40th anniversary release of the Blu-ray edition of the film, in the short-film created for the release called A Public Service Announcement from ANSA, the ship is called "Liberty 1".[15] The ship had originally been called "Immigrant One" in an early draft of the script, and then called "Air Force One" in a test set of Topps Collectible cards, and dubbed "Icarus" by a fan; that name gained popularity among Ape fandom.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Planet of the Apes was well received by critics and is widely regarded as a classic film and one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world gone upside down.[17][18] As of April, 2012, the film held a 90% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 50 reviews.[19] In 2008, the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won an honorary Academy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding make-up achievement. The film was nominated for Best Costume Design (Morton Haack) and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical) (Jerry Goldsmith).[21] The score is known for its avant-garde compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusual percussion instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-note music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#59
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Colonel George Taylor—Nominated Hero[23]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Take your stinking paws off me, you damned dirty ape!"—#66

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—#18
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—Nominated[24]
AFI's 10 Top 10—Nominated Science Fiction Film[25]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Original series sequels[edit]

text: Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer Mort Abrahams and writer Paul Dehn, which became the basis for Beneath the Planet of the Apes.[11][page needed] The original film series had four sequels:

text:
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Planet of the Apes (1974)
Return to the Planet of the Apes (animated) (1975)

text: Remake[edit]

text: Planet of the Apes (2001): The film was a re-imagining of the original film, directed by Tim Burton.

text: Reboot series[edit]

text:
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011): A series reboot, directed by Rupert Wyatt, was released in August 5, 2011 to critical and commercial success. It is the first installment in the new series of films.[8]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014): The second entry in the Planet of the Apes reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released in July 11, 2014.[26][27]
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017): The third film in the reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released on July 14, 2017.[28][29][30]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Comic book adaptations of the films were published by Gold Key (1970) and Marvel Comics (b/w magazine 1974-77,[31] color comic book 1975-76[32]). Malibu Comics reprinted the Marvel adaptations when they had the license in the early 1980s. Dark Horse Comics published an adaptation for the 2001 Tim Burton film. Currently Boom! Studios has the licensing rights to Planet of the Apes. Their stories tell the tale of Ape City and its inhabitants before Taylor arrived. However, in July 2014, it was announced that Boom! Studios and IDW Publishing will do a crossover between Planet of the Apes and Star Trek the original series.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published in Mad Magazine. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in regular issue #157, March 1973.[33]

text: Numerous parodies and references have appeared in films and other media, including Spaceballs, The Simpsons, Futurama, Family Guy, South Park, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Mad Men, The Big Bang Theory and the Madagascar films.[citation needed]

text: The film is also alluded to in literature, most notably in Junot Díaz's Pulitzer-winning novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007).[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The crash of the astronauts' spacecraft was partially filmed in and around Lake Powell.

Horseshoe Bend on the Colorado River, near Page, Arizona, was a part of the Forbidden Zone, through which Taylor, Zira, and Cornelius fled Ape City.

Malibu Creek State Park, part of which was formerly the 20th Century Fox Movie Ranch, was the location of the astronauts' initial encounter with primitive humans and superior apes, and of Cornelius, Zira and Taylor's escape from Ape City.

The final scene was filmed at Point Dume's Westward Beach on the Malibu coast.

The cliff face of Point Dume is obscured by the matte painting of the Statue of Liberty.