document_title: Causes of mental disorders

question_text: in most cases what appear to be the two main causes of emotional or behavioral disorders

question_tokens: in most cases what appear to be the two main causes of emotional or behavioral disorders

text: Causes of mental disorders

text: Research results[edit]

text: Risk factors for mental illness include genetic inheritance, such as parents having depression,[2] repeating generational patterns,[3][4] and dispositions like personality.[5][6] Correlations of mental disorders with drug use include cannabis,[7] alcohol[8] and caffeine.[9]

text: Particular mental illnesses have particular risk factors, for instance including unequal parental treatment, adverse life events and drug use in depression,[7][10] migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families, and cannabis use in schizophrenia and psychosis,[7][11] and parenting factors, child abuse,[12] family history (e.g. of anxiety), and temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism) in anxiety.[13] Many psychiatric disorders include problems with impulse and other emotional control.

text: In February 2013 a study found common genetic links between five major psychiatric disorders: autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia.[14] Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated[citation needed] in several mental disorders, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brain regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive (e.g. reasoning) biases, emotional influences, personality dynamics, temperament and coping style. Studies have indicated[citation needed] that variation in genes can play an important role in the development of mental disorders, although the reliable identification of connections between specific genes and specific categories of disorder has proven more difficult. Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated[citation needed]. Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to substance misuse, and to general physical health.

text: Social influences have been found to be important[citation needed], including abuse, neglect, bullying, social stress, traumatic events and other negative or overwhelming life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated,[citation needed] including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.

text: Theories[edit]

text: General theories[edit]

text: There are a number of theories or models seeking to explain the causes (etiology) of mental disorders. These theories may differ in regards to how they explain the cause of the disorder, how they treat the disorder, and their basic classification of mental disorders. There may also be differences in philosophy of mind regarding whether, or how, the mind is considered separately from the brain.

text: During most of the 20th century, mental illness was believed to be caused by problematic relationships between children and their parents. This view was held well into the late 1990s, in which people still believed this child-parent relationship was a large determinant of severe mental illness, such as depression and schizophrenia. Today,[when?] the belief is held that the child-parent relationship is of small importance in terms of causing mental illness compared to biological and genetic factors[citation needed]. So, the perceived causes of mental illness have changed over time and will most likely continue to alter while more research is done in this area.[15]

text: Outside the West, community approaches remain a focus.[16]

text: Medical or biomedical model[edit]

text: An overall distinction is also commonly made between a "medical model" (also known as a biomedical or disease model) and a "social model" (also known as an empowerment or recovery model) of mental disorder and disability, with the former focusing on hypothesized disease processes and symptoms, and the latter focusing on hypothesized social constructionism and social contexts.[17]

text: Biological psychiatry has tended to follow a biomedical model focused on organic or "hardware" pathology of the brain,[18] where many mental disorders are conceptualized as disorders of brain circuits likely caused by developmental processes shaped by a complex interplay of genetics and experience.[19]

text: Biopsychosocial model[edit]

text: The primary model of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is the biopsychosocial model (BPS), which merges biological, psychological and social factors.[18] For instance one view is that genetics accounts for 40% of a person's susceptibility to mental disorders while psychological and environmental factors account for the other 60%.[20][better source needed] It may be commonly neglected or misapplied in practice due to being too broad or relativistic, however.

text: The most common view [21][full citation needed] is that disorders tend to result from genetic dispositions and environmental stressors, combining to cause patterns of distress or dysfunction or, more sharply, trigger disorders (Diathesis-stress model). A practical mixture of models may often be used to explain particular issues and disorders,[18] although there may be difficulty defining boundaries for indistinct psychiatric syndromes.[22]

text: Psychoanalytic theories[edit]

text: Psychoanalytic theories focus on unresolved internal and relational conflicts. These theories have been posited as overall explanations of mental disorder, although today most psychoanalytic groups are said to adhere to the biopsychosocial model and to accept an eclectic mix of subtypes of psychoanalysis.[18] The psychoanalytic theory was originated by Sigmund Freud. This theory focuses on the impact of unconscious forces on human behavior. According to Freud, the personality is made up of three parts: the id, ego, and superego. The id operates under the pleasure principle, the ego operates under the reality principle, and the superego is the "conscience" and incorporates what is and is not socially acceptable into a person's value system. Also, according to the psychoanalytic theory, there are five stages of psycho-sexual development that everyone goes through: the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage. Mental disorders can be caused by an individual receiving too little or too much gratification in one of the psycho-sexual developmental stages. When this happens, the individual is said to be fixated in that developmental stage.[23][24]

text: Attachment theory[edit]

text: Attachment theory is a kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders, which focuses on the role of early caregiver-child relationships, responses to danger, and the search for a satisfying reproductive relationship in adulthood.[25] According to this theory, the more secure a child's attachment is to a nurturing adult, the more likely that child will maintain healthy relationships with others in their life. As found by the Strange Situation experiment run by Mary Ainsworth based on the formulations of John Bowlby, there are four main patterns of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, disorganized attachment and ambivalent attachment. These attachment patterns are found cross-culturally.[26] Later research found a fourth pattern of attachment known as disorganized disoriented attachment. Secure attachments reflect trust in the child-caretaker relationship while insecure attachment reflects mistrust. The security of attachment in a child affects the child's emotional, cognitive, and social competence later in life.[27]

text: Evolutionary psychology[edit]

text: Evolutionary psychology (or more specifically evolutionary psychopathology or psychiatry) has also been proposed as an overall theory, positing that many mental disorders involve the dysfunctional operation of mental modules adapted to ancestral physical or social environments but not necessarily to modern ones.[28][29][30] Other theories suggest that mental illness could have evolutionary advantages for the species, including in enhancing creativity.[31] Some related behavioral abnormalities have been found in non-human great apes.[32] Evolutionary psychology applies Darwinian principles to human behavior by saying that human minds are products of natural selection and have specific functions. Humans strive to carry on their genetic legacy through their offspring. This theory identifies the environment as having a great effect on a person's mental development.[33]

text: Factors affecting choice of models and theories[edit]

text: Psychiatrists may favour biomedical models because they believe such models make their discipline seem more esteemed.[34] Similarly, families of mentally ill people tend to favour biomedical models because to do so gives less self-blame.[35][medical citation needed] If patients are seen by a more ethnically similar doctor, they are more likely to adopt a non-biomedical model.[36]

text: Biological factors[edit]

text: Biological factors consist of anything physical that can cause adverse effects on a person's mental health. This includes genetics, prenatal damage, infections, exposure to toxins, brain defects or injuries, chemical imbalances, and substance abuse.[37][better source needed] Many professionals believe that the sole cause of mental disorders is based upon the biology of the brain and the nervous system.[38][unreliable medical source?]

text: Mind mentions genetic factors, long-term physical health conditions, and head injuries or epilepsy (impacting on behaviour and mood) as factors that may possibly trigger an episode of mental illness.[39]

text: Genetics[edit]

text: Family-linkage and twin studies have indicated that genetic factors often play an important role in the development of mental disorders. The reliable identification of specific genetic susceptibility to particular disorders, through linkage or association studies, has proven difficult.[40][41] This has been reported to be likely due to the complexity of interactions between genes, environmental events, and early development[42] or to the need for new research strategies.[43] The heritability of behavioral traits associated with mental disorder may be greater in permissive than in restrictive environments, and susceptibility genes probably work through both "within-the-skin" (physiological) pathways and "outside-the-skin" (behavioral and social) pathways.[44] Investigations increasingly focus on links between genes and endophenotypes—more specific traits (including neurophysiological, biochemical, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, cognitive, or neuropsychological)—rather than disease categories.[45][46] With regard to a prominent mental disorder, Schizophrenia, for a long time consensus among scientists was that certain alleles (forms of genes) were responsible for schizophrenia, but some research has indicated only multiple, rare mutations thought to alter neurodevelopmental pathways that can ultimately contribute to schizophrenia; virtually every rare structural mutation was different in each individual.[47]

text: Research has shown that many conditions are polygenic meaning there are multiple defective genes rather than only one that are responsible for a disorder.[37][better source needed] Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's are both examples of hereditary mental disorders.[20]

text: The increasing understanding of brain plasticity (neuroplasticity) raises questions of whether some brain differences may be caused by mental illnesses, rather than pre-existing and causing them.

text: Prenatal damage[edit]

text: Any damage that occurs to a fetus while still in its mother's womb is considered prenatal damage. If the pregnant mother uses drugs or alcohol or is exposed to illnesses or infections then mental disorders can develop in the fetus. According to research, certain conditions, such as autism result from a disruption of early fetal brain progression.[37][better source needed]

text: Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have been linked to an increased development of mental illness in the offspring. This includes maternal exposure to serious psychological stress or trauma, conditions of famine, obstetric birth complications, infections, and gestational exposure to alcohol or cocaine. Such factors have been hypothesized to affect specific areas of neurodevelopment within the general developmental context and to restrict neuroplasticity.[48][49]Birth weight has been found to be an important predictor in both the infant's survival and also its health. Preterm birth is associated with almost half of all neurological birth defects. Birth weight is found to be affected by; demographic and socioeconomic factors, medical factors, prenatal behavioral and environmental factors, and medical conditions with the pregnancy.[50][51][52]

text: Infection, disease and toxins[edit]

text: A number of psychiatric disorders have often been tentatively linked with microbial pathogens, particularly viruses; however while there have been some suggestions of links from animal studies, and some inconsistent evidence for infectious and immune mechanisms (including prenatally) in some human disorders, infectious disease models in psychiatry are reported to have not yet shown significant promise except in isolated cases.[53]

text: There have been some inconsistent findings of links between infection by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and human mental disorders such as schizophrenia, with the direction of causality unclear.[54][55][56] A number of diseases of the white matter can cause symptoms of mental disorder.[57]

text: Poorer general health has been found among individuals with severe mental illnesses, thought to be due to direct and indirect factors including diet, bacterial infections, substance use, exercise levels, effects of medications, socioeconomic disadvantages, lowered help-seeking or treatment adherence, or poorer healthcare provision.[58] Some chronic general medical conditions have been linked to some aspects of mental disorder, such as AIDS-related psychosis.

text: The current research on Lyme's disease caused by a deer tick, and related toxins, is expanding the link between bacterial infections and mental illness.[59]

text: Research shows that infections and exposure to toxins such as HIV and streptococcus cause dementia and OCD respectively.[37][better source needed][60] The infections or toxins trigger a change in the brain chemistry, which can develop into a mental disorder.

text: Injury and brain defects[edit]

text: Any damage to the brain can cause a mental disorder. The brain is the control system for the nervous system and the rest of the body. Without it the body cannot function properly.[38][better source needed]

text: Higher rates of mood, psychotic, and substance abuse disorders have been found following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Findings on the relationship between TBI severity and prevalence of subsequent psychiatric disorders have been inconsistent, and occurrence has been linked to prior mental health problems as well as direct neurophysiological effects, in a complex interaction with personality and attitude and social influences.[61]

text: Head trauma is classified as either open or closed head injury. In open head injury the skull is penetrated and brain tissue is destroy in a localized area. Closed head injury is more common, the skull is not penetrated but there is an impact of the brain against the skull which can create permanent structural damage (e.g. subdural hematoma). With both types, symptoms may disappear or persist over time. It has been found that typically the longer the length of time spent unconscious and the length of post-traumatic amnesia the worse the prognosis for the individual. The cognitive residual symptoms of head trauma are associated with the type of injury (either open head injury or closed head injury)and the amount of tissue destroyed. Symptoms of closed injury head trauma tend to be the experience of intellectual deficits in abstract reasoning ability, judgement, and memory, and also marked personality changes. Symptoms of open injury head trauma tend to be the experience of classic neuropsychological syndromes like aphasia, visual-spatial disorders, and types of memory or perceptual disorders.[62]

text: Brain tumors are classified as either malignant and benign, and as intrinsic (directly infiltrate the parenchyma of the brain) or extrinsic (grows on the external surface of the brain and produces symptoms as a result of pressure on the brain tissue). Progressive cognitive changes associated with brain tumors may include confusion, poor comprehension, and even dementia. Symptoms tend to depend on the location of the tumor on the brain. For example, tumors on the frontal lobe tend to be associated with the symptoms of impairment of judgment, apathy, and loss of the ability to regulate/modulate behavior.[63]

text: Findings have indicated abnormal functioning of brainstem structures in individuals with mental disorders such as schizophrenia, and other disorders that have to do with impairments in maintaining sustained attention.[64] Some abnormalities in the average size or shape of some regions of the brain have been found in some disorders, reflecting genes and/or experience. Studies of schizophrenia have tended to find enlarged ventricles and sometimes reduced volume of the cerebrum and hippocampus, while studies of (psychotic) bipolar disorder have sometimes found increased amygdala volume. Findings differ over whether volumetric abnormalities are risk factors or are only found alongside the course of mental health problems, possibly reflecting neurocognitive or emotional stress processes and/or medication use or substance use.[65][66] Some studies have also found reduced hippocampal volumes in major depression, possibly worsening with time depressed.[67]

text: Chemical imbalances[edit]

text: Chemical imbalances can be viewed as disorders of the brain circuits. If there is damage to the neurotransmitters in the brain then mental disorders can develop.[38][better source needed] Mental disorders possibly associated with chemical imbalances are depression and schizophrenia.[68]

text: Abnormal levels of dopamine activity have been implicated in a number of disorders (e.g., reduced in ADHD and OCD, and increased schizophrenia), thought to be part of the complex encoding of the importance of events in the external world.[69] Dysfunction in serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopamine has also been centrally implicated in mental disorders, including major depression as well as obsessive compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, although the limitations of a simple "monoamine hypothesis" have been highlighted[70] and studies of depleted levels of monoamine neurotransmitters have tended to indicate no simple or directly causal relation with mood or major depression, although features of these pathways may form trait vulnerabilities to depression.[71] Dysfunction of the central gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) system following stress has also been associated with anxiety spectrum disorders and there is now a body of clinical and preclinical literature also indicating an overlapping role in mood disorder.[72]

text: Substance abuse[edit]

text: Substance abuse, especially long-term abuse can cause multiple mental disorders. Alcoholism is linked to depression while abuse of amphetamines and LSD can leave a person feeling paranoid and anxious.[73]

text: Correlations of mental disorders with drug use include cannabis,[7] alcohol and caffeine.[74] Caffeine use is correlated with anxiety[75] and suicide. Illicit drugs have the ability to stimulate particular parts of the brain which can affect development in adolescence. Cannabis has been found to worsen depression and lessen an individual's motivation.[7] Alcohol has the potential to damage "white matter" in the brain which affects thinking and memory. Alcohol has been found to be a serious problem in many countries due to many people participating in excessive drinking or binge drinking.

text: Life experience and environmental factors[edit]

text: The term "environment" is very loosely defined when it comes to mental illness. Unlike biological and psychological causes, environmental causes are stressors that individuals deal with in everyday life. These stressors range from financial issues to having low self-esteem. Environmental causes are more psychologically based thus making them more closely related.[76][unreliable medical source?] Events that evoke feelings of loss or damage are most likely to cause a mental disorder to develop in an individual.[77] Environmental factors include but are not limited a dysfunctional home life, poor relationships with others, substance abuse, not meeting social expectations, low self-esteem and poverty.[37][better source needed]

text: Mind mentions childhood abuse, trauma, violence or neglect, social isolation, loneliness or discrimination, the death of someone close, stress, homelessness or poor housing, social disadvantage, poverty or debt, unemployment, caring for a family member or friend, significant trauma as an adult, such as military combat, and being involved in a serious accident or being the victim of a violent crime as possibly triggering an episode of mental illness.[39]

text: Repeating generational patterns have been found to be a risk factor for mental illness.[3][4]

text: Life events and emotional stress[edit]

text: It is reported that treatment in childhood and in adulthood, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, domestic violence and bullying, has been linked to the development of mental disorders, through a complex interaction of societal, family, psychological and biological factors.[78][79][80][81][82][83] Negative or stressful life events more generally have been implicated in the development of a range of disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders.[84] The main risks appear to be from a cumulative combination of such experiences over time, although exposure to a single major trauma can sometimes lead to psychopathology, including PTSD. Resilience to such experiences varies, and a person may be resistant to some forms of experience but susceptible to others. Features associated with variations in resilience include genetic vulnerability, temperamental characteristics, cognitive set, coping patterns, and other experiences.[85]

text: For bipolar disorder, stress (such as childhood adversity) is not a specific cause, but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness.[86]

text: Poor parenting, abuse and neglect[edit]

text: Poor parenting has been found to be a risk factor for depression[10] and anxiety.[12][13] Separation or bereavement in families, and childhood trauma, have been found to be risk factors for psychosis and schizophrenia.[11][87]

text: Severe psychological trauma such as abuse can wreak havoc on a person's life. Children are much more susceptible to psychological harm from traumatic events than adults. Once again, the reaction to the trauma will vary based on the person as well as the individual's age. The impact of these events is influenced by several factors: the type of event, the length of exposure the individual had to the event, and the extent to which the individual and their family/friends were personally affected by the event. Human-caused disasters, such as a tumultuous childhood have more of an impact in children than that of natural disaster[88]

text: Neglect is a type of maltreatment related to the failure to provide needed, age-appropriate care, supervision and protection. It is not to be confused with abuse, which, in this context, is defined as any action that intentionally harms or injures another person.[89][full citation needed] Neglect most often happens during childhood by the parents or caretakers. Oftentimes, parents who are guilty of neglect were also neglected as children. The long-term effects of neglect are reduced physical, emotional, and mental health in a child and throughout adulthood.[88]

text: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study[edit]

text: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are various forms of maltreatment and household dysfunction experienced in childhood. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study has shown a strong dose–response relationship between ACEs and numerous health, social, and behavioral problems throughout a person's lifespan, including suicide attempts and frequency of depressive episodes.[90] Children's neurological development can be disrupted when they are chronically exposed to stressful events such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, physical or emotional neglect, witnessing violence in the household, or a parent being incarcerated or suffering from a mental illness. As a result, the child's cognitive functioning or ability to cope with negative or disruptive emotions may be impaired. Over time, the child may adopt various harmful coping strategies that can contribute to later disease and disability.[90]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Relationship issues have been consistently linked to the development of mental disorders, with continuing debate on the relative impact of the home environment or work/school and peer groups. Issues with parenting skills or parental depression or other problems may be a risk factor. Parental divorce appears to increase risk, perhaps only if there is family discord or disorganization, although a warm supportive relationship with one parent may compensate. Details of infant feeding, weaning, toilet training etc. do not appear to be importantly linked to psychopathology. Early social privation, or lack of ongoing, harmonious, secure, committed relationships, have been implicated in the development of mental disorders.[91]

text: Some approaches, such as certain theories of co-counseling, may see all non-neurological mental disorders as the result of the self-regulating mechanisms of the mind (which accompany the physical expression of emotions) not being allowed to operate.

text: How an individual interacts with others as well as the quality of relationships can greatly increase or decrease a person's quality of living. Continuous fighting with friends and family can all lead to an increased risk of developing a mental illness. A dysfunctional family may include disobedience, child neglect and/or abuse which occurs regularly. These types of families are often a product of an unhealthy co-dependent relationship on the part of the head of the household (usually to drugs).

text: Losing a loved one, especially at an early age can have lasting effects on an individual. The individual may feel fear, guilt, anger or loneliness. This can drive a person into solitude and depression. They may turn to alcohol and drugs to cope with their feelings.

text: Divorce is also another factor that can take a toll on both children and adults alike. Divorcees may suffer from emotional adjustment problems due to a loss of intimacy and social connections. Newer statistics show that the negative effects of divorce have been greatly exaggerated.[92][unreliable medical source?] The effects of divorce in children are based on three main factors: the quality of their relationship with each of their parents before the separation, the intensity and duration of the parental conflict, and the parents' ability to focus on the needs of children in their divorce.

text: Social expectations and esteem[edit]

text: How individuals view themselves ultimately determines who they are, their abilities and what they can be. Having both too low of self-esteem as well as too high of one can be detrimental to an individual's mental health.[93] A person's self-esteem plays a much larger role in their overall happiness and quality of life. Poor self-esteem whether it be too high or too low can result in aggression, violence, self-deprecating behavior, anxiety, and other mental disorders.

text: Not fitting in with the masses can result in bullying and other types of emotional abuse. Bullying can result in depression, feelings of anger, loneliness.

text: Poverty[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)

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text: Studies show that there is a direct correlation between poverty and mental illness. The lower the socioeconomic status of an individual the higher the risk of mental illness. Impoverished people are actually two to three times more likely to develop mental illness than those of a higher economic class.

text: Low levels of self-efficiency and self-worth are commonly experienced by children of disadvantaged families or those from the economic underclass. Theorists of child development have argued that persistent poverty leads to high levels of psychopathology and poor self-concepts.[94]

text: This increased risk for psychiatric complications remains consistent for all individuals among the impoverished population, regardless of any in-group demographic differences that they may possess.[95] These families must deal with economic stressors like unemployment and lack of affordable housing, which can lead to mental health disorders. A person's socioeconomic class outlines the psychosocial, environmental, behavioral, and biomedical risk factors that are associated with mental health.[96]

text: According to findings there is a strong association between poverty and substance abuse. Substance abuse only perpetuates a continuous cycle. It can make it extremely difficult for individuals to find and keep jobs. As stated earlier, both financial problems and substance abuse can cause mental illnesses to develop.[97]

text: Communities and cultures[edit]

text: Mental disorders have been linked to the overarching social, economic and cultural system.[98][page needed][99][page needed][100][101][page needed][102] Some non-Western views take this community approach.[16]

text: Problems in communities or cultures, including poverty, unemployment or underemployment, lack of social cohesion, and migration, have been associated with the development of mental disorders.[17][85] Stresses and strains related to socioeconomic position (socioeconomic status (SES) or social class) have been linked to the occurrence of major mental disorders, with a lower or more insecure educational, occupational, economic or social position generally linked to more mental disorders.[103] There have been mixed findings on the nature of the links and on the extent to which pre-existing personal characteristics influence the links. Both personal resources and community factors have been implicated, as well as interactions between individual-level and regional-level income levels.[104] The causal role of different socioeconomic factors may vary by country.[105] Socioeconomic deprivation in neighborhoods can cause worse mental health, even after accounting for genetic factors.[106] In addition, minority ethnic groups, including first or second-generation immigrants, have been found to be at greater risk for developing mental disorders, which has been attributed to various kinds of life insecurities and disadvantages, including racism.[107] The direction of causality is sometimes unclear, and alternative hypotheses such as the Drift Hypothesis sometimes need to be discounted.

text: Psychological and individual factors, including resilience[edit]

text: Some clinicians believe that psychological characteristics alone determine mental disorders. Others speculate that abnormal behavior can be explained by a mix of social and psychological factors. In many examples, environmental and psychological triggers complement one another resulting in emotional stress, which in turn activates a mental illness[108] Each person is unique in how they will react to psychological stressors. What may break one person may have little to no effect on another. Psychological stressors, which can trigger mental illness, are as follows: emotional, physical or sexual abuse, loss of a significant loved one, neglect and being unable to relate to others.[37][better source needed]

text: The inability to relate to others is also known as emotional detachment. Emotional detachment makes it difficult for an individual to empathize with others or to share their own feelings. An emotionally detached person may try to rationalize or apply logic to a situation to which there is no logical explanation. These individuals tend to stress the importance of their independence and may be a bit neurotic.[109][better source needed] Oftentimes, the inability to relate to others stems from a traumatic event.

text: Mental characteristics of individuals, as assessed by both neurological and psychological studies, have been linked to the development and maintenance of mental disorders. This includes cognitive or neurocognitive factors, such as the way a person perceives, thinks or feels about certain things;[110][111][112][113][114] or an individual's overall personality,[5] temperament or coping style[115][116][117] or the extent of protective factors or "positive illusions" such as optimism, personal control and a sense of meaning.[118][119]

text: Shortcomings in psychiatric care[edit]

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text: There is the possibility that the practices of psychiatric care might make a contribution to illness. Psychiatry and its underpinning science remain heirs to a chequered past and are certainly no less guilty than the other sciences in promoting dogma as fact, only to later see it supplanted by a contrary view.

text: On the one hand, there exists a broad consensus as to the relative excellence of contemporary, acute psychiatric care, thanks in large measure to the fortunate efficacy of current antipsychotic drugs and to the culture-refreshed, more patient-friendly, anti-stigma approach in treatment facilities. These have been great steps in the right direction in epidemiological terms.

text: On the other hand, the quality of success at the level of the individual may remain open to question. While now more often usefully restored to society, it appears all too common that the individual may be less than faithfully restored to the earlier self. This issue is axiomatically problematic, as a patient will seldom have been psychiatrically profiled prior to contact with medical services, and before-after comparison by the professional is therefore rare.

text: The success of acute care, both clinically and economically, has meant that there is now little opportunity for meaningful observation of the symptomatology of the acute psychiatric patient. The use of psychotherapy too has been de-emphasized, consequent to like motivating factors. Psychiatrist-patient face-time is now lower than ever before and, against a backdrop of ever higher professional fees and ever greater cost-sensitivity within health systems, this appears unlikely to change.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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^ Jump up to: a b Pillemer, K; Suitor, JJ; et al. (2010). "Mothers' Differentiation and depressive symptoms among adult children". Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (2): 333–45. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x. PMC 2894713 . PMID 20607119.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Report". The Schizophrenia Commission. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Connell, Mary Ellen; Boat, Thomas; Warner, Kenneth E., eds. (2009). "Table E-4 Risk Factors for Anxiety". Prevention of Mental Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Problem Behaviors: A Developmental Perspective. National Academies Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-309-12674-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Bienvenu, OJ; Ginsburg, GS (2007). "Prevention of anxiety disorders". International Review of Psychiatry. 19 (6): 647–54. doi:10.1080/09540260701797837. PMID 18092242.
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document_title: Black Betty

question_text: when was black betty by ram jam recorded

root

text: Black Betty

text: Meaning and origin[edit]

text: The origin and meaning of the lyrics are subject to debate. Historically the "Black Betty" of the title may refer to the nickname given to a number of objects: a musket, a bottle of whiskey, a whip, or a penitentiary transfer wagon.

tag: p

text: Some sources claim the song is derived from an 18th-century marching cadence about a flint-lock musket with a black painted stock; the "bam-ba-lam" lyric referring to the sound of the gunfire. In the British Army from the early 18th century the standard musket had a walnut stock, and was thus known (by at least 1785) as a 'Brown Bess'.[2]

text: David Hackett Fischer, in his book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford University Press, 1989), states that "Black Betty" was a common term for a bottle of whisky in the borderlands of northern England/southern Scotland, and later in the backcountry areas of the eastern United States. In January 1736, Benjamin Franklin published The Drinker's Dictionary in the Pennsylvania Gazette offering 228 round-about phrases for being drunk. One of those phrases is "He's kiss'd black Betty."[3][4] Other sources give the meaning of "Black Betty" in the United States (from at least 1827) as a liquor bottle.[5][6]

text: "Black Betty" used as an expression for a liquor bottle may ultimately owe its origin to the famous pretty black barmaid who worked at the notorious Tom King's Coffee House in Covent Garden, London, which opened in 1720.

text: In Caldwells's Illustrated Combination Centennial Atlas of Washington Co. Pennsylvania of 1876, a short section describes wedding ceremonies and marriage customs, including a wedding tradition where two young men from the bridegroom procession were challenged to run for a bottle of whiskey. This challenge was usually given when the bridegroom party was about a mile from the destination-home where the ceremony was to be had. Upon securing the prize, referred to as "Black Betty", the winner of the race would bring the bottle back to the bridegroom and his party. The whiskey was offered to the bridegroom first and then successively to each of the groom's friends.[7]

text: In 1934, John A. and Alan Lomax in their book, American Ballads and Folk Songs described the origins of "Black Betty":

text: "Black Betty is not another Frankie, nor yet a two-timing woman that a man can moan his blues about. She is the whip that was and is used in some Southern prisons. A convict on the Darrington State Farm in Texas, where, by the way, whipping has been practically discontinued, laughed at Black Betty and mimicked her conversation in the following song." (In the text, the music notation and lyrics follow.)

text: John Lomax also interviewed blues musician James Baker (better known as "Iron Head") in 1934, almost one year after recording Iron Head performing the first known recording of the song.[8] In the resulting article for Musical Quarterly, titled "'Sinful Songs' of the Southern Negro", Lomax again mentions the nickname of the bullwhip is "Black Betty".[9] Steven Cornelius in his book, Music of the Civil War Era, states in a section concerning folk music following the war's end that "prisoners sang of 'Black Betty', the driver's whip."[10]

text: In an interview[11] conducted by Alan Lomax with a former prisoner of the Texas penal farm named Doc Reese (a.k.a. "Big Head"), Reese stated that the term "Black Betty" was used by prisoners to refer to the "Black Maria" — the penitentiary transfer wagon.

text: Robert Vells, in Life Flows On in Endless Song: Folk Songs and American History, writes:

text: As late as the 1960s, the vehicle that carried men to prison was known as "Black Betty," though the same name may have also been used for the whip that so often was laid on the prisoners' backs, "bam-ba-lam."

text: In later versions, "Black Betty" was depicted as various vehicles, including a motorcycle and a hot rod.

text: Black Betty is the slang name given to the Queen of Spades in the card game Hearts.

text: Early recordings (1933–39)[edit]

text: The song was first recorded in the field by US musicologists John and Alan Lomax in December 1933, performed a cappella by the convict James "Iron Head" Baker and a group at Central State Farm, Sugar Land, Texas (a State prison farm).[12] Baker was 63 years old at the time of the recording.

text: The Lomaxes were recording for the Library of Congress and later field recordings in 1934, 1936, and 1939 also include versions of "Black Betty". A notated version was published in 1934 in the Lomaxes book American Ballads and Folk Songs. It was recorded commercially in New York in April 1939 for the Musicraft Records label by Lead Belly, as part of a medley with two other work songs: "Looky Looky Yonder" and "Yellow Woman's Doorbells". Musicraft issued the recording in 1939 as part of a 78rpm five-disc album entitled Negro Sinful Songs sung by Lead Belly.[13] Lead Belly had a long association with the Lomaxes, and had himself served time in State prison farms. Lead Belly was first recorded by the Lomaxes in 1933 when he was approximately 44 years old. John Lomax helped Lead Belly get the recording contract with Musicraft in 1939.

text: While Lead Belly's 1939 recording was also performed a cappella (with hand claps in place of hammer blows), most subsequent versions added guitar accompaniment. These include folk-style recordings in 1964 by Odetta (as a medley with "Looky Yonder", with staccato guitar strums in place of hand claps), and Alan Lomax himself.[14]

text: In 1968 Manfred Mann released a version of the song, arranged for a band, with the title and lyrics changed to "Big Betty", on their LP Mighty Garvey!. In 1972 Manfred Mann's Earth Band performed "Black Betty" live for John Peel's In Concert on the BBC, but this has not been publicly released.[15]

text: Ram Jam version[edit]

text:
"Black Betty"

Single by Ram Jam

from the album Ram Jam

B-side
"I Should Have Known"

Released
June 1977 (1977-06)

Format
7-inch single

Genre
Hard rock, blues rock

Length
2:32 (single)

Label
Epic

Songwriter(s)
Traditional, Huddie Ledbetter

text: In 1977, the rock band Ram Jam—which included former Starstruck and Lemon Pipers guitarist Bill Bartlett—re-released an edit of the Starstruck recording of the song with producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeff Katz under Epic Records. The song became an instant hit with listeners, as it reached number 18 on the singles charts in the United States and the top ten in the UK and Australia. At the same time, the lyrics caused civil rights groups NAACP and Congress of Racial Equality to call for a boycott.[16]

text: Figure skating world champion Javier Fernández performed his short program to Ram Jam's version of "Black Betty" during the 2014-15 season, when he won his 3rd European Championships title and his 1st World Championships gold medal.[17]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1977)
Peak
position

Australia KMR
3

New Zealand[18]
8

UK
7

US Billboard Hot 100
18

US Cash Box Top 100
14

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1977)
Rank

Australia
31

New Zealand[19]
34

UK
56

US Cash Box Top 100[20]
63

text: Spiderbait version[edit]

text:
"Black Betty"

Single by Spiderbait

from the album Tonight Alright

Released
February 2004 (2004-02)

Format
CD single, Digital download

Genre
Hard rock, alternative rock

Length
3:26

Label
Universal Music (AUS), Interscope Records (US)

Songwriter(s)
Traditional

Producer(s)
Sylvia Massy

text: "Black Betty" was the first single released from Spiderbait's album Tonight Alright, released in 2004. Produced by Sylvia Massy, this version is a slightly faster re-working of Ram Jam's hard rock arrangement.

text: The song was a hit in Australia, reaching number 1 on the ARIA Charts in May 2004, becoming Spiderbait's first number one single in Australia. The song also made an impression in the United States, reaching number 32 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Songs chart in November of the same year. "Black Betty" was also featured in the 2004 film Without a Paddle, the 2005 films Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous and Guess Who, the 2007 film The Condemned, the 2010 film Death Race 2, the trailer for the 2011 film A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, the 2017 film The Hitman's Bodyguard, episodes of Malcolm in the Middle and My Name Is Earl, and the Electronic Arts's game Need for Speed: Underground 2.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2004)
Peak
position

Australia ARIA Singles Chart[21]
1

US Billboard Mainstream Rock[22]
32

text:
Preceded by
"My Band" by D12
ARIA (Australia) number-one single (Spiderbait version)
May 23, 2004 – June 6, 2004
Succeeded by
"F.U.R.B." by Frankee

text: Other notable versions[edit]

text: In 2006 the University of New Hampshire administration controversially banned the playing of Ram Jam's "Black Betty" at UNH Hockey games. UNH Athletic Director Marty Scarano explained the reason for the decision: "UNH is not going to stand for something that insults any segment of society".[23] In 2006 UNH students started the "Save Black Betty" campaign. Students protested at the hockey games by singing Ram Jam's "Black Betty", wearing T-shirts with writing on the front "Save Black Betty" and writing on the back "Bam-A-Lam", and holding up campaign posters at the game. The Ram Jam version was again played once at a UNH/UMaine hockey game on January 24, 2013 after a seven-year hiatus.

text: Selected list of recorded versions[edit]

text:
1933 James Baker (AKA Iron Head) and group[8]
1939 Mose Platt (AKA Clear Rock)[24]
1939 Huddie Ledbetter (AKA Lead Belly), originally on the 78rpm album Negro Sinful Songs
1964 Odetta, as "Looky Yonder" on the album Odetta Sings of Many Things
1964 Alan Lomax, Texas Folk Songs album[25]
1964 Koerner, Ray & Glover, Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers album[26]
1968 Manfred Mann, as "Big Betty" on the Mighty Garvey! album[27]
1972 Manfred Mann's Earth Band, BBC live recording for John Peel's In Concert (unreleased)
1976 Starstruck
1977 Ram Jam
1986 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Kicking Against the Pricks album contains a version of the entire Lead Belly medley "Looky Looky Yonder/Black Betty/Yellow Woman's Doorbells"[28]
1989 Mekong Delta, Toccata 12" Maxi-Single
1989 Mina, Uiallalla album
1990 Ram Jam, Australia #17 single, Ben Liebrand remix of the original 1977 version called the "Rough 'n' Ready Remix"
1992 Electric Boys, "Dying to Be Loved" single (taken from the album Groovus Maximus)
1994 Electric Boys, Freewheelin' album
2001 The Candy Snatchers on the "Taking a Ride" EP.
2002 Tom Jones UK #50 single, also on the UK #36 album Mr. Tom Jones
2002 Throttlerod, on the compilation album Sucking The '70s
2005 Pumpjack, from the album Triple Platinum
2005 Both the Ram Jam and the Spiderbait versions appear on The Dukes of Hazzard Soundtrack
2006 Meat Loaf, Bat Out Of Hell III single B-side
2006 Joe Brown, Down to Earth album
2006 Ying Yang Twins' song "Dangerous" contains a sample of the Ram Jam version
2007 Big City Rock on the TMNT soundtrack
2007 Soil, on the re-release of the album Throttle Junkies
2008 Ministry, on their cover album Cover Up
2009 Moriarty (band)
2011 Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, on a split 7" single
2011 Melvins, on the covers album Everybody Loves Sausages
2012 Scooter, Music for a Big Night Out album
2013 Moby, on the album Innocents the song "The Last Day" samples Lead Belly's version of "Looky Looky Yonder"
2017 Larkin Poe, on their 2017 album Peaches

text: Fleetwood Mac take-off[edit]

text: On Fleetwood Mac's 2003 album Say You Will, guitarist Lindsey Buckingham extensively quoted the chorus of "Black Betty" for his song "Murrow Turning Over in His Grave", an attack on the contemporary news media. For the "Black Betty had a child" line, Buckingham substituted the name of the reporter Ed Murrow.


document_title: 2011 Cricket World Cup Final

question_text: gautam gambhir total score in world cup 2011

text: 2011 Cricket World Cup Final

text: Background[edit]

text: The 2011 Cricket World Cup was the tenth World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). The competition took place between 19 February and 2 April 2011. Co-hosted by India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, the tournament was the third World Cup to be played in the Indian subcontinent. The ICC ruled out Pakistan citing security reasons. There were 14 participating teams, which included four associate members of the ICC—Kenya, Canada, Ireland and Netherlands.[7]

text: The structure of the tournament was similar to that of the 1996 World Cup. The 14 teams were separated into two groups of seven and each team played the others in its group once. The top four teams from each group qualified for the quarter finals.Winners of quarter finals qualified for the semi-finals, and the winners of those matches contested the final. A total of 49 matches were played in the tournament.[8]

text: The matches were played according to the standard rules of a One Day International (ODI) match. Each side batted for a maximum of 50 overs,[a][10] with fielding restrictions and batting powerplay rules applied for the both sides.

text: Prior to this match, India and Sri Lanka had met each other seven times in World Cup history with Sri Lanka ahead with four wins and two defeats and one game ending in a no-result. In One Day Internationals, India led Sri Lanka with 75 victories against 52 victories for Sri Lanka, while 11 matches had ended with no result.[11]

text: The final generated huge interest. It was the first time both World Cup finalists were Asian teams.[11] The President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa, a known cricket enthusiast, announced he would attend the match along with his sons. Following this, the Indian President Pratibha Patil also announced her decision to attend the match.

text: Road to the final[edit]

text: Sri Lanka qualified for the knockouts with a second-place finish in Group A. They won four of their six games, suffered a defeat against Pakistan and against Australia was washed out. Being level on points with Australia, they were placed second in the group due to their better net run rate.

text: India were drawn in Group B where they finished second behind South Africa. They managed wins in four of their six games, lost one against South Africa while their game against England was a high scoring tie.

text: Sri Lanka had clinically demolished England in the quarter final, defeating them by 10 wickets. Both the Sri Lankan openers, Tillakaratne Dilshan and Upul Tharanga made unbeaten centuries and put up a world-record stand for the first wicket in a World Cup. The New Zealand semi-final was more keenly contested, but was still won with relative ease by Sri Lanka. The matches showcased the effective unconventional bowling of pace spearhead Lasith Malinga, restrictive fielding, and the batting prowess of the Sri Lankan top order.

text: Both of India's knockout matches were high-pressure contests. Australia was a strong team and defending champion, and India had to give a very good performance to restrict Australia to 260 and then successfully chase down the target even as wickets fell regularly. Pakistan and India have historically been rivals, and there was immense public pressure on both teams. The match was attended by the Prime Ministers of both India and Pakistan. India batted first and ultimately defeated Pakistan by 29 runs.

text: Team composition[edit]

text: India largely retained the same team it had in the semi-final against Pakistan, with just one change. Ashish Nehra, left-arm medium pacer, had suffered a finger fracture while fielding in that match, and he was replaced by another pacer, Sreesanth. India was widely rated as having the strongest batting line-up in the tournament, and chose to back this strength throughout the campaign by playing seven batsmen and four bowlers. Due to Yuvraj Singh performing well with both bat and ball in the tournament, India could afford to play with only four specialist bowlers. Yuvraj bowled his full quota of 10 overs in many matches, including the semi-final against Pakistan. Among the four bowling slots, Zaheer Khan was the pace spearhead supported in most matches by Munaf Patel, while Harbhajan Singh was the regular off-spinner. The fourth slot was taken by different bowlers in different matches, including Sreesanth, Nehra, leg-spinner Piyush Chawla, or off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin. The captain had chosen Nehra over Ashwin in the match against Pakistan also. Indian captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni had then said he preferred having three seamers (a synonym for a fast bowler) because it gave him more options. He already had proven spinners in Harbhajan and Yuvraj, and could call upon many other Indian players who can bowl part-time spin (including Sachin Tendulkar, Suresh Raina, and Virender Sehwag).

text: Sri Lanka made four changes to their side from the semi-final. All-rounder Angelo Mathews had suffered a torn quadriceps and could not play. Sri Lanka knew the Indians' strength was batting, and thus they needed to take wickets to put them under pressure. This led to their choosing a full complement of bowlers. Spin bowler Ajantha Mendis had performed well throughout the tournament, but he had a poor record against India in pre-World Cup clashes and was not chosen for the final. Spinner Rangana Herath was also dropped. Off-spinner Suraj Randiv and batsman Chamara Kapugedera were flown in from Sri Lanka to strengthen the side. Seamers Nuwan Kulasekara and Thisara Perera, who had played matches in the earlier group stage, were drafted into the team. Legendary spinner Muttiah Muralitharan was carrying minor injuries, but was retained. He had announced that he would retire from One Day International cricket after the World Cup, so this was his last match. The semi-final held at the Premadasa Stadium in Colombo was his last ODI match on home soil, and there he had been carried around the stadium, perched on his teammates' shoulders, on a lap of honour after that match.

text: Match details[edit]

text: Match officials[edit]

text: The on-field umpires were Simon Taufel of Australia and Aleem Dar of Pakistan, with Ian Gould being the third (TV) umpire.[12] All of these umpires are highly rated; Taufel has won 5 ICC Umpire of the Year awards, while Dar has won two.[13] Taufel had never been able to officiate in a World Cup final because Australia had been qualifying for the finals in the last four editions. Jeff Crowe was the match referee and Steve Davis the reserve umpire.

text: Toss[edit]

text: A controversy developed when Kumar Sangakkara called the toss. The toss came up as heads, but the match referee Jeff Crowe did not hear the call over the crowd. It was decided that there would be a re-toss.[14] Sangakkara called heads as the coin was spun the second time. He won the re-toss and elected to bat.[15]

text: Sri Lankan innings[edit]

text: Sri Lanka started the innings slowly, constrained by good bowling from Zaheer Khan and committed fielding from Yuvraj Singh, Suresh Raina, and Virat Kohli inside the 30-yard circle. Zaheer began with three consecutive maidens and the wicket of Upul Tharanga, conceding only six runs in his five-over spell.[16] Sri Lankan opener Tillakaratne Dilshan was bowled by Harbhajan Singh when a delivery carried on to the stumps after deflecting off his gloves. Captain Kumara Sangakkara came in after Tharanga's dismissal, and was building a solid foundation with Dilshan before the latter was dismissed. Mahela Jayawardene came to the crease when Sri Lanka were 60/2 in the 17th over. Sangakkara and Mahela went about the task of consolidating the innings, but eventually Sangakkara was caught behind by Dhoni at 48. New batsman Thilan Samaraweera was adjudged not out by the umpire when a ball hit his thigh pad off the bowling of Yuvraj Singh. The Indians decided to review the decision and he was ultimately given out. Chamara Kapugedera, who was playing his first World Cup match, was caught off a deceptive slower ball by Zaheer Khan. Jayawardene, meanwhile, continued with his quality batting, ultimately scoring 103 not out from 88 balls in a high-class batting display. Helped by the hard-hitting of Nuwan Kulasekara and Thisara Perera, Sri Lanka scored 91 runs in the last 10 overs, including 63 in the batting powerplay (45–50 overs) to take the score to 274/6.[16]

text: Indian innings[edit]

text:
India had a shaky start, with Virender Sehwag and Sachin Tendulkar both dismissed early by Lasith Malinga, leaving them struggling at 31 for two. Sehwag was trapped LBW for a duck on the second ball of the innings. Tendulkar started with some good strokes, racing to 18 off 14 balls, but then edged a catch to wicketkeeper Sangakkara. Virat Kohli and Gautam Gambhir started the recovery with some fluent stroke play and quick running between wickets, taking India to 114 before Kohli was caught-and-bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan for 35. When he was on 30, Gambhir mistimed a shot off the bowling of Suraj Randiv, sending the ball high up in the air, but Nuwan Kulasekara could not hold on to a difficult chance at long off. Kohli and Gambhir put together an 83-run partnership before Kohli's dismissal. Dhoni came in after Kohli to bat at number five, usually the position of Yuvraj Singh. Both Kohli and Dhoni are right-handed batsmen, while Gambhir and Yuvraj are left-handed. Along with other considerations, by coming ahead of Yuvraj, Dhoni ensured there would be a right-left batting combination between him and Gambhir, which makes it difficult for the bowlers to get into a rhythm, and necessitates frequent field changes. Both Gambhir and Dhoni emphasised on preserving the wickets, and later accelerating with a greater flow of boundaries. Gambhir and Dhoni added 109 for the fourth wicket with Gambhir scoring 97.[17] Gambhir tried to finish his century with a boundary, but his heaving bat failed to connect with the ball, and he was bowled by Thisara Perera. Following Gambhir's dismissal, 52 runs were required off 52 balls. Yuvraj Singh was the new batsman and along with Dhoni
took India to victory, and Dhoni sealed the match hitting a six off Nuwan Kulasekara,when only 4 runs were required off 11 balls.[18][19] Dhoni finished on 91 not out from 79 deliveries. Like in many other day-night matches in the subcontinent, dew started to form on the outfield grass in the night, making the ball damp and difficult to grip especially in the later part of India's batting. However, this was a known factor and was taken into consideration by the Sri Lankan captain when he chose to bat first after winning the toss.[20] By crossing the target of 274, India had set a record for the highest successful run-chase in a World Cup final.[16]

text: At the end of the match, the batting strength of both the teams stood out. The three top run scorers of this tournament were from these finalists: Tillekaratne Dilshan (500 runs), Sachin Tendulkar (482), and Kumar Sangakkara (465). In the top 10 tournament scorers, there were 3 from Sri Lanka (Upul Tharanga (395) in addition to the previous two), and 4 from India (Gautam Gambhir (393), Virender Sehwag (380), and Yuvraj Singh (362) in addition to Sachin).

text: Scorecard[edit]

text:
Sri Lankan Batting[18]

Player

Status

Runs

Balls

4s

6s

Strike rate

Upul Tharanga

c Sehwag b Khan

2

20

0

0

10.00

Tillakaratne Dilshan

b Harbhajan Singh

33

49

3

0

67.34

Kumar Sangakkara

c Dhoni b Yuvraj Singh

48

67

5

0

71.64

Mahela Jayawardene

not out

103

88

13

0

117.04

Thilan Samaraweera

lbw b Yuvraj Singh

21

34

2

0

61.76

Chamara Kapugedera

c Raina b Khan

1

5

0

0

20.00

Nuwan Kulasekara

run out (Dhoni)

32

30

1

1

106.66

Thisara Perera

not out

22

9

3

1

244.44

Lasith Malinga

did not bat

Suraj Randiv

did not bat

Muttiah Muralitharan

did not bat

Extras

(b 1, lb 3, w 6, nb 2)

12

Total

(6 wickets; 50 overs)

274

text: Fall of wickets: 1–17 (Tharanga, 6.1 ov), 2–60 (Dilshan, 16.5 ov), 3–122 (Sangakkara, 27.5 ov), 4–179 (Samaraweera, 38.1 ov), 5–182 (Kapugedera, 39.5 ov), 6–248 (Kulasekara, 47.6 ov)

text:
Indian Bowling[18]

Bowler

Overs

Maidens

Runs

Wickets

Econ

Zaheer Khan

10

3

60

2

6.00

Sreesanth

8

0

52

0

6.50

Munaf Patel

9

0

41

0

4.55

Harbhajan Singh

10

0

50

1

5.00

Yuvraj Singh

10

0

49

2

4.90

Sachin Tendulkar

2

0

12

0

6.00

Virat Kohli

1

0

6

0

6.00

text:
Indian Batting[18]

Player

Status

Runs

Balls

4s

6s

Strike rate

Virender Sehwag

lbw b Malinga

0

2

0

0

0.00

Sachin Tendulkar

c Sangakkara b Malinga

18

14

2

0

128.57

Gautam Gambhir

b Perera

97

122

9

0

79.50

Virat Kohli

c & b Dilshan

35

49

4

0

71.42

Mahendra Singh Dhoni

not out

91

79

8

2

115.18

Yuvraj Singh

not out

21

24

2

0

87.50

Suresh Raina

Harbhajan Singh

Zaheer Khan

Munaf Patel

Sreesanth

Extras

(b 1, lb 6, w 8)

15

Total

(4 wickets; 48.2 overs)

277

text: Fall of wickets: 1–0 (Sehwag, 0.2 ov), 2–31 (Tendulkar, 6.1 ov), 3–114 (Kohli, 21.4 ov), 4–223 (Gambhir, 41.2 ov)

text:
Sri Lankan Bowling[18]

Bowler

Overs

Maidens

Runs

Wickets

Econ

Lasith Malinga

9

0

42

2

4.66

Nuwan Kulasekara

8.2

0

64

0

7.68

Thisara Perera

9

0

55

1

6.11

Tillakaratne Dilshan

5

0

27

1

5.40

Muttiah Muralitharan

8

0

39

0

4.87

Suraj Randiv

9

0

43

0

4.77

text: Post-match ceremony and celebrations[edit]

text: In the post-match presentation, the Sri Lankan captain Kumar Sangakkara said that the Indians batted very well, and "looks like you need to make something like 350 runs to put them under pressure." The then Indian captain MS Dhoni said that he had added motivation to play well to justify some unexpected decisions he had made for this match, like playing Sreesanth instead of Ashwin, and promoting himself up the order above Yuvraj. MS Dhoni was named Man of the Match for his powerful and match-winning batting display under pressure. Yuvraj Singh was named Man of the Tournament for good all-round performance with both bat and ball throughout the tournament.

text: After the presentation, an ecstatic Indian team first held the Cup amid showers of champagne and confetti. Some Indian players, including Harbhajan Singh, Sachin Tendulkar, and Yuvraj Singh, had tears in their eyes. The team then carried iconic player Tendulkar on a victory lap around the stadium. Coach Gary Kirsten was also carried around the ground later. The Indian players dedicated their victory to Tendulkar; Virat Kohli said, "he has carried the burden of the nation for 21 years. It is time we carried him on our shoulders."[21] Gautam Gambhir dedicated the victory to the victims of the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, and to the soldiers guarding India's borders.[22]

text: Celebrations went on through the night in the team hotel. The victory prompted several firework displays and celebrations throughout India. In Sri Lanka, however there were only a few firework displays.[23]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The final match was broadcast live in India on ESPN Star Sports' website and state-run free-to-air broadcasters Doordarshan and DD1. In Sri Lanka the match was on Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation's Channel Eye.[24]

text:
The ratings agencies TAM and aMap respectively recorded that 135 million people in India watched the final live,[5][6] including 67.6 million Indian cable and satellite viewers.[4] The game was watched by 13.6% of Indian TV-equipped households on average, with a peak of 21.44% at the end of the game.
[25]

text: After match[edit]

text: Reception in Sri Lanka[edit]

text: Though Sri Lankan spectators were initially disappointed, they eventually rallied behind their team and welcomed them at the airport with garlands, cheers, and celebration. Sri Lanka's excellent performance through the world cup was appreciated, and it was recognised that reaching the final was a significant achievement in itself. Opening batsman Tillekaratne Dilshan was the highest run scorer in the tournament, with Sangakkara being the third highest (the second highest was Sachin Tendulkar of India).

text: The Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa hosted High Tea for the Sri Lankan players and spouses on the grounds of the Presidential residence, Temple Trees.

text: Reception in India[edit]

text: Indian fans were ecstatic at the win, and at the overall performance of the team through the tournament. Celebrations went on through most of India over the weekend.

text: The then Indian President Pratibha Patil hosted High Tea for the Indian players and spouses on the grounds of the Raj Bhavan (Governor's House) in Mumbai.

text: There was no ticker tape parade for the team on an open bus (as was organised after the 2007 Twenty20 World Cup win) because of the hectic schedule, with the 2011 edition of the Indian Premier League starting on 8 April.

text: Prizes for Indian Players[edit]

text: Apart from the World Cup trophy itself, the Indian team was given many prizes from the cricket board, various state governments, and public and private companies.

text:
The BCCI declared ₹20 million (US$290,000) reward for each member of World Cup-winning squad. Also, cash rewards of ₹5 million (US$73,000) and ₹2.5 million (US$36,000) were announced for each member of support staff and selection committee respectively.[26]
₹20 million (US$290,000) was awarded to Dhoni and ₹10 million (US$150,000) awarded to four Delhi players in the victorious team from the Delhi government.[27]
Various motor companies donated cars including Hyundai India giving Vernas to the team, Ferrari gave a 599 GTO India edition to Dhoni, and Audi gave a car to Man of the Tournament Yuvraj Singh[28]
The Gujarat state government decided that both Munaf Patel and Yusuf Pathan would be awarded with the highest sports honours of the state – Eklavya Award.[29]
The Punjab government announced ₹10 million (US$150,000) each for both Harbhajan Singh and Yuvraj Singh.[30]
Maharashtra government awarded ₹10 million (US$150,000) cash prize for Sachin Tendulkar, Zaheer Khan.[31]
Karnataka government announced ₹2.5 million (US$36,000) to each of the 15 members in India's World Cup squad.[32]
Uttarakhand offered Dhoni a residential plot or house in the hill station of Mussoorie and a stadium will be built in the state in his honour.[33]
A Real-Estate firm gifted luxury villas in Noida Extension worth a total of ₹90 million (US$1.3 million) to Team India.[34]

text: Change in the Sri Lanka team[edit]

text: After some days of deliberation, Kumar Sangakkara, the Sri Lankan captain announced on 5 April that he was resigning from the post of captain of the One Day International and Twenty20 sides in the long-term interest of the team. According to him, as he would be 37 by the time of the 2015 World Cup, could not be sure of his place in the side then and it would be better for a new captain to be groomed now, who would be at the peak of his career during that tournament. He stated he was willing to captain the team for the upcoming tours of England and possibly Australia if the selectors felt this would aid the transition to a new captaincy.[35] A day after Sangakkara's announcement, Mahela Jayawardene resigned from the post of vice-captain, and Aravinda de Silva from the post of Chairman of Selectors.[36]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The maximum overs per side was reduced from 60 to 50 overs during the 1987 World Cup.[9]

tag: ol